Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6582 862007 821615 2026-06-20T12:28:13Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Masarautan fulani */ 862007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Amina of Zazzau.jpg|thumb|Sarauniya Amina a Zazzau]] '''Zazzau''' [[Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]] a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], '''Zazzau''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Zazzau, daular [[gargajiya]] ce da ke da haɗaka a cikin garin [[Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. Sarkin Zazzau na yanzu shi ne [[Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli]] wanda ya gaji tsohon sarki, marigayi Alhaji Dr [[Shehu Idris]].Yariman Zazzau da ya zama madakin Zazzau, sai kuma Hon Abbas Tajudeen Ya zama Iyan Zazzau, Alh Yakubu Ibrahim Omar shine Sarkin Alhazan Zazzau, Hon Samaila Suleiman shine Dujiman Zazzau. ==Tarihi== Babban tushe mafi mahimmanci ga farkon tarihin Zazzau shine tarihin da aka ƙirƙira a farkon ƙarni na ashirin 20 daga al'adun baya. Yana ba da labarin gargajiya ne na kafuwar masarautar ƙasar Hausa daga jarumin al'adu [[Bayajidda]], kuma ya ba da jerin sunayen masu mulki tare da tsawon lokacin da kuma suka yi sarauta. Dangane da wannan tarihin, [[Hausawa|ance asalin masarautar hausa]] ko Haɓe ta fara ne tun daga ƙarni na goma sha daya 11, wanda. Sarki Gunguma ya kafa. <ref>E. J. Arnett, "A Hausa Chronicle" ''Journal of the Royal African Society'' 9 (1910)</ref> Wannan majiyar kuma ta sanya ta zama daya daga cikin jihohin [[Hausa Bakwai|Bakwai.]] Mafi shaharar sarautar Zazzau ita ce Sarauniya (ko kuma gimbiya) [[Sarauniya Amina|Amina]], wacce ta yi mulki ko dai a tsakiyar karni na goma sha biyar 15 da ta tsakiya ta 16, kuma [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammed Bello]] ne ya riƙe ta, masanin tarihin Hausa na ƙarni na 19 kuma [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi na]] biyu. shine farkon wanda ya kafa daula a tsakanin [[hausawa]]. <ref name="Bello2008">Muhammad Bello, Infaq 'l-Maysuur, chapter 7, translated Muhammad Shareef,(Sennar, Sudan,2008) http://www.siiasi.org/Chapter%207%20_Infaaq_.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728022618/http://www.siiasi.org/Chapter%207%20_Infaaq_.pdf |date=2011-07-28 }}</ref> Zazzau ta kasance wurin tattara bayi don kai su kasuwannin arewacin [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], inda ake musayar su da gishiri tare da ‘yan kasuwar da ke jigilar su zuwa arewacin [[Sahara]]. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Dangane da [[tarihi]] a cikin littafin, an gabatar da addinin musulunci ga masarautar a wajajen shekara ta 1456, amma ga alama ya bazu a hankali, kuma tsafin arna ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da [[Fulani]] suka ci shekara ta 1808. A wasu lokuta a tarihinta, Zazzau ta kasance tana ƙarƙashin ƙasashe makwabta irin su Songhai, [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] da Kwararafa .<ref name="mgsmith">{{Cite web}}</ref> Wannan karin rubutu da aka saka bai daidaitu ba domin a kwai tsallaken zance a dukkanin sakin layin. Duk da cewar tarihin kasar Zazzau na cunkushe da don ran filani. Zazzagawa an same su da addinin Musulunci kuma Shehu Usmanu ya tabbatar da haka. Tun asalin kasar Zazzau ba su da maguzawa. === Masarautan fulani === A watan Disamba shekara ta 1808 babu Fulani a wadanda Shehu Usmanu ya turo su dan su kifar da ko su fidda Sarkin Zazzau [[Makau|Muhammadu Awwal Makau]] daga kasar Zazzau, illah kinibibin da ya kullu a tsakanin malaman da suke zaune a kasar Zazzau. Wannan ya biyo bayan hijirar da Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali ya yi bayan kashe shahararren malamin nan malam Dan Zabuwa wanda ya ke shima bafillace ne. Ganin haka Fulani su kai gangami wajen tuntsurar da mulkinsa. Sarkin Kano ya yi kaura zuwa Kasar Zazzau, a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau a 1807 amma bai samu hurumin zama ba. Duk da cewar suruki ya ke ga Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali. Wannan hijira ta Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali shi ya kawo ce-kuce a kasar Zazzau inda a karke ya kawo karken mulkin Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau. Inda gaurayen kabilun malaman da ke zaune a kasar suka hada kai suka kifar da mulkinsa bayan ya tafi masallacin idi don gabatar da sallah karama. Domin ta wannan hanya ce ta tilasta shi ya bar kasar Zazzau inda ya kafa kasar Abuja kuma a yau aka kafa hedkwatar kasar nan. Kuma masarautar ta juya da sunan sarki Sulaimanu Barau watau Suleja. Kalmar Fulani ya samu ne dalilin Shehu Usmanu. Amma malaman kabilun da ke zaune su ne: kabilar Mande a yau a na kiransu mallawa sai Barebari sai sullubawa sai kuma Katsina wa. === Jihadin Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo === Ƙasar Hausa ta fara daga kewayen Gobir har ya zuwa gefen ƙasar Bauchi wanda a da can ake kira da ƙasar Gobir, wanda kuma a ke kira da tsantsan ƙasar Hausa (sune ƙasar Gobir da Zamfara da Kebbi da Katsina da Daura da Rano da Ningi da Kano wanda daga baya aka samu ƙasar Sakkwato) ta faɗa cikin wani irin nau’in hatsin baran addini, watau na hada bori da addinin Musulunci.A cikin wannan hali da ake ciki na bori, Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala ya karfafa zuciyar Mujaddidi Shehu Usman bn Fodiyo da tsaida sunna, kuma ya karfafa shi da samun nasara wajen fahimtar da jama’arsa.Shehu Usman Mujaddadi ya soma kiran jama’a a mahaifarsa Degel. Sai dai kamar yadda bayanai a cikin littattafan tarihi suka nuna cewar, Mujaddadi Shehu Usmanu shi kansa bai fita zuwa yake-yake ba sai a wuri ɗaya, watau ƙasar Gobir da kuma yadda Sakkwato ta samu asali.Littattafan tarihi sun ƙara bayanin haihuwarsa, cewar an haife shi a watan Safar shekara ta 1168 hijiran Manzon Allah, Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi. Allah maɗaukakin Sarki ya kaddara samun Mujaddadi cikin Jama’an Annabi wanda ya ƙara tsaida addinin Allah da kafafunsa a zukatan Jama’a bayan karkata ta zo masu (kamar a wannan zamani inda kungiyar Izalatul Bidi’a wa ikamatussunna ta bayyana mana a yau).Yadda al’amari ya kasance kuwa shi ne, inda aka samu ya yi ƙoƙarin kau da ire-iren waɗannan shirkoki da bidi’o’i, duk da wasu sai ƙara harman kunno kai suke yi. Shehu Usmanu bai gaza NS musamman bisa taimakon Allah ta wajen kokartawa har sai da addinin Allah ya daidaitu a zukatan jama’arsa. Lallai Shehu Usmanu ya amsa sunansa Mujaddadi kwarai da gaske. Domin ya tsai da sunna amma kash! mabiyansa sun bijiro da salon son mulki da barna wadda ya fi na baya. Abin ya kai sun kauce wa shari’ar musulunci,na kamanta shi da manzon Allah Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi; ko kuma mai da shi abin roko da bautatawa. Haka kuma Fulani sun karkata a kan duk wanda baiyi karatu wajen Shehu ba to karkatacce ne, ko da kuwa a ina ya sami ilminsa. Za mu iya samun wannan bayanai a wurare da dama da kuma nazarin manufofinsu a zahiri. Amma wasu rubuce-rubucensu na da wuyar samu, musamman yadda su ka farga da cewar jama’a na fahimtar barnarsu ta nazarce-nazarce a kan rubuce-rubucensu da kuma nau’in ayyukansu a zahiri. A cikin littattafai da ayyuka wasunsu kuwa nada sauyi domin ba a mai da hankali a kansu ba ballantana A Dakatar da su, kuma an mai da su tamkar addinin Allah. Daga cikin wadannan ayyuka da littafai akwai ziyarar kabari da ire-iren shirkoki da bidi’o’in da ke wakana a wuraren, sai littafin Tarihin Fulani na Wazirin Sakkwato, wanda ya rubuta da harsunan Larabci da Hausa. A cikin nazartan littafin zamu iya fahimta barna tun daga shafi na 8 zuwa shafi na 20 a cikinta. Misali ya yi bayani kamar haka,”Bushara Da Shehu Usmanu, Allah shi Yarda Da Shi:”Hakika bushara an yi da Shehu, Allah shi yarda da shi, tun gabanin samuwatai, ta abku kamar yadda shi kansa ya ambata cikin littafinsa wanda yake maganar gabanin samuwatai, ta abku kamar yadda shi kansa ya ambata cikin littafinsa wanda yake maganar dangantakarsa zuwa ga Annabi, tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata gare shi, inda ya ce:“Hakika Annabi tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata gare shi an yo bushara da shi tun gabanin zakuwatai. Ni kuma na gode ma Allah an yi bushra da ni.” Haka kuma zancansa ga dangantakarsa zuwa ga Mahadi. Ya ce: “Hakika Mahadi amincin Allah ya tabbata bisa gare shi, an yo bushara da samu nai. Ni kuma nai godiya ga Allah an yo bushara da ni...”sauran al’amurra kamar yin masa salati bayan anbaton sunansa kamar yadda ake wa ma’aiki Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi, da nau’in tsarkakansa kamar na Manzon Allah (S.A.W) watau cewar shi Ma’asumi ne, duba shafi na 9 sakin layi na karke, da dai sauransu. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna Shehu Usmanu ya kaurace wa jama’ansa zuwa Gujuba a dalilin irin yadda suka juya wa al’amarin da’awarsa ya zuwa neman abin duniya. A cikin wannan littafin ya yi bayanai na irin mu’ujizozin da Shehu Usmanu Mujaddidi yake da su, wa’anda sun kamanceceniya da na Manzon Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi, ko kuma Mahadi amincin Allah ya tabbata a gare shi.A takaice zantukan na nuni da cewar shi ma aiko shi aka yi kamar yadda aka aiko sauran Annabawa.Wannan ya nuna karara cewar lallai dole su dauka cewar duk wanda baiyi karatu wajen Shehu Usmanu ba to shi kafiri ne. === Rikicin Hausa da Fulani === [[File:Zaria Emir's palace gate.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Gidan sarauta na Sarkin Zazzau]]Tarihi ya nuna cewar lokacin da Shehu Dan Fodio ya taso da da'awarsa a kasar Hausa ya na mai kokarin jaddada addinin Musulunci ne in da ya ga suna da rauni, musammsn tsakanin kasar Gobir da Zamfara da Katsina.Lallai bai kalli kasar Zazzau ba,domin shi kansa yasan kasa ce wadda ta tara masanan addinin Musulinci wuri guda, wanda har gobe masu riko da sunna ne. A wancan lokaci yana fama da }asashen Gobir ta dauri ne.Watau Gobir masomar jihadi, sai dai dalibansa sun fadada jihadin ya zuwa Katsina da Kano da Daura,sai kuma sashen Yarbawa watau Ilorin don bayar da kariya ga Shehu Usmanu a dalilin rashin goyon baya da ba su ba Shehu Usmanu ba. A karshen al’amari,wa]annan sarakuna ba su amince ba a dalilin yanayin ko dai mabiyansa ko kuma yadda suke gudanar da wa’azozinsu, wadanda suka soma nuna alamun son mulki fiye da bayyana da’awar Shehu.Shehu Usmanu ya goyi bayan daukan matakin jihadi kan wa]annnan kasashe bisa shawarar almajiransa da sunan kauce wa kai gudunmuwarsu ga kasar Gobir.Duk da Shehu ya soma yakar kasar Gobir a matsayin sulan yake-yaken jihadin Mujaddidi. Bayani ya nuna a ciki littafin Muhammad Bello “Infakul mansur” wanda yake ]a ne ga Shehu Usmanu, cewar a watan Yuni 1804 Shehu Usman ya aika wa Sarakunan kasar Katsina da Daura da Kano kuma Zazzau takarda kunshe da bayanin yadda ta kasance tsakaninsa da Sarkin Gobir Yumfa. Sarakunan Katsina da na Kano sai suka yaga takardan Shehu Mujaddadi.Amma Sarkin Zazzau na wannan lokaci Malam Isyaku Jatau bai yaga tasa ba, sai ya kira Malaman kasarsa ya yi masu bayanin takardan Shehu cikin sigar ilmi da hikima ya fahimtar ko gamsar da jama’arsa manufa na Shehu Usmanu.Wannan masanan malamai na kasar Zazzau sun gamsu da wannan takarda kuma suka amince da wannan manufa ta Shehu Usmanu.Ba da wani jinkiri ba sarkin Zazzau ya amince da manufar Shehu kuma ya nada wata tawaga wanda ke dauke da sakon sarki na amincewarsa da ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya tare da irin tasa gudummuwar. Ganin yadda Sarki Isyaku Jatau ya amince da manufarsa Shehu ya kara masa kwarin gwaiwar kaddamar da jihadinsa,kuma ya amince da tutar kasar Zazzau a matsayin tutar Ahlil Sunna.Irin wannan akida har gobe yana nan ga malaman Zage zagi wadanda ba su saka wata dagawa ko nuna shahara kan ilmin addinin Allah ba. Malamai ne wadanda basa hada wani abu da abin bautarsu, ko shigar da wani al’amari ko saka sauran bidi’o’i da suka kunno kai a wannan zamani cikin addinin Muslinci. A wajajen }arshen jihadin Shehu Mujaddadi kuma daidai shugowar Turawa Arewacin kasar nan (1806), Allah ya yi wa Sarkin Zazzau Malam Isyaku Jatau rasuwa, kuma ]ansa Malam Muhammadu Makau (Makka) ya amshi ragamar mulki. A daidai hawan karagan mulkin kasar Zazzau,Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya fuskanci kalubale a wajen masu sha’awar mulkin kasar na wancan zamani (1807).Watau Malaman dake cikin kasar (wadanda suke kiran kansu Fillato Borno) dake zaune a wannan kasa. Wannan ya faru ne bayan dan wani lokaci ka]an kuma bayan cin kasar Kano wanda ya kawo karken sarautar Sarkin Kano Alwali (Malam Al-wali),inda daga nan maya}an Mujaddadi suka nausa ya zuwa kasar Bauchi har ya zuwa kanem watau }asar Borno a yau. Amma game da Sarki Alwali, cikin martabawa da kuma tausayawa Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya nemi ya sauki Sarkin Kano Alwali a asarsa.A sakamakon irin karamci na mutanan Zazzau wanda sukan dauki al’amurra cikin sauki tare da ganin sun saka adalci a rayuwarsu (wannan hali yana nan tare da su har gobe),ya kawo tunanin Fillato Borno da suke cikin }asar Zazzau na kauda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau; ta yi masa bore bayan sun kai }azafinsa ga Shehu cewar ya koma cikin shirka, don ganin cewar Sarki Alwali ya bijire wa takardan Shehu Mujaddidi kuma Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya kuduri niyyar saukarsa; duk da bayanin da Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya yi masu cewar kira ya kamata ai masa, ba a kore shi ko kashe shi ba. Wanda ya jagoranci kai wannan }ara shi ne Sarkin Zazzau Yamusa,domin a da can sun kasance manyan Al}alai a }asar Zazzau.A cikin tafiyar da wannan bore a kwai Malam Musa wanda ]alibin Shehu Usmanu ne kuma an ha]o shi da Yamusa ne don ya zo ya tabbatar da gaskiyan zancan Malam Yamusa. Amma a }arke ya juyar da tafiyar ta zamo tasa kuma ya ]are karagar mulki. Wannan bore ya faru a daidai lokacin bukin }aramar Sallah, wato watan Shawwal shekara ta 1807. A lokacin da Sarkin Zazzau Malam Muhammadu Makau ya fita ya zuwa Sallar Idi. Wa]annan masu bore sun rufe {ofar Gari suka hana shi komawa cikinta. A dalilin haka Sarki Muhammadu Makau sai bai ja da su ba, domin a tunaninsa jama’arsa ne kuma bai da bukatar ya}ar }asarsa, amma sai ya juya akalar dokinsa ya nausa cikin }asashen Nufawa da sauran }abilu don bu]e wata daula daban. Kafin barinsa }asar Zazzau ya yi dakace a bayan gari inda ya tattara jama’ansa. Wannan wuri a yau shi ake kira da Dakace (Dakacen Sarki). Ya cimma nasarar yin hakan wajen kafa wuri (wanda a yau ya zama masarauta biyu wa]anda ake kiransu da sunayen }anninsa a halin yanzu wato Sule-ja ( Sulaimanu- sza) da Abu-ja ( Abubakar- sza). Kuma wannan wuri a yau ya zama zucciyar }asar baki daya. Tarihi ya nuna cewar daga baya ya yi yunkurin fadada sabuwar daularsa ta wajen yakar ko kwatar wasu bangarori na kasar Zazzau duk da a lokacin tsufa ta kama shi sai ya umurci danuwasa Sulaimanu Ja da ya koma ya rike sabuwar daularsa gudun kar ta kubuce masu baki daya; inda ya sa shi a matsayin wakilinsa. Bayan rasuwar Sarki Muhammadu Makau sai Malam Sulaimanu ya zama sabon sarki. Wannan wuri daga baya an raba shi biyu inda wadannan }anni na Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau suka mai da su wuraren masarautunsu kuma aka sanya wa wuraren sunayensu. Dalilin raba wa ‘yan-uwasa wannan wuri zai ta’alla}a a kan samar da zaman lafiya a zuriyarsu kuma su shugabanci wa]annan sabbin dauloli don kauda tunaninsu ga komawa cikin birnin Zazzau. Wannan ba }aramin tunani ne ba, ga shugabanni adalai masanan ya kamata da hangen nesa. Daga wa]annan wurare basu sake tunanin kafa wata daula ko fadada kasa ba. Sai dai tarihin baya na shi Sarki Muhammadu inda ya yi yunkurin kwato wasu yankuna da ke karkashin kasar Zazzau ya zuwa sabuwar masarautarsa kuma wannan yunkuri ya cimma ajalinsa. Shehu ]an Fodio ya yi fama da jama’arsa ko ince mabiyansa a }arken jihadinsa. Domin sun juya al’amarin ya zuwa neman mulki ba wai kokarin da’awa da jaddada addinin Allah; da daukaka addinin Allah ba. Almajiran Shehu sun mai da hankali wajen neman mulkan jama’a ko ta halin ya ya. Manufar Shehu shi ne na kauce wa shirka da kadaita Allah (S.W.A) abin bauta shi ka]ai kuma su maida duk al’amurransu ga Allah shi kadai. Amma‘yan shirkokin da ba a rasa su ba tun daga mabiyansa har ya zuwa ga sauran jama’a. Allah (subhanahub wata ala) ya sa ya cimma nasara ta dagewa a kan akidarsa ba tare da jin tsoro ko shakkun wani abin da zai same shi ba. Duk wadannan nasarori sun samu ta wajen dagewar da Shehu tare da kaninsa Abdullahi da kuma dansa Muhammad Bello, su ka yi bisa yardan Allah. Mahara daga cikin ]aliban Shehu Mujaddadi, wa]anda son mulki ta yaudara, sun nausa ya zuwa kasashen Borno da Yobe da Taraba da kuma Bauchi, inda suka tadda Malam Rabeh Fadel Allah ya yi nisa da shugowa wajan jihadinsa. Wannan za a iya gani tun daga cikin kasar Niger har ya zuwa kasashen da na yi bayani a baya. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna mana cewar kafin karken jihadin da gudana a zamanin Shehu Usmanu, ]alibansa sun yi yun}urin kai jihadinsa kasashen gabashin kasashen Arewa wanda bai samu dama ba don tuni addini Musulunci ya yi }arfi sai dai fadan siyasa kawai. A littafi mai suna “ Language Disappearance, case study of Biu Emirate” na Bukar Usman ya yi kokarin bayanin yadda ta kwashe tsakanin Mujaddidi Rabeh Fadel Allah tare da ]ansa Fadarallah da masarautun wa]annan kasashe a tsakanin shekara ta 1755-1809. Rabe ya nausa kasar Borno ]ansa kuma ya nausa }asar Biu har ya zuwa Wuyo wanda ake kira da suna Bayo a halin yanzu cikin kasar Borno. Wannan ya faru ne a tsakanin 1893-1901. A dalilin wannan tashin-tashina na jahadin wadda wa]annan Shehunnai biyu suka yi, ya kawo kai-komon jama’a daga wannan waje zuwa wancan waje, musamman ga jama’ar Biu a wancan karni. Hujjojin wannan bayani an samo su ta wajan zantawa da jama’a dabamdabam, wanda ya nuna cewar jama’a sun taru daga Arewacin masaninbao gabashin Niger da Borno zuwa kudancin wannan kasa. Misali jama’ar Biu sun nuna cewar akwai wurare biyu wanda yake duk asalin wurin mazaunansu ne (wurin zamansu), kamar Yeme da Chad. Bayanin baka ya nuna cewar Tera na daya daga cikin masu neman sarautar Ngazargamu a tsohuwar daular Borno kuma su suke sarautar a janhuriyan Nijar wanda har yanzu suna da kyakkyawar alaka da junarsu. Wasu daga cikin jama’ar Kanuri da suke zaune a Geidam wanda a halin yanzu yake cikin jihar Yobe sun guje wa jihadin Rabeh a cikin shekara ta 1890, wanda ya kai su ga gangarowa ya zuwa Gwara wanda aka fi sani da Gora. Wannan gari na kusa da garin Shani a cikin }asar Borno. Auratayya da kabilan Kanakuru kuma a dalilin haka suka samar da }abilan Komberi, ita ma wannan kabila ta jirga ya zuwa gundumar Tera. Yake-yaken jihadi sun ci gaba kuma jama’a sun ci gaba da hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri har ya zuwa shekara ta 1808 inda Fulani suka kama yammacin Ngazargamu wanda yake shi ne birnin daular Borno. Amma a karke a cikin shekara ta 1809 Sheikh Lamido ya kori Fulani daga daular Borno. Wannan kai-komo ya sa Rabe ya rasa wajen zama inda ya bar Zindar ya nausa ya zuwa gabashin Nijar a cikin shekara ta 1893. Wannan ya zo daidai da Turawan Faransa sun shigo kasar Nijar kuma suka kashe shi a wani gari mai suna Kousseri cikin kasar Kamaru a shekara ta 1900. Haka ma dansa ya faru da shi wanda aka kashe shi a wani gari mai suna Gujba ta hanyan yaudara wanda Turawan Faransa su kai masa a shekara ta 1901. A nan ne kuma Turawan Faransa suka hadu da Turawan Ingila kuma turawan Ingila suka nuna wa Turawan Faransa cewar sun wuce iyaka kasar Faransa, wanda a yanzu suna cikin kasar da ake kira Nijeriya. Haka ya faru a inda Faransawa suka ba Turawan Ingila wuri. [[File:Zazzau_palace_Mosque_01.jpg|thumb|Masallacin fada|314x314px]] === Sarki Makau === Game da rayuwar kasar Zazzau kuwa, Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya samar wa ‘yan-uwansa wurin zama ba tare da sun tsoma kansu cikin rikicin mulki da wasu suka haramta masu don bukatar mulkan} kasarsu ba.Zazzagawan asali,sun mai da martani ga sabuwar masarautar Zazzau a inda suka tare mashigin dake tsakanin kudancin} kasar zuwa kasar Zazzau domin tauye kasuwancin da ke tsakaninsu da jama’an kudancin} kasar nan.Haka kuma sun taimaka wa Turawa wajen cin} kasar Zazzau,domin daidai wannan lokaci ne Turawa suka bullo.Zazzaghawa sun taka babban rawa wajan cin kasar Zazzau a wancan lokaci. A cikin rubuce rucen Hausa Fulani sun so karin yin bayanan} ga jama’an Zazzau ta dauri musamman akan yadda ta kasance da Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ta wajen neman kau da gaskiyar al’amurra. Kuma sun hada gabas da yamma wuri guda.Watau wajen dauko tarihi Barebari suka gauraya a cikin tarihin Zazzau ta dauri.Inda suka ]auko tarihin Albarka wanda yake shi ]an Sarkin Kukawa ne can cikin }asar Borno kuma ya zo kasar Zazzau a sanadiyyar rikicin Sarauta.Albarka bai da ninyar zama kasar Zazzau sai dai ya yada zango ya wuce.Wannan ya faru ne a zamanin Sarki Zazzau Alu Dan Sidi. Amma ga al’amarin Sarki sai ya jawo hankalinsa da ya zauna a nan kasar Zazzau.Sarki ya yi masa al}awarin bashi duk bakin inda ya yi jifa ta tsaya kyauta. Hakan kuma ya faru,wannan wuri ya kama tun daga bakin kotu ya yi iyaka da kwarin fadama.A dalilin haka ne wannan wuri ya samu sunarsa (Albarkawa). Malam Usman Katuka Sabulu ]a ne ga Sarkin Kano Al-wali kuma jika ne a gidan Sarautar Zazzagawan dauri (Zazzau),inda Sarki Isyaku Jatau ya dauki ‘yar kaninsa Malam Muhammadu Megamo ya ba da aurenta ga Sarkin Kano Al-wali.Usman Katuka Sabulu ya zo kasar Zazzau wajen kakanninsa don koyon karatu da samun ilmin addinin Muslinci, kuma Allah ya nufa wajen arzikinsa kenan a dalilin goyan bayan da ya ba juyin mulkin Filato Barno da kuma Hausa Fulanin a }asar Zazzau, (domin suna kiran kansu a matsayin Fulani) a lokacin yin ma gidan kakaninsa bore don kaucewa halin da zai iya shiga bayan basu ko kuma a bisa wasu dalilai nasa. A karke Sarkin Zazzaun na farko a daular Hausa-Fulani a kasar Zazzau Malam Mu’sa ya amince da Usman Sabulu kuma ya umurce shi da ya zauna a daya daga cikin gidajen kakanninsa watau na Zage zagi kuma aka ba shi sarautar katukan farko a daular Hausa Fulani.Katuka Usman ya samu tsawon sarakuna biyu a daular Hausa Fulani kafin a tsige shi daga kan sarautar; watau Mu’sa dan Yamusa. === Jerin sarakunan Suleja === 1. Muhammadu Makau 1807-1825. 2. Abubakar Ja (Abuja) 1825-1851. 3. Abubakar Kwaka Dogon Sarki 1851-1877. 4. Ibrahim Iyalai Dogon Gwari 1877-1902. 5. Muhammadu Gani 1902-1917 Ya bar gadon mulki. 6. Musa Angulu 1917-1944. 7. Sulaimanu Barau 1944-1979. 8. Malam Ibrahim Dodo Musa 1979-1993. 9. Awwal Ibrahim 1993-1994 Ya bar gadon mulki. 10. Bashir Sulaimanu Barau 1994-2000. 11. Awwal Ibrahim 2000. === Sarkakiyar sarautar Hausa Fulani === Sarautar Hausa-Fulani a Arewacin Nijeriya na tafe da wasu sarkakiya wa]anda jama’a kan zanta a kansu sau da dama, watau ta yadda suka amshi mulki ko kuma yadda suka rina azabtar da ‘yan uwansu Musulmi; in har ba kai karatu wajen Shehu Mujaddidi ba, ko da kuwa kai Bafillace ne.wadannan misalai kan samu ta wajen nazartar abin da ya faru a sassa dabandaban a arewacin kasar nan.Amma an samu inda adalci ya fito karara a tsakanin kasar Katsina da Daura inda Sarkin Katsina Dikko ya ba Turawa shawarar da su dawo da jama’ar }asar Daura na asali watau Ha~e (A harshen Hausa-Fulani),a cikin shekara ta alif 1906. Kuma Sarkin Katsina ya ci gaba da ba su shawarar yadda za a yi a mai da su a kan karagar sarautar Daura,inda ya ce, “ku dauko jikansu Musa wanda yake zaune a Zangon-Daura a bashi sarautar Daura kuma a ha]a masa Zango da |aure duk a karkashin mulkin Daura.Wannan al’amari ya faru ne a lokacin da Turawa suka shawarci Sarkin Katsina Dikko ta yadda za a dawo da masarauar Daura. Kyakkyawar alaka ta ]ore tsakanin Katsinawa da Daurawa na mutunta juna tun wancan lokaci har ya zuwa yanzu. Domin sun zama abokanin shawarar juna a duk wani abu da ya taso masu,alal misali lokacin da aka taso da zancan larduna Sarki Dikko ya shawarci Sarki Abdurrahman tare da neman alfarma da a ha]a kasar Katsina da Daura a matsayin lardi ]aya.Babu kokanto ko ja Sarkin Daura Abdurrahaman ya amince a dalilin wannan kyakkyawar alaka a wannan dalili ne masarautar Daura ta sa wa }ofar yamma suna Abdurrahman,domin shi ne sarki da ya yi sanadiyyar ha]ewar su da Katsina. kasar Kano ta samu kanta cikin wannan juyin-juya hali da kas ashen Hausa ke ciki.Arewacin kasar Kano ya soma fa]awa hannun Fulani cikin sauki,amma Sarki Alwali ya yi kokarin kare gabashin kasar. Bayan gwbzawa yaki da aka yi a dan Yahaya Fulani sun samu damar kamala kama kasar Kano kuma Sarkin Kano Alwali ya bar kasar.Anan ma an samu rabewar kai tsakanin Fulani kuma ak rasa wanda zai tsaya a matsayi Sarki.A karke sun aika wa Shehu da ya zaban masu shugaba. Shehu ya tambayesu waye fasihi a cikinsu sai suka ba da amsar cewar Sulaimanu bawan shugaban yaki.To anan ne Shehu y ace ma su shi ya kamata ya zama Sarki.Wannan ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1807. Amma a game da kasar Kano da Ningi kuwa ya sha bamban da tsakanin Katsina da Daura.Kafuwar Ningi bai samu ba sai da aka ja batta tsakanin jama’an kasar Ningi da Sarkin Kano Usmanu.Abin da ya faru kuwa shi ne Sarkin Kano Usman ya sa wa jama’ar Ningi haraji,amma daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Ningi, kuma malami wanda ya shahara a wancan zamani watau malam Hamza bai amince da wannan haraji ba. Kuma kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna cewar shi ma ya yi karatu wajen Shehu amma bai karbo Tuta ba kamar yadda sauran Hausa-Fulani suka kar~o Tuta. A wannan lokaci Dawakin-Kudu na karkashin Galadiman Kano.Malam Hamza ya ci gaba da da’awarsarsa na cewar babu inda aka ce Musulmi ya ba Musulmi jizya ko kudin gandu ko haraji. Wannan ya kai ga har an kai shi gaban Sarki a can Kano. Kamar yadda zancan baka ya nuna cewar ya tafi da Gafakan Alkur’aninsa da ]an buzunsa.A gaban Sarkin Kano ya sake bayyana adawarsa ta bayyana wa Sarki gaba gareshi cewar,’karatu dai mun yi gaban Shehu kuma ba inda Shehu ya ce Musulmi da su biya hukumar Musulmi jizya ko kudin gandu ko haraji ba, ka gani nan ina kan kasar Allah ne ba kasar ka ba’, nan take ya baza buzu ya hau kai. A karke Sarkin Kano ya lallaba wannan malami ya dawo kasarsu Dawaki.Amma bayan majalisan sarkin kano ta ba Sarki shawa kan wannan malami domin a ganinsu zai zame wa Sarki karfen-kafa sai Sarki ya ba da umurnin kamo shi. Ga al’amarin wannan malami kuwa ko da ya ji labarin kama shi, sai ya umurci Al’majiransa masu ]imbin yawa suka bar gari.A wani babin an ce mutanan da suka bishi sun kai gidaje 40 wanda a wancan lokaci gari ne. Abin kulawa kuma a nan babban adawan wannan malami shi ne bai yarda da ya}an jama’a ba illah wa’azi kuma da shi ya musuluntar da dimbin jama’a. amma ga al’amarin Hausa-Fulani a wannan lokaci basu amince da yin haka ba, sai dai su mallaki jama’a ta hanyar yakarsu don su zama masu mulkin mallaka ko ta halin kaka. Malam Hamza ya shiga kasar Bauchi da almajiransa kuma a wannan zamani Sarkin Bauchi Ibrahim, yana sarautar kasar a matsayin Sarki na biyu. Domin a }asar Bauchi daga Yakubu sai Ibrahim a sarautar }asar. Sarkin Bauchi ya sa Sarkin ~ara da ya tunkari wannnan malami. Anan ma wannan malami ya yi fama kwarai da gaske inda ya kai ga sai da Sarkin Bauchi ya taso da kansa yazo }ofar Ningi cikin wani gari mai suna Cafana ya shata fulotai inda ya dasa itatuwan gawo. Wannan abu ya faru wajen shekara 150 ko fiye da haka. Yake-yake ba su yi sauki ba har sai da Alu mai sango ya dau matakin kona duk wani lambunan Rano. Ganin haka aka nemi sulhu kuma aka zauna lafiya. A }asar kebbi wanda yake Fulani ke mulkan kasar kuma a lokacin Muahammadu Fodi ke mulki, amma Fulani sun fa]a ma shi kuma suka kora shi. Ya samu damar kafa garin Argungu a cikin shekara ta 1805 wanda amalam Abdullahi ya jagoranta; wannan shi ne dalilin da ake kira wannan waje Kebbin Argungun. Malam Muhammadu Fodi bai iya daurewa ba sai da ya rin}a kai masu hari akai-akai, wanda ya kawo rasa ransa a shekara ta 1826. Amma duk da faruwan wannan abu magajinsa wanda aka fi sani da suna Karrari ya ci gaba da kai hari kasar Kebbi har zuwan Turawa. Wannan dalilin da yasa ake kiran Sarkin Argungu da ‘Sarkin Kebbi’. Wannan al’amari shi ya jawo hankulan Sarakunan }asar Hadejiya da tai iyaka da Borno suka sakar wa Malam Umar wani daga cikin Fulani da suke zaune a kasar. Haka kuma sauran kasashen kamar su Kazaure da Garun Gabas da Gatarwa da Auyo suka janye daga mulkinsu suka ba Fulani wuri. Sarakunan Katsina da Kano duk sun rasa mulkinsu a shekara ta 1807. Fulani sun kama dukkanin wuraren da ba Fulani ke mulki ba ko kuma Fulanin da basu amshi tuta ba ko da kuwa sun yi karatu wajen Shehu Usmanu. A }asar Katsina bayan Fulani sun amshi }asa sai rikicin mulki ya rincabe tsakaninsu. Wanda ya kai ga an samu gidajen adawa uku, Umaru da Dumyawa Na Alhaji da Umaru Dallaji dukkaninsu na adawar ya amshi tuta daga Shehu Usman. A }arke an samu sau}in al’amari bayan ya cimma nasaran zama Sarki a shekera ta 1807. Amma ga Sarkin Katsina da aka ture sai ya koma da zama a wani wuri da ake kira Mara]i Arewa da kasar Katsina wanda ya kai tsawon kimanin mil hamsin (50miles). Sarkin Katsina da ya koma Mara]i ya ci gaba da kai hari ga duk Fulanin da ya ci karo da su. wannan hari da ake kai ma Fulani ya samu goyon bayan }asashen Zamfara da Agadas. === Sarki Umaru Danlaje === Umaru Danlaje ya yi Sarauta daga shekara ta 1807 zuwa 1835. Kasar Gobir dama ita ce masomin da’awa wanda ya koma jihadi,a shekara ta 1808 Sarki Yunfa ya rasa ransa a yakin Alkalawa wanda ta ke a wajen gundumar masarautar. Jajirtatce ne wajen kare kansa da }asarsa.Irin wannan jaruntaka ya samu amsuwa wajen magajinsa.A dalilin wannan jajircewa na su ya zama dole Fulani suka iya mallakan ka]an daga cikin ƙasar Gobir. A karshe a shekara ta 1808 Fulani suka kafa masarautarsu wanda trake da gundumar mulki,kuma a ka raba wannan wuri gida biyu;arewacin wurin in wanda ke da gunduma a Gwandu aka na]a Abdullahi a matsayin Sarki.Gabashin wurin dake da gunduma a Sakkwato aka nada Muahammad Bello a matsayin Sarki. Shi ko Shehu Usmanu ya koma ga nazarin littafansa domin a karshe ya nuna damuwarsa na ganin ada’awarsa ta koma na neman mulki kuma fadada kasa don sarauta ba ra’ayinsa ne ba. Wadannan al’amurra sun gudana a kasar Zazzau inda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya nemi zama da Sarkin Kano kuma Surukinsa Al’wali kuma ya nuna ma Malaman da ke adawa da ra’ayinsa cewar “wannan bawan Allah fahimtarwa yake bu}ata dangane da jihadin Shehu Mujeddidi”, amma Hausa-Fulanin dake }asar suka nuna rashin amincewarsu.Daga cikin Malamansu Malam Yamusa ya jagoranci kai Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau kara wajen Shehu Mujeddidi cewar ya juya wa koyarwar Shehu baya kuma ya koma al’amari na gargajiya. Akan haka Shehu ya soma tambayarsu abin da ya kamata a yi, a nan suka ba da shawarar a yaki }asar Zazzau.Jin kaha sai Shehu Usmanu ya ce da su “A’a sai dai ku yaki Sarkin Zazzau shi ka]ai domin }asar Zazzau akwai malamai masu yawa”. Wannnan al’amari bai samu damar gudana ba sai cikin watan Sallah karama a lokacin da Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya fito yin Sallar Idi, a wananan tsakani masu bore suka kulle kofar gari bayan sun tarwatsa jama’ar Sarki. Ganin haka hankalin Sarki bai tashi ba musamman ganin ya iya tattara jama’arsa wuri guda a wani wuri da ake kira a yau Dakace amma asalin dalilinsa ana nufin dakacen Sarki ne(inda Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya dakata har ya hada jama’ansa).Nan take ya yanke hukuncin barin kasar Zazzau ya kuma nausa kudancin kasar, ba tare da ja in ja da su ba. Shawararsa na barin kasar ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1807 inda ya samar da sabon wuri kuma ya bar wa kaninsa bisa alkawarin kula da wurin domin shi ya dauri ninyan amso wasu bangarori da ke karkashin kasar Zazzau.Wadannan wurare ya yi iyaka da Kajuru. A karke cikin shekara ta 1828 kasar an raba ta biyu inda aka ba Sulaimanu ja kuma aka sa ma wajan suna Suleja, sannan Abububakar ja shi ma ~angarensa ya koma da suna Abuja. Amma ga al’amarin Sarki Muhammadu kuwa ya fita harkan zaman sarauta ya koma ga neman kwato wasu yankuna a cikin kasar Zazzau. Ta wannan al’amari ne ya kai ga rasa ransa. A yau daya daga cikin wadannan wurare mai suna Abuja ya zama abin alfari ga kasar Nijeriya baki daya, inda ta zama abin tun}ahon jama’an Nijeriya a matsayin Gundumar mulkin kasa baki daya.An amshi wnannan wuri (Abuja) a hannun Sarki Sulaimanu Barau a matsayin gundumar mulkin }asa a shekara ta 1976.A nan zamu iya ganin yadda aikin Sarki mai adalci Muhammadu Makau dan Sarki Isyaku jatau ya kai. Wannan ba karamin abin alfahari ne ba. Zazzagawan dauri sun ci gaba da huddansu da Fulani da ke makabtaka da su,da ke da zama aBida. Amma jama’an da ke }asar Zariya sun komo da hu]]a da sabuwar kasar Muhammadu Makau dole a zamanin Sarki Abubakar Kwakwa, cikin shekara ta 1851 zuwa 1877. [[File:Weding ceremony.jpg|thumb|Fadar sarki]]Wannan ya faru a dalilin tsaida duk wani nau’in kasuwanci tsakanin kasar da kudancin Nijeriya. Bayanan abubuwan da ya wakana a tsakanin ma su da’awar karban tuta daga hannun Shehu Usmanu na tattare a gun wadanda abin ya shafa,inda za ka iya samun gaskiyan abinda ya gudana a tsakaninsu.Amma ga al’amarin Hausa-Fulani ba za su tsaya su tsaga gaskiya don kowa ya ganta ba, illa su bayyana cewar sun kori kafurai ko su yi amfani da kalamar maguzanci. Allah mai girma, in muka ce za mu zanta irin nau’in mulkin da suka yi wa jama’a tabbas mutunci da }imansu zai zuba a idon jama’a musamman ‘yan bana-bakwai. Domin in aka fassara kalmar Maguzanci kuma muka bisu daya bayan daya zamu ga irin mummunar zama da aka yi ko ince a ke yi da su, in da hatta su kansu ba su bar junan su ba. Bari mu ga wani abu daga cikin al’amurran da ya faru Yake-yaken jihadi ko son mulki sun ci gaba da gudana kuma jama’a sun ci gaba da hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri har ya zuwa shekara ta 1808 inda Fulani suka kama yammacin Ngazargamu wanda yake shi ne birnin daular Borno. Amma a karshe a cikin shekara ta 1809 Sheikh Lamido ya kori Hausa-Fulani daga daular Borno. == Masarautar Zazzau == [[File:Zazzau palace main gate entrance 02.jpg|thumb|Babbar ƙofar shiga masarautar Zazzau dake Zariya]] [[Zazzau]] ko [[Zariya]] Masarauta ce ta mai dadadden [[Tarihi]] ta [[Hausawa]] wadda take da gidan sarautar ta a birnin [[Zariya]] dake jihar [[Kaduna]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya]] . Alhaji [[Shehu Idris]] Shine Sarkin Zazzau. == Maguzanci == Abu mafi mahimman ci da zamu fara dubawa wajen gane tarihin masarautar Zazzau shine labarun da suka shahara a karni na Ashirin. Wanda yake cewa asalin kafuwar masarautun [[Hausa]] ya fara ne daga kanan [[Bayajidda]],Wato wani Jarumi da ake fada a tarihin [[Hausawa]] wanda shine asalin kafuwar masarautun Hausa da muke da su a wannan zamanin.Kamar yadda masana [[Tarihi]] suke fada cewa a karni na goma sha daya ne aka kafa masarautar zazzau bisa jogorancin Sarkin Zazzau [[Gunguma]].Daga nanne kuma aka kafa masarautar Zazzau Ta zama daya daga cikin masarautun [[Hausawa]] ko Habe na [[Hausa Bakwai]].Fitacciyar wadda tayi iko a masarautar Zazzau itace Sarauniyar Zazzau Amina. Wacce tayi iko kodai tsakiyar karni na sha biyar ko kuma tsakiyar karni na sha shida. Birnin Zazzau ya zama cibiyar harhada bayi inda ake cinikin su zuwa Arewacin [[Najeriya]] kamar birnin [[Kano]] da birnin [[Katsina]] inda ake kasuwancin Bayi ta hanyar kasuwancin ban gishiri na baka kanwa daga nan kuma sai a wuce da Bayin zuwa [[Sahara]].A yadda tarihi yazo [[Musulunci]] ya shiga Masarautar Zazzau ne a wajen shekara ta 1456 Amma kadan daga cikin wasu mutanen naci gaba da Tsafi yayin da wadansu kuma ke Maguzanci Har zuwa lokacin da jihadin Shehu Usman Dan fodiyo ya zo a shekarar 1808 [[Fulani]] conquest of 1808. Ayanzu dai Masarautar Zazzau Masarauta ce da tayi kaurin suna wajen tafiyar da Addinin [[Musulunci]].Akwai manya manyan malamai na Musulunci a Masarautar. '''Sarautar Fulani a Masarautar Zazzau''' A watan Disamba na 1808 Mujahidai karkashin Jahorancin Mujadda Shehu Usman Danfodiyo suka samu nasarar korar Masu rike da sarautar lokacin wadanda Habe ne ko [[Hausawa]].Hakanne yasa su Hausawan suka gudu zuwa yankin [[Abuja]] Suka tare a wajen da ake kira [[Suleja]] a yanzu.Shi yasa har yanzu ake kiran sarautar ko kuma sarkin [[Suleja]] da Sarkin Zazzau. Tarihin Bayajidda wanda a yau masana na kallonsa a kaggen labari domin tambayoyin da ke kansa sun kasa amsuwa. Amma in muka kalli manufa na wannan labari zamu ga cewar an samar da shi ne don samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin kasashen Hausa. In muka kalla ta barayin nazartan harshe zamu ga wannan tarihi baida hurumin ko kusa musamman in muka kalli kalmomi da ke rataye da kasar Zazzau. == Jerin Sarakunan Zazzau == Sarakunan Habe, sun fara ne daga shekarar 1696 zuwa 1701. #Bako Musa 1701 - 1703 #Ishaq 1703 - 1704 #Burema Ashaku 1704 - 1715 #Bako IV Sunkuru 1715 - 1726 #Muham dan Gungum 1726 - 1733 #Uban Ba 1733 - 1734 #Muham Gani 1734 - 1734 #Abu Muham Gani 1734 - 1737 #Dan Ashaku 1737 - 1757 #Muham Abu III 1757 - 1759 #Bawo 1759 - 1764 #Yunusa 1764 - 1767 #Yaqub 1767 - 1773 #Aliyu 1773 - 1779 #Cikkoku 1779 - 1782 #Muham Mai Gam 1782 - 1806 #Ishaq1806 - 1808 #Muham Makau dan Ishaq Ja '''Sarakunan Fulani masu cin gashin kansu.Sun fara sarautar su ne daga 31 ga Disamba na 1808 zuwa 17 Mayu na 1821''' # Malam Musa ibn Suleima Ibn Muhamm Juni 1821 - 1835. #Yamusa i Mallam Kilba 1835 18 Disamba 1846. # Abd al-Karim ibn Abbas 6 Janairu 1847 zuwa 28 Fabrairu 1847. #Hammad ibn Yamu 15 Afrilu 1847 zuwa Afrilu 1854. #Muhamm Sani ibn Yamusa Afrilu 1854 zuwa Disamba 1854. #Sidi Abdul-Qadiri Musa, Janairu 1855 5 zuwa Augusta 1856. #Abd as-Salam ibn Muhammadu Ka'i 21 Satumba 1856 zuwa Augusa ko Nuwamba 1870. #Abd Alla ibn Hammad (karon farko) 22 Nuwamba 1870 Janairu ko Juli. #1873 Abubakar ibn Musa (ya rasu a 1873) Augusta ko Satumba 1873 zuwa Nuwamba ko Disamba 1878. #Abd Alla ibn Hammad (karo na biyu) 26 Disamba 1878 zuwa Janairu 1888. #Muhamm Sambo ib Abd al-Karim Janairu 1888 zuwa 13 Fabrairu 1897. #Usumanu Yero ibn Abd Alla (ya rasu 1897) 17 Afrilu 1897 zuwa Maris 1903. #Muhamm Lawal Kwassau ibn Uthm Yero. == Sarakunan zamanin mulkin mallaka == Sunfara ne daga shekarar alif 1903 (mulkin mallaka) and later rulers Rulers of the independent Fulani emirate:[6] Start End R March 1903 8 April 1903 Sulayma (regent from 11 Sep 190 8 April 1904 9 November 1920 Ali ibn A al-Qadir 1924) 1920 1924 Dallatu i Uthman Yero 1924 1936 Ibrahim Muham Lawal Kwassa (b. c.18 d. 1936 1936 August 1959 Malam J ibn Isha (b. 189 d. 1959 September 1959 4 February 1975 Muham al-Amin Uthman 1908 - 1975) 8 February 1975 20 September 2020 Shehu i Idris (1936 - 2020) Ita dai masarautar Zazzau tana daya daga cikin muhimman masarautun kasar Hausa da ma yankin Afirka ta yamma. [[Fayil:Zazzau-emirate.jpg|thumb|zazzau emirate]] Tarihi irin na kunne ya girmi kaka ya yi nuni cewa, Zazzau wata dadaddiyar masarauta ce, wadda ta samo asali tun daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata, wato daga lokacin jahiliyya ko kuma kafin zuwan addinin musulunci. === Yadda kalmar  ‘Zazzau’ ta samo asali === Tushen wannan kalma ta ‘Zazzau’ yana da rassa biyu, na farko yana da nasaba da yanayin kasar ta Zazzau, wanda daga Katsinanci ke nufin ‘zo-zo’, wato kasa mai laka, ba mai rairayi ba, wadda za a iya yin shuka a kanta, kuma ta tsiro. A wani kaulin kuma ‘Zazzau’ na nufin wani takobi, wanda ja-goran jama’a yakan dauka ya jagoranci jama’a a wajen yaki. Mai daukar wannan takobi ba sarki ake kiransa ba, a wancan lokaci ana kiran sa ne ‘Madau-Zazzau’, wato ‘Mai Dauke da Zazzau’. ==== Asalin Kalmar Zariya ==== Zariya kalma ce da ta samo asali daga sunan Zariya ‘yar Sarki Bakwa Turunku, wadda kanwa ce ga Sarauniya Amina === Bambancin Zazzau da Zariya === Zazzau masarauta ce, wadda ta kunshi dukkan kasashe da garuruwan da ke bin masarautar. Zariya kuwa shi ne babban birnin da sarki yake zaune da hakimai da ’yan majalisarsa ana gudanar da mulki. Sauran hakimai da suke da kasashe suna kawo wa sarki rahoto, su kuma ana aika masu da umarni. A zamanin maguzanci, wato shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata, babu wani addini da ya shigo, sai al’adu  ko rayuwa irin ta maguzanci. Kuma kaura daga wannan waje, a koma wancan waje, ita ce al’adar Bil’Adama, a kokarin a kokarin neman wajen da zai zauna ya sami ingatacciyar rayuwa. Mafi yawan ayyukan da jama’a kan yi a lokacin su ne, noma da kiwo. Wannan lokaci ne kuma masana tarihi ke kira zamanin ‘Zo-zo’, wato zamanin maguzanci, wanda ya kasance tun kafin shigowar addinin musulunci. Lokacin da al’umma suka rika taruwa, suna samun shugabanci, har sarakunan Habe suka fara mulki, aka samu kafuwar Hausa Bakwai, wato zuri’ar Bayajidda da Sarauniya Daurama. Kuma Zazzau na daya daga cikin kasashen da aka ba ’ya’yan Bayajida mulki. Bayanin da aka samo daga bakin Marigayi Malam Habibu Na-Turunku, wani uban gari na Turunku, ya nuna cewa, Gunguma shi ne sarkin Zazzau na farko, kuma ya yi tafiyayya ne daga Daura, ya bi ta Kano da Rano, kuma ya fara yada zango a Kangi. Wadanda suka biyo bayansa sun kafa biranen  mulkinsu ne a Kawari da Rikocci da Wuciciri da kuma Turunku, kafin su je Zariya. Nohir ta auri wani bako, ta haifa masa da namiji, kuma aka sa wa dan suna dan Bakwa Turunku. Daga baya sunansa ya koma Bakwa Turunku, wanda ya gaji sarautar kawunsa Kawanissa a shekarar 1536. Bakwa Turunku ya yi sarauta ne a garin Turunku, kuma har yanzu akwai sauran kufan masarautar ta Turunku a can kasan tsaunukan da suke shimfide  a yankin gabashin Zariya. === Kafuwar birnin Zariya === Kamar yadda aka sami labari daga wajen Marigayi Malam Habibu Na-Turunku, wani uban gari na Turunku, ya nuna cewa, Zariya ‘yar Bakwa Turunku, kuma kanwar Sarauniya Amina ce ta kafa birnin Zariya, don haka ake kiran birnin da sunanta.Hakan kuwa ya biyo bayan yadda hedikwatar mulki ta Zazzau ta yi ta sauya wuri saboda matsalar rashin ruwa, a zamanin mulkin Bakwa Turunku, wato mahaifin Sarauniya Amina da Zariya. Hedikwatar ta tashi daga Bomo zuwa Wucicciri zuwa Ancau zuwa Kargi, ta koma Turunku. A wancan lokaci an ce sai Bakwa ya ga Turunku ta yi wa mutanensa kadan a matsayin hedikwatar mulki, ga matsalar ruwa ana fama da ita. Saboda haka, sai ya koma Zariya a shekarar 1537.  Daga nan ne kuma masarautar Zazzau ta koma Zariya. Amma ba a shiga Zariya kai tsaye ba, sai Bakwa Turunku ya gaya wa ‘yarsa Zariya, cewa ta je wajen kufannin iyayensu, wato Kufena kenan, ta je ta fara zama a wurin, kuma akwai rafi a wajen. Sai dai da Sarauniya Amina, wadda ita ce 'ya a wajen Zariya, ta dawo daga yake-yakenta, sai ta ce wurin ya yi fadi da yawa. Idan aka gina hedikwatar mulki a wurin a wancan zamani na yake-yake, to mahara za su iya kai masu hari. Saboda haka, ta ce a koma kusa da rafin da ake kira Fadamar Bono a cikin gari, wanda daga baya da Fulani suka karbi mulki suka mayar da sunan zuwa Fadamar Sarki. Da aka gama sake shata gari, sai Sarauniya Amina ta sa wa wannan zagayen da’irar da aka yi sunan kanwarta, wato Zariya.  Don ta girmama suna ‘yar uwarta, kuma dalilin sunan garin Zariya kenan. Kuma ta gina gida a cikin gari, inda ya zama fadar Zazzau, inda mahaifinta ya zauna, kuma har yanzu nan ne fadar masarautar Zazzau.  Ana kiran gidan da sunan ‘Gidan Bakwa’. == Manazarta == [[Category:Garuruwan Hausawa]] q07yna20uzpm846x57mt13d19c57xec 0 6671 862011 838435 2026-06-20T12:56:30Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna */ 862011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai|term_end2=27 July 2007|education=[[Barewa College]]|alma_mater=[[Ahmadu Bello University]]<br>[[Harvard University]]<br>[[Georgetown University]]<br>[[University of London]]|spouse={{Collapsible list |title=''See''|1=[[Hadiza Isma El-Rufai]]<br/>Asia Ahmad<br/>Aisha Ummi Garba}}|party=[[All Progressives Congress]]<br>(2013–present)|birth_place=[[Daudawa]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], [[British Nigeria]]<br>(now [[Daudawa]], Nigeria)|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1960|2|16|df=yes}}|successor2=[[Aliyu Modibbo Umar]]|predecessor2=[[Mohammed Abba Gana]]|term_start2=17 July 2003|image=|president2=[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]|office2=[[Minister of the Federal Capital Territory]]|term_end1=|term_start1=29 May 2015|successor1=|predecessor1=[[Mukhtar Ramalan Yero]]|deputy1=[[Yusuf Barnabas Bala]]<br>[[Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government|url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-date=2021-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|office1=[[Governor of Kaduna State]]|otherparty=[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]]<br>(until 2009)<br>[[Congress for Progressive Change]]<br>(2011–2013)}}{{Databox}} [[File:Femi-fani-kayode.jpg|thumb|Elrufai da kayode]] [[File:Nuhu-nasir-femi.jpg|thumb]] [[File:--Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli-- with --Nasir El Rufai--.jpg|thumb|Ahmed nuhu bamalli with nasir Ahmad El rufa i]] [[Fayil:El-Rufai with Tinubu.jpg|thumb|'''El-Rufai with Tinubu''']] ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 22:05, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC)) '''Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai''' (An haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin (1960) miladiyya. An haife shi a garin Daudawa na karamar hukumar Faskari a cikin jihar [[Katsina]] daga kabilar [[Hausa]]. Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana da shekara takwas kaɗai a duniya, daga nan ɗan’uwan mahaifinsa Alhaji Yahaya Hamza ya ɗauki nauyin karatunsa tun daga kuruciyarsa har girmansa. Ya samu shiga makarantar [[Zariya|Barewa College dake Zaria,]] ɗaya daga cikin kwaleji mafiya shahara a arewacin Najeriya inda yasami babban yabo gami da samun babbar nasarar kammala karatun a matsayin babban dalibi. Nasir El-Rufai ya samu halartar jami’ar [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello_University Ahmadu Ballo] dake Zariya inda yayi karatun digirin a fannin duba ƙasa wanda kuma ya samu lamba ta ɗaya wanda a turance ake kira da First Class. El-Rufa’i ya samu halarta kwalejin [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University Harvard] da kuma Georgetown. Sannan ya samu halartar jami’ar a kasar [[London]] a shekara ta 2008 gami da kwalejin [[John F. Kennedy]] dake Harvard a June shekarata 2009. Dan siyasan Najeriya ne yanzu tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna. ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 22:05, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC))<ref>"NVS Articles & Viewpoints – Nigerian Village Square". Nigeriavillagesquare.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> Ya taba zama Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya daga shekarata 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2007; da kuma daraktan Ofishin Jama'a.<ref>"Office of the Governor – Kaduna State Government". Retrieved 4 July 2020.</ref> Yana daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress mai mulki]]([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 22:05, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC)).<ref>Owete, Festus (25 June 2013). "Masari, El-Rufai, others emerge APC interim national officers | Premium Times Nigeria". Retrieved 13 July 2021</ref> [[File:Nuhu-nasir-femi.jpg|alt=Photo showing Mallam Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai in the middle. To his right is Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, and to his left is Chief Femi Fani-Kayode.|thumb|260x260px| Hoton da ke nuna Malam Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai a tsakiya. A daman sa akwai Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, a hagun sa kuma akwai Cif. Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai Dangajere Kusar Yaki! Cewar Yasir Ramadan Gwale Kamar yadda tsohon mataimakin Shugaban kasa Alhaji Atiku Abubakar ya taba fada a wata hira da ya yi da Jaridar This Day, cewar tsohon shugaban kasa Olushegun Obasanjo ya buka ce shi da ya zabo masa mutum mai jini a jika kuma wanda ba shi da tsoro, wanda idan ma ta kama zai iya yin akuya ga mahaifiyar obasanjon don ya bashi mukamin ministan babban birnin tarayya Abuja saboda ya dai-daitawa mutane sahu daga karkacewar da ya yi. Atiku kuma ya shaidawa Obsanjo cewar Nasan wasu mutane guda biyu abokai da Allah bai sanya sun taba hada hanya da tsoron wani mahaluki ba a fadin tarayyar kasar nan, daya daga cikinsu kuwa shi ne Nasiru el-Rufai, wanda a lokacin shine shugaban hukumar sayar da kadarorin gwamnati ta kasa ( Director General Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) and the Secretary of the National Council of Privatisation). Tabbas Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai ya nuna cewar shi ba matsoraci bane, lokacin da majalisa ta zo tantance shi a matsayin mutumin da za’a nada minister. Domin idan zamu iya tunawa anyi dauki babu dadi da el-Rufai kafin a nada shi minister, inda aka nemi ya bayar da cin-hanci shi kuma ya yi kememe ya ki bayarwa, wanda wannan ta sanya wasu da yawa daga cikin shugabannin majalisa a wancan lokacin jin kunya ciki kuwa harda Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa Sanata Nasir Ibrahim Mantu, inda el-Rufai ya bayyana a majalisa dauke da al-qur’ani a hannunsa ya yi rantsuwa cewar an nemi hanci daga wajensa, kuma shi Mantu ya karyata, inda el-Rufai ya bukaci Mantu shima da ya rantse da Al-qur’ani amma hakan ta gagara inda ya ce shifa bashi da tsarki duk kuwa da cewar akwai makewayi a majalisar, kusan zamu iya cewa tun a wannan lokacin el-Rufai ya nuna jarumtaka da tabbatarwa da duniya cewar shifa ba mutumin banza bane. Wannan namijin kokari da bajinta da el-Rufai ya nuna, shi ya sa jihar Georgia da ke kasar Amerika ta bashi izinin zama dan wannan jihar, wanda yanzu haka el-Rufai yana daga cikin ‘yan Najeriya da suke zuwa kasar Amerika ba tare da anyi musu binciken kwakwaf ba. Lokacin da Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai ya zama babban ministan babban birnin tarayya ya nuna babu sani babu sabo. Domin ya kau-da duk wasu gine gine da akayi ba bisa ka’ida ba, ciki kuwa harda gidan matar shugaban kasa marigayiya Stella Obasanjo da gidan shugaban PDP na wannan lokacin Sanata Amadu Ali da wasu manya manyan kusoshin gwamnati a wancan lokacin. Haka dai el-Rufai ya ringa sanya gireda yana ma-ke duk wani gini da aka gina shi ba bisa kai’da ba a Habuja. Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai kusan shine ministan Abuja mafi dadewa a tarihin wannan birni tun daga 1999 har zuwa 2007, kuma ya yi aiki dai-dai nasa. Tun da Marigayi Mallam Umaru Yar’Adua ya zama shugaban kasa el-Rufai ya tsallake yabar kasar nan inda ya tafi kasar Amerika ya koma makaranta, ya halarci kwasa kwasai da dama a fannoni daban daban, ciki kuwa harda katafariyar Jami’arnan ta Harvard, kadan daga Makarantun da el-Rufai ya halarta sun hada da Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Najeryia, Jami’ar London ko University of London a Burtaniya da Harvard Business School, Arthur D. Little School of Management a birnin Massachusetts da Georgetown University da School of Foreign Services a birnin Washington dukkaninisu a kasar Amerika da kuma D.C. da John F. Kennedy School of Government da Harvard University duk dai a can Amerika. Sannan el-Rufai yana da babbar Lambar yabo ta kasa wadda ake kira OFR (Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria) wadda aka bashi tun yana BFE, kuma yana da digirin girmamawa wanda Jami'ar Abuja ta Bashi a 2005 wato Doctorate Degree. Bayan da el-Rufai ya dawo gida Najeriya, ya fada Jam’iyyar adawa ta CPC inda ya mara baya ga takarar tsohon shugaban kasa Gen. Muhammadu Buhari duk kuwa da ana kallon zai goya baya ne ga takarar babban abokinsa wato Mallam Nuhu Ribadu. A halin yanzu dai Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai shi ne babban bakaniken jam’iyyar ta CPC wadda Buharin ya dora masa wannan nauyi na dai-daita sahun jam’iyyar kamar yadda a yiwa birnin tarayya Abuja, saboda fama da matsaloli da jam’iyyar ta ke yi a kusan daukacin jihohin kasarnan. Bayan haka kuma, el-Rufai shi ne kusan mutum daya tilo wanda tauraruwarsa ke haskawa wajen adawa da gwamnatin Goodluck Jonathan da kuma Jam’iyyar PDP. Mallam Nasir el-Rufai ya dauki lokaci yana sharhi akan kasafin kudi na shekarar ta 2012 inda ya yi kaca-kaca da gwamnatin Jonathan ya nuna ma basu san me suke yi ba. Hakan ta sanya el-Rufai ya dinga daukan hankalin jama’a a ciki da wajen kasarnan wajen yadda yake fashin baki a harkar tafiyar da wannan gwamnatin musamman a harkar da ta shafi tattalin arziki, wannan ta sanya jami’an SSS suka ringa sanya masa tarko suna kamashi a kusan duk lokacin da zai yi wata tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, haka nan yake tsallake irin wannan turaku da ake sanya masa. Bahaushe ya ce al-kalami ya fi Takobi, lallai wannan magana haka ta ke, domin shakka babu wannan gwamnatin Jonathan babu alkalami da ta ke jin tsoro a kullum kamar na el-Rufai, domin sun san cewar mai ilimin gaske ne kuma masani ta fannoni da daman gaske. Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai dai idan ka ganshi irin mutanan nan ne da zaka gansu ‘yan tsirit wato ba shi da wani cika ido, wannan ce ma ta sanya abokansa suke masa lakabi da sunan GIANT wato wani babban mutum kamar dai yadda Bahaushe yake ce wa gajere malam dogo . Lallai kam ya zuwa yanzu babu wani daga cikin ‘yan Adawa wanda tauraruwarsa take haskawa kamar el-Rufai ba, kuma duk wannan ya faru ne ta sanadiyar al-kalaminsa da yake caccakar wannan gwamnati da shi. Tabbas maganar Bahaushe gaskiya ce da ya ce Alkamai ya fi takobi, domin idan da fada za’a iya da takobi watakila da farat daya za’a gama da el-Rufai amma da yake fadan na alkalami ne, babu yadda aka iya da shi sai dai a kayar da shi da hujja idan ana da ita. Lallai Najeriya tana bukatar mutane masu gaskiya wadan da zasu iya yakar cin-hanci da rashawa da gaskiya kuma hazikai irinsu Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai. Femi Fani-Kayode.]] == Farkon Rayuwa == An haifi Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif 1960 ga dangin [[Fulani]] a [[Daudawa]]. Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana da shekaru takwas kadai aduniya. Daga nan ne wani kawun sa ya dauki nauyinsa da kuma karatunsa .<ref>"Profile: Mallam Nasir el-Rufai". ''BBC News''. 7 September 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2010.</ref> El-Rufai ya auri mata uku, matarsa ta farko itace [[Hadiza Isma El-Rufai]] marubuciya ce kuma marubuciyace tare, suna gudanar da Gidauniyar Yasmin El-Rufai (YELF), an kafa ta ne don girmama ɗiyarsu da ta mutu a shekarar ta 2011.<ref>"I used to sing in the Catholic Church choir – Hadiza El-Rufai". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 13 January 2021</ref> El-Rufai ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Barewa]]. Tun yana karami a kwalejin, [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaba]] [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru 'Yar'Adua]] ne kyaftin din gidan kwanan sa. A shekarar ta 1976, ya kammala karatunsa a saman 'yan ajinsa, inda ya lashe kyautar "Barewa Old Boys 'Association Academic Achievement". El-Rufai ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da]] ke [[Zariya]], inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin binciken yawan karatu tare da karramawar ajin farko.<ref>"Nasir El Rufai". LinkedIn. Retrieved 13 June 2021</ref> A shekara ta alif Dari Tara da tamanin da hudu 1984, ya sami digiri na biyu kan harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello Zaria. Tun daga nan ya halarci shirye-shiryen ƙwararru da dama a digirinsa na biyu, daga Makarantar Georgetown na Ayyukan Kasashen Waje na Jami'ar Georgetown da ke [[Washington DC|Washington, DC]] da shirye-shirye kan keɓaɓɓu da jagoranci.<ref name=":0">Amsterdam, Rober (1 December 2009). "White Paper: Reform vs Status" (PDF). ''Amsterdam & Partners''.</ref><ref name=":0" /> <ref>"Archived 9 November 2013 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> A watan Agustan na shekarar ta 2008 ya sami digiri a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar London; da kuma digiri na biyu a harkokin mulki daga John F. Kennedy School na Gwamnatin Jami'ar Harvard a watan Yunin a shekarar ta 2009. Ya kuma sami Takaddar Makarantar Kennedy a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa bayan ya kwashe watanni 11 a matsayin Edward A. Mason Fellow a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa daga Yuli shekarar ta 2008 zuwa Yuni shekarar ta 2009. == Kwarewar Sana'a == Nasir ya kirkira Wani kamfani tare da hadin kan abokan sa inda suka samar da kamfanin quantity surveying and project management , kamfanin Yana Gudanar da ayyukan gine gine da injiinan farar hula ,hakan ya taimaka ma abokan aikin NASA suka zamo attaajirai a nijeriya<ref>https://manuniya.com/2022/12/21/cikakken-tarihin-nasir-ahmad-el-rufai/</ref>,A shekarar ta 1982, ya kirkiro kamfanin El-Rufai & Partners, wani kamfanin bincike da gwaje-gwaje tare da wasu abokan aikinsa guda uku wadanda suka gudanar da aiki tare har zuwa shekarar ta 1998. A lokacin mulkin soja na shekarun ta 1983Zuwa shekarun ta 1998, kamfanin ya karbi kwangilar gini da injiniyan gine-gine ciki har da lokacin da ake gina [[Abuja]], wanda ya sa abokan aikkin nasa suka zama "matasa masu kudi". Bugu da kari ga aikinsa, El-Rufai ya rike mukaman gudanarwa tare da kamfanonin sadarwa biyu na duniya, AT&amp;amp;T Network Systems International BV da Motorola Inc.<ref name=":1">Amsterdam, Rober (1 December 2009). "White Paper: Reform vs Status" (PDF). ''Amsterdam & Partners''.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Farkon aikin siyasa == A shekarar ta 1998, bayan mutuwar shugaban mulkin soja Janar [[Sani Abacha]], magajinsa Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|Abdulsalami Abubakar ya]] nada El-Rufai a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki kasa. A cikin wannan matsayin ya yi aiki tare da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin]] Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya. A shekarar ta1999, sojoji suka mika mulki ga Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1999, an nada shi a matsayin darekta a Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a da kuma sakatare na Majalisar Bayar da Kyaututtuka ta Kasa inda ya jagoranci jagorancin sayar da kamfanoni da dama na mallakar gwamnatin nijeriya tare da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Alh.[[Atiku Abubakar]] (Turakin Adamawa). == Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya == A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, aka nada Nasir Elrufa'i matsayin Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayyan Nigeria, wato Abuja. A lokacinsa, ya jagoranci canjin babban birnin tarayya a baya wanda ya kasance cike da rashawa da kuma kauce wa hanya daga asalin shirin. Tare da kafa Tsarin Bayanai na Yankin Kasa na Abuja, babban birnin ya zama birni na farko a Najeriya tare da rajistar ƙasar da tsarin bayanai. Tare da Shugaban kasa da mambobin Kungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki, ya jagoranci sake fasalin ayyukan gwamnati na Najeriya wanda ya zama mara aiki a tsawon shekarun mulkin kama-karya na soja. A lokuta daban-daban a lokacin da yake Minista, ya kula da Ma’aikatun Kasuwanci na Tarayya (sau biyu) da na cikin gida. Ya kuma shugabanci wasu manyan kwamitocin majalisar ministocin da suka jagoranci kafa tsarin lamuni a Najeriya, Tsarin katin dan kasa na Najeriya, Inganta Wutar Lantarki da kuma sayar da kadarorin Gwamnatin Tarayya a Abuja. A kwanakin karshe na gwamnatin Obasanjo, Nuhu Ribadu, wani abokin tarayya El-Rufai wanda ya taba bayyana shi a matsayin "jami'in zahiri na 2, masa alama da matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, musamman bayan faduwar- tsakanin Obasanjo da mataimakinsa Atiku Abubakar. An yi imanin cewa amincewa da yarda da Obasanjo ga El-Rufai ya fusata yawancin masu fada aji a siyasance, wanda daga baya za su tsananta masa. == Gudun hijira == A shekarar ta 2008, El-Rufai ya shiga gudun hijira na kashin kansa kuma ya zama mai sukar gwamnatin [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru 'Yar'Adua]]. == Siyasa == A shekarar ta 2010, ya dawo Najeriya kuma daga baya ne Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arziki Tu'annati (EFCC) ta kama shi. Elrufa'i ya bayyana dawowarsa ne domin ya wanke sunan sa daga tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa. A shekarar ta 2011, el-Rufai ya shiga siyasar jam’iyya tare da jam’iyyar Congress for Progressive Change da ke goyon bayan kamfen din [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar ta 2011. Acikin shekarar ta 2013, an nada el-Rufai mataimakin sakatare na kasa na sabuwar [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyya Mai mulki wato All Progressives Congress]] (APC). Acikin shekarar ta 2014, El-Rufai ya bayyana yakin neman zaben sa na gwamnan jihar Kaduna, inda ya fito takarar zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC don zama dan takarar gwamnan jihar na jam’iyyar. Ya ci gaba da lashe zaben gwamna, tare da kuri’u sama da miliyan don kayar da gwamna mai ci [[Mukhtar Ramalan Yero]] dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam’iyyar Democratic Party]]. Ashekarar ta 2018, ya sake fitowa a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na APC. An sake zaben shi a ranar 9 ga watan Maris a shekarar ta 2019, inda ya kayar da abokin karawar sa da kuri’u sama da 200,000. a cikin watan july, 2023 zababben shugaban kasa Ahmed bola Tinubu ya Mika sunan Nasir Ahmed el-Rufai a cikin sabbin ministocin da zaa a nada a majalissar tarayya. == Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna == A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, a shekarar ta 2015, aka rantsar da El-Rufai a matsayin Gwamna na 22 na Jihar Kaduna. A jawabinsa na farko, ya bayyana cewa shi da mataimakinsa suna rage alawus dinsu da rabi har sai an samu ci gaba a yanayin kasafin kudin jihar Kaduna. A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan a shekarar ta 2015, El-Rufai a daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko a matsayinsa na gwamna ya bayyana cewa jihar Kaduna za ta fara amfani da tsarin Baitul Malin Ma'aurata nan da 1 ga watan Satumba a shekarar. A karshen atisayen, an rufe asusu guda 470 na ma’aikatu, sassa da hukumomi daban-daban sannan aka dawo da Naira biliyan 24.7 aka mayar da su ga TSA na Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna tare da [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]]. Ta hanyar toshe hanyoyin gurbatawa da rage tsadar tafiyar da gwamnati, ana kiyasta cewa gwamnatin El-Rufai ta sami damar adana Naira Biliyan 1.2 a cikin watanni biyu kacal.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/why-el-rufai-should-become-next-sgf/</ref> {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}El-Rufai kuma sauya yakin sabis a jihar Kaduna da kuma rage yawan ma'aikatun daga 19 zuwa 13 da kuma yawan sakatarori daga 35 zuwa 18. A wani yunkuri na rage kudin gudanar da mulki, El-Rufai ya nada kwamishinoni 13, da masu ba da shawara na musamman 10 da mataimaka na musamman 12 yayin da kwamishinonin 24, masu ba da shawara na musamman 41 da kuma mataimaka na musamman kimanin 400 da tsohuwar gwamnatin ta nada. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A matsayinsa na gwamna, El-Rufai ya fara aiwatar da garambawul a fannin ilimi da nufin sake fasalin yanayin ilimi a jihar. El-Rufai ya kori sama da malaman firamare 22,000. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Gwamnatin El-Rufai ta bullo da shirin Ciyar da Makaranta, da nufin samar da abinci sau daya a kowace rana ga dalibai miliyan daya da rabi a makarantun firamaren gwamnati da ke cikin jihar. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Ya kuma soke tarin kudade da kuma levies a makarantun firamare da junior sakandare a Kaduna, game da shi, cire wani kudi nauyin N3 biliyan daga iyaye. A ranar 28 ga Maris a shekarar ta 2020, El-Rufai ya gwada tabbatacce ga [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], bayan ya gama tuntuɓar sa. Ya sanya dokar hana fita a jihar Kaduna da kuma takaita zirga-zirga, don hana yaduwar kwayar. A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta a shekarar ta 2020, Rigima ta kaure a shafukan sada zumunta lokacin da [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Najeriya ta]] gayyaci Gwamna El-rufai don yin magana a taron ta na shekara-shekara. Dubun-dubatar ‘yan Nijeriya sun sanya hannu kan takardar sauya sheka a shafin canji don ganin an soke gayyatar da Gwamna El-rufai ya yi musu. NBA ta fada cikin matsin lamba sannan ta bata sunan gwamnan. Wani rahoto na Open Bar initiative ya kawo dalilai takwas da yasa El-rufai ya gayyaci babban taron bai amsa ba. Wasu daga cikin dalilan sun hada da kin bin umarnin kotu a karar sa da Audu Maikori, yana mai yin barazana ga Gloria Ballason wacce ta kasance lauyan Maikori da kuma wani rahoto da kamfanin Quartz (wallafa) na Afirka wanda ya ambaci Gwamna El-rufai a matsayin shugaban wata kungiyar "masu karfi" ta Gwamnonin Najeriya wadanda "yanzu haka suke amfani da jami'an tsaro akai-akai don kamewa da tsoratar da 'yan jaridar da suka kuskura suka yi tambaya game da ayyukansu ko kokarin tuhumar su". El Rufa'i ya yi afuwa ga fursunoni 12 a jihar Kaduna, 10 daga cikinsu suna dab da kare hukuncin da aka yanke musu, wasu ma an yafe musu saboda yawan shekaru. Bugu da kari ya rage fursunoni guda hukuncin kisa zuwa rai da rai.<ref>https://m.guardian.ng/news/gov-el-rufai-grants-pardon-to-12-prisoners-in-kaduna-state</ref> El Rufa'i yana daya daga cikin masu ilimi matuka acikin gwamnonin nijeriya, saboda hakane ma yayi fice dasamun nasaran shiga gaba atasakanin gwamnoni, sanadiyar ayyukan dakeyi a acikin jihar ta Kaduna. El Rufa'i yadage matuka ganin cewa kowani dan talaka dake jihar Kaduna yasami ingantance ilimi. == Kara Dubawa == * Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihar Kaduna * [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] == External links == {{KadunaStateGovernors}}{{AbujaFCTMinisters}} * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna|Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] * [[Kisan Kiyashi a Kudancin Kaduna|Kisan kiyashin Kudancin Kaduna]] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rufai, Nasir El-}}{{Authority control}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163800/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=25798 ''This Day'' (Lagos) a kan el-Rufai, 20 Agusta 2005] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3634616.stm ''BBC'' kan Nasir el-Rufai, 7 ga Satumba 2004] , * [http://www.nigeriatop.com/ ''Manyan Siyasar Najeriya,'' / Gaskiya akan 'yan siyasar mu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005160256/http://www.nigeriatop.com/ |date=2011-10-05 }} [[Category:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Yan siyasa a najeriya]] [[Category:Daliban barewa college]] [[Category:Jami'ar Georgetown]] [[Category:Yan takaran zaben 2015 a Nijeriya]] [[Category:Yan jam'iyyar APC]] [[Category:Makarantan Gwamnati na JF Kennedy]] [[Category:Ministocin Nijeriya]] [[Category:PDP]] [[Category:Daliban Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Makarantun Gwamnati]] [[Category:Daliban Jami'ar London]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Wanda aka haifa a 1960]] [[Category:'Yan siyasa Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dkl2lr4yaerbcr8kx2tbs9l24fdes1l 0 9256 862150 495966 2026-06-20T16:53:50Z Kaddi123 38060 862150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Teh picture of a bush in shagari sokoto.jpg|thumb|hutun garin Shagari]] '''Shagari''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| karamar hukuma]] ce dake a [[Jihar Sokoto]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].shagari tana daya daga cikin lokal government a jahar sokoto,se dai karmar lokal government a cikin lokal government din jahar sokoto,ita ce lokal government din da tsohon shugaban kasa shehu shagari yafito,wannan lokal government tana da Yan boko da manoama dayan kasuwa,se nafi yawancin jama'a wannan lokal government manomane, masaman noma dama na da rani,a wannan lokal government suna karamin dama, Wanda wani Dan asalin lokal government yasamar a lokaci Yana minister ruwa wato mutari shehu shagari.suna da Dan majalisa guda a wannan yankin. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Sokoto]] jbgnylw8l5hud09psiaw755k2qfxpml 862158 862150 2026-06-20T16:56:39Z Kaddi123 38060 862158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Teh picture of a bush in shagari sokoto.jpg|thumb|hutun garin Shagari]] '''Shagari''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| karamar hukuma]] ce dake a [[Jihar Sokoto]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].shagari tana daya daga cikin lokal government a jahar sokoto,se dai karmar lokal government a cikin lokal government din jahar sokoto,ita ce lokal government din da tsohon shugaban kasa shehu shagari yafito,wannan lokal government tana da Yan boko da manoama da yan kasuwa,se nafi yawancin jama'a wannan lokal government manomane, masaman noma dama na da rani,a wannan lokal government suna karamin dama, Wanda wani Dan asalin lokal government yasamar a lokaci Yana minister ruwa wato mutari shehu shagari.suna da Dan majalisa guda a wannan yankin. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Sokoto]] 03jlcitk72w44451b7ax9bhpsfz4y7l 0 10148 862174 524291 2026-06-20T17:03:12Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Manchester United Premier Cup 2005 e 2008 e Danone Nations Cup 2011.jpg|thumb|Wasu daga cikin manyan kofinan da Manchester United ta cisu]] [[Fayil:Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur, 12 March 2022 (05).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC 1957.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester - Old Trafford - Manchester United vs Crawley Town - Chicharito.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Old Trafford inside 20060726 1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United wins the FA Youth Cup 2022.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC 1960.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para partida contra o Gamba Osaka em 2008.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United v Manchester City, 6 November 2021 (15).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rafael Pereira da Silva disputando uma bola pelo Manchester United.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Ronaldo - Manchester United vs Chelsea.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United old trafford Ank Kumar 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para semifinal do Mundial de 2008 contra o Gamba Osaka.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United Football Ground railway station, Greater Manchester - geograph.org.uk - 5426319.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para partida contra o Gamba Osaka em 2008.jpg|thumb]] '''Kulub din Manchester united (FC)''', Ana kiran ta da '''Man United''',<ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 Man United must aim for top four, not title challenge - Mourinho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911192940/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 |date=2020-09-11 }}, [[Reuters]], 2 November 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/marcus-rashfords-92nd-minute-winner-enough-for-man-united-to-scrape-a-win-at-bournemouth-37488476.html Marcus Rashford's 92nd minute winner enough for Man United to scrape a win at Bournemouth], ''Irish Independent'', 6 November 2018</ref> ko kuma '''United''', kungiyan kwararrun yan kwallon kafa ne dake zaune a [[Old Trafford (district)|'Old Trafford']], babban Manchester, [[Ingila]], wanda me fafatawa a [[Premier League|firimiya League]], mafi shaharar kungiyar gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila Ana masu lakani da "the Red Devils" (Jajayen Aljanu), an kirkiri kungiyar a matsayin 'Newton Heath LYR Football Club' a 1878, ta canja sunan ta zuwa Manchester United a 1902 da kuma komawa filin wasan ta na yanzu, [[Old Trafford]], acikin shekara ta 1910. [[File:Old Trafford.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester United kenan wato Old Trafford a shekarar 2008]] Manchester United tayi nasaran lashe kofina da dama fiye da ko wacce kungiya a Ingila l,<ref name="skysports.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19653230 |title=Liverpool v Manchester United: The bitter rivalry |work=BBC Sports |first=Phil |last=McNulty |date=21 September 2012 }}</ref> ta kafa tarihin cin Kofi 20 [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League titles]], 12 [[FA Cup]], 5 [[EFL Cup|League Cups]] da kuma tarihin lashe [[FA Community Shield]] guda 21. United ta lashe [[UEFA Champions League]] guda 3, [[UEFA Europa League]] guda 1, [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] guda 1, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 1 [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] guda 1 da kuma [[FIFA Club World Cup]] guda 1. A [[1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season|1998–99]], kungiyar ita ce ta farko a tarihin kungiyoyin England data samu ikon nasaran cin continental European [[Treble (association football)|treble]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/14/newsid_3334000/3334059.stm|title=BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969: Matt Busby retires from Man United|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Da cin UEFA Europa League a [[2016–17 Manchester United F.C. season|2016–17]], sun zama [[UEFA club competition records and statistics#List of teams to have won the three main European club competitions|daya daga cikin culob biyar]] da suka sami nasaran lashe dukkanin gasukan [[UEFA]], kuma kungiyar kadai daga kasar ingila da ta lashe dukkanin wani gasa da take fafatawa a ciki.<ref name="skysports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/10862214/jose-mourinho-wants-manchester-united-to-close-the-circle-of-trophies-and-win-europa-league|title=Jose Mourinho wants Manchester United to 'close the circle' of trophies and win Europa League|date=4 May 2017|work=Sky Sports|last=Thomas|first=Lyall}}</ref> [[File:Manchester United Treble celebration.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar kenan a yayin bikin lashe kofuna uku da sukayi a shekarar 1998/99]] [[File:Ole Gunnar Solskjaer Trondheim2011-1.jpg|thumb|Ole Gunnar Solskjær coach din Manchester United ]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:United, Manchester}} cfzuoz35jy5v0uaqgndobw1tt4ue9lw 862176 862174 2026-06-20T17:04:41Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Manchester United Premier Cup 2005 e 2008 e Danone Nations Cup 2011.jpg|thumb|Wasu daga cikin manyan kofinan da Manchester United ta cisu]] [[Fayil:Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur, 12 March 2022 (05).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC 1957.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester - Old Trafford - Manchester United vs Crawley Town - Chicharito.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Old Trafford inside 20060726 1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United wins the FA Youth Cup 2022.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC 1960.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para partida contra o Gamba Osaka em 2008.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United v Manchester City, 6 November 2021 (15).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rafael Pereira da Silva disputando uma bola pelo Manchester United.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Ronaldo - Manchester United vs Chelsea.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United old trafford Ank Kumar 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para semifinal do Mundial de 2008 contra o Gamba Osaka.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United Football Ground railway station, Greater Manchester - geograph.org.uk - 5426319.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para partida contra o Gamba Osaka em 2008.jpg|thumb]] '''Kulub din Manchester united (FC)''', Ana kiran ta da '''Man United''',<ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 Man United must aim for top four, not title challenge - Mourinho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911192940/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 |date=2020-09-11 }}, [[Reuters]], 2 November 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/marcus-rashfords-92nd-minute-winner-enough-for-man-united-to-scrape-a-win-at-bournemouth-37488476.html Marcus Rashford's 92nd minute winner enough for Man United to scrape a win at Bournemouth], ''Irish Independent'', 6 November 2018</ref> ko kuma '''United''', kungiyan kwararrun yan kwallon kafa ne dake zaune a [[Old Trafford (district)|'Old Trafford']], babban Manchester, [[Ingila]], wanda me fafatawa a [[Premier League|firimiya League]], mafi shaharar kungiyar gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila Ana masu lakani da "the Red Devils" (Jajayen Aljanu), an kirkiri kungiyar a matsayin 'Newton Heath LYR Football Club' a 1878, ta canja sunan ta zuwa Manchester United a 1902 da kuma komawa filin wasan ta na yanzu, [[Old Trafford]], acikin shekara ta 1910. [[File:Old Trafford.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester United kenan wato Old Trafford a shekarar 2008]] Manchester United tayi nasaran lashe kofina da dama fiye da ko wacce kungiya a Ingila l,<ref name="skysports.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19653230 |title=Liverpool v Manchester United: The bitter rivalry |work=BBC Sports |first=Phil |last=McNulty |date=21 September 2012 }}</ref> ta kafa tarihin cin Kofi 20 [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League titles]], 12 [[FA Cup]], 5 [[EFL Cup|League Cups]] da kuma tarihin lashe [[FA Community Shield]] guda 21. United ta lashe [[UEFA Champions League]] guda 3, [[UEFA Europa League]] guda 1, [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] guda 1, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 1 [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] guda 1 da kuma [[FIFA Club World Cup]] guda 1. A [[1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season|1998–99]], kungiyar ita ce ta farko a tarihin kungiyoyin England data samu ikon nasaran cin continental European [[Treble (association football)|treble]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/14/newsid_3334000/3334059.stm|title=BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969: Matt Busby retires from Man United|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Da cin UEFA Europa League a [[2016–17 Manchester United F.C. season|2016–17]], sun zama [[UEFA club competition records and statistics#List of teams to have won the three main European club competitions|daya daga cikin culob biyar]] da suka sami nasaran lashe dukkanin gasukan [[UEFA]], kuma kungiyar kadai daga kasar ingila da ta lashe dukkanin wani gasa da take fafatawa a ciki.<ref name="skysports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/10862214/jose-mourinho-wants-manchester-united-to-close-the-circle-of-trophies-and-win-europa-league|title=Jose Mourinho wants Manchester United to 'close the circle' of trophies and win Europa League|date=4 May 2017|work=Sky Sports|last=Thomas|first=Lyall}}</ref> [[File:Manchester United Treble celebration.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar kenan a yayin bikin lashe kofuna uku da sukayi a shekarar 1998 zuwa cikin shakara ta 1999]] [[File:Ole Gunnar Solskjaer Trondheim2011-1.jpg|thumb|Ole Gunnar Solskjær coach din Manchester United ]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:United, Manchester}} e443qoh7tnb7s3v6hkdzh8pj427woxn 862181 862176 2026-06-20T17:05:39Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Manchester United Premier Cup 2005 e 2008 e Danone Nations Cup 2011.jpg|thumb|Wasu daga cikin manyan kofinan da Manchester United ta cisu]] [[Fayil:Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur, 12 March 2022 (05).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC 1957.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester - Old Trafford - Manchester United vs Crawley Town - Chicharito.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Old Trafford inside 20060726 1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United wins the FA Youth Cup 2022.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC 1960.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para partida contra o Gamba Osaka em 2008.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United v Manchester City, 6 November 2021 (15).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rafael Pereira da Silva disputando uma bola pelo Manchester United.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Ronaldo - Manchester United vs Chelsea.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United old trafford Ank Kumar 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para semifinal do Mundial de 2008 contra o Gamba Osaka.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United Football Ground railway station, Greater Manchester - geograph.org.uk - 5426319.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para partida contra o Gamba Osaka em 2008.jpg|thumb]] '''Kulub din Manchester united (FC)''', Ana kiran ta da '''Man United''',<ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 Man United must aim for top four, not title challenge - Mourinho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911192940/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 |date=2020-09-11 }}, [[Reuters]], 2 November 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/marcus-rashfords-92nd-minute-winner-enough-for-man-united-to-scrape-a-win-at-bournemouth-37488476.html Marcus Rashford's 92nd minute winner enough for Man United to scrape a win at Bournemouth], ''Irish Independent'', 6 November 2018</ref> ko kuma '''United''', kungiyan kwararrun yan kwallon kafa ne dake zaune a [[Old Trafford (district)|'Old Trafford']], babban Manchester, [[Ingila]], wanda me fafatawa a [[Premier League|firimiya League]], mafi shaharar kungiyar gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila Ana masu lakani da "the Red Devils" (Jajayen Aljanu), an kirkiri kungiyar a matsayin 'Newton Heath LYR Football Club' acikin shekara ta 1878, ta canja sunan ta zuwa Manchester United a 1902 da kuma komawa filin wasan ta na yanzu, [[Old Trafford]], acikin shekara ta 1910. [[File:Old Trafford.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester United kenan wato Old Trafford a shekarar 2008]] Manchester United tayi nasaran lashe kofina da dama fiye da ko wacce kungiya a Ingila l,<ref name="skysports.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19653230 |title=Liverpool v Manchester United: The bitter rivalry |work=BBC Sports |first=Phil |last=McNulty |date=21 September 2012 }}</ref> ta kafa tarihin cin Kofi 20 [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League titles]], 12 [[FA Cup]], 5 [[EFL Cup|League Cups]] da kuma tarihin lashe [[FA Community Shield]] guda 21. United ta lashe [[UEFA Champions League]] guda 3, [[UEFA Europa League]] guda 1, [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] guda 1, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 1 [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] guda 1 da kuma [[FIFA Club World Cup]] guda 1. A [[1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season|1998–99]], kungiyar ita ce ta farko a tarihin kungiyoyin England data samu ikon nasaran cin continental European [[Treble (association football)|treble]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/14/newsid_3334000/3334059.stm|title=BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969: Matt Busby retires from Man United|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Da cin UEFA Europa League a [[2016–17 Manchester United F.C. season|2016–17]], sun zama [[UEFA club competition records and statistics#List of teams to have won the three main European club competitions|daya daga cikin culob biyar]] da suka sami nasaran lashe dukkanin gasukan [[UEFA]], kuma kungiyar kadai daga kasar ingila da ta lashe dukkanin wani gasa da take fafatawa a ciki.<ref name="skysports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/10862214/jose-mourinho-wants-manchester-united-to-close-the-circle-of-trophies-and-win-europa-league|title=Jose Mourinho wants Manchester United to 'close the circle' of trophies and win Europa League|date=4 May 2017|work=Sky Sports|last=Thomas|first=Lyall}}</ref> [[File:Manchester United Treble celebration.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar kenan a yayin bikin lashe kofuna uku da sukayi a shekarar 1998 zuwa cikin shakara ta 1999]] [[File:Ole Gunnar Solskjaer Trondheim2011-1.jpg|thumb|Ole Gunnar Solskjær coach din Manchester United ]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:United, Manchester}} 178j8c659okfd9g49xaxm5cw65r65ya 862188 862181 2026-06-20T17:07:39Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Manchester United Premier Cup 2005 e 2008 e Danone Nations Cup 2011.jpg|thumb|Wasu daga cikin manyan kofinan da Manchester United ta cisu]] [[Fayil:Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur, 12 March 2022 (05).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC 1957.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester - Old Trafford - Manchester United vs Crawley Town - Chicharito.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Old Trafford inside 20060726 1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United wins the FA Youth Cup 2022.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC 1960.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para partida contra o Gamba Osaka em 2008.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United v Manchester City, 6 November 2021 (15).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rafael Pereira da Silva disputando uma bola pelo Manchester United.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Ronaldo - Manchester United vs Chelsea.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United old trafford Ank Kumar 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para semifinal do Mundial de 2008 contra o Gamba Osaka.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United Football Ground railway station, Greater Manchester - geograph.org.uk - 5426319.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United treinando para partida contra o Gamba Osaka em 2008.jpg|thumb]] '''Kulub din Manchester united (FC)''', Ana kiran ta da '''Man United''',<ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 Man United must aim for top four, not title challenge - Mourinho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911192940/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-england-bou-mun/man-united-must-aim-for-top-four-not-title-challenge-mourinho-idUKKCN1N7169 |date=2020-09-11 }}, [[Reuters]], 2 November 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/marcus-rashfords-92nd-minute-winner-enough-for-man-united-to-scrape-a-win-at-bournemouth-37488476.html Marcus Rashford's 92nd minute winner enough for Man United to scrape a win at Bournemouth], ''Irish Independent'', 6 November 2018</ref> ko kuma '''United''', kungiyan kwararrun yan kwallon kafa ne dake zaune a [[Old Trafford (district)|'Old Trafford']], babban Manchester, [[Ingila]], wanda me fafatawa a [[Premier League|firimiya League]], mafi shaharar kungiyar gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila Ana masu lakani da "the Red Devils" (Jajayen Aljanu), an kirkiri kungiyar a matsayin 'Newton Heath LYR Football Club' acikin shekara ta 1878, ta canja sunan ta zuwa Manchester United a 1902 da kuma komawa filin wasan ta na yanzu, [[Old Trafford]], acikin shekara ta 1910. [[File:Old Trafford.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester United kenan wato Old Trafford a shekarar 2008]] Manchester United tayi nasaran lashe kofina da dama fiye da ko wacce kungiya a Ingila l,<ref name="skysports.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19653230 |title=Liverpool v Manchester United: The bitter rivalry |work=BBC Sports |first=Phil |last=McNulty |date=21 September 2012 }}</ref> ta kafa tarihin cin Kofi 20 [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League titles]], 12 [[FA Cup]], 5 [[EFL Cup|League Cups]] da kuma tarihin lashe [[FA Community Shield]] guda 21. United ta lashe [[UEFA Champions League]] guda 3, [[UEFA Europa League]] guda 1, [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] guda 1, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 1 [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] guda 1 da kuma [[FIFA Club World Cup]] guda 1. A [[1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season|1998–99]], kungiyar ita ce ta farko a tarihin kungiyoyin England data samu ikon nasaran cin continental European [[Treble (association football)|treble]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/14/newsid_3334000/3334059.stm|title=BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969: Matt Busby retires from Man United|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Da cin UEFA Europa League a [[2016–17 Manchester United F.C. season|2016–17]], sun zama [[UEFA club competition records and statistics#List of teams to have won the three main European club competitions|daya daga cikin culob biyar]] da suka sami nasaran lashe dukkanin gasukan [[UEFA]], kuma kungiyar kadai daga kasar ingila da ta lashe dukkanin wani gasa da take fafatawa a ciki.<ref name="skysports.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/10862214/jose-mourinho-wants-manchester-united-to-close-the-circle-of-trophies-and-win-europa-league|title=Jose Mourinho wants Manchester United to 'close the circle' of trophies and win Europa League|date=4 May 2017|work=Sky Sports|last=Thomas|first=Lyall}}</ref> [[File:Manchester United Treble celebration.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar kenan a yayin bikin lashe kofuna uku da sukayi acikin shekarar 1998 zuwa cikin shakara ta 1999]] [[File:Ole Gunnar Solskjaer Trondheim2011-1.jpg|thumb|Ole Gunnar Solskjær coach din Manchester United ]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:United, Manchester}} ezqxkfx4rnpklzk69focf3dsei6oroe 0 10167 862192 840027 2026-06-20T17:09:08Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun a shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su 2020-2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin 1880, ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League a shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City a shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–18 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA a 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu a 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a 23 ga Afrilu 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja. A shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai a 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar a 1920, kuma a cikin 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton a 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth a 1934. A lokacin gudu na 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, a 1955 da 1956; kamar yadda a cikin 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe na 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin Janairu 1965. A lokacin bazara na 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . A kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin 1967–68, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze 2–1 a 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 da 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] pqj75tna7xdgxqfum0dehp5vfqhb1sv 862196 862192 2026-06-20T17:10:38Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun a shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su 2020-2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin 1880, ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League a shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–18 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA a 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu a 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a 23 ga Afrilu 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja. A shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai a 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar a 1920, kuma a cikin 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton a 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth a 1934. A lokacin gudu na 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, a 1955 da 1956; kamar yadda a cikin 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe na 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin Janairu 1965. A lokacin bazara na 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . A kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin 1967–68, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze 2–1 a 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 da 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] kdqz79761e4milukpb9s4uvrfbom39y 862201 862196 2026-06-20T17:13:25Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun a shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su 2020-2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin 1880, ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League a shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City acikin shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–18 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA acikin shekara ta 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu a 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a 23 ga Afrilu 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja. A shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai a 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar a 1920, kuma a cikin 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton a 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth a 1934. A lokacin gudu na 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, a 1955 da 1956; kamar yadda a cikin 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe na 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin Janairu 1965. A lokacin bazara na 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . A kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin 1967–68, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze 2–1 a 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 da 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] 30o6sv0cmmddlplcn005zfjoi6gx7m1 0 10178 862139 744071 2026-06-20T16:49:52Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] A shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar a shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup a 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya a 2016–17, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya a 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] a 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} c4kbc7a356ok83zri98unxfs6uvoy2y 862142 862139 2026-06-20T16:50:41Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar a shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup a 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya a 2016–17, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya a 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] a 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} r78cxmoem6fmz69p9ico0pa0vtyrvuz 862145 862142 2026-06-20T16:52:06Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da Kuma cikin shekara ta 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar a shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup a 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya a 2016–17, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya a 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] a 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} ew9i30nakc0fxmgiq0jdbxlfrl2y1c1 862149 862145 2026-06-20T16:53:30Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da Kuma cikin shekara ta 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar a shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup acikin shekara ta 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya a 2016–17, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya a 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] a 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} qimx4c616wo3llohn0nvx24t931ffjz 862153 862149 2026-06-20T16:54:32Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da Kuma cikin shekara ta 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar a shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup acikin shekara ta 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya acikin shekara ta 2016–17, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya a 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] a 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} 50f7r9uoy02gqr6x3gcl1j703l186ss 862156 862153 2026-06-20T16:55:47Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da Kuma cikin shekara ta 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar a shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup acikin shekara ta 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya acikin shekara ta 2016–zuwa cikin shakara ta 2017, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya a 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] a 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} 3mkrk50mkgkxl9k7rjpk742rjty0ttn 862157 862156 2026-06-20T16:56:35Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da Kuma cikin shekara ta 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar a shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup acikin shekara ta 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya acikin shekara ta 2016–zuwa cikin shakara ta 2017, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya acikin shekara ta 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] a 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} gpifbitwto68emqkqaemnchv1rmoqma 862160 862157 2026-06-20T16:57:34Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da Kuma cikin shekara ta 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar a shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup acikin shekara ta 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya acikin shekara ta 2016–zuwa cikin shakara ta 2017, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya acikin shekara ta 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] acikin shekara ta 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} g5n9w70xi2h9krqfa6fzxyvnkzoyavd 862162 862160 2026-06-20T16:59:04Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da Kuma cikin shekara ta 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar acikin shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup acikin shekara ta 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya acikin shekara ta 2016–zuwa cikin shakara ta 2017, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya acikin shekara ta 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] acikin shekara ta 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league a shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} 0fh7j6o1fly1fu9mar4t9bc3f49jmsc 862170 862162 2026-06-20T17:01:56Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 862170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Liverpool Football Club (Ank Kumar) 08.jpg|thumb|'''Liverpool Football Club''' cup]] '''Liverpool Football Club''' kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke zaune a birnin [[Liverpool]] a ƙasar [[E|Ingila]], tana fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], wanda shine babban gasa na nahiyar turai. Kulub ɗin ta samu nasarar lashe kofin [[UEFA Champions League|turai na firimiya]] guda shida, fiye da ko wacce kulob a ƙasar ingila, [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] guda 3, [[UEFA Super Cup]] guda 3, 18 taken [[List of English football champions#Total titles won|League]] , 7 [[Kofin FA]], a tarihi 8 [[Football League Cup|League Cups]], da kuma [[FA Community Shield|Garkuwan jama'a na FA]] guda goma sha biyar (15). ==Tarihi== An kafa ta acikin shekarar 1892, kulob ɗin ya shiga cikin [[English Football League|Kungiyar kwallon kafa na firimiya]] Acikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, kuma tana wasannin ta ne a '[[Anfield]]' tun da a ka kafa ta. Liverpool ta zamar da kanta babban kulob a nahiyar turai a shekarun 1970s da Kuma cikin shekara ta 1980s sanda [[Bill Shankly]] da [[Bob Paisley]] suka jagoranci ƙungiyar samun nasara a taken 'League' guda goma sha ɗaya (11) da seven da kofukan turai. A karkashin jagorancin [[Rafael Benítez]] da kaftin [[Steven Gerrard]], Liverpool ta zama zakaran turai a karo na biyar acikin shekara ta [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final|2005]]. [[File:Jurgen Klopp leaves the pitch at full-time a happy man (34018926193) cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban kocin Liverpool FC yana fita daga filin wasa bayan lashe wasa.]] [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 53.jpg|thumb|kungiyar Liverpool yayin murnar lashe super cup acikin shekara ta 2019]] Liverpool itace ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta tara makudan kudade a duniya acikin shekara ta 2016–zuwa cikin shakara ta 2017, da kudin shiga a shekara da suka kai €424.2&nbsp;miliyan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> kuma ita ce na takwas mafi darajan kulub a duniya acikin shekara ta 2018, da kudin da suka kai $1.944&nbsp;biliyan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref name="“global”">{{cite news |title=How Liverpool's worldwide fanbase will be tuning into events at Manchester United |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/how-liverpools-worldwide-fanbase-tuning-14387039 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> Liverpool na da babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da kuma [[Everton F.C.|Everton]]. Magoya bayan kulub din su biyu suna shiga cikin alhini, tare da mutane 39 – wanda yawancin su Italiyawa ne da magoya bayan [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] suka mutu, hakan yasa a ka hana Kungiyoyin ingila shiga ko wacce irin gasa a Turai na tsawon shekara biyar, da kuma [[Hillsborough disaster|Bala'i na 'Hillsborough']] acikin shekara ta 1989, inda magoya bayan Liverpool 96 suka mutu a murkushe shingen kewaye. [[File:Liverpool fans celebrating the 2018-2019 Champions League title in Goya, Madrid (2).jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan liverpool FC a yayin bikin murnan lashe gasar Championship league acikin shekarar 2019]] Kungiyar ta canja kayan tsawarta daga Jan Riga da farin wando zuwa Jan kafa a shekarar 1964 kuma tun daga nan shi take amfani dashi har a yau. Taken kulob din shine "[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]" (bazaka taba tafiya kai kadai ba.) ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Liverpool}} qketx97ensgfxnf1wx81juum78oy2pk 0 11179 862552 442065 2026-06-21T04:05:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maureen Nkeiruka Mmadu''' (an haife ta 7 Mayu 1975) ita [[Dan Najeriya|yar'Najeriya]] ce kuma [[ƙwallon ƙafa]], wanda itace mai horas da ƙungiyar mata ta Najeriya ayanzu. Tsohuwar mai buga wasan tsakiya ce. Ta buga wa [[Avaldsnes IL]] dake buga gasar [[Norwegian First Division (women)|First Division]] na yammacin [[Norway]]. Ta kuma buga wasa a wasu Ƙungiyoyi da dama dake kasar Norway, kamar [[Toppserien]] da [[Linköpings FC]] da kuma [[QBIK]] na Swedish [[Damallsvenskan]]. ==Matakin kulub== Mmadu ta buga wasa ma kulub din [[Klepp IL]] na Norwegian [[Toppserien]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|NRK]]|title=Ikidi og Mmadu har riktige lønnsbet|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/rogaland/sport_nrk_rogaland/1.247389|language=Norwegian|date=13 October 2005}}</ref> Mmadu kuma ta buga wasa a [[Kolbotn Fotball|Kolbotn]] dake Oslo, Norway, a kakar wasa na 2010, inda ta faunal kulub din kaiwa mataki na 3rd a gasar lig na [[Toppserien]].<ref>[http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/101112/I_played_for_Nigeria_while_my_mum_died 'I played for Nigeria while my mum died']</ref> bayan nan Mmadu tasake komawa [[Avaldsnes IL]] dan buga wani wasan bayan kaka a [[Oslo]] a 5 ga watan February 2012<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotball.no/Landslag_og_toppfotball/Toppfotball/1Divisjon_kvinner/2012/Lyn-vs-Avaldsnes-i-finale1/ |title=Lyn-Avaldsnes Final 5 February 2012 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-date=3 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803195339/http://www.fotball.no/Landslag_og_toppfotball/Toppfotball/1Divisjon_kvinner/2012/Lyn-vs-Avaldsnes-i-finale1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1975]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mmadu, Maureen}} 2awithbyuqxjz0im2nwodtjuvqjyf9n 0 11331 862448 853678 2026-06-20T20:59:13Z Momi Hauwa 46145 An kirkira ta fassara "Political career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350417637|Ahmadu Fintiri]]" 862448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ahmadu Fintiri.jpg|thumb|Umaru Fintiri]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Fintiri.jpg|thumb|Umaru fintiri]] '''Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri''' Shine gwamnan [[Jihar Adamawa]] maici a yanzu.<ref>https:punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-pdps-fintiri-winner-of-adamawa-governorship-election/amp/</ref> Gabanin yakasance gwamnan [[Adamawa]], ɗan majalisa ne na Majalisar [[Jihar Rivers|jihar]], kuma ya riƙe muƙamin kakakin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|majalisar]]. Fintiri ya taɓa zama gwamna na wucin gadi na [[jihar Adamawa]] [[Najeriya]], bayan tsige gwamnan lokacin [[Murtala Nyako]] a watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] 2014,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tukur |first1=Sani |title=Adamawa Speaker, Umaru Fintiri, sworn in as Acting Governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/164978-adamawa-speaker-umaru-fintiri-sworn-in-as-acting-governor.html |website=Premium Times |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olaotan |first1=Falade |title=EXCLUSIVE: Why Adamawa PDP flag bearer, Umaru Fintiri’s name appeared on Buhari’s travel ban list |url=https://www.thenewsguru.com/news/nigeria-news/article/exclusive-adamawa-pdp-flag-bearer-umaru-fintiris-name-appeared-buharis-travel-ban-list/ |website=The News Guru |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> inda daga baya [[Bala James Ngilari]] ya maye gurbinsa bayan watanni uku da yayi akan mulki.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Musa |first1=Njadvara |title=Fintiri, Buni win tickets in Adamawa, Yobe |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/fintiri-buni-win-tickets-in-adamawa-yobe/ |website=Guardian |accessdate=15 February 2019 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155916/https://guardian.ng/politics/fintiri-buni-win-tickets-in-adamawa-yobe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fintiri ya lashe zaɓen gwamna na jihar [[Adamawa]] wanda aka gudanar a ranar 9th na watan Maris 2019, sai dai an bayyana zaɓen amatsayin wanda ba'a kammala ba, saboda yawan soke-soke da hukumar zaɓe tayi.<ref>Channels TV. [https://www.channelstv.com/2019/03/11/inec-declares-plateau-adamawa-governorship-election-inconclusive/|website= Channels Television "Inec declares Adamawa governorship election inconclusive"]</ref> [[Umaru Fintiri ya tabbata zaɓabben gwamna da nasarar da yasamu a zagaye nabiyun zaɓen da aka gudanar da kuri'u 376,552. inda ya kada abokin takararsa gwamna maici Jibrilla Bindow na jam'iyar All Progressives Congress (APC) wanda shi kuma ya samu ƙuri'u 336,386.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2019/03/29/breaking-pdps-fintiri-wins-adamawa-governorship-election/|website= Channels Television</ref>. ==Manazarta.== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fintiri, Umaru}} [[Category:Gwamnonin jihar Adamawa]] == Harkar siyasa == <ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP's Fintiri Wins Adamawa Governorship Election |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/03/29/breaking-pdps-fintiri-wins-adamawa-governorship-election/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> A ƙarshe, Rose ta yi tafiya ita kaɗai zuwa Landan bayan ta haɗiye ƙwayoyin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Amma yayin da jirgin yake sama, ƙwayoyin suka fashe a cikinta, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwarta. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, an zabi Ahmadu Fintiri, memba na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), a matsayin gwamnan [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]]. Koyaya, an ayyana zaben ba a kammala shi ba saboda yawan kuri'un da aka soke sun wuce iyakar tsakanin mai nasara da abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, Fintiri ta kaddamar da tsarin tallafin kuɗi da aka yi niyya ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adamawa State Government |date=2024-03-09 |title=Governor Fintiri Unveils Fintiri Business Wallet, Empowering Entrepreneurs |url=https://adamawastate.gov.ng/governor-fintiri-unveils-fintiri-business-wallet-empowering-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Rashin amincewa ==== c51vtdpg5btp13k5c37xkywp369ty9w 0 13012 862031 845461 2026-06-20T13:20:57Z Matar Nasir 45916 862031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Miyar kuka|Miyar]] kuka''', ana kuma kiranta da suna l'''uru''', su kuma [[Fulani]] suna kiranta da (ɓokko), miya ce daga cikin irin [[abinci]] na [[mutanen]] [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da Kudancin [[Nijar]]. Ana samar da miyar ne daga garin [[kuka]] wanda ake samu daga bishiyar [[kuka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/Recipesadv.asp?blurb=415 | title=KUKA SOUP | publisher=Online Nigeria | date=19 February 2003 | accessdate=6 July 2015 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060528/http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/Recipesadv.asp?blurb=415 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana hada ta da [[Tuwon masara|Tuwon Masara]], [[Tuwon shinkafa]] ko [[Tuwon Dawa]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gratednutmeg.com/?p=3225 | title=Miyan Kuka (Baobab Leaf Soup) | publisher=Grated Nutmeg | work=Terry Adido | date=18 June 2014 | accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> ne na musamman.<ref name=":0">https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-54203041</ref><ref>https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/recipes/9529970-tuwo-da-miyar-kuka</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> ==''Amfanin miyar kuka'' == Kamin masanan [[Kimiyya]] su yi nazarin alfanonin dake cikin miyar kuka, an dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana amfani da ita a kasashe da dama a matsayin miya, wacce aka fi sani kuma aka fi gasgatawa. Sai [[kimiyya]] ta zo ta bada na ta gudummuwa wacce ta yi bayani daki-daki dangane da dimbin amfanin miyar kuka. Ga kadan daga cikin su:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miyan Kuka (Baobab Leaves Soup)|url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/soups/miyan-kuka/|website=All Nigerian Recipes|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> [[File:Hausa food.jpg|thumb|miyar kuka na kara kuzari]] == Muhimmancin Miyar Kuka == Miyar kuka tana kunshe da muhimman sinadarai masu gina jiki kuma masu inganta lafiya. Akwai sinadaran ''carbohydrate'' masu baiwa jikin dan adam kuzari, akwai natural sugars wacce ba ta da wani illa ko lahani ga jiki ko wane mutum, akwai proteins wadanda sune ke gina jiki, akwai carotenes, riboflabin, Bit-C, Minerals, potassium, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, zinc, calcium, glutamic, catechins, tertrate, rhamnose, glutamic acid da sauransu. Miyar kuka tana taimakawa sosai ga mai fama da basir, tana maganin wannan ciwon musamman ga wanda basir ya taba wa hanjin ciki inda zai haifar da todins na kwayar cutar bacteria ta E.coli wanda ciwon ciki zai addabi mutum da yawan da tusa mai wari da kumburin ciki. Miyar kuka na dauke da sinadaran Iron masu kara yawan jini fiye da wadanda ke a cikin nama. Kenan shan miyan kuka indai sinadaran Iron ake nema yafi cin nama. Miyar kuka na dauke da sinadaran Bitamin C masu yawan gaske dan haka idan ana neman sinadaran bitamin C to ba dole bane sai an sha lemu sai a fake shan miyan kuka za ta wadatar. Miyar kuka na kara kaifin basira, wannan wata hikima ce ta daban domin a hakika na kula da cewa mutanen da suke amfani da miyan kuka basirar su ta dara ta wadanda ba su amfani da ita. Nima na lura idan ina shan miyan kuka to karfin basira ta ya kan karu. Miyar Kuka na dauke da sinadaran calcium fiye da wadanda ke a cikin madara. Miyar kuka na wanke dattin ciki daga cushe-cushe, kusan ita kadai za ka sha ka konta kuma ka ta shi ka ji cikinka wasai ba kumburi ba tusa ba zafin ciki ba gudawa ba tashin zuciya, ba kaikayin jiki ko tsamin ciki.<ref>http://bashirhalilu.blogspot.com/2018/07/amfanin-bishiyar-kuka.html?m=1</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Bibiliyo == * Adamu, Abdalla Uba, 1956-, Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. ''Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society''. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-36906-0-4|<bdi>978-36906-0-4</bdi>]].[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;61158034. * Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. [[ISBN]]:978-978-087-937-2 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Abinci]] qq5u9vp14cbv13bicro6ekucq1bc7q8 0 13147 862073 393952 2026-06-20T15:54:12Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuhu Abdullahi Balarabe''' (An haife shi a ranan 3 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1989) ɗan wasan fim ne kuma ɗan ƙasar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], an haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] . Nuhu yana daya daga cikin [[Kannywood|jaruman fina-finan Kannywood da sukan kayatar]], ya kan yi fina-finan [[Harshen Hausa|hausa]] da turanci. Ya taba samun gudumawar wasan tallafi na [[Kannywood]] a City People Entertainment Awards a shekara ta 2015, an zaɓe shi a cikin shekara ta 2016 African Magic Viewers Choice Awards a cikin mafi kyawun harshe na asalin ( [[Harshen Hausa|hausa]] ) sannan kuma an zaɓe shi a cikin shekarar 2017 African Magic Viewers Choice Awards.<ref>https://www.sunnewsonline.com/in-kannywood-you-cant-touch-or-kiss-woman-on-set-nuhu-abdullahi-actor/</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/news_entertainment/c6ab353b07aac9ee1b3c9454c095c420{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar fim == Nuhu Abdullahi ya shiga masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]] ne a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai, ya samar da lambobin fina-finai da suka hada da Baya da Kura, Fulanin Asali, Kuskure, Mujarrabi, da dai sauran su. Nuhu ya fara fitowa a fim din As’habul Kahfi, ya yi suna ne bayan da ya yi fice a daya daga cikin fina-finan da ake kira Kanin Miji. Nuhu Abdullahi ya yi aiki a dayawan daga cikin finafinan Ingilishi a [[Kannywood]] da [[Nollywood]] kamar Akwai Hanyar, Haske da Duhu, Thorny, Zuciyar Zuciya, Takaddun Rawaya da sauransu. == Fina finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Take ! Shekara |- | Haseena | ND |- | Hajjaju | ND |- | Ta Leko Ta Koma | ND |- | Yanmata | ND |- | Tsammani | ND |- | Wata Mafita | ND |- | Thorny | ND |- | Beat Zuciya | ND |- | Pape Yello | ND |- | Haske da Duhu | ND |- | Fulanin Asali | 2010 |- | Kuskure Na | 2011 |- | Mujarrabi | 2011 |- | Idan Haka Ne | 2012 |- | Gaba Da Gabanta | 2013 |- | Ashabu Kahfi | 2014 |- | Kanin Miji | 2014 |- | Baya Da Kura | 2014 |- | Ana Wata | 2015 |- | Ba'asi | 2015 |- | Gamu Nan Dai | 2015 |- | Ana Wata Ga Wata | 2015 |- | Dattijo | 2016 |- | Mafarin Tafiya | 2016 |- | Jarumta | 2016 |- | Akwai Hanya | 2016 |- | Wata Mafita | 2018 |- | Mugun Zama | 2018 |- | Rana Tara | 2018 |- | Ta Leko Ta Koma | 2018 |- | Aisha | 2018 |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balarabe, Nuhu Abdullahi}} c0fg13yy07e09wk5qd101zaawtt5f52 862076 862073 2026-06-20T15:56:17Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuhu Abdullahi Balarabe''' (An haife shi a ranan 3 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1989) ɗan wasan fim ne kuma ɗan ƙasar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], an haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] . Nuhu yana daya daga cikin [[Kannywood|jaruman fina-finan Kannywood da sukan kayatar]], ya kan yi fina-finan [[Harshen Hausa|hausa]] da turanci. Ya taba samun gudumawar wasan tallafi na [[Kannywood]] a City People Entertainment Awards a shekara ta 2015, an zaɓe shi a cikin shekara ta 2016 African Magic Viewers Choice Awards a cikin mafi kyawun harshe na asalin ( [[Harshen Hausa|hausa]] ) sannan kuma an zaɓe shi a cikin shekarar 2017 African Magic Viewers Choice Awards.<ref>https://www.sunnewsonline.com/in-kannywood-you-cant-touch-or-kiss-woman-on-set-nuhu-abdullahi-actor/</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/news_entertainment/c6ab353b07aac9ee1b3c9454c095c420{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar fim == Nuhu Abdullahi ya shiga masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]] ne a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai, ya samar da lambobin fina-finai da suka hada da Baya da Kura, Fulanin Asali, Kuskure, Mujarrabi, da dai sauran su. Nuhu ya fara fitowa ne a fim din As’habul Kahfi, ya yi suna ne bayan da ya yi fice a daya daga cikin fina-finan da ake kira Kanin Miji. Nuhu Abdullahi ya yi aiki a dayawan daga cikin finafinan Ingilishi a [[Kannywood]] da [[Nollywood]] kamar Akwai Hanyar, Haske da Duhu, Thorny, Zuciyar Zuciya, Takaddun Rawaya da sauransu. == Fina finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Take ! Shekara |- | Haseena | ND |- | Hajjaju | ND |- | Ta Leko Ta Koma | ND |- | Yanmata | ND |- | Tsammani | ND |- | Wata Mafita | ND |- | Thorny | ND |- | Beat Zuciya | ND |- | Pape Yello | ND |- | Haske da Duhu | ND |- | Fulanin Asali | 2010 |- | Kuskure Na | 2011 |- | Mujarrabi | 2011 |- | Idan Haka Ne | 2012 |- | Gaba Da Gabanta | 2013 |- | Ashabu Kahfi | 2014 |- | Kanin Miji | 2014 |- | Baya Da Kura | 2014 |- | Ana Wata | 2015 |- | Ba'asi | 2015 |- | Gamu Nan Dai | 2015 |- | Ana Wata Ga Wata | 2015 |- | Dattijo | 2016 |- | Mafarin Tafiya | 2016 |- | Jarumta | 2016 |- | Akwai Hanya | 2016 |- | Wata Mafita | 2018 |- | Mugun Zama | 2018 |- | Rana Tara | 2018 |- | Ta Leko Ta Koma | 2018 |- | Aisha | 2018 |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balarabe, Nuhu Abdullahi}} a0pn65qve04xum6401549l9kqxm6eg2 862079 862076 2026-06-20T15:59:41Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuhu Abdullahi Balarabe''' (An haife shi a ranan 3 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1989) ɗan wasan fim ne kuma ɗan ƙasar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], an haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] . Nuhu yana daya daga cikin [[Kannywood|jaruman fina-finan Kannywood da sukan kayatar]], ya kan yi fina-finan [[Harshen Hausa|hausa]] da turanci. Ya taba samun gudumawar wasan tallafi na [[Kannywood]] a City People Entertainment Awards a shekara ta 2015, an zaɓe shi a cikin shekara ta 2016 African Magic Viewers Choice Awards a cikin mafi kyawun harshe na asalin ( [[Harshen Hausa|hausa]] ) sannan kuma an zaɓe shi a cikin shekarar 2017 African Magic Viewers Choice Awards.<ref>https://www.sunnewsonline.com/in-kannywood-you-cant-touch-or-kiss-woman-on-set-nuhu-abdullahi-actor/</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/news_entertainment/c6ab353b07aac9ee1b3c9454c095c420{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar fim == Nuhu Abdullahi ya shiga masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]] ne a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai, ya samar da lambobin fina-finai da suka hada da Baya da Kura, Fulanin Asali, Kuskure, Mujarrabi, da dai sauran su. Nuhu ya fara fitowa ne a fim din As’habul Kahfi, ya yi suna ne bayan da ya yi fice a daya daga cikin fina-finan da ake kira Kanin Miji. Nuhu Abdullahi ya yi aiki dayawa daga cikin finafinan Ingilishi a [[Kannywood]] da [[Nollywood]] kamar Akwai Hanyar, Haske da Duhu, Thorny, Zuciyar Zuciya, Takaddun Rawaya da sauransu. == Fina finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Take ! Shekara |- | Haseena | ND |- | Hajjaju | ND |- | Ta Leko Ta Koma | ND |- | Yanmata | ND |- | Tsammani | ND |- | Wata Mafita | ND |- | Thorny | ND |- | Beat Zuciya | ND |- | Pape Yello | ND |- | Haske da Duhu | ND |- | Fulanin Asali | 2010 |- | Kuskure Na | 2011 |- | Mujarrabi | 2011 |- | Idan Haka Ne | 2012 |- | Gaba Da Gabanta | 2013 |- | Ashabu Kahfi | 2014 |- | Kanin Miji | 2014 |- | Baya Da Kura | 2014 |- | Ana Wata | 2015 |- | Ba'asi | 2015 |- | Gamu Nan Dai | 2015 |- | Ana Wata Ga Wata | 2015 |- | Dattijo | 2016 |- | Mafarin Tafiya | 2016 |- | Jarumta | 2016 |- | Akwai Hanya | 2016 |- | Wata Mafita | 2018 |- | Mugun Zama | 2018 |- | Rana Tara | 2018 |- | Ta Leko Ta Koma | 2018 |- | Aisha | 2018 |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balarabe, Nuhu Abdullahi}} 577q8f4vzaryf2hnna0gpkj8ata8qhi 0 13336 862717 861639 2026-06-21T09:02:58Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana matashiya]] [[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]] [[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]] '''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu''' (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}</ref> Albanian:  ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1910, zuwa &nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Albanian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}</ref> - Indian Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan . An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta. A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da "yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta." <ref>Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, "Mother Teresa Speaks", pp. 105, 113</ref> Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan shekaru, aciki hada shekarar (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) [[Nobel Peace Prize]] . Ta kasance sananne a ranar hudu 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Farkon rayuwa === [[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]] An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) <ref name="Egan 1992">''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992</ref> Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:  ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na "Agnes". ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin "furebud" ko "karamar fure" a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] . An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta. Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> <ref>Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".</ref> Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova . Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini. Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . <ref>Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.</ref> Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya. Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. <ref>Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm "Mother Teresa dies at 87"]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016</ref> Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana . Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], <ref>Clucas (1988), p. 31</ref> inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.</ref> Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan; saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.</ref> Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.</ref> Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] . Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946 kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu. === Mishan cikin Sadaka === [[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]] A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin "kira a cikin kira" lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. "Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. " Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, "Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa". Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin. Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa "mafi talauci a cikin matalauta". Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista. Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba. [[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]] A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif 1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka. A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da "masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”. A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday). Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction . "Kyakkyawan mutuwa", in ji Teresa, "don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so." [[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]] Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya). Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci. Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida. Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar. An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai. An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]] Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa. A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120. === Sadaka ta kasa da kasa === Teresa ta ce, "Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. "Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne." Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali, Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama. A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya. Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: "Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka." Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988 kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin . Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. <ref>Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). "Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute". ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007</ref> A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana . A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100. Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar "matalautan matalauta" a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar. === Karayar lafiya da mutuwa === Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba. A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. <ref>Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001)."Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref>. A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba. Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123. Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar. Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe. Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta "mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. " A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya". == Martabawa da karɓuwa == === Indiya === Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969. Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980. Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta. Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, "Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. " Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce "bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen". Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa. Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da "al'adar wahala" da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta. <ref name="Chatterjee">Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''</ref> A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce "ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni", ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: "Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. " A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta. Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce "aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba", inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. <ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.</ref> A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin "patently na ƙarya" kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da "yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta". Wanda ya yaba da "kulawa ta rashin son kai", karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce "maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista". Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da "gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat". Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi. === Wani wurin === [[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, "Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini".A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin. [[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]] A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. <ref>''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). "Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor". [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</ref> Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. "don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya". Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996. Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar. Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978) da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). <ref>Jones, Alice & Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). "Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa". ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</ref> A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron . Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu "kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida", ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala ". A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a. Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton game da hidimarta ga "matalauta", tare da gaya masu su "yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma". {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize "akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya". Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult." Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between." Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving." A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. <ref>Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). "Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998", [[The Gallup Organization]].</ref> A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup, jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. <ref name="gallup-20c">Frank Newport (31 December 1999). "Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century", [[The Gallup Organization]].</ref> <ref>[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.</ref> == Suuka == A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo; a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, "Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye". An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''<nowiki> (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : "Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin </nowiki>''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. " Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. <ref>Hitchens (1995), p. 41</ref> <ref>''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014</ref> Hitchens ya ce "niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba", kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. "Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci", in ji shi, "tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. ' <ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml "The Debate over Sainthood"] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</ref> Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; <ref name="Hitch">[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=hitchens_24_2 "Less than Miraculous"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.</ref> Vatican ta cire al'ada ta " mai ba da shawarar shaidan ", wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa. == Rayuwar ruhaniya == Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}</ref> Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], "She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist".<ref name=TIME-2007-08-23>{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}</ref> Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|sign=|source=}} [[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]] Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba. Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''" Eli Eli lama sabachthani? "'' ("Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?" ). Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar " Duhun Duhun Jiya ". Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi "daren rashin kome") sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . <ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007</ref> A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba. Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga "dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar." Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo. Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan). Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa "mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu." [[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]] Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' . Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. " A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: "A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. " <ref>[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.</ref> Ta rubuta, "Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a." Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi <ref name="AmeriCath">"Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi" on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare. == Canonization == === Mu'ujiza da beatifaication === Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, "Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &nbsp; ... ", dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263. [[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint. A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. <ref>Orr, David (10 May. 2003). "Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors". ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: "Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. " <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html "Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle"], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003</ref> A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. " Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke. A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce. A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan . Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999. Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani . Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah. An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da "Masu Albarka". ===Canonization=== A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu. Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya. An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya. A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata. == Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese == A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017. A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida, karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese. D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro. Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986. == Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu == === Abun Tunawa === [[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]] Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa. Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo. [[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]] Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa, a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya, a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi. Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya. Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da "Mother Express", sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta. Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta. Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya . A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo. Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo. ==== Tarihai da littattafai ==== * Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa . An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. * Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala. Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . ==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ==== * Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997. * Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar 2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' . An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE . * Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem . * Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019. == Duba kuma == * Abdul Sattar Edhi * Albanians * Jerin mutanen Albanians * Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel * Babban Ba’indiye * Addinin Katolika na Albania * Addinin Katolika na Kosovo * Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya == Manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cakkuyeg3k29i829kclv9ih7kvb8sq3 862723 862717 2026-06-21T09:06:08Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana matashiya]] [[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]] [[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]] '''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu''' (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}</ref> Albanian:  ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1910, zuwa &nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Albanian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}</ref> - Indian Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan . An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta. A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da "yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta." <ref>Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, "Mother Teresa Speaks", pp. 105, 113</ref> Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan shekaru, aciki hada shekarar (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) [[Nobel Peace Prize]] . Ta kasance sananne a ranar hudu 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikin mutuwarta. Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Farkon rayuwa === [[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]] An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) <ref name="Egan 1992">''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992</ref> Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:  ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na "Agnes". ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin "furebud" ko "karamar fure" a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] . An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta. Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> <ref>Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".</ref> Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova . Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini. Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . <ref>Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.</ref> Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya. Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. <ref>Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm "Mother Teresa dies at 87"]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016</ref> Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana . Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], <ref>Clucas (1988), p. 31</ref> inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.</ref> Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan; saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.</ref> Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.</ref> Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] . Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946 kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu. === Mishan cikin Sadaka === [[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]] A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin "kira a cikin kira" lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. "Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. " Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, "Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa". Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin. Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa "mafi talauci a cikin matalauta". Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista. Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba. [[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]] A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif 1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka. A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da "masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”. A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday). Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction . "Kyakkyawan mutuwa", in ji Teresa, "don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so." [[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]] Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya). Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci. Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida. Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar. An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai. An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]] Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa. A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120. === Sadaka ta kasa da kasa === Teresa ta ce, "Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. "Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne." Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali, Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama. A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya. Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: "Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka." Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988 kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin . Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. <ref>Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). "Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute". ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007</ref> A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana . A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100. Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar "matalautan matalauta" a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar. === Karayar lafiya da mutuwa === Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba. A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. <ref>Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001)."Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref>. A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba. Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123. Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar. Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe. Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta "mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. " A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya". == Martabawa da karɓuwa == === Indiya === Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969. Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980. Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta. Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, "Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. " Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce "bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen". Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa. Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da "al'adar wahala" da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta. <ref name="Chatterjee">Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''</ref> A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce "ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni", ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: "Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. " A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta. Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce "aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba", inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. <ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.</ref> A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin "patently na ƙarya" kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da "yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta". Wanda ya yaba da "kulawa ta rashin son kai", karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce "maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista". Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da "gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat". Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi. === Wani wurin === [[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, "Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini".A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin. [[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]] A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. <ref>''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). "Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor". [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</ref> Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. "don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya". Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996. Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar. Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978) da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). <ref>Jones, Alice & Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). "Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa". ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</ref> A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron . Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu "kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida", ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala ". A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a. Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton game da hidimarta ga "matalauta", tare da gaya masu su "yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma". {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize "akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya". Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult." Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between." Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving." A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. <ref>Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). "Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998", [[The Gallup Organization]].</ref> A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup, jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. <ref name="gallup-20c">Frank Newport (31 December 1999). "Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century", [[The Gallup Organization]].</ref> <ref>[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.</ref> == Suuka == A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo; a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, "Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye". An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''<nowiki> (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : "Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin </nowiki>''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. " Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. <ref>Hitchens (1995), p. 41</ref> <ref>''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014</ref> Hitchens ya ce "niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba", kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. "Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci", in ji shi, "tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. ' <ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml "The Debate over Sainthood"] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</ref> Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; <ref name="Hitch">[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=hitchens_24_2 "Less than Miraculous"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.</ref> Vatican ta cire al'ada ta " mai ba da shawarar shaidan ", wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa. == Rayuwar ruhaniya == Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}</ref> Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], "She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist".<ref name=TIME-2007-08-23>{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}</ref> Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|sign=|source=}} [[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]] Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba. Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''" Eli Eli lama sabachthani? "'' ("Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?" ). Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar " Duhun Duhun Jiya ". Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi "daren rashin kome") sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . <ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007</ref> A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba. Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga "dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar." Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo. Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan). Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa "mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu." [[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]] Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' . Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. " A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: "A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. " <ref>[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.</ref> Ta rubuta, "Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a." Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi <ref name="AmeriCath">"Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi" on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare. == Canonization == === Mu'ujiza da beatifaication === Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, "Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &nbsp; ... ", dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263. [[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint. A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. <ref>Orr, David (10 May. 2003). "Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors". ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: "Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. " <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html "Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle"], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003</ref> A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. " Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke. A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce. A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan . Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999. Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani . Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah. An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da "Masu Albarka". ===Canonization=== A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu. Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya. An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya. A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata. == Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese == A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017. A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida, karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese. D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro. Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986. == Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu == === Abun Tunawa === [[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]] Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa. Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo. [[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]] Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa, a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya, a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi. Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya. Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da "Mother Express", sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta. Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta. Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya . A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo. Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo. ==== Tarihai da littattafai ==== * Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa . An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. * Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala. Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . ==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ==== * Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997. * Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar 2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' . An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE . * Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem . * Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019. == Duba kuma == * Abdul Sattar Edhi * Albanians * Jerin mutanen Albanians * Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel * Babban Ba’indiye * Addinin Katolika na Albania * Addinin Katolika na Kosovo * Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya == Manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pdfsypukg8ty97w6tau789xnj5v6mho 862743 862723 2026-06-21T09:13:38Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana matashiya]] [[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]] [[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]] '''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu''' (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}</ref> Albanian:  ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1910, zuwa &nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Albanian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}</ref> - Indian Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan . An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta. A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da "yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta." <ref>Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, "Mother Teresa Speaks", pp. 105, 113</ref> Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan shekaru, aciki hada shekarar (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) [[Nobel Peace Prize]] . Ta kasance sananne a ranar hudu 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikin mutuwarta. Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Farkon rayuwa === [[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]] An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) <ref name="Egan 1992">''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992</ref> Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:  ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na "Agnes". ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin "furebud" ko "karamar fure" a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] . An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta. Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> <ref>Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".</ref> Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova . Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini. Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . <ref>Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.</ref> Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya. Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. <ref>Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm "Mother Teresa dies at 87"]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016</ref> Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana . Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], <ref>Clucas (1988), p. 31</ref> inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.</ref> Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan; saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.</ref> Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. <ref name="MToC">(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. <ref>Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.</ref> Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] . Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946 kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu. === Mishan cikin Sadaka === [[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]] A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin "kira a cikin kira" lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. "Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. " Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, "Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa". Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin. Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa "mafi talauci a cikin matalauta". Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista. Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba. [[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]] A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif 1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka. A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da "masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”. A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday). Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction . "Kyakkyawan mutuwa", in ji Teresa, "don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so." [[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]] Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya). Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci. Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida. Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar. An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai. An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]] Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa. A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120. === Sadaka ta kasa da kasa === Teresa ta ce, "Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. "Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne." Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali, Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama. A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya. Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: "Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka." Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988 kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin . Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. <ref>Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). "Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute". ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007</ref> A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana . A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100. Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar "matalautan matalauta" a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar. === Karayar lafiya da mutuwa === Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a shekara ta alif 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba. A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. <ref>Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001)."Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref>. A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba. Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123. Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar. Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe. Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta "mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. " A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya". == Martabawa da karɓuwa == === Indiya === Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969. Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980. Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta. Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, "Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. " Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce "bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen". Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa. Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da "al'adar wahala" da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta. <ref name="Chatterjee">Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''</ref> A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce "ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni", ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: "Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. " A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta. Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce "aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba", inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. <ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.</ref> A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin "patently na ƙarya" kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da "yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta". Wanda ya yaba da "kulawa ta rashin son kai", karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce "maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista". Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da "gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat". Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi. === Wani wurin === [[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, "Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini".A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin. [[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]] A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. <ref>''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). "Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor". [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</ref> Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. "don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya". Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996. Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar. Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. <ref name="Frontline">Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978) da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). <ref>Jones, Alice & Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). "Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa". ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</ref> A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron . Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu "kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida", ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala ". A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a. Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton game da hidimarta ga "matalauta", tare da gaya masu su "yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma". {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize "akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya". Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult." Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between." Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving." A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. <ref>Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). "Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998", [[The Gallup Organization]].</ref> A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup, jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. <ref name="gallup-20c">Frank Newport (31 December 1999). "Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century", [[The Gallup Organization]].</ref> <ref>[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.</ref> == Suuka == A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo; a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, "Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye". An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''<nowiki> (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : "Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin </nowiki>''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. " Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. <ref>Hitchens (1995), p. 41</ref> <ref>''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014</ref> Hitchens ya ce "niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba", kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. "Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci", in ji shi, "tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. ' <ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml "The Debate over Sainthood"] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</ref> Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; <ref name="Hitch">[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=hitchens_24_2 "Less than Miraculous"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.</ref> Vatican ta cire al'ada ta " mai ba da shawarar shaidan ", wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa. == Rayuwar ruhaniya == Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}</ref> Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], "She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist".<ref name=TIME-2007-08-23>{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}</ref> Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|sign=|source=}} [[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]] Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba. Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''" Eli Eli lama sabachthani? "'' ("Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?" ). Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar " Duhun Duhun Jiya ". Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi "daren rashin kome") sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . <ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007</ref> A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba. Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga "dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar." Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo. Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan). Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa "mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu." [[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]] Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' . Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. " A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: "A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. " <ref>[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.</ref> Ta rubuta, "Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a." Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi <ref name="AmeriCath">"Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi" on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare. == Canonization == === Mu'ujiza da beatifaication === Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, "Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &nbsp; ... ", dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263. [[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint. A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. <ref>Orr, David (10 May. 2003). "Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors". ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: "Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. " <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html "Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle"], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003</ref> A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. " Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke. A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce. A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan . Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999. Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani . Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah. An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da "Masu Albarka". ===Canonization=== A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu. Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya. An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya. A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata. == Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese == A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017. A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida, karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese. D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro. Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986. == Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu == === Abun Tunawa === [[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]] Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa. Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo. [[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]] Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa, a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya, a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi. Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya. Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da "Mother Express", sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta. Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta. Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya . A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo. Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo. ==== Tarihai da littattafai ==== * Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa . An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. * Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala. Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . ==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ==== * Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997. * Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar 2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' . An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE . * Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem . * Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019. == Duba kuma == * Abdul Sattar Edhi * Albanians * Jerin mutanen Albanians * Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel * Babban Ba’indiye * Addinin Katolika na Albania * Addinin Katolika na Kosovo * Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya == Manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8aeoi8tf6cma0fv97sb2mt39138pkga 0 13377 862770 740438 2026-06-21T09:36:47Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bauchi Wikipedia 17.jpg|thumb|masallacin Dahiru usman]] '''Sheikh Dahiru Usman [[OFR]]''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin shekarar alif ɗari tara da ashirin da bakwai, 1927A.c, Ya rasu a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwanba shekara da dubu biyu da ashirin da biyar 2025). Kuma an birne shi a kusa da masallacin shi,Malamin [[Addinin Musulunci|Addinin Musulunci mabiyin Ɗariƙar Tijjaniyya]] ne a [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin jagororin ƙungiyar Sufanci ta [[Musulunci]] da aka fi sani da Tijjaniyya a ƙasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/im-blessed-with-70-children-several-grandchildren-usman-tijjaniyya-movement-leader/|title=Am blessed with 70 children and 100 grandchildren: movement of tijjaniya, leaders|first=|last=|date=20 August 2018|website=[[The Punch]], -punchng.com- Nigerian news|accessdate=2019-11-23}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Ɗahiru Usman Bauchi ne a Gabashin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Yankin Arewa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] .{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Iyayensa sun fito ne daga Bauchi a gabashin Gombe. Tushen mahaifiyarsa daga [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] ne. An haifi Usman ne a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari uku da arba'in da shida, 1346 Hijra, ( kalandar Gregorian: a watan Yuni 28, 1927). Sa’ad da yake matashi Usman, yayi karatun [[Al Kur'ani|Alƙur’ani]] mai [[Al Kur'ani|girma]] a ƙarƙashin tutar mahaifinsa Alhaji Usman. Mahaifinsa ya koya masa Alkur’ani mai girma. Daga baya yasan karatun Kur'ani gaba ɗaya kamar yadda mahaifinsa zai iya. Ya karɓi Tijjaniya, Tariqah. Mahaifinsa ''Muqaddam'' ([[Liman|Imam]]) ne, wanda aka bashi izini (ijazah) ga Tijjaniyya. Usman shi ne mataimakin shugaban kwamitin Fatwa na majalisar ƙoli ta Musulunci (NSCIA) a Najeriya.   Mashahurin malamin addinin Islama, wanda yake da shekaru 90 tare da yara sama da 62 sun auri 'yar malamin Senegalese da Tijjaniya, kalifa, Sheikh Ibrahim Niasse. Sheikh Baba Laminu Niasse na Kaolack, na [[Senegal|kasar Senegal]], shi ne ya jagoranci bikin a cikin Ibrahim Niasse, Masallacin Senegal.<ref>Nl Talk Talk [https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/news/89-year-old-renowned-islamic-scholar-sheikh-dahiru-usman-bauchi-61-children-marries-another-wife "usman bauchi with 61 children got new bride"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012101823/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/news/89-year-old-renowned-islamic-scholar-sheikh-dahiru-usman-bauchi-61-children-marries-another-wife|date=2019-10-12}}, [[Naijaloded]], July, 2016</ref> == Karatu == A matsayinsa na matashi Dahiru [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] yayi karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma a ƙarƙashin tarbiyyar mahaifinsa Alhaji Usman.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Daga ƙarshe ya koyi karatun Alƙur'ani gaba ɗaya daga ƙwaƙwalwa kamar yadda mahaifinsa zai iya. Ya karɓi Tijjaniyyah, wato ɗariqah tujjaniya. Mahaifinsa Tijjani ''Muqaddam ne'' ([[Liman|Imam]]), wanda aka ba shi izini (''ijāzah'') don ɗariqa. Dahiru Bauchi shine mataimakin shugaban kwamitin Fatawa na majalisar ƙoli ta harkokin addinin musulunci (NSCIA) a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buhari’s victory God’s answer to prayers of Nigerians- Dahiru Bauchi|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/buhari-s-victory-god-s-answer-to-prayers-of-nigerians-dahiru-bauchi.html|last=Mohammed|first=Ahmed|last2=Bauchi|date=2015-04-02|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-25}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Girma == Malami ne na addinin Musulunci a [[Najeriya]], Babban malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne mai riqo da tafarkin sufaye, Shehu ne kuma muƙaddami ne a Ɗariƙar Tijjaniyya, yana Gabatar da tafsirin sa na Al'qur'ani da salon da shi kaɗai ya fara shi wanda ake cema tafsirin Ƙur'ani da qurani a Nijeriya a garin [[Kaduna]] a Babban Masallacin Juma'a na Tudun-Wada kaduna ta kudu, Wanda ɗansa yake jamai baki, amma shi mazaunin garin Bauchi ne. == Rayuwar shi == Shahararren malamin addinin Islama, a yanzu yana da shekaru 97 da haihuwa tare da yara sama da 80, ya auri 'yar shahararren malamin Tijani na karni na 20 Sheikh [[Ibrahim Niass|Ibrahim Niasse]]. Sheikh Baba Laminu Niasse na Kaolack, [[Senegal]], shi ne ya ɗaura auren a Masallacin Ibrahim Niasse, Senegal.<ref>Nl Talk Talk [https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/news/89-year-old-renowned-islamic-scholar-sheikh-dahiru-usman-bauchi-61-children-marries-another-wife "usman bauchi with 61 children got new bride"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012101823/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/news/89-year-old-renowned-islamic-scholar-sheikh-dahiru-usman-bauchi-61-children-marries-another-wife|date=2019-10-12}}, [[Naijaloded]], July, 2016</ref> == Kisan Kiyashi ga Yan Shi'a == Usman yayi tir da [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|kisan kiyashin da aka yi]] wa ƴan shi'a a [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|Zariya]] a shekarar [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|2015]] kan hukumomin Najeriya. == Duba nan == * [[Ibrahim Niass]] * [[Nasuru Kabara]] * [[Abduljabbar Nasuru Kabara]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya Musulmai]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci]] [[Category:Malamai]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Tafsiri]] [[Category:Yan darika]] [[Category:Yan darika daga Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan ɗarikan Tijjaniyya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] psjthh3izjbloaewvs9jhm4v6dlvsnw 862772 862770 2026-06-21T09:39:29Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bauchi Wikipedia 17.jpg|thumb|masallacin Dahiru usman]] '''Sheikh Dahiru Usman [[OFR]]''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin shekarar alif ɗari tara da ashirin da bakwai, 1927A.c, Ya rasu a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwanba shekara da dubu biyu da ashirin da biyar 2025). Kuma an birne shi a kusa da masallacin shi,Malamin [[Addinin Musulunci|Addinin Musulunci mabiyin Ɗariƙar Tijjaniyya]] ne a [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin jagororin ƙungiyar Sufanci ta [[Musulunci]] da aka fi sani da Tijjaniyya a ƙasar [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/im-blessed-with-70-children-several-grandchildren-usman-tijjaniyya-movement-leader/|title=Am blessed with 70 children and 100 grandchildren: movement of tijjaniya, leaders|first=|last=|date=20 August 2018|website=[[The Punch]], -punchng.com- Nigerian news|accessdate=2019-11-23}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Ɗahiru Usman Bauchi ne a Gabashin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Yankin Arewa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] .{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Iyayensa sun fito ne daga Bauchi a gabashin Gombe. Tushen mahaifiyarsa daga [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] ne. An haifi Usman ne a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari uku da arba'in da shida, 1346 Hijra, ( kalandar Gregorian: a watan Yuni 28, 1927). Sa’ad da yake matashi Usman, yayi karatun [[Al Kur'ani|Alƙur’ani]] mai [[Al Kur'ani|girma]] a ƙarƙashin tutar mahaifinsa Alhaji Usman. Mahaifinsa ya koya masa Alkur’ani mai girma. Daga baya yasan karatun Kur'ani gaba ɗaya kamar yadda mahaifinsa zai iya. Ya karɓi Tijjaniya, Tariqah. Mahaifinsa ''Muqaddam'' ([[Liman|Imam]]) ne, wanda aka bashi izini (ijazah) ga Tijjaniyya. Usman shi ne mataimakin shugaban kwamitin Fatwa na majalisar ƙoli ta Musulunci (NSCIA) a Najeriya.   Mashahurin malamin addinin Islama, wanda yake da shekaru 90 tare da yara sama da 62 sun auri 'yar malamin Senegalese da Tijjaniya, kalifa, Sheikh Ibrahim Niasse. Sheikh Baba Laminu Niasse na Kaolack, na [[Senegal|kasar Senegal]], shi ne ya jagoranci bikin a cikin Ibrahim Niasse, Masallacin Senegal.<ref>Nl Talk Talk [https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/news/89-year-old-renowned-islamic-scholar-sheikh-dahiru-usman-bauchi-61-children-marries-another-wife "usman bauchi with 61 children got new bride"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012101823/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/news/89-year-old-renowned-islamic-scholar-sheikh-dahiru-usman-bauchi-61-children-marries-another-wife|date=2019-10-12}}, [[Naijaloded]], July, 2016</ref> == Karatu == A matsayinsa na matashi Dahiru [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] yayi karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma a ƙarƙashin tarbiyyar mahaifinsa Alhaji Usman.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Daga ƙarshe ya koyi karatun Alƙur'ani gaba ɗaya daga ƙwaƙwalwa kamar yadda mahaifinsa zai iya. Ya karɓi Tijjaniyyah, wato ɗariqah tujjaniya. A wajen Mahaifinsa Tijjani ''Muqaddam ne'' ([[Liman|Imam]]), wanda aka ba shi izini (''ijāzah'') don ɗariqa. Dahiru Bauchi shine mataimakin shugaban kwamitin Fatawa na majalisar ƙoli ta harkokin addinin musulunci (NSCIA) a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buhari’s victory God’s answer to prayers of Nigerians- Dahiru Bauchi|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/buhari-s-victory-god-s-answer-to-prayers-of-nigerians-dahiru-bauchi.html|last=Mohammed|first=Ahmed|last2=Bauchi|date=2015-04-02|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-25}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Girma == Malami ne na addinin Musulunci a [[Najeriya]], Babban malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne mai riqo da tafarkin sufaye, Shehu ne kuma muƙaddami ne a Ɗariƙar Tijjaniyya, yana Gabatar da tafsirin sa na Al'qur'ani da salon da shi kaɗai ya fara shi wanda ake cema tafsirin Ƙur'ani da qurani a Nijeriya a garin [[Kaduna]] a Babban Masallacin Juma'a na Tudun-Wada kaduna ta kudu, Wanda ɗansa yake jamai baki, amma shi mazaunin garin Bauchi ne. == Rayuwar shi == Shahararren malamin addinin Islama, a yanzu yana da shekaru 97 da haihuwa tare da yara sama da 80, ya auri 'yar shahararren malamin Tijani na karni na 20 Sheikh [[Ibrahim Niass|Ibrahim Niasse]]. Sheikh Baba Laminu Niasse na Kaolack, [[Senegal]], shi ne ya ɗaura auren a Masallacin Ibrahim Niasse, Senegal.<ref>Nl Talk Talk [https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/news/89-year-old-renowned-islamic-scholar-sheikh-dahiru-usman-bauchi-61-children-marries-another-wife "usman bauchi with 61 children got new bride"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012101823/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/news/89-year-old-renowned-islamic-scholar-sheikh-dahiru-usman-bauchi-61-children-marries-another-wife|date=2019-10-12}}, [[Naijaloded]], July, 2016</ref> == Kisan Kiyashi ga Yan Shi'a == Usman yayi tir da [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|kisan kiyashin da aka yi]] wa ƴan shi'a a [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|Zariya]] a shekarar [[Rikicin Zariya na 2015|2015]] kan hukumomin Najeriya. == Duba nan == * [[Ibrahim Niass]] * [[Nasuru Kabara]] * [[Abduljabbar Nasuru Kabara]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya Musulmai]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci]] [[Category:Malamai]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Tafsiri]] [[Category:Yan darika]] [[Category:Yan darika daga Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan ɗarikan Tijjaniyya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] ik73vr5hc2apvhpxjr57v50vkrkfe3r 0 13572 862047 858486 2026-06-20T14:21:20Z Momi Hauwa 46145 An kirkira ta fassara "Personal life and death" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347137239|Usman Baba Pategi]]" 862047 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Usman Baba Pategi''' (20 ga Mayu 1942 - 12 ga Nuwamba 2023), wanda aka fi sani da ''Samanja'' Mazan Fama, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya. Tare da Yusuf Ladan, Mamman Ladan da Idi Jibril, ma'aikatan [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] sun gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Hausa da aka sani yanzu da [[Kannywood]], fina-finai na Arewacin Najeriya ko fina-fukkuna na Hausa a cikin shekarun 1980 ga masu sauraron Arewa. == Personal life and death == Pategi yana da mata uku da yara 20. daya daga cikin matansa Hajiya Maryam Baba ta rasu tana da shekaru 46.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="125" href="./Kaduna_(city)" mw-redirect="" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kaduna (city)">Kaduna<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;23 March 2019<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;newspaper<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>[[Daily Trust]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;en-GB<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;access-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;15 March 2020<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw2w\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt38\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFAhmadu-SukaKaduna2019\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Ahmadu-Suka, Maryam; Kaduna (23 March 2019). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/tv-icon-samanja-loses-wife-2.html\" id=\"mw3A\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"TV icon, 'Samanja' loses wife\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw3Q\"><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"135\" href=\"./Daily_Trust\" id=\"mw3g\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Daily Trust\">Daily Trust</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mw3w\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw4A\">15 March</span></nowiki> 2020<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Usman_Baba_Pategi#cite_note-12 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Usman Baba Pategi ya rasu a Kaduna a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba a shekaran 2023, yana da shekaru 81. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Usman Baba [[Pategi]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1942, a cikin gidan sarauta na Pategi Emirate a Pategi, Arewacin Najeriya . Shi dan Etsu Usman Patako ne marigayi Sarkin Pategi. Ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Pategi sannan ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta Ilorin. Daga baya ya tafi Kaduna ya zauna tare da kawunsa Alhaji Audu Bida wanda ya zama mataimakinsa a gida. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da sashen ayyukan jama'a a cikin shagon injiniya, kafin ya shiga [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewa]], (NBC) a Kaduna . Pategi dai ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya ne a shekarun 1960 inda wani kaftin din Soja a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya ya zo neman matasa a Arewacin Najeriya domin sa kai. Ya bar gidan rediyon ya shiga aikin soja kuma ya yi horo a makarantar horar da siginar, Apapa. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar Sani Abacha da Janar Sani Sami. Daga baya ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1985, ya ci gaba da sana’ar wasan kwaikwayo a FRCN Kaduna inda ya bayar da umarni da rubuta fina-finai. Yawancin ana kiransa da Samanja Maza Fama, ma'ana Sajan-Major (SerMajor) saboda kwarewar da ya samu a aikin soja.[1][2] A shekara ta 2010, ya kasance a Indiya don tiyata don rashin lafiya na zuciya wanda daga baya Shugaban [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], Alhaji [[Aliko Dangote]], ya ba da rahoton N1.5 miliyan, wanda [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Rediyo na Tarayya na Najeriya]] (FRCN) ya ruwaito. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Husseni, Shuabu |first= |date=2011 |title=Help from Dangote for Samanja |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/47732/help-from-dangote-for-samanja.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Pategi na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya da aka sani da (Samanja) da Chika Apala da aka sani le (Zebrudaya) galibi a cikin masana'antun fina-finai kuma sun kasance baƙi masu daraja a abincin dare na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fasaha a cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Fasaha ta Najeriya (NANTAP). == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == Pategi wanda aka haife shi a cikin gidan sarauta na masarautar, shi ma magajin masarautar Etsu Pategi ne, amma ya bi aikin mafarkinsa; ya yi aiki bayan ya ba da rahoton cewa shi ne babban dan takarar mahaifinsa da babban kakansa kursiyin a matsayin Etsu Patégi, wani garin Nupe a yanzu [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] mahaifinsa shine Etsu Usman Patako, sarkin Pategi kuma kakansa ya gaji bayan mutuwarsa, ya yi niyyar zama ɗan'uwansa Chatta don ya bar kursiyin Um Baru saboda ya zama sarki. Yawancin lokaci ya bayyana a matsayin 'yan sanda ko soja a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masana'antar fina-finai, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya ce saboda kwarewar da ya samu a matsayin soja, na yanke shawarar amfani da hanyar da suke amsawa, motsawa da umarni inda sunan (Samanja) ya zo, hanyar da Sergeant da Major saboda iko da umarni na matsayi kuma ya bayyana cewa yin aiki yana ba shi ƙarin farin ciki kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi ritaya kuma ya koma aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fi yin aiki a bikin Ranar Sojoji, har ma da wanda a matsayin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da Aso Rock Presidential Villa, Abuja da na [[Maryam Abacha]] . Shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da darektan ya fito a cikin shahararren fim din Hausa da aka sani da: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannyhood |first= |date=2016 |title=Usman Baba Pategi, Samanja |url=https://hausafilms.tv/actor/usman_baba_pategi_samanja |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Hausa film industry- Kannyhood}}</ref> * Samanja * Yusuf's Ladan * Zaman Duniya Iyawa Ne Pategi ya sami shahara daga fim din Samanja, inda ya haɗu da Hausa / Turanci da Pidgin Turanci a hanyar da sojoji na Najeriya ke magana. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] l2ekarodzjlrbw2r89u7joawkghqguk 0 14998 862443 308910 2026-06-20T20:33:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marie Louise Asseu''' (Nuwamba 21, 1966 – Disamba 7, 2016) ta kasance yar shirin fim ce, Darekta kuma mai samar da fina-finai [[Côte d'Ivoire]], anfi saninta da '''[[Malou]]'''.<ref name="blogspot">{{cite web|url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2011/02/marie-louise-asseu-les-infidelesthe.html|website=africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com|title=African Women in Cinema Blog: Marie-Louise Asseu: Les infidèles/The Unfaithful |accessdate=2019-10-10}}</ref> In addition, she was also the founder of the Limale Festival of Cote d' Ivore. Asseu also released various albums, some of which are available for sale online on the MP3 music format.<ref name="amazon">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Marie-Louise+Asseu&i=digital-music&search-type=ss&ref=ntt_srch_drd_B00BJCX2EE|website=amazon.com|title=Amazon.com: Marie-Louise Asseu: Digital Music|accessdate=2019-10-10}}</ref> == Aiki == Asseu ta kasance ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen telebijin da dama a kasar ta [[Ivory Coast]], wanda suka hada da [[Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne|RTI channel]]'s "Mon Experience" ("My Experience"). A shekarar 2012, ta fara zama Darekta da shirin ''Les infideles''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/index.php?menu=fiche&no=29562|title=Africiné|website=www.africine.org|accessdate=Oct 10, 2019}}</ref> Kuma ta shiga cikin: *1989&nbsp;: ''[[Bal Poussière]]'' (actress) *1995&nbsp;: ''[[Faut pas fâcher]]'' (actress) *2003–2007&nbsp;: ''[[Ma famille]]'' (actress) *2008&nbsp;: ''[[Un homme pour deux sœurs]]'' (producer and actress) *2008&nbsp;: ''[[L'Histoire des copines]]'' (producer and actress) *2010&nbsp;: ''[[Sah Sandra]]'' (actress) *2012&nbsp;: ''[[Les infidèles]]'' (director) == Jita-jitar Patrick Achi akan yunkurin kisan Asseu == A 2011, Asseu ta kuskure yunkurin daukan ranta daga hannun wasu gungun matasa. Kamar yadda wata jarida ta fitar, wani jita-jita da ya fita ya bayyana cewa tana sheke aya da [[Patrick Achi]], wanda dan'siyasa ne a garin; wannan ne yasa wasu suka hada gungun Miyagi da suje su far mata. Ta kasance, amma ba suyi nasara ba inda wani mutun ya kwace ta a hannun su.<ref name="abidjan">{{cite web|url=https://news.abidjan.net/h/393065.html|title=Soupçonnée d'être l'amante de patrick achi : Marie-Louise Asseu échappe à la mort – Abidjan.net Actualites|website=news.abidjan.net|accessdate=2019-10-10|archive-date=2019-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923105952/http://news.abidjan.net/h/393065.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Assou tayi fama da rashin lafiya na psychological trauma sanadiyar abunda yafaru har mutuwarta. == Mutuwa == Asseu tayi ta fama da rashin lafiya a karshen rayuwarta. Kwanaki da yawa kafin ta mutu, tayi fama da abunda likitoci suka kira da ''mild stroke'' wanda yasa aka kwantar da ita a asibiti. Likitoci sun boye bayanai akan labarin rashin lafiyarta dukda mutane sun ta neman sanin halin data ke ciki. Saï aka ji daga Asibiti labarin tana samun sauki kuma za'a sallame ta, ta sake samun stroke a karo na biyu a ranar 17, 2016, wanda a wannan karon yayi kamari, inda ta mutu sanadiyar shi a December 7.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linfodrome.com/people-evenements/30739-voici-le-film-du-deces-de-marie-louise-asseu-la-comedienne-est-morte-le-visage-tres-serre|title=Voici le film du décès de Marie-Louise Asseu : La comédienne est morte le visage très serré|first=Philip|last=Kla|date=Dec 8, 2016|website=www.linfodrome.com|accessdate=Oct 10, 2019}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Asseu, Marie Louise}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1966]] qr79ssobmwtd4onfci1d0xa0mhfdmjb 0 15224 862571 831366 2026-06-21T05:50:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mercy Nnenda Akide-Udoh''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975) tsohuwar ‘yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga Najeriya wadda aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka wajen bunƙasa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Najeriya da nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan mata na farko daga Najeriya da suka samu karɓuwa a duniya saboda bajintarta a matsayin mai kai hari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=191489/index.html |title=Mercy Akide - FIFA Profile |publisher=FIFA |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> An haifi Mercy Akide a birnin Port Harcourt da ke jihar Rivers a Najeriya. Tun tana ƙarama ta nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa duk da ƙalubalen da mata ke fuskanta a wannan fanni a lokacin. Ta fara taka leda a makarantu da kungiyoyin cikin gida kafin ta samu shiga manyan kungiyoyin mata a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/mercy-akide-and-the-rise-of-womens-football-in-nigeria/ |title=Mercy Akide and the rise of women football in Nigeria |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> Akide ta yi fice sosai a lokacin da take taka leda a kungiyar mata ta Najeriya wadda aka fi sani da '''Super Falcons'''. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen kafa tarihin nasarorin Najeriya a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka. Najeriya ta lashe kofuna da dama tare da ita a cikin tawagar kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/womens-football/news/former-super-falcons-star-mercy-akide-celebrates-african-football/ |title=Former Super Falcons star Mercy Akide celebrates African football |publisher=CAF Online |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> Ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA sau da dama, inda ta taka rawa mai muhimmanci wajen kai Najeriya zuwa matakan gaba a gasar. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar 1999, Mercy Akide ta kasance cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Najeriya da suka taimaka wa kungiyar ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/usa1999/index.html |title=FIFA Women's World Cup USA 1999 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> Baya ga gasar cin kofin duniya, Akide ta kuma wakilci Najeriya a gasar Olympics ta mata. Ta taka rawa wajen nuna ƙwarewar ‘yan wasan Najeriya a duniya tare da taimaka wa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata samun karɓuwa a tsakanin al’umma.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/mercy-akide |title=Mercy Akide |publisher=Olympics.com |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> A matakin kungiyoyi kuwa, Mercy Akide ta taka leda a Najeriya kafin daga baya ta koma Turai da Amurka domin ci gaba da sana’arta. Ta buga wa wasu kungiyoyi a Amurka inda ta samu yabo saboda ƙwarewarta wajen cin ƙwallaye da kuma jagoranci a fili.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wusa.com/news/mercy-akide-profile/ |title=Mercy Akide Profile |publisher=Women's United Soccer Association |access-date=2026-05-06 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2001, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka (CAF) ta zaɓi Mercy Akide a matsayin '''Gwaruwar ‘yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka'''. Wannan karramawa ta tabbatar da irin gagarumar gudummawar da ta bayar wajen haɓaka wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/history-of-caf-awards-women-player-of-the-year/ |title=History of CAF Women Player of the Year |publisher=CAF Online |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga taka leda, Mercy Akide ta shiga harkar horaswa da kuma tallafawa ci gaban wasan mata. Ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen bunkasa matasan ‘yan wasa tare da bayar da gudummawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin bai wa mata dama a harkar wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenff.com/mercy-akide-supports-development-of-womens-football/ |title=Mercy Akide supports development of women football |publisher=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=2026-05-06 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana kallon Mercy Akide a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun tsofaffin ‘yan wasan mata da suka taimaka wajen ɗaga darajar Najeriya a duniya. Gudummawarta ta taimaka wajen bude hanya ga sabbin ‘yan wasa mata daga Najeriya da nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/african-women-football-legends |title=African women football legends |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2026-05-06 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Mercy Akide ta taso ne a iyali mai son wasanni a jihar Rivers. Tun tana yarinya ta kasance mai sha’awar buga ƙwallo tare da yara maza a unguwarsu. Duk da ƙalubalen al’ada da ke hana mata shiga harkar ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin, ta dage wajen nuna bajintarta har ta samu karɓuwa daga masu horaswa da kungiyoyi daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/mercy-akide-biography.html |title=Mercy Akide Biography |publisher=Premium Times Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Aikin kungiyar kasa == Akide ta kasance muhimmiya a cikin Super Falcons tun daga shekarun 1990. Ta taimaka wajen lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka sau da dama. Haka kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar cin kofin duniya da kuma Olympics, inda aka san ta da saurin gudu da iya zura kwallo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/super-falcons-legends-mercy-akide/ |title=Super Falcons legends: Mercy Akide |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da yabo == * Gwaruwar ‘yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta CAF: 2001 * Tsohuwar tauraruwa a kungiyar Super Falcons * Daya daga cikin fitattun mata ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a tarihin Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brila.net/mercy-akide-african-football-icon/ |title=Mercy Akide African football icon |publisher=Brila FM |access-date=2026-05-06 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Super Falcons]] * [[Kwallon kafa ta mata a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akide, Mercy}} [[Category:Haihuwar 1975]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:'Yan wasan kwallon kafa na mata na Najeriya]] [[Category:Super Falcons]] [[Category:Mutanen Rivers State]] [[Category:Masu horas da kwallon kafa]] nr24d3gudpbvlfssc4csfpemmu15g9t 0 15835 862040 707537 2026-06-20T13:33:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} _{Subscript text} [[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|right|thumb|250x250px|xkcd webcomic mai taken "Mai zanga-zangar Wikipedian". Alamar tana cewa: "[ '''MAGANAR BUKATA''' ]". ]] '''Majiya,''' na nufin madogara ta [[Bayajidda|bayani]] ko [[Labarin kasa na Singapore|labari]] wato inda aka [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jiyo]] labari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/citation|title=Definition of CITATION|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-04}}</ref> Majiya ita ce take nuna [[Gaskiyan Cocin Isa|gaskiyar]] labari ko batu. Ana saka majiya ne a cikin rubutu kamar na [[Littafi]], [[Jarida]] ko Makala domin gamsar da mai karatu ya nutsu da abin da aka fada ko gaskiya ne. A Gaba daya haduwar duka rubutun da ke cikin jiki da kuma rubutun litattafan ya zama abin da yawancin mutane ake daukar a zaman kira (alhali kuwa shigar da ''bibliographic'' da kansu ba). Abubuwan da aka ambata game da maganganu guda daya, wanda za'a iya karantawa a cikin labaran kimiyya na lantarki ana kiran su ''non publications'', wani nau'i na rarraba [[:en:Microattribution|''microattribution'']].<ref>Journal Development, Yakkaldevi, A., {{ISBN|9781312755321}}</ref> A Kididdiga suna da mahimman dalilai masu yawa gaske: don tabbatar da gaskiya ta [[Ilimin jima'i kawai a Uganda|ilimi]] (ko guje wa satar fasaha ),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source|title=What Does it Mean to Cite?|publisher=MIT Academic Integrity}}</ref> don danganta aiki na farko daya samo asali da ra'ayoyi zuwa ingantattun tushe, don bawa mai karatu damar yanke hukunci da kansa ko bayan da aka ambata suna tallafawa ra'ayin marubuci a cikin da'awar hanya, kuma don taimaka wa mai karatu ya auna karfi da ingancin abin da marubucin ya yi amfani da shi. <ref>Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.</ref> Abubuwan da aka ambata a gaba daya suna biyan kudi ne ga dayan tsarin ambaton da aka yarda da su gaba daya, kamar su Oxford,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html|title=Oxford Referencing System|access-date=18 January 2011|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=30 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html}}</ref> Harvard, MLA, ''[[:en:American_Sociological_Association|American Sociological Association]] (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA),'' da sauran tsarin ambaton, saboda taronsu na hadin gwiwa sanannen abu ne kuma mai saukin fassarawa daga masu karatu. Kowane dayan wadannan tsarin lissafin yana da fa'ida da amfani. ga Editoci galibi suna ayyana tsarin amfani da su. Bindiddiki, da sauran jerin abubuwa kwatankwacin nassoshi, galibi ba a daukar ambaton saboda ba su cika hakikanin kalmar ba: ba a yardaba da gangan kadau ko rahoto daga wasu mawallafa game da fifikon ra'ayin mutum. == Ra'ayi == '''A kididdigar kundin tarihi''' na nufin [[littafi]], ko labarin, shafin yanar gizo, ko wani abu da aka buga. yakamata subi daki-daki don gano abu musamman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm|title=Library glossary|date=August 22, 2008|publisher=[[Benedictine University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm|archive-date=April 30, 2008|access-date=2009-02-27}}</ref> Ana amfani da tsarin gudanar da salona daban a cikin ambaton kimiyya, ambaton shari'a, fasaha ta farko, zane-zane, da kuma ' yan Adam . == Abun ciki == A Abubuwan da aka ambata na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in tushe kuma suna iya haɗawa da: * ''Littafin:'' marubuta (s), taken littafi, wurin bugawa, mai bugawa, ranar fitowar sa, da lambar shafi (idan) ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing|title=Anatomy of a Citation|website=LIU.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing|archive-date=2015-09-05|access-date=2015-09-28|ref=refLongIslandUni|archivedate=2015-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing}}</ref> * ''Jarida:'' marubuci (s), taken labarin, taken jarida, ranar da aka buga shi, da lambar shafi (s). * ''Jarida:'' marubuta (s), taken labari, sunan jarida, taken yanki da lambar shafin take (idan) da kuma, ranar da aka buga. * ''Shafin yanar gizo:'' marubuta (s), Labari da taken bugawa a inda ya dace, kazalika da [[:en:Uniform_Resource_Locator|URL]],da kwanan wata lokacin da aka saka shafin. * ''Kunna:'' ambaton layi da suna ba da bangare, na yanayi, da lambobin layi,ba na biyun an raba shi da lokaci: 4.452 yana nufin yanayi na 4, layi na 452. Misali, "A cikin Eugene Onegin, Onegin cire Tanya lokacin da ta sami 'yanci ya zama nasa, kuma sai kawai ya yanke shawarar yana son ta lokacin da ta riga ta yi aure" (Pushkin 4.452-53).<ref name="Brigham">{{Cite web|url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm|title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper|year=2008|website=BYUI.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm|archive-date=November 13, 2011|access-date=2008-02-08|ref=refBrigham|archivedate=2011-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm}}</ref> * ''Waka:'' ana amfani da irin wannan don nuna layi daban na waka, kuma kididdigar zance yawanci sun hada da lambar layi (s). Misali: "Don dole ne in yi soyayya saboda ina raye&nbsp; / Kuma rayuwa a cikina abin da kuka bayar ne. " (Brennan, layi 15-16).<ref name="Brigham2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm|title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper|year=2008|website=BYUI.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm|archive-date=November 13, 2011|access-date=2008-02-08|ref=refBrigham|archivedate=2011-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm}}</ref> * ''Ganawa:'' sunan mai tambaya, mai ba da labari (tsohon hirar sirri) da ranar hira. === Musamman masu ganowa === A Tare da bayanai kamar marubuta, ranar da aka buga, take da lambobin shafi, kididdigar na iya hadawa da masu ganowa na musamman dangane da nau'in aikin da ake magana a kai. * Ƙididdigar littattafai na iya hadawa da Lambar Littafi Na Duniya wato (ISBN).hakan na nufun ([[:en:International_Standard_Book_Number|International Standard Book Number]] ) * Takamaiman juzu'i, kasidu ko wasu sassan da za'a iya gano su na wani lokaci, na iya kasancewa yana da wani abu da yake nufin [[:en:Serial_Item_and_Contribution_Identifier|Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] wato (SICI)da kuma Lambar Serial Ta Duniya dake nufin [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN). * Takaddun lantarki suna da [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|digital object identifier]] wanda ata kaice ake cewa (DOI). * Abubuwan bincike na ilimin kimiyar halittu na iya samun Mai Bayyanar PubMed ([[:en:PMID|PMID]]). == Tsarin == A maganar gabadaya, akwai nau'ikan tsarin fadakarwa iri biyu, tsarin Vancouver da ambaton manazarta<ref name="ELhelpdesk">{{cite web|last=Pantcheva|first=Marina|date=nd|title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems|url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/|publisher=[[English Language Help Desk]]|accessdate=July 2, 2020|archive-date=July 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Majalisar Editocin Kimiyya wato (CSE)dake nufin [[:en:Council_of_Science_Editors|Council of Science Editors]] tana saka ma kididdigar, na ''tsarin sunan-ambato'' . <ref name="council2006scientific">Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.</ref> === Tsarin Na Vanco === Tsarin Vanco yana nufin amfani da lambobi daki daki a cikin rubutu, ko kuma mai sakaci acikin duka biyun Lambobin suna nufin ko dai bayanan rubutu (bayanan kula a karshen shafin) ko bayanan karshe (bayanan kula a shafi a karshen takardar) wadanda ke ba da cikakken Bayani. A Tsarin bayanan kula na iya bukatan cikakken littafin tarihin ba, ya danganta da ko marubucin yayi amfani da fom na cikakken bayanin kula ko kuma takaitaccen bayanin kula. Misali, wani yanki na takarda na amfani da tsarin bayanin kula ''ba tare'' da cikakken littafin tarihi ba zai iya zama kamar: : "Matakai guda biyar na bakin ciki sune musantawa, fushi, sasantawa, damuwa, da kuma yarda." ¹ Bayanin cewa, wanda yake a kasan shafin (karancin rubutu) ko a karshen takardar (karshen rubutun) zai yi kamar wannan: : 1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''Akan Mutuwa da Mutuwa'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45-60. A cikin takarda tare da cikakken littafin tarihin, a gajeren bayanin kula na iya zama kamar: : 1. Kübler-Ross, ''Kan Mutuwa da Mutuwa'' 45-60. Shigar da littafin, wanda ake bukata tare da takaitaccen bayanin kula, zai yi kamar wannan: : Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''Akan yana mutuwa da kuma mutuwa'' . New York: Macmillan, 1969. A cikin dabi'un dan adam, marubuta da yawa suna amfani da bayanan kafa ko mahimman bayanai don samar da wani labari na dan lokaci. Ta wannan hanyar, abin da yayi kama da takaddama shine ainihin karin kayan aiki, ko shawarwari don karin karatu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm|title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes|access-date=2010-01-31|archive-date=2010-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Rubutun iyaye === Nunawa ga iyaye, wanda aka fi sani da Harvard nakaltowa, yana da cikakke ko na juzu'i, a cikin rubutu, bayanan ambaton da ke kunshe a cikin madafan madauwari kuma an saka su a sakin layi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|date=|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|publisher=liu.cwp.libguides.com}}</ref> Misali na bayanin iyaye: : "Matakai guda biyar na bakin ciki sune ƙi, fushi, ciniki, damuwa, da yarda" (K acceptancebler-Ross, 1969, shafi na 45-60). Dogaro da zaɓin salon, nassoshi masu mahimmancin kalmomi na iya bukatar sashin karshe. Sauran salo sun hada da jerin amsoshin, tare da cikakkun bayanan nassoshi, a cikin bangaren karshe, wanda marubucin ya tsara su bisa haruffa. Galibi ana kiran wannan bangaren "Bayani", "Bibliography", "Ayyukan da aka ambata" ko "An nemi shawarwari". Nassoshi a cikin rubutu don wallafe-wallafen kan layi na iya bambanta da kuma nusar da . Cikakken bayani akan abu, kawai za a iya nuna shi lokacin da mai karatu ke so, a cikin sifofin kayan aiki . <ref>[http://livereference.org Live Reference Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ |date=2021-04-28 }}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.</ref> Wannan salon yana sa ambaton ya zama da sauki kuma yana inganta kwarewar mai karatu. === Tsarin sunan-ambato === An saka wasu manyan lambobi a wurin magana, kamar dai yadda yake a cikin tsarin jerin sunayen, amma an kirga ambaton gwargwadon tsarin ayyukan da aka kawo a karshen takarda ko littafin; wannan jerin galibi ana tsara shi ta jerin haruffa ta hanyar marubuci. == Salo == Salon kididdiga za'a iya rarraba shi zuwa salon da ya dace da Ilimin dan Adam yafa idantu, kodayake akwai dan abin da zai daidaita. Wasu jagororin salo, kamar su [[:en:The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style|the Chicago Manual of Style]], suna da sauƙin canzawa kuma suna rufe tsarin magana da rubutu. Sauran, kamar salon kuma sun hada da [[:en:MLA_style_manual|MLA]] da kuma [[:en:APA_style|APA]], suna ayyana fasali a cikin tsarin rubutu guda daya. Wadannan ana iya kiran su tsarin tsaruka da kuma salon kira.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html|title=Citation Formats & Style Manuals|year=2007|website=CSUChico.edu|access-date=2008-02-11|ref=refCaliforniaStateUni|archive-date=2008-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html|title=APA Citation Format|year=2005|website=Lesley.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html|archive-date=December 28, 2007|access-date=2008-02-11|ref=refLesleyUni|archivedate=2007-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html|title=APA Citation Format|year=2003|website=RIT.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html|archive-date=February 3, 2008|access-date=2008-02-11|ref=refRIT|archivedate=2008-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html}}</ref>Hakanan jagororin daban-daban suna kayyade tsarin bayyana, misali, kwanan watan fitarwa, take, da lambobin shafi na bin sunan marubucin, da tarun alamomina rubutu, amfani da rubutun, girmama, zance, alamun ambato, da sauransu, musamman ga salo.kungiyoyi da yawa sun ƙirƙiri salona dacewa da bukatun su; saboda haka, akwai jagororin da yawa. Masu wallafa kowane ɗayansu suna da nasu bambancin a cikin gida kuma, kuma wasu ayyukan suna da dadewa don suna da nasu hanyoyin ambaton kuma: [[:en:Stephanus_pagination|Stephanus pagination]] ko [[:en:Plato|Plato]]; [[:en:Bekker_numbers|Bekker numbers]] ko kuma [[:en:Aristotle|Aristotle]]; saka Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta hanyar littafi, babi da aya; ko [[:en:Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] da kuma wasa. Harshena Salon Maganan [[:en:Citation_Style_Language|Citation Style Language]] wato (CSL) yaren budewa ne na XML don bayyana tsarin yadda ake kawo ƙira da litattafan tarihi. === 'Yan Adam === * Tsarin salona [[:en:The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style|Chicago Style]] (CMOS) an kirkireshi kuma jagorar sa shine ''Chicago Manual of Style'' . Anfi amfani dashi sosai a tarihi da tattalin arziki harma da wasu ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Salon alakar Turabiya mai alaka da juna — wanda ya samo asali daga gare ta - don nassoshin dalibai ne, kuma an bambanta ta daga CMOS ta hanyar kin ambaton alamomi a cikin jerin bayanai, da kuma fadakarwar samun damar dole. * Tsarin Columbia an kirkireshi ne Janice R. Walker da Todd Taylor don bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da ambaton hanyoyin intanet. Yanayin Columbia yana ba da samfuran samfuran dan Adam da na kimiyya. * ''Bayanin: Bayyana Tushen Tarihi daga Abubuwan Tarihi zuwa Gidan yanar'' gizo na Elizabeth Shown Mills sun hada da manyan hanyoyin da ba a hada su a cikin CMOS ba, kamar kidaya, kotu, kasa, gwamnati, kasuwanci, da kuma bayanan coci. Ya haɗa da tushe cikin tsarin lantarki. Masana tarihi da tarihi suka yi amfani da shi. <ref name="evidence">Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.</ref> * Rubutun Harvard (ko tsarin kwanan wata) wani nau'i ne na takamaiman magana na iyaye .[[:en:BSI_Group|British Standards Institution]] da kuma[[:en:Modern_Language_Association|Modern Language Association]] sukan yi amfani da su wajen shawarar yin nuni ga iyaye. Nuna fassarar Harvard ya kunshi dan gajeren lokacin kwanan wata, misali, "(Smith, 2000)", ana saka shi bayan rubutun da aka ambata a cikin maganan da kuma cikakken bayanin tushen da aka jera a ƙarshen labarin. * Salona [[:en:The_MLA_Style_Manual|MLA style]] ya haɓaka ta [[:en:Modern_Language_Association|Modern Language Association]] Harshe ta Zamani kuma ana amfani dashi mafi yawa a cikin zane-zane da dabi'un dan adam, musamman a cikin karatun Ingilishi, sauran karatun adabi, gami da adabin kwatanta da sukar adabi a cikin yaren Ingilishi (" harsunan waje "), kuma wasu karatun bambance-bambance, kamar karatun al'adu, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, fim, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai, gami da [[talabijin]] . Wannan salon ambaton da tsarin rubutun yana amfani da rubutacciyar magana tare da shafi na marubuci (Smith 395) ko kuma wani shafi mai suna [short] (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) Acikin wannan aikin na mawallafin nan yake a tsakanin magana cikin rubutuna. ''[[:en:The_MLA_Style_Manual|The MLA Style Manual]]'' zuwa jerin haruffa na tushe a shafi na "''[[:en:The_MLA_Handbook_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers|The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers]]''" a ƙarshen [[:en:The_MLA_Style_Manual#Citation_and_bibliography_format|Citation and bibliography format]].{{efn|The field of [[Communication]] (or Communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the [[Modern Language Association|MLA]] and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as "[[APA style]]".}}da kuma bayanan kula (alamomi ko ƙarin bayani).''Littafin Jagora na MLA don Marubuta na Takardun Bincike'', musamman Tsarin Magana da tsarin littafin tarihi * [[:en:MHRA_Style_Guide|MHRA Style Guide]] an buga shi ne ta [[:en:Modern_Humanities_Research_Association|Modern Humanities Research Association]](MHRA) kuma mafi yawan amfani da shi a cikin zane-zane da dabi'un dan adam A MHRA. Ana iya samun abun siyarwa a [[Birtaniya]] dana [[Amurka]]. Ya yi daidai da salona [[:en:The_MLA_Style_Manual|MLA style]], amma yana da wasu bambance-bambance. Misali, salon MHRA yana amfani da bayanan ƙasa wanda ke nuni da cikakkun bayanai yayin kuma samar da kundin tarihin rayuwa. Wasu masu karatu suna ganin yana da fa'ida ga cewa bayanan suna bukatan cikakkun bayanai, maimakon takaitaccen nassoshi, don haka ba sa bukatar yin nazarin tarihin yayin karatun sauran bayanan da aka buga.<ref>The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official Website. {{Cite web |year=2008 |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archivedate=2005-09-10 |access-date=2009-02-05 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association}} (2nd ed.)</ref> A wasu yankuna na 'Yan Adam, ana amfani da bayanan kafa don kawai nassoshi, kuma an guji amfani da su don bayanan kafa na yau da kullun (bayani ko misalai). Awa Innan yankuna, ana amfani da kalmar "alamar ƙafa" a matsayin ma'anar "tunani", kuma dole ne editoci da masu rubuta abubuwa su kula sosai don tabbatar da cewa sun fahimci yadda marubutan suke amfani da kalmar. === Doka === * [[:en:Bluebook|Bluebook]] tsari ne na ambaton gargajiya da ake amfani da shi a rubuce-rubuce na ilimin Amurka, kuma kotuna da yawa suna amfani da Bluebook (ko makamancin tsari da aka samo shi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/|title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.)|last=Martin|first=Peter W|date=May 2007|website=Cornell.edu|orig-year=1993|access-date=2008-02-03|ref=refMartin2007}}</ref> A halin yanzu, labaran doka na ilimi koyaushe suna da tushe, amma motsin da ake gabatarwa ga kotuna da ra'ayoyin kotu a al'adance suna amfani da ambaton layi, wadanda makalar jumla ce daban ko bangarori daban.na Bayanan da ke acikin layi suna ba masu karatu damar tantance karfin tushe ta hanzari, misali, kotun da aka yanke hukunci a ciki da shekarar da aka yanke hukunci. * Salon ambaton doka da aka yi amfani da shi kusan a ko'ina cikin Kanada ya dogara ne da ''Jagoran Kanada don Bayyana Dokar Kaya'' (AKA ''[[:en:McGill_Guide|McGill Guide]]'' ), wanda aka wallafa ta ''McGill Law Journal'' . <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)]''. ''McGill Law Journal''. Updated October 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</ref> * Bayyanar da doka ta Burtaniya kusan ta duniya gaba ɗaya tana bin a Tsarina. ''[[:en:Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities|Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA) === Kimiyya, lissafi, injiniyanci, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, da magani === * Salon Kamfanin [[:en:American_Chemical_Society|American Chemical Society]], ko kuma salo na [[:en:ACS_style|ACS style]], ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin [[Kimiyya|Chemistry]] da wasu kimiyyar jiki . A cikin salon salon ACS an kidaya su a cikin rubutu da jerin abubuwan tunani, kuma ana maimaita lambobi a cikin rubutun yadda ake bukata. * A cikin salon [[:en:American_Institute_of_Physics|American Institute of Physics]]<nowiki/>a(salon AIP), ana kuma kididdige nassoshi a cikin rubutu da cikin jerin bayanai, tare da lambobin da aka maimaita a cikin rubutun kamar yadda ake bukata. * Salon da aka kirkira wato [[:en:American_Mathematical_Society|American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), ko kuma nau'ikan AMS, irin su [[:en:AMS-LaTeX|AMS-LaTeX]], ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin [[:en:BibTeX|BibTeX]] a cikin tsarina [[:en:LaTeX|LaTeX]] .Ana saka shi tare da alamun rubutu na farko da shekara a cikin rubutun da farkon ambaton. Ana lissafin ƙididdiga na al'ada cikin layi tare da tsarin lakabin harafi, misali [AB90]. Wannan nau'in salone ake kiran sa da " ''Tasirin marubuta.'' " * Tsarin [[:en:Vancouver_system|Vancouver system]], wanda Majalisar Editocin Kimiyya wato [[:en:Council_of_Science_Editors|Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) ta ba da shawara, ana amfani da shi a cikin likitanci da takardun kimiyya da bincike. ** A cikin wani babban bambance-bambance, wanda wata kungiya da Ake cema American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ta Amurka ke amfani da shi, an haɗa lambobin faɗakarwa a cikin rubutun a cikin madafun iko ba kamar na babban rubutun ba. Duk bayanan kundin tarihi an hada su ne a cikin jerin nassoshi a karshen takaddar, kusa da lambar ambaton su. ** International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) ita ce asalin kwayar wannan salon ƙirar, wanda ya samo asali daga taron editocina Vancouver 1978. <ref>[http://www.icmje.org "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals"].</ref> Bayanan [[:en:MEDLINE|MEDLINE]]/[[:en:PubMed|PubMed]] yana amfani da wannan salon faɗakarwa na [[:en:National_Library_of_Medicine|National Library of Medicine]] providesasa yana ba da " Kaya wato (ICMJE) nanufin [[:en:Uniform_Requirements_for_Manuscripts_Submitted_to_Biomedical_Journals|Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] -Samfuran Misali". <ref>International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References"].</ref> * Salon AMA. * Salon Cibiyar Injin wato [[:en:Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers|Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]](IEEE), ko salona [[:en:IEEE_style|IEEE style]], ya ƙunshi lambobin ambato a cikin manyan kusoshin murabba'i da lambobi a jere, tare da maimaita lambobi a cikin rubutun yadda ake buƙata.<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf|date=2015-09-24}}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.</ref> * A bangarorin ilimina kimiyyar halittu wadanda suka fada a cikin [[:en:ICNafp|ICNafp]] (wanda shi kansa yake amfani da wannan salon ambaton a ko'ina), wani nau'I daban-daban na ambaton taken marubuci shi ne hanya ta farko da ake amfani da ita yayin yin ambaton kuma wasu lokuta an ambace su gaba daya (misali a cikin shawarwarin da suka shafi lambar da aka buga a ''[[:en:Taxon_(journal)|Taxon]]'' ), tare da ayyukan da ake magana a kansu waɗanda ba a ambata a cikin littafin tarihin ba sai dai idan an ambace su a cikin rubutun. Take suna amfani da daidaitattun ''taƙaitattun kalmomi'' masu zuwa bayan ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' don abubuwan zamani da ''Littattafan'' ''Haraji'' ''2'' (daga baya [[:en:IPNI|IPNI]] ) don littattafai. * Salon Kiran Pechenik wani salo ne wanda aka bayyana a cikin ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), na Jan A. Pechenik . <ref>[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf "Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide"] ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.</ref> * A cikin 1955, Eugene Garfield ya gabatar da tsarin kundin tarihi don adabin kimiyya wato [[:en:Citation_index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], don inganta mutuncin [[:en:Scientific_publishing|scientific publications]]<ref name="cisn">{{Cite journal|last=Garfield|first=Eugene|year=2006|title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=35|issue=5|pages=1123–1127|doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189|pmid=16987841|doi-access=free}}</ref> . === Kimiyyar zaman jama'a === * Salona [[:en:American_Psychological_Association|American Psychological Association]], ko salon [[:en:APA_style|APA style]], wanda aka buga a cikin [[:en:Publication_Manual_of_the_American_Psychological_Association|Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]],galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin ilimin zamantakewar jama'a wato [[:en:Social_sciences|social sciences]]. Salon ambaton APA yayi kama da rubutun [[:en:Harvard_referencing|Harvard referencing]], yana lissafa sunan marubucin da shekarar da aka buga shi, kodayake waɗannan na iya ɗaukar nau'i biyu: ''ambaton suna'' wanda sunayen marubutan suka bayyana a cikin rubutun kuma shekarar da aka buga sannan ta bayyana a cikin iyaye, kuma ''marubucin - kwanan wata'', wanda sunan mahaifin marubuta da shekarar wallafawa duk suna bayyana a cikin ''iyayen yara'' . A kowane yanayi, ambaton cikin rubutu yana nuni zuwa jerin haruffa na tushe a ƙarshen takarda a cikin Sashin Nassoshi. * [[:en:American_Political_Science_Association|American Political Science Association]]<nowiki/>wallafa takaddar jagora da salon jagora don wallafe-wallafe a wannan fagen. <ref name="APSA">Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications]. Retrieved 2015-09-28.</ref> Salon yana kusa da CMOS. * [[:en:American_Anthropological_Association|American Anthropological Association]] tana amfani da wani sabon juzu'i na salo na [[:en:The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style|Chicago Style]] wanda aka shimfida a cikin Jagoran Salo na Bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|accessdate=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Salona [[:en:ASA_style|ASA style]] da [[:en:American_Sociological_Association|American Sociological Association]] yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan salo da ake amfani da su a cikin wallafe-wallafen [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewar jama'a]] . == Batutuwa == A cikin binciken da suka yi a kan bayanan kafa a cikin mujallu na ilimi a fagen sadarwa, Michael Bugeja da Daniela V. Dimitrova sun gano cewa ambato ga kafofin yanar gizo suna da saurin lalacewa (kamar yadda aka saukar da shafukan da aka ambata), wanda suke kira "rabin-rai ", wanda ke samar da bayanan kaɗan a waɗancan mujallu marasa amfani ga ƙwarewar karatu a kan lokaci.<ref>Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}</ref> Sauran masana sun gano cewa abubuwan da aka buga ba su da alamun ambato kamar ɗabi'un asali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong|year=1994|title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary|url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf|journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing|volume=11|issue=3|pages=233–248|doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5}}</ref> Wani mahimmin batun shine kuskuren lafazi, wanda yawanci ke faruwa saboda rashin kulawa kan ɓangaren mai binciken ko editan jarida a cikin hanyar bugawa. Masana sun gano cewa kariya mai sauƙi, kamar tuntuɓar marubucin wata hanyar da aka ambata game da ambaton da ya dace, yana rage yiwuwar kuskuren faɗakarwa kuma hakan yana ƙara ingancin bincike.<ref name="Wright2008">{{Cite journal|last=Wright|pages=125–139|ssrn=1941335|oclc=5582131729|jstor=25062982|eissn=1526-551X|issn=0092-2102|doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317|issue=2|first=Malcolm|volume=38|journal=Interfaces|title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge?|date=2008|author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong|first2=J.&nbsp;Scott|last2=Armstrong|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike yana nuna tasirin labarin na iya zama, a wani bangare, ya bayyana ta abubuwan da ke sama kuma ba wai kawai cancantar ilimin labarin ba. <ref>Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H. D. (2008). What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior. Journal of Documentation, 64(1), 45–80.</ref> Abubuwan da suka dogara da filin galibi ana lasafta su azaman batun da za a magance ba kawai lokacin da aka kwatanta kwatankwacin fannoni daban-daban da, har ma yayin da ake kwatanta bangarori daban-daban na bincike na horo daya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anauati|first=Maria Victoria|last2=Galiani|first2=Sebastian|last3=Gálvez|first3=Ramiro H.|date=November 11, 2014|title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research|ssrn=2523078}}</ref>Misali, a likitanci, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, yawan marubuta, yawan nassoshi, tsayin labarin, da kasantuwar babban a cikin taken suna tasiri tasirin; yayin fadita hanyar ilimin halayyar dan adam yawan nassoshi, tsayin labarin, da tsawon take suna daga cikin abubuwan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Wesel|first=M.|last2=Wyatt|first2=S.|last3=ten Haaf|first3=J.|year=2014|title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation|url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf|journal=Scientometrics|volume=98|issue=3|pages=1601–1615|doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x}}</ref> ''Yanayin'' fahimtar cewa ambaton suna zama masu rikitarwa kuma amma masu mahimmanci ma'auni ga masana. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6|title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts|last=Crew|first=Bec|date=7 August 2019|website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref>Sun bayar da rahoton hanyoyi guda biyar don haɓaka ƙididdigar ambato: (1) kalli tsawon take da alamun rubutu; <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hudson|first=John|year=2016|title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details|journal=[[Scientometrics]]|volume=109|issue=2|pages=871–889|doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4|pmc=5065898|pmid=27795594}}</ref> (2) fitar da sakamako da wuri azaman masu gabatarwa;<ref>{{Cite bioRxiv|biorxiv=10.1101/673665|first=Nicholas|last=Fraser|first2=Fakhri|last2=Momeni|title=The effect of bioRxiv preprints on citations and altmetrics|first3=Philipp|last3=Mayr|first4=Isabell|last4=Peters|year=2019}}</ref>(3) guji ambaton wata ƙasa a cikin take, aciki ko kuma abudin hariffa; <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abramo|first=Giovanni|last2=D’Angelo|first2=Ciriaco Andrea|last3=Di Costa|first3=Flavia|year=2016|title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability|journal=[[Scientometrics]]|volume=109|issue=3|pages=1895–1909|arxiv=1810.12657|doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1}}</ref> (4) danganta labarin zuwa bayanan tallafi a cikin ma'aji; <ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565|last5=McGillivray|pmid=32320428|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416|pages=e0230416|issue=4|volume=15|year=2019|journal=PLOS One|first5=Barbara|first=Giovanni|last4=Whitaker|first4=Kirstie|last3=Staden|first3=Isla|title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data|last2=Hrynaszkiewicz|first2=Iain|last=Colavizza|bibcode=2019arXiv190702565C}}</ref> da (5) guji barna a cikin taken abubuwan bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Zhi Quan|last2=Tse|first2=T.H.|last3=Witheridge|first3=Matt|year=2019|title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers1/3038|journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]]|pages=1–22|doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065}}</ref> Hakanan sanannun alamu ne waɗanda halayen marubuta da ma'aikatan jarida ke shafar su. Irin wannan halayyan. ana kiranta tasirin haɓaka, kuma an bayar da rahoton ya ƙunshi har ma da manyan mujallu. Musamman ma manyan mujallu na kimiyyar likitanci, gami da ,''The Lancet'', ''JAMA,'' da ,''The New England Journal of Medicine'', ana tsammanin suna da alaƙa da irin wannan ɗabi'ar, har zuwa kusan kashi 30% na alamomin waɗannan mujallu ana samar da su ne ta hanyar tallan ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heneberg|first=P.|year=2014|title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|volume=65|issue=3|page=635|doi=10.1002/asi.22997}}</ref> A gefe guda, lamarin da ke nuna alamun kira yana tashi. yana Kwatanta. bayyana su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin marubuta waɗanda ke ambaton juna ba daidai ba fiye da sauran rukunin marubutan da ke aiki a kan wannan batun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fister Jr.|first=I.|last2=Fister|first2=I.|last3=Perc|first3=M.|year=2016|title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks|journal=Frontiers in Physics|volume=4|pages=49|bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F|doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]] * [[Bible citation]] * [[Case citation]] * [[Citation analysis]] * [[Citation creator]] * [[Citation signal]] * [[Citationality]] * [[Coercive citation]] * [[Credit (creative arts)]] * [[Cross-reference]] * [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]] * [[Scholarly method]] * [[Source evaluation]] * [[Style guide]] == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa ==   Armstrong, J Scott (July 1996). "The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science – On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such". Interfaces. 26 (4): 28–42. doi:10.1287/inte.26.4.25. OCLC 210941768. Pechenik, Jan A (2004). A Short Guide to Writing About Biology (5th ed.). New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-15981-6. OCLC 52166026. "Why Are There Different Citation Styles?". Yale.edu. 2008. Retrieved 2015-09-28. [[Category:Manazarta]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hk8ebaqjxkbgbemudsxd50puviyu69r 0 16139 862597 792791 2026-06-21T06:34:34Z Maryam Magaje 46195 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344799460|Lola Margaret]]" 862597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lola Margaret''' (an haife ta '''Lola Margaret Oladipupo''') ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya, "Auren da ake yi, dangantaka tana fallasa mutum zuwa haɗari -Lola Margaret". Jaridu masu bugawa. 26 Yunin shekarar 2022. <cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="reference-accessdate">An samo shi a ranar <span class="nowrap">19 ga Yuli</span> 2022</span>.</cite> mai shirya fina-finai da kuma darektan fim. Lola ta rasa iyayenta a shekarar 1999 kuma ta rayu duk rayuwarta ta yarinta tare da kawunta. Ayyukanta sun shiga cikin haske bayan da ta fito a matsayin jagora a fim din ''Bisola Alanu'' . {{Cite web |date=26 June 2022 |title=Flaunting marriages, relationships expose one to danger –Lola Margaret |url=https://punchng.com/flaunting-marriages-relationships-expose-one-to-danger-lola-margaret/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda ta ci gaba da kammala karatun sakandare da takardar shaidar jarrabawar [[Afirka]] ta Yamma (WAEC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digiri na farko a fannin Tarihi da Dangantaka ta Duniya bayan kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Margaret na wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne bayan ta sadu da [[Bolaji Amusan]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya wanda ya gabatar da ita ga wasan kwaikwayo. Ayyukanta sun zama sanannun bayan da ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''Bisola Alanu'' . Lola ta kuma fito a fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da ''Eyin Akuko'' da ''Omo Oloro'', fim din da ta samar tare da irin su [[Faithia Balogun|Fathia Balogun]] da Mercy Aigbe . == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * A shekara ta 2009 * ''Bisola Alanu 2014'' * ''Eyin Akuko'', 2008 * ''Omo Oloro'', 2016 * ''Agbara Ife'' (Ikon Ƙauna), 2016 * ''Tsuntsu'', 2021 == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Early life and education == An haifi Margaret a [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya inda kuma ta kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare da kuma takardar shaidar jarrabawarta ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ( [https://www.waecnigeria.org/ WAEC] ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examination Council Nigeria |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> Tana da digirin farko a fannin Tarihi da kuma Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya bayan kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|3137235|Lola Margaret}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hx4o0ftd0eb6f1ymme4k57udogzx7p9 0 16291 862550 786633 2026-06-21T03:59:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kurukulasuriya Maureen Charuni''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, shekarata alif 1963 ana kitlranta da matsayin [[:si:මොරින් චාරුනී|මොරින්]] ) [Sinhala]), wanda aka fi sani da '''Maureen Charuni''', ' yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a gidan sinima na Sri Lanka gidan talabijin. Mashahurin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo wacce ta mamaye wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin, Charuni yawanci tana aiki a matsayin matashi na matsayin uwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai da yawa. == Yin aiki == [[Fayil:Maureen Charuni - Actress - Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|Maureen Charuni]] Yarinyar da take kwarewa a fim ta fito ne ta hanyar fim ''Karadiya Walalla'', wanda Cyril Wickramage ya jagoranta. Amma fim ɗin ''Ranmalige Wasanawa'' an nuna shi a gaban ''Karadiya Walalla'' . Ta shirya fim din ''Hansa Vilapaya'' a shekarar 2000. === Zaɓaɓɓun talabijin === {{Div col}} * ''Abarthu Atha'' * ''Amaa''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20110718/284614599196622 | title=Amaa on ITN from today | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Anagana''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nalanmendis.com/teledramas/ | title=Nalan Mendis teledramas | publisher=nalanmendis.com | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816112827/http://nalanmendis.com/teledramas/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Ananthaya'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100926/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_8.html |title=Rodney back with 'Ananthaya' |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Ann'' * ''Anuhas Vijithaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alankulamafilms.lk/amy_movie/anuhas-wijithaya-tele-drama/ | title=Anuhas Vijithaya teledrama | publisher=alankulamafilms | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=10 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210104016/http://www.alankulamafilms.lk/amy_movie/anuhas-wijithaya-tele-drama/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Anuththara''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vodtv.vhx.tv/anuththara-tele-drama-series-1 | title=Anuththara Tele-Drama Series | publisher=vodtv | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=25 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625174916/https://vodtv.vhx.tv/anuththara-tele-drama-series-1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Batahira Ahasa''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gossip.hirufm.lk/18926/2017/11/batahira-ahasa-teledrama-story.html | title=Batahira Ahasa | publisher=Hiru FM | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Bodhi''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/161211/magazine/bodhi-childrens-drama-around-an-extraordinary-child-219171.html | title=Bodhi; Children's drama around an extraordinary child | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Dangakara Tharu''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/02/02/_art.asp?fn=sa12020218&pn=19 | title=Dangakara Tharu may blossom soon| publisher=Sarasaviya | accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Daruwange Ammala''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/000910/tv.html | title='Daruwange Ammala' portrays child exploitation | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Dedunnai Adare''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timeout.com/sri-lanka/theatre/tele-dramas-on-tv | title=Dedunnai Adarai on Derana | publisher=timeout | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Dedunu Sihina''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080302/TV/tv-times00001.html | title=Dedunu Sihina a tale of many mysteries | publisher=Sunday Times| accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> * ''Dedunu Yanaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/031221/tv/10.htm | title='Deydunu Yanaya': Mix of love and business | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Depath Nai''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/020922/tv/3.html#1 | title='Depath Nai': A social commentary | publisher=Sunday Times| accessdate=29 November 2019}}</ref> * ''Deveni Amma''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/990411/mirror5.html#label2 | title=Woman claiming to be the mother | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Gamperaliya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.saaravita.lk/Uncategorized/493440/ලෙස්ටර්-ජේම්ස්-පීරිස්-රි | title=Gamperaliya on mini screen | publisher=saaravita | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Gimhana Tharanaya'' <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040725/tv/7.html | title='Gimhana Tharanaya' portrays family conflicts| publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=29 November 2019}}</ref> * ''Guwan Palama''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive2.sinhala.srilankamirror.com/entertainment-mirror/item/571-dayasiri-to-sing-for-guwan-paalama | title=Dayasiri with another work | publisher=srilankamirror | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816162414/http://archive2.sinhala.srilankamirror.com/entertainment-mirror/item/571-dayasiri-to-sing-for-guwan-paalama | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''[[Haara Kotiya]]'' * ''Heeye Manaya'' <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/061119/TV/tv10.html | title='Heeye Manaya' discusses heritage | work=Daily News | accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Himi Nethi Hadakata''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/10/28/art11.asp | title=Himi Nethi Hadakata focuses on thirst for revenge | work=Daily News | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Hirusanda Maima'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/060820/tv/tv15.html |title=Hirusanda Maima : Sinhala Tamil love tale |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Isuru Sangramaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20121015/283111361222102 | title=Isuru Sangyamaya on ITN | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Jayathuru Sankaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/061015/TV/tv24.html | title='Jayathuru Sankaya': Miniplay for a worthy cause | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Kalu Sewanella''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://life.dailymirror.lk/article/52/interviews/6426/an-important-milestone-says-roshan | title=An important milestone, says Roshan | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816152632/http://life.dailymirror.lk/article/52/interviews/6426/an-important-milestone-says-roshan | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''[[Koombiyo]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lifie.lk/2017/11/04/01-koombiyo-fans/ | title=Koombiyo fans | publisher=lifie | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816162414/https://www.lifie.lk/2017/11/04/01-koombiyo-fans/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Kulawanthayo''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/020407/tv.html |title='Kulawanthayo' has a social impact |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=11 September 2019}}</ref> * ''Lasa Rala''<ref name= morin /> * ''Millewa Walawwa''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20120827/283192965534915 | title=Doors open for "Millewa Walawwa" | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=24 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Minigandela''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2017/07/05/features/120904/minigandela-shooting-begins?page=1 | title=Minigandela shooting begins | work=Daily News | accessdate=30 July 2019}}</ref> * ''Nandunana Neyo''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/030209/tv/1.html | title='Nandunana Neyo': Double faced drama | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Nethu Addara'' * ''Oba Mageya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/071230/TV/tv-times00008.html | title='Oba Mageya' : a tale of crime and punishment | publisher=Sunday Times| accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> * ''Paara'' * ''Poddi''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20190729/283038351147737 | title=Poddi | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Pembara Maw Sanda''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040829/tv/3.html |title='Pembara Maw Sanda' ready for screening |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=11 September 2019}}</ref> * ''Ran Bedi Minissu'' * ''Ran Kira Soya''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tubeid.co/download-video/xeObxr2dpIOxopM/ran-kira-soya-tele-film.html | title=Ran Kira Soya Tele-Film | publisher=tubeid | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816152634/https://www.tubeid.co/download-video/xeObxr2dpIOxopM/ran-kira-soya-tele-film.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/041107/tv/4.html |title='Rankiri Soya' gives kids a hand |publisher=Sunday times |accessdate=17 November 2017}}</ref> * ''[[Ran Samanalayo]]'' * ''Ran Sevanali''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090510/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_07.html | title='Ran Sevaneli' tackles parent-children problem | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Salmal Landa''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120610/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_5.html | title='Salmal Landha' unravels black spells in Sri Lanka | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Samanalayano''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/030323/tv/3.html#3 | title='Samanalayano': A tale of love | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Samanala Sihinaya'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040808/tv/2.html |title=Sins of father visits on son |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=22 December 2018}}</ref> * ''Samanala Yaya'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/050710/tv/6.html |title='Samanala Yaya': A failed trick |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=4 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Sanda Diya Mankada''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20160710/283807148020332 | title=A tale of reincarnation | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Sandagalathenna'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070422/TV/007tv.html |title=Sandagalatenna highlights the power of indigenous medicine |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Sandagiri Pawwa'' * ''Sanda Hiru Tharu''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040229/tv/4.html | title=The story of a brave new woman | publisher=Sunday Times| accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref> * ''Sapirivara''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2007/11/18/spe06.asp | title=Sapirivara | publisher=Sunday Observer | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/071118/TV/tv-times00003.html |title=Sapiriwara; a story of corrupt politics, war and suffering |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=11 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Sara''<ref name= morin /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080427/TV/tv-times000011.html |title='Sara': A suspenseful story on village girl |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Saranganaa''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/03/22/_art.asp?fn=sa12032211&pn=17 | title=සාරංගනා පුංචි තිරයට | publisher=Sarasaviya | accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Saveena''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nation.lk/2010/10/17/enter.htm | title=intriguing love story on Derana - Saveena | publisher=The Nation | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=17 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817122047/http://www.nation.lk/2010/10/17/enter.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Senehase Nimnaya'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040829/tv/2.html |title='Senehase Nimnaya': Tale of an adopted son |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=17 November 2017}}</ref> * ''Sihina Samagama'' * ''Sihina Siththaravi''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20121126/283450663694839 | title=Sihina Siththaravi unspools from today | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Sihina Sithuvam''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100725/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_6.html | title='Sihina Sithuvam' shows dreams of youth | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Sil''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070916/TV/tv-times000017.html | title='Sil' tells the tale of the good and the bad | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Siri Sirimal'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070211/TV/003tv.html |title='Siri Sirimal':The Adventures of Tom Sawyer |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Siyapayth Arama''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/170312/magazine/a-courageous-tale-of-a-mother-231804.html | title=A courageous tale of a mother | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Snehaye Daasi''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/03/22/_art.asp?fn=sa12032211&pn=17 | title=ස්නේහයේ දාසි සෙනසුරාදා | publisher=Sarasaviya | accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Sulanga'' * ''Suwanda Obai Amme''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2003/06/30/fea10.html | title=Two teledramas by Lucky Dias | work=Daily News | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''[[Thuththiri]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mirrorarts.lk/ar/news/2252-thuththiri-tele | title=Thuththiri on television | publisher=mirrorarts | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816162413/https://mirrorarts.lk/ar/news/2252-thuththiri-tele | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Vihanga Geethaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040822/tv/4.html | title='Vihanga Geethaya': A tale of triangular love | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref> * ''Wasantha Kusalana''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/051218/tv/8.html | title='Wasantha Kusalana' the tale of a doctor | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Yugandaraya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2010/12/05/mon45.asp | title=Yugandaraya examines backdrop to 71's uprising | publisher=Sunday Observer | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> {{Div col end}} === Zaɓaɓɓun wasannin kwaikwayo === * ''Dangamalla'' == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Ref. |- |1984 |''Ranmalige Wasanawa'' | | |- |1985 |''Du Daruwo'' | | |- |1985 |''Karadiya Walalla'' | | |- |1986 |''Sinha Pataw'' | | |- |1986 |''Asipatha Mamai'' |Gamanayake's wife | |- |1986 |''Peralikarayo'' |Maureen | |- |1987 |''Sathyagrahanaya'' |Office 'truth' secretary | |- |1988 |''Chandingeth Chandiya'' | | |- |1989 |''Randenigala Sinhaya'' |Rekha | |- |1990 |''Veera Udara'' | | |- |1990 |''Sambudu Mahima'' | | |- |1990 |''Jaya Kothanada'' | | |- |1991 |''Asai Bayai'' | | |- |1991 |''Golu Muhude Kunatuwa'' | | |- |1992 |''Sakkara Suththara'' | | |- |1992 |''Sinha Raja'' | | |- |1992 |''Salli Thibunata Madi'' | | |- |1992 |''Rumathiyay Nithiyay'' |Neeta | |- |1992 |''Sayanaye Sihinaya'' | | |- |1993 |''Sagara Thilina'' | | |- |1993 |''Trishule'' | | |- |1993 |''Juriya Mamai'' |Mary | |- |1994 |''Mawubime Weerayo'' | | |- |1994 |''Shakthi'' | | |- |1997 |''Goodbye Tokyo'' | | |- |2000 |''Hansa Vilapaya'' | | |- |2003 |''Irasma'' |Sonali | |- |2004 |''Gini Kirilli'' | | |- |2006 |''Eka Malaka Pethi'' |Mahela's nother | |- |2006 |''Anjalika'' |Anjalika's mother | |- |2010 |''Uththara'' |Shanilka's mother | |- |2010 |''Suwanda Denuna Jeewithe'' |Rashmi's mother | |- |2010 |''Sara'' |Sara's mother | |- |2011 |''Sinhawalokanaya'' |Magilin, Jangu's mother | |- |2012 |''Sakvithi Dadayama'' | | |- |2014 |''Parawarthana'' |Kusum's mother | |- |2014 |''Parapura'' |Chethana's mother | |- |2014 |''Duwana Muwan'' | | |- |2015 |''Ira Sewaya'' |Yvonne | |- |2015 |''Pravegaya'' |Hemal's mother | |- |2016 |''Maya 3D'' |Rekha's mother | |- |2016 |''Adaraneeya Kathawak'' |Piyavi's mother | |- |2017 |''Hima Tharaka'' | | |- |2018 |''Punchi Andare'' |Andare's mother | |- |2020 |''Soosthi'' |Soosa's mother | |- |TBD |''Akarsha'' | | |- |TBD |''Sparsha'' | | |- |TBD |''Kathuru Mithuru'' | | |- |TBD |''Uthuru Sulanga'' | | |} {{Reflist}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://rasanduna.blogspot.com/2013/08/morin-charuni.html Marin Charuni suna hira] * [http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 කටයුත්තට පෝන් නම්බර්] [http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 .] [http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 .] [http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 .] * [http://www.deshaya.lk/article/52/හදසර/4848/අපේ-නත්තල් ගෙදර නෑදෑයාෙ පිරෙනවා] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119080501/https://www.deshaya.lk/article/52/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB/4848/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9A-%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A |date=2025-01-19 }} * [http://papper.gossiplankahotnews.com/2013/08/blog-post_7708.html දුවක් ඕනෑ වුණා] [http://papper.gossiplankahotnews.com/2013/08/blog-post_7708.html .] [http://papper.gossiplankahotnews.com/2013/08/blog-post_7708.html .] * [https://www.dinamina.lk/2018/07/31/විශේෂාංග/57720/මේ-හැරවුමක-අැරඹුමක්?page=34 හැරවුමක අැරඹුමක්]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} plhtt9vamasz535xsx2n6d0zu5gzgjl 0 16343 862480 717765 2026-06-20T21:28:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marina Niava''' an haife ta a shekarar 1985, Ita ƴar fim ce ta ƙasar [[Ivory Coast]], furodusa, kuma marubuciya. == Tarihin rayuwarta == Niava ita ce 'yar ƙaramar yarinyar Pierre da Cécile Niava, dukkansu masu koyar da yare. Ta fara sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo da adabi kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da dama na adabi.<ref name="cineaste">{{cite news |title=Marina Niava Cinéaste |url=https://www.abidjan.net/qui/profil.asp?id=981 |website=Abidjan.net |accessdate=18 October 2020 |language=French |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513125613/http://abidjan.net/qui/profil.asp?id=981 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Niava developed her interest in cinema while filming a commercial.<ref name=topsuccess>{{cite web|url=https://www.africatopsuccess.com/2014/08/12/marina-niava-la-cineaste-ivoirienne-qui-perce-aux-usa/|title=Marina Niava : la cinéaste ivoirienne qui perce aux USA|date=12 August 2014|website=Africatopsuccess.com|archivedate=29 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229053440/https://www.africatopsuccess.com/2014/08/12/marina-niava-la-cineaste-ivoirienne-qui-perce-aux-usa/|accessdate=18 October 2020|language=French}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun digiri ne daga Lycée Sainte Marie d'Abidjan kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta A A Excellence Award. Bayan ta karbi difloma a aikin jarida da kuma Audiovisual Production daga Institut des Sciences et Techniques de la Communication, Niava ta kammala digirinta na biyu a Fim da Talabijin a Kwalejin Fasaha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Caravane de L'excellence : La fondation Benianh lance l'étape de EMPT |url=https://news.abidjan.net/h/624792.html |website=Abidjan.net |accessdate=18 October 2020 |date=26 October 2017 |language=French |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505072903/https://news.abidjan.net/h/624792.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyuka== Daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekarar 2010, Niava ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar marubuciya a zangon farko na shirin ''Teenager'' na TV, wanda ya samu kyautar mafi kyawun Afirka a bikin Vues d'Afrique a [[Montréal|Montreal]].{{Ana bukatan hujja}} Ta koma [[Oslo]], Norway a 2010 kuma ta zama darektan sadarwa na Cibiyar Al'adun Afirka. Niava ta lura da bikin finafinan Kino Afrika na shekarar 2010 da 2011 a Oslo. Ta kasance babbar kwalejin BENIANH ta Gidauniyar Kasa da Kasa a 2012. ===Sana'ar fim=== A watan Oktoba na 2012, ta jagoranci fim na farko, mai suna ''Noirs au soleil levant'', game da rayuwar daliban Afirka a Tsukuba, Japan. Shortan gajeren fim ɗin almara na Niava, ''21'', an kammala shi a cikin Disamba 2013. An samo kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe daga internungiyar ta duniya de la Francophonie. ''21'' labarin wata budurwa ce wacce ba za ta iya jurewa kanwar mahaifiyarta ba kuma ita kadai ce fim din Afirka da aka nuna a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Oakland. Niava ta jagoranci gajeren bala'i ''Mafi muni'' a cikin 2014. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da tasiri na musamman na fim din 2015 Mai ''Amfani''. ===Littafi=== A shekarar 2017, Niava ta rubuta littafinta na farko, ''American Dreamer''. Ta kasance yar wasan ta biyu cikin 10th Prix Ivoire pour la Littererature Africaine d'Expression Francophone. == Wasu fina-finai == * 2009-2010: ''Matashi'' (jerin talabijin, marubuci) * 2012: ''Noirs au soleil levant'' (gajeren fim, darekta) * 2013: ''21'' (gajeren fim, marubuci / darekta) * 2014: ''Mafi muni'' (gajeren fim, marubuci / darekta) ==Kyauta== Niava ta lashe gasar da Rediyon JAM ke gudanarwa a [[Abidjan]] kuma ta fara aikin ta a matsayin mai karbar horo. Daga baya ta yi aikin jarida a Afirka 24. Niava ta haɓaka sha'awar silima yayin yin fim na talla. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbname:7513290|Marina Niava]] a [[IMDb|Tashar Bayanai ta Intanet]] 2r1tuec7owv1ehuozc37s4erj1rlt61 0 16725 862013 799680 2026-06-20T13:11:04Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Karin kumallo */ 862013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg|thumb|Tuwo da miyan kuka da friend fish ]] '''Abincin Hausawa''' abinci ne na gargajiya da na zamani wanda Hausawa ke shiryawa.  Ya dogara ne a kan samar da danyen kayan abinci da za su iya noma ko shigo da su daga wasu wurare.  Sau da yawa Hausawa sun dogara ne kawai da kayan amfanin gona da suka noma don girka abinci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ibenegbu |first=George |date=2018-07-11 |title=Top 3 Hausa foods and how to prepare them |url=https://www.legit.ng/1176196-hausa-foods-prepare-them.html |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (January 2025)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Hausa_Food_Kosai.jpg|alt=Kosai|thumb|Kosai, abincin safe]] == Karin kumallo == * [[Hausa koko|Koko]] - Abin sha da aka yi da [[Gero|Gero,]] [[masara]], aca da aya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Try This Popular West African Street Food, Hausa Koko |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/hausa-koko-spicy-millet-porridge-39547 |access-date=2020-05-10 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918041551/https://www.thespruceeats.com/hausa-koko-spicy-millet-porridge-39547 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]  * Kosai - Abincin da ake yi da wake bayan an wanke an cire bawon shi, ana markadashi da kayan miya sai a soya shi da [[Manja|Man gyada]] (daga [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]]: Akara) [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lete |first=Nky Lily |date=2013-02-23 |title=Nigerian Akara Recipe: How to Make Akara |url=https://www.nigerianfoodtv.com/how-to-make-nigerian-akara/ |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=Nigerian Food TV |language=en-US}}</ref>  * [[Kunu]] - Abin sha da aka yi da millet * Waina_ Abinci ne da akeyi da shinkafa, ko masara, ana jikashi sannan anika sai asa yeast asaka shi a rana.in ya tashi sai a soya acikin tanda. * Coffee and [[Gurasa|bread]] – Although not a traditional breakfast item, these have become common in Hausa cuisine as a result of [[Mallakar Najeriya|British colonization]]. == Abincin rana == * [[Dambun shinkafa]] * Dan wake - Bean dumplings, cinye tare da dabino ko [[Man gyaɗa|man shanu]] * Makomar * Taliya * Shinkafa * [[Alale|Olele]] [[Fayil:Tuwon_shinkafa_miyan_taushe.jpg|alt=Tuwon shinkafa and miyan taushe.|thumb|[[Tuwon shinkafa]] da [[Miyar taushe|Miyan taushe]]]] == Abincin dare == * [[Tuwon masara]] - haɗiyewa da aka yi da masara, millet ko garin masara * [[Tuwon shinkafa]] - Haɗiye da aka yi da shinkafa <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Make Tuwo Shinkafa |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/fufu-recipes/tuwo-shinkafa/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]  * [[Miyar kuka|Miyan kuka]] - Sopo da aka yi daga busassun ganyen baobab da aka gina a cikin foda * [[Miyar taushe|Miyan taushe]] - Sopo da aka yi da kabewa * [[Kuɓewa|Okra]] soup <ref name=":0"/> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miyan Kuka (Baobab Leaves Soup) |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/soups/miyan-kuka/ |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref>  * [[Fankasau|Funkaso]] * Tuo zaafi == Abin sha da abin sha == * Zobo - shayi na Hibiscus == Abincin cin abinci == * [[Ƙuli-ƙuli|Kuli-kuli]] – A deep-fried snack made from ground peanuts and spices * Masa – A type of rice cake that is typically served with a spicy sauce * Kunun gyada – A sweetened peanut milk * Dakuwa – A sweet snack made from crushed peanuts and sugar * Fanke{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Hausa_Food_Dan_wake_02.jpg|Dan wake made from bean Fayil:Hausa_Food_Dan_wake_01.jpg|Dan wake with groundnut oil and pepper Fayil:Hausa_Food_Dan_wake.jpg|Dan wake with palm oil and pepper Fayil:Hausa_Food_Fanke.jpg|Fanke made from wheat flour Fayil:Shinkafa_dafa_duka.jpg|Jollof rice and beans Fayil:Moin_Moin.jpg|Olele </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * [[Abincin Eritrea]] * Abincin Habasha * [[Abincin Somaliya]] == Manazarta == rhj1icpjufvha9q1xtx4uhi61h31jex 862017 862013 2026-06-20T13:13:05Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Abincin rana */ 862017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg|thumb|Tuwo da miyan kuka da friend fish ]] '''Abincin Hausawa''' abinci ne na gargajiya da na zamani wanda Hausawa ke shiryawa.  Ya dogara ne a kan samar da danyen kayan abinci da za su iya noma ko shigo da su daga wasu wurare.  Sau da yawa Hausawa sun dogara ne kawai da kayan amfanin gona da suka noma don girka abinci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ibenegbu |first=George |date=2018-07-11 |title=Top 3 Hausa foods and how to prepare them |url=https://www.legit.ng/1176196-hausa-foods-prepare-them.html |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (January 2025)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Hausa_Food_Kosai.jpg|alt=Kosai|thumb|Kosai, abincin safe]] == Karin kumallo == * [[Hausa koko|Koko]] - Abin sha da aka yi da [[Gero|Gero,]] [[masara]], aca da aya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Try This Popular West African Street Food, Hausa Koko |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/hausa-koko-spicy-millet-porridge-39547 |access-date=2020-05-10 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918041551/https://www.thespruceeats.com/hausa-koko-spicy-millet-porridge-39547 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]  * Kosai - Abincin da ake yi da wake bayan an wanke an cire bawon shi, ana markadashi da kayan miya sai a soya shi da [[Manja|Man gyada]] (daga [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]]: Akara) [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lete |first=Nky Lily |date=2013-02-23 |title=Nigerian Akara Recipe: How to Make Akara |url=https://www.nigerianfoodtv.com/how-to-make-nigerian-akara/ |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=Nigerian Food TV |language=en-US}}</ref>  * [[Kunu]] - Abin sha da aka yi da millet * Waina_ Abinci ne da akeyi da shinkafa, ko masara, ana jikashi sannan anika sai asa yeast asaka shi a rana.in ya tashi sai a soya acikin tanda. * Coffee and [[Gurasa|bread]] – Although not a traditional breakfast item, these have become common in Hausa cuisine as a result of [[Mallakar Najeriya|British colonization]]. == Abincin rana == * [[Dambun shinkafa]] * Dan wake - Bean dumplings, cinye tare da yaji, man gyada ko [[Man gyaɗa|man shanu]] * Makomar * Taliya * Shinkafa * [[Alale|Olele]] [[Fayil:Tuwon_shinkafa_miyan_taushe.jpg|alt=Tuwon shinkafa and miyan taushe.|thumb|[[Tuwon shinkafa]] da [[Miyar taushe|Miyan taushe]]]] == Abincin dare == * [[Tuwon masara]] - haɗiyewa da aka yi da masara, millet ko garin masara * [[Tuwon shinkafa]] - Haɗiye da aka yi da shinkafa <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Make Tuwo Shinkafa |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/fufu-recipes/tuwo-shinkafa/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]  * [[Miyar kuka|Miyan kuka]] - Sopo da aka yi daga busassun ganyen baobab da aka gina a cikin foda * [[Miyar taushe|Miyan taushe]] - Sopo da aka yi da kabewa * [[Kuɓewa|Okra]] soup <ref name=":0"/> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miyan Kuka (Baobab Leaves Soup) |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/soups/miyan-kuka/ |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref>  * [[Fankasau|Funkaso]] * Tuo zaafi == Abin sha da abin sha == * Zobo - shayi na Hibiscus == Abincin cin abinci == * [[Ƙuli-ƙuli|Kuli-kuli]] – A deep-fried snack made from ground peanuts and spices * Masa – A type of rice cake that is typically served with a spicy sauce * Kunun gyada – A sweetened peanut milk * Dakuwa – A sweet snack made from crushed peanuts and sugar * Fanke{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Hausa_Food_Dan_wake_02.jpg|Dan wake made from bean Fayil:Hausa_Food_Dan_wake_01.jpg|Dan wake with groundnut oil and pepper Fayil:Hausa_Food_Dan_wake.jpg|Dan wake with palm oil and pepper Fayil:Hausa_Food_Fanke.jpg|Fanke made from wheat flour Fayil:Shinkafa_dafa_duka.jpg|Jollof rice and beans Fayil:Moin_Moin.jpg|Olele </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * [[Abincin Eritrea]] * Abincin Habasha * [[Abincin Somaliya]] == Manazarta == gvehwvx2l7nbmf33grwyw0osszsz36d 0 16754 862795 827485 2026-06-21T10:07:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Nigerien_President_Bazoum_in_New_York_City_(52370167613).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City]] [[File:P060245-844068.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Bazoum tshon shugaban ƙasar Niger wanda sojoju sukayinmasa juyin milki]] [[Fayil:Secretary Blinken Meets With Nigerien President Bazoum in New York City (52370167613).jpg|thumb|bazoum]] [[Fayil:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb|Bazoum]] '''Mohamed Bazoum''' (An haifi Bazoom ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1959) Ɗan siyasar Jamhuriyar Nijer, kuma tsohon [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar|Shugaban Ƙasar Nijar]]. Bazoum Balarabe ne ɗan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]] wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam’iyyar (PNDS- Ta Tarayya) tun daga shekarar 2011, Ya Kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996 ya kuma sake zama Ministan daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya kasance ƙaramin minista a fadar shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekarar 2016. Sannan Kuma ya kasance ƙaramin ministan cikin gida tsakanin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, lokacin da ya yi murabus don mayar da hankali kan tsayawa takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2020. Inda yayi Nasarar lashe zaɓen da kaso 55.67% cikin ɗari.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup|date= 2 April 2020 |accessdate= 27 July 2023|title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger’s president amid tensions|last= Zandanini |first= Giacomo|publisher= Aljazeera.com|language= en}}</ref> == Harkar siyasa == [[File:Bazoum mhamed.jpg|thumb]] Bazoum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Haɗin Kai a ƙarƙashin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnatin rikon ƙwarya ta Firayim Minista [[Amadou Cheiffou]] daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga yanki na musamman na Tesker a matsayin ɗan takarar PNDS a zabe na musamman da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993; wannan ya biyo bayan soke zaɓen farko a cikin Tesker, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. Bayan zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Janairun shekara ta 1995, wanda kawancen adawa na National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) da PNDS suka lashe, Bazoum ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai a gwamnatin Firaminista [[Hama Amadou]], sai 25.ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1995. Da farko an sake naɗa shi kan wannan mukamin ne bayan da [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya]] kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekara ta 1996, amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara 1996. PNDS ta yi adawa da Maïnassara, kuma a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996, Bazoum aka sanya shi a cikin tsare a gida tare da shugaban PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], 'yan makonni kadan bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 1996 . Shi da Issoufou an sake shi bisa umarnin alƙali a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1996. An kama Bazoum tare da wasu manyan ƴan siyasa biyu na ƴan adawa, ciki har da Sakatare-Janar na MNSD Hama Amadou, a farkon watan Janairun 1998, bisa zargin shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kisan Maïnassara. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44156.stm "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders"], BBC News, 3 January 1998.</ref> Ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi ba kuma an sake shi mako guda bayan kama shi. A Babban Taro na Huɗu na PNDS, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 &#x2013; 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2004, Bazoum aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. Bazoum an sake zabarsa zuwa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba shekarar 2004, kuma a lokacin wa’adin majalisar da ya biyo baya ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Uku na Majalisar da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Wakilai ta PNDS. Bazoum yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa game da Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007; Gwamnatin Amadou ta sha kaye a kuri’ar rashin amincewa da ta biyo baya a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, kuma Bazoum ya yaba da “dattakon da ke nuna ajin siyasa ta Nijar da ta kawo ƙarshen wa’adin ƙungiyar da ta kware a kan yadda ake kashe kudaden jama’a. . " <ref>[http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=afric_item_eng&id_article=34430 "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}, African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.</ref> Bayan ya bukaci mutane su kaurace wa zaɓen raba gardama na tsarin mulkin watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, an tsare Bazoum a takaice kuma an yi masa tambayoyi na awanni biyu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bazoum an sake zaɓarsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban PNDS a taron na biyar na Jam’iyyar, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a zaɓen raba gardamar, ya nuna shi a matsayin "juyin mulki" sannan ya ce zaɓen 'yan majalisar na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009 wani "makircin zaɓe ne" da aka yi nufin kawai don a ƙara "goge dimokiradiyya" <ref>Boureima Hama, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 "Niger pushes ahead with polls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143243/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20091018222447972C559320 |date=2016-04-22 }}, Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.</ref> Wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 ne ya kori Shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja|Mamadou]] Tandja. Bazoum ya ce a yayin taron "wannan shi ne ainihin abin da muke tsoronsa, kudurin soja. Tandja na iya guje ma wannan. " <ref>Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/world/africa/19niger.html "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger"], ''The New York Times'', 18 February 2010.</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa, ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu cewa CFDR ta bukaci a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban kuliya saboda cin amanar kasa saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1999 a cikin kokarin ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan fitina ta zama dole don hana shugabannin gobe daga bin irin wannan tafarki. Ya ce kamata ya yi hukumar mulkin ta rike Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma a yi wa Tandja shari'a, duk da cewa ya kuma ce yana jin hukuncin kisan ba zai zama dole ba. <ref>Peter Clottey, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022313/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Opposition-Leader-Says-Ex-President-Tandja-Should-Face-Treason-Charges--85119842.html |date=2010-03-15 }}, VOA News, 23 February 2010.</ref> Bayan [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVA">–</span></nowiki> Maris 2011, sai ya sauka daga shugabancin PNDS a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, gabanin rantsar da shi, bisa ga bukatar cewa shugaban ƙasa ba ya shiga [[siyasa]] ta bangaranci; Bazoum ya hau mukamin shugaban riƙo na PNDS. Issoufou ya fara aiki ne a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Nijer a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011, kuma an naɗa Bazoum a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin ƙaramin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin kai, Haɗakar [[Afirka]], da ‘yan Nijar mazauna kasashen waje a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2011. <ref>"Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.</ref> Bazoum ya koma matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Basics">[http://www.africaintelligence.com/LCE/who-s-who/2015/03/04/bazoum-back-to-basics-at-pnds-party,108064518-ART "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party"], ''West Africa Newsletter'', number 701, 4 March 2015.</ref> An kalli wannan mmatakin a matsayin bawa Bazoum damar mayar da hankali kan jjagorancin PNDS a cikin tsammanin neman Issoufou na sake zaben a s 2016. An zaɓe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a zaɓen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016 . <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208195006/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_12_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }}, Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50.</ref> Bayan an rantsar da Issoufou a wa’adi na biyu, an nada Bazoum a matsayin karamin Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Tsaro na Jama’a, Bada iko, da al’adu da al’amuran Addini a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016. Ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya gaji [[Hassoumi Massaoudou]]. A watan Disambar 2022, an nada Mohamed Bazoum a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA), yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kungiyar karo na 23 a Abidjan.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1398170/economie/uemoa-bazoum-croissance-et-inflation-au-menu-du-sommet-des-chefs-detat/]. ==Kifar da Gwamnatin Bazoum== A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin, 2023. Sojojin da ke tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa sun tare fadar shugaban ƙasa don korar Bazoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=African Union, ECOWAS Condemn ‘Attempted Coup d'État’ in Niger |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230726-african-union-ecowas-condemn-attempted-coup-in-niger |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madowo |first=Sarah Dean,Niamh Kennedy,Larry |date=2023-07-26 |title=Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/niger-presidency-attempted-coup-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coup d’Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent « toutes les institutions » et ferment les frontières |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/4047077-20230727-coup-etat-niger-militaires-putschistes-suspendent-toutes-institutions-ferment-frontieres |website=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> An yi Allah wadai da yunƙurin juyin mulkin daga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyar ECOWAS. Kungiyar ECOWAS ta ce masu shirin juyin mulkin su sako Bazoum nan take. Sai fldqgq baya sunyi nasarar sauke Bazoum a ƙarshen wannan rana, inda nan take Kanar-Manjo Amadou Abdramane yayi bayani a gidan talabijin na ƙasar yana mai cewa an tsige shugaban ƙasar daga karagar mulki, sannan kuma an maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin mulkin soja da ke kiran kanta Majalisar Tsaron Gida ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ecowas-head-says-benin-president-on-mediation-mission-to-niger-8fa6281e |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1">{{cite web |last=Mednick |first=Sam |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger’s president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-tensions-presidential-guard-96f8f63b838af5467d4c95ba7b998b32 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[AP]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2023 ne gwamnatin Nijar ta sanar da cewa tana son gurfanar da Mohammed Bazoum da masu rike da madafun iko na cikin gida da na waje gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma zagon kasa ga tsaron cikin gida da waje na Nijar.<ref name="rfi">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=13 August 2023 |title=Afrique Coup d’État au Niger: qu’impliquent les accusations de la junte contre le président Mohamed Bazoum?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230814-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-au-niger-qu-impliquent-les-accusations-de-la-junte-contre-le-pr%C3%A9sident-mohamed-bazoum |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[RFI]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2023, dangin Mohamed Bazoum sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ƙara tuntuɓar sa ba tun ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023, kuma sun yi tir da “kame da bincike na cin zarafi” da aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu.<ref name="Voa Afrique">{{cite web |last= |first=AFP |date=01 December 2023 |title=NIGER La famille du président nigérien déchu dit être sans nouvelles de lui|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/niger-la-famille-du-pr%C3%A9sident-d%C3%A9chu-dit-%C3%AAtre-sans-nouvelles-de-lui-depuis-le-18-octobre/7379985.html |access-date=02 December 2023 |website=Voa Afrique}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2nts2yrwzhh49bccvu48jv43ox33ubj 0 17135 862850 854351 2026-06-21T11:04:03Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Village Chachorni.jpg|thumb|mahuta]] [[Fayil:Refused dump in Mahuta part of Igabi local Government Area of Kaduna state.jpg|thumb|Wajen zuba shara a mahuta]] [[Mafuta Ngusu|Mahuta]] dai gari ne mai matukar tasiri da yawan al'umma A cikin [[Dandume|karamar hukumar Dandume]] a [[jihar Katsina]]. Garin Mahuta gari ne dake gabashin garin Dandume wadda ita ce [[Hedikwatar Tsaro ta Najeriya|hedikwatar]] ƙaramar hukumar dandume. Mahuta na da mazabu ''ward'' wato [[Mazaba|Mazabu]] guda uku (3), Mahuta(A) Mahuta(B) da kuma Mahuta(C) Garin mahuta shi ne gari mafi girma a karamar hukumar bayan cikin garin [[Dandume]] An kirkiri garin na mahuta a shekara ta alif da dari tara da tara (1909). Mutanen garin Mahuta suna noma, kiwo da kuma kasuwanci dai dai gwargwadon iko. Bugu da Kari Kuma mutanen na garin Mahuta suna kokari wajen neman ilimi musamman na boko da na addini, kuma Allah madaukakin sarki ya albarkaci 'ya'yansu da basirar fahimtar karatu. Bangaren karatun addini ma ba'a barsu abaya ba, kuma akwai makarantun allo wadanda basa kirguwa, banda zaurukan karatuttuka da masallatai, akwai islamiyoyi da dama na bangaren izala da kuma darika. Bangaren karatun zamani ma ba'a barsu a baya ba inda suke da firamare har guda biyar (5), ga kuma sakandire babba da karama. Akwai 'yan secondary, masu N.C.E, Diploma, Degree, Masters, PhD har da ma Farfesa duk a cikin garin Mahuta. A yanzu haka, Shugaban karamar hukumar Dandume, Alhaji Bashir Gyazama dan asalin garin Gyazama ne, wadda a karkashin mazabar Mahuta (A) take, Dan majaliar jaha Mai wakiltar karamar hukumar Dandume Alh. Yahaiya Nuhu Mahuta shima Dan Mahuta ne. Vice Chancellor na Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua dake Katsina Farfesa Shehu S.S Muhammad Dan Mahuta ne. ==Tarihi== Garin mahuta dai dadadden gari ne da ya samo asali sama da shekara casa'in (90), kuma a wancan lokacin garin ya shahara wajen kasuwanci a yankin, inda garin ke da babbar kasuwar da take tasiri a yankin gaba ɗaya tare da hamshakan manoma a cikin garin dama yankin baki daya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} lzk6drk289fkpxjm03j5crf793smmxl 0 17603 862483 850482 2026-06-20T21:45:21Z Momi Hauwa 46145 An kirkira ta fassara "Overview" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354673536|Supreme Court of Nigeria]]" 862483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarihin Kotun Koli ta Najeriya''' (SCN), ita ce babbar kotu a Najeriya, kuma tana cikin Gundumar Tsakkiyar [[Abuja]], a wani yanki da aka fi sani da Shiyyar <ref>"Steer Clear Of Three Arms Zone, Police Warn Nigerian Protesters". Sahara Reporters. New York City, United States. 2019-07-18. Retrieved 2020-02-17.</ref>Makamai Uku, don haka ana kiranta saboda kusancin ofisoshin da hadadden gidan shugaban kasar, Majalisar kasa, da kuma Kotun Koli.<ref>Shuaibu, Umar (2014-05-05). "The desecration of the Three Arms Zone". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2020-02-17.</ref> Bayani A shekara ta 1963, aka bayyana Tarayyar Najeriya kuma [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama Shugabanta na farko. An dakatar da daukaka kara daga Kotun Koli ta Tarayya zuwa ga Kwamitin [[Shari’a]] na Majalisar Koli a wancan lokacin, kuma Kotun Koli ta zama babbar kotu a [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Nnamdi Azikiwe: A True National Hero". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2022-03-02.</ref> A shekara ta 1976, Kotun Daukaka Kara (wacce aka fi sani da Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya) an kafa ta a matsayin kotun kasa don karbar daukaka kara daga Manyan Kotuna na kowace Jiha ta Najeriya 36, ​​wadanda su ne kotunan sauraren kararraki. Kotun Koli a yadda take a yanzu ta kasance ta tsara ta Dokar Kotun Koli ta shekara ta 1990 da kuma Babi na VII na Tsarin Mulkin shekara ta 1999 na Nijeriya.<ref>Sokefun, Justus; Njoku, Nduka (2016-03-30). "The Court System in Nigeria: Jurisdiction and Appeals". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2940058. <nowiki>{{cite journal}}</nowiki>: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)</ref> A karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na shekara ta 1999, Kotun Koli tana da bangarori na asali da na daukaka kara, tana da iko da kuma iko ita kadai don daukaka kararraki daga Kotun daukaka kara, tana da hurumin daukaka kara a kan dukkan kananan kotunan tarayya da manyan kotunan jihohi. Hukuncin da kotu ta yanke ya zama dole ga dukkan kotuna a Najeriya in banda Kotun Koli kanta.<ref>"Legal systems in Nigeria: overview". Practical Law. Retrieved 2022-04-11.</ref><ref>Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria". www.nigeria-law.org</ref><ref>Andrew Aondofa, Chila (2020-03-14). "HRH. (Justice) Sidi Dauda Bage: The 17th Emir Of Lafia". ''The Abusites''. Retrieved 2021-10-27.</ref> ==Tsari da tsari== '''Kotun kolin''' ta kunshi Babban Jojin Najeriya da kuma irin wadannan alkalai<ref>"NJC approves appointment of four Supreme Court Justices - Premium Times Nigeria". Premium Times. 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2020-02-17.</ref> wadanda ba su fi 21 ba, wanda Shugaban kasa ya nada bisa shawarar Majalisar [[Shari'a]] ta Kasa, (NJC) kuma Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da hakan. Alkalan Kotun Koli dole ne su cancanci yin aikin lauya a Najeriya,<ref>"Recruitment and Tenure of Supreme Court Justices in Nigeria"</ref> kuma dole ne sun kasance sun cancanta na tsawon lokacin da bai gaza shekaru goma sha biyar ba. Alkalan Kotun Koli na Najeriya suna da shekarun yin ritaya na dole na shekaru 70 a duniya.<ref>Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria". www.nigeria-law.org</ref> ==Alkalan Yanzu== Sune kamar haka: ==Wasu Kuma== ==Duba Kuma== [http://www.nigeria-law.org/SupremeCourtAct.htm Dokar Kotun Koli ta shekarar 1990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219144924/http://www.nigeria-law.org/SupremeCourtAct.htm |date=2020-02-19 }}. ==Hanyoyin Hadin Waje== * {{official | http: //www.scn.gov.ng/}} * [http://www.my-nigeria.com/tag/supreme-court/ Kotun Koli ta Labaran Najeriya] * [http://www.nigeria-law.org/Supreme%20Court%20of%20Nigeria.htm Kotun Koli ta Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204052139/http://www.nigeria-law.org/Supreme%20Court%20of%20Nigeria.htm |date=2020-02-04 }} * [http://www.ngex.com/nigeria/govt/constitution/con7p1p1.htm Sashe na Tsarin Mulkin 1999 na Najeriya game da Hukuncin Shari'a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830053917/http://ngex.com/nigeria/govt/constitution/con7p1p1.htm |date=2008-08-30 }} == Dubawa == == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Najeriya, Kotun Ƙoli}} [[Category:Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya | ]] [[Category:Dokar Najeriya]] [[Category:Gwamnatin Najeriya]] [[Category:Siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Kotunan Ƙoli na ƙasa| Nigeria]] [[Category:Sashin shari'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:Kamfanonin da aka kafa a 1963 a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kotunan da aka kafa a shekara ta 1963]] 4qngr5teb1uszntmk1bbo20gcvns8hs 0 19342 862799 443861 2026-06-21T10:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mohamed_Guessous.jpg|thumb| Mohammad Zaman]] '''Mohamed Guessous''' (1938 &#x2013; 7 Fabrairu 2014) wani [[Moroko|Morocco]] ilimi, himmar aiki, malama, kuma [[Kimiyar al'umma|sociologist]] . Ya kuma kasance ɗan [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] a cikin ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Soja . Yayi karatu a [[Kanada]] da kuma Jami'ar Princeton a [[New Jersey]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . An haifeshi a [[Fas|Fes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/challenge/30753|title=Mohamed Guessous n'est plus|date=2 February 2014|accessdate=30 March 2014|work=[[Maghress]]|language=French|archive-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322013334/http://www.maghress.com/fr/challenge/30753|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dalilin mutuwa == Guessous ya mutu bayan doguwar rashin lafiya a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2014 a [[Rabat]], yana da shekara 76. An kira shi "Uba na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Maroko". {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] [[Category:Ƴan Siyasar Afrika]] gcbbiececwkv3vr55mh33hwrd5djvlp 0 19653 862808 816412 2026-06-21T10:23:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_(3).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mohamed Seghir Boushaki]] '''Mohamed Seghir Boushaki''' (larabci: [محمد الصغير بوسحاقي]), (an haife shi 27 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1869, a Thénia, Lardin Boumerdès, Kabylie, Algeria; ya mutu a shekara ta alif 1959, a Thenia, Algeria) ɗan siyasar [[Abzinawa]] ne na [[Aljeriya]] bayan [[Faransa]] ta mamaye Algeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6466914t|title=Journal officiel de la République française. Débats parlementaires. Sénat : compte rendu in-extenso|date=19 May 1921|website=Gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Mohamed Seghir Boushaki a shekara ta alif 1869, a ƙauyen Thala Oufella (Kabyle: ⵟⵀⴰⵍⴰ O ⵓⴼⴻⵍⵍⴰ) ana kiransa [[Soumâa]] (ana kiransa Larabci: الصومعة) saboda kango na Benian ntâa Soumâa.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b72002410|title=Carte de l'Algérie divisée par tribus / par MM. E. Carette et Auguste Warnier ; Membres de la Commission Scientifique de l'Algérie|first1=Ernest (1808–1890) Fonction indéterminée|last1=Carette|first2=Auguste (1810–1875) Fonction indéterminée|last2=Warnier|date=1 January 1846|website=Gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref> Wannan tsohuwar katanga ta Berber ta Benian ntâa Soumâa ta Sarki Nubel [fr] ne ya gina ta lokacin da yankin na thenia ya kasance babban birnin Kabylie da Mitidja a Arewacin Afirka a lokacin tsufa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/Tarikh.Al-jazair.Al-am/kitab#page/n541/mode/2up |title=كتاب تاريخ الجزائر العام للشيخ عبد الرحمان الجيلالي |website=Archive.org |date=21 July 2010 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Kasashen da suka fara daga Oued Boumerdès da Oued Meraldene a yamma zuwa Oued Isser zuwa gabashin ƙauyen "Thala Oufella ([[Soumâa]])" na toabilar "Aïth Aïcha" wanda Mohamed ya kasance Seghir Boushaki kafin Faransa ta mamaye Algeria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/fr/record/9200365/BibliographicResource_1000054848897.html |title=Carte de l'Algérie divisée par tribus / par MM. E. Carette et Auguste Warnier ; Membres de la Commission Scientifique de l'Algérie &#124; Carette, Ernest (1808–1890) and Warnier, Auguste (1810–1875) – Europeana |website=Europeana.eu |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Shekaru biyu kacal da haihuwar Mohamecd Seghir, duk Kabylie sun yi gangami zuwa "Tawayen Mokrani" a ranar 16 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 1871, don korar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga filin da tudu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/RepertoireAlphabtiqueDesTribusEtDouarsDeLalgrie1879/N5860320_PDF_1_-1DM#page/n93/mode/2up|title=Repertoire Alphabétique des tribus et douars de l'Algérie 1879|accessdate=25 February 2017}}</ref> Bayan kayar da 'yan uwantaka ta Rahmaniya a wannan rikici na Kabyle, an tura shugabannin kabilun zuwa New Caledonia, daga cikinsu Cheikh Boumerdassi da "Ahmed Ben Belkacem" shugaban "Aïth Aïcha" wanda kuma ke kusa da Mohamed Seghir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bordj.info/spip.php?article1467|title=Liste des déportés algériens en Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1867–1895 – Bordj info|last=R.B.|website=Bordj.info|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225163945/http://www.bordj.info/spip.php?article1467|archive-date=25 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Ahmed Ben Belkacem", an haife shi a shekarar alif 1837, kuma ɗan Ahmed ne, an tasa keyarsa ƙarƙashin "Lambar 18744".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bordj.info/IMG/jpg/Docu2.jpg |format=JPG |title=318 List |website=Bordj.info |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> == Iyali == Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya girma a cikin babban iyali inda babban wansa "Ali Boushaki" (1855-1965) ya kasance abin koyi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyvgS7tbAxQC&pg=PA40|title=Imperial Identities: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Race in Colonial Algeria|first=Patricia M. E.|last=Lorcin|date=16 July 1999|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860643767|via=Google Books}}</ref> Mahaifinsu "Mohamed Boushaki" (1834-1889), wanda aka fi sani da "Moh Ouaâli" (Larabci: موح واعلي}, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga balaguron Faransawa zuwa garin Dellys daga 7 zuwa 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1844 kuma wanda ya lalace garuruwa da yawa na Kabylie, gami da "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUBYtw9hRNMC&pg=PA189|title=saint arnaud marechal de france|first=Louis de|last=Charbonnières|date=1 January 1960|publisher=Nouvelles Editions Latines|isbn=9782723312301|via=Google Books}}</ref> Don haka, kakan Mohamed Seghir, "Ali Boushaki" (1823-1846) wanda ya auri "Khdaouedj Dekkiche" daga ƙauyen Gueraïchene na Souk El-Had, yana ɗaya daga cikin shahidan Kabyle a lokacin yaƙi da Frenchasar Faransa na Kabylie, ya bar nasa ɗa "Moh Ouaâli" maraya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sL3Tvgrs0DEC&pg=PA56|title=Une grande figure, Saint-Arnaud maréchal de France|first=Louis de|last=Charbonnières|date=1 January 1960|publisher=Nouvelles Editions Latines|via=Google Books}}</ref> Kisan gillar da aka yiwa Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud ya cika kuma ƙauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" ya lalace, kaka mai takaba "Khdaouedj Dekkiche" kawai zata iya kiyaye ɗanta "Moh Ouaâli" ta ɗauke shi tare da iyayenta a ƙauyen Gueraïchene (Larabci: إيقرعيشن) a Souk El-Had har zuwa balagarta da sake gina garinsa na asali a cikin "Aïth Aïcha" kabilar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cerclealgerianiste.fr/index.php/archives/encyclopedie-algerianiste/histoire/histoire-militaire/generalites-militaires/232-le-marechal-de-saint-arnaud-l-algerie-et-la-france|title=Le maréchal de Saint-Arnaud, l'Algérie et la France – Géneralités militaires|website=Cerclealgerianiste.fr|accessdate=28 February 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011332/http://www.cerclealgerianiste.fr/index.php/archives/encyclopedie-algerianiste/histoire/histoire-militaire/generalites-militaires/232-le-marechal-de-saint-arnaud-l-algerie-et-la-france|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa zuwa "Thala Oufella" a cikin shekarar 1852 yana da shekara 18, "Mohamed Boushaki (Moh Ouaâli)" ya auri ɗan uwansa "Aïcha Ishak-Boushaki" daga ƙauyen Meraldene wanda ya haifa "Ali Boushaki" a shekarar 1855 sannan kuma daga "Mohamed Seghir Boushaki "a cikin shekarar 1869.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedie-afn.org/24_OFFICIERS_DE_L%E2%80%99ARM%C3%89E_BELGE|title=24 OFFICIERS DE L'ARMÉE BELGE – 1830–1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN|website=Encyclopedia-afn.org|accessdate=28 February 2017|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183312/http://encyclopedie-afn.org/24_OFFICIERS_DE_L%E2%80%99ARM%C3%89E_BELGE|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Karatu == Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya fara karatun Alkur'ani ne a cikin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki da aka sake ginawa a ƙauyen "Thala Oufella" kusa da kabarin kakan kakansa Sidi Boushaki (1394–1453) wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin masanan da masu ilimin tauhidi kafin isowar Ottomans a Aljeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |title=Menerville |website=Jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> A halin yanzu, filayen tsaunin Dutsen "Aïth Aïcha", arewacin ƙauyen "Thala Oufella", an mallake shi tun farkon shekarar 1871 ta hannun manoman Alsatian da Lorraine waɗanda suka zo daga Faransa don gano garin Ménerville.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/geo.php?lieu=Bellefontaine%20(Alg%C3%A9rie) |title=Recherche géographique |website=Anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>{{,}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mekerra.fr/images/alsaciens/alsaciens-lorrains-emigration.pdf |title=Alsaciens – Lorrains en Algerie |website=Mekerra.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705215044/http://www.mekerra.fr/images/alsaciens/alsaciens-lorrains-emigration.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka, daga 1874 zuwa 1881, Mohamed Seghir ya yi kiwon garken garin tare da dan uwansa Ali da kuma dan uwan ​​nasa yayin da yake ci gaba da karantarwar Musulmi a kauyensu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.departement06.fr/documents/Import/decouvrir-les-am/rr191-indigenes.pdf |title=INDIGENES ET COLONISATION DANS LA PRESSE NICOISE DE LA BELLE EPOQUE |website=Departement06.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Bayan kirkirar ofisoshin Larabawa a Kabylie da kuma kafa rajistar fararen hula da gwamna Louis Tirman ya yi, an jingina sabbin alamomin ga dangin "Aïth Aïcha", kuma an mika wa mazauna kauyukan takardun shaida, wanda ya ba Mohamed damar Seghir Boushaki don ci gaba da karatu a [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif]], da kuma a Tizi Ouzou a cikin "Zawiya na Sheikh Mohand Ameziane" inda ya saba da yawancin mashahuran masu zuwa na Babban Kabylie.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHJ_016_0093|title=Le statut des musulmans en Algérie coloniale|first=Patrick|last=Weil|date=22 February 2017|issue=16|pages=93–109|via=Cairn.info}}</ref> Karatu mai zurfi da tafsirin da Mohamed Seghir ya karba a cikin Tizi Ouzou Zawiyas, da kuma yawan halartar baƙi na Faransawa, sun ba shi damar yin tsokaci a cikin al'adun Berber-Arab a gefe guda, kuma ya buɗe kan gaskiyar gaskiyar Kasancewar Turawa a Kabylie na wani gabar teku, saboda haka ba shi babban jari mai amfani da harsuna uku don neman tafiyarsa ta siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seddouk-ouffella.com/documents/article/la-tarika-rahmania|title=Seddouk Ouffella, village de Cheikh Ahaddad|website=Seddouk-ouffella.com|accessdate=28 February 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105254/http://www.seddouk-ouffella.com/documents/article/la-tarika-rahmania|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == [[File:Confédérations et tribus de la Grande Kabylie (Tamawya Taqbaylit) Algérie.jpg|thumb|[[:fr:Tribus de la Kabylie|Kabylie kabilu]]]] Bayan shekaru goma na karatun addinin Islama a Great Kabylie, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya zauna a ƙauyensa "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" a cikin 1891 kuma ya fara aiki a harkar noma da kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kouider Djouab |url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/244086 |title=La ville 'lieu du Soldat', une histoire méconnue |website=Djazairess.com |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233419/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/244086 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kware a fannin noman bishiyar carob ta hanyar sakar wata cibiyar sadarwar danyar wake ta sayarwa a cikin jihar da kuma sarrafa shi cikin danko da kuma wake na moro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170222082624/http://dspace.univ-tlemcen.dz/bitstream/112/304/1/Etude-de-la-valeur-nutritive-de-la-caroube-de-differentes-varietes-Algeriennes.pdf]</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami shahararrun riba wanda ya ba shi damar yin hayar gida a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Ménerville (Thénia) da ke iyaka da "Oued Arbia" inda ya yi aure a shekarar 1898 yana da shekara 29 tare da Fatma Cherifi, ɗiyar wani dangi mai arziki da ke zaune kusa da Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif a Sidi Daoud tare da Kogin Sebaou.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memoria.dz/jui-2012/figures-historiques/17-ans-lutte-l-emir-visit-trois-fois-la-kabylie |title=En 17 ans de lutte, l'Emir a visité trois fois la Kabylie |language=fr |website=Memoria.dz |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105646/https://www.memoria.dz/jui-2012/figures-historiques/17-ans-lutte-l-emir-visit-trois-fois-la-kabylie |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mohamed Seghir ya sauya tsarin tattara danyen wake a Kabylie zuwa wani hadadden kawance tsakanin kauyuka ta hanyar aure a tsohuwar Sashin Algiers wanda ya sake hada wilayan Algiers, Boumerdes, Tizi Ouzou, Bouira, Blida da Tipaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/mobile/detail-article/id/15651 |title=Histoire : Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine le saint aux deux tombeaux |website=Elmoudjahid.com |date=18 August 2011 |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105954/http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/mobile/detail-article/id/15651 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da yake kasancewa mai cikakken goyon bayan Sufi Tariqa na Rahmaniyya, ya yawaita zuwa masallatai biyu na Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine a Bounouh (Boghni) da Hamma (Algiers), kuma da zaran ya haifi ɗa na farko a shekarar 1907, shi sanya masa suna "M'Hamed Boushaki" don tunawa da masanin ilimin kabyle "M'Hamed Ben Abderrahmane El Azhari".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/108610 |title=Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine |website=Djazairess.com |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811001701/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/108610 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban kasuwancin sa ya ba shi damar halartar kasuwannin mako a duk cikin Kabylie inda ake tattaunawa kan ma'amaloli da yarjejeniyar aure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre%20algerie/deux%20peuples-marche%20kabyle%20.html |title=Le marché en Kabylie pendant la guerre d'algerie |website=Histoire-en-questions.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233911/https://www.histoire-en-questions.fr/guerre%20algerie/deux%20peuples-marche%20kabyle%20.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yaƙin Duniya na 1 == Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya rasa matarsa ​​ta farko "Fatma Cherifi" a shekara ta 1914 jim kadan kafin barkewar yakin duniya na daya lokacin da ya kai shekaru 45, ya bar masa yara marayu da dama a kansa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sourcesdelagrandeguerre.fr/?p=3240|title=Retrouver un soldat algérien dans les archives françaises|date=28 May 2014|accessdate=25 February 2017}}</ref> Sannan ya sake yin aure da sauri tare da "Khdaouedj Tafat Bouzid" daga ƙauyen "Aïth Thafath" a cikin Chabet el Ameur, wanda ke kula da marayu sannan kuma ta haifa masa wasu sabbin yaran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lerhumel.free.fr/Ebooks/Description%20de%20l'Alg%E9rie%201847.pdf |title=Description et Division De L'Algerie |website=Lerhumel.free.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Faransawan da suka yi mulkin mallaka, wadanda sojojin Jamus da Stormtrooper suka kewaye shi, sun yi kira ga matasan Aljeriya da ke cikin rukunin dakarunta a cikin babban birni tare da alkawarin ba su a musayar wasu 'yan kasa da ke cikin Aljeriya kuma me zai hana a ba su cikakken' yanci.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK-hAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA360|title=Chroniques tizi-ouziennes et regionales, 1914–1928|first=Jean de|last=Crescenzo|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9782952584111|via=Google Books}}</ref> Yawancin yara da yawa na Khachna da Great Kabylie an dauke su aiki a gaban Faransa a Turai, daga cikinsu akwai dangin Mohamed Seghir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63719824 |title=La Tranchée : organe officiel de l'Amicale des mutilés du dépt. d'Alger et de la Fédération départementale des victimes de la guerre &#124; 1937-12 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Daya daga cikin wadannan sojojin kabyle shine dan dan uwansa "Ali Boushaki", dan dan uwansa "Abderrahmane Boushaki" wanda ya kasance kofur a cikin "runduna ta 1 ta masu sharpshooters ta Algeria" daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6475945b |title=Journal officiel de la République française. Lois et décrets &#124; 1923-06-21 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Bambancin da kayan adon bayan dawowar dan dan uwan ​​"Abderrahmane Boushaki" wanda aka yanka daga Faransa ya ba shi tare da danginsa da danginsa karin girma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Algeria bayan 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6586446v |title=L'Algérie mutilée : organe de défense des mutilés, réformés, blessés, anciens combattants, veuves, orphelins, ascendants de la Grande Guerre : bulletin officiel de l'Amicale des mutilés du département d'Alger &#124; 1925-04-01 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> == Hanyar 'yan bindiga == [[File:ELD - Tirailleurs algériens blessés installés dans les autobus d'ambulance.JPG|thumb|[[:fr:1er régiment de tirailleurs algériens|Runduna ta 1 na masu ƙarancin finafinan Algeria]]]] Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya fara gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya a siyasa a matsayin wani bangare na mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga shekarar 1918 zuwa.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://insaniyat.revues.org/13001?lang=ar|title=Tizi-Ouzou : historique d'un col et son urbanisation|first=Saïd|last=Doumane|journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات|date=31 December 2011|issue=54|pages=13–29|via=insaniyat.revues.org|doi=10.4000/insaniyat.13001}}</ref>{{,}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://perso.netopi.fr/lkeller/palestro/souvenirs/archives/cfa.htm |title=Arrivée du train à Palestro |website=Perso.netopi.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222105940/http://perso.netopi.fr/lkeller/palestro/souvenirs/archives/cfa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar siyasa ta Mohamed Seghir ba ta koma Algiers don zama a can ba saboda ana samun jigilar kaya ta layin dogo da ya hada Tizi Ouzou zuwa Algiers wanda aka kammala shi a shekarar 1888 bayan an hade Bouira da Algiers a shekarar 1886.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cerclealgerianiste.fr/index.php/archives/encyclopedie-algerianiste/territoire/villes-et-villages-d-algerie/algerois/97-tizi-ouzou |title=Tizi-Ouzou &#124; Algérois |website=Cerclealgerianiste.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608103839/http://www.cerclealgerianiste.fr/index.php/archives/encyclopedie-algerianiste/territoire/villes-et-villages-d-algerie/algerois/97-tizi-ouzou |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shekaru 49 a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya tare da yara kusan goma a cikin kulawarsa da alhakinsa, Mohamed Seghir bai iya yunƙurin zama a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin Algiers ba ta hanyar ɗaukar kasada na manta kansa da narkewa a cikin cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar birni mulkin mallaka nesa da tsammanin mutanen ƙauyen Kabylian sun hau kan tsaunukan su kuma suna tunani game da Turawan zama waɗanda suka ɓata musu gonakinsu da makiyayarsu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piedsnoirs-aujourdhui.com/reali9.html |title=Les Chemins De Fer |website=Piedsnoirs-aujourdhui.com |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104131442/http://www.piedsnoirs-aujourdhui.com/reali9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sabon matsayin gatan dan dan uwansa "Abderrahmane Boushaki" a matsayinsa na tsohon soja ya ba wa "Arch of Aïth Aïcha" damar sake gina "Zawiya na Sidi Boushaki", wanda aka lalata a shekarar 1844 a ƙauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)", tare da addu'a daki, makarantar koranta, ginshiki mai kyau, da gida ga malamin kur'ani. Wani magidanci dan kasar Faransa ya tsara Zawiya ta kauye cikin salon Berber-Moorish.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/medit_0025-8296_1964_num_5_2_1118|title=Les hommes et leurs activités dans la plaine des Issers|first=Yves|last=Sarthe|journal=Méditerranée|year=1964|volume=5|issue=2|pages=133–145|doi=10.3406/medit.1964.1118}}</ref> Zuwan attajirin mai gidan "Mohamed Naïth Saïdi" daga yankin Larbaâ Nath Irathen don ya zauna a garin Ménerville (Thenia) na mulkin mallaka ya kasance wani mahimmin juyi a yankin "Aïth Aïcha", saboda ya auri wani dan uwan ​​Mohamed Seghir Boushaki, Kuma ya gina dukkan gundumomi a cikin salon Moorish a tsakiyar wanda aka gina masallaci na farko a Lower Kabylia bayan mulkin mallakar Faransa.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-AJ174uPtwC&pg=PA79|title=Alsaciens et Lorrains en Algérie: histoire d'une migration, 1830-1914|first=Fabienne|last=Fischer|date=1 January 1999|publisher=SERRE EDITEUR|isbn=9782906431430|via=Google Books}}</ref> Hakan ya biyo bayan zuwan iyalai da yawa na Kabylian daga Djurdjura, kamar "Redjouani" da "Djennadi", don sasantawa tsakanin baƙi na Turai a Ménerville (Thenia) kuma don haka inganta bayyanar wayewar kai na ƙasa tsakanin Tizi Ouzou da Algiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umc.edu.dz/images/N_65-66-MEYNIER.pdf |title=L'Algérie et les Algériens sous le système colonial. Approche historico historiographique |author=Gilbert Meynier |website=Umc.edu.dz |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223232621/https://www.umc.edu.dz/images/N_65-66-MEYNIER.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dokar Jonnart == [[File:Charles Jonnart 1918.jpg|thumb|upright|[[:fr:Charles Jonnart|Charles Jonnart]]]] Babban labarin: [[Zaben kananan hukumomin Aljeriya na 1919]]<br> Duba kuma: [[Koken 'Yancin Siyasar Aljeriya na 1920]]<br> Theaddamar da tsarin sake tura jama'a, cibiyoyi da zamantakewar jama'a a Kabylie ta asalin mazauna sun sami keta doka ta hanyar Dokar Jonnart da Charles Jonnart ya yi shela a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1919 kuma ya ba wa 'yan Aljeriya damar zaɓa da zaɓaɓɓu a majalisun dokokin birni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.algeria.com/forums/history-histoire/22056-les-premi%E8res-%E9lections-alg%E9riennes-1919-1925-a.html |title=Les premières élections algériennes (1919–1925) |website=Algeria.com |date=30 November 2007 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75791317 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1919-12-02 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=2 December 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Don haka, zaɓen birni na farko bayan yaƙin bayan gari ya gudana a Algeria a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1919, wanda Mohamed Seghir Boushaki da Sarki Khaled suka halarci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7579128r |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1919-11-29 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=29 November 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK-hAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|title=Chroniques tizi-ouziennes et regionales, 1914–1928|first=Jean de|last=Crescenzo|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9782952584111|via=Google Books}}</ref> Gwagwarmayar Mohamed Seghir bayan shekara ta 1919 ta ta'allaka ne game da gwagwarmayar halaccin mulkin mallaka, yayin da yake kasancewa mai ƙiyayya ga ikon mallakar ƙasa amma har ila yau yana gwagwarmayar daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin Algeria da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1966_num_2_1_929|title=Enquête sur les origines du nationalisme algérien. L'émir Khaled, petit-fils d'Abd El-Kader, fut-il le premier nationaliste algérien ?|first=Charles-Robert|last=Ageron|journal=Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée|year=1966|volume=2|issue=1|pages=9–49|doi=10.3406/remmm.1966.929}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kabyleuniversel.com/2011/06/01/lemir-khaled-et-la-naissance-du-mouvement-nationaliste-algerien/ |title=L'Emir Khaled et la naissance du mouvement nationaliste algérien |website=KabyleUniversel.com |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817113553/http://kabyleuniversel.com/2011/06/01/lemir-khaled-et-la-naissance-du-mouvement-nationaliste-algerien/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gudanar da zaben Magajin garin Ménerville (Thenia) da mataimakansa a ranar Lahadi, 7 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1919, a zabukan Karamar Hukumar inda "César Boniface" a matsayin magajin gari, da mataimakansa "Auguste Schneider", "Georges Egrot" Da "Samuel Juvin ", an zabe su duka da kuri'u 23 daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a 24.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75791406 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1919-12-11 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=11 December 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> An zabi Mohamed Seghir a matsayin kansilan gari mai wakiltar Douar na "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" a cikin Municipal na Ménerville a cikin ƙungiyar "César Boniface" na tsawon shekaru 5 daga shekarar 1920 zuwa shekarar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan majalissar Aljeriya sun zauna a zauren Ménerville Town Hall kusa da Mohamed Seghir kuma sun wakilci Douars daban-daban da suka kewaye garin mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7579130t |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1919-12-01 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=1 December 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> == Shigarwa == [[File:الأمير خالد.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Khalid ibn Hashim|Emir Khaled]]]] Tun a shekarar 1920, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki tare da Sarki Khaled suka hada dabarun siyasa na kutsawa cikin tsarin mulki da al'adun mulkin mallaka, tare da kariyar da za ta ba su damar zuwa Sashin Algiers ba tare da wata matsala ba don saduwa da manyan masu kishin kasa. gefuna. Wannan hukumar zaben ta baiwa Mohamed Seghir damar cin gajiyar dama da dama na matsayin kansila na gari kamar samun sassauci don gudanar da gonar hekta 70 da ke kudu maso gabashin birnin Merverville a gefen kauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa) "da kuma 'yar tazara daga Oued Isser. "Sarki Khaled" ya yi amfani da wannan shigarwar da kutsawa ya kuma ziyarci kauyuka da kauyukan Sashin Algiers, kamar yadda kakansa sarki Abdelkader shi ma ya kasance yana wa'azin 'yanci ga' yan Aljeriya fiye da wadanda dokar Jonnart ta bayar. Yawancin ayyukan siyasa na Mohamed Seghir tare da Sarki Khaled ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da wannan mulkin na shekarar 1923 ya yi ƙaura zuwa mulkin Misira zuwa Masar don ƙoƙari ya fusata haɓakar eancin Algeria da Kabyle. A shekarar 1924, Mohamed Seghir ya sami izini don bude "Moorish Café" a cikin garin Ménerville wanda ke kallon titin Avenue de la Republique, inda dansa M'Hamed Boushaki (1907 - 1995) ya tafi Don yin aiki tare da 'yan uwansa har zuwa barkewar cutar Aljeriya juyin juya halin 'yanci a 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1954. Kaɗan kadan Mohamed Seghir ya zama ɓangare na wasan siyasa na mulkin mallaka kuma ya fara sanya coan uwansa da danginsa a cikin ayyukan gudanarwa da sabis a cikin "Canton of Alma (Boudouaou)" da kuma cikin Algiers don ƙarfafa kasancewar Kabyle a babban birnin su lalatar da kakannin kakanni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57765481 |title=La Tafna. Journal de l'arrondissement de Tlemcen &#124; 1907-09-11 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> == Sufanci == [[File:Bounouh CheikhBenAbderrahmane 22Mar.png|thumb|[[:ar:زاوية بونوح|Zawiyet Bounouh]]]] Mohamed Seghir Boushaki bai fasa dangantakarsa ta ruhaniya da dangi ba tare da mabiyan Zawiyas Rahmaniyya na Tizi Ouzou wadanda sukan ziyarce shi a gidansa da ke Ménerville, suka yi hanya zuwa "Moorish Café" yayin motsinsu kuma suka zauna kamar shi a cikin Zagaye na 27 na Tizi Ouzou kamar shi a mazaba ta 29 na Alma (Boudouaou).<ref>{{cite web |author=Nawel Ben |url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemidi/1009150501 |title=Bounouh ou le bercail de Sidi Abderrahmane |website=Djazairess.com |date=15 September 2010 |accessdate=28 February 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811001738/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemidi/1009150501 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin bukukuwan addini, ayarin motocin mutane na Kabyle Sufis sun haɗu da ƙauyukan "Aïth Aïcha" da na "Aïth Guechtoula" na Boghni tare da zabura, karatun da intonations duk a hanyar da ta kai kusan kilomita 40. Mahajjata da almajiran Kabyle sun fara daga Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki don isa Bounouh Zaouiya domin yin Maulidin kowace shekara. Bayan haka Mohamed Seghir ya gina gidan fasinjoji na sa kai a "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" don maraba da wadannan almajiran Sufayen a lokacin da suke yawo a addini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Celebrate Muhammad's Birthday But Not Christmas?|url=https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/celebrate-mawlid-not-christmas/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=About Islam|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya taba tura dansa "M'Hamed Boushaki" tare da sauran 'yan uwansa don yin karatu a "Boumerdassi Zawiya" kudu da Tidjelabine. A halin yanzu, babban wansa "Ali Boushaki" (1855-1965) ya bi hanyar tauhidi don zama ɗayan muftin na Lower Kabylie bisa ga al'adar Maliki kuma an kira shi Mokaddem na tarika Rahmaniyya a yankin tsakanin Mitidja da Djurdjura , da kuma matsayinsa na Limamin wa'azi a Masallacin Ménerville.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ethnopolis-net.over-blog.com/2015/01/confreries-soufies-en-kabylie.html |title=Confréries soufies en kabylie – Ethnopolis |website=Ethnopolis-net.over-blog.com |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> == Amincewa == [[File:L'hémicycle du Sénat français en septembre 2009.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Senate (France)|Majalisar Dattawan Faransa]]]] Kansila Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya yi fice daga shekarar 1920 zuwa shekarar 1925 a fagen siyasa, zamantakewa da addinai a yayin aikinsa na siyasa na farko bayan fitar da Dokar Jonnart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75826757 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1927-08-12 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Ta haka ne Mohamed Seghir ya tattara goyon bayan 'yan majalisun Aljeriya da yawa don yin da kuma sanya hannu a "Takardar Namba 30" mai kwanan wata 18 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1920, inda ya yi zanga-zanga tare da takwarorinsa da yawa zuwa Majalisar Dattawa game da tanadin wani kudirin doka da Gwamnatin Faransa game da tsara tsarin Indigénat a Aljeriya da karɓar asalin Aljeriya zuwa haƙƙin siyasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7581527h |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1925-05-06 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Wannan "Takaddama mai lamba 30" ta Mohamed Seghir da abokan aikin sa an binciki ta ne Sanatan Landes na lokacin wanda yake Charles Cadilhon a matsayin mai rubuta rahoton zaman majalisar dattijai a karkashin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Faransa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7581529b |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1925-05-08 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Mohamed Seghir ya yi karatun ta natsu game da yadda ake zartar da shawarwarin kwamitocin koke-koke a karkashin doka ta 100 ta dokokin aikin majalisar dattijan Faransa wanda ya tanadi cewa kowane sanata na iya neman rahoton a bainar jama'a a gaban koke ko wane irin rarrabuwa ne wanda Kwamitin ya ba shi a kan bukatarsa, ya rubuta a rubuce zuwa ga Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan, don a gabatar da wannan rahoton a zaman Majalisar Dattawa. Bayan ƙarewar lokacin da aka tsara don aiwatar da ƙararraki, ƙudurin Kwamitin zai zama na ƙarshe game da buƙatun waɗanda ba batun batun jama'a ba ne kuma za a ambata su a cikin Journal officiel de la République française.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75841984 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1935-05-25 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=25 May 1935 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Don haka "Takardar Noma 30" ta kasance kuma an tattauna sosai kafin a buga ta a cikin Jaridar Jaridar 20 watan Mayu shekarar 1921.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/chan/chan/pdf/sm/C_14629_15246.pdf |title=Les archives de la Chambre des députés sous la Troisième République (1919–1942) |website=Senat.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> "Majalisar dattijai ta Jamhuriya ta Uku" ce ta yi muhawara game da wannan koke ƙarƙashin shugabancin Léon Bourgeois.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/comptes-rendus-seances/3eme/pdf/1920/07/S19200730_1603_1646.pdf |title=Journal Officiel |date=31 July 1920 |website=Senat.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> == Sharuɗɗan ofis == [[File:Hôpital de Thénia.jpg|thumb|Dutsen Thala Oufella (Soumâa) in [[:en:Thenia|Thenia]].]] <center> {| class="wikitable" |+ Sharuɗɗan ofis na Mohamed Seghir Boushaki |- ! scope="col" style="background-color: pink;" | N° ! scope="col" style="background-color: pink;" | Ofis ! scope="col" style="background-color: pink;" | [[:en:Location (geography)|Wuri]] ! scope="col" style="background-color: pink;" | Daga ! scope="col" style="background-color: pink;" | Zuwa ! scope="col" style="background-color: pink;" | [[:en:List of French governors of Algeria|Gwamnan Aljeriya]] |- ! style="text-align:center;" | 01 | style="text-align:left; " | [[:en:City council (France)|Majalisar gari]] ta [[:en:French Algeria|Faransa Aljeriya]] | style="text-align:left; " | [[:en:Thenia|Thenia]] | style="text-align:center;" | 30 Nuwamba Nuwamba 1919<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7579132n |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1919-12-03 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |date=3 December 1919 |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 3 Mayu 1925<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75815248 |title=L'Echo d'Alger : journal républicain du matin &#124; 1925-05-03 |language=fr |website=Gallica.bnf.fr |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | [[:en:Jean-Baptiste Abel|Jean-Baptiste Abel]]<br />[[:en:Théodore Steeg|Théodore Steeg]]<br />Henri Dubief |- ! style="text-align:center;" | 02 | style="text-align:left; " | [[:en:City council (France)|Majalisar gari]] ta [[:en:French Algeria|Faransa Aljeriya]] | style="text-align:left; " | [[:en:Thenia|Thenia]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 Mayu 1925 | style="text-align:center;" | 1930 | style="text-align:center;" | [[:en:Maurice Viollette|Maurice Viollette]]<br />[[:fr:Pierre Bordes|Pierre Bordes]] |- ! style="text-align:center;" | 03 | style="text-align:left; " | [[:en:City council (France)|Majalisar gari]] ta [[:en:French Algeria|Faransa Aljeriya]] | style="text-align:left; " | [[:en:Thenia|Thenia]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1935 | style="text-align:center;" | 1939 | style="text-align:center;" | Georges Le Beau |} </center> == Duba kuma == * [[Zaben kananan hukumomin Aljeriya na 1919]] * [[Koken 'Yancin Siyasar Aljeriya na 1920]] * [[Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Brahim Boushaki]] * [[Malikiyya]] * [[Sufiyya]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif]] == Majiya == [[File:Thenia 11092012.jpg|thumb|Dutsen wucewa na garin Thenia.]] * {{cite book |date= 20 May 1921 |chapter= Pétitions |work= Journal officiel de la République française. |title= Sénat: Séance du 18 juillet 1920. |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6466914t |language= French |volume= N° 73 |location= Paris |publisher= Quai Voltaire |pages= 1172 |quote= Citation: p. 1170 }} * {{cite book |date= 6 May 1925 |work= L'Écho d'Alger. |title= Élections municipales 1925. |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7581527h |language= French |volume= N° 5689 |edition= 14ème Année |location= [[Algiers|Alger]] |publisher= Boulevard Carnot |pages= 8 |quote= Citation: p. 5 }} * {{cite book |date= 8 May 1925 |work= L'Écho d'Alger. |title= Élections municipales 1925. |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7581529b |language= French |volume= N° 5691 |edition= 14ème Année |location= [[Algiers|Alger]] |publisher= Boulevard Carnot |pages= 8 |quote= Citation: p. 5 }} * {{cite book |date= 12 August 1927 |work= L'Écho d'Alger. |title= Mandat municipal. |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75826757 |language= French |volume= N° 6516 |edition= 16ème Année |location= [[Algiers|Alger]] |publisher= Boulevard Carnot |pages= 4 |quote= Citation: p. 2 }} * {{cite book |date= 25 May 1935 |work= L'Écho d'Alger. |title= Élections municipales 1935. |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75841984 |language= French |volume= N° 9059 |edition= 24ème Année |location= [[Algiers|Alger]] |publisher= Boulevard Carnot |pages= 8 |quote= Citation: p. 6 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://www.thenia.net/ Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418232811/http://thenia.net/ |date=2021-04-18 }} * [http://menerville.free.fr/ Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962] * [http://menerville2.free.fr/ Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962] {{DEFAULTSORT:Boushaki, Mohamed Seghir}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1869]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1959]] [[Category:Mutanen Aljeriya]] [[Category:Iyalin Boushaki]] [[Category:Musulmai]] [[Category:Rahmaniyya]] [[Category:Sufiyya]] [[Category:'Yan siyasa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a0y3rl41awqcj4njqq1gv0vxnbciz96 4 21908 862479 861669 2026-06-20T21:28:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 862479 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. 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Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Mallamson|Mallamson]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mallamson|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 18 ga Yuni 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Salarabdolmohamadian|Salarabdolmohamadian]] |[[Special:Contributions/Salarabdolmohamadian|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 18 ga Yuni 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Mijkuo|Mijkuo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mijkuo|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 18 ga Yuni 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Armanaziz|Armanaziz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Armanaziz|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Publicwalrus|Publicwalrus]] |[[Special:Contributions/Publicwalrus|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Usernamemerish|Usernamemerish]] |[[Special:Contributions/Usernamemerish|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Damnum|Damnum]] |[[Special:Contributions/Damnum|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Abdullahi Aduwa|Abdullahi Aduwa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdullahi Aduwa|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Dilan Chryshantha|Dilan Chryshantha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dilan Chryshantha|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |10 |[[User:MRL2026|MRL2026]] |[[Special:Contributions/MRL2026|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Bumpf|Bumpf]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bumpf|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Mustapha Usman Hassan|Mustapha Usman Hassan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mustapha Usman Hassan|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Smartchris999|Smartchris999]] |[[Special:Contributions/Smartchris999|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Angeladamu|Angeladamu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Angeladamu|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Rama4EL|Rama4EL]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rama4EL|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Obuag|Obuag]] |[[Special:Contributions/Obuag|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Tanizakariya|Tanizakariya]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tanizakariya|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Redondo al cuadrado|Redondo al cuadrado]] |[[Special:Contributions/Redondo al cuadrado|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Momi Hauwa|Momi Hauwa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Momi Hauwa|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Modyibrahem260|Modyibrahem260]] |[[Special:Contributions/Modyibrahem260|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Michaelt1964|Michaelt1964]] |[[Special:Contributions/Michaelt1964|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |22 |[[User:𠥼迚 圕|𠥼迚 圕]] |[[Special:Contributions/𠥼迚 圕|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Hamman123|Hamman123]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hamman123|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Abduljabbar Adam|Abduljabbar Adam]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abduljabbar Adam|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Yohan Anthony Sunanda|Yohan Anthony Sunanda]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yohan Anthony Sunanda|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |26 |[[User:ImSnot|ImSnot]] |[[Special:Contributions/ImSnot|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |27 |[[User:The Crawler|The Crawler]] |[[Special:Contributions/The Crawler|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Amaka of God|Amaka of God]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amaka of God|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026 |- |29 |[[User:SomePacifisticGuy|SomePacifisticGuy]] |[[Special:Contributions/SomePacifisticGuy|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Fablicio Soares|Fablicio Soares]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fablicio Soares|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Gileselig|Gileselig]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gileselig|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |32 |[[User:KudamonoRabbit|KudamonoRabbit]] |[[Special:Contributions/KudamonoRabbit|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |33 |[[User:Snusho|Snusho]] |[[Special:Contributions/Snusho|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Binbasiru|Binbasiru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Binbasiru|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |35 |[[User:NafisatSaleh|NafisatSaleh]] |[[Special:Contributions/NafisatSaleh|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Istimicah|Istimicah]] |[[Special:Contributions/Istimicah|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |37 |[[User:Namir hosein|Namir hosein]] |[[Special:Contributions/Namir hosein|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Isanwanka|Isanwanka]] |[[Special:Contributions/Isanwanka|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |39 |[[User:RitterRoland|RitterRoland]] |[[Special:Contributions/RitterRoland|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |40 |[[User:PA-811|PA-811]] |[[Special:Contributions/PA-811|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Made-upsource|Made-upsource]] |[[Special:Contributions/Made-upsource|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |42 |[[User:Pxnaval|Pxnaval]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pxnaval|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Michaelmills293|Michaelmills293]] |[[Special:Contributions/Michaelmills293|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |44 |[[User:NarcisoFan2026|NarcisoFan2026]] |[[Special:Contributions/NarcisoFan2026|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |45 |[[User:Noesis~itwiki|Noesis~itwiki]] |[[Special:Contributions/Noesis~itwiki|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Wikifootix|Wikifootix]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wikifootix|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |47 |[[User:JoeJohnson2|JoeJohnson2]] |[[Special:Contributions/JoeJohnson2|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Psscat0509|Psscat0509]] |[[Special:Contributions/Psscat0509|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |49 |[[User:Johannes Rohr|Johannes Rohr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Johannes Rohr|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Детекруг|Детекруг]] |[[Special:Contributions/Детекруг|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Raufaser32|Raufaser32]] |[[Special:Contributions/Raufaser32|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Habibou Moussa|Habibou Moussa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Habibou Moussa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |53 |[[User:JohnWolugbom|JohnWolugbom]] |[[Special:Contributions/JohnWolugbom|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 20 ga Yuni 2026 |- |} mfs1vyy2f6ac6wzlup01r6zhot4b2jn 0 23450 862533 600501 2026-06-21T01:28:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masallacin Wechiau,''' masallaci ne da aka gina a cikin tsarin gine -ginen nakasar Sudan da salon Djenne a ƙauyen Wechiau da ke yankin Upper West .na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haun|first=William|date=2019-01-15|title=3 Things Christians Can Learn From West Africa’s Historic Mud Mosques|url=https://churchleaders.com/outreach-missions/outreach-missions-articles/341760-3-things-christians-can-learn-from-west-africas-historic-mud-mosques.html|access-date=2020-08-12|website=ChurchLeaders|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Museums & Monuments Board|url=https://www.ghanamuseums.org/ancient-mosques.php|access-date=2020-08-12|website=www.ghanamuseums.org|archive-date=2013-07-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704015530/http://www.ghanamuseums.org/ancient-mosques.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Add Wechiau Placemark {{!}} Wa, Upper West, Ghana Satellite Map|url=http://www.maplandia.com/ghana/upper-west/wa/wechiau/add/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=www.maplandia.com}}</ref> Tana da fasali iri ɗaya kamar masallacin Larabanga.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-25|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} 8 Historical mosques with similar architectural design|url=https://visitghana.com/blog/2019/04/25/8-historical-mosques-with-similar-architectural-design/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Siffofin == An ƙera Masallacin tare da mashup na duka salon Sudan da na Djenne na gine -gine. A da tana da buttresses kamar masallatan Sudan amma hasumiya daya kawai ta rage. Ciki yana da ginshiƙai waɗanda ƙanana ne kuma an keɓe su don tallafawa rufin laka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-28|title=Ghana's Historic Mosques: The Lost Ones|url=https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/09/28/ghana-historic-mosques-the-lost-ones/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=The Hauns in Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519082819/https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/09/28/ghana-historic-mosques-the-lost-ones/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Haun|first=William|title=Wechiau Historic Mud Mosque - South Side|date=2018-04-30|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/williamhaun/41205131675/|access-date=2020-08-12}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1tqb2e99twwd6y7swz37gbws9tk5l4n 0 23452 862529 746731 2026-06-21T01:08:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dondoli Mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin dondoli]] [[Fayil:Dondoli Central Mosque 20.jpg|thumb|masallacin dondoli]] [[Fayil:Pillars of the Dondoli Old Central Mosque 2.jpg|thumb|masallacin dondoli]] '''Masallacin Dondoli''' masallaci ne da aka gina da salon gine -ginen Sudan a ƙauyen Dondoli a Wa a yankin Upper West a Ghana. An sanya wa sunan unguwa masallaci ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-09-28|title=Ghana's Historic Mosques: The Lost Ones|url=https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/09/28/ghana-historic-mosques-the-lost-ones/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=The Hauns in Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519082819/https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/09/28/ghana-historic-mosques-the-lost-ones/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == An yi ikirarin wani mutum mai suna '''Karimafa''' wanda ya yi hijira daga Mali zuwa Wa ya gina masallacin. An yi ikirarin ana kiran masallacin da sunan Masallacin Karimafa bayan wanda ya kafa shi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Andrea|title=Mosque of Dondoli|url=https://www.imb.org/image/mosque-of-dondoli/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=International Mission Board}}</ref> An yi iƙirarin cewa an gina shi a cikin karni na 19. Yawancin al'ummomin da ke Arewacin Ghana Musulmai ne. A kusan karni na 10 Miladiyya, an ce Musulunci ya shiga Afirka. Ya tashi daga Masar zuwa sassan Yammaci da Kudanci saboda ta hanyoyin kasuwancin zinare.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-25|title=Visit Ghana {{!}} 8 Historical mosques with similar architectural design|url=https://visitghana.com/blog/2019/04/25/8-historical-mosques-with-similar-architectural-design/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A Ghana, 'yan kasuwar Islama, mayaƙan Mande da sauran mishaneri sun yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin kasuwanci. Wani lokaci waɗannan hanyoyin sun kasance suna nuna alamar kutsawa ta Daular Berber. Wannan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada addinin musulunci a wannan yanki. An gina masallatai don zama wuraren hutawa ga wasu daga cikin waɗannan 'yan kasuwa na Islama.<ref name=":1" /> == Siffofin == Kamar sauran masallatai a Yankunan Arewa da Savannah na Ghana, Masallacin Dondoli an gina shi ne a cikin tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na Sudanic-Sahelian, ta amfani da kayan gida da dabarun gini.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gasxzv581iu3j2onztkk8237f0sznr7 0 23483 862528 617257 2026-06-21T01:08:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masallacin Dakrupe''' masallaci ne da aka gina da salon gine -ginen Sudan a ƙauyen Dakrupe a [[Yankin Savannah]], Ghana. An sanya wa sunan unguwa masallaci ne. Yana kusa da [[masallacin Larabanga]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Adventure Archives|url=https://visitghana.com/adventure-news/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Visit Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803072801/https://visitghana.com/adventure-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kauyen yana tsakanin Bole da Larabanga.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-28|title=Ghana's Historic Mosques: The Lost Ones|url=https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/09/28/ghana-historic-mosques-the-lost-ones/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=The Hauns in Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519082819/https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/09/28/ghana-historic-mosques-the-lost-ones/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == An yi ikirarin cewa an gina masallacin a karni na 19.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Larabanga mosque in Ghana, Upper West region|url=http://ghana-net.com/larabanga-mosque.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Ghana-Net.com|language=en|archive-date=2024-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912204415/http://ghana-net.com/larabanga-mosque.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Siffofin == Masallacin Dakrupe yayi kama da [[masallacin Larabanga]] amma karami.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == kqnag3z8wmd6wyuvyhhs8ogtpdr44sm 0 26575 862117 245232 2026-06-20T16:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Gyara Rubutu}} '''Malikism''' aka dauke a matsayin wani muhimmanci na da [[Fiqh]] fikihu yi a cikin addinin musulunci a kasar [[Aljeriya]]. Aljeriya ta karɓi addinin Malik saboda ƙa'idodin wannan ibadar fikihu dokoki ne waɗanda ke yin la’akari da canje -canjen da aka gani a cikin al’ummar Algerian society [ar] na ƙarni. Fahimtar ƙa'idodin wannan Madhhab na Sunni yana ba da damar tabbatar da cewa suna ci gaba da amsa ƙalubalen da ke canzawa koyaushe na rayuwar Aljeriya ta yau da kullun. Don haka an karɓi ibadar Imam Malik Ibn Anas a Aljeriya da ƙasashen Maghreb da Arewacin Afirka ta manyan ɓangarorin al'ummomin Musulmai na ƙarni da yawa saboda ƙirar sa da kuma sanannun nassoshi. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa Makarantar Malik ta yi aiki don yaƙi da yaɗuwar ƙungiyoyi da sabbin abubuwan da ke haifar da fassarori masu haɗari da haɗari da tafsirin Alƙur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/126570 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-24 |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114072608/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/126570 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Madhhab na Sunni na Malik ya bazu a cikin ƙasar Central Maghreb [ar], yankin Aljeriya na yanzu, lokacin mulkin Almoravids da Almohads waɗanda suka fifita haskaka wannan makarantar ta fikihu ta Musulunci, wacce Malik ibn Anas ya kafa, da kuma bunƙasa matsayin manyan malamai na wannan ɗabi'ar ta ɗabi'a a yawancin garuruwa da garuruwa na tsaka -tsaki kamar Tlemcen, Mazouna, Béjaïa da Constantine, kuma waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginawa da inganta Malikism a cikin tsarin islama na Aljeria. Wannan shine yadda tarihin wannan mazhabar ta fiqhu ta nuna cewa ci gaban ta a ƙasar Aljeriya ya faru ne sakamakon godiya ga masana ilimi waɗanda shahararsu ta kimiyya da sihiri ta wuce iyakokin Maghreb ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/496986 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-10 |archive-date=2021-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115195812/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/496986 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Taro == Ƙarfafa al'adar Malikiyya a cikin Algerian society [ar] ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar shirya tarurruka da yawa a cikin jami'o'i, birane, zawiyya da masallatai inda wakilai da yawa na masana da kwararru ke zuwa don wadatar da muhawara ta jawabansu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/123228 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-11-10 |archive-date=2021-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170954/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/123228 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Horarwa == Ana yin gagarumin kokari don kammala imamai don kula da ibadar musulmi a cikin masallatai bisa tsarin Malikiyya . Ana gudanar da horo na lokaci -lokaci don cusa wa Khatibib ka'idodin aqidar Maliki, kuma masu binciken ma'aikatar sa ido, waɗanda ke da alhakin tabbatar da kyakkyawan aikin addini da ƙaddamar da muezzins ga jagororin da ke fitowa daga kimiyya gama gari wanda ke zaune a matakin kulawar addini na Aljeriya.<ref>https://www.aps.dz/algerie/72553</ref> == Manazarta == smitod2tdigcytr4hb7p4yqa17smf6l 0 27320 862602 749188 2026-06-21T06:40:15Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339073560|Mother of George]]" 862602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fim ɗin '''''Mother of George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin wasu ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya da suka yi aure kwanan nan a Brooklyn waɗanda suka mallaki kuma suke kula da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke fama da matsalolin haihuwa. Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott ne suka shirya fim ɗin. Fim ɗin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Amurka, ''Mother of George,'' ya fara fitowa a gasar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013. <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCarthy2013">McCarthy, Todd (19 January 2013). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 "Mother of George: Sundance Review"]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Mai shirya fina-finai Bradford Young ta lashe kyautar Cinematography Award ta Sundance ta 2013: US Dramatic saboda aikinsa a fim ɗin, da kuma na ''Ain't Them Bodies Saints'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Mother of George'' a matsayin fim ɗin da aka rufe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013. <ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> An sayi fim ɗin don rarrabawa a Amurka ta Oscilloscope Laboratories kuma an ba shi ɗan gajeren fim a ranar 13 ga Satumban shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> == Labari == Fim ɗin ya fara ne da auren wasu ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun. Surukarta, Mama Ayo, ta bai wa Adenike kyawawan duwawu na haihuwa, kuma duk da cewa ma'auratan sun yi soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana fama da wahalar samun juna biyu. Duk da shan shayin da ake tsammanin zai taimaka wajen haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki ba kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar da likita ta kai wa Adenike ta nuna cewa Adenike za ta iya samun taimako kan batun, amma Ayodele ta ƙi ba da haɗin kai. Sade ta ambaci ɗaukar yaron amma Adenike ta dage cewa tana son ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai cike da cece-kuce: Adenike za ta iya ɗaukar yaron tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Da farko Biyi ta ƙi shiga cikin shirin amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda. Bayan haka Adenike ta yi ciki. Ayodele ta yi imanin cewa shi ne uban. Laifin ya yi wa Adenike yawa, kuma daga ƙarshe ta faɗa wa mijinta gaskiya. Daga baya Ayodele ya fita daga auren ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ta fara naƙuda, kuma fim ɗin ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Isaach de Bankolé as Ayodele Balogun * Danai Gurira as Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] as Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Isma'il Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dakta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu as Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mr. Lawal * Susan Heyward kamar yadda Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun as Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony == Liyafar maraba == Fim ɗin ya sami yabo mai yawa. A kan Rotten Tomatoes yana da ƙimar kashi 91% bisa ga sake dubawa 45, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 7.20 cikin 10. Shafukan yanar gizon sun yarda cewa "Salon Darakta Andrew Dosunmu yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci don sabawa, amma Mother of George ta rama ta da ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun tunani mai zurfi, da kyawawan hotuna." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> A kan Metacritic yana da maki 77% bisa ga sake dubawa daga masu suka 21. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An yaba masa saboda kyakkyawan aikin kyamara, saitinsa, da labarinsa, kodayake an sami wasu suka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2013 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An jera shi a matsayin zaɓin Masu Sukar ''[[New York Times]]'' ''. '' == Plot == Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Bayan wannan Adenike ta samu juna biyu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|2094890|Mother of George}} * Mother of George on Facebook * Mother of George at Box Office Mojo *   3lar0bibtzxsjisvq7h8m7u0u8vnylt 0 27426 862091 798639 2026-06-20T16:14:42Z Nura Bello 24854 /* Labari */ 862091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''They Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya a shekara ta 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, Mary Njoku ta shirya, wanda Obi Emelonye ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwarsa Ramsey Nouah, [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da Enyinna Nwigwe.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ | title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer | publisher=naijagists | accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ | title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! | publisher=bellanaija | date=23 February 2015 | accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 | title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! | publisher=African dazzle | accessdate=24 March 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081611/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Labari == They Will Be Done Labarin wani Pius (Ramsey Nouah), fasto mai farin ciki da aure mai kula da wani babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma da matarsa ta farko (Mary Njoku) da ya binne shekaru (7) da suka wuce ta bayyana kwatsam, duniyarsa ta jefa cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu ( [[Mercy Johnson]] ) tayi ƙoƙari ta yaƙi kusurwar ta amma Pius yana da zaɓi ya yi ... tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sababbin aminci; tsakanin daukar kwararan matakai da miƙa wuya ga yardar Allah. An raunana ta da laifi kuma wahayi na ban sha'awa ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su shiga cikin tashin hankali cikin sauri… domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda mace ta raini. == Ƴan wasa == * Ramsey Nouah a matsayin Pius * [[Mercy Johnson]] * Mary Njoku * Enyinna Nwigwe * [[Jide Kosoko]] * TT Temple * Tony Aclet == Saki == Farkon Duniya na ''Nufin Ka'' ya faru a BFI IMAX a [[Landan]] akan 26 Fabrairu 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/|title='Thy Will be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now!|date=23 February 2015}}</ref> An fara nunawa a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html|title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15|date=23 April 2015|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216052830/http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma FilmOne ne ya raba shi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html|title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15|date=23 April 2015|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216052830/http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/05/26/here-are-the-10-movies-that-will-be-screened-at-this-years-nollywood-week-paris/|title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog|access-date=2021-11-22|archive-date=2023-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202901/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/05/26/here-are-the-10-movies-that-will-be-screened-at-this-years-nollywood-week-paris/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == liyafa == ''Sodas da Popcorn sun'' yi sharhi: "Abu mafi kyau game da wannan fim ɗin tabbas wasan kwaikwayo ne. ''Nufinka A Yi'', yana ba da labari na asali wanda ke jan hankali da ban sha'awa. Labari ne da kowa zai iya danganta shi da shi" <ref>http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/05/27/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-thy-will-be-done/ positive critics</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{YouTube|-nFPn5VO0yI|''Thy Will Be Done'' trailer}} == Magana == [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] p776ceob0we5r2jra417h5jfk6jzgnf 0 27433 862773 833745 2026-06-21T09:40:23Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347133905|The White Handkerchief]]" 862773 wikitext text/x-wiki   The White Handkerchief wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na Najeriya na 1998 wanda Tunde Kelani ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni tare da Yemi Komolafe, Yemi Shodimu, da Khabirat Kafidipe . [1] An daidaita fim din daga The Virgin, littafi na farko na Bayo Adebowale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continual Re-enchantment: Tunde Kelani's Village Films and the Spectres of Early African Cinema |url=http://framescinemajournal.com/article/continual-re-enchantment-tunde-kelanis-village-films-and-the-spectres-of-early-african-cinema/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=framescinemajournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best of Nigeria's literary adaptations into movies |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/entertainment/item/14063-best-of-nigeria-s-literary-adaptations-into-movies/14063-best-of-nigeria-s-literary-adaptations-into-movies |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=tribune.com.ng}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Fim din ya ba da labarin wata yarinya yarinya mai suna Awero, wacce [[Sola Asedeko]] ta taka, wacce ta rasa budurcinta sakamakon fyade kafin ta sadu da ƙaunarta ta yarinta, mai suna Odejimi, wanda ta yanke shawarar aure. Dole ne Odejimi ya yi amfani da fararen takalma don tabbatar da jinin budurwa na Awero a daren bikin aurensu kamar yadda al'ada ta buƙaci. Odejimi ya yi takaici lokacin da ba a samar da jini ba, kuma wannan ya haifar da yaki tsakanin mazauna kauyen Awero da Odejimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Handkerchief |url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/2012/white-handkerchief/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=African Film Festival Inc.}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Sola Asedeko]] * [[Idowu Philips]] * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] * [[Yemi Shodimu]] a matsayin Odejimi * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] * [[Yemi Komolafe|Yemi Akomolafe]] a matsayin Awero * Yinka Akanbi a matsayin Lapade * Kemi Akanni a matsayin kawun Odejimi * Abiodun Aleja a matsayin Dauda * Moji Bamtefa a matsayin Uwar Awero * Lai Karounwi a matsayin Uba na Awero == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} fxxq225hwlacsnpag6vim2ya8abx9q2 862775 862773 2026-06-21T09:41:21Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   The White Handkerchief wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na Najeriya na 1998 wanda Tunde Kelani ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni tare da Yemi Komolafe, Yemi Shodimu, da Khabirat Kafidipe . [1] An daidaita fim din daga The Virgin, littafi na farko na Bayo Adebowale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continual Re-enchantment: Tunde Kelani's Village Films and the Spectres of Early African Cinema |url=http://framescinemajournal.com/article/continual-re-enchantment-tunde-kelanis-village-films-and-the-spectres-of-early-african-cinema/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=framescinemajournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best of Nigeria's literary adaptations into movies |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/entertainment/item/14063-best-of-nigeria-s-literary-adaptations-into-movies/14063-best-of-nigeria-s-literary-adaptations-into-movies |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=tribune.com.ng}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Fim din ya ba da labarin wata yarinya yarinya mai suna Awero, wacce [[Sola Asedeko]] ta taka, wacce ta rasa budurcinta sakamakon fyade kafin ta sadu da ƙaunarta ta yarinta, mai suna Odejimi, wanda ta yanke shawarar aure. Dole ne Odejimi ya yi amfani da fararen takalma don tabbatar da jinin budurwa na Awero a daren bikin aurensu kamar yadda al'ada ta buƙaci. Odejimi ya yi takaici lokacin da ba a samar da jini ba, kuma wannan ya haifar da yaki tsakanin mazauna kauyen Awero da Odejimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Handkerchief |url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/2012/white-handkerchief/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=African Film Festival Inc.}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Sola Asedeko]] * [[Idowu Philips]] * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] * [[Yemi Shodimu]] a matsayin Odejimi * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] * [[Yemi Komolafe|Yemi Akomolafe]] a matsayin Awero * Yinka Akanbi a matsayin Lapade * Kemi Akanni a matsayin kawun Odejimi * Abiodun Aleja a matsayin Dauda * Moji Bamtefa a matsayin Uwar Awero * Lai Karounwi a matsayin Uba na Awero == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} m7mn8omqhkudgu5cbjf6t8smj11z363 862776 862775 2026-06-21T09:42:15Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   The White Handkerchief wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na Najeriya na 1998 wanda Tunde Kelani ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni tare da Yemi Komolafe, Yemi Shodimu, da Khabirat Kafidipe . [1] An daidaita fim din daga The Virgin, littafi na farko na Bayo Adebowale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continual Re-enchantment: Tunde Kelani's Village Films and the Spectres of Early African Cinema |url=http://framescinemajournal.com/article/continual-re-enchantment-tunde-kelanis-village-films-and-the-spectres-of-early-african-cinema/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=framescinemajournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best of Nigeria's literary adaptations into movies |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/entertainment/item/14063-best-of-nigeria-s-literary-adaptations-into-movies/14063-best-of-nigeria-s-literary-adaptations-into-movies |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=tribune.com.ng}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Fim din ya ba da labarin wata yarinya yarinya mai suna Awero, wacce [[Sola Asedeko]] ta taka, wacce ta rasa budurcinta sakamakon fyade kafin ta sadu da ƙaunarta ta yarinta, mai suna Odejimi, wanda ta yanke shawarar aure. Dole ne Odejimi ya yi amfani da fararen takalma don tabbatar da jinin budurwa na Awero a daren bikin aurensu kamar yadda al'ada ta buƙaci. Odejimi ya yi takaici lokacin da ba a samar da jini ba, kuma wannan ya haifar da yaki tsakanin mazauna ƙauyen Awero da Odejimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Handkerchief |url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/2012/white-handkerchief/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=African Film Festival Inc.}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Sola Asedeko]] * [[Idowu Philips]] * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] * [[Yemi Shodimu]] a matsayin Odejimi * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] * [[Yemi Komolafe|Yemi Akomolafe]] a matsayin Awero * Yinka Akanbi a matsayin Lapade * Kemi Akanni a matsayin kawun Odejimi * Abiodun Aleja a matsayin Dauda * Moji Bamtefa a matsayin Uwar Awero * Lai Karounwi a matsayin Uba na Awero == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} 1dw9xby27662ivpo6t0i7akt2bcc81c 862778 862776 2026-06-21T09:43:22Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   The White Handkerchief wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na Najeriya na 1998 wanda Tunde Kelani ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni tare da Yemi Komolafe, Yemi Shodimu, da Khabirat Kafidipe . [1] An daidaita fim din daga The Virgin, littafi na farko na Bayo Adebowale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continual Re-enchantment: Tunde Kelani's Village Films and the Spectres of Early African Cinema |url=http://framescinemajournal.com/article/continual-re-enchantment-tunde-kelanis-village-films-and-the-spectres-of-early-african-cinema/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=framescinemajournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best of Nigeria's literary adaptations into movies |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/entertainment/item/14063-best-of-nigeria-s-literary-adaptations-into-movies/14063-best-of-nigeria-s-literary-adaptations-into-movies |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=tribune.com.ng}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Fim din ya ba da labarin wata yarinya yarinya mai suna Awero, wacce [[Sola Asedeko]] ta taka, wacce ta rasa budurcinta sakamakon fyade kafin ta sadu da ƙaunarta ta yarinta, mai suna Odejimi, wanda ta yanke shawarar aure. Dole ne Odejimi ya yi amfani da fararen takalma don tabbatar da jinin budurwa na Awero a daren bikin auren su kamar yadda al'ada ta buƙaci. Odejimi ya yi takaici lokacin da ba a samar da jini ba, kuma wannan ya haifar da yaki tsakanin mazauna ƙauyen Awero da Odejimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Handkerchief |url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/2012/white-handkerchief/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=African Film Festival Inc.}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Sola Asedeko]] * [[Idowu Philips]] * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] * [[Yemi Shodimu]] a matsayin Odejimi * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] * [[Yemi Komolafe|Yemi Akomolafe]] a matsayin Awero * Yinka Akanbi a matsayin Lapade * Kemi Akanni a matsayin kawun Odejimi * Abiodun Aleja a matsayin Dauda * Moji Bamtefa a matsayin Uwar Awero * Lai Karounwi a matsayin Uba na Awero == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} 43zwhedzrtsuftoiuml3ktzsz1ihr57 0 32025 862159 851604 2026-06-20T16:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mamadou Loum N'Diaye''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Sporting Gijón na Spain da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Senegal . == Ayyukan kulob din == Loum ya fara bugawa a Segunda Liga na [[S.C. Braga]] B">S.C. Braga B a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta 2015 a wasan da ya yi da Gil Vicente FC, a matsayin mai maye gurbin Carlos Fortes na minti 70. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2015 |title=Game Report by Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/08/15/portugal/liga-de-honra/sporting-braga-b/gil-vicente-fc/2068649/ |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> An kira shi sau ɗaya don S.C. Braga don wasan Firimiya na Liga zuwa F.C. Paços de Ferreira a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2017, ya kasance ba a yi amfani da shi ba a cikin asarar 3-1. Kwana daya kafin ranar tunawa da wannan wasan, an kore shi a ƙarshen wasan 2-2 a gida tare da Académico de Viseu FC . A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2018, an ba da rancen Loum ga ƙungiyar Moreirense FC don kakar. Ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba a cikin nasara 3-1 a zakarun S.L. Benfica. A watan Janairun 2019, Loum ya koma FC Porto kan yarjejeniyar aro don sauran kakar tare da zaɓi don juya yarjejeniyar ta dindindin. Ya buga wasanni uku a sauran kakar sannan kulob din ya biya Yuro miliyan 7.75 don kashi 75% na haƙƙin tattalin arzikinsa. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, ya fara nasarar 2-0 a gida a kan Paços de Ferreira kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko. A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 2021, bayan da ya yi fice ga Porto, an ba da rancen Loum ga [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga Deportivo Alavés don yakin neman zabe na 2021-22.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Mamadou Loum refuerza el centro del campo del Deportivo Alavés |trans-title=Mamadou Loum bolsters the centre of midfield of Deportivo Alavés |url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/mamadou-loum-refuerza-el-centro-del-campo-del-deportivo-alaves |access-date=30 July 2021 |publisher=Deportivo Alavés |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2022, Loum ya shiga kungiyar EFL Championship ta Reading a kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamadou Loum secures season-long loan move from FC Porto |url=https://readingfc.co.uk//news/2022/july/29/mamadou-loum-secures-season-long-loan-move-from-fc-porto/ |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Reading FC}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Agustan 2023, ya shiga kungiyar Saudi Pro League ta [[Al-Raed]] a kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميًا.. الرائد يُعلن عن التعاقد مع مامادو لوم لاعب بورتو البرتغالي |url=https://www.alyaum.com/article/6481299}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Satumba 2024 an tabbatar da cewa Loum ya shiga F.C. Arouca a kan yarjejeniya har zuwa Yuni 2026. A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta na shekara mai zuwa, ya koma kungiyar Sporting Gijón ta Segunda División ta Spain kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2025 |title=Comunicado oficial: Mamadou Loum |trans-title=Official announcement: Mamadou Loum |url=https://www.realsporting.com/noticias/comunicado-oficial-mamadou-loum |access-date=15 August 2025 |publisher=Sporting Gijón |language=es}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Loum ya wakilci Senegal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2015. Ya fara bugawa Babban ƙungiyar wasa a ranar 26 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019 a wasan sada zumunci da ya yi da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mali|Mali]], inda ya buga cikakken minti 90 na nasarar 2-1 a [[Dakar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Senegal v Mali game report |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/match?gameId=538421 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> An kira shi zuwa gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2021, wanda kungiyar ta lashe a Kamaru a farkon shekara mai zuwa; bayyanarsa daya ita ce zane ba tare da kwallo ba tare da makwabta [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]] a wasan rukuni na biyu. Shugaban kasar Senegal Macky Sall ne ya nada shi Babban Jami'in Dokar Zaki ta Kasa bayan nasarar da kasar ta samu a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021. <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=Cash prizes, real estate, and highest honours as Senegal celebrates Nations Cup heroes |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/cash-prizes-real-estate-highest-honours-senegal-celebrates-nations-cup-heroes-2022-02-08/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 2 December 2023}}<ref>{{Soccerway|mamadou-loum-ndiaye/405578}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Braga B |2015–16 |LigaPro |19 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |1 |- |2016–17 |LigaPro |22 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |22 |2 |- |2017–18 |LigaPro |27 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !68 !4 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !68 !4 |- |Moreirense (rashin kuɗi) |2018–19 |Gasar Farko |17 |3 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |3 |- |Porto (rashin kuɗi) |2018–19 |Gasar Farko |2 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Porto |2019–20 |Gasar Farko |6 |1 |4 |0 |0 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 |11 |1 |- |2020–21 |Gasar Farko |3 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !11 !1 !8 !0 !0 !0 !4 !0 !23 !1 |- |Porto B |2019–20 |LigaPro |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |Alavés (rashin kuɗi) |2021–22 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |32 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |32 |2 |- |Karatu (rashin kuɗi) |2022–23 |Gasar cin kofin |29 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |32 |1 |- |[[Al-Raed|Al Raed]] (rashin kuɗi) |2023–24 |Saudi Pro League |12 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !170 !11 !13 !0 !1 !0 !4 !0 !188 !11 |} {{Notelist}}{{Updated|match played 14 January 2022}}<ref>{{NFT|74079}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Senegal |2019 |2 |0 |- |2020 |0 |0 |- |2021 |0 |0 |- |2022 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !3 !0 |} == Daraja == '''Porto''' * Gasar Farko: 2019-20 <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2020 |title=Juventus held by Sassuolo in thriller, Porto win Primeira Liga title |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jul/16/european-roundup-juventus-sassuolo-milan-parma-porto-sporting |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=the Guardian |language=en |agency=Reuters}}</ref> * Kofin Portugal: 2019-20 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Porto defeat Benfica to win 17th Portuguese Cup |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/porto-defeat-benfica-win-17th-portuguese-cup-221103259--sow.html |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=sports.yahoo.com |language=en-US |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808070159/https://sports.yahoo.com/porto-defeat-benfica-win-17th-portuguese-cup-221103259--sow.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Benfica vs. Porto - 1 August 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/08/01/portugal/taca-de-portugal/benfica/futebol-clube-do-porto/3229005/ |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> '''Senegal''' * [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka]]: 2021 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Babban Jami'in Dokar Zaki ta Kasa: 2022 <ref name="reuters"/> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Mamadou Louma BDFutbol * {{NFT player|74079}} * Mamadou Louma ForaDeJogo (an adana shi) * {{Soccerway|mamadou-loum-ndiaye/405578}} {{Sporting de Gijón squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] c2nym8t1re1wy40lxwsq4jw4nqjh3bk 0 40575 862542 675552 2026-06-21T03:01:44Z Xaynarb 43630 An kirkira ta fassara "Exercise trends" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359544732|Exercise]]" 862542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Soldier_running_in_water.jpg|thumb| Gudun ruwa (aquarunning)]] [[File:MARIANA_DE_MELO.JPG|thumb| Horon nauyi]] '''Motsa jiki''' wani aiki ne na jiki wanda ke habaka ko kiyaye [[lafiyar jiki|lafiyar jiki,]] da [[lafiya]] da kuma lafiya gaba daya.<ref>Kylasov A, Gavrov S (2011). Diversity Of Sport: non-destructive evaluation. Paris: UNESCO: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. pp. 462–91. <nowiki>ISBN 978-5-89317-227-0</nowiki>.</ref> Ana yin shi don dalilai daban-daban, don taimakawa girma da hadaka karfi, hadaka tsokoki da tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, kwarewar [[Wasanni|wasan motsa jiki]], asarar nauyi ko kiyayewa, inganta lafiya, ko kawai don jin dadi. Mutane da yawa sun zabi yin motsa jiki a waje inda za su iya taruwa cikin gungiyoyi, zamantakewa, da inganta walwala da lafiyar hankali.<ref>Deslandes A, Moraes H, Ferreira C, Veiga H, Silveira H, Mouta R, et al. (2009). "Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move". Neuropsychobiology. 59 (4): 191–198. doi:10.1159/000223730. <nowiki>PMID 19521110</nowiki>. S2CID 14580554.</ref> Dangane da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, adadin shawarar motsa jiki ya dogara da manufa, nau'in motsa jiki, da shekarun mutum. Ko da yin karamin motsa jiki ya fi lafiya fiye da yin komai.<ref>"Exercise". UK NHS Live Well. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref> == Rabewa == [[File:US_Army_51673_aerobathon.jpg|thumb|280x280px| Wata mai koyar da motsa jiki a Amurka tana koyar da ajinta.]] Gabadayan motsa jiki an hada su zuwa nau'i uku, gwargwadon tasirin da suke da shi ga jikin dan adam:<ref name=":0">National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (June 2006). "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</ref> * motsa jiki shine duk wani aikin jiki wanda ke amfani da manyan gungiyoyin tsoka kuma yana sa jiki yayi amfani da iskar oxygen fiye da yadda zai yi yayin hutawa. Manufar motsa jiki shine don kara karfin zuciya. Misalan motsa jiki sun hada da gudu, keke, ninkaya, tafiya mai karfi, tsallake igiya, tuki, yawo, rawa, wasan [[tennis]], ci gaba da horo, da gudu mai nisa.<ref name=":0" /> * Anaerobic exercise wanda ya hada da karfi da kuma juriya horo, iya, karfafa, da kuma kara tsoka taro, kazalika da inganta da yawa yawa, ma'auni, da daidaitawa. Misalan motsa jiki masu karfi sune tura-ups, ja-up, lunges, squats, latsa benci. Har ila yau, motsa jiki na anaerobic ya hada da horo na nauyi, horo na aiki, horo na eccentric, horo na tsaka-tsakin, sprinting, da kuma horo na tsawon lokaci mai tsanani wanda ke kara karfin tsoka na gajeren lokaci. * Motsa jiki yana mikewa da tsawaita tsokoki. Ayyuka irin su shimfidawa suna taimakawa wajen inganta sassaucin hadin gwiwa da kiyaye tsokoki. Manufar ita ce inganta yanayin motsi wanda zai iya rage yiwuwar rauni. Hakanan motsa jiki na iya hadaawa da horo wanda ke mai da hankali kan daidaito, karfin hali, karfi, da sauri. [[File:Ilham Aliyev viewed landscaping work carried out in Ramana settlement 21.jpg|thumb|Wannan motsa jiki ne]] Nau'in motsa jiki kuma za'a iya rarraba su azaman mai karfi ko a tsaye. Ayyukan motsa jiki na 'Dynamic' irin su tsayuwar gudu, suna haifar da raguwar hawan jini na diastolic yayin motsa jiki, saboda ingantacciyar jini. Akasin haka, motsa jiki na tsaye (kamar daukar nauyi) na iya haifar da matsin lamba na systolic ya tashi sosai, ko da yake na dan lokaci, yayin aikin motsa jiki.<ref>de Souza Nery S, Gomides RS, da Silva GV, de Moraes Forjaz CL, Mion D, Tinucci T (March 2010). "Intra-arterial blood pressure response in hypertensive subjects during low- and high-intensity resistance exercise". Clinics. 65 (3): 271–277. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322010000300006. PMC 2845767. <nowiki>PMID 20360917</nowiki>.</ref> == Exercise trends == Worldwide there has been a large shift toward less physically demanding work.<ref name="WHO2009">{{Cite web |title=WHO: Obesity and overweight |url=https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218104805/http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=18 December 2008 |access-date=10 January 2009 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> This has been accompanied by increasing use of mechanized transportation, a greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in the home, and fewer active recreational pursuits.<ref name="WHO2009" /> Personal lifestyle changes, however, can correct the lack of physical exercise. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (May 2022)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Binciken da aka buga a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hada hankali a cikin motsa jiki yana kara bin motsa jiki da ingancin kai, kuma yana da sakamako mai kyau a cikin tunani da kuma ilimin jiki.[1]<gallery |gallery="" widths="150px" heights="150px" caption="Sports activities for exercising"> Fayil:Woman_running_barefoot_on_beach.jpg|Running helps in achieving [[Lafiyar jiki|physical fitness]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Running and jogging - health benefits |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/running-and-jogging-health-benefits#goal-setting-for-running-and-jogging |website=Better Health |publisher=State of Victoria, Australia}}</ref> Fayil:Cruising_on_a_Board.jpg|alt=Skateboarding is good for cardiovascular health[better source needed]|Skateboarding is good for cardiovascular health.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=5 Reasons Why Skateboarding Is Good Exercise |url=https://longboardingnation.com/reasons-skateboarding-good-exercise/ |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Longboarding Nation}}</ref>  Fayil:IDHM_Wasserspringen_2018-02-18_3m_mixed_Vorkampf_Sprung_3_18.jpg|Swimming as an exercise tones muscles and builds strength.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swimming - health benefits |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/swimming-health-benefits#health-benefits-of-swimming |website=Better Health |publisher=State of Victoria, Australia}}</ref> Fayil:2018_USA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships_(40357948141).jpg|[[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|Athletics]] (ex. pole vault) as a form of exercise Fayil:Cristiano_Ronaldo_Iran_vs_Portugal.jpg|[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Football]] as an exercise </gallery> === Bambancin zamantakewa da al'adu === Yin motsa jiki ya bambanta a kowace ƙasa, kamar yadda motsa jiki ke yi.<ref name="Fitness for Foreigners">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2011 |title=Fitness for Foreigners |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/fitness/2011/01/fitness_for_foreigners.html |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Slate}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe, mutane suna motsa jiki da farko a cikin gida (kamar a gida ko kulob din kiwon lafiya), yayin da a wasu, mutane suna yin motsa jiki a waje. Mutane na iya motsa jiki don jin daɗin kansu, kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi, hulɗar zamantakewa, gasa ko horo, da dai sauransu. Wadannan bambance-bambance za a iya danganta su da dalilai da yawa ciki har da wurin ƙasa da yanayin zamantakewa. A Colombia, alal misali, 'yan ƙasa suna daraja da kuma murna da yanayin waje na ƙasarsu. A lokuta da yawa, suna amfani da ayyukan waje a matsayin tarurruka na zamantakewa don jin daɗin yanayi da al'ummominsu. A Bogotá, Colombia, ana rufe hanyar da ke da nisan kilomita 70 da aka sani da Ciclovía kowace Lahadi don masu tuka keke, masu gudu, masu tuka keke da sauran masu motsa jiki don yin aiki da jin daɗin kewayenta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2008 |title=Car-Free Streets, a Colombian Export, Inspire Debate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/nyregion/24streets.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427180825/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/nyregion/24streets.html |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Hakazalika da Colombia, 'yan ƙasa na Kambodiya suna yin motsa jiki a waje. A cikin wannan ƙasar, wuraren motsa jiki na jama'a sun zama sanannun. Mutane za su taru a waɗannan wuraren motsa jiki na waje ba kawai don amfani da wuraren jama'a ba, har ma da shirya wasan motsa jiki da rawa, waɗanda ke buɗewa ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gyms |url=https://www.travelfish.org/sight_profile/cambodia/phnom_penh_and_surrounds/phnom_penh/phnom_penh/2235 |access-date=8 December 2016 |website=Travel Fish}}</ref> Sweden kuma ta fara bunkasa wuraren motsa jiki na waje, wanda ake kira ''utegym'' . Wadannan wuraren motsa jiki kyauta ne ga jama'a kuma galibi ana sanya su a cikin kyawawan wurare masu kyau. Mutane za su yi iyo a cikin koguna, su yi amfani da jiragen ruwa, kuma su yi gudu a cikin gandun daji don su kasance lafiya kuma su ji daɗin duniyar da ke kewaye da su. Wannan yana aiki sosai a Sweden saboda wurin da yake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When in Sweden...making the most of the great outdoors! |url=http://www.stockholmonashoestring.com/when-in-sweden-making-the-most-of-the-great-outdoors/ |access-date=5 December 2016 |website=Stockholm on a Shoestring}}</ref> Yin motsa jiki a wasu yankuna na kasar Sin, musamman tsakanin wadanda suka yi ritaya, da alama yana da tushe ga jama'a. Da safe, ana gudanar da raye-raye a wuraren shakatawa na jama'a; waɗannan tarurruka na iya haɗawa da rawa na Latin, rawa na ballroom, tango, ko ma jitterbug. Yin rawa a cikin jama'a yana bawa mutane damar yin hulɗa da waɗanda ba za su yi hulɗa da su ba, suna ba da damar lafiyar jiki da fa'idodin zamantakewa. Wadannan bambance-bambance na zamantakewa da al'adu a cikin motsa jiki suna nuna yadda mutane a wurare daban-daban da yanayin zamantakewa suna da dalilai daban-daban na motsa jiki da hanyoyin motsa jiki. Jiki na jiki na iya inganta kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi, da kuma inganta dangantakar al'umma da godiya ga kyawawan dabi'u.<ref name="Fitness for Foreigners">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2011 |title=Fitness for Foreigners |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/fitness/2011/01/fitness_for_foreigners.html |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Slate}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBergstromMuseTsaiStrangio2011">Bergstrom K, Muse T, Tsai M, Strangio S (19 January 2011). [http://www.slate.com/articles/life/fitness/2011/01/fitness_for_foreigners.html "Fitness for Foreigners"]. ''Slate''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Biya ko kasancewa daidai da shirin motsa jiki na iya zama ƙalubale ga mutane da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacDonald |first=Christopher |last2=Bennekou |first2=Mia |last3=Midtgaard |first3=Julie |last4=Langberg |first4=Hennig |last5=Lieberman |first5=Daniel |date=2024-11-27 |title=Why exercise may never be effective medicine: an evolutionary perspective on the efficacy versus effectiveness of exercise in treating type 2 diabetes |url=https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/424a8d7d-4c2f-493b-9fd9-91fb1892f858 |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=bjsports–2024–108396 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2024-108396 |issn=1473-0480 |pmid=39603793}}</ref> Bincike ya gano dalilai daban-daban da yawa. Wasu dalilai sun haɗa da dalilin da ya sa mutum ke motsa jiki (misali, kiwon lafiya, zamantakewa), waɗanne nau'ikan motsa jiki ko kuma yadda aka tsara shirin motsa jiki, ko masu sana'a suna da hannu a cikin shirin, ilimi da ke da alaƙa da motsa jiki da kiwon lafiya، saka idanu da ci gaban da aka yi a cikin shirin motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collado-Mateo |first=Daniel |last2=Lavín-Pérez |first2=Ana Myriam |last3=Peñacoba |first3=Cecilia |last4=Del Coso |first4=Juan |last5=Leyton-Román |first5=Marta |last6=Luque-Casado |first6=Antonio |last7=Gasque |first7=Pablo |last8=Fernández-Del-Olmo |first8=Miguel Ángel |last9=Amado-Alonso |first9=Diana |date=2021-02-19 |title=Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=2023 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18042023 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7922504 |pmid=33669679 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fr41qnrf25k72ppz60h4nd6s5h9v328 0 43657 862163 451080 2026-06-20T16:59:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malam Mamane Barka''' (1958/1959 – 21 Nuwamba 2018) mawaƙin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] ne, kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƴan wasan ''biram'' a duniya.<ref>https://www.popmatters.com/93025-mamane-barka-introducing-mamane-barka-2496019943.html</ref> Ya rasu a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2018, yana da shekaru 59.<ref>http://news.aniamey.com/h/89128.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Malam Mamane Barka a shekara ta 1958 ko 1959 a garin Tesker dake gabashin jamhuriyar Nijar mai cin gashin kanta a lokacin. Ya fito ne daga mutanen [[Mutanen Toubou|Toubou]] makiyaya. A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan Ngurumi, kayan kiɗa mai igiya biyu, ya samu farin jini a ƙasarsa da maƙwabciyarta Najeriya. A 2002 ya yanke shawarar sadaukar da kansa ga karatun Biram. Kayan aiki ne mai igiyoyi biyar da Boudouma, wata jama'ar kamun kifi a tafkin Chadi ke amfani da ita wajen waƙoƙin gargajiya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2018}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Mamane Barka discography at Discogs * Mamane Barka at AllMusic [[Category:Mawakan Nijar]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2018]] 3n0dercxaqtw628h8o7dv0kkpi5mlpg 0 44161 862609 853727 2026-06-21T06:52:23Z Yusuf Murja 46196 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352090584|Ololade Ebong]]" 862609 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ololade Tijani Ebong''' mai shirya fina-finai ne na [[Nollywood]], darektan kuma mai daukar hoto. Ita ce Babban Darakta na Speed Films Productions Ltd kuma kwakwalwa ce a bayan Speed Films App. Ta sami yabo daban-daban, ciki har da WorldFest- Houston International Film Festival a matsayin darektan da ya lashe gasar a 2023 da sauran zabuka da yawa a duniya da Afirka. An zaɓi fim dinta, The Diary of Bolanle a bikin gajeren fina-finai na Cannes na 2018 a Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Festival |first=Cannes Short Film |title=Cannes Short Film Festival {{!}} International Indie Short Filmmaking |url=https://cannes-shorts.com/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=cannes-shorts.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa ta farko da ilimi == Ololade ta girma a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kuma ta sami digiri na farko a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Bayan haka, ta kuma yi karatun Cinematography a Kwalejin Fim ta New York . == Ayyuka == Ololade ta ci gaba da sha'awar fim bayan ta shiga cikin wani bita na filin aiki a Cibiyar Fim ta Kasa a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau . Ta fara aikin fim dinta a shekara ta 2005 kuma ta sami ci gaba tare da gajeren fim din da ta lashe kyautar The Diary of Bolanle . lashe kyautar Fim mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Los Angeles na Nollywood a California <nowiki>http://hollywoodcff.com/Home</nowiki> . WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival, zabin a Cannes Short Film Festival, A cikin 2019, Semi-Finalist a African International Film Festival (AFRIFF) a Najeriya, da kuma zabin a California's Film Festival. A cikin 2023, Ololade ya sami lambar yabo ta Bronze Remi don haɗin gwiwar Ogeere a bikin fina-finai na duniya na 2023 WorldFest-Houston . <ref name="houston2">{{Cite web |title=WorldFest 56 Remi Award List |url=https://assets-global.website-files.com/6255fbf3105a723987f6d3f4/65148ab4a63f3dd330a03a75_WF56%209.27.23%20Winners%20List%20-%20Sheet1.pdf |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=WorldFest}}</ref> Ta sami amincewar O1-b daga Amurka a matsayin mutum mai ƙwarewa ta musamman a fagen ta A cikin 2019, ta kafa Speed Films Productions Ltd, wanda ke cikin tsibirin Victoria. Kamfanin samar da fina-finai inda ta samar da Ogeere, da kuma mafi yawan fina-fakkawan ta. A cikin 2023, ta kafa dandamali mai gudana da ake kira Speed Films app inda masu kallo zasu iya watsa fina-finai a duniya. A cikin 2024, Ololade ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar gidan yanar gizon Speed Films, don kara sauƙaƙe watsa fina-finai na Afirka a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speed Films Web |url=https://web.speedfilmstv.com/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=web.speedfilmstv.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 2018: Diary of Bolanle: Wanda ya lashe: Bikin Fim na Los Angeles na Hollywood * 2019: Diary of Bolanle: Wanda ya lashe: Bikin Fim na Duniya na Duniya-Houston * 2019: City People Awards ta City People Magazine * 2021: Iyali: Wanda ya ci nasara: City People Magazine <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-30 |title=Winners Emerge @ 2021 City People Movie Awards In Abeokuta |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/winners-emerge-2021-city-people-movie-awards-in-abeokuta/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2022: Ipin Mi: Wanda ya lashe: Bikin Fim na Duniya na Athvikvaruni * 2023: Ipin Mi: Nomination: Bikin Fim na Harshe na Afirka * 2023: Ife Aimo: Nomination: Bikin Fim na Harshe na Afirka * 2023: Ife Aimo: An zabi shi: Bangaskiya da Iyali Bikin Fim na Chicago * 2023: Ogeere: Wanda ya lashe: Bikin Fim na Duniya na Duniya na WorldFest-Houston <ref name="houston">{{Cite web |title=WorldFest 56 Remi Award List |url=https://assets-global.website-files.com/6255fbf3105a723987f6d3f4/65148ab4a63f3dd330a03a75_WF56%209.27.23%20Winners%20List%20-%20Sheet1.pdf |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=WorldFest}}</ref> * 2023: Ogeere: An zabi shi: Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka * 2024: Ogeere: An zabi shi: Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=AMVCA 2024 nominations full list: Over the Bridge get highest nomination |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c3gmw713z0wo |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bayan haka kuma, ta kuma yi karatun Cinematography a Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ohbvmnur8ldbj2gyr3n7xaog1jlbwtr 0 45440 862898 355926 2026-06-21T11:46:12Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 862898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lekoane Lekoane''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1969) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne [[Lesotho|na Mosotho]] mai ritaya wanda aka sani na ƙarshe da ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arcadia Shepherds.<ref>Lekoane Lekoane at National-Football-Teams.com</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin shekarar 1995, Lekoane ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Kaizer Chiefs|Kaizer Chiefs]] na kasar Afirka ta Kudu, inda ya ce, "Yin wasa da shugabannin ba abu ne mai sauki a gare ni ba, wasu abokan wasana ba sa sona kuma sun sa rayuwa ta kasance mai wahala tun ranar farko da na shiga kungiyar. Amma na gaya wa kaina cewa na zo don buga kwallon kafa da haskakawa." <ref name="metro">"Meticulous striker, Lekoane 'Computer' Lekoane" . maserumetro.com.{{Cite web}}</ref> A shekara ta 1997, ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Dynamos a rukunin na biyu na Afirka ta Kudu, inda ya taimaka musu samun karin girma a gasar cin kofin [[Afirka]] ta Kudu amma ya tafi saboda rauni.<ref>" 'Computer' goes down memory lane" . lestimes.com.</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Lekoane ya yi ritaya bayan da barayi suka harbe shi. <ref name="metro" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aw2swcjneyx269pqzvnl9b7eg3pbz4h 0 45851 862556 239801 2026-06-21T04:41:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mayzer Alexandre''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1984) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na ƙasar Angola. Yana tsaye 6 ft 04 cikin (1.93 m) tsayi kuma yana wasa azaman ƙaramin gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/pyeongchang-2018/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210194736/https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/beijing/PHI/Eric+Ang/230582;_ylt=AvTLh1zB9H30l6cgjNct_IiOaJh4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu yana bugawa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Luanda, Angola|ASA]] wasa a babban gasar ƙwallon kwando [[Angola|ta Angolan]] BAI Basket. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] 9vnoex1k7rbs401f566q2lqduczicqc 0 45854 862643 239812 2026-06-21T08:14:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Mílton Lourenço Rosa Barros''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 1984) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na ƙasar Angola. Shi ma memba ne a [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon kwando ta maza ta Angola|ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Angola]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/pyeongchang-2018/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210194736/https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/beijing/PHI/Eric+Ang/230582;_ylt=AvTLh1zB9H30l6cgjNct_IiOaJh4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana da 6 ft 1 cikin (1.85 m) tsawo da kuma 86&nbsp;kg (fam 190) a nauyi. Ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, Barros ya wakilci Angola a lokuta da dama, ciki har da Wasannin Lusophony na shekarar 2006, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIBA 2006, Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2007 da Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2008. Ya auri tsohowar ƴar wasan ƙwallon hannu [[Elzira Tavares]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200418102535/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/elzira-tavares-1.html</ref> kuma ƴar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Petro Atlético Manucho Barros. A halin yanzu yana taka leda a Recreativo do Libolo a babbar gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Angolan BIC Basket. == Duba kuma == * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon kwando ta maza ta Angola|ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Angola]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] crs2bu7fzzotvxshrnsuecdbp2ghax8 0 46653 862851 488079 2026-06-21T11:05:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} [[File:Algérie - Arménie - 20140531 - Aissa Mandi (20), Mohamed Lamine Zemmamouche (16) et Mehdi Lacen (8) (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton muhammed lamine]] '''Mohamed Lamine Zemmamouche''' ( {{Lang-ar|محمد الأمين زيماموش}} ; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris 1985), [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Aljeriya wanda ke buga wasa a [[USM Alger]] a cikin Aljeriyan Ligue Professionnelle 1 da kuma [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|tawagar ƙasar Algeria]] .<ref>{{cite web|publisher=DZ Foot|title=La Fiche de Mohamed Lamine ZEMAMOUCHE|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/joueur.php?joueur_id=655&saison_id=14|language=fr|access-date=July 13, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302171250/http://www.dzfoot.com/joueur.php?joueur_id=655&saison_id=14|archive-date=March 2, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === USM Alger === === MC Alger === === USM Alger ya sake dawowa === A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli Zemmamouche ya sake komawa USM Alger, ko da yake wasu magoya bayansa sun ki komawa saboda fitaccen bugun fanareti da suka buga da USM Alger a shekarar 2010 a gasar cin kofin Algeria. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usm-alger.com/site/index.php/club/histoire/item/21264-zemmamouche-je-demande-pardon.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |title=Zemmamouche: " Je demande pardon " |website=usm-alger.com |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035611/http://www.usm-alger.com/site/index.php/club/histoire/item/21264-zemmamouche-je-demande-pardon.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mai tsaron gidan ya ce bayan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ba tsokanar magoya bayansa ba ne, kuma ya nemi afuwarsu, duk da haka, ya shafe kwantiragin shekaru uku na DZD 3,500,000 a wata daya ya zama mai karɓar albashi mafi girma a gasar Ligue 1, a cikinsa. kakar farko bayan dawowa. Zemmamouche ya halarci wasanni 32 tsakanin gasar Ligue 1 da kofin, wanda ya taimaka wajen dawo da ƙungiyar zuwa gasannin nahiyoyi bayan shekara shida ba ta buga wasa ba. [[File:Algérie - Arménie - 20140531 - Echauffement 1.jpg|thumb|Mohammed Lamine Zemmamouche]] [[Fayil:Algérie - Arménie - 20140531 - Echauffement 1.jpg|thumb|Mohammed Lamine Zemmamouche]] A kakar wasa ta gaba 2012-2013 shine farkon sabon zamani tare da laƙabi inda mai tsaron gidan ya ba da gudummawa ga gasar cin kofin Aljeriya da kuma gasar cin kofin ƙungiyoyin Larabawa, inda bai samu ƙwallaye a wasanni 22 ba, ciki har da 14 a gasar Ligue 1. Mafi kyawun aikinsa, Zemmamouche ya ture bugun fanareti biyu a kan kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Masar [[Ismaila SC|Ismaily SC]] a lokacin da suka isa wasan ƙarshe. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/mobile/detail-article/id/39872 |title=Coupe arabe des clubs (demi-finale-retour) : Les Usmistes se qualifient pour la finale |website=elmoudjahid.com |access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> Haka ne a gasar cin kofin karshe da tsohon kulob dinsa [[MC Alger]] ya buga. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afrik-foot.com/l-usm-alger-s-offre-la-coupe-d-algerie |title=L'USM Alger s'offre la Coupe d'Algérie |website=afrik-foot.com |date=May 2013 |access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta bana, Zemmamouche ya lashe kyautar mai tsaron gida mafi kyau a gasar Ligue 1, wanda Maracana Foot ya gabatar . <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/93638 |title=5e Oscars de Maracana: Mourad Delhoum (ES Sétif) élu meilleur joueur de la saison |website=djazairess |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114757/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/93638 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta gaba ta kasance mai kyau ga mai tsaron gidan na ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa gasar lig bayan shekaru 9 ba tare da izini ba sannan kuma ya lashe Super Cup a karon farko kuma bayan babban matakin a cikin shekaru biyun da suka gabata. iya tabbatar da tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA don zama dan wasa na farko a tarihin [[USM Alger]], kamar yadda wannan kakar ya shiga wasanni 27, ciki har da 15 mai tsabta zanen gado. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140613014007/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=305708/profile-detail.html Player's profile], FIFA.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170828130247/http://www.usm-alger.com/site/index.php/equipes/first-team/first-team.html?view=profile&id=28 Player's profile], USM Alger * {{Soccerway}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] mhmm1bipnuhh4wh0ioceyb2egjahg21 0 48824 862536 719460 2026-06-21T01:50:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masarautar Gaya''' kasa ce mai daraja ta biyu a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] [[Najeriya|a Najeriya]] . [[Gwamnatin Jihar Kano|Gwamnatin jihar Kano]] ce ta fara kafa ta a shekarar 2019, kuma ta sake fasalinta a shekarar 2024 bayan taru a takaice. Tana cikin [[Gaya (Nijeriya)|karamar hukumar Gaya]] ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Giginyu |first=Ibrahim Musa |date=2022-01-29 |title=The making of Gaya's third first-class emir |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-making-of-gayas-third-first-class-emir/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Salim Umar |date=2022-01-29 |title=Dignitaries throng Gaya emirate as emir receives staff of office |url=https://dailytrust.com/dignitaries-throng-gaya-emirate-as-emir-receives-staff-of-office/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rapheal |date=2024-07-17 |title=Gov Yusuf signs law establishing 3 second class emirates |url=https://thesun.ng/gov-yusuf-signs-law-establishing-3-second-class-emirates/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Masarautar Gaya tana karkashin jagorancin wani basarake ne da aka fi sani da Sarkin Gaya, wanda gwamnatin jihar Kano ta nada. Sarkin Gaya na yanzu shine Aliyu Ibrahim Gaya, [1] [2] wanda aka nada a shekarar 2021 bayan rasuwar marigayi sarki Alhaji Ibrahim Abdulkadir. Masarautar galibin al’umma ce ta noma, inda ake noman amfanin gona irin su shinkafa, masara, gero da gyada da yawa. [3] [4] == Al'adu == Ta fuskar al’adu da al’adu, al’ummar Gaya suna da kyawawan abubuwan tarihi da suka shahara wajen bukukuwa masu kayatarwa irin su Durbur na Hawan Sallah da raye-rayen gargajiya. Daya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan da ake gudanarwa a Masarautar dai shi ne bikin Gada da ake yi a duk shekara, wanda kuma ya hada da baje kolin kokawa na gargajiya, da harbin bindiga, da sauran ayyukan al'adu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-08 |title=Kano's Sallah durbars after split emirates |url=https://dailytrust.com/kanos-sallah-durbars-after-split-emirates/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-12 |title=Kano, Bichi, Gaya, Karate And Rank Emirates To Hold Hawan Sallah Tomorrow |url=https://daybreak.ng/kano-bichi-gaya-karate-and-rank-emirates-to-hold-hawan-sallah-tomorrow/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Daybreak, Politics, Entertainment, Sport |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218153859/https://daybreak.ng/kano-bichi-gaya-karate-and-rank-emirates-to-hold-hawan-sallah-tomorrow/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rushewa da sake kafawa == A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2023, Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] na jihar Kano ya sanar da rusa Masarautar Gaya, tare da wasu masarautu hudu da gwamnatin tsohon Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] ta kafa a shekarar 2019. Wannan shawarar ta sake dawo da tsarin gargajiya na jihar Kano na masarautu daya, kamar yadda ya kasance kafin sake fasalin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muntari |first=Tukur |date=2024-05-23 |title=Kano Assembly dissolves four new emirates created by Ganduje |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-kano-assembly-dissolves-four-new-emirates-created-by-ganduje/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bukar |first=Muhammad |date=2024-05-23 |title=Kano Assembly dethrones five Emirs, dissolves emirate councils |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/23/kano-assembly-dethrones-five-emirs-dissolves-emirate-councils/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Rushewar ta hade yankunan da ke karkashin Masarautar Gaya zuwa cikin Masarautar Kano, da nufin dawo da ci gaban tarihi da inganta harkokin gudanarwa. A wannan rana ne aka nada Sanusi Lamido Sanusi II a matsayin Sarkin Kano, inda ya karbi ragamar jagorancin sabuwar masarautar Kano. An yi wannan sauyi ne domin a hada kan shugabannin gargajiya da kuma daidaita harkokin mulki a jihar. [1] A watan Yuli na shekarar 2024, an sake kafa Masarautar Gaya a matsayin masarauta mai daraja ta biyu a karkashin [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|masarautar Kano]] . Gaya ta kunshi kananan hukumomin [[Gaya (Nijeriya)|Gaya]], [[Albasu]] da [[Ajingi]] . <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta{{Reflist}} == h3pbqz8iw0hppg2quvauvh5n95a0ucv 0 54090 862624 857649 2026-06-21T07:01:20Z Yusuf Murja 46196 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346754477|Dimbo Atiya]]" 862624 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Dimbo Atiya''' is a Nigerian [[Nollywood]] producer and director from [[Nasarawa]] state. In 2022, he won the [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2022 AMVCA]] Best Africa Magic Original Drama Series category award with the drama series ''Halita'' he produced, beating six other contestants. == Career == Atiya started out studying Urban and Regional planning but soon realized that his passion lay elsewhere. In 2008, Dimbo had his first stint at a major project, taking the reins of Naija Diamonds. In the same year, he was nominated for the British Council's INTERNATIONAL YOUNG ENTREPRENEUR AWARDS and subsequently got awarded a scholarship to attend Creative Lives, a development programme at the [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas|Lagos Business School]] powered by the British Council. It was at this programme Dimbo met his wife, Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dimbo atiya |url=https://wanawana.net/tag/dimbo-atiya/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=WanaWana |language=en-US}}</ref> Dimbo decided to enroll at the New York Film Academy in 2012, taking professional courses in film making and production at the Academy’s campuses in [[New York (birni)|New York]] and [[California]]. Dimbo has produced over 500 episodes of TV shows and five feature films. His projects have created job opportunities for more than 100 actors and close to 400 crew people since he began working as a producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We are hosting Dimbo Atiya (CEO, Innovative Television Kontents - ITK) |url=https://www.startupgrind.com/events/details/startup-grind-jos-presents-we-are-hosting-dimbo-atiya-ceo-innovative-television-kontents-itk/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Startup Grind |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Dimbo Atiya Archives |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tag/dimbo-atiya/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> Dimbo has also done photography work for the London Theatre and was at some point, Head of Photography for online shopping brand, [[Konga.com|KONGA.COM]]. Recently, he served as Co-Creator, Executive Producer, Producer, Co-Writer and Director of ''The Rishantes]'', a drama series on Africamagic and Showmax.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MEDIA |first=OSG |date=2022-11-03 |title=Fans of Halita, Get In Here!!!! |url=https://olorisupergal.com/290196/movies/fans-of-halita-who-have-been-following-the-series-since-it-first-premiered-in-2019/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=OloriSuperGal |language=en-GB}}</ref> The show was nominated for and won the [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2022 AFRICA MAGIC VIEWERS CHOICE AWARDS]] for Best Africa Magic Original Drama Series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dimbo Atiya's Strong starts production |url=https://contentnigeria.net/dimbo-atiyas-strong-starts-production/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Content Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Producer == * ''Halita:Season 1/2: (2019-2021) 239 episodes'' * ''Drawing Strength (2019)'' * ''[[Still Falling]]: Season 2 (2021)'' * ''The Plan (TV miniseries)'' ''(2023)'' * ''Dala Dala (2023)'' == Director == * ''[[Sons of the Caliphate]] (2016-2018 TV Series) 25 episodes'' * ''Halita:Season 1/2: (2019-2021 TV Series) 239 episodes'' * ''Drawing Strength (2019)'' * ''[[Still Falling]]: Season 2 (2021)'' * ''The Plan (TV miniseries)'' ''(2023)'' * ''Dala Dala (2023)'' == Writer == * ''Fillo (2019)'' * ''Drawing Strength (2019)'' * ''Still Falling: Season 2 (2021)'' * ''The Plan (TV miniseries)'' ''(2023)'' == Career == A shekara ta 2008, Dimbo ya fara aiki a wani babban aikin, inda ya jagoranci Naija Diamonds. Dimbo ya samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da 500 da fina-finai biyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fzye3i9e4p60ruw8hwbc37pxnycavmj 0 54110 862595 838628 2026-06-21T06:32:03Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351893632|Adasa Cookey]]" 862595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Adasa Cookey|image=AdasaCookey.jpg|Background=non_performing_personnel|Birth_name=Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam|birth_date={{birth date and age|1981|10|21|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], [[Nigeria]]|Occupations=[[Cinematographer]], editor, colourist, [[music video director]], [[commercial director]], [[filmmaker]]|Years_active=2010–present|website=www.adasacookey.com|module={{Infobox person | embed = yes | education = [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]] }}}} '''Adasa Cookey''' (an haife shi a matsayin '''Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam''' ) ɗalibi ne a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], darektan bidiyon kiɗa, mai shirya fina-finai, darektan kasuwanci, mai tsara launuka, kuma mai shirya fina-finai . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Movie director Adasa Cookey saves the job of a teller who paid him N4.3m instead of N432k |url=https://www.legit.ng/1235496-movie-director-adasa-cookey-saves-job-a-teller-paid-n43m-n432k.html |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> Yana aiki da kuma ba da umarni ga Squareball Media Productions Limited inda shi ne kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na kamfanin, wanda kuma kamfani ne na rikodin da ke ɗauke da [[1da Banton]] da Eli Jae. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2020 |title=ADASA COOKEY |url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Adasa a ranar 21 ga Oktoban shekarar 1981, a [[Port Harcourt]], [[Jihar Rivers]], [[Najeriya]] . Ya kuma yi ƙuruciyarsa a Port Harcourt, inda ya yi makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Bereton da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Jihar Ribas|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Rivers]] kuma ya sami digirin farko a fannin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> == Sana'a == Adasa ya bar aikinsa na wakilin kula da abokan ciniki a shekarar 2010 don ya canza sha'awarsa ta gyaran bidiyo kai tsaye. Ya jagoranci bidiyon kiɗan mawakan kiɗa kamar [[Davido]], [[Burna Boy]], [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]], [[Adekunle Gold]], [[D'Prince]], da [[Don Jazzy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Movie director Adasa Cookey saves the job of a teller who paid him N4.3m instead of N432k |url=https://www.legit.ng/1235496-movie-director-adasa-cookey-saves-job-a-teller-paid-n43m-n432k.html |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓen bidiyon bidiyo == * [[Burna Boy]] – Like To Biki (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * D'Prince – Jakar Goody (2013) * Ketchup - Nuna Ni Yuh Rozay (2013) * [[Mavin Records|Mavins]] All Stars - Adaobi (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * DJ Xclusive ft [[Davido]] – Wo Le (2015) * [[Adekunle Gold]] - Sade (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Movie director Adasa Cookey saves the job of a teller who paid him N4.3m instead of N432k |url=https://www.legit.ng/1235496-movie-director-adasa-cookey-saves-job-a-teller-paid-n43m-n432k.html |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * [[Adekunle Gold]] - Ready (2016) * Ric Hassani - Kai Kawai (2017) * [[Orezi]] - Girbin Gindi (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2020 |title=ADASA COOKEY |url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Idahams - Toast (2017) * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] – Selense (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] – Ayo (2019) * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] – Duduke (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking – Jericho (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * Bebe Cool ft Rudeboy - Feeling (2020) * Runtown ft. Bella Shmurda, Darkovibes - Jiki Riddim (Video) (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Movie director Adasa Cookey saves the job of a teller who paid him N4.3m instead of N432k |url=https://www.legit.ng/1235496-movie-director-adasa-cookey-saves-job-a-teller-paid-n43m-n432k.html |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> * [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft. [[Adekunle Gold]] – By You (2019) * Praiz – Madu (2020) * [[Niniola]] - Mai jaraba (2020) * Wande Coal ft. Wale – Again (Remix) (2020) * Wande Coal – Again (2020) * Idahams - Dala biliyan (2019) * Idahams -Ada (2020) * Idahams - Shiga Idona (2020) * Stonebwoy da [[Zlatan]] - Critical (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Stonebwoy’s new video for ‘Critical’ featuring Nigerian artist Zlatan – GRUNGECAKE |url=https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850 |access-date=2025-12-28 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127115353/https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Aiki ! Bikin ! Nau'i ! Sakamako |- | rowspan="1" | 2016 | rowspan="1" | "kansa" | rowspan="1" | [[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Nishaɗin Jama'a na Birni]] | ''Mafi kyawun Daraktan Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref>| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2020 | rowspan="1" | [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking "Jericho" | rowspan="1" | Bikin Kyaututtukan MVP na Soundcity | ''Bidiyon Shekara'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref>| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2020 | rowspan="1" | "Kansa" | rowspan="1" | KYAUTUTTUKAN GALAXY | ''Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2019 | rowspan="1" | [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking "Jericho" | rowspan="1" | Kyautar AFRIMA | ''Bidiyon Afirka Mafi Kyau'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Movie director Adasa Cookey saves the job of a teller who paid him N4.3m instead of N432k |url=https://www.legit.ng/1235496-movie-director-adasa-cookey-saves-job-a-teller-paid-n43m-n432k.html |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref>| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2017 | rowspan="1" | Orezi, "Tukunyar Girki" | rowspan="1" | Kyautar AFRIMA | ''Bidiyon Afirka Mafi Kyau Na Shekara'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2020 |title=ADASA COOKEY |url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |url-status=dead }}</ref>| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2016 | rowspan="1" | [[Adekunle Gold]], "Ka ɗauki Kiran" | rowspan="1" | Kyaututtukan Bidiyon Kiɗa na Najeriya | ''Mafi kyawun Fim'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref>| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2016 | rowspan="1" | Ranti, "Iwe Ki Ko" | rowspan="1" | Kyaututtukan Bidiyon Kiɗa na Najeriya | ''Mafi kyawun Edita'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref>| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2016 | rowspan="1" | Ranti, "Iwe Ki Ko" | rowspan="1" | Kyaututtukan Bidiyon Kiɗa na Najeriya | ''Mafi kyawun Darakta'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref>| {{Nom}} |} == Early life == Bayan haka, ya kuma ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Jihar Ribas|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Rivers]] sannan kuma ya sami digiri na farko a Fasaha a Gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2015 |title=Adasa Cookey |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|adasacookey.com}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6496phtmlsafv63mw4s9wpya2b37at7 0 54167 862442 861958 2026-06-20T20:31:12Z Momi Hauwa 46145 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354339126|Ladi Ladebo]]" 862442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Raymond Oladipupo Ladebo''' wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Ladi Ladebo (7 ga Mayu 1942 - 16 ga Afrilu 2021) [1] ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na Golden Age na fina-finai na Najeriya na baya, musamman a lokacin kyakkyawan fata na shekarun 1970s.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladi_Ladebo#cite_note-2</ref> Ya taba aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan kafofin watsa labarai da mai lissafi kafin ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai. An kuma san shi da laƙabi na Uncle Ladi . [3] == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare a [[Najeriya]], Ladi ya tafi Amurka don neman ilimi mafi girma. Ya sami digiri na [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Tallace-tallace]] da kasuwanci daga jami'o'i a Amurka. Ya fara zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Bowling Green a [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] kuma ya sami B.S. a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a shekarar 1968. A watan Agustan 1969, ya sami digiri na MBA a cikin Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar New York . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=Odumosu mourns veteran filmmaker, Ladi Ladebo |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/odumosu-mourns-veteran-filmmaker-ladi-ladebo/ |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=Tribune Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TV5MONDE : Les cinémas d'Afrique - page 8 |url=http://www.tv5.org/cms/cinema/p-779-Ladebo.htm?ficheId=2346&position=113&search=realisateur&recherche=&pays=0&categorie=0&genre=0&annee=&page=8&action=ok&lettre=&cfid=779 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=TV5MONDE |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar talla. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na kafofin watsa labarai da kuma mai ba da lissafi ga kamfanin talla na duniya na Ogilvy da Mather na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 1969 da 1972. Kwarewarsa ta aiki ga wata hukumar talla ta duniya ta ba shi damar yin aiki a matsayin mataimakin samarwa a fina-finai na Amurka da kuma a matsayin mai samar da layi don shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raymond Ladebo |url=https://www.amazon.com/Raymond-Ladebo/e/B007BMVHAC?ref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=www.amazon.com}}</ref> Ya fara aiki tare da tsohon dan wasan Afirka na Amurka Ossie Davis a fina-finai. Ya rubuta rubutun kuma shi ne furodusa na fim din Amurka na 1976 Countdown a mintuna, wanda Ossie Davis ya jagoranta. Countdown a mintuna an dauke shi fim na farko da baƙar fata na Amurkawa suka yi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya nuna haɗin gwiwa na farko tsakanin Ossie Davis da Ladi Ladebo a fina-finai. Ya kuma ba da umarnin fina-finai kaɗan ciki har da Bisi, Daughter of the River (1977) da Silent Sufferer, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tare da [[UNESCO]] da UNPFA. Ya fara yin fina-finai na bayar da shawarwari bayan 1977 sau da yawa yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin masu ba da kuɗi kamar UNESCO da UNPFA . <ref name=":0" /> Ladebo ya kuma samar da fina-finai da sanannen fim dinsa a matsayin mai gabatarwa Vendor, wanda aka saki a 1992 ya sami kyaututtuka huɗu ciki har da Darakta mafi kyau da Fim mafi kyau a lokacin bikin bikin fina-falla na Najeriya a shekarar 1992. An saki fim dinsa na karshe na Heritage a shekara ta 2003, kuma an fara gabatar da shi a Burtaniya a shekara ta 2004 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Khalili na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka. <ref name=":0"/> Ya kuma samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma shirye-shirye na talabijin mai suna Thrift Collector na ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryenta uku da Gidan Tarihi na Rotterdam ya zaba a matsayin Mafi kyawun Soaps na TV akan Jama'a da Ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrift Collector |url=https://www.ladi-ladebofilms.net/index.php/films/baba-tc-the-thrift-collector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011041036/https://www.ladi-ladebofilms.net/index.php/films/baba-tc-the-thrift-collector |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref> == Career == Ya fara yin fina-finai na bayar da shawarwari bayan shekara ta 1977 sau da yawa yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin masu ba da kuɗi kamar UNESCO da UNPFA . <ref name=":02" /> . <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Bayan ya kammala karatun sakandare a Najeriya, Ladi ya tafi ƙasar Amurka domin ci gaba da karatun digiri. Ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ne ta hanyar harkar talla. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai nazarin kafofin watsa labarai (media analyst) da kuma jami'in gudanar da asusu (account executive) a kamfanin talla na ƙasa da ƙasa, Ogilvy & Mather, na tsawon shekaru uku daga 1969 zuwa 1972. Ya fara haɗin gwiwa da fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ba’amurke ɗan asalin Afirka, Ossie Davis, a fannin shirya fina-finai. Ladebo ya kuma samar da fina-finai. Daya daga cikin fitattun fina-finan da ya samar shi ne Vendor, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1992. Fim ɗin ya lashe lambobin yabo guda huɗu, ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Darakta da Mafi Kyawun Fim, a bikin farko na Fina-Finan Nijeriya da aka gudanar a shekarar 1992. Ya kuma samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin ɗinsa mai suna "Thrift Collector" na daga cikin shirye-shirye uku da Rotterdam Museum of Ethnology ya zaɓa a matsayin mafi kyawun shirye-shiryen talabijin (TV Soaps) da suka fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan yawan jama'a da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrift Collector |url=https://www.ladi-ladebofilms.net/index.php/films/baba-tc-the-thrift-collector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011041036/https://www.ladi-ladebofilms.net/index.php/films/baba-tc-the-thrift-collector |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref> Ladebo ya mutu ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu na 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Ladebo ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Ladebo ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Ladebo ya mutu ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu na 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Ladi LadeboaIMDb {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] iroogr8wuysmkptmq8mhz0l6r7evkgy 0 54203 862593 861297 2026-06-21T06:28:05Z Maryam Magaje 46195 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344096093|Emem Isong]]" 862593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emem Isong''' listenⓘ marubuci ne na [[Najeriya]], Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka. An fi saninta da fina-finai a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma sanannen mutum ne a masana'antar [[Nollywood]]. An saki fasalin ta na biyu a matsayin darektan, Code of Silence, wanda ke hulɗa da fyade a Najeriya, a cikin 2015. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Isong, ta farko cikin yara huɗu, an haife ta ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba kuma ta fito ne daga yankin Ikono na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a Najeriya.<ref name="Birth">{{Cite web |title=iROKOtv Nollywood Icon Birthday: Emem Isong |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810064730/http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=IrokoTV Blog}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] da difloma a kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (NCR). <ref name="EDUCATION">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211340/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fina-finai da zane-zane na kafofin watsa labarai daga Jami'ar Creative Arts, Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-13 |title=Nollywood's Emem Misodi picks UCA for PhD |url=https://www.uca.ac.uk/blogs/leading-nollywood-filmmaker-picks-uca-for-phd/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=University for the Creative Arts - UCA |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Isong a cikin fim ya fara ne a 1994 lokacin da ta rubuta rubutun kuma ta haɗa fim din Jezebel . Shirin farko da ta yi shi ne Breaking Point (1996). Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Remmy Jez na tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin furodusa. Dangantakar sana'a ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008, bayan haka ta hada kai da fim din Reloaded .<ref name="Prolific">{{Cite web |last=Olehi |author-link=Uche |title=How Emem Isong emerged Nollywood’s most prolific filmmaker |url=http://encomium.ng/how-emem-isong-emerged-nollywoods-most-prolific-filmmaker/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Encomium}}</ref> Ta rubuta ko kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar su Reloaded, Breaking Point, She Devil, A Minute To Midnight, Play Boy, Private Sin, Master Stroke, Rumours, Shattered Illusion, Promise Me Forever da Emotional Crack (screenplay). An nuna wannan na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Nigeria Movies Review}}</ref> An kuma san ta da hotunan yaren Yoruba kuma sananniya ce a wannan masana'antar. Fim din Isong ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan Nollywood, ciki har da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] da [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Egbuson]] . <ref name="GAY">{{Cite journal |last=Lindsey Green-Simms |last2=Unoma Azuah |date=2012 |title=The Video Closet: Nollywood's gay-themed movies |journal=Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |issue=107 |pages=32–49 |jstor=10.2979/transition.107.32}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Isong ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko na ''[[Champagne]]'', wanda aka fara bugawa a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] . <ref name="BN">{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, ta fitar da fim din Code of Silence, fim dinta na biyu wanda ta kuma samar, tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Arts Academy da Nollywood Workshop.<ref name="#SHEVOICES">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142137/http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=African Women Leadership Organization}}</ref> Fim din, wanda ke magana ne game da [[Rape in Nigeria|fyade a Najeriya]], taurari [[Makida Moka]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Omoni Oboli]]. Isong has served as a speaker at the Afrinolly masterclass series and also as a judge for the MTN Afrinolly short film competition in 2013. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="AFRINOLLY">{{Cite web |title=Afrinolly MasterClass Series With Charles Aniagolu and Emem Isong |url=http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142415/http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Bits}}</ref><ref name="THRILL">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=Nigeria Movies Review}}</ref> == Kyauta == An bayyana Isong a matsayin maverick a cikin New Nollywood motsi wanda masu shirya fina-finai suka rarraba wanda ba kawai suke da sha'awar samar da fina-fukkuka ba, amma a cikin ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu mahimmanci da fasaha. Ta yi aiki tare da marubuta daban-daban kamar Rita Onwurah, Karyn Udeh, Toiyoabasi Ekong, Jane Nwachukwu, da Vivian Chiji kuma fina-finai sun nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ciki har da [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Nancy Isime]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] . Wadannan fina-finai galibi ana rarraba su ta hanyar ƙarin ƙoƙari da masu shirya fina-fakkaatu suka yi don tabbatar da ba kawai hanyoyin ba har ma da kayan aikin samarwa da masu shirya fim suka yi amfani da su suna da inganci sosai. Ba game da samarwa ba ne don samarwa amma don fasaha. Wadannan fina-finai kuma ana yin su ne don samun roko na cikin gida da na duniya kamar yadda galibi ana fitar da su a gidajen silima na Najeriya da na kasashen waje. Wannan canjin daga samar da bidiyo na gida zuwa kallon fina-finai shima wani bangare ne na wannan motsi na New Nollywood.<ref name="NEW NOLLYWOOD 2">{{Cite journal |last=Haynes |first=Jonathan |date=1 January 2014 |title=Close-Up:Nollywood—A Worldly Creative Practice: "New Nollywood":Kunle Afolayan |journal=Black Camera |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53}}</ref><ref name="POSTCOLONIAL EXOTIC">{{Cite journal |last=Alessandro Jedlowski |date=1 March 2014 |title=Nigerian Videos in the Global Arena: The Postcolonial Exotic Revisited |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/538435 |journal=The Global South |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=157–178 |issn=1932-8656}}</ref> Isong is also known for her role in founding the Royal Arts Academy in 2010 and her subsequent role as the academy's CEO. The Royal Arts Academy which she started with [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak Oguamanam]], Anietie Isong, and actress [[Monalisa Chinda]], is based in [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], Lagos State, Nigeria. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="ROYAL ARTS ACADEMY">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong opens acting academy |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209070904/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Films}}</ref> Its mandate is to empower students by giving them the necessary tools required to take part in all aspects of film creation and production preparing them to compete in both the Nigerian and international film industries.<ref name="R A ACADEMY">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061503/http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Royal Arts Academy}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="R A Academy 2">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong's Royal Arts Academy To Improve Film-Making in Nigeria |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-emem-isongs-royal-arts-academy-to-improve-film-making-in-nigeria_80.html |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Movie Network}}</ref> Students are also given opportunities to win funding to produce films for public release.<ref name="EMPOWER">{{Cite web |last=Tosan |date=27 October 2015 |title=Royal Arts Academy spotlights Film Contest and Awards |url=http://trendyafrica.com/royal-arts-academy-spotlights-film-contest-and-awards/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Trendy Africa}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An san Isong da zama mai zaman kansa kuma ba ya ba da tambayoyi. Wannan, a cewarta, saboda tana son a cinye aikinta a kan cancanta shi kaɗai ba tare da rayuwarta ta rinjayi masu kallo ba. Isong ta auri Misodi Akama, tare da ita tana da tagwaye da aka haifa a shekara ta 2016. <ref name="BN">{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ "Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for 'Champagne' Movie Premiere"]. Bella Naija<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Nollywood Producer Emem Isong & her Twins in New Adorable Photos |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/nollywood-producer-emem-isong-her-twins-in-new-adorable-photos/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbenga Bada |date=5 June 2015 |title=Movie producer pour encomium on son as he turns 8 |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141351/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=Pulse}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Mai gabatarwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2024 |''Rashin yin shiru'' |- |2023 |''Haka ne zuwa Har abada'' |- |2022 |''Yin rawa tare da Ni'' |- |2021 |''Magungunan da ke da zafi'' |- |2020 |''[[Special Jollof|Jollof na Musamman]]'' |- |2019 |''Yarinyar da take mafarkinta'' |- |2018 |''Mr. & Mrs. Right'' |- |2017 |''[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|Harshe na Jiki]]'' |- |2016 |''[[Ayamma]]'' |- |2015 |''Kada ka yi makao'' |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''[[Apaye|Ka yi watsi da shi]]'' |- |''Yin Ƙarƙashin Ƙofar Sama'' |- |2013 |''Mantawa da Yuni'' |- |2012 |''Lining na azurfa'' |- |2011 |''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita'' |- | rowspan="4" |2010 |''Kiss da Tell'' |- |''Fashewa'' |- |''Tsayawa da Bege'' |- |''Tunanin Yaƙi'' |- |2009 |''Edikan'' |- |2008 |[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']] |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Lokaci don Ƙauna'' |- |''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba'' |- |''Yahoo Miliyanari'' |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan'' |- |''Rashin rauni'' |- | rowspan="7" |2005 |''Bayan Ƙofofin da aka rufe'' |- |''Dare mafi duhu'' |- |''Ƙarya marar Ƙarshe'' |- |''Wasanni Mata suna Wasan'' |- |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata a cikin Hood'' |- |''Ina jin ku'' |- |''Maza Suna kuka'' |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |''Shawarwari Mai Muhimmanci'' |- |''Don Gaskiya'' |- |''Jagora'' |- |''Alkawari Ni Har abada'' |- |2003 |''Zunubi na sirri'' |- |1996 |''Matsalar Mataki'' |- |1994 |''Yezabila'' |} === Marubuci === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2011 |''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita'' |- | rowspan="3" |2008 |''Fashewa'' |- |''Zuciya tana bugun'' |- |[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']] |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Lokaci don Ƙauna'' |- |''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba'' |- |''Yahoo Miliyanari'' |- |2006 |''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan'' |- | rowspan="4" |2005 |''Mahimmanci Makafi'' |- |''Dare mafi duhu'' |- |''Rashin Jinƙai'' |- |''Ina jin ku'' |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Bautar'' |- |''Alkawari Ni Har abada'' |- |2003 |''Rashin jin daɗi'' |- |1994 |''Yezabila'' |} === Daraktan === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2014 |''[[Champagne]]'' |- |2015 |[[Code of Silence (fim na 2015)|''Dokar Shiru'']] |} == Early life and education == A shekarar 2024, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin fina-finai da fasahar watsa labarai daga [[University for the Creative Arts|Jami'ar Fasahar Kirkire-kirkire]], Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-13 |title=Nollywood's Emem Misodi picks UCA for PhD |url=https://www.uca.ac.uk/blogs/leading-nollywood-filmmaker-picks-uca-for-phd/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=University for the Creative Arts - UCA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Egwuatu |first=Somtochukwu |date=2024-08-10 |title=Emem Isong-Misode earns doctorate degree in film, media arts |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/emem-isong-misodi-earns-doctorate-degree-in-film-media-arts/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * ZAFAA Awards, in the category of Best Producer for the film ''Memories of my Heart'' (2010). * Wow Divas, Outstanding Contribution to Raising Awareness, Understanding and Hope to those Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Advocating for them through her film ''Silver Lining'' (2012). * [[Kyautar ELOY|ELOY Awards]], Best Movie Producer of the Year for ''I'll Take My Chances'' (2011). * [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood]], Special Recognition Award. * Ntanla Awards, Industry Merit Awards. * Nigeria's Integrity Film Awards (HomeVida) in the category Family/Child Friendly Category for the film ''Knocking on the Heavens Door'' (2014). * Africa Movie Awards in the category of Best Scriptwriter for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * ''City People'' Awards in the categories of Best Producer of the Year, and Best Screenplay for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kv6whpb4qf5bhy1pe19f0pufmosj8f3 0 54204 861983 856750 2026-06-20T12:08:52Z Umar-askira 12577 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345749899|Steve Gukas]]" 861983 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steve Gukas''' Mai shirya fim-finai ne na [[Nollywood]], [[Darakta|darektan]] kuma furodusa wanda ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da fina-fakkaatu don magance matsalolin al'umma. == Ilimi == Gukas ta yi karatun samar da talabijin a Kwalejin NTA TV a [[Jos]], Fasaha ta Wasanni a [[Jami'ar Jos]] da samar da Fim a Makarantar Fim ta London, Ingila. == Ayyuka == Shi tsohon manajan darakta ne na gidan rediyo na Najeriya, WE FM . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwenwanne |first=Valentine |date=December 5, 2019 |title=SHE WANTS TO PREVENT NIGERIANS FROM BLEEDING TO DEATH |url=https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/a-blood-donation-mobile-app-attacks-a-desperate-need/245064/ |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Ozy}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ya ba da umarnin fim din "Keeping Faith". A shekara ta 2007, ya samar da fim din, "Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation", wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, Danny Glover; shi ne aikinsa na farko. <ref name="F">{{Cite web |last=Esene |first=Isime |date=September 24, 2016 |title=PODCAST: Why Steve Gukas is very afraid for the future of Nollywood, and why you should probably be scared too |url=https://ynaija.com/podcast-steve-gukas-afraid-future-nollywood-probably-scared/ |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=YNaija}}</ref> A cikin 2014, an saki fim din da ya shirya kuma ya samar, "A Place in the Stars". An samar da fim din ne don girmama [[Dora Akunyili]], marigayi Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa (NAFDAC)]] , wanda ya yi yaƙi da samarwa, tallace-tallace da amfani da magunguna a Najeriya. Fim din ya fito da [[Segun Arinze]], [[Dejumo Lewis]], [[Matilda Obaseki]], [[Gideon Okeke]], [[Yemi Blaq]] da Femi Branch. Daga baya, a 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA), fim din ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Movie (Drama). A cikin 2016, ya ba da umarnin fim din, "93 Days", fim din da aka kirkira don tunawa da [[Ameyo Adadevoh|Dokta Stella Ameyo Adadevoh]], marigayi likitan Najeriya wanda tare da sauran ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], ya taimaka wajen dakatar da yaduwar [[Ebola virus|Kwayar cutar Ebola]] a Najeriya ta hanyar sadaukar da kanta ga aikin a cikin 2014. Fim din ya nuna 'yan wasan [[Nollywood]] da [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Danny Glover]], [[Seun Ajayi]], Keppy Ekpeyong da [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why '93 Days' is one of the most important movies ever made |url=http://venturesafrica.com/features/why-93-days-is-one-of-the-most-important-movies-ever-made/ |access-date=October 25, 2020 |publisher=Ventures Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Emma |date=April 4, 2020 |title=Plagues, zombies and vampires: How Hollywood handles deadly viruses |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52149061 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazeem |first=Yomi |date=January 8, 2016 |title=A movie based on the life of Nigeria's Ebola heroine is getting flak from her family |url=https://qz.com/africa/587822/a-movie-based-on-the-life-of-nigerias-ebola-heroine-is-getting-flak-from-her-family/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=QuartzAfrica}}</ref> Fim din yana gudana a kan [[Netflix|NETFLIX]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=October 15, 2019 |title=EBOLA CRISIS-INSPIRED DRAMA '93 DAYS' IS COMING TO NETFLIX THIS OCTOBER |url=https://culturecustodian.com/ebola-crisis-inspired-drama-93-days-is-coming-to-netflix-this-october/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Culture Custodian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=March 4, 2020 |title=The Best Nollywood Films Streaming on Netflix Right Now |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/the-best-nollywood-films-to-watch-on-netflix/?rebelltitem=5#rebelltitem5 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Okay Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=March 30, 2020 |title=Your Netflix Bragging Rights List: 15 Must-See Films Hiding In Plain Sight |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/your-netflix-bragging-rights-list-15-must-see-films-hiding-in-plain-sight-2202931 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Fim din, tare da wasu biyu ("''[[Isokin|Isoken]]''" da "The Bridge") sune fina-finai na farko da za a nuna a cikin shirin "''Nollywood a Hollywood''" na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Nollywood Shines Under the Hollywood Stars |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/03/27/1453401/0/en/Nollywood-Shines-Under-the-Hollywood-Stars.html |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Globe Newswire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Claudia |date=March 27, 2020 |title=COVID-19: 'The Flu', 'Pandemic' and other coronavirus related films on Netflix |url=https://en.as.com/en/2020/03/27/other_sports/1585318242_776757.html |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=En As}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=June 7, 2020 |title='Our films will make the world see why Africa is special' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/jun/07/our-films-will-make-the-world-see-why-africa-is-special-the-delivery-boy-nodash-netflix-jammal-18805.html |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Cinema Express}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne a farkon watan Satumbar 2016 a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto da kuma bikin fina-fukkin kasa da kasa da Chicago. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stein |first=Chris |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Outbreak Gets Nollywood Treatment |url=https://www.voanews.com/arts-culture/nigerias-ebola-outbreak-gets-nollywood-treatment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815025022/https://www.voanews.com/arts-culture/nigerias-ebola-outbreak-gets-nollywood-treatment |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=[[VOA]]}}</ref> Ya kuma samar da, "Keeping The Faith" da "Mr. Johnson". Shi, kuma yana so ya yi fim a babban birnin Jihar Plateau na Najeriya, Jos . Ya kasance daga cikin masu tattaunawa a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Rapid Lion na Afirka ta Kudu na 2017 inda mahalarta suka tattauna halin yanzu da makomar fina-fakka na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2017 |title=African filmmakers discuss the state of African cinema |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/african-filmmakers-discuss-the-state-of-african-cinema |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Brand South Africa}}</ref> Ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwar fim din wanda ya haifar da [[Nollywood]] na Najeriya, mai taken "Living in Bondage", wanda aka samar da shi a shekarar 1992, wanda a cewar [[Ramsey Nouah]], darektan fim din da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo dangane da Gukas, yana da "sunan yin manyan ayyukan". Fim din ya nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Kenneth Okonkwo]], [[Kanayo O. Kanayo]] da [[Bob-Manuel Udokwu]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] da [[Kalu Ikeagwu]]. == Kwarewa/Aiki == Ya kasance tsohon manajan darakta ne na gidan rediyo na Najeriya, WE FM . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwenwanne |first=Valentine |date=December 5, 2019 |title=SHE WANTS TO PREVENT NIGERIANS FROM BLEEDING TO DEATH |url=https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/a-blood-donation-mobile-app-attacks-a-desperate-need/245064/ |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=Ozy}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ya ba da umarnin fim din "Keeping Faith". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] epexjp9olse6g3a42k9vmg4jpnwrlaz 0 54248 862628 853757 2026-06-21T07:07:41Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349483596|Rogers Ofime]]" 862628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rogers Ofime''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris din shekarar 1973) ɗan Najeriya ne mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai shirya talabijin wanda ke zaune a Kanada. Ya kuma fi shahara da shirya fina-finai da dama na talabijin na Najeriya, ciki har da fim ɗin ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' mai nasara, <ref name="Tinsel">{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=July 2015 |title=Rogers Ofime: NANTAP honours Tinsel producer |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-nantap-honours-tinsel-producer-id3932539.html |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=PulseNG |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020822/http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-nantap-honours-tinsel-producer-id3932539.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda shine fim na farko da aka shirya a gidajen talabijin na yau da kullun wanda wani furodusa ɗan Najeriya ya shirya a duk Gabas, Yamma ko Arewacin Afirka <ref name="Glife">{{Cite web |last=Thomas-Odia |first=Ijeoma |date=June 2016 |title=Rogers Ofime… Ardour For Redefining Nollywood |url=http://life.guardian.ng/2016/06/rogers-ofime-ardour-for-redefining-nollywood/ |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=Guardian Life |archive-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825152726/http://life.guardian.ng/2016/06/rogers-ofime-ardour-for-redefining-nollywood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma kwanan nan ''Hush'' . <ref name="SatMag">{{Cite web |last=Thomas-Odia |first=Ijeoma |date=April 2017 |title='I believe in teamwork, it promotes professionalism' |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/i-believe-in-teamwork-it-promotes-professionalism/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Guardian Saturday Magazine}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ofime a Legas, Najeriya. A watan Mayun 1985, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Firamare ta St. Paul da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na Makarantar Grammar Iponri da ke Legas a watan Yunin 1991 don karatunsa na sakandare. Bayan karatunsa na sakandare, a watan Mayun 1994 ya sami takardar shaidar wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] da ke [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma wata takardar shaidar waƙa daga wannan jami'ar a watan Mayun 1996. A watan Yulin shekarar 2000, Ofime ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin fasaha (Aji na Biyu a Ƙasa) daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, jihar Osun, Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2014 |title=Nigeria: Rogers Ofime... Detailed, Articulate On Screen |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412041661.html |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2004, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha (PhD Grade) a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na MA daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]], Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica" /> A shekarar 2016, ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Robertson da ke Kanada da takardar shaidar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci. <ref name="Glife"/> Daga nan ya yi rajista don samun digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Tun yana ƙarami, Ofime ya nemi masu ba shi shawara kamar Erika Klopper, Desiree Markgraaf, [[Tade Ogidan]], [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]], kuma ya zama mai son Steven Spielberg da Tyler Perry. Tade Ogidan, fitaccen daraktan Najeriya ne ya ba shi damar farko. Amma damar da ta kai ga ci gabansa a masana'antar talabijin da fina-finai ita ce ta ba shi ta Erika Klopper. A cewar Ofime, "Ta yi imani da ni lokacin da kowa ya yi shakkar iyawata na gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na yau da kullun." <ref name="Glife"/> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2001, Ofime ya fara shirya fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin da tallace-tallace a matsayin manajan shirya fina-finai a Legas, Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 2005, Ofime ya kama aiki da Kamfanin Fim na ''Sky Sweeper Films'' da ke Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin da yake can, Ofime ya shirya shirye-shiryensa na farko na tallan talabijin, wanda ya samu nasara sosai.<ref name="Ofime">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2015 |title=Biography: Rogers Ofime |url=http://rogersofime.com/index.php/biography/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Rogers Ofime}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, manyan kamfanonin watsa labarai na Afirka ta Kudu ''M-net'' sun yi farautar Ofime kuma an ba shi aikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo ''na Tinsel'' na yau da kullun a kan dandamalin M-net/Africa Magic. Yayin da yake aiki a ''Tinsel'', ya yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan fina-finai 120, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 15 masu maimaitawa da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 500 masu tallafawa. Shirin ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka fi kallo a Afirka, wanda miliyoyin mutane suka kalla kuma aka watsa shi a cikin ƙasashen Afirka 48 a tashoshin talabijin na tauraron dan adam da na gida. <ref name="Ofime"/> Hakanan ya sanya shi furodusa na farko na Najeriya da ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na yau da kullun mai kyamarori da yawa a cikin studio a Yamma, Arewa da Gabashin Afirka. <ref name="Glife"/> A shekarar 2013, M-net ta umarci Ofime da ya ƙirƙiro wani shiri na Tele-film ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyar masu shirya fina-finai 120 don shirya aƙalla fina-finan tele-fina 80 a shekarar 2013, fina-finai 60 a shekarar 2014 da kuma fina-finai 40 a shekarar 2015. Shirin aikin fina-finai, wanda ya yi nasara, ana kiransa aikin ''Africa Magic Original Films'' (AMOF). Ofime ya koma [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Kanada kuma ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na kansa, ''Theatron Media Incorporated'' <ref name="AllAfrica"/> kuma ya yi aiki tare da fitattun masu shirya fina-finai da daraktoci da dama, ciki har da Tade Ogidan, Erika Klopper, Juliette Hagopian, Robert Peters, Curtis Graham, Steve Morrisson da Titus Orpen. <ref name="Created">{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=June 2015 |title=Rogers Ofime: Why I created 222 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-why-i-created-zone-222-tinsel-producer-speaks-on-new-tv-series-id3856568.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=PulseNG |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815052743/http://pulse.ng/movies/rogers-ofime-why-i-created-zone-222-tinsel-producer-speaks-on-new-tv-series-id3856568.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ofime shine Babban Furodusa a Native Media TV, wani kamfanin shirya fina-finai, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ya shirya shirin, ''"Zone 222"'' da ''"Till You Are 16"'' don Africa Magic TV. A shekarar 2020, ya shirya wani fim mai suna "Voiceless". Fim ɗin da ya mayar da hankali kan matsalolin da waɗanda ke zaune a arewacin [[Najeriya]] ke fuskanta. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-16 |title=Native Media Unveils New Produc |url=https://guardian.ng/features/native-media-unveils-new-produc/ |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=Guardian News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ofime ta auri Olabimpe Ofime. Sun haɗu a jami'a, kuma sun yi aure tun shekarar 2002. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == A bikin bayar da kyautar African Magic Viewers Choice Award (AMVCA) na shekarar 2017, wani fim da ya shirya, Oloibiri, an sanya masa suna Mafi Kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka. <ref name="SatMag"/> Fim ɗin labarin garin tarihi ne inda Shell Darcy ta fara gano mai a Najeriya a watan Yunin 1956, kuma jaruman 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya kamar [[Olu Jacobs]] da Richard Mofe Damijo, Oloibiri ya doke ''A Trip to Jamaica'', ''76'', ''93 Days'' da ''The CEO'' don lashe kyautar. <ref name="AMVCA">{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chimdunga |date=March 2017 |title=#AMVCA 2017: "Oloibiri" wins Best Movie West Africa |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2017-oloibiri-wins-best-movie-west-africa-id6318273.html |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=PulseNG }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, an karrama Ofime da lambar yabo daga Ƙungiyar Masu Aikin Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya, NANTAP, a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo saboda jajircewarsa ga ci gaban fasaha da al'adu a Najeriya. <ref name="Tinsel"/> Jerin kyaututtukan Ofime sun haɗa da   == Fim ɗin fim == === Fina-finai masu kayatarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="19" | 2013 | ''Rushewar Otal'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Na Biyar'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Gefen Titi'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Kopa'' | Furodusa | | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Ɗakin'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Mai rikitarwa'' | Furodusa | Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Kin'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Mafaka'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Ci gaba'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''dawowa gida'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo/Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Reshen Zaitun'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Harbi a Ƙafa'' | Furodusa | Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Buffon'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Spinsters'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo/Solomon Macaulay | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Harin Dare'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Wannan gidan ba na sayarwa bane'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Manufa'' | Furodusa | Alex Mouth | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Sirrin Rayuwar Yaran Yahoo'' | Furodusa | Ehizojie Ejesebholo | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | ''Yin aiki'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | 2014 | ''Jajaye'' | Furodusa | Patience Oghre Imobhio | Fim ɗin MNET na Asali |- | 2016 | ''[[Oloibiri (fim)|Oloibiri]]'' | Furodusa | Curtis Graham | Tsarin Hanya Mai Daidaitawa & Tsarin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | ''Sifili Awa'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Mugabe'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Samar da Eastgate |- | 2020 | ''[[Voiceless (fim, 2020)|Ba tare da murya ba]]'' | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Robert Peters | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Asalin Kasa/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Fari |- | 2021 | ''Kanani'' | Furodusa | Tola Olatunji | Fina-finan RAS/Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Ƙasa |} === Manyan shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2006 - 2015 | ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' (Kashi 1,500) | Furodusa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2011 - kwanan wata | ''[[The Johnsons (Nigerian TV series)|The Johnsons]]'' (Kashi na 1892) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2015 | ''Har Zuwa Shekara 16'' (Kashi 13) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron |- | 2015 - 2016 | ''Otal Mai Girma'' (Kashi 260) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2016 - 2017 | ''Hush'' (Kashi 260) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Jerin Talabijin na MNET |- | 2019 | Kogin Sirri (Jerin 'Yan Najeriya) Kashi 26) | Babban Mai Shiryawa | Daban-daban | Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Asalin |- | 2018 - kwanan wata | ''Coloré'' (Kashi 52) | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kafafen Yada Labarai na Asalin Kasa/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Theatron/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Mugosa |- |} === Gajerun fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="3" | 2015 | ''Ɗaya daga cikin da yawa'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | ''An 'Yantar'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Da Soyayya'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''Farashin Kayan Yaji'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Theatron Media/Kafafen Yada Labarai na Ƙasa |- | ''Kwanan wata'' | Furodusa/Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | ''Ƙarshen'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | rowspan="3" | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | ''Gadoji'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime |- | ''Rufewa'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime |- |} === Shirye-shiryen Fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2003 | ''Peter Odili'' | Manajan Samarwa | Tade Ogidan | Hotunan OGD |- | 2004 | ''Simintin Ashaka (Ranar LFT)'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2005 | ''Unilever: Rayuwa Mai Taɓawa'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2005 | ''Coca-Cola'' | Manajan Samarwa | Owolabi Odesola | Sana'ar Giciye |- | 2009 | ''Littafin Tarihin Tatsuniya'' | Furodusa | | MNET Afirka |- | 2017 | ''Ba tare da murya ba'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Samar da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Asalin |- | 2017 | ''Ba za a sake ba'' | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Theatron |- | 2017 | ''Maidowa: Labarin 'Yan Gudun Hijira'' <ref name="Refugee Story">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards - Restoration: A Refugee's Story |url=http://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2017/11/20/restoration-a-refugees-story |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=wearemovingstories.com |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016115047/http://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2017/11/20/restoration-a-refugees-story |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Darakta | Rogers Ofime | Mugbosa Media/Theatron Media Production |- |} === Talabijin na Gaskiya === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2007 | ''Mai Horar da Ɗalibi'' | Mai Shirya Layi | Tade Ogidan | An shirya gasar talabijin ta gaskiya don Bank PHB |- | 2008 | ''Shahararrun Aiki'' | Manajan Samarwa | Hydei Uys | Samarwa don Endemol |- |} == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Ofime a Lagos, Najeriya. A watan Mayun 1985, ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta St. Paul's da ke Lagos, Najeriya. Daga nan kuma ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Iponri Grammar School a Lagos a watan Yunin 1991 domin ci gaba da karatun sakandare. Bayan ya kammala karatun sakandare, a watan Mayun 1994 ya samu Takardar Shaidar Karatun Wasan Kwaikwayo (Drama) daga Obafemi Awolowo University da ke Osun State, a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Daga baya kuma ya samu wata Takardar Shaidar Karatun Kiɗa (Music) daga wannan jami'a a watan Mayun 1996. A watan Yulin 2000, Ofime ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin fasaha (Aji na Biyu a Ƙasa) daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, jihar Osun, Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2014 |title=Nigeria: Rogers Ofime... Detailed, Articulate On Screen |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412041661.html |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2004, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha (PhD Grade) a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na MA daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]], Najeriya. <ref name="AllAfrica" /> A shekarar 2016, ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Robertson da ke Kanada da takardar shaidar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci. Daga nan ya yi rajista don samun digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. == Career == A shekara ta 2001, Ofime ya fara shirya fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin da tallace-tallace a matsayin manajan shirye-shiryen talabijin a Legas, Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 2005, Ofime ya kama aiki da Kamfanin Fim ''na Sky Sweeper Films'' da ke Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin da yake can, Ofime ya shirye-shiryensa na farko na tallata talabijin, wanda ya samu nasara sosai. <ref name="Ofime">{{Cite web |last=Akutu |first=Geraldine |date=November 2015 |title=Biography: Rogers Ofime |url=http://rogersofime.com/index.php/biography/ |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=Rogers Ofime}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, ya shirya wani fim mai suna "Voiceless". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|5277927}}  [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 55ul57on8ldd2ndfv83eqimjoqd3mjg 0 56605 862843 676581 2026-06-21T10:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohammed Baroot''' ( [[Larabci]] :محمد باروت) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987) shi ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙasar Daular Larabawa ne. A halin yanzu yana taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]].<ref name="agleague">{{cite web|url=http://uae.agleague.ae/ar/players/details.html?player_id=8531|title=محمد باروت|author=XS Studios|publisher=uae.agleague.ae|accessdate=2017-02-19}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|mohammed-barot/154958}} == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8dn2641qc5bxeuumeed2io2cwcsiery 0 61059 862045 322683 2026-06-20T14:07:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862045 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education;''' wanda akafi sani da '''Penn GSE''', babbar makarantar bincike ce ta Ivy League a Amurka. An kafa shi a matsayin sashe a 1893 da makaranta a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1915, Penn GSE a tarihi yana da ƙarfin bincike acikin koyarwa da koyo, yanayin al'adu na ilimi, ilimin harshe, hanyoyin bincike, ƙididdiga, da kuma tambayar mai aiki. Pam Grossman shine shugaban Penn GSE na yanzu; ta gaji Andrew C. Porter a shekarar 2015. [[Category:Articles using infobox university]] == Tarihi == Tun daga farko, Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta shirya malaman da zasu jagoranci makarantun kasar. Wannan ita ce babbar manufar Cibiyar Jama'a ta Benjamin Franklin ta Philadelphia, kuma ta cigaba da yin tasiri a aikin Jami'ar a tsawon tarihinta. An fara gudanar da azuzuwan ilimi a Penn a 1893, kuma an ƙirƙiri farfesa a fannin ilimi shekaru biyu bayan haka a 1895. An kafa cikakkiyar makarantar ilimi a matsayin makarantar daban acikin jami'a acikin 1914, da farko tana bada Bachelor of Science kawai acikin digiri na ilimi. Makarantar ilimi ta ba da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Ilimi acikin 1915 akan maza uku da mata uku. Makarantar cikin sauri ta rungumi wajibcin bincike kan ayyukan ilimi, kuma ta kafa Jagoran Kimiyya a Ilimi da Digiri na Digiri na Ilimi acikin 1930 da 1943, bi da bi. Tun daga nan, Penn GSE ya girma ya haɗada Jagoran Falsafa a Ilimi, Doctor of Education, da Doctor of Philosophy acikin shirye-shiryen ilimi da gidaje da yawa sassan, cibiyoyi, da manufofi. == Kayayyakin aiki == Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar, ofisoshinta da azuzuwa suna cikin Hall Hall, ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen farko na harabar Penn's West Philadelphia. Laburarenta yana cikin Fisher-Bennett Hall amma ba da daɗewa ba aka haɗa shi zuwa ɗakin karatu na Van Pelt. Acikin 1940, GSE ya ƙaura zuwa Eisenlohr Hall, wanda ke da ƴan shinge a yamma akan titin Walnut. Penn ya sami ƙarin sarari acikin gidan layi na gaba, wanda aka sani da Ginin Annex Eisenlohr. Penn GSE ya koma cikin Ginin Ilimi, inda yake har yanzu, acikin 1966. A halin yanzu, Eisenlohr Hall yana aiki a matsayin gidan shugaban ƙasa kuma Eisenlohr Annex gida ne ga cibiyar rubutun ƙirƙira ta Penn. == Malamai == Penn GSE yana bada digiri na masters guda 20 daban-daban acikin shirye-shiryen da suka kama daga Babban Ilimi zuwa Nasiha da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiyar Hankali. Hakanan yana bada digiri na digiri 15, a duka ilimi da falsafa. == Bincike == Penn GSE yana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri iri-iri a cikin binciken ilimi da aiki. Dalibai suna shirin zama shugabannin ilimi, masu burin samun sana'o'i a cikin birane da ilimi na duniya, jagoranci makaranta, binciken ilimi, gudanarwar ilimi mai zurfi, ilimin halin makaranta, da ƙari. A halin yanzu akwai sassan ilimi guda shida a Penn GSE: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Hanyoyi masu ƙima; Karatu, Al'adu, da Ilimin Duniya; Manufar Ilimi; Ilimin Harsuna; Babban Ilimi; da Koyarwa, Koyo, da Jagoranci. Ilimin birni ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan bincike na tsakiya na Penn GSE. GSE tana haɗin gwiwa tare da makarantu da yawa a cikin unguwarta ta Yammacin Philadelphia, gami da Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander Penn Partnership School da sauransu. Suna kuma shiga cikin haɓɓaka ƙwararru don malamai na gida da kuma cikin bincike mai amfani, haɓaka shirye-shirye kamar KIDS da EPIC. Acikin 2001, Penn GSE ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen digiri na zartarwa don ƙwararrun ilimi da ayyukan kasuwanci waɗanda ke hidima ga ɗaliban da ba na gargajiya ba. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun girma har sun haɗada Shirin Gudanarwa a cikin Kasuwancin Ilimi; Shirin Gudanarwa a Makaranta da Bada Shawarar Lafiyar Hankali; Babban Doctorate acikin Gudanar da Ilimi mafi girma; Shirin Jagorancin Makaranta (Babban Takaddun shaida); Shirin Babban Jami'in Ilmantarwa na Penn; Shirin Ilimin Likita; Shirin Doctoral na Tsakanin Sana'a acikin Jagorancin Ilimi da Shirin Koyarwar Mazauna Birni. Acikin 2010, Penn GSE ta ƙaddamar da Gasar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwancin Ilimi na Milken-Penn GSE, gasar da ke ƙarfafa kasuwanci da ƙirƙira acikin ilimi. Penn GSE kuma yana aiki a duniya, yana shiga cikin ayyukan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa, haɗin gwiwa, nazarin shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, da ayyukan shawarwari. == Sanannen malamai da ma'aikata == * John Fantuzzo * Yasmin Kafai * Andrew Porter * Robert Zemsky * Jonathan Zimmerman == Manazarta ==  {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website|http://www.gse.upenn.edu}} * [https://www.gse.upenn.edu/news Penn GSE Newsroom] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717075317/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/schools/gse.html Penn GSE in the Penn Archives] * [https://www.youtube.com/PennGSEVideoLab Penn GSE on YouTube] * [http://www.facebook.com/penngse Penn GSE on Facebook] 91n922y4dhz0eu4iifukj33m906uxfu 0 62148 862570 796285 2026-06-21T05:37:37Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Personal life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343156285|Emeka Ani]]" 862570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emeka Ani''' listenⓘ ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, furodusa, kuma darektan. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A cikin shekarar 2021, ya nemi Kuɗaɗe da tallafi don biyan kuɗin asibiti da ci gaba da kula da lafiya bayan bugun jini.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Ailing Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, seeks help {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170354/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya karɓi [[naira]] miliyan shida daga jagoran addini Jeremiah Fufeyin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Ailing Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, seeks help {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170354/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2021 |title=Prophet Jeremiah gifts Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, others N7 million for health challenge |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/prophet-jeremiah-gifts-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-others-n7-million-for-health-challenge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717201006/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/prophet-jeremiah-gifts-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-others-n7-million-for-health-challenge/ |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Maƙaryaci (1998) a matsayin Malibe * Karishika II (1999) a matsayin jagoran addini * ''[[Issakaba]]'' (2000) * ''[[The Last Burial|Kabari na Ƙarshe]]'' (2000) * Abuja Connection (2003) a matsayin Bitrus * Desperate Billionaire (2005) a matsayin mai ruhaniya * Kissing the Wind (2006) * Nursina ta Amurka (2006) a matsayin Obasanjo * Macijin Yarinya (2006) a matsayin Ogbakaja * ''The Snake Girl II (2006) a matsayin Ogbakaja'' * ''Macijin a Aljanna (2006) '' * ''Macijin a cikin Aljanna II (2006'' * ''Babu Ƙaunar II (2007) a matsayin Mai Girma'' * 666 (Ka kula da Ƙarshen Yana Hannu) 1 & 2 (2007) a matsayin Lucifer * Ikilisiya a kan Wuta 1 & 2 (2008) * ''Okoto Manzo'' (2011) a matsayin Mista Okorie * ''Kuskuren Iyali'' * ''Wani lokaci a watan Yuli'' (2018) a matsayin Lt. Col Odogwu * ''Ogbo Nke Ajuala'' (2020) a matsayin Ajuala == Personal life == A cikin shekarar 2021, ya kuma nemi kuɗaɗe da tallafi don biyan kuɗin asibiti da ci gaba da kula da lafiya bayan bugun jini.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Ailing Nollywood actor, Emeka Ani, seeks help {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110170354/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/440395-ailing-nollywood-actor-emeka-ani-seeks-help.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya karɓi [[naira]] miliyan shida daga shugaban addini Jeremiah Fufeyin . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2138267}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 48b6em3rmwwn9h88dnxxryc77nf5slh 0 62249 862368 861263 2026-06-20T19:03:28Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359529496|Caleb Femi]]" 862368 wikitext text/x-wiki   Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''Kuma Sun San Haske'' (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 08a4uhpb9k8b4ue1frkzg1kq839qn17 862369 862368 2026-06-20T19:04:21Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''Kuma Sun San Haske'' (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] h5w70is7zkmxgwlkfd2uppr9lnxqh84 862370 862369 2026-06-20T19:04:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Caleb Femi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, daraktan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na Landan. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''Kuma Sun San Haske'' (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] oa8jem0t5uiov31x972q0xtlj637hy4 0 64651 862837 733594 2026-06-21T10:48:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:محمد الأمين الصبيحي.jpg|thumb|Mohammed Amine Sbihi]] '''Mohamed Amine Sbihi''' ({{Lang-ar|محمد أمين الصبيحي}} An haife shi a shekara ta 1954, [[Salé]]) ɗan siyasan [[Moroko]] ne na Jam'iyyar (Party of Progress and Socialism). A tsakanin ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 2012 zuwa ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu 2017, ya riƙe muƙamin ministan al'adu a gwamnatin [[Abdelilah Benkirane]].<ref name=mad>{{cite web|title=Official bio|url=http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/89C60191-F8DC-41D3-B84D-56505386CA8B/0/BioMohamedAmineSbihi.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amine Sbihi, ministre de la Culture : "Promouvoir une action collective et participative"|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/albayane/11517|accessdate=17 June 2012|newspaper=Albayane|date=6 January 2012|archive-date=9 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109123051/http://maghress.com/fr/albayane/11517|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ouafaâ Bennani|title=Entretien avec Mohamed Amine Sbihi, ministre de la Culture|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/162735|accessdate=17 June 2012|newspaper=Le Matin|date=2012-02-16}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Siham Jadraoui|title=Mohamed Amine Sbihi : "Nous avons besoin d'un plan stratégique à l'instar des autres plans tels le Plan Maroc Vert, la Vision 2020 en tourisme"|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/86660|accessdate=17 June 2012|newspaper=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|date=2 February 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031626/http://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/86660|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mohamed Laaraj|Mohammed Laaraj]] ne ya gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=King Mohammed VI Officially Appoints Saad Eddine Othmani’s Government |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/04/213085/king-mohammed-vi-officially-appoint-saad-eddine-othmans-government |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Morocco World News |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance farfesa a fannin kididdiga da [[lissafi]] a Jami'ar Mohammed V na [[Rabat]] da jami'ar al-Akhawayn ta Ifrane.<ref name=mad/> A cikin watan Disamba 2021, Sarki Mohammed VI<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-14 |title=The King appoints new ambassadors |url=https://moroccolatestnews.com/the-king-appoints-new-ambassadors/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Morocco Latest News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=His Majesty the King Appoints New Ambassadors |url=http://www.diplomatie.ma/en/his-majesty-king-appoints-new-ambassadors |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates |language=en |archive-date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225165205/https://www.diplomatie.ma/en/his-majesty-king-appoints-new-ambassadors |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya naɗa Sbihi jakada a Girka da Cyprus. A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, 2022, ya gabatar da takaddun shaida ga Shugabar Hellenic Republic Katerina Sakellaropoulou..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title=Ambassadors credentials ceremony at the Greek Presidential Mansion |url=https://hellenicnews.com/ambassadors-credentials-ceremony-at-the-greek-presidential-mansion/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Hellenic News of America |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Majalisar Morocco == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 2da0mkrqm29vr7jzc7nc8xpvc54poof 0 66591 862522 603409 2026-06-21T00:07:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Fickett''' (Mayu 23, 1928 - Satumba 8, 2011) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, Ba'amurkiya wacce ta taka rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Amurka ''The Nurses'', da ''The'' ''Edge of Night'' inda ta fito a matsayin Sally Smith (1961) da Dr. Katherine Lovell (1967-68), bi da bi. kuma ta fito a matsayin Ruth Parker Brent Martin #1 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna ''All My Children'' (1970–1996; 1999–2000).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/092011/09102011/650918 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2012-06-04 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324102645/http://www.fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/092011/09102011/650918/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kuruciya da Aiki == An haife Fickett a Buffalo, New York kuma ta girma a Bronxville, wani yanki na [[New York (birni)|New York City]]. Ta halarci Kwalejin Wheaton a [[Massachusetts]], ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin 1946 akan Cape Cod.<ref name=":1">Martin, Douglas (September 12, 2011). "Mary Fickett, a Pillar of 'All My Children,' Dies at 83". ''The New York Times''.</ref> A cikin 1949, ta fara fitowa ta Broadway ta halarta a karon a cikin ''I Know My Love'', wani wasan barkwanci mai tauraro Alfred Lunt da Lynn Fontanne.<ref>"Actress Mary Fickett dies at Callao home". Archived from the original on June 4, 2012.</ref> Fickett ta yi karatu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York City's Neighborhood Playhouse a ƙarƙashin Sanford Meisner kuma ta fara aikinta na talabijin tana aiki akan shirye-shiryen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin kamar Kraft Television Theater a cikin 1950s. Fim ɗinta na farko shine ''Man on Fire'' tare da Bing Crosby a cikin 1957. A cikin 1958, ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Tony Award a matsayin Mafi kyawun Fitacciyar Jaruma a cikin Waƙa don wasanta na Eleanor Roosevelt a Sunrise a Campobello, gaban Ralph Bellamy. A cikin shekarun 1960s, an nuna ta a cikin Kalanda, mai gaba ga CBS' The Early Show; ta bayyana tare da mai masaukin baki Harry Reasoner. == Rayuwar ta, ta sirri == Fickett tana da yara biyu daga aurenta uku. Auren ta na uku kuma na ƙarshe shine Allen Fristoe ( darektan TV na rana) daga Yuni 1979 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2008. == Ritaya == A tsakiyar 1990s, Fickett ta yanke shawarar cewa tana so ta rage jadawali kuma ta karasa rayuwar ta tare da danginta. Ta ƙyale kwangilarta ta ƙare kuma tana tsammanin za ta ci gaba da kasancewa akai-akai, ma'ana har yanzu za ta iya fitowa a cikin shirin amma ba dole ba ne ta cika wasu wajibai na kwangila ko mafi ƙarancin bayyanar. Tattaunawa tare da masu samar da shirin sun rushe, kuma an sake mayar da aikin Ruth Martin tare da Lee Meriwether yana ɗaukar hali a cikin 1996. A cikin 1999, Meriwether ya bar shi kuma Fickett ya sake yin aiki a kan matsayi mai maimaitawa. Ta sake komawa matsayin Ruth kuma ta goyi bayan labarun gaba da yawa ciki har da soyayyar ɗan Tad tare da Dixie da rushewar auren ɗan Dr. Jake (Joey) Martin da Gillian. Bayan wata shekara, Fickett ta yanke shawarar cewa ta daina aiki daga tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu mai aiki kuma ta yi ritaya a cikin Disamba 2000. A cikin shekarar 2002, masu samarwa sun so su dawo da halin Ruth, amma Fickett ta ci gaba da ritayarta, don haka Meriwether ya sake yin aiki kuma ya buga wasa. Ruth a duk lokacin da taron ya taso. == Lafiya == A cikin 2007, Fickett ta koma tare da 'yarta, Bronwyn Congdon, a cikin Colonial Beach, Virginia, inda ta kasance a kwance.<ref>"News re Fickett's move to her daughter's home". Archived from the original on July 8, 2012.</ref> Fickett ta mutu Satumba 8, 2011, tana da shekaru 83, a gidanta na Callao, Virginia, daga rikice-rikice na cutar Alzheimer, a cewar 'yarta.<ref>"Mary Fickett, AMC's original Ruth, dead at 83". ''soapcentral.com.''</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ABC ta sadaukar da jerin shirye-shiryen ƙarshe na Duk Yarana a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Fickett. Wannan labarin ya fito ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2011. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1928]] pez67vmxz0bx5asmzwjtpca71pae2lv 0 67794 862606 815070 2026-06-21T06:49:05Z Yusuf Murja 46196 /* */ 862606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Gyara Rubutu}} [[Fayil:HK TKO 將軍澳 Tseung Kwan O PopCorn shopping mall shop Lao Feng Xiang Jewellery January 2022 Px3 01.jpg|thumb|kung lao]] '''Kung Lao'''<ref>https://kotaku.com/the-fatalities-that-got-mortal-kombat-banned-in-austral-5770587</ref> shine wani mutum a kan littafin kashi na jerin wasan kare-kare na Mortal Kombat, da kuma ƙasar Midway Games da NetherRealm Studios suka gabatar da ita. Ya kai na Mortal Kombat II (1993) kamar shaolin monk da sauran kwarai masu neman likita Liu Kang, kuma babu wanda ya sha, amma abin da ya fi karfi dashi shine abin da ya yi don ƙwarewa. Kung Lao yana nuna cewa shi ne wanda ke daidaita a cikin ƙungiyar shahararren jerin wasan kare-kare, kamar yadda aka nuna mata a cikin shirin shaolin monks da aka yi dashi a shekarar 2005.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120828173423/http://www.complex.com/video-games/2011/07/the-50-craziest-video-game-fatalities/</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/therealsaibot/status/1405603736374939652</ref> A wajen jerin wasan kare-kare, Kung Lao ya kasance mutumin da aka fi ƙarfin shekara, domin ya kuma kasance damuwa a matsayin abin da ya kamata. Yana da wata damuwa ta hanyar ƙarfinta a matsayin mutum da ke cikin jerin abin da ya kamata, a yadda ya kamata a matsayin mutumin da yake da damuwa ta hanyar shaolin monks.<ref>https://twitter.com/therealsaibot/status/1405603736374939652</ref> == Girman kai da Kasuwa == Kung Lao ya nuna cewa a bayan littafin kare-kare na farko na Mortal Kombat, abokan aikinsu suka so wani mutum da sauran Liu Kang. Har zuwa ƙarshe, kai-tsaye a matsayin shaolin monk, an fi muhimman jiran da yake cikin jerin wani likitan, inda maki da maki suka yi nasara cewa ya kasance abin da ya kamata.<ref>https://twitter.com/therealsaibot/status/1405603737255747584</ref> Har zuwa wata damuwa, yana nuna damuwan da ya wuce, sannan yana nuna damuwa ta hanyar karfinsa a matsayin mutum da yake da damuwa. Kung Lao da Liu sun kasance abin da ya kamata a matsayin babu wanda yake cikin shirin shaolin monks a shekarar 2005, inda suka yi nasara cewa su ne mutane wanda aka saba da damuwa. An kama Kung Lao a matsayin mutum a cikin jerin wasan ƙere-ƙere, waɗanda ƙasashen Midway Games da NetherRealm Studios suka fara tattauna wanda ke samu damuwa a cikin jerin abin da ya kamata. Shi ya zamo abin da ya kamata don abin da ya kamata a matsayin wani mutum a cikin jerin wasan kare-kare.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131007135843/http://www.complex.com/video-games/2013/10/best-mortal-kombat-finishing-moves-video-game-history/kung-lao#gallery</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131220050341/http://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2011/04/best-fatalities-from-mortal-kombat-1-and-9.html</ref> Sannan, Kung Lao ya kasance mutumin da za ta ɗauki damuwa. A farkon jerin wasan kare-kare na Mortal Kombat, babu wanda ya iya fuskantar damuwan da ya wuce, tare da abin da zai iya kasance damuwa ta hanyar shaolin monk. Misali, shi ne yake sana'ar samun damuwa ta hanyar gadi sai kuwa yana yi samun damuwa ta hanyar zuba likitoci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.denofgeek.us/games/mortal-kombat/243041/mortal-kombat-ranking-all-the-characters/page/0/5 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-27 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204072504/http://www.denofgeek.us/games/mortal-kombat/243041/mortal-kombat-ranking-all-the-characters/page/0/5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin kashi na Mortal Kombat II, har zuwa Mortal Kombat 3 da shaolin monks, Kung Lao yana da alama da wani haruffa wanda ya nuna abin da ya kamata a matsayin wani mai kasuwa. Amma, idan aka tambaya cewa meye wannan haruffa, John Tobias ya bayyana cewa shi ne haruffar "yaki" a cikin harshen Sinanci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chinese.yabla.com/chinese-english-pinyin-dictionary.php?define=shi+xiong#:~:text=%E5%B8%AB%E5%85%84-,sh%C4%AB%20xi%C5%8Dng,than%20oneself)%20of%20one%27s%20teacher |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-25 |archive-date=2021-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525132102/https://chinese.yabla.com/chinese-english-pinyin-dictionary.php?define=shi+xiong#:~:text=%E5%B8%AB%E5%85%84-,sh%C4%AB%20xi%C5%8Dng,than%20oneself)%20of%20one%27s%20teacher |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayani == iurr3fa773jte83cp9tnsz6y9u25ut2 0 69316 862080 861128 2026-06-20T16:00:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Make a Move fim ne na raye-raye na Najeriya na 2014 wanda [[Ivie Okujaye]] ya samar kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta. Tauraruwar Ivie Okujaye, [[Tina Mba]], [[Beverly Naya]], Wale Adebayo, Victor Godfery, Helga Sosthenes da Eno Ekpenyong, tare da bayyanar musamman daga [[Majid Michel]], [[Denrele Edun]], 2face Idibia da [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2014 |title=COMING SOON: Make A Move Nollywood Reinvented |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/coming-soon-make-a-move.html |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> == Tsarin labari == Make a Move ya ba da labarin Osas da Eseosa waɗanda suka fito daga gidaje masu wahala. Osas ta sami ta'aziyya a cikin rawa kuma tana amfani da shi azaman hanyar fita daga matsalolinta da yawa ciki har da gidanta, wanda ke fadowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell, Timmy |date=8 March 2014 |title=2face Returns To Nollywood in the Movie: Make A Move Along Side Majid Michel And Others…. |url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/03/08/2face-returns-nollywood-movie-make-move-along-side-majid-michel-others-see-details/ |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=NaijaLoaded |archive-date=14 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314033326/http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/03/08/2face-returns-nollywood-movie-make-move-along-side-majid-michel-others-see-details/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Ivie Okujaye]] a matsayin Bears * [[Tina Mba]] * [[Beverly Naya]] * Wale Adebayo * Victor Godfery * Helga Sosthenes a matsayin Esosa * Eno Ekpenyong a matsayin Chuma * [[Majid Michel]] * [[Denrele Edun]] * [[2Baba|2 Fuskar Wauta]] * [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] == Karɓuwa == === Karɓa mai tsanani === Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci gaba ɗaya. Ya sami ƙimar 39% a kan Nollywood Reinvented, wanda ya ce: "Babban kuskuren wannan fim ɗin ya zo ne tare da gabatar da motsin zuciyarsa. Yana cikin kiɗa, yana cikin jagora, yana cikin yanayin da fim ɗin ya saita ko kuma bai saita a baya ba. " A cikin kashi na uku na farko na fim ɗin, shugabancin ya zama kamar ba tare da izini ba. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Make a Move |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/09/make-a-move.html |access-date=10 September 2014 |publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> Ya kasance kamar dai al'amuran da sauri suna faruwa da sauri fiye da kyamarar zata iya bi, hakan da gangan ba ya fito kamar ƙwarewa ba ne ko kuma bai taimaka wa yanayin ba. " Olamide Jasanya na The Nigeria Entertainment Today ya ba da darajar 2 daga cikin taurari 5, yana mai cewa labarin yana da mahimmanci kuma yana mai da hankali sosai ga hali ɗaya. Ya zargi ci gaban hali, ya ce fim din ba shi da kyau a wasu al'amuran amma kyakkyawa a mafi yawan sauran al'amannun kuma ya kammala: "Akinmolayan na iya koyon darasi daga babban zargi fim dinsa na kimiyya na 2010 ''Kajola'' ya kawo shi, don haka ya ɗauki hanyar da ta dace da wannan fim kuma ya zama da kyau, tare da wasu sabbin hotuna masu ban mamaki, duk da haka bai yi kyau wajen tayar da motsin rai daga haruffa ba, kuma bai ba. " Isabella Akinseye ta yi sharhi: "Make a Move ya sadu da babban tsammanin. Abin takaici, fim din ya yi takaici da jerin abubuwan da aka tsara, maganganun rubutun da rashin gamsarwa da yawancin simintin suka yi. A kan bayanin da ya dace, fim din yana da matsala game da cin zarafin gida. Ga Ivie [Okujaye],''Yi Mataki'' ɗaya ne na gaba, matakai biyu a baya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye, Isabella |date=22 July 2014 |title=Movie Review – Make a Move By Isabella Akinseye |url=http://olorisupergal.com/movie-review-make-a-move-by-isabella-akinseye/ |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Wilfred Okiche na [[YNaija]] ya yi watsi da komai game da fim din kuma ya yi sharhi: "Make a Move yana da makirci da labarin da ke gudanar da ci gaba amma fim din yana da banƙyama da tsari cewa kusan babu wani abu mai ban sha'awa kuma ga duk lokacin da yake gudana, fim din yana taka leda kamar an tsara shi ga yara masu shekaru 12, "sakamakon ya lalace kuma yana da rikice tare da ɗaukar lokaci mara kyau. Akinmolayan kawai yana jagorantar yanayin don fim ko kuma babu wani abu na musamman da ba tare da shi ba tare da farin ciki ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche, Wilfred |date=25 August 2014 |title=Movie review: Ivie Okujaiye's 'Make a move' makes all the wrong ones |url=http://ynaija.com/movie-review-ivie-okujaiyes-make-move-makes-wrong-ones/ |access-date=10 September 2014 |website=YNaija Magazine |publisher=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> === Godiya gaisuwa === Fim din ya sami gabatarwa uku a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards, ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim, Mafi Kyawun Actor (Rashin Taimako) ga Wale Adebayo da Mafi Kyawu Child Actor ga Helger Sosthenes . An kuma zaba shi a cikin rukuni biyu a 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards . == Plot == ''Make a Move'' yana ba da labarin Osas da Eseosa waɗanda suka fito daga gidaje masu fama da matsaloli. == Manazarta == 3rh1t056zt1rkp5rbbhfohftz2uyp7b 0 69460 862054 856965 2026-06-20T15:32:35Z Nura Bello 24854 An kirkira ta fassara "External links" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345759136|Three Thieves (2019 film)]]" 862054 wikitext text/x-wiki   Three Thieves fim ne mai ban dariya na Najeriya na 2019 wanda [[Udoka Oyeka]] ya jagoranta, wanda Egbemawei Sammy, Abba Makama da Africa Ukoh suka rubuta, kuma Trino Motion Pictures ne suka samar da shi. An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019. == Tsarin labari == Saboda wani lamari na kuskuren ainihi, an yi kwangila da abokai uku da ba su gamsu ba don yin sata mai sauƙi. Har ma mafi muni, mutumin da aka yi kwangila da shi don aikin yana neman su. Abubuwa sun bayyana kuma suna iya ƙara satar mutane zuwa jerin laifukan da suke aikata. Tare da karkatarwa mai ban dariya ga duka, abin mamaki ne yadda suka ƙare a matsayin jarumawa na rana. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Saki == An saki Trailer na hukuma don fim din a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2019 kuma an gudanar da nuna hotunan manema labarai a Legas a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2019. Three Thieves ya fara ne a Genesis Cinemas, Oniru a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2019, tare da baƙi kamar [[Frank Donga]] da [[Lasisi Elenu]], kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finai a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019 . == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == ''Yan fashi Uku'' sun sami bita daga masu sukar. A cewar Precious of MamaZeus: "Idan za ku taɓa yin hukunci da wani abu ta hanyar murfinsa ko a wannan yanayin, tirela.... tsayawa! Biye da waɗannan matakai kamar yadda ''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'' ba su da yawa a Nollywood. " Tha Revue ya yaba da samar da fim da fim wanda ya ba masu sauraro ƙwarewar kallon hoto. Ya kuma nuna ilmin sunadarai da wasan kwaikwayo tsakanin manyan haruffa uku Koye, Shawn da Frank. Ifeoma Okeke na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Najeriya ya ce yayin da fim din ke gabatowa: "Yayin da fina-finai na Najeriya ke samun karbuwa a duniya, fina-fallace kaɗan ne kawai ke da cakuda ban dariya, kamawa kowace rana kuma duk da haka ba sa rasa iko a kan darussan ɗabi'a. Ɗaya daga cikin fina-falan su ne ''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku'', wanda zai fita a cikin fina-fukaki a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019. " Osa Amadi na Vanguard ya rubuta: "Aiki ne mai ban sha'awa na wasan kwaikwayo tare da niyyar kiyaye haƙarƙashin masu sauraro da dariya har ma da dariya". == Godiya gaisuwa == === Bikin fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" !Ranar !Bikin |- |18 ga Satumba 2020 |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto <ref>{{Cite web |title=TINFF 2020 AWARDS NOMINEES / OFFICIAL SELECTION |url=https://www.tinff.net/news/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=TINFF}}</ref> |- |9 ga Oktoba 2020 |Bikin Fim na Silicon Valley na Afirka<ref>{{Cite web |title=11th Annual Silicon Valley African Film Festival! |url=https://svaff.org/annual-film-festival/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=SVAFF}}</ref> |- |6 ga Disamba 2020 |Bikin Fim na Afirka na New York <ref>{{Cite web |title=New York African Film Festival |url=https://africanfilmny.org/event/three-thieves/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=AfricanFilmNY}}</ref> |} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://threethievesmovie.com/}} * {{IMDb title|11133472}} == Manazarta == l04ls46md1eappxwxjrfpllf0iacgle 0 70605 862631 707814 2026-06-21T07:27:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:FIM CEV Repsol Cataluña 2017 (25).jpg|thumb|hotonta]] [[Fayil:Sylvie en liberté 03.jpg|thumb]] '''''Makarufo''''' ( {{Lang-ar|ميكروفون}} ) fim ne mai zaman kansa na Masar na shekarar 2010 wanda Ahmad Abdalla ya shirya game da fage na fasaha na ƙarƙashin ƙasa na birnin [[Alexandria]], [[Misra|Masar]]. Fim ɗin ya sami Kyautar mafi kyawun Fim na harshen Larabci daga Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Alkahira<ref>{{cite news | url= http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=13650&title=Golden%20Pyramid%20goes%20to%20Al-Shawq | work= Egyptian Gazette | title= Golden Pyramid goes to Al-Shawq | url-status= dead | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110704182429/http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=13650&title=Golden%20Pyramid%20goes%20to%20Al-Shawq | archivedate= 4 July 2011 | df= dmy-all }}</ref> da Tanit d'Or daga Journées cinématographiques de Carthage. Baya ga Mafi kyawun Kyautar Gyara daga Dubai International Film Festival<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/7th-edition-of-dubai-international-film-festival-concludes-with-muhr-awards-1.732803| work= Gulf News | title= 7th edition of Dubai International Film Festival concludes with Muhr awards}}</ref> a cikin 2010. ''Makirifo'' shine fim na biyu na Ahmad Abdalla, bayan ''Heliopolis.'' == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Khaled Abol Naga (Khaled) * Menna Shalabi (Hadeer) * Yosra El Lozy (Salma) * Hany Adel (Hany) * Ahmed Magdi (Magdi) * [[Atef Youssef|Atef Yusuf]] * Aya Tarek (Aya) * Yassin Koptan (Yassin) * Mohammed Goda (Nosair) * Cherine Amr (Cherine) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== *{{IMDb title|1684913|Microphone}} *[http://www.incendiaryimage.com/sketchbook/microphone-the-movie-hip-hop/ Photos of Microphone cast members]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629112024/http://www.incendiaryimage.com/sketchbook/microphone-the-movie-hip-hop/ |date=2012-06-29 }} [[Category:Fim]] rem26eomyhdv1gogspto55vnt6u5jjn 0 71634 862500 390418 2026-06-20T23:23:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Martine Condé Ilboudo''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948) darektar fina-finan [[Burkina Faso|Burkinabe]] ne.<ref name="PallisterHottell2005">{{cite book|author1=Janis L. Pallister|author2=Ruth A. Hottell|title=French-speaking Women Documentarians: A Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2wzBbTzfQC&pg=PA13|year=2005|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-7614-8|pages=13–4}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Martine Condé Ilboudo a Saint-Alexis, Siguiri, Guinea. Tana da masters a fannin sadarwa daga Jami'ar Ottawa.<ref name="PallisterHottell2005"/> Bayan ta karanci harkar sadarwa, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin na farko da suka kafa kamfanin samar da kayayyaki a Burkina Faso. An naɗa Martine Condé Ilboudo Shugaban Majalisar Sadarwa ta Kasa (CNC). <ref>[http://news.aouaga.com/h/3188.html Régulation de l’information en période électorale à sidwaya: Un abreuvoir pour le Conseil national de la communication de Guinée-Conakry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225154009/http://news.aouaga.com/h/3188.html |date=2024-02-25 }}, Ouaga.com, 30 November 2012.</ref> A cikin watan Disamba 2017 gwamnati ta yi mata ado a matsayin kwamandan oda na fasaha, wasiƙu da sadarwa. <ref>[http://www.visionguinee.info/2018/01/02/le-burkina-faso-decore-martine-conde/ Le Burkina Faso décore Martine Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216172929/http://www.visionguinee.info/2018/01/02/le-burkina-faso-decore-martine-conde/ |date=2020-02-16 }}, VisionGuinee.Info, 2 January 2018.</ref> == Fina-finai == * ''Siao 92'', 1992 * ''Jazz a Ouaga'', 1993 * ''Un cri dans la sahel'', 1994 * Message ''des femmes zuba Beijing'', 1995 * ''Être femme aujourd'hui'', 1998 * Less ''Percussions de Guinée'', 2000 == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1948]] lgim25l4txgtzvd2ew3cc0svzf50j0v 0 71832 862607 831636 2026-06-21T06:49:58Z Yusuf Murja 46196 /* */ 862607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''ǃKung''' / ˈkʊ ŋ / KUUNG ( '''ǃXun''' ), kuma da aka sani da '''Ju''' ( /ˈdʒ uː / JOO ), yare nl ne Na (hadaddun harshe) wanda ake magana da shi a [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Botswana]], da [[Angola]] ta Kung mutane, wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna biyu ko uku. Tare da [[Harshen Amkoe|yaren ǂʼAmkoe]], ǃKung sun kafa [[Harshen Kxʼa|dangin harshen Kxʼa]] . ǃKung ya zama ɗaya daga cikin rassan dangin harshen [[Harsunan Khoisan|Khoisan]], kuma ana kiransa da '''Arewacin Khoisan''' a wannan yanayin, to amma rashin haɗin kan Khoisan ba a taɓa samu ba kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin sha'awa. Duk da haka, kalmar 'Khoisan' an kiyaye shi azaman laima don danne harsuna gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haacke|2009}}</ref> ǃKung ya kuma shahara da dannawa da yawa, kamar ǃ a cikin sunansa, kuma yana da wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙirƙira na baƙaƙe da wasula a duniya. Har ila yau kuma yana da sautin murya da nasalization . Don bayanin, duba Juƀʼhoan . Don furta ''ǃXuun'' (lafazi: [ ǃ͡χũː˦˥ ]</link> in Western ǃKung/ǃXuun) mutum yana yin sautin dannawa kafin sautin ''x'' (wanda yake kama da Scotland ko Jamusanci ''ch'' ), sannan kuma dogon hanci <nowiki><i id="mwNQ">u</i></nowiki> wasali mai tsayi mai tsayi. {{Efn|For phonology and tones, see list of ǃXun dialect names in {{harvtxt|Heine|Honken|2010}}.}} == Sunaye == Kalmar ǃKung, ko bambance-bambancen ta, yawanci ana amfani da ita lokacin la'akari da yarukan don zama harshe ɗaya; Ju yana son a yi amfani dashi lokacin la'akari da su azaman ƙaramin dangin harshe. ǃKung kuma a wani lokaci ana amfani da shi don yarukan arewa/ arewa maso yamma, sabanin yarukan Juǀʼhoan da aka rubuta sosai a kudu(gabas); duk da haka masu magana da kusan dukkan yarukan suna kiran kansu ǃKung . Rubuce-rubucen ''ǃXun'' da ''ǃXuun'' da aka gani a cikin adabi na baya-bayan nan suna da alaƙa da sifar Juǀʼhoan da aka rubuta ''ǃXʼu(u)n'' a cikin rubutun waƙa ta 1975, ko ''ǃKu(u)n'' a cikin rubutun waƙa na yanzu. Ƙarin rubutun su ne ''ǃHu, ǃKhung, ǃKu, Kung, Qxü, ǃung, ǃXo, Xû, ǃXû, Xun, ǃXung, ǃXũũ, ǃXun, ʗhũ:,'' <ref name="dok">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Doke|1926}}</ref> da ƙarin rubutun ''Ju'' sune ''Dzu, Juu, Zhu'' . == Masu magana == Idan an kirga yarukan ǃKung tare, za su yi yaren danna mafi yawan jama'a na uku bayan [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoe]] da Sandawe . Mafi yawan jama'a ǃKung iri-iri, Juǀʼhoan, ƙila an haɗa shi zuwa matsayi na uku tare da Naro . Ƙididdiga sun bambanta, amma akwai yiwuwar masu magana kusan 15,000. Ƙididdiga yana da wahala saboda masu magana sun warwatse a gonaki, suna tare da masu magana da wasu harsuna, amma Brenzinger (2011) ya ƙidaya 9,000 a Namibia, 2,000 a Botswana, 3,700 a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da 1,000 a Angola (sau da ƙila 8,000 a shekarar 1975). Har zuwa tsakiyar-karshen karni na ashirin, yarukan arewa sun yadu a kudanci da tsakiyar Angola. Duk da haka, yawancin ǃKung sun gudu daga yakin basasa na Angola zuwa Namibiya (musamman zuwa Caprivi Strip ), inda aka dauke su aiki a cikin rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu na musamman da sojojin Angolan da SWAPO . A karshen yakin kan iyaka, an mayar da mayaka fiye da dubu daya da iyalansu zuwa Schmidtsdrift a Afirka ta Kudu cikin rashin tabbas kan makomarsu a Namibiya. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Suzman|2001}}</ref> Bayan fiye da shekaru goma suna rayuwa cikin mawuyacin hali, gwamnatin bayan wariyar launin fata ta saya da ba da gudummawar filaye don zama na dindindin a Platfontein, kusa da Schmidtsdrift. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robins|Madzudzo|Brenzinger|2001}}</ref> Juǀʼhoan kaɗai aka rubuta, kuma bai isa ya fahimce shi da yarukan Arewa maso Yamma ba don amfani da adabi iri ɗaya don duka biyun. == Iri == Yaren ǃKung da aka fi sani shine Tsumkwe Juǀʼhoan, Ekoka ǃKung, ǃʼOǃKung, da ǂKxʼauǁʼein . Malamai sun bambanta tsakanin yaruka goma sha ɗaya da goma sha biyar, amma ba a fayyace iyakokin ba. Akwai bayyanannen bambanci tsakanin Arewa/Arewa maso Yamma vs Kudu/Kudu maso Gabas, amma har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta tsakiya dabam-dabam wacce ba ta da wata shaida. === Heine & Honken (2010) === Heine & Honken (2010) classify the 11 traditionally numbered dialects into three branches of what they consider a single language:   Heine & König (2015, p. 324) state that speakers of all Northwestern dialects "understand one another to quite some extent" but that they do not understand any of the Southeastern dialects. === Sands (2010) === Sands (2010) classifies ǃKung dialects into four clusters, with the first two being quite close:   ǂKxʼauǁʼein ba shi da kyau a ba da shaida don rarrabawa a lokacin. === Snyman (1997) === Rabewar farko na ! Yaren Xũũ da Žuǀ'hõasi na Snyman (1997): <ref>Snyman, Jan Winston. 1997. A preliminary classification of the !Xũũ and Žuǀ'hõasi dialects. In Haacke, Wilfrid and Elderkin, Edward Derek (eds.), ''Namibian languages: reports and papers'', 21-106. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag; University of Namibia (UNAM).</ref>   == Proto-harshen == Harshen kakanni, Proto-Juu ko Proto-ǃXuun, yana da wuraren dannawa guda biyar: Dental, alveolar, palatal, alveolar lateral, da retroflex ( {{IPA|*‼}}</link> ). Maɓallin retroflex ya fita daga yarukan Kudu maso Gabas kamar Juǀʼhoan, amma ya kasance a Tsakiyar ǃKung. A cikin ǀʼAkhwe (Ekoka), ɓangarorin palatal ya zama alveolar mai [[sassaƙa]] . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Scott|Miller|Namaseb|Sands|2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Miller|Holliday|Howcroft|Phillips|2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Proto-Ju ! {{IPA|*ǃ}} 'ciki' ! {{IPA|*‼}} 'ruwa' ! {{IPA|*ǂ}} |- ! SE (Tsumkwe) | {{IPA|ᶢǃű}} | {{IPA|ᶢǃű}} | {{IPA|ǂ}} |- ! N (Okongo/ǀʼAkhwe) | {{IPA|ᶢǃű}} | {{IPA|ᶢǁű}} | {{IPA|⨎}} |- ! NW (Mangetti Dune) | {{IPA|ᶢǃű}} | {{IPA|ᶢǁű}} | {{IPA|ǂ}} |- ! C (Neitsas/Nurugas) | {{IPA|ᶢǃú}} | {{IPA|ᶢ‼ú}} | {{IPA|ǂ}} |} == Duba kuma == * [[wiktionary:Appendix:!Kung word lists|Lissafin kalmomin Kung]] (Wiktionary) == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na Waje==   * {{Cite journal|url-status=5–36}}  * {{Cite journal|url-status=85–114}} [[Category:Harsuna]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ibl6f9rbm94uhry3vc1qoyezn5km71p 0 72308 862899 857469 2026-06-21T11:46:28Z Momi Hauwa 46145 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and education" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359227855|Akin Omotoso]]" 862899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Akin Omotoso''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974) , shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu,marubuci,kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Anfi saninsa da jagorantar fim din 2022 Rise . Mahaifinsa [[Kole Omotoso]] da yar uwarsa [[Yewande Omotoso]] su mmarubuta ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukerji |first=Raghav |date=28 February 2016 |title=''Tell Me Sweet Something'' – Q&A with Director Akin Omotoso |url=https://borrowingtape.com/interviews/qa-with-director-akin-omotoso |website=Borrowing Tape}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prince |first=Shanaaz |date=23 February 2017 |title=Akin Omotoso: From actor to filmmaker |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/drum/20170223/283648234655089 |website=PressReader}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi. == An haifi Omotoso a Najeriya, inda ya girma a Ile Ife, [[Osun|dake Jihar Osun]] . Iyalinsa sun yi hijira zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekarata 1992 bayan mahaifinsa, [[Kole Omotoso]], ya ɗauki alƙawari na ilimi tare da Jami'ar Western Cape . == Ayyuka. == Omotoso ya shiga cikin nishaɗi yayin da yake jami'a. Afarkon wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance a ''Sunjata'' ta Mark Fleishman . Wannan kuma ya sami Omotoso lambar yabo ta Fleur du Cap don ɗaliban da suka fi alkawari a shekarar 1995. Ya yi amfani da kuɗin daga yin wasan kwaikwayon a cikin wasan don jagorantar gajeren fina-finai na farko, The Kiss of Milk, The Nightwalkers, da The Caretaker . A shekara ta 1999, ya rubuta fim dinsa na farko mai tsawo, mai taken Allah ne na Afirka . An fitar da fim din a shekara ta 2003. Ya fara kamfani na samarwa tare da Robbie Thorpe da Kgomotso Matsunyane da ake kira T.O.M. hotuna a shekara ta 2003. Omotoso ya ba da umarnin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Jacob's Cross a kan Africa Magic, M-Net da SABC tsakanin 2007 da 2013. A shekara ta 2010, ya fara aiki a kan Tell Me Sweet Something; yana magana game da rubutun tare da Pulse Nigeria, ya bayyana cewa Theodore Witchers' Love Jones (1997) shine tasirin fim din. Omotoso ya kuma lura cewa ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Ci gaban Mata na Afirka. Fim din ya ba shi lambar yabo ta darektan mafi kyau a 2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |author-link= |date=14 March 2016 |title=Filmmaker talks "Tell me Sweet Something," importance of musical score, what makes a film great |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/akin-omotoso-filmmaker-talks-tell-me-sweet-something-importance-of-musical-score-what-makes-a-film-great-id4800585.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823095017/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/akin-omotoso-filmmaker-talks-tell-me-sweet-something-importance-of-musical-score-what-makes-a-film-great-id4800585.html |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=29 December 2016 |website=Pulse}}</ref> A wata hira da Azania Mosaka, ya bayyana yanayin masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda yake da yanayi mai kyau ga masu shirya fina-fakka. Ya amince da kudade daga Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu da Gidauniyar Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVF) wacce ke shirya masu ruwa da tsaki ga masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azania |first=Mosaka |date=30 September 2016 |title=SA's future of film is positive, says award-winning director Akin Omotoso |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/125329/sa-s-future-of-film-is-positive-says-award-winning-director-akin-omotoso |website=Radio 702}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Omotoso ya ba da umarnin [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] biopic Rise for [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita gaba ɗaya. Sourav Chakraborty na Sportskeeda ya sami Rise ya zama fim din Wasanni mai ban sha'awa, ya bayyana cewa Omotoso ya sami nasarar samar da yanayi na tashin hankali a duk fadin jagorancinsa, kuma ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon mambobin simintin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Sourav |date=24 June 2022 |title=Rise review: Disney's latest family-friendly portrait of a superstar(s) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/rise-review-disney-s-latest-family-friendly-portrait-superstar-s |website=SK POP}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1994 |''Birnin Soul'' | | |- |1999 |''[[A Reasonable Man|Mutumin da ya dace]]'' |Mai ɗaukar hoto | |- |2000 |''Operation Delta Force 5: Wutar Ruwa'' |Mataimakin Consul Williams | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Allah Ba'amurkiya ne'' |Tsohon DJ |Ba a san shi ba, darektan |- |''Tsararru'' |Soap Opera | |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Gums & Noses'' |Mutumin Farin Ciki | |- |''Wasikar soyayya ta Zulu'' |Waƙoƙin Sulemanu |Murya |- |2005 |''Ubangiji na Yaƙi'' |Janar Solomon | |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |''Diamond na jini'' |Mai Zaman Lafiya | |- |''Tattara 'yan uwan da suka warwatse'' | |Takaitaccen, darektan |- |''Wurin da ake kira Gida'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Ka girgiza hannayensu da Iblis'' |Paul Kagame | |- |''Masu Bincike Uku da Asirin Tsibirin Skeleton'' |Gamba | |- |''Soul Buddyz'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2008 |''Yesu da Giant'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2009 |''[[Wole Soyinka]]: Yaron daji'' | |Darakta, shirin |- |2011 |''[[Man on Ground|Mutum a Kasa]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2013 |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2014 |''Hector da Neman Farin Ciki'' |Shugaban Afirka | |- |2015 |''[[Ka gaya mini wani abu mai dadi]]'' | |Daraktan |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Ɗa Mai Al'ajabi ga Shugaban kasa'' |Kalu Akinrinsa | |- |''Sarauniyar Katwe'' |Shugaban Rwabushenyi | |- |''Gaskiya ta Tsirara'' |Madiba | |- |''[[Vaya (fim)|Ya tafi]]'' | |Daraktan |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''[[Catching Feelings (film)|Jin Jin dadi]]'' |Joel | |- |''[[A Hotel Called Memory|Otal ɗin da ake kira Memory]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2019 |''[[The Ghost and The House Of Truth|Ruhun da Gidan Gaskiya]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2022 |''[[Rise (fim na Amurka na 2022)|Tashi da Ɗauki]]'' |Bamidele |Daraktan |- |2026 |An yi alama | |Daraktan |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Farkon rayuwa da karatu == An haifi Akin Omotoso a Najeriya, inda ya taso a garin Ile-Ife na Jihar Osun. Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar South Africa a shekarar 1992 bayan mahaifinsa, Kole Omotoso, ya samu aiki a University of the Western Cape a matsayin malami. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|0648473}} {{Best Director at the Africa International Film Festival|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Omotoso, Akin}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] ewddiyl4dtid8lhgheer1tzcz27ltqg 862904 862899 2026-06-21T11:57:02Z Momi Hauwa 46145 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359227855|Akin Omotoso]]" 862904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Akin Omotoso''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974) , shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu,marubuci,kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Anfi saninsa da jagorantar fim din 2022 Rise . Mahaifinsa [[Kole Omotoso]] da yar uwarsa [[Yewande Omotoso]] su mmarubuta ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukerji |first=Raghav |date=28 February 2016 |title=''Tell Me Sweet Something'' – Q&A with Director Akin Omotoso |url=https://borrowingtape.com/interviews/qa-with-director-akin-omotoso |website=Borrowing Tape}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prince |first=Shanaaz |date=23 February 2017 |title=Akin Omotoso: From actor to filmmaker |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/drum/20170223/283648234655089 |website=PressReader}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi. == An haifi Omotoso a Najeriya, inda ya girma a Ile Ife, [[Osun|dake Jihar Osun]] . Iyalinsa sun yi hijira zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekarata 1992 bayan mahaifinsa, [[Kole Omotoso]], ya ɗauki alƙawari na ilimi tare da Jami'ar Western Cape . == Ayyuka. == Omotoso ya shiga cikin nishaɗi yayin da yake jami'a. Afarkon wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance a ''Sunjata'' ta Mark Fleishman . Wannan kuma ya sami Omotoso lambar yabo ta Fleur du Cap don ɗaliban da suka fi alkawari a shekarar 1995. Ya yi amfani da kuɗin daga yin wasan kwaikwayon a cikin wasan don jagorantar gajeren fina-finai na farko, The Kiss of Milk, The Nightwalkers, da The Caretaker . A shekara ta 1999, ya rubuta fim dinsa na farko mai tsawo, mai taken Allah ne na Afirka . An fitar da fim din a shekara ta 2003. Ya fara kamfani na samarwa tare da Robbie Thorpe da Kgomotso Matsunyane da ake kira T.O.M. hotuna a shekara ta 2003. Omotoso ya ba da umarnin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Jacob's Cross a kan Africa Magic, M-Net da SABC tsakanin 2007 da 2013. A shekara ta 2010, ya fara aiki a kan Tell Me Sweet Something; yana magana game da rubutun tare da Pulse Nigeria, ya bayyana cewa Theodore Witchers' Love Jones (1997) shine tasirin fim din. Omotoso ya kuma lura cewa ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Ci gaban Mata na Afirka. Fim din ya ba shi lambar yabo ta darektan mafi kyau a 2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |author-link= |date=14 March 2016 |title=Filmmaker talks "Tell me Sweet Something," importance of musical score, what makes a film great |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/akin-omotoso-filmmaker-talks-tell-me-sweet-something-importance-of-musical-score-what-makes-a-film-great-id4800585.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823095017/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/akin-omotoso-filmmaker-talks-tell-me-sweet-something-importance-of-musical-score-what-makes-a-film-great-id4800585.html |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=29 December 2016 |website=Pulse}}</ref> A wata hira da Azania Mosaka, ya bayyana yanayin masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda yake da yanayi mai kyau ga masu shirya fina-fakka. Ya amince da kudade daga Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu da Gidauniyar Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVF) wacce ke shirya masu ruwa da tsaki ga masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azania |first=Mosaka |date=30 September 2016 |title=SA's future of film is positive, says award-winning director Akin Omotoso |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/125329/sa-s-future-of-film-is-positive-says-award-winning-director-akin-omotoso |website=Radio 702}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Omotoso ya ba da umarnin [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] biopic Rise for [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita gaba ɗaya. Sourav Chakraborty na Sportskeeda ya sami Rise ya zama fim din Wasanni mai ban sha'awa, ya bayyana cewa Omotoso ya sami nasarar samar da yanayi na tashin hankali a duk fadin jagorancinsa, kuma ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon mambobin simintin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Sourav |date=24 June 2022 |title=Rise review: Disney's latest family-friendly portrait of a superstar(s) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/rise-review-disney-s-latest-family-friendly-portrait-superstar-s |website=SK POP}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1994 |''Birnin Soul'' | | |- |1999 |''[[A Reasonable Man|Mutumin da ya dace]]'' |Mai ɗaukar hoto | |- |2000 |''Operation Delta Force 5: Wutar Ruwa'' |Mataimakin Consul Williams | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Allah Ba'amurkiya ne'' |Tsohon DJ |Ba a san shi ba, darektan |- |''Tsararru'' |Soap Opera | |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Gums & Noses'' |Mutumin Farin Ciki | |- |''Wasikar soyayya ta Zulu'' |Waƙoƙin Sulemanu |Murya |- |2005 |''Ubangiji na Yaƙi'' |Janar Solomon | |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |''Diamond na jini'' |Mai Zaman Lafiya | |- |''Tattara 'yan uwan da suka warwatse'' | |Takaitaccen, darektan |- |''Wurin da ake kira Gida'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Ka girgiza hannayensu da Iblis'' |Paul Kagame | |- |''Masu Bincike Uku da Asirin Tsibirin Skeleton'' |Gamba | |- |''Soul Buddyz'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2008 |''Yesu da Giant'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2009 |''[[Wole Soyinka]]: Yaron daji'' | |Darakta, shirin |- |2011 |''[[Man on Ground|Mutum a Kasa]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2013 |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2014 |''Hector da Neman Farin Ciki'' |Shugaban Afirka | |- |2015 |''[[Ka gaya mini wani abu mai dadi]]'' | |Daraktan |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Ɗa Mai Al'ajabi ga Shugaban kasa'' |Kalu Akinrinsa | |- |''Sarauniyar Katwe'' |Shugaban Rwabushenyi | |- |''Gaskiya ta Tsirara'' |Madiba | |- |''[[Vaya (fim)|Ya tafi]]'' | |Daraktan |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''[[Catching Feelings (film)|Jin Jin dadi]]'' |Joel | |- |''[[A Hotel Called Memory|Otal ɗin da ake kira Memory]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2019 |''[[The Ghost and The House Of Truth|Ruhun da Gidan Gaskiya]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2022 |''[[Rise (fim na Amurka na 2022)|Tashi da Ɗauki]]'' |Bamidele |Daraktan |- |2026 |An yi alama | |Daraktan |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Farkon rayuwa da karatu == An haifi Akin Omotoso a Najeriya, inda ya taso a garin Ile-Ife na Jihar Osun. Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar South Africa a shekarar 1992 bayan mahaifinsa, Kole Omotoso, ya samu aiki a University of the Western Cape a matsayin malami. == Aiki == Tsakanin shekarun 2007 zuwa 2013, Omotoso ya jagoranci shirya jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin mai suna Jacob's Cross, wanda aka nuna a tashoshin africamagic.tv⁠�, mnet.tv⁠� da sabc.co.za⁠�. A wata hira da Azania Mosaka, ya bayyana yanayin masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda yake da yanayi mai kyau ga masu shirya fina-fakka. Ya amince da kudade daga Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu da Gidauniyar Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVF) wacce ke shirya masu ruwa da tsaki ga masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azania |first=Mosaka |date=30 September 2016 |title=SA's future of film is positive, says award-winning director Akin Omotoso |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/125329/sa-s-future-of-film-is-positive-says-award-winning-director-akin-omotoso |website=Radio 702}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Sourav |date=24 June 2022 |title=Rise review: Disney's latest family-friendly portrait of a superstar(s) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/rise-review-disney-s-latest-family-friendly-portrait-superstar-s |website=SK POP}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|0648473}} {{Best Director at the Africa International Film Festival|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Omotoso, Akin}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 6v7yqb626jklidhht6ezyhcbniivjgp 862905 862904 2026-06-21T11:57:48Z Momi Hauwa 46145 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359227855|Akin Omotoso]]" 862905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Akin Omotoso''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974) , shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu,marubuci,kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Anfi saninsa da jagorantar fim din 2022 Rise . Mahaifinsa [[Kole Omotoso]] da yar uwarsa [[Yewande Omotoso]] su mmarubuta ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukerji |first=Raghav |date=28 February 2016 |title=''Tell Me Sweet Something'' – Q&A with Director Akin Omotoso |url=https://borrowingtape.com/interviews/qa-with-director-akin-omotoso |website=Borrowing Tape}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prince |first=Shanaaz |date=23 February 2017 |title=Akin Omotoso: From actor to filmmaker |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/drum/20170223/283648234655089 |website=PressReader}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi. == An haifi Omotoso a Najeriya, inda ya girma a Ile Ife, [[Osun|dake Jihar Osun]] . Iyalinsa sun yi hijira zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekarata 1992 bayan mahaifinsa, [[Kole Omotoso]], ya ɗauki alƙawari na ilimi tare da Jami'ar Western Cape . == Ayyuka. == Omotoso ya shiga cikin nishaɗi yayin da yake jami'a. Afarkon wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance a ''Sunjata'' ta Mark Fleishman . Wannan kuma ya sami Omotoso lambar yabo ta Fleur du Cap don ɗaliban da suka fi alkawari a shekarar 1995. Ya yi amfani da kuɗin daga yin wasan kwaikwayon a cikin wasan don jagorantar gajeren fina-finai na farko, The Kiss of Milk, The Nightwalkers, da The Caretaker . A shekara ta 1999, ya rubuta fim dinsa na farko mai tsawo, mai taken Allah ne na Afirka . An fitar da fim din a shekara ta 2003. Ya fara kamfani na samarwa tare da Robbie Thorpe da Kgomotso Matsunyane da ake kira T.O.M. hotuna a shekara ta 2003. Omotoso ya ba da umarnin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Jacob's Cross a kan Africa Magic, M-Net da SABC tsakanin 2007 da 2013. A shekara ta 2010, ya fara aiki a kan Tell Me Sweet Something; yana magana game da rubutun tare da Pulse Nigeria, ya bayyana cewa Theodore Witchers' Love Jones (1997) shine tasirin fim din. Omotoso ya kuma lura cewa ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Ci gaban Mata na Afirka. Fim din ya ba shi lambar yabo ta darektan mafi kyau a 2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |author-link= |date=14 March 2016 |title=Filmmaker talks "Tell me Sweet Something," importance of musical score, what makes a film great |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/akin-omotoso-filmmaker-talks-tell-me-sweet-something-importance-of-musical-score-what-makes-a-film-great-id4800585.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823095017/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/akin-omotoso-filmmaker-talks-tell-me-sweet-something-importance-of-musical-score-what-makes-a-film-great-id4800585.html |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=29 December 2016 |website=Pulse}}</ref> A wata hira da Azania Mosaka, ya bayyana yanayin masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda yake da yanayi mai kyau ga masu shirya fina-fakka. Ya amince da kudade daga Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu da Gidauniyar Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVF) wacce ke shirya masu ruwa da tsaki ga masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azania |first=Mosaka |date=30 September 2016 |title=SA's future of film is positive, says award-winning director Akin Omotoso |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/125329/sa-s-future-of-film-is-positive-says-award-winning-director-akin-omotoso |website=Radio 702}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Omotoso ya ba da umarnin [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] biopic Rise for [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita gaba ɗaya. Sourav Chakraborty na Sportskeeda ya sami Rise ya zama fim din Wasanni mai ban sha'awa, ya bayyana cewa Omotoso ya sami nasarar samar da yanayi na tashin hankali a duk fadin jagorancinsa, kuma ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon mambobin simintin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Sourav |date=24 June 2022 |title=Rise review: Disney's latest family-friendly portrait of a superstar(s) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/rise-review-disney-s-latest-family-friendly-portrait-superstar-s |website=SK POP}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1994 |''Birnin Soul'' | | |- |1999 |''[[A Reasonable Man|Mutumin da ya dace]]'' |Mai ɗaukar hoto | |- |2000 |''Operation Delta Force 5: Wutar Ruwa'' |Mataimakin Consul Williams | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Allah Ba'amurkiya ne'' |Tsohon DJ |Ba a san shi ba, darektan |- |''Tsararru'' |Soap Opera | |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Gums & Noses'' |Mutumin Farin Ciki | |- |''Wasikar soyayya ta Zulu'' |Waƙoƙin Sulemanu |Murya |- |2005 |''Ubangiji na Yaƙi'' |Janar Solomon | |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |''Diamond na jini'' |Mai Zaman Lafiya | |- |''Tattara 'yan uwan da suka warwatse'' | |Takaitaccen, darektan |- |''Wurin da ake kira Gida'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Ka girgiza hannayensu da Iblis'' |Paul Kagame | |- |''Masu Bincike Uku da Asirin Tsibirin Skeleton'' |Gamba | |- |''Soul Buddyz'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2008 |''Yesu da Giant'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2009 |''[[Wole Soyinka]]: Yaron daji'' | |Darakta, shirin |- |2011 |''[[Man on Ground|Mutum a Kasa]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2013 |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2014 |''Hector da Neman Farin Ciki'' |Shugaban Afirka | |- |2015 |''[[Ka gaya mini wani abu mai dadi]]'' | |Daraktan |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Ɗa Mai Al'ajabi ga Shugaban kasa'' |Kalu Akinrinsa | |- |''Sarauniyar Katwe'' |Shugaban Rwabushenyi | |- |''Gaskiya ta Tsirara'' |Madiba | |- |''[[Vaya (fim)|Ya tafi]]'' | |Daraktan |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''[[Catching Feelings (film)|Jin Jin dadi]]'' |Joel | |- |''[[A Hotel Called Memory|Otal ɗin da ake kira Memory]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2019 |''[[The Ghost and The House Of Truth|Ruhun da Gidan Gaskiya]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2022 |''[[Rise (fim na Amurka na 2022)|Tashi da Ɗauki]]'' |Bamidele |Daraktan |- |2026 |An yi alama | |Daraktan |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Farkon rayuwa da karatu == An haifi Akin Omotoso a Najeriya, inda ya taso a garin Ile-Ife na Jihar Osun. Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar South Africa a shekarar 1992 bayan mahaifinsa, Kole Omotoso, ya samu aiki a University of the Western Cape a matsayin malami. == Aiki == Tsakanin shekarun 2007 zuwa 2013, Omotoso ya jagoranci shirya jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin mai suna Jacob's Cross, wanda aka nuna a tashoshin africamagic.tv⁠�, mnet.tv⁠� da sabc.co.za⁠�. A wata hira da Azania Mosaka, ya bayyana yanayin masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda yake da yanayi mai kyau ga masu shirya fina-fakka. Ya amince da kudade daga Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu da Gidauniyar Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVF) wacce ke shirya masu ruwa da tsaki ga masana'antar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azania |first=Mosaka |date=30 September 2016 |title=SA's future of film is positive, says award-winning director Akin Omotoso |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/125329/sa-s-future-of-film-is-positive-says-award-winning-director-akin-omotoso |website=Radio 702}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Sourav |date=24 June 2022 |title=Rise review: Disney's latest family-friendly portrait of a superstar(s) |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/rise-review-disney-s-latest-family-friendly-portrait-superstar-s |website=SK POP}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1994 |''Birnin Soul'' | | |- |1999 |''[[A Reasonable Man|Mutumin da ya dace]]'' |Mai ɗaukar hoto | |- |2000 |''Operation Delta Force 5: Wutar Ruwa'' |Mataimakin Consul Williams | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''Allah Ba'amurkiya ne'' |Tsohon DJ |Ba a san shi ba, darektan |- |''Tsararru'' |Soap Opera | |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Gums & Noses'' |Mutumin Farin Ciki | |- |''Wasikar soyayya ta Zulu'' |Waƙoƙin Sulemanu |Murya |- |2005 |''Ubangiji na Yaƙi'' |Janar Solomon | |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |''Diamond na jini'' |Mai Zaman Lafiya | |- |''Tattara 'yan uwan da suka warwatse'' | |Takaitaccen, darektan |- |''Wurin da ake kira Gida'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Ka girgiza hannayensu da Iblis'' |Paul Kagame | |- |''Masu Bincike Uku da Asirin Tsibirin Skeleton'' |Gamba | |- |''Soul Buddyz'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2008 |''Yesu da Giant'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2009 |''[[Wole Soyinka]]: Yaron daji'' | |Darakta, shirin |- |2011 |''[[Man on Ground|Mutum a Kasa]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2013 |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' | |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, darektan |- |2014 |''Hector da Neman Farin Ciki'' |Shugaban Afirka | |- |2015 |''[[Ka gaya mini wani abu mai dadi]]'' | |Daraktan |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Ɗa Mai Al'ajabi ga Shugaban kasa'' |Kalu Akinrinsa | |- |''Sarauniyar Katwe'' |Shugaban Rwabushenyi | |- |''Gaskiya ta Tsirara'' |Madiba | |- |''[[Vaya (fim)|Ya tafi]]'' | |Daraktan |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''[[Catching Feelings (film)|Jin Jin dadi]]'' |Joel | |- |''[[A Hotel Called Memory|Otal ɗin da ake kira Memory]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2019 |''[[The Ghost and The House Of Truth|Ruhun da Gidan Gaskiya]]'' | |Daraktan |- |2022 |''[[Rise (fim na Amurka na 2022)|Tashi da Ɗauki]]'' |Bamidele |Daraktan |- |2026 |An yi alama | |Daraktan |} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|0648473}} {{Best Director at the Africa International Film Festival|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Omotoso, Akin}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] dwtiofnwytzalnjxw9lelrvqahoxybi 0 72977 862165 481017 2026-06-20T17:00:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mali map.png|thumb|Dan ƙasar mali ne]] '''Mambaye Coulibaly,''' (1957-2015) ya [[Kasancewar matasa|kasance]] darektan [[Fina-Finan Hausa|fina]]-[[Fina-Finan Hausa|finai]] na [[Malik Ado-Ibrahim|Mali]], [[Wando|wanda]] ya [[Faransa|fara]] wasan [[kwaikwayo]] a [[Fina-Finan Hausa|fina]]-fallafen Afirka. == Rayuwa == An haifi Mambaye Coulibaly a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1957 a [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]] . Ba<ref name="MaliWeb">Assane Koné, [https://www.maliweb.net/necrologie/cinema-malien-en-deuil-mambaye-coulibaly-le-precurseur-du-cinema-danimation-africain-nest-plus-801742.html Cinéma malien en deuil : Mambaye Coulibaly, le précurseur du cinéma d’animation africain n’est plus], ''MaliWeb'', 13 February 2015.</ref> ya yi karatun shari'a, ya juya zuwa fim a shekarar 1987. ''Hanyar Ségou!'' <ref name="Malijet">[http://malijet.com/la_societe_malienne_aujourdhui/124392-mambaye-coulibaly%2C-r%C3%A9alisateur-le-pr%C3%A9curseur-du-cin%C3%A9ma-d%E2%80%99animati.html Mambaye Coulibaly, réalisateur : Le précurseur du cinéma d’animation africain a tiré sa révérence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031072503/http://malijet.com/la_societe_malienne_aujourdhui/124392-mambaye-coulibaly%2C-r%C3%A9alisateur-le-pr%C3%A9curseur-du-cin%C3%A9ma-d%E2%80%99animati.html |date=2019-10-31 }}, ''Malijet'', 28 February 2015.</ref> (1989), wanda Coulibaly ya rubuta waƙar, wani ɗan gajeren fim ne mai rai wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Daular Bambara ta Ségou . [1] Marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Ivory Coast Werewere Liking ya tsara 'yan tsana don fim din. A cikin 1996 Coulibaly ya fara aiki a kan wani aikin motsa jiki na tsawon lokaci, Le Pouvoir de Ségou, aikin da aka sake farawa a cikin 2009 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ''Euromediatoon''. Abin takaici rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci ya hana kammala fim din. Coulibaly ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2015 a Kayes . <ref name="Malijet"/> == Fina-finai == * ''Hanyar Ségou!'', 1989 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Matattun 2015]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] evpc10w5z5utwt0ztp127jqle3x23hy 0 74617 862205 556531 2026-06-20T17:17:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mandi du Plooy''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1982), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Mandi Baard''', 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, abar koyi kuma mai fasahar murya.<ref name= etc>{{Cite web |title=Mandi du plooy baard - TALENT ETC |url=https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/MANDI-DU-PLOOY-BAARD-CV-Talent-ETC.pdf |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=talent-etc.co.za |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182420/https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/MANDI-DU-PLOOY-BAARD-CV-Talent-ETC.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin "Lara" a cikin M-Net soap opera ''Egoli: Place of Gold'' da kuma soapies ''Binnelanders'', ''7de Laan'' da ''Getroud Met Rugby''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Leigh van den |title=Mandi du Plooy's make-up |url=https://www.news24.com/w24/Style/Beauty/Mandi-du-Plooys-make-up-20090511 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=W24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Baard a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1982 a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Mandi du Plooy: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=2651 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin kasuwanci a Jami'ar Stellenbosch. Ta yi aure da Schalk Baard, inda aka yi bikin auren a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 2008, a George, SA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrity Bride Mandi Du Plooy Baard Wedding dress |url=https://www.simonrademan.co.za/celebrity_bride_mandi_du_plooy.htm |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=www.simonrademan.co.za}}</ref> Ma'auratan suna da namiji ɗaya mace ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandi du Plooy-Baard - Mammas 24/7 |url=https://mammas247.co.za/bloggers/mandi-du-plooy-baard/ |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=Mammas 24/7 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182422/https://mammas247.co.za/bloggers/mandi-du-plooy-baard/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hough |first=Lucelle |title=FOTO'S: Mandi Baard se eersteling |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/Sarie/Bekendes/Ons-Praat-Met/fotos-mandi-baard-se-eersteling-20170914 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=Sarie |language=af-ZA}}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin shekarar 1998, a matsayinta na muryar mai fasaha, ta taka rawar jagoranci a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Afirkaans ''Samaritaan''. A cikin shekarar 1988, ta fara fitowa a talabijin tare da jerin shirye-shiryen Afrikaans ''Saartjie'', lokacin da take mataki na ɗaya. A cikin wannan serial, ta taka rawa a matsayin "Muggie". A shekarar 2009, ta shiga tare da thirteenth season of the soapie Egoli'': Place of Gold'' da kuma taka rawa a matsayin "Lara" har zuwa goma sha takwas a zangon. A cikin shekarar 2012, ta fito a cikin telenovela ''Binnelanders'' sannan ta shiga tare da soapie ''7de Laan'' a cikin shekarar 2014. A shekara ta 2015, ta yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin ''Sink'' ta hanyar taka rawa a matsayin goyon baya "Monique". Sa'an nan a cikin shekarar 2018, ta sake yin wani rawar goyon baya a matsayin "Mrs. Peters" a cikin fim ɗin Looking for Love.<ref name= etc /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rensburg |first=Liani Jansen van |title=Mandi du Plooy-Baard skeer hare af: ‘Dit was ‘close to home’’ |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/sarie/Bekendes/Ons-Praat-Met/mandi-du-plooy-baard-skeer-hare-af-dit-was-close-to-home-20201127 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=Sarie |language=af-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rensburg |first=Liani Jansen van |title=EKSKLUSIEF: Mandi Baard oor nuwe sepie-rol |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/sarie/bekendes/ons-praat-met/eksklusief-mandi-baard-oor-nuwe-sepie-rol-20190618 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=Sarie |language=af-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Merwe |first=Jana van der |title=Mandi Baard 'geheimsinnig' oor nuwe rol in GMR |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/vermaak/tv/mandi-baard-geheimsinnig-oor-nuwe-rol-in-gmr-20190308 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=Huisgenoot |language=af-ZA}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, ta shiga tare da yanayi na uku na wasan kwaikwayo na kykNet, ''Getroud Met Rugby'', inda take taka rawa a matsayin "Lienkie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-29 |title=Oh Mandi! Profiling Blu Betty Ambassador and SA actress Mandi Baard. |url=https://blubetty.co.za/oh-mandi-profiling-blu-betty-ambassador-and-sa-actress-mandi-baard/ |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=Blu Betty |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111141547/https://blubetty.co.za/oh-mandi-profiling-blu-betty-ambassador-and-sa-actress-mandi-baard/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 1998 | ''Samaritan'' | | jerin talabijan | |- | 2009 | ''Egoli: Wurin Zinare'' | Lara | jerin talabijan | |- | 2012 | ''Binnelanders'' | Bianca | jerin talabijan | |- | 2014 | ''7 da Lan'' | Elna | jerin talabijan | |- | 2015 | ''nutse'' | Monique | Fim | |- | 2018 | ''Neman soyayya'' | Madam Peters | Fim | |- | 2018 | ''Kampkos'' | Ita kanta | jerin talabijan | |- | 2018 | ''Geroud ya hadu da rugby'' | Lienkie | jerin talabijan | |- | 2019 | ''Da fatan za a yi'' | Ma | Fim | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] nqogasl7orf3mqdgh809vwauyvukrkt 0 75148 862492 816036 2026-06-20T23:15:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Martin Sean Indyk''' (an haife shi 1 Yuli 1951) ɗan diflomasiyyar Amurka ne kuma mai sharhi kan alakar kasashen waje tare da gwaninta a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] . Ya kasance fitaccen ɗan'uwa a Diflomasiya ta Duniya kuma daga baya mataimakin shugaban zartarwa a Cibiyar Brookings a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], 2001-2018. <ref name="Brookings: MARTIN S. INDYK">[https://www.brookings.edu/author/martin-s-indyk/ Brookings: MARTIN S. INDYK]</ref> Ya dauki hutu daga Cibiyar Brookings don zama wakilin Amurka na musamman kan Tattaunawar Isra'ila da Falasdinu daga 2013 zuwa 2014. A halin yanzu ya kasance fitaccen ɗan'uwa a majalisar kula da harkokin waje . <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/expert/martin-s-indyk |title=Council on Foreign Relations: Martin S. Indyk" |access-date=2024-03-17 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725054405/https://www.cfr.org/expert/martin-s-indyk |url-status=dead }}</ref> Indyk ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin jakadan Amurka a [[Isra'ila|Isra’ila]] (1995 – 1997; 2000 – 2001) sannan kuma a matsayin mataimakin sakatariyar harkokin wajen gabas ta tsakiya a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton . == Rayuwa == An haifi Martin Indyk a shekara ta 1951 a [[Landan|London, United Kingdom]], ga wani dangin [[Yahudawa]] da suka yi hijira daga Poland. <ref name="Weiss">[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.612266 Haaretz: "Former 'Meet the Press' host David Gregory writing book on his Jewish faith" by Anthony Weiss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161717/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.612266 |date=2015-09-24 }} August 24, 2014</ref> Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, inda ya girma, yana girma a yankin Sydney na Castlecrag . Babban ɗan'uwansa shine masanin ilimin Ostiraliya kuma mai wallafa Ivor Indyk . Indyk ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Sydney a 1972 tare da Bachelor of Economics . Daga nan sai ya koma [[Isra'ila]] don yin karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus . Yayin da yake zaune a [[Jerusalem|birnin Kudus]] yana shirye-shiryen kwasa-kwasan jami'a, yakin Yom Kippur ya barke, kuma Indyk ya shafe sauran yakin yana aikin sa kai kan kibbutz Alumim a kudancin Isra'ila, al'amarin da ya kira "lokaci mai ma'ana a rayuwata." Ya ce ya ma yi tunanin yin hijira zuwa Isra'ila a lokacin. <ref>Nathan Guttman, [http://forward.com/news/israel/181554/mideast-mediator-martin-indyk-draws-ire-from-both/ "Mideast Mediator Martin Indyk Draws Ire From Both Sides of Israeli Spectrum"], ''Jewish Daily Forward'' (August 2, 2013).</ref> <ref>[https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/palestinian-affairs/indyks-third-chance-323693 Indyk's third chance]</ref> Ya koma makarantar digiri na biyu kuma ya sami digiri na uku a fannin dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a 1977. Ya auri Jill Collier, wanda yake da yara biyu, Sarah da Yakubu. Sun rabu. Indyk ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1982 kuma ya fara aiki tare da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka a Washington, DC. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 1993, mako guda kafin ya shiga Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka . <ref>[[Al Kamen]], [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/02/02/inside-state/19939d53-3913-4694-a6a8-5ddc2a2f9be5/ Inside: State], ''Washington Post'' (February 2, 1995).</ref> Indyk Bayahude ne mai gyara . <ref name="Weiss"/> <ref>Thomas Gorguissaian, [[Al Ahram]] International 24 September - 4 October 2000</ref> == Aikin siyasa da diflomasiyya == A cikin 1982, Indyk ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan bincike na Kwamitin Hulɗa da Jama'a na Isra'ila (AIPAC), ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare Isra'ila a Washington. Daga 1985 Indyk ya yi aiki shekaru takwas a matsayin Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Washington don Manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya, cibiyar bincike ta ƙware kan nazarin manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref>[[John Mearsheimer|Mearsheimer, John J.]]; [[Stephen Walt|Walt, Stephen M.]], ''[[The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy]]'', Macmillan, September 4, 2007. Cf. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bQHXJ4JzxV4C&dq=washington+institute+for+near+east+policy+pro+israel&pg=PA152 p.152]</ref> Ya kasance babban farfesa a makarantar Johns Hopkins na Advanced Studies International, inda ya koyar da siyasar Isra'ila da manufofin kasashen waje. Indyk kuma ya koyar a Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Columbia, Cibiyar Moshe Dayan na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, da Sashen Harkokin Siyasa a Jami'ar Macquarie a Sydney, Australia. Indyk ya yi ta yada labarai da yawa kan manufofin Amurka game da shirin zaman lafiya na Larabawa da Isra'ila, kan dangantakar Amurka da Isra'ila, da kuma barazanar zaman lafiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da [[Iran]] ke yi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] kuma a matsayin babban darektan harkokin Gabas da Kudancin Asiya a Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka . Yayin da yake NSC, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba shugaban kasa shawara da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro kan al'amuran Larabawa da Isra'ila, Iraki, Iran, da Kudancin Asiya. Ya kasance babban memba na kungiyar zaman lafiya ta yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Warren Christopher kuma ya kasance wakilin Fadar White House a Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Isra'ila. Ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Isra'ila, daga Afrilu 1995 zuwa Satumba 1997, kuma daga Janairu 2000 zuwa Yuli 2001. Shi ne na farko kuma ya zuwa yanzu, shi kadai, haifaffen jakadan Amurka a Isra'ila. Ya yi aiki a hukumar New Israel Fund . Indyk a halin yanzu yana hidima a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari don Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Amurka mai zaman kanta ta DC. A ranar 29 ga Yulin 2013 Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya nada Indyk a matsayin wakilin Washington na musamman na Gabas ta Tsakiya don dawo da tattaunawar zaman lafiya tsakanin Isra'ila da [[Palestin autonomija|Hukumar Falasdinu]] . Firaministan Isra'ila [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] da shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] duk sun goyi bayan nadin nasa. Ya yi murabus daga wannan mukamin a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2014, inda ya koma Cibiyar Brookings a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta kuma darakta mai kula da manufofin kasashen waje. A cikin 2018, ya bar Brookings zuwa Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje . <ref name="Brookings: MARTIN S. INDYK"/> == Rigima == A shekara ta 2000, FBI ta sanya Indyk karkashin bincike bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ya yi amfani da wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci ba daidai ba ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da ba a tantance ba a cikin jirgin sama don shirya bayanan ganawarsa da shugabannin kasashen waje. Babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa an lalata duk wani abu na musamman, kuma babu alamar leƙen asiri . Indyk ya kasance "a fili ... jakadan Amurka na farko da aka cire wa gwamnati izinin tsaro." <ref name="Kempster" /> Jaridar ''Los Angeles Times'' ta ruwaito cewa "tsofaffin jami'an diflomasiyya sun yi korafin cewa an mayar da Indyk a matsayin mai zagon kasa ga nau'in rashin tsaro da ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin wakilan da ke daukar aikin tantancewa a gida daga ofis." An dakatar da izinin Indyk amma an sake dawo da shi a wata mai zuwa, "don tsawon lokacin rikicin da ake ciki," saboda "ci gaba da tashin hankali a Isra'ila, Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza [Strip] da kuma dalilai na tsaro na kasa." <ref name="Kempster" /> == Suka == === Karbar tallafi daga Qatar === A cikin 2014, Indyk ya shiga cikin bincike lokacin da wani bincike ''na New York Times'' ya nuna cewa kasar [[Qatar]] mai arziki a yankin Gulf ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 14.8, gudummawar shekaru hudu ga Cibiyar Brookings, don tallafawa ayyukan Brookings guda biyu, Cibiyar Brookings a Doha da Shirin Alakar Amurka da Duniyar Musulunci. Binciken na ''Times'' ya gano cewa Brookings na daya daga cikin fiye da dozin goma masu tasiri a Washington da kungiyoyin bincike da "sun karbi dubun-dubatar daloli daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yayin da suke matsawa jami'an gwamnatin Amurka yin amfani da manufofin da galibi ke nuna masu ba da gudummawa. abubuwan fifiko." <ref name="Williams" /> Masana da dama da jaridar ''Times'' ta yi hira da su sun nuna firgita a kan lamarin, suna masu cewa " gudummawar ta haifar da yarjejeniyoyin da ba a sani ba cewa kungiyoyin bincike za su dena sukar gwamnatocin masu ba da gudummawa." <ref name="Williams" /> Bayyanar zabin da cibiyar ta yi na karbar kudaden da Qatar ta biya ya jawo cece-kuce musamman saboda a lokacin, Indyk yana aiki ne a matsayin mai shiga tsakani na sulhu tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinawa, kuma saboda Qatar ce ke ba da tallafin kungiyoyin masu jihadi a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ita ce babbar mai tallafawa kudi. na Hamas, "makiyin kasar Isra'ila da Mahmoud Abbas 'Fatah jam'iyyar." Babban jami'in siyasa na Hamas Khaled Meshaal, wanda ke jagorantar ayyukan Hamas kan Isra'ila, Qatar kuma tana da mafaka. Indyk ya kare tsarin tare da Qatar, yana mai cewa bai yi tasiri a aikin masana ba kuma "don zama masu dacewa da manufofin, muna bukatar mu shiga masu tsara manufofi." Duk da haka, tsari tsakanin Qatar da Brookings ya sa jami'an gwamnatin Isra'ila su yi shakkar rashin son kai na Indyk[[Mahmoud Abbas]]<nowiki/>r."<ref name="Williams" />. === Na views on Isra'ila === Aikin Indyk ya kasance "ya nuna halaye guda biyu masu dawwama, kuma a wasu lokuta masu gasa: goyon bayansa ga Isra'ila, da kuma kyama ga ayyukan sulhu na Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ." <ref name="Guttman">Nathan Guttman, [http://forward.com/news/israel/198155/how-martin-indyk-went-from-aipac-man-to-blaming-is How Martin Indyk Went From AIPAC Man To Blaming Israel for Talk's Failure], ''Jewish Daily Forward'' (May 14, 2014).</ref> Ra'ayin Indyk "sun fusata Isra'ila da Falasdinawa a lokuta daban-daban." <ref name="Guttman" /> Isi Leibler ya soki Indyk a cikin 2010 ''Jerusalem Post'' op-ed, inda ya kira shi "mai adawa da Isra'ila." <ref>Isi Leibler, [http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/From-pro-Israel-to-anti-Israel-apologist From pro-Israel to anti-Israel apologist], ''Jerusalem Post'' (April 29, 2010).</ref> A cikin 2014, ''Ha'aretz'' ya ruwaito cewa "An gano Indyk a Urushalima a matsayin tushen da ba a san shi ba" a cikin labarin Nahum Barnea na ''Yedioth Ahronoth'', 'wanda jami'an Amurka da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba sun zargi Isra'ila da gazawar tattaunawar sulhu. " <ref name="Resign2014">[http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-envoy-to-resign-after-blaming-settlements-for-talks-failure/ 'US envoy to resign after blaming settlements for talks failure'], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] & ''Times of Israel'' Staff (May 5, 2014).</ref> An nakalto majiyar ''Yediot Acharonot'' wanda ba a san sunansa ba yana cewa: "Ya kamata Yahudawa su kasance masu wayo; gaskiya ne kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin al'umma mai taurin kai. Ya kamata ku san yadda ake karanta taswirar: A cikin ƙarni na 21, duniya ba za ta ci gaba da yin la'akari da mamayar Isra'ila ba. Mamaya na barazana ga matsayin Isra'ila a duniya tare da yin barazana ga Isra'ila a matsayinta na yahudawa ... Falasdinawa sun gaji da halin da ake ciki. Za su sami jiharsu a ƙarshe - ko ta hanyar tashin hankali ko ta hanyar komawa ga ƙungiyoyin duniya. " <ref name="Resign2014" /> Kalaman sun fusata jami'an Isra'ila. <ref name="Guttman"/> == Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai == Yayin da yake inganta littafinsa, ''Innocent Abroad: Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka'', a kan 8 Janairu 2009, Indyk ya shiga tattaunawa game da shawarwarin zaman lafiya na Isra'ila da Falasdinu tare da Norman Finkelstein akan ''Dimokiradiyya Yanzu!'' . Indyk ya nuna cewa yana jin "jakar yashi" ta hanyar rashin sanar da shi "cewa zan kasance cikin wata muhawara da Norman Finkelstein. Ba na sha'awar yin hakan. Ni ma ba na nan a matsayin mai magana da yawun Isra'ila". == Labarai == === Littattafai === * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Innocent-Abroad-Intimate-American-Diplomacy/dp/B002PJ4GAE/ref=sr_sp-atf_title_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386434286&sr=1-1&keywords=Martin+Indyk Innocent A Wajen: Ƙimar Ƙimar Ƙimar Diflomasiya ta Zaman Lafiya ta Amirka a Gabas ta Tsakiya]'', Simon & Schuster, 2009. * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Bending-History-Barack-Foreign-Brookings/dp/081572182X/ref=sr_sp-atf_title_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386434286&sr=1-3&keywords=Martin+Indyk Tarihin Lankwasa: Manufofin Waje na Barack Obama]'', Brookings Institution Press, 3 Fabrairu 2012. * ''Jagoran Wasan: Henry Kissinger da Fasahar Diflomasiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya'', Knopf, 26 Oktoba 2021. === Labarai === * Martin Indyk, "Bakon Tashin Matattu na Maganin Jihohi Biyu: Yadda Yaƙin da Ba A Iya Tunani Ba Zai Iya Kawo Game da Zaman Lafiya Mai Imani", ''Harkokin Harkokin Waje'', Vol. 103, ba. 2 (Maris/Afrilu 2024), shafi na 8–12, 14–22. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.brookings.edu/experts/indykm Martin S. Indyk, Cibiyar Brookings] * Appearances * [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-middle-east-isnt-worth-it-anymore-11579277317 Gabas Ta Tsakiya Bata Cancanta Ba] {{S-start}} {{S-dip}} {{Succession box|title=[[United States Ambassador to Israel|U.S. Ambassador to Israel]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[United States Ambassador to Israel|U.S. Ambassador to Israel]]}} {{s-gov}} {{Succession box|title=[[Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs]]}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7fj8n61vc1lb31npkorb6xx3yt3z595 0 77896 862482 416003 2026-06-20T21:43:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marione Fourie''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2002) 'yar wasan Afirka ta Kudu ce wacce ke riƙe da rikodin kasa kuma ta kasance zakara a cikin manyan matsaloli. == Ayyuka == Ta lashe gasar zakarun Afirka ta Kudu ta farko a tseren mita 100 a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=South African Championships |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7164150?eventId=10229522 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, Fourie ya zama zakaran kasa a karo na biyu, kuma ya lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka a tseren mita 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ashfak |title=I want to qualify for the world champs, says 100m hurdles star Marioné Fourie |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/athletics/i-want-to-qualify-for-the-world-champs-says-100m-hurdles-star-marione-fourie-8394dc17-b27d-4336-b819-8d9a6123efee |website=www.iol.co.za}}</ref> Ta zama mace ta uku a Afirka ta Kudu a kowane lokaci da ta gudu ƙasa da sakan 13 don taron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#TuksAthletics: Marione Fourie is now only the third South African female 100m-hurdler to dip under 13 seconds &#124; University of Pretoria |url=https://www.up.ac.za/athletics/news/post_3053279-tuksathletics-marione-fourie-is-now-only-the-third-south-african-female-100m-hurdler-to-dip-under-13-seconds |website=www.up.ac.za}}</ref> A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022, Fourie ta gudu 12.94 seconds don samun cancanta ga wasan kusa da na karshe ta kammala a bayan Megan Tapper mai lambar tagulla ta Olympics a cikin zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Champs: Anderson, Williams, Tapper into 100m hurdles semis &#124; Loop Jamaica |url=https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/world-champs-anderson-williams-tapper-100m-hurdles-semis?fbclid=IwAR3WJ969H3iPGCoxf1VdipBuNIPIC3dTtQ1-2jjo1MTddgG6l0H_EQUYcs4 |website=Loop News }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yulin 2023, ta saukar da mafi kyawunta zuwa 12.55 yayin da take gudana a Switzerland don kafa sabon rikodin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Swardt |first=Wilhelm |date=3 July 2023 |title=Fourie sets new SA 100m hurdles record in Switzerland |url=https://supersport.com/athletics/general/news/dd3ebfac-7bae-4e72-9bb5-9da7f0742f72/fourie-sets-new-sa-100m-hurdles-record-in-switzerland |website=SuperSport}}</ref> Ta shiga gasar zakarun duniya ta 2023 a [[Budapest]] a watan Agustan 2023, inda ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe. An ba ta suna 'yar wasan mata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta Shekara.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Baloyi |first=Charles |date=10 February 2024 |title=Sprinter Marione Fourie dreams of an Olympic Games final spot |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/news/sprinter-marione-fourie-dreams-of-an-olympic-games-final-spot |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=sabcsport}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ta lashe lambar yabo ta kasa ta hudu a jere a kan tseren mita 100, a Pietermaritzburg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2024 |title=SA Senior National Track and Field Championships over, work begins for Olympics |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/athletics/sa-senior-national-track-and-field-championships-over-work-begins-for-olympics-20240422 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=News24.com}}</ref> == Gasar kasa da kasa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{RSA}} |- |rowspan=2|2021 |rowspan=2|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Nairobi, Kenya]] |9th (sf) |100 m hurdles |[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles|13.60]] |- |6th |4 × 100 m relay |[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|45.05]] |- |rowspan=3|2022 |[[2022 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Port Louis, Mauritius]] |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |100 m hurdles |[[2022 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres hurdles|12.93]] |- |[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, United States]] |19th (sf) |100 m hurdles |[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres hurdles|12.93]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Birmingham, United Kingdom]] |9th (h) |100 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres hurdles|13.04]] |- |2023 |[[2023 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Budapest, Hungary]] |15th (sf) |100 m hurdles |[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres hurdles|12.89]] |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2002]] sprxlpbfwhgb7q4ui6y4wh8recp3o4o 0 78004 862561 419915 2026-06-21T05:16:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Meghan Maartens''' 'yar wasan polo na ruwa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, wacce memba ce a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudancin. Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar a gasar kwallon ruwa ta mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2021 |title=Tokyo Olympics {{!}} Team SA: The FULL list of athletes heading for Japan |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-team-sa-the-full-list-of-athletes-heading-for-japan/ |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712015819/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-team-sa-the-full-list-of-athletes-heading-for-japan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Niekerk and Le Clos named in South African team heading to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/van-niekerk-and-le-clos-named-in-sa-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709210215/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/van-niekerk-and-le-clos-named-in-sa-team |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Tokyo 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=Sport24 |title=Tokyo Olympics full squad {{!}} Team SA brings largest ever contingent to Japan |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/olympics2020/tokyo-olympics-full-squad-team-sa-brings-largest-ever-contingent-to-japan-20210706 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Sport |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Olympics.com 2023 v319">{{cite web | title=Meghan Maartens Biography, Olympic Medals, Records and Age | website=Olympics.com| url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/meghan-maartens | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref> Ta shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Turai ta U-17 ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 April 2016|title=SA's U17 girls win EU Nations Cup in Denmark {{!}} TeamSA|language=en-US|work=TeamSA|url=https://www.teamsa.co.za/sas-u17-girls-win-eu-nations-cup-in-denmark/|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185128/https://www.teamsa.co.za/sas-u17-girls-win-eu-nations-cup-in-denmark/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] klk0fkvowpn1xsj0wecyapgr8j1pap6 0 78009 862559 416890 2026-06-21T05:14:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Megan Sileno''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1989) 'yar wasan polo na ruwa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma kociya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Polo - SILENO Megan |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1398730-sileno-megan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816223730/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1398730-sileno-megan.htm |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Ita memba ce a Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar a gasar kwallon ruwa ta mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-06 |title=Tokyo Olympics &#124; Team SA: The FULL list of athletes heading for Japan |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-team-sa-the-full-list-of-athletes-heading-for-japan/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2021-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712015819/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-team-sa-the-full-list-of-athletes-heading-for-japan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Niekerk and Le Clos named in South African team heading to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/van-niekerk-and-le-clos-named-in-sa-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709210215/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/van-niekerk-and-le-clos-named-in-sa-team |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Tokyo 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=Sport24 |title=Tokyo Olympics full squad &#124; Team SA brings largest ever contingent to Japan |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/olympics2020/tokyo-olympics-full-squad-team-sa-brings-largest-ever-contingent-to-japan-20210706 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Sport |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta koyar a Kwalejin Diocesan ta St. Anne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Anne's head waterpolo coach is off to the Olympics (News: 28 Jun 2021) |url=https://www.mycomlink.co.za/posting.php?i=70837 |access-date=2021-07-08 |website=MyComLink |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 5dojok4fviwp6968qcr9n4aib5nqcc0 0 80912 862008 842051 2026-06-20T12:42:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|image=AMCOW Office Headquarter.jpg}} '''Majalisar Ministocin Afirka kan [[ruwa]] (AMCOW) ''' (: Conseil des Ministres Africains Chargés de L'eau), [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta dauka a matsayin hanyar tallafawa ga Kwamitin Fasaha na Musamman (STC) don fitar da nasarori a bangarorin ruwa da tsabta. Cibiyar ci gaban yanki ce ta kasashe 55 na Afirka waɗanda ke inganta Ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma kawar da [[talauci]] ta hanyar ingantaccen hadin kai, gudanar da ayyukan samar da Ruwa, da kuma samar da albarkatun ruwa na nahiyar ga membobinta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=AFRICAN UNION |date=2019 |title=Third Ordinary Session of the Specialized Technical Committee (STC) on Agriculture, Rural Development, Water and Environment 21-25 October 2019, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. |url=http://www.acmad.net/new/NEWSITEACMAD/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/infoReport-of-the-Ministers-of-the-2019-STC-on-ARDWE-Final-Nov-20-2010.pdf |journal=African Union |pages=40 |via=au.int |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006130524/https://www.acmad.net/new/NEWSITEACMAD/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/infoReport-of-the-Ministers-of-the-2019-STC-on-ARDWE-Final-Nov-20-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AMCOW - African Ministers' Council on Water |url=https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027054705/https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water |archive-date=2020-10-27 |access-date=October 9, 2021 |website=infontd}}</ref> == Tarihi == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, Ministocin Afirka da ke da alhakin taron ruwa a [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya]], sun kafa Taron Ministocin Afrika kan Ruwa (AMCOW) biyo bayan amincewa da "Abuja Ministocin Sanarwar Ruwa - mabuɗin Ci Gaban Ci gaba". An kafa kungiyar ne don hanzarta cimma burin ruwa da tsabta a [[Afirka]]. A shekara ta 2008, a taron 11 na Tarayyar Afirka (AU) a Sharm el-Sheikh Masar, Shugabannin Kasashe da Gwamnatocin Afirka, sun ba da umarnin AMCOW da ta kafa da kuma saka idanu kan dabarun aiwatar da alkawuransu kan hanzarta tsabtace jiki da tsabtace jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=AFRICAN |first=UNION |date=2008 |title=ASSEMBLY OF THE AFRICAN UNION Eleventh Ordinary Session 30 June to 1 July 2008 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt: Decisions, Declaration, Tribute and Resolution. |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9558-assembly_en_30_june_1_july_2008_auc_eleventh_ordinary_session_decisions_declarations_tribute_resolution.pdf |journal=African Union |pages=40 |via=African Union Int |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707120645/https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9558-assembly_en_30_june_1_july_2008_auc_eleventh_ordinary_session_decisions_declarations_tribute_resolution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coombes |first=Yolande |last2=Hickling |first2=Sophie |last3=Radin |first3=Mark |date=2015 |title=Investment in Sanitation to Support Economic Growth in Africa: Recommendations to the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) and Ministers of Finance. |url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp/files/publications/WSP-Investment-in-Sanitation-to-Support-Growth-Africa.pdf |journal=Water and Sanitation Program:Report |pages=32 |via=Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) |access-date=2024-07-07 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707040958/https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp/files/publications/WSP-Investment-in-Sanitation-to-Support-Growth-Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yolande Coombes, Sophie Hickling and Mark Radin - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8667420-Yolande-coombes-sophie-hickling-and-mark-radin.html |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=docplayer.net |archive-date=2021-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228092927/https://docplayer.net/8667420-Yolande-coombes-sophie-hickling-and-mark-radin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarin mulki == Tsarin ma'aikata na AMCOW ya ƙunshi Majalisar Ministoci (Ministocin da ke da alhakin ruwa a kowace Kasar memba), kwamitin zartarwa (EXCO) tare da Shugaban / Shugaban, da Kwamitin Daraktoci (a halin yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]]). Kowace daga cikin yankuna biyar suna da wakilci a kwamitin zartarwa ta wakilai uku / Ministocin ruwa (kasashen membobin AMCOW sun kasu kashi biyar: [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], [[Gabashin Afirka]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Arewacin Afirka]], da [[Kudancin Afirka]]) don daidaita ayyukan yankuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Ministers' Council on Water {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100041436 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=uia.org}}</ref> mataimakin shugaban kasa yana kula da kowane yanki. Sakatariyar AMCOW tana zaune ne a Abuja, Najeriya, kuma Babban Sakataren wucin gadi da ƙungiyar ƙwararru da ma'aikatan tallafi ne ke jagoranta. Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Fasaha (TAC) yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Zartarwa. Kwamitin zartarwa yana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa ana aiwatar da yanke shawara na majalisa, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shiryen aiki / kasafin kuɗi don amincewa da majalisa, tattara kudade da ake buƙata, da kuma kula da ayyukan Sakatariyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Special Technical Committee of the African Union |date=2018 |title=Decisions of the 11th ordinary session of the governing council of AMCOW 29 – 30 October 2018, Libreville, GABON and 13 February 2019, Kigali, RWANDA. |url=https://aquaknow.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Final_11th_AMCOW_GC_Kigali_0.pdf |journal=AMCOW |pages=8}}</ref> Ayyukan farko na AMCOW shine don sauƙaƙe hadin gwiwar yanki da na duniya ta hanyar daidaita manufofi da ayyuka tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka kan batutuwan albarkatun ruwa, don sake dubawa da tattara ƙarin kuɗi ga ɓangaren ruwa na Afirka, samar da hanyar saka idanu kan ci gaban manyan albarkatun ruwan yanki da na Duniya, samar da ruwa, da shirye-shiryen tsabtace muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=AMCOW launches the African Sanitation Policy Guidelines |url=https://guardian.ng/ama-press-releases/amcow-launches-the-african-sanitation-policy-guidelines/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> AMCOW kuma tana aiki a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa kan Batutuwan ruwa tare da Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran abokan tarayya. Yana ƙarfafa shiga cikin nazarin yanki game da [[Canjin yanayi]], ci gaban cibiyoyin lura, musayar bayanai, da ci gaban manufofi da dabarun magance matsalolin ruwa a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IISD Reporting Services - African Regional Coverage - AFRICAN MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON WATER |url=https://enb.iisd.org/africa/water/amcow/amcow.html |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=enb.iisd.org |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009171154/https://enb.iisd.org/africa/water/amcow/amcow.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manufa da hangen nesa == '''Manufar:''' Don samar da jagorancin siyasa, jagorar manufofi da shawarwari a cikin samarwa, amfani da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa da kuma kula da yanayin halittu na Afirka. hangen nesa: Don cimma burin ruwa na Afirka na 2025 ta hanyar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Afirka da kuma samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa. Don inganta hadin kai, tsaro, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma kawar da talauci tsakanin kasashe membobin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMCOW - African Ministers' Council on Water {{!}} InfoNTD |url=https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.infontd.org |language=en}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == * Shirin Ruwa na Ruwa na Afirka * Shirin Ruwa na Ƙasa na AMCOW (APAGroP) <ref>{{Cite web |last=sandaruwan |date=2020-03-19 |title=African Ministers' Council on Water reaches out to co-develop and consolidate its Pan-African groundwater program - GRIPP |url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/2020/03/19/african-ministers-council-on-water-reaches-out-to-co-develop-and-consolidate-its-pan-african-groundwater-program/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP) |language=en-US}}</ref> * Tsarin Kula da Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na Afirka (WASSMO) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Improving water and sanitation monitoring in Africa: AMCOW trains WASSMO focal points in Central Africa |url=https://www.gwp.org/en/GWP-Central-Africa/WE-ACT/news/improving-water-and-sanitation-monitoring-in-africa/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Global Water Partnership}}</ref> * Ƙalubalen Gudanar da Ilimi na Afirka da Tsabtace-tsabtace <ref>{{Cite web |last=afrique-news |title=African Ministers Council on Water launches Africa's Water and Sanitation Knowledge Management Challenge on the sidelines of the Stockholm World Water Week 2022 {{!}} Afrique News |url=https://afrique-news.info/african-ministers-council-on-water-launches-africas-water-and-sanitation-knowledge-management-challenge-on-the-sidelines-of-the-stockholm-world-water-week-2022/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=afrique-news.info |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124134445/https://afrique-news.info/african-ministers-council-on-water-launches-africas-water-and-sanitation-knowledge-management-challenge-on-the-sidelines-of-the-stockholm-world-water-week-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Jagororin Manufofin Kiwon Lafiya na Afirka (ASPG) <ref>{{Cite web |last=MBAYE |first=Bara |date=2022-03-21 |title=Achieving Universal Coverage through Africa Sanitation Policy Guidelines ⋆ Speak Up Africa |url=https://www.speakupafrica.org/achieving-universal-coverage-through-africa-sanitation-policy-guidelines/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Speak Up Africa |language=fr}}</ref> * Shirin hada matasa da jinsi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=Development of AMCOW Youth, Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy |url=https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/28231/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Josh's Water Jobs |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124140909/https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/28231/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Cibiyar Ilimi ta Intanet * Cibiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta Mukhtari Shehu Shagari <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2020-11-23 |title=Shagari tasks African countries on information sharing as AMCOW names resource centre after him |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/shagari-tasks-african-countries-on-information-sharing-as-amcow-names-resource-centre-after-him/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * Ranar Fuskar Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA Focus - High Level Ministerial Panel: Waste to benefits |url=https://www.worldwaterweek.org/event/7000-africa-focus---high-level-ministerial-panel-waste-to-benefits |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=World Water Week}}</ref> * Makon Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Water and Sanitation Week 2021 |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/africa-water-and-sanitation-week-2021 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> * Gidan Ruwa na Afirka (AWF) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The African Water Facility (AWF) |url=https://www.unccd.int/cbm/african-water-facility-awf |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> * AfricaSan <ref>{{Cite web |title=AfricaSan 5 / FSM5 |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2019/01/25/africasan-5-fsm5 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Manyan nasarorin AMCOW sun hada da: * Ya haɓaka shirin dabarun ruwa na shekaru 10 don aiwatarwa tsakanin 2018 da 2030. * Ya kafa tsarin ma'aikatar da ke tallafawa cibiyar sadarwa ta manyan jami'an ruwa don la'akari da kalubalen Manufofin ruwa a Afirka. * Ya ba da tallafi ga Haɗin kai na yanki. * An karɓi shirin aiki na shekaru uku wanda ke ba da jagorar dabarun ga hadin gwiwar ƙasa, yanki, da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership: AMCOW engage in the preparatory phase and the organization of the Dakar Forum {{!}} 9th World Water Forum |url=https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.worldwaterforum.org |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182819/https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ya ba da tallafin ƙungiyoyi, siyasa, da kuma ma'aikata don aiwatar da manyan shirye-shiryen ruwa. * An tattara mahimman fayilolin ruwa don yankuna biyar na Afirka, kafa Cibiyar Ruwa ta Afirka (AWF) wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ke shirya da sarrafawa, da kuma kafa Asusun Amincewa a karkashin Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP). * Rahotanni masu tasowa game da Kula da Kwamitin Afirka San Ngor na Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati don hanzarta tsabtace muhalli da ci gaban tsabta a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laying the Foundation for Sanitation Revolution in Africa: WALIS Technical Brief |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/walis/laying-foundation-sanitation-revolution-africa-walis-technical-brief |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Laying the Foundation for Sanitation Revolution in Africa: WALIS Technical Brief {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Ya haɓaka Shirin Ruwa na Ruwa na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-08 |title=AMCOW launches its Pan-African Groundwater Program |url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/2019/10/08/amcow-launches-its-pan-african-groundwater-program/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP) |language=en-US}}</ref> * A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2020 an kaddamar da cibiyar ilimin yanar gizo don tattara da raba bayanan ruwa da tsabtace Afirka da ilimi. * A cikin 2021 an haɓaka Jagoran Manufofin Kiwon Lafiya na Afirka tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates (BMGF). * An yi bikin cika shekaru 15 a watan Nuwamba, 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simire |first=Michael |date=2017-09-21 |title=AMCOW set to celebrate 15th anniversary |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/amcow-set-celebrate-15th-anniversary/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=EnviroNews Nigeria - |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-25 |title=AMCOW 15th anniversary holds in Abuja |url=https://guardian.ng/property/amcow-15th-anniversary-holds-in-abuja/ |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Zai kasance yana tunawa da cika shekaru 20 a lokacin Taron Ruwa na Duniya a [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dakar 2022 |url=https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/ |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=World Water Council |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership: AMCOW engage in the preparatory phase and the organization of the Dakar Forum {{!}} 9th World Water Forum |url=https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=www.worldwaterforum.org |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182819/https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kasashen membobin ==   == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} tlrwr91og26o1n5pa4bpk6h8x3e1m4x 0 82359 862051 671024 2026-06-20T15:24:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox school|name=Mim Senior High School|image=|imagesize=|caption=|streetaddress=|town=|state=|district=[[Asunafo North Municipal District]]|postcode=P. O. Box 29, [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim]], [[Ahafo region|Ahafo]]|Postalcode=|country=Ghana|coordinates={{Coord|6.9063|-2.5523}}|schoolnumber=|schoolboard=|authority=|denomination=|oversight=[[Ministry of Education (Ghana)|Ministry of Education]]|affiliation=|authorizer=|superintendent=|trustee=|founder=|specialist=|session=|president=|head of school=James Tweneboah Koduah|headteacher=|head_label=Headmaster|head=|chairperson=|principal=|dean=|faculty=|administrator=|rector=|chaplain=|director=|staff=|ranking=|roll=|school code=|testaverage=70%|national_ranking=|classrooms=|class=|classes offered=Home economics, General science, general arts, business, visual art, General Agriculture|avg_class_size=50|ratio=|graduates=|gender=[[Co-educational]]|lower_age=14|upper_age=19|houses=|fundingtype=|type=Coeducational [[Public school (government funded)|public]] [[high school]]|system=|fees=|tuition=|revenue=|endowment=|budget=|products=|age range=|grades=|medium=|language=English|campus=|address=|campus size=|campus type=|hours_in_day=|athletics=|conference=|slogan=Abenfo|song=Great Students of MISEC|fightsong=|motto=|accreditation=|rival=|sports=|patron=Okofrobour Nana Dr. Yaw Agyei II|nickname=MISEC|school_colours={{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} Blue and White|mascot=|yearbook=|publication=|newspaper=|established=|founded={{start date and age|1969|paren=yes}}|status=Active|students=|pupils=2500+|alumni=MISOSA|enrollment=|grade9=|grade10=|grade11=|grade12=|communities=|feeders=|website=}}<mapframe latitude="6.9063" longitude="-2.5523" zoom="15" width="272" height="267" align="right" />Mim Senior High School wanda aka fi sani da Misec makarantar sakandare ce a Ghana kuma tana aiki a matsayin haɗin gwiwa, ba na ɗarika ba, rana da kwana a Mim a gundumar Municipal ta Arewa ta Asunafo a yankin Ahafo na Ghana. Taken sa shine 'Bari Hasken Ku Ya haskaka'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2018 |title=Breaking news: Misec teachers strike over countless attacks |url=https://ahafonews.com/breaking-news-misec-teachers-strike-over-countless-attacks/ |access-date=2020-05-04 |publisher=Ahafonews |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605055510/https://ahafonews.com/breaking-news-misec-teachers-strike-over-countless-attacks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2021 |title=SHS Courses / Programmes with their Future Jobs Opportunities in Ghana |url=https://golearnershub.com/shs-courses-programmes-with-their-future-jobs-opportunities-in-ghana/}}</ref> Makarantar tana gudanar da darussa a cikin Kasuwanci, Kimiyya, fasaha na gabaɗaya, aikin gona na gabaɗaya, Tattalin Arzikin Gida da fasahar gani, wanda ke jagorantar lambar yabo ta takardar shedar sakandare ta Afirka ta Yamma (WASSCE). <ref name="K-O-M road">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2001 |title=A Journey to the West |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=40572 |access-date=30 April 2008 |publisher=ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>[https://mosartlabs.com/semiconductor-sector-to-create-1-million-jobs-in-india-by-2026/ semiconductor course]</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1969 a Mim a kan titin Sunyani, a yankin Ahafo na Ghana. An fara shi da yawan ɗalibai 70 a matsayin makaranta mai gauraya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mim Senior High |url=https://myriaddigitalsolutions.com/seniorhighub/school/ahafo/mim.htm |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=myriaddigitalsolutions.com |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525145528/https://myriaddigitalsolutions.com/seniorhighub/school/ahafo/mim.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shugabannin makarantar == Gabriel Fosu == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * [[Collins Dauda]], ɗan siyasa * Seiba Issifu, Malami <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Seiba Issifu – Asco Publications |url=https://ascopublications.com/about-seiba-issifu/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525145532/https://ascopublications.com/about-seiba-issifu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * [[Ilimi a Ghana]] * Jerin makarantu a Ghana == Bayanan da aka ambata == # <nowiki>''</nowiki>Breaking news: Misec teachers strike over countless attacks". Ahafonews. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2020. # <nowiki>''</nowiki>SHS Courses / Programmes with their Future Jobs Opportunities in Ghana". 17 March 2021. # <nowiki>''</nowiki>A Journey to the West". ghanaweb.com. 30 November 2001. Retrieved 30 April 2008. # <nowiki>''</nowiki>Mim Senior High". ''myriaddigitalsolutions.com''. Retrieved 25 May 2024. # Ghana Web (25 May 2018). "Let only aggregate 30 and below students enjoy Free SHS – Headmaster suggests". ''Ghana Web''. p.&nbsp;1. Retrieved 25 May 2024. # <nowiki>''</nowiki>About Seiba Issifu – Asco Publications". Retrieved 25 May 2024.{{Reflist}} 3u6z62hhpj0wk2glqlpet2j428mz6lp 0 83258 862634 744407 2026-06-21T07:37:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Mikael Brandhof Uhre''' (  ; An haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Denmark wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ta Philadelphia Union of Major League .  Wani samfurin matasa na SønderjyskE, Uhre ya ji daɗin nasararsa a matakin na biyu na Skive a lokacin kakar 2015-16, wanda ya sa ya koma SønderjiskE. A can, ya zama sananne saboda ƙarfin jiki, saurin da iyawarsa a cikin iska, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okstrøm |first=Oliver |date=9 December 2018 |title=Matchvinder Uhre: Der blev gået til vaflerne |url=https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/matchvinder-uhre-der-blev-gaaet-til-vaflerne |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=tipsbladet.dk |publisher=[[Tipsbladet]]}}</ref> kuma Brøndby ya sanya hannu a kansa a cikin 2018. Bayan 'yan shekaru a matsayin ajiya, Uhre ya girma ya zama mai farawa kuma ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye na gasar da Danish Superliga Player of the Season yayin da Brøndby ya lashe 2020-21 Danish Super League . A cikin shekarar 2022, ya sanya hannu ga Philadelphia Union a kasar Amurka. == Ayyukan kulob == === SønderjyskE === Yayinda yake matashi, Uhre ya buga wa Skovlund IF wasa kafin ya koma Grindsted GIF yana da shekaru 12. A wani lokaci, yana da gwajin matasa tare da Midtjylland, inda bai yi nasarar burgewa ba.<ref name="vestjylland-til-vestegnen">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2020 |title=FRA VESTJYLLAND TIL VESTEGNEN: MIKAEL UHRES HISTORIE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9C3CYFQ5Aw&t=295s |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=3point.dk |language=Danish}}</ref> Bayan ya kwashe shekara guda a ''efterskole'' tsakanin karatun firamare da sakandare, a Sportsefterskolen SINE a Løgumkloster, ɗaya daga cikin malamansa ya ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin gwaji tare da ƙungiyar Danish Superliga SønderjyskE, inda daga baya ya shiga makarantar matasa. <ref name="vestjylland-til-vestegnen" /><ref name="se180118">{{Cite web |last=Haugaard |first=Kell |date=18 January 2018 |title=SønderjyskE sælger Uhre til Brøndby |url=https://www.soenderjyske.dk/fodbold/soenderjyske-saelger-uhre-broendby/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |publisher=[[SønderjyskE Fodbold]] |language=Danish}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, Uhre ya fara bugawa SønderjyskE . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2013 |title=Silkeborg vs. SønderjyskE 0-5 |url=http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&page=match&id=1289559 |publisher=scoresway.com }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Uhre ya fara ne a kan benci, amma ya maye gurbin Nicolaj Madsen a minti na 88 a cikin nasara 5-0 a kan Silkeborg IF. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Uhre ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko tare da kulob ɗin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anker-Møller |first=Kristian |date=24 May 2013 |title=SønderjyskE skriver med ung angriber |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/SoenderjyskE-skriver-med-ung-angriber/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=www.bold.dk |language=Danish |quote=SønderjyskE har skrevet en toårig kontrakt med Mikael Uhre. Den 18-årige angriber er noteret for fem Superliga-indhop for sønderjyderne.}}</ref> === Skive IK === A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, an tura Uhre kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni shida ga Skive IK . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blond |first=Mikael |date=15 August 2014 |title=SønderjyskE-angriber tager til Skive |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/soenderjyske-angriber-tager-til-skive/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=www.bold.dk |language=Danish |quote=Skive har lejet SønderjyskE's unge angriber Mikael Uhre frem til årsskiftet.}}</ref> Ya taka leda a kan yarjejeniyar mai son yayin da yake Skive, yana aiki a ranakun mako a ofis.<ref name="vestjylland-til-vestegnen"/> Ya buga wasanni 13 a gasar kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a lokacin aro.<ref name="Soccerway">{{Cite web |title=M. Uhre |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mikael-uhre/290506/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Bayan yarjejeniyar aro ta kare a watan Janairun shekarar 2015, ya buga wa SønderjyskE wasa na karin watanni shida, kafin ya shiga Skive a hukumance a lokacin rani na 2015 a kan kwangilar shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2015 |title=Mikael Uhre på kontrakt hos SIK |url=https://www.skive-her.dk/nyheder/fodbold/mikael-uhre-p-kontrakt.htm |access-date=21 September 2020 |publisher=Skive Her |language=Danish |quote=SIKs Sportschef Jesper Larsen oplyser:Det er en fornøjelse at kunne berette, at den 20 årige angriber Mikael Uhre netop har sat sin signatur på en 1 årig kontrakt med Skive Ik.}}</ref> A lokacin da ya yi kwangila a Skive, Uhre ya zira kwallaye 15 a wasanni 33, kwallaye biyu ne kawai a bayan mai zira kwallayen Kjartan Finnbogason.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NordicBet Liga 15/16: Tabel og kampprogram |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/nordicbet-liga/2015-2016/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=bold.dk |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806124719/https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/nordicbet-liga/2015-2016/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Komawa zuwa SønderjyskE === Uhre ya koma SønderjyskE a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2016, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob ɗin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blond |first=Mikael |date=5 June 2016 |title=SønderjyskE henter Uhre tilbage |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/soenderjyske-henter-uhre-tilbage/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=www.bold.dk |language=Danish}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin, Uhre ya fara buga gasar Europa League a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a nasarar 2-1 a kan kungiyar Norwegian Strømsgodset, ya bayyana a cikin minti 27 da suka gabata a madadin Troels Kløve. A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin, ya buga wasan Superliga na farko bayan ya koma SønderjyskE, wasan da ya yi da AGF. Da yake zuwa a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 59, SønderjyskE ya rasa wasan 2-1 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title=Superligakamp SønderjyskE-AGF, 17.17.2016 - Superstats |url=https://www.superstats.dk/kampe/4896 |publisher=superstats.dk}}</ref> Uhre ya buga wasanni 75 a lokacin da ya yi wasanni biyu a SønderjyskE inda ya zira kwallaye 13.<ref name="Soccerway"/> === Brøndby === ==== 2018–20 ==== A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa an amince da yarjejeniya tare da SønderjyskE don Uhre don shiga Brøndby IF a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin 2018 a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu da rabi. <ref name="se180118"/> Daga baya aka bayyana kudin canja wurin ya kasance kusan DKK miliyan 3. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin, Uhre ya fara bugawa Brøndby wasa a Superliga da Randers FC. Wasan ya ƙare a cikin nasarar 2-0 ga Brøndby. A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin, Uhre ya sauka daga benci a kan Hobro IK wanda ya maye gurbin Ante Erceg a minti na 68. Daga baya, ya sami nasarar 2-1 a waje ga Brøndby, inda ya zira kwallaye masu nasara a cikin lokacin rauni. Ya gama kakar shekarar 2018-19 tare da kwallaye 6 a wasanni 28 na gasar. A lokacin manyan sassan kakar shekarar 2018-19, an fi amfani da Uhre a matsayin mai maye gurbin masu bugawa na yau da kullun Kamil Wilczek da Simon Hedlund. A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2020, ya zira kwallaye 1-1 a kan mummunan kwallon da ya dawo don rufe raga a kan FC Copenhagen a minti na 89.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Anders |date=21 June 2020 |title=Målscorer Uhre: Det var en speciel oplevelse |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/maalscorer-uhre-det-var-en-speciel-oplevelse/ |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=bold.dk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wehlast |first=Mads Glenn |date=21 June 2020 |title=Reddede Brøndby: Første mål i 11 måneder |url=https://ekstrabladet.dk/sport/fodbold/dansk_fodbold/superligaen/broendby/reddede-broendby-foerste-maal-i-11-maaneder/8173178 |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=ekstrabladet.dk |publisher=[[Ekstra Bladet]]}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna burinsa na farko a cikin watanni 11, kuma ya zo bayan shi ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Sigurd Rosted a minti na 84.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nøhr |first=Mikkel |date=21 June 2020 |title=SLUT: BIF - FCK minut for minut |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/slut-bif--fck-minut-for-minut/ |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=bold.dk}}</ref> Daga nan zai kasance a matsayin mai farawa a wasannin Brøndby masu zuwa, bayan da aka gwada Hedlund da Mráz da COVID-19.<ref name="Soccerway"/> A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin, Uhre ya ba da taimako kuma ya zira kwallaye a nasarar da kulob din ya samu 4-0 a kan FC Nordsjælland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2020 |title=Mikael Uhre-show sænker FC Nordsjælland |url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/superliga/mikael-uhre-show-saenker-fc-nordsjaelland |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=dr.dk |publisher=[[Danmarks Radio]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2020 |title=Hattrick-helten Uhre: Rigtig, rigtig fedt |url=https://brondby.com/nyhed/2020/07/09/hattrick-helten-uhre-rigtig-rigtig-fedt |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=brondby.com |publisher=[[Brøndby IF]]}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya zama mai farawa ga Brøndby. ==== 2020-21: Babban mai zira kwallaye ==== A ranar wasa ta biyu ta kakar 2020-21, a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2020, Uhre ya zira kwallaye a cikin lokacin dakatarwa a wasan da aka yi da Copenhagen yayin da Brøndby ya ci 2-1 .<ref name="derbysejr20">{{Cite web |last=Ritzau |author-link=Ritzau |date=20 September 2020 |title=Dramatisk derby: Brøndby tager sejren med overtidsscoring |url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/superliga/dramatisk-derby-broendby-tager-sejren-med-overtidsscoring |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=www.dr.dk |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=Danish |quote=Mikael Uhre blev matchvinder for Brøndby mod FCK, i et opgør hvor Kamil Wilczek også scorede.}}</ref> Ya kuma ba da taimako ga Jesper Lindstrøm wanda ya zira kwallaye bayan tsohon dan wasan Brøndby Kamil Wilczek ya zira kwallan budewa ga Copenhagen.<ref name="derbysejr20" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nielsen |first=Jonas |date=20 September 2020 |title=Lindstrøm efter derby: Det er sindssygt |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/lindstroem-efter-derby-det-er-sindssygt/ |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=www.bold.dk |language=Danish}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karfi a duk lokacin faduwa, kuma ya hau jerin 'yan wasa a Superliga tare da mafi yawan burin da taimakon da aka haɗu a ƙarshen Nuwamba. An zabe shi dan wasa na watan a watan Disamba na 2020 daga magoya bayan Brøndby, bayan ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu a cikin watan.<ref name="december2020">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2020 |title=Fansene har talt: Mikael Uhre er månedens spiller for december |url=https://brondby.com/nyhed/2020/12/28/fansene-har-talt-mikael-uhre-er-maanedens-spiller-for-december |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228123841/https://brondby.com/nyhed/2020/12/28/fansene-har-talt-mikael-uhre-er-maanedens-spiller-for-december |archive-date=28 December 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=brondby.com |publisher=[[Brøndby IF]] |language=Danish}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2021, Uhre ya zira kwallaye a rabi na farko na wasan Superliga da Odense Boldklub - duk daga taimakon Jesper Lindstrøm - inda ya ci Brøndby 0-3 da kuma matsayi na farko a teburin league a gaban zagaye na zakarun. Ayyukansa sun kai ga an ba shi suna Superliga Player of the Month na Maris. Yayin da Brøndby ya cancanci zagaye na zakarun, Uhre ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye a kan Copenhagen, Nordsjælland, Randers, Midtjylland da kuma wasan da aka yi da AGF a ranar 20 ga Mayu, wanda ya sa kulob din ya zama na farko a teburin league tare da wasa daya da zai tafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mikkel Uhre » Superliga 2020/2021 Meisterschaft |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/mikkel-uhre/den-superliga-2020-2021-meisterschaft/broendby-if/3/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521151331/https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/mikkel-uhre/den-superliga-2020-2021-meisterschaft/broendby-if/3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun da farko a wannan rana, manajojin Superliga sun zabe shi dan wasan Tipsbladet na bazara. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, yayin da Brøndby ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a cikin shekaru 16 bayan nasarar 2-0 a kan Nordsjælland, Uhre ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye na Superliga tare da kwallaye 19 ga sunansa. A ƙarshen kakar, an ba Uhre kyautar Danish Superliga Player of the Season. ==== 2021–22 ==== Uhre ya zira kwallaye na farko a kakar 2021-22 a ranar wasa ta uku da Vejle Boldklub. A ranar 17 ga watan Agustan 2021, Uhre ya zira kwallaye a wasan da Red Bull Salzburg ta yi a wasan farko na zagaye na wasa zakarun Turai ta UEFA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salzburg vs. Brøndby - 17 August 2021 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/17/europe/uefa-champions-league/fc-red-bull-salzburg/brondby-if/3603231/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zira kwallaye a kan OB da kuma kwallaye da Midtjylland don kawo jimlar kakar wasa ta biyar a wasanni tara. === Ƙungiyar Philadelphia === A watan Janairun 2022, Uhre ya sanya hannu ga Philadelphia Union da ke fafatawa a Major League Soccer a matsayin dan wasan da aka zaba ta hanyar kakar 2024, tare da zaɓi na kulob din don 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tom Bogert |date=27 January 2022 |title=Philadelphia Union sign Danish Superliga Player of the Year winner Mikael Uhre |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/philadelphia-union-sign-danish-superliga-player-of-the-year-winner-mikael-uhre |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=MLSsoccer.com}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa Philadelphia ta biya kudin canja wurin kulob din dala miliyan 2.8 don samun Uhre. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2023, Uhre ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 4-2 a gida a kan Toronto FC, karo na farko kuma kawai irin wannan lokacin da ya sami irin wannan nasara a cikin aikinsa. Daga nan aka zabe shi dan wasan MLS na ranar wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=Philadelphia Union Forward Mikael Uhre Voted MLS Player of the Matchday presented by Continental Tire for Matchday 9 |url=https://www.philadelphiaunion.com/news/philadelphia-union-mikael-uhre-mls-player-of-the-matchday-continental-tire#:~:text=NEW%20YORK%20(Monday%2C%20April%2024,FC%20on%20Saturday%2C%20April%2022. |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=PhiladelphiaUnion.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Uhre ya samu lambar yabo guda daya ga tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Denmark a cikin nasara 0-4 a Randers zuwa Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=Danmark - England 0 - 4 |url=https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/landsholdsdatabasen/MatchInfo/8893 |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=www.dbu.dk |publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] (DBU)}}</ref> Uhre ya karbi kiransa na farko zuwa Babban ƙungiyar Denmark a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2021 don wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2022 da Scotland.Uhre ya fara bugawa tawagar kasar Denmark wasa da Scotland, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 72 na shan kashi 2-0 na Denmark a Hampden Park. == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 2 June 2024}}<ref name="Soccerway" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Danish Cup]] and [[U.S. Open Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |SønderjyskE |2012–13 |Superliga |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2013–14 |Superliga |12 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- |2014–15 |Superliga |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !19 !1 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !19 !1 |- |Skive (rashin bashi) |2014–15 |Sashe na 1 |13 |3 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |3 |- |Skive |2015–16 |Sashe na 1 |31 |14 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |15 |- | rowspan="3" |SønderjyskE |2016–17 |Superliga |34 |5 |2 |0 |6 {{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}} |3 | colspan="2" | - |42 |8 |- |2017–18 |Superliga |29 |5 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearance in Danish Superliga relegation play-offs|name=SRPO}} |0 |35 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !63 !10 !4 !0 !6 !3 !4 !0 !77 !13 |- | rowspan="5" |Brøndby |2018–19 |Superliga |27 |6 |4 |2 |3{{Efn|name=UEL}} |0 |1 {{Efn|Appearance in Danish Superliga Europa League play-off|name=EUR}} |0 |35 |8 |- |2019–20 |Superliga |24 |6 |2 |0 |3{{Efn|name=UEL}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |6 |- |2020–21 |Superliga |32 |19 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |20 |- |2021–22 |Superliga |16 |11 |3 |1 |7[ƙasa-alpha 5]{{Efn|Two appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League]], five appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League}} |2 | colspan="2" | - |27 |14 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !99 !42 !10 !4 !14 !2 !1 !0 !124 !48 |- | rowspan="4" |Ƙungiyar Philadelphia |2022 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |27 |13 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3[ƙasa-alpha 6]{{Efn|Appearance in [[MLS Cup Playoffs]]|name=MLSPO}} |0 |30 |13 |- |2023 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |33 |9 |1 |0 |5 {{Efn|Appearance in [[CONCACAF Champions Cup|CONCACAF Champions Cup]]|name=CONCACAF}} |0 |10[ƙasa-alpha 8]{{Efn|Seven appearances and one goal in [[Leagues Cup]], three appearances and one goal in MLS Cup Playoffs}} |2 |49 |11 |- |2024 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |15 |5 | colspan="2" | - |4[ƙasa-alpha 7]{{Efn|name=CONCACAF}} |1 | colspan="2" | - |19 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !75 !27 !1 !0 !9 !1 !13 !2 !98 !30 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !294 !93 !20 !5 !28 !6 !18 !2 !360 !106 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Brøndby''' * Danish Superliga: 2020-21 <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Soccer-Brondby beat Nordsjaelland to clinch Danish league title |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/soccer-brondby-beat-nordsjaelland-clinch-173325878.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Yahoo Sports |agency=Reuters |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203161806/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/soccer-brondby-beat-nordsjaelland-clinch-173325878.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Ƙungiyar Philadelphia''' * Wanda ya ci gaba da cin Kofin MLS: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigal |first=Jonathan |date=5 November 2022 |title=Hollywood ending! LAFC win legendary MLS Cup 2022 over Philadelphia Union |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/hollywood-ending-lafc-win-legendary-mls-cup-2022-over-philadelphia-union |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=[[Major League Soccer]]}}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan Superliga na Watan: Maris shekarar 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Månedens spiller - Marts 2021 |url=https://www.superliga.dk/maanedens-spiller |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=3F Superliga |language=da}}</ref> * Danish Superliga Golden Boot: 2020-21 * Danish Superliga Player of the Season: 2020-21 * Brøndby Player of the Month: Disamba shekarar 2020 <ref name="december2020"/> * Mai kunnawa na Spring: 2021 == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * Mikael Uhrea filin wasan kwallon kafa * [https://brondby.com/spillere/spillerprofil/?playerid=453926 Mika'el Uhre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417231547/https://brondby.com/spillere/spillerprofil/?playerid=453926 |date=2021-04-17 }} a brondby.com * Mikael UhreBayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa aKungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Denmark (a cikin Danish) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n5n3r9tqaw2tbn4quv9nwbmt91muad8 0 86028 862902 815328 2026-06-21T11:52:12Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 862902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwallo''' abu ne mai siffa a zagaye (yawanci mai siffar zobe, amma wani lokacin yana iya zama a mul-mule)<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 1999 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 1985–1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpZx5wQbxvMC&q=spherical+or+ovoid+ball&pg=PA404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021013/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpZx5wQbxvMC&pg=PA404&dq=spherical+or+ovoid+ball&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-r96o96fXAhXEDsAKHTKcAr4QuwUIKDAA |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=5 November 2017 |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register |via=Google Books}}</ref> tare da yin amfani dashi ta hanyoyi da dama. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ƙwallo don ayyuka masu sauƙi, kamar wasan kamawa ko bugawa a waje ɗaya. Mutanen Espanya su ne Turawa na farko da suka ga ƙwallo na robar (ko da yake ma amma ba a kumbura ba) waɗanda aka yi amfani da su musamman a cikin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Mesoamerican. ====Asalin Kalmar Kwallo (Ball) ==== Sanin farko da aka yi amfani da kalmar ball a Turanci a cikin ma'anar jikin duniya da ake wasa da shi shine a cikin shekarar 1205 a cikin Layamon's Brut, ko Chronicle na [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]] a cikin jimlar, "Summe heo driuen balles wide ȝeond Þa feldes." Kalmar ta fito ne daga tsakiyar Turanci bal (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ball-e, -es, bi da bi daga Old Norse böllr (lafazir [bɔlːr]; kwatanta Tsohon Yaren mutanen Sweden baller, da Swedish boll) daga Proto-Jamus ballu-z (inda mai yiwuwa tsakiya Babban German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal), cognate tare da Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle daga Proto-Jamus * ballon (rauni namiji), da Tsohon Babban Jamus ballâ, pallâ, Tsakiyar High Jamus balle , Proto-Jamus * ballôn (mai rauni na mata). An cognate da Latin foll-shine a cikin ma'anar "abu da aka busa ko kuma kumbura." A cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar Turanci balle kalmar ta zo daidai da zane tare da "ball" na Faransanci da "bale" wanda saboda haka an zaci kuskure. don zama tushen sa na ƙwallon Faransa (amma ba boule) ana ɗauka ya kasance na asalin Jamusanci, da kansa, duk da haka, a cikin tsohuwar Girka kalmar πάλλα (palla) don "ball" an tabbatar da ita a gefen kalmar σφαιρα (sfaíra), sphere. ====Tarihi ==== Ana samun wani nau'i na wasa tare da ƙwallon da aka kwatanta akan abubuwan tarihi na Masar. a cikin homer, nausicaa tana wasa a ƙwallon tare da kuyanginta lokacin da Odysseus ya fara ganinta a ƙasar Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). Kuma Halios da Laodamas sun yi a gaban Alcinous da Odysseus da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, tare da rawa (Od. viii. 370). An gano tsoffin ƙwallo a cikin Eurasia a Karasahr, China kuma suna da shekaru 3000. An yi su da fata mai cike da gashi. '''Girkawa na da''' Daga cikin tsoffin Helenawa, wasanni tare da kwallaye (σφαῖραι) ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mai amfani mai amfani ga mafi yawan motsa jiki na motsa jiki, a matsayin hanyar kiyaye jiki mai laushi, da sanya shi kyakkyawa, amma gabaɗaya an bar su ga yara maza da mata. Daga cikin ka'idoji na yau da kullun don wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, kaɗan kaɗan sun rage, idan akwai irin wannan. Sunaye a cikin Hellenanci don nau'o'i daban-daban, waɗanda suka zo mana a cikin irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar Ὀνομαστικόν na Julius Pollux, suna nuna kaɗan ko ba komai na irin waɗannan; don haka, ἀπόρραξις (aporraxis) kawai yana nufin sanya kwallon a kasa da hannu buda-baki, οὐρανία (ourania), bugun kwallon a iska don kamawa da 'yan wasa biyu ko fiye; φαινίνδα (phaininda) zai zama kamar wasa ne na kama mutane biyu ko fiye, inda ake amfani da feinting azaman gwajin sauri da fasaha. Pollux (i. x. 104) ya ambaci wani wasa mai suna episkyros (ἐπίσκυρος), wanda galibi ana kallonsa a matsayin asalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ga alama an yi ta ne ta bangarori biyu, an jera su a layi; yadda har akwai wani nau'i na "manufa" da alama babu tabbas. Ba shi yiwuwa a samar da ƙwallon da ke da sifofi; Yara kan yi nasu kwallon ne ta hanyar hura mafitsarar alade da dumama su a cikin tokar wuta domin su yi zagaye, ko da yake Plato (fl. 420s BC – 340s BC) ya bayyana “ballan da ke da mayafin fata guda goma sha biyu”. '''Romawa na da''' A cikin Rumawa, ana kallon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin madaidaicin wanka, kuma an kammala karatun shekaru da lafiyar masu wanka, kuma yawanci ana keɓe musu wuri (sphaeristerium) a cikin wanka (thermae). Da alama an sami nau'o'i ko girman ball guda uku, pila, ko ƙaramar ball, da ake amfani da su wajen kama wasanni, arna, ƙwallon ƙafa mai nauyi da gashin fuka-fukai, da follis, ƙwallon fata mai cike da iska, mafi girma a cikin ukun. . An buga wannan daga mai kunnawa zuwa mai kunnawa, wanda ya sa wani irin gauntlet a hannu. Akwai wani wasa da aka fi sani da trigon, wanda 'yan wasa uku ke tsaye a sifar triangle, suka buga da follis, da kuma wanda aka fi sani da harpastum, wanda da alama yana nufin "zama" tsakanin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa da dama. Waɗannan wasannin an san mu ta wurin Romawa, kodayake sunayen Helenanci ne. '''Wasannin ball na zamani''' Wasannin zamani daban-daban da ake yin su da ƙwallon ƙafa ko ƙwallon ƙafa kuma suna bin ƙa'idodi da sunaye daban-daban, kamar polo, cricket, ƙwallon ƙafa da sauransu. '''Physics''' A cikin wasanni, yawancin bukukuwa na zamani suna matsawa. Wasu suna matsa lamba a masana'anta (misali tennis, squash (wasanni)) wasu kuma suna matsa lamba ta masu amfani (misali ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon kwando, ƙwallon ƙafa). Kusan duk ƙwallayen da aka matse a hankali suna zubar da iska. Idan ƙwallon masana'anta yana matsa lamba, yawanci akwai ka'ida game da ko ƙwallon yana riƙe da isasshen matsi don kasancewa mai iya wasa. Ƙwallon da aka ba da hankali ba su da billa kuma galibi ana kiran su "matattu". A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ƙwallon da ya mutu ya zama mara kyau. Idan ƙwallon yana matsawa akan amfani, akwai ƙa'idodi gabaɗaya game da yadda ake matsa ƙwallon ƙwallon kafin wasan, da kuma lokacin (ko ko) ana iya murƙushe ƙwallon ko maye gurbin. Saboda ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas, matsin ball aiki ne na zafin jiki, gabaɗaya bin yanayin yanayi. Ƙwallon ƙafa masu laushi waɗanda aka buga da ƙarfi (musamman ƙwallo na kambi) suna ƙaruwa a cikin zafin jiki saboda karon da ba su da ƙarfi. A cikin wasanni na waje, ƙwallo rigar suna wasa daban da busassun bukukuwa. A cikin wasanni na cikin gida, ƙwallaye na iya zama datti saboda gumin hannu. Duk wani nau'i na zafi ko damshi zai yi tasiri akan gogaggun ƙwallon ƙwallon, wanda zai canza ikon ɗan wasa na ba da juzu'i akan ƙwallon. Ayyukan da ake buƙata don amfani da juzu'i zuwa ƙwallon yana gudana ta hanyar kimiyyar lissafi na lokacin angular. Ƙwallon ƙafar da ke tafiya ta iska (na fasaha na ruwa) za su fuskanci tasirin Magnus, wanda zai iya haifar da juzu'i na gefe baya ga na yau da kullun na sama-ƙasa wanda ke haifar da haɗuwa da juriya na iska da nauyi. '''Kwallaye zagayayyu''' [[Fayil:Football_Pallo_valmiina-cropped.jpg|thumb|Kwallon kafa]] [[Fayil:Bandy_ball_(Orange).JPG|thumb|Kwallo Mai landin]] [[Fayil:Baseball_(crop).jpg|thumb|Kwallon sanda]] [[Fayil:Water_polo_ball_shade.png|thumb|Kwallon ruwa]] [[Fayil:3000_rubber_band_ball.jpg|thumb|Kwallon roba]] [[Fayil:Yellow_cricket_ball_at_North_Middlesex_Cricket_Club,_Crouch_End,_London.jpg|thumb|Kwallon kiriket]] [[Fayil:NIVIA_HB-3651_PRO_TOUCH_MEN.jpg|thumb|Kwallon hanu]] [[Fayil:Golf_Ball_(50557720648).jpg|thumb|Kwallon golf]] [[Fayil:Table_Tennis_racquet_and_ball_on_table_with_the_net_-_side_view.jpg|thumb|Kwallon teburi]] '''Yada ƙwallan spheroid''' Wasanni da yawa suna amfani da ball a cikin siffar prolate spheroid: [[Fayil:Sceptre_Rugby_Ball.jpg|thumb|Kwallon rugby]] [[Fayil:Gilbert_Rugby_Union_ball_02.jpg|thumb|Kwallon rugby]] == Tarihin farko == Wasan gasa cuju wani tsohon wasa ƙwallo ne inda ake amfani da ƙafa, a wani fannin yana kama da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. It was possibly played around the Han dynasty and early Qin dynasty, based on an attestation in a military manual from around the second to third centuries BC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/sports |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417001059/https://www.britannica.com/sports/sports |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FIFA.com |title=History of Football – The Origins |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028084304/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/index.html |archive-date=28 October 2017 |access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giossos |first=Yiannis |last2=Sotiropoulos |first2=Aristomenis |last3=Souglis |first3=Athanasios |last4=Dafopoulou |first4=Georgia |date=1 January 2011 |title=Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bjha.2011.3.issue-2/v10131-011-0013-5/v10131-011-0013-5.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity |volume=3 |issue=2 |doi=10.2478/v10131-011-0013-5 |s2cid=55758320 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706162455/https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bjha.2011.3.issue-2/v10131-011-0013-5/v10131-011-0013-5.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> In one version, gameplay consisted of players passing the ball between teammates without allowing it to touch the ground (much like keepie uppie). In its competitive version, two teams had to pass the ball without it falling, before kicking the ball through a circular hole placed in the middle of the pitch. Unlike association football, the two teams did not interact with each other but instead stayed on opposite sides of the pitch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuju |url=https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/ |website=Fifa Museum |access-date=2025-11-18 |archive-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113165551/https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cuju has been cited by FIFA as the earliest form of football.<ref name="fifa-or">{{Cite web |title=History of Football – The Origins |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/origins.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424153755/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/origins.html |archive-date=24 April 2013 |access-date=29 April 2013 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> The Japanese version of ''cuju'' is ''kemari'' (蹴鞠), and was developed during the Asuka period. This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in [[Kyoto]] from about 600&nbsp;AD. In ''kemari'', several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground. The Silk Road facilitated the transmission of ''cuju'', especially the game popular in the Tang dynasty, the period when the inflatable ball was invented and replaced the stuffed ball.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Lin |date=2018 |title=Chinese Ju and World Football |journal=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |volume=120 |pages=276–281}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 94tw7te9au2qh0lfwqluiomy98kgghn 0 86971 862855 574430 2026-06-21T11:14:20Z Mhizabdoul 42167 editing page 862855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila''' SCD-(Sickle cell disease), wanda kuma ake kira '''sickle cell''', rukuni ne na cututtukan jini masu alaƙa da haemoglobin da aka gada.<ref>"What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 30 September 2024. Re</ref> Mafi yawan nau'in da aka fi sani da sickle cell anemia<ref>"What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 30 September 2024. Retrieved</ref> Yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin haemoglobin mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen da ake samu a cikin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini.<ref>What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". ''National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute''. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024</ref> Wannan yana haifar da ƙwayoyin jajayen jini suna ɗaukar siffa mara kyau kamar sikila a wasu yanayi; da wannan siffa, ba sa iya gurɓatawa yayin da suke wucewa ta capillaries, suna haifar da toshewa.<ref>What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". ''National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute''. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.</ref> {{Stub}} Cutar amosalin jini tana faruwa ne idan mutum ya gaji kwayoyin halitta guda biyu marasa kyau na kwayar β-globin da ke samar da haemoglobin, daya daga mahaifiya daya kuma daga mahaifi. Kwayar halittar da ba ta dace ba tana samar da haemoglobin S (HbS) wadda ke canza yanayin kwayoyin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Rikicin sikila yana faruwa ne a lokacin da kwayoyin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini suka canza daga siffar da ta saba kamar kwano zuwa siffar kamar lauje ko jaririn wata , wanda hakan ke iya toshe ƙananan hanyoyin jini; cutan na iya tashi wa mutum sakamakon canjin yanayin zafi, damuwa, rashin ruwa a jiki, da kuma tsayin wuri kaman kan dutse. Mutumin da ke da kwayar halitta mara kyau guda ɗaya ba ya yawan samun alamun cutar kuma ana cewa yana da dabi'ar sikila, waɗannan mutane kuma ana kiransu masu ɗaukar kwayar cutar. Ana gano cutar ta hanyar gwajin jini. Wasu ƙasashe suna gwada dukan jarirai da suka haihu don cutar.[l Ana kuma iya gano cutar a cikin ɗan tayin da ke cikin ciki kafin a haife sa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Cutuka]] [[Category: Kiwon Lafiya]] dgcj7n7a9r0jfr8isjsfa6wpvupic8c 862861 862855 2026-06-21T11:18:24Z Mhizabdoul 42167 862861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila''' SCD-(Sickle cell disease), wanda kuma ake kira '''sickle cell''', rukuni ne na cututtukan jini masu alaƙa da haemoglobin da aka gada.<ref>"What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 30 September 2024. Re</ref> Mafi yawan nau'in da aka fi sani da sickle cell anemia<ref>"What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 30 September 2024. Retrieved</ref> Yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin haemoglobin mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen da ake samu a cikin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini.<ref>What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". ''National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute''. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024</ref> Wannan yana haifar da ƙwayoyin jajayen jini suna ɗaukar siffa mara kyau kamar sikila a wasu yanayi; da wannan siffa, ba sa iya gurɓatawa yayin da suke wucewa ta capillaries, suna haifar da toshewa.<ref>What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". ''National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute''. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.</ref> {{Stub}} Cutar amosalin jini tana faruwa ne idan mutum ya gaji kwayoyin halitta guda biyu marasa kyau na kwayar β-globin da ke samar da haemoglobin, daya daga mahaifiya daya kuma daga mahaifi. Kwayar halittar da ba ta dace ba tana samar da haemoglobin S (HbS) wadda ke canza yanayin kwayoyin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Rikicin sikila yana faruwa ne a lokacin da kwayoyin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini suka canza daga siffar da ta saba kamar kwano zuwa siffar kamar lauje ko jaririn wata , wanda hakan ke iya toshe ƙananan hanyoyin jini; cutan na iya tashi wa mutum sakamakon canjin yanayin zafi, damuwa, rashin ruwa a jiki, da kuma tsayin wuri kaman kan dutse. Mutumin da ke da kwayar halitta mara kyau guda ɗaya ba ya yawan samun alamun cutar kuma ana cewa yana da dabi'ar sikila, waɗannan mutane kuma ana kiransu masu ɗaukar kwayar cutar. Ana gano cutar ta hanyar gwajin jini. Wasu ƙasashe suna gwada dukan jarirai da suka haihu don cutar.[l Ana kuma iya gano cutar a cikin ɗan tayin da ke cikin ciki kafin a haife sa.<ref>https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sickle-cell-disease/causes</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Cutuka]] [[Category: Kiwon Lafiya]] 8ebabp4jz9ft5ribzubf9jt4eecmx9z 0 87263 862038 615210 2026-06-20T13:28:00Z Merjoor 14653 862038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[Zanzibar]] International Film Festival ('''ZIFF''')''', wanda aka fi sani da Festival of the Dhow Countries, bikin fim ne na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a Zanzibar, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] kuma daya daga cikin manyan al'adu a [[Gabashin Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-02 |title=Zanzibar Film Festival lives up to the hype |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/zanzibar-film-festival-lives-up-to-the-hype-3493462 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> ZIFF kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 1997 don bunkasa da inganta fina-finai da sauran masana'antun al'adu a matsayin mai haɓaka ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festivals - goZanzibar |url=http://www.go-zanzibar.com/single-package-Ziff.html |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=www.go-zanzibar.com |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013014024/http://www.go-zanzibar.com/single-package-Ziff.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bikin fim din == Bikin zane-zane da al'adu na shekara-shekara shine babban aikin ZIFF; bikin al'amari ne na zane-zane, tare da kwanaki 8 na bangarorin tattaunawa na gida da na duniya, bita, kwanaki 10 na nuna fina-finai mafi kyau na gida da kuma kasa da kasa da kuma maraice na kide-kide ciki har da Gala kowace maraice. &nbsp;&nbsp;Dukkanin shirye-shiryen bikin sune ƙarshen fahimtar ikon fim don haɗawa tare da mafi kyawun kowane nau'in fasaha, yana ba da dama mai yawa na Nishaɗi, Ilimi da zaɓuɓɓukan Networking ga masu sauraro na duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Things to do in Zanzibar |url=https://ccazanzibar.com/things-to-do-in-zanzibar/ |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=CROWN CITY ACADEMY |language=en-US}}</ref> Bikin yana da shakka shine mafi girman bikin fasaha da al'adu a Afirka, kuma yana ci gaba da jagorantar a matsayin abin jan hankali na yawon bude ido a yankin.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Providers |url=http://www.zanzibartourism.go.tz/index.php/directory/service-providers/101-tourism-news |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=www.zanzibartourism.go.tz |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013014035/http://www.zanzibartourism.go.tz/index.php/directory/service-providers/101-tourism-news/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ZIFF yanzu tana ba da lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa 12 da Jury 5 suka gabatar. An kiyasta cewa masu yawon bude ido na yamma 7000 sun zo Zanzibar don halartar bikin kuma jimlar masu sauraron bikin sun wuce 100,000 tare da roko mai yawa a fadin tseren, aji da addinai. Tasirinsa a kan tattalin arzikin Zanzibar ba shi da wata shakka. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vagary {{!}} Safaris |url=http://www.vagarysafaris.com/ |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=www.vagarysafaris.com |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013014040/http://www.vagarysafaris.com// |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:ZIFF_audience_2013.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Masu sauraro na 2013]] Bikin ZIFF yanzu yana gudanar da shirye-shirye 15 a cikin kwanaki 10 waɗanda suka haɗa da:&nbsp; # Gasar Fim # Tattaunawar Fim # Budewa da rufewa da dare # Fim ɗin Bayyanawa # Yanayin mata # Yanayin yara # Yanayin ƙauyen # Bikin bukukuwa # Fim din Soko # Fasaha da Nuni # Hoton fina-finai na yara # [[UNICEF]] Kwarewar Rayuwa sansanonin # sansanin zaman lafiya na yara # Tattaunawa Masu Ruwa # Tarihi da Al'adu na Gidajen Gida A lokacin bikin, ana nuna fina-finai a Stone Town a Zanzibar City, da kuma ƙauyukan Zanzibari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-07-06 |title=Zanzibar festival aims to bridge ocean |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/387720.stm |access-date=2009-10-24 |publisher=[[BBC]]}} </ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Hoton Zinariya * Bayyanawa ta Azurfa * Hotuna * Takaitaccen / Motsa jiki * Talent na Gabashin Afirka * Kyautar ZIFF Jury * Kyautar UNICEF * Kyautar Rayuwa ta ZIFF * Kyautar Shugaban ZIFF * Kyautar Sembene Ousmane * Kyautar Signis * Talent na Yankin Gabashin Afirka * Kyautar Signis Jury - Yabo * Kyautar Verona == Wadanda suka lashe kyautar Golden Dhow == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Daraktan !Kasar asali |- |1998 |''[[maangamizi: The Ancient One|Maangamizi: Tsohon]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maangamizi Wins |url=http://www.grisgrisfilms.com/html/maangamizi_wins.html |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=GrisGrisFilms.com |archive-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427234404/http://www.grisgrisfilms.com/html/maangamizi_wins.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[Martin Mhando]], [[Ron Mulvihill]] |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] / [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |- |2000 |''Jinnah''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival 2000 Awards Winner |url=http://www.zanzibar.org/ziff/pressaward.htm |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=Zanzibar.org |archive-date=2019-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926175158/http://www.zanzibar.org/ziff/pressaward.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Jamil Dehlavi |[[Pakistan]] |- |2001 |''Bawandar'' (The Sand Storm) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-18 |title=Golden Sandstorm Blows Over Zanzibar |url=http://www.filmfestivals.com/cgi-bin/shownews.pl?obj=ShowNews&CfgPath=ffs/filinfo&Cfg=news.cfg&news=general&text_id=19154 |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=FilmFestivals.com}} </ref> |Jagmohan Mundhra |[[Indiya]] |- |2004 |''Maargam'' (''Hanyar'') <ref>{{Cite web |last=wa Wanjiru |first=Kimani |date=2006-09-08 |title=ZIFF Integrating the Region through Art and Culture |url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/network/news/Wziff04.html |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=AfricanFilmNY.org }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |Rajiv Vijay Raghavan |[[Indiya]] (a cikin [[Malayalam]]) |- |2005 |''Khakestar-o-Khak'' (''Duniya da Ashes'') <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2005 |title=Festival de Zanzibar : palmarès |url=http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=murmure&no=2292 |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=Africultures.com}} </ref> |Atiq Rahimi |[[Afghanistan]] |- |2006 |L'Appel Des Arenes (Gundumar Gwagwarmaya) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lorey |first=Barbara |date=2006-09-08 |title=Setting Sail Over New Waters |url=http://www.africultures.com/popup_article.asp?no=5755&print=1 |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=Africultures.com}} </ref> |[[Cheikh Ndiaye|Sheikh Ndiaye]] |[[Senegal]]/Morocco/[[Burkina Faso]]/[[Faransa]] |- |2007 |''[[Juju Factory (fim)|Masana'antar Juju]]''<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=News & Events |url=http://www.filmingkenya.com/news.html |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=Kenya Film Commission}} </ref> |[[Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda]] |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] |- |2008 |''[[Ezra (2007 fim)|Ezra]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winning Films at ZIFF 2008 |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/winners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917103552/http://www.ziff.or.tz/winners.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2009 |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=Official ZIFF website}} </ref> |[[Newton Aduaka|Newton I. Aduaka]] |[[Najeriya]]/[[Faransa]] |- |2009 |''Urushalima''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |access-date=2009-10-25 |publisher=Official ZIFF website}} </ref> |[[Ralph Ziman]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |2010 |''[[Themba (film)|Themba]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |access-date=2010-07-19 |publisher=Official ZIFF website}} </ref> |[[Stefanie Sycholt]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |2011 |''[[The Rugged Priest|Firist mai tsananin fushi]]''<ref name="Official ZIFF website">{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |access-date=2012-07-19 |publisher=Official ZIFF website}}</ref> |[[Bob Nyanja]] |[[Kenya]] |- |2012 |''[[Uhlanga (film)|Uhlanga]]''<ref name="Official ZIFF website" /> |[[Ndaba Ka Ngane]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |2013 |''[[Golchereh (film)|Golchereh]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |access-date=2015-07-30 |publisher=Official ZIFF website}} </ref> |Vahid Mousaia | |- |2014 |[[Half of a Yellow Sun (film)|Rabin Rana Mai Girma]] |[[Biyi Bandele]] |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |- |2015 |''Wazi?FM'' |[[Vincenzo Cavallo|Faras Cavallo]] |[[Kenya]] |- |2016 |''Watatu'' |Nick Reding |[[Kenya]] |- |2017 |''[[Call Me Thief|Noem Skollie na]]'' |[[Daryne Joshua]] |[[Afirka ta Kudu]] |- |2018 |''[[Supa Modo|Hanyar Supa]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |access-date=2019-01-17 |publisher=Official ZIFF website}} </ref> |[[Likarion Wainaina|Likarion Waina]] |[[Kenya]]/[[Jamus]] |- |2019 |''[[Fatwa (2018 film)|Fatwa]]''<ref name="ziff.or.tz">{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |publisher=Official ZIFF website}}</ref> |[[Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud]] |[[Tunisiya]] |- |2021 |''[[Binti (fim, 2021)|Binti]]''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |publisher=Official ZIFF website}}</ref> |Seko Shamte |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |- |2022 |''[[Tug of War (fim 2021)|Vuta N'Kuvute]]'' (''Yakin Yakin'') <ref name="ReferenceA" /> |[[Amil Shivji]] |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |- |2023 |''[[Eonii]]''<ref name="ziff.or.tz" /> |[[Eddie Mzale]] |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |} == Manazarta == 9d77c623olrlmaymif42rlf37bkocc1 0 92897 862635 585454 2026-06-21T07:39:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mikaela Joslin Mayer''' (an haife ta a watan Yuli 4, 1990) ƙwararriyar ƴar damben Amurka ce, wanda ta riƙe taken WBO welterweight tun a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2024. Ta kuma kasance tsohuwar zakaran gwajin dafi na duniya, wacce ta rike kambun WBO da na IBF a lokaci daya. Ta kuma rike kambun WBC na mata na wucin gadi na duniya. A matsayinta na mai son, ta sami lambar tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2012 kuma ta yi takara ga Amurka a gasar Olympics ta 2016. == Amateur aiki == Mayer ta yi takara a duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Amurka a cikin mata 60&nbsp;nau'in kg a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Rio 2016. Ta doke Jennifer Chieng a zagaye na 16 kafin a kawar da ita a zagayen kwata fainal ta Rasha Anastasia Belyakova, wanda ya dauki mafi yawan yanke shawara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kevin Iole |date=2016-08-15 |title=American boxer Mikaela Mayer falls just short of Olympic medal |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/american-boxer-mikaela-mayer-falls-just-short-of-olympic-medal-213524487.html |access-date=2016-09-16 |website=Sports.yahoo.com |archive-date=2022-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626123519/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/american-boxer-mikaela-mayer-falls-just-short-of-olympic-medal-213524487.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mai son yabo === * 2016 AIBA Americas Qualifier: Zinariya, Mai nauyi 60&nbsp;kg (132&nbsp;lb) * Gwarzon Gwajin Olympic na 2016 * Zakaran damben boksin na Amurka 2015 60&nbsp;kg (132&nbsp;lb) * Zakaran damben boksin na Amurka 2014 60&nbsp;kg (132&nbsp;lb) * Gasar Damben Duniya ta Mata ta AIBA 2012 : Mawaƙin tagulla, Mai nauyi mai nauyi 64&nbsp;kg (141&nbsp;lb) * Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar AMBC ta 2012: Mai Zinariya 64&nbsp;kg (141&nbsp;lb) * Zakaran damben boksin na Amurka 2012 64&nbsp;kg (141&nbsp;lb) * Gwajin Kungiyar Olympics ta Amurka : Mai Gudu 60&nbsp;kg (132&nbsp;lb) * 2011 Golden Gloves na Kasa : Zakaran 60&nbsp;kg (132&nbsp;lb) == Sana'ar sana'a == Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɓakawa tare da Top Rank, <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Olympic boxer Mikaela Mayer turns pro with Top Rank |url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/mma/us-olympic-boxer-mikaela-mayer-turns-pro-top-rank/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Mayer ta fara halarta na farko a kan 5 Agusta 2017, ta doke Widnelly Figueroa ta hanyar bugun farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2017 |title=Mikaela Mayer wins pro debut with first-round KO |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/20261494/us-olympic-boxer-mikaela-mayer-dominates-pro-debut |access-date=2024-05-21 |publisher=SportsNet}}</ref> Mayer ya doke [[Ewa Brodnicka]] ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya don lashe kambun mata na WBO a babban gasar MGM a Las Vegas a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2020. Abokin hamayyarta na Poland ya kasance zakara amma an cire shi daga bel bayan ya kasa yin iyakacin nauyin kilo 130. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2020 |title=Mikaela Mayer Decisions Ewa Brodnicka To Capture WBO Title |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/mikaela-mayer-decisions-ewa-brodnicka-capture-results--152924 |access-date=2024-05-21 |publisher=Boxing Scene}}</ref> On 5 November 2021, she took on IBF female super-featherweight World champion Maïva Hamadouche in a contest that saw both women's titles and the inaugural Ring female super-featherweight belt on the line. Mayer prevailed by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2021 |title=Mikaela Mayer downs Maiva Hamadouche by unanimous decision to unify junior lightweight titles |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/32563468/junior-lightweight-champ-mikaela-mayer-downs-maiva-hamadouche-unanimous-decision |access-date=2024-05-21 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Da yake neman ci gaba da haɗe ɓangarorin, Mayer ya fuskanci zakaran WBC da IBO Alycia Baumgardner a London, Ingila, a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2022. Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke hukunci tare da alkalan John Latham da Steve Gray wanda suka sanya Baumgardner ya zama wanda ya yi nasara, duka biyun sun ci yakin 96-95, yayin da Terry O'Connor ya ba Mayer 97-93. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2022 |title=Alycia Baumgardner Edges Mikaela Mayer With Split Decision To Unify Titles |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/alycia-baumgardner-edges-mikaela-mayer-with-split-decision-unify-titles--169744 |access-date=2024-05-21 |publisher=Boxing Scene}}</ref> Mayer ta koma mara nauyi don fita ta gaba inda aka shirya za ta fuskanci Christina Linardatou a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2023, amma 'yar damben nan ta Girka ta gaza yin gwajin lafiyarta kafin a fafata. 'Yar kasar Sweden Lucy Wildheart ta shiga a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na karshe a minti na karshe tare da Mayer wanda ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya ta zama zakaran WBC na mata na wucin gadi na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2023 |title=Mikaela Mayer Outworks Lucy Wildheart, Wins Decision To Capture WBC Interim-Title |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/mikaela-mayer-outworks-lucy-wildheart-wins-decision-capture-wbc-interim-title--173895 |access-date=2024-05-21 |publisher=Boxing Scene}}</ref> Wani canji na rabon nauyi ya ga Mayer ya kalubalanci mace ta IBF zakara ajin Welter ajin Natasha Jonas a Liverpool, Ingila, a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2024. Bayan fafatawar da aka yi da juna, dan wasan damben kasar Ingila ne ya zo kan gaba ta hanyar yin nasara ta hanyar yanke hukunci tare da alkali Diana Drews Milano ta ci Mayer 97-93 amma Frank Lombardi (96-94) da Michael Alexander (96-95) suka ba Jonas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2024 |title=Natasha Jonas Edges Mikaela Mayer in Fire-Fight With Split Decision, Retains IBF Title |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/natasha-jonas-edges-mikaela-mayer-fire-fight-with-split-decision-retains-ibf-title--180853 |access-date=2024-05-21 |publisher=Boxing Scene}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natasha Jonas v Mikaela Mayer: Briton retains welterweight world title by split decision |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/68041230 |access-date=17 December 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natasha Jonas Retains World Title Against Mikaela Mayer |url=https://bigfightweekend.com/news/natasha-jonas-beats-mikaela-mayer/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |publisher=Big Fight Weekend}}</ref> === Gwarzon Welterweight WBO === ==== Mayer vs Ryan ==== An shirya Mayer zai kalubalanci zakaran Welterweight WBO Sandy Ryan a New York a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2024. Ta yi nasara a yakin da rinjaye yanke shawara. A ranar fadan, yayin da yake barin wurin taron, Ryan ya samu tin fenti a otal din ta. Kwanaki biyu bayan fafatawar Ryan ya bukaci a sake fafatawa cikin gaggawa dangane da lamarin fenti da kuma barazanar da ake yi mata da kungiyar goyon bayanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryan wants immediate Mayer rematch after paint attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/articles/cz6w9xl5v4wo |access-date=1 October 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> ==== Mayer vs Ryan 2 ==== Mayer za ta fara kare kambunta na Welterweight WBO a karawar da za ta yi da Sandy Ryan a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2025 a Las Vegas. == Ƙwararrun rikodin dambe == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes |- |22 |{{yes2}}Win |20–2 | align="left" |Sandy Ryan |MD |10 |Sep 27, 2024 | align="left" |{{Small|The Theater at Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Won [[List of WBO female world champions#Welterweight|WBO female welterweight title]]}} |- |21 |{{no2}}Loss |19–2 | align="left" |Natasha Jonas |SD |10 |Jan 20, 2024 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Liverpool Arena]], Liverpool, England}} | align="left" |{{Small|For [[List of IBF female world champions#Welterweight|IBF female welterweight title]]}} |- |20 |{{yes2}}Win |19–1 | align="left" |Silvia Bortot |UD |10 |Sep 2, 2023 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Manchester Arena]], Manchester, England}} | |- |19 |{{yes2}}Win |18–1 | align="left" |Lucy Wildheart |UD |10 |Apr 15, 2023 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Copper Box Arena]], London, England}} | align="left" |{{Small|Won vacant WBC interim lightweight title}} |- |18 |{{no2}}Loss |17–1 | align="left" |Alycia Baumgardner |SD |10 |Oct 15, 2022 | align="left" |{{Small|[[The O2 Arena]], London, England}} | align="left" |{{Small|Lost WBO, IBF, and ''The Ring'' female super featherweight titles;<br>For [[List of WBC female world champions#Super featherweight|WBC female super featherweight title]]}} |- |17 |{{yes2}}Win |17–0 | align="left" |Jennifer Han |UD |10 |Apr 9, 2022 | align="left" |{{Small|[[OC Fair & Event Center]], Costa Mesa, California, U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Retained WBO, IBF, ''The Ring'' female super featherweight titles}} |- |16 |{{yes2}}Win |16–0 | align="left" |Maïva Hamadouche |UD |10 |Nov 5, 2021 | align="left" |{{Small|Virgin Hotels Las Vegas, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Retained WBO female super featherweight title; <br> Won [[List of IBF female world champions#Junior lightweight|IBF]] and inaugural [[List of The Ring world champions#Junior lightweight|''The Ring'' super featherweight titles]]}} |- |15 |{{yes2}}Win |15–0 | align="left" |Érica Farías |UD |10 |Jun 19, 2021 | align="left" |{{Small|[[The Theater at Virgin Hotels|Virgin Hotels Las Vegas]], Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Retained WBO female super featherweight title}} |- |14 |{{yes2}}Win |14–0 | align="left" |[[Ewa Brodnicka]] |UD |10 |Oct 31, 2020 | align="left" |{{Small|MGM Grand Conference Center, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of WBO female world champions#Junior lightweight|WBO female super featherweight title]]}} |- |13 |{{yes2}}Win |13–0 | align="left" |[[Helen Joseph (mai dambe)|Helen Joseph]] |UD |10 |Jul 14, 2020 | align="left" |{{Small|MGM Grand Conference Center, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}} | align="left" | |- |12 |{{yes2}}Win |12–0 | align="left" |Alejandra Soledad Zamora |RTD |6 (10), {{Small|2:00}} |Oct 26, 2019 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Reno-Sparks Convention Center]], [[Reno, Nevada]], U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Retained WBC-NABF female super featherweight title}} |- |11 |{{yes2}}Win |11–0 | align="left" |Lizbeth Crespo |UD |10 |Jun 15, 2019 | align="left" |{{Small|[[MGM Grand Garden Arena]], [[Paradise, Nevada]], U.S.}} | align="left" | |- |10 |{{yes2}}Win |10–0 | align="left" |Yareli Larios |UD |8 |Feb 15, 2019 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Grand Casino Hinckley|Grand Casino]], [[Hinckley, Minnesota]], U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Retained WBC-NABF female super featherweight title}} |- |9 |{{yes2}}Win |9–0 | align="left" |Calista Silgado |UD |8 |Dec 14, 2018 | align="left" |{{Small|[[American Bank Center]], [[Corpus Christi, Texas]], U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Retained WBC-NABF female super featherweight title}} |- |8 |{{yes2}}Win |8–0 | align="left" |Vanessa Bradford |UD |8 |Oct 13, 2018 | align="left" |{{Small|[[CHI Health Center Omaha|CHI Health Center]], [[Omaha, Nebraska]], U.S.}} | align="left" |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]]-[[North American Boxing Federation|NABF]] female [[super featherweight]] title}} |- |7 |{{yes2}}Win |7–0 | align="left" |Edina Kiss |TKO |3 (6), {{Small|2:00}} |Aug 25, 2018 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Desert Diamond Arena|Gila River Arena]], [[Glendale, Arizona]], U.S.}} | align="left" | |- |6 |{{yes2}}Win |6–0 | align="left" |Sheena Flamand |UD |6 |Jun 30, 2018 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Paycom Center|Chesapeake Energy Arena]], [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]], U.S.}} | align="left" | |- |5 |{{yes2}}Win |5–0 | align="left" |Baby Nansen |UD |6 |May 12, 2018 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Madison Square Garden]], New York City, New York, U.S.}} | align="left" | |- |4 |{{yes2}}Win |4–0 | align="left" |Maria Semertzoglou |KO |1 (4), {{Small|0:35}} |Mar 10, 2018 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Dignity Health Sports Park (tennis)|StubHub Center]], [[Carson, California]], U.S.}} | align="left" | |- |3 |{{yes2}}Win |3–0 | align="left" |Nydia Feliciano |MD |4 |Dec 9, 2017 | align="left" |{{Small|[[The Theater at Madison Square Garden]], [[New York City, New York]], U.S.}} | align="left" | |- |2 |{{yes2}}Win |2–0 | align="left" |Allison Martinez |TKO |3 (4), {{Small|0:39}} |Sep 22, 2017 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Tucson Convention Center|Convention Center]], [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.}} | align="left" | |- |1 |{{yes2}}Win |1–0 | align="left" |Widnelly Figueroa |KO |1 (4), {{Small|1:15}} |Aug 5, 2017 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Peacock Theater|Microsoft Theater]], [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.}} | align="left" | |} == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tsakanin 2003 da 2005, Mayer ya buga bass a cikin rukunin ƙarfe mai nauyi Lia-Fail, wanda kuma ya haɗa da Nita Strauss . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2021 |title=Inside the music: The story of the fast rise and quick fall of Mikaela Mayer's teenage metal band |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/31612745/the-fighter-rocker-how-mikaela-mayer-stint-rock-band-nearly-derailed-boxing-career |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2021 |title=NITA STRAUSS To Play Boxing Champion MIKAELA MAYER To Ring For Historic Title Unification Bout |url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nita-strauss-to-play-boxing-champion-mikaela-mayer-to-ring-for-historic-title-unification-bout/ |website=BLABBERMOUTH.NET}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan damben mata == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] nqdv1qk7p5tmzjdsl8x082oh1gwgthb 0 93922 862767 593415 2026-06-21T09:34:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:Mitrofan_Dovnar-Zapol'skiy.jpg|right|thumb|267x267px|Dovnar-Zapol'skiy, wanda ake zaton a cikin c.1890s - 1900s.]] '''Mitrofan Viktorovich Dovnar-Zapol'skiy''' ( Belarusian Запольскі, Russian: ; 14 June [ .​[[Moscow|​]] ​[[Belarus|​]] Ya fito daga dangin ƴan ƙaramar ƙasa kuma ɗan Sakatariyar Koleji ne. Shi ne marubucin ayyuka sama da 150 a kan tarihin Kievan Rus', Muscovy, karni na 19 Rasha, Lithuania da Belarus, a kan yunkurin zamantakewar siyasa, tambayar manoma da ethnography na Belarus. Musamman, yawancin ayyukansa na kimiyya ne. Ya samo ayyukansa sosai a kan kayan daga fiye da 20 archives a Moscow, Saint Petersburg, [[Kiev|Kyiv]], [[Vilnius|Vilna]], [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], Kraków, Lviv, Kostroma, [[Yaroslavl]], Novgorod, Nyasvizh da sauransu. Yawancin ayyukansa ba a buga su ba. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of Saint Vladimir 4th grade (Afrilu 1916) saboda aikinsa na kimiyya. == Tarihin rayuwa == Tsohon jami'in ilimin tarihi na Jami'ar Kyiv (1893), ya rubuta rubutun magister a kan tarihi a Fall 1901 da kuma rubutun digiri a kan tarihi. Ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Moscow (1899) kuma farfesa a tarihin Rasha a Jami'an Kyiv a 1902. Ya kasance mai shirya da kuma darektan Kwalejin Kasuwanci mafi girma (Kyiv, 1906), ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya kuma shugaban farko na reshen Kudu maso Yamma na Kamfanin Kasuwancin Rasha (1912), kuma shugaban yawancin shahararrun masana kimiyya da al'ummomi a Kyiv. Bayan rikici tare da daliban Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Kyiv (1917) da kuma "Kotu ta Stashevskiy" (1917), Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya yi murabus daga kusan dukkanin aikin farfesa. Daga nan ya zama farfesa a Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Kharkiv a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1919 kuma a Jami'ar Kharkiov a shekara ta 1920, ya kasance a can har zuwa 1921. Ya kuma kasance shugaban Jami'ar Azerbaijan kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Baku daga 1922 zuwa 1925. Bayan haka ya kasance farfesa na tarihin Belarus a Jami'ar Jihar Belarus daga Oktoba 1925 zuwa Fall 1926, ya kirkiro Hukumar Archeographical ta [[Inbelkult]] tare da Dovgyallo a 1925. Bayan tilasta ƙaura zuwa Moscow a cikin fall of 1926, sau da yawa dole ne ya nemi aiki a waje da fagen kimiyya. Ya kasance farfesa a Kwalejin Timiryazev a cikin shekarun 1930. A cikin 1920s da 1930s, ya rike mukamai da yawa a cikin tsarin gudanar da tattalin arziki a Soviet Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Belarus da Rasha. == A cikin siyasa == Ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a shekarun 1880 kuma an dakatar da shi na ɗan lokaci don zama a Kyiv. Daga baya, ya nuna tausayi ga ƙungiyoyin hagu. Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya goyi bayan Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Belarus (BPR), ya jagoranci Kamfanin Kasuwancin Belarus a Kyiv a 1918 (wanda Sakatariyar Jama'a ta Belarus ta tabbatar a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1918), kuma ya shirya aikin kirkirar Jami'ar Belarus a Minsk a ƙarshen Maris 1918. Daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba 1918, ya shiga cikin aikin diflomasiyyar BPR a Kyiv, wanda ya nemi amincewar BPR daga wakilan Soviet Russia, Ukraine, Don, Jamus da Austro-Hungary. A buƙatar hukumomin BPR, ya shirya sanannen bayani "Memorandum" ("Foundations of statehood of Belarus"), wanda aka buga a Grodno da Vilna a cikin 1919 a cikin yarukan Belarusian, Rasha, Polish, Jamusanci da Faransanci; wanda P. Clark ya fassara zuwa Turanci. Wannan Memorandum ya ƙunshi tushen tarihi don buƙatar ƙirƙirar ƙasar Belarus mai zaman kanta kuma an gabatar da shi a Taron Versailles ta tawagar BPR, duk da cewa ba tare da sakamako mai kyau ba. 'Ya'yansa maza biyu sun mutu a cikin Red Army a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Rasha . Littafinsa da aka buga amma ba a buga shi ba "History of Belarus" ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin hukumomin siyasa na Belarus (beg. 1926), an zarge shi da "Cathechism of Belarusian National Democratism", kuma daga baya aka dakatar da shi; an kwace rubutun. Sakamakon haka, an tilasta Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya koma Moscow, ya yi gudun hijira (Fall 1926), kuma bai sake komawa Belarus ba. Daga 1930 zuwa 1934, an soki shi sosai saboda abin da ake zargi "Neo-Narodnichestvo", wanda ya danganta marubucin tushen akidar "National Democratism", wanda aka daidaita da "wakilan fascism" ta hanyar ilimi. V.K. Shcherbakov, wanda tsohon ɗalibinsa farfesa A.P. Ogloblin (Kyiv, 1934) ya zargi shi da siyasa tare da makarantar kimiyya. == A cikin kimiyya == Ɗalibi na farfesa Golubovskiy, Ikonnikov, kuma musamman V.B. Antonovich, ya nemi yin koyi da haɗuwa da ayyukan kimiyya da ilimi, kamar yadda P. Shafarik, [[Vuk Karadžić|V. Karajic]], da N.I. Kostomarov suka bayyana. Ya yi tir da ra'ayin mutanen Belarus kamar yadda ba su da wata ƙasa, kuma ya kasance mai gabatar da kara da kuma mai goyon bayan farfadowar ƙasar Belarus a farkon karni na 20. Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya gaishe da fitowar "mahimmanci da kimiyya" a cikin binciken tarihi da ethnographical na Belarus. Ya nuna tausayi ga ka'idar Marxist amma bai damu da shi ba. === Ra'ayoyin tarihi === Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya inganta manufar fifikon tarihin mutane a kan tarihin jihohi kuma ya yi la'akari da ethnography da tattalin arziki da mahimmanci, idan ba manyan dalilai ba, a nazarin tarihin al'umma. A matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikensa game da Tarihin Belarus, ya yi la'akari da kasancewar ƙasar Belarus tare da tarihinta, siffofi daban-daban, al'adun gargajiya masu arziki, tare da harshen Belarus ya zama magajin jawabin Krivichi da Dregovichs. Ya goyi bayan "ka'idar mulkin mallaka" game da fitowar jihar a Belarus, kuma ya yi la'akari da Krivichi da Dregovichs da yawa don warewa daga jihar Tsohon Rus sabili da haka suna canzawa daban. Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya kuma yi la'akari da rashin hadin kan al'adu a cikin tsohuwar Rus, tare da harkokin siyasa da na soja na waje su ne kawai abubuwan da ke ɗaurewa a ciki. Ya kalli kirkirar Babban Duchy na Lithuania da Rus' a cikin karni na 13 a matsayin wani bangare na zaman lafiya da kuma hadin kai tsakanin sarakunan da suka raunana Rus' da sarakunan Lithuania masu tayar da kayar baya. Ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa Lublin Union da Church Union sun kasance mummunan dalilai a tarihin Belarus, suna mai da'awar suna inganta rashin haƙuri na addini. Ya kuma ƙi amincewa da shigar da ƙasar Belarus cikin Rasha bayan rabuwa da Commonwealth na Poland da Lithuania. Gabaɗaya, ya yi la'akari da "mugunta biyu" da suka rinjayi tarihin Belarus da mummunar tasiri: "Jamhuriyar aristocraticszlachta" ta Poland da kuma "Boyar oligarchy" ta Rasha. Ya ƙi duka biyun, kamar yadda waɗannan ''demos'' ɗin ba su da kyau, saboda haka suna da haɗari ga mutanen Belarus waɗanda ke da "masu dimokuradiyya sosai a cikin al'adunsu na tarihi da na gargajiya". Daga baya a cikin shekarun 1920, masanin tarihi ya kara jaddada batun tattalin arziki a tarihi da kuma muhimmancin gwagwarmayar aji a tarihin Babban Duchy. == Bayanan da wasu suka gani == John Leslie Howard Keep da [[Alter L. Litvin]] suna nufin Dovnar-Zapol'ski da Picheta a matsayin "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi (Belarusian) 'yan kasa. == Ayyukan kimiyya == === Tarihi, tattalin arziki da kididdiga na Belarus === * Hoton tarihin ƙasashen Krivichi da Dregovichi har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 12, Kyiv, 1891. * Yammacin Rasha a cikin karni na 16, Saint-Petersburg, 1897. * Tattalin arzikin jihar na Babban Duchy na Lithuania a karkashin Jagellons . Magister dissertation, Kyiv, 1901. * Hotuna game da shirya manoma na Yammacin Rasha a karni na 16. Dokta rubutun, Kyiv, 1906. * Tarihin tattalin arzikin mutanen Rasha, Kyiv, 1911. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227012231/http://www.manarchija.org/dz Tarihin Belarus, kammalawar farko a 1919, fadada kuma an buga shi a 1925, an dakatar da shi, an sake buga shi daga rubutun da ba cikakke ba a 1994 da 2005.] * Sketch on social-economic tsarin Belarus in XVI - XVIII cent.[Hasiya] * Tattalin arzikin mutanen Belarus a 1861-1914, Myensk, 1926. * USSR ta yanki. Yankin Yamma (Belarusian SSR da Yammacin ɓangaren RSFSR), Moscow - Leningrad, 1928. === Ethnography da al'adun Belarus === * Waƙoƙin aure da aure na Belarus, Kyiv, 1888. * Aure na Belarus a cikin al'adu da addini, Kyiv, 1893. * Yankin Belarus. Tarin kayan tarihi na M.V.Dovnar-Zapol'skiy. Waƙoƙin Pinchuki, Kyiv, 1895. * Bincike da labarai. Tarin a cikin 2 vol.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] === Tarihin siyasa na Rus' da Rasha === * Tsarin siyasa na Tsohon Rus', Moscow, 1906. * Manufofin siyasa na M. M. Speranskiy, Moscow, 1906. * Fitowar Ma'aikatun a Rasha, Moscow, 1906. * Daga tarihin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a Rasha. [Hotuna a shafi na 9] * Kungiyar Asirin Disamba, Moscow, 1906. * Tarihin Disamba, Kyiv, 1906. * Ideals of Decembrists, Moscow, 1907. == Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce == * Takardun ajiyar Moscow na Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Moscow, 1897. * Yarjejeniyar Barkulab, 1897. * Ayyukan Jihar Lithuania-Rasha. Fitowa 1, 1390-1529, Moscow, 1898. * Lithuanian Memorabilia zuwa Tartar Hordes, Simferopol', 1898. * Tarin kayan tarihi akan tarihin mutanen Volyn voidvodship a cikin 17-18-cent., 1914 (ba a buga shi ba). == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == * B.B. K. (Bandarchyk 1964) Gісторыя белорускай этнаграфия XIX ст. - M.: Navuca da kuma Tehyule, 1964. - 282 s. shafi na 201-215.&nbsp; * Karawu Dz. Da yake akwai. (Karaw 1994) Pрадмова // Doўнар-ЗапольскіM. B. Gісторыя Беларусі / Беларус. Encycl., Naza. Arh. Rashin jinin. Belarus.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Z Rasha. T. M. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] M. Ka'ida, E. F. Feshch. - M.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] - 510 p.: 1l.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/5-85700-151-X|5-85700-151-X]]. &nbsp;shafi na 5-15.&nbsp; * LabadaB.M., Scaliban B. B., Shumiko M.F. M. B. Donar-Zapol da gadonsa // Donar-Заapol M. B. Tarihin Belarus / M. B. Don'a-Zapol. - 2nd ed. - M.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 1] - 680 s.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/985-01-0550-X|985-01-0550-X]]. &nbsp;shafi na 3-14.&nbsp; == Haɗin waje == [[Category:Mutuwan 1934]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7gloasr6rwtzhgrvnwnxvrra8bg0ivn 0 96952 862636 607885 2026-06-21T07:59:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mildred Fahrni (1900-1992) yar kasar Kanada ce mai son zaman lafiya da gurguzu, wacce ta zama abokantaka da Gandhi da Martin Luther King Jr. Ita ce shugabar Kungiyar Mata ta Kasa da Kasa don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci (WILPF) da Fellowship of Reconciliation . Fahrni ya yi adawa da yakin duniya na biyu da kyamar baki wanda ya kai ga shigar da jami'an Kanada na Japan da kuma shigar da yaran Dukhobor . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar mata kuma mai fafutuka. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Mildred Osterhout a ƙauyen Manitoba a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1900 ga Reverend Abram da Hattie Osterhout. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa British Columbia a 1914. Tsakanin 1919 zuwa 1923 ta halarci Jami'ar British Columbia (UBC), ta sami digiri na digiri a cikin Ingilishi da Falsafa. Ta ci gaba da kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa a 1923, kuma a UBC. Bayan karatunta, Osterhout ta fara aiki a matsayin sakatare ga reshen Vancouver na YMCA da Cocin Memorial na Kanada (CMC), amma ta sami gurbin karatu zuwa Kwalejin Bryn Mawr, a cikin 1930 ta koma makaranta. A makaranta a Pennsylvania, ta sadu da Muriel Lester kuma an gayyace ta ta yi aiki na tsawon watanni shida a Hall Hall da ke Landan. A hankali, zuwan Osterhout a Landan ya yi daidai da taron Tebur na Zagaye akan 'yancin kai na Indiya. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], wanda ke halartar taron, shi ma yana zaune a Kingsley Hall, kuma ganawar ta da shi, ya canza alkiblar rayuwar Osterhout. <ref name="Pitsula (2003)" /> Ta koma Kanada a 1933 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa. A wannan shekarar, ta halarci taron hadin gwiwar Commonwealth Commonwealth a Regina, wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar <ref name="Pitsula (2003)">{{Cite journal |last=Pitsula |first=James M. |date=Spring 2003 |title=Reviewed Work: No Plaster Saint: The Life of Mildred Osterhout Fahrni by Nancy Knickerbocker |journal=Labour / Le Travail |location=Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |publisher=Canadian Committee on Labour History and Athabasca University Press |volume=51 |pages=282–284 |doi=10.2307/25149348 |jstor=25149348}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPitsula2003">Pitsula, James M. (Spring 2003). "Reviewed Work: No Plaster Saint: The Life of Mildred Osterhout Fahrni by Nancy Knickerbocker". ''Labour / Le Travail''. '''51'''. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Canadian Committee on Labour History and Athabasca University Press: <span class="nowrap">282–</span>284. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/25149348|10.2307/25149348]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25149348 25149348].</cite></ref> a hukumance kuma ta kaddamar da Regina Manifesto . <ref name="Regina Manifesto">{{Cite web |date=July 1933 |title=The Regina Manifesto (1933) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Programme |url=http://www.socialisthistory.ca/Docs/CCF/ReginaManifesto.htm |access-date=6 July 2015 |website=Socialist History |publisher=Socialist History}}</ref> Ta yi takarar kujerar tarayya a cikin zabukan 1933 da 1938 a kan tikitin CCF, ta yi rashin nasara sau biyu, ta yanke shawarar bayan rashin nasara na biyu don ziyartar Gandhi a Indiya. Bayan ziyarar ta, ta koma Kanada, <ref name="Pitsula (2003)" /> ta ɗauki matsayin koyarwa a Makarantar Elementary ta Carleton a 1939 <ref name="brief bio">{{Cite web |title=Mildred Fahrni fonds |url=http://webcat1.library.ubc.ca/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=3157057 |access-date=21 July 2015 |website=The University of British Columbia |publisher=The University of British Columbia |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015194429/http://webcat1.library.ubc.ca/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=3157057 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://webcat1.library.ubc.ca/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=3157057 "Mildred Fahrni fonds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015194429/http://webcat1.library.ubc.ca/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=3157057 |date=2022-10-15 }}. ''The University of British Columbia''. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: The University of British Columbia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> kuma ta kula da mahaifinta marar lafiya, wanda ya mutu a 1940. <ref name="Pitsula (2003)" /> A cikin 1941, Osterhout ya auri Walter Fahrni <ref name="brief bio" /> kuma ya fara rangadi a duk faɗin Kanada yana yin lacca kan zaman lafiya da adawa da shigar Kanada a yakin duniya na biyu. Ya kasa hana shiga da kuma adawa da [[Kyamar Baki|kyamar]] gwamnati, Fahrni ya ba da kansa don koyarwa ba tare da biya ba a makarantar a New Denver tare da ’yan sandan Kanada na Japan da ake tsare da su. <ref name="Cohn (1986)">{{Cite journal |last=Cohn |first=Werner |date=Winter 1985–1986 |title=Persecution of Japanese Canadians and the Political Left in British Columbia December 1941 - March 1942 |url=http://www.wernercohn.com/Japanese.html |journal=BC Studies |location=Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |publisher=Werner Cohn |issue=68 |pages=3–22 |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> A cikin 1940s da 1950s, Mildred ya yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen duniya don dalilai na zaman lafiya. Ta halarci taron kafa [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 1945 kuma <ref name="Pitsula (2003)"/> ta halarci 1947 Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres da aka gudanar a [[Guatemala (birni)|Guatemala City]] a matsayin wakilin Kungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci (WILPF). <ref name="Flores Asturias">{{Cite web |last=Flores Asturias |first=Ricardo |date=6 June 2011 |title=Las Mujeres no Votan Porque Sí: Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres, 1947 |url=http://politicaysentidocomun.blogspot.com/2011/06/las-mujeres-no-votan-porque-si-congreso.html |access-date=19 June 2015 |website=Politica y Sentido Comun |publisher=Ricardo Flores Asturias |language=Spanish}}</ref> Tun da farko a cikin 1947, an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar reshen Vancouver na WILPF amma ta yi murabus a cikin 1948 lokacin da ta koma Toronto don karɓar matsayi a matsayin Sakatariyar Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR). Bayan shekaru biyar, ta koma Vancouver, tana aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Yamma ga FOR. <ref name="Pitsula (2003)" /> A shekara ta gaba, 1949, Fahrni ya yi tafiya zuwa Indiya, don shiga taron masu fafutuka na duniya. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun jama'a mai aiki wanda ke tattauna batutuwan rashin tashin hankali, talauci, da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa <ref name="brief bio"/> da kuma buga labaran kan waɗancan batutuwa. A cikin 1950s, ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da yawa ga ''Doukhobor Inquirer'' kuma ta kasance mai tausayi ga tsananta musu. <ref name="Doukhobor Inquirer">{{Cite web |title=The Inquirer — 1954 to 1958 |url=http://www.spirit-wrestlers.com/Inquirer/ |access-date=21 July 2015 |website=Spirit-wrestlers |publisher=Spirit-wrestlers}}</ref> Tsakanin 1953 da 1959, gwamnatin Kanada ta haɗa yaran Doukhobor a cikin makarantun zama a New Denver <ref name="internment Doukhobors">{{Cite journal |last=Brant Castellano |first=Marlene |last2=Archibald |first2=Linda |last3=DeGagné |first3=Mike |date=2008 |title=Doukhobors |url=http://www.ahf.ca/downloads/from-truth-to-reconciliation-transforming-the-legacy-of-residential-schools.pdf |journal=From Truth to Reconciliation Transforming the Legacy of Residential Schools |location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |publisher=Aboriginal Healing Foundation Research Series |pages=240–241 |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> kuma Fahrni ta sake ba da sabis na koyarwa. <ref name="Teaching Doukhobor">{{Cite journal |last=Tarasoff |first=Koozma |date=May 2010 |title=The Quaker / Doukhobor Connection |url=http://quaker.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/CF.V106.2.pdf |journal=The Canadian Friend |location=Victoria, Canada |publisher=Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Canada |volume=106 |issue=2 |page=5 |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> A cikin 1955, Fahrni ya yi tafiya a matsayin wakilin Fellowship of Reconciliation zuwa Montgomery, Alabama don shiga cikin ƙauracewa bas ɗin Montgomery . <ref name="Pitsula (2003)"/> Wani mai sha'awar [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] saboda haɗin gwiwarsa da Gandhi, sun zama abokai kuma suna aika wasiku game da al'amuran zamantakewa da zaman lafiya na shekaru masu yawa. <ref name="Brittain (1964)">{{Cite journal |last=Brittain |first=Vera |date=1964 |title=The Commonwealth Story |url=http://ifor-mir.ch/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/The-Rebel-Passion.pdf |journal=The Rebel Passion |publisher=Fellowship of Reconciliation |pages=134–137 |access-date=21 July 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrittain1964">Brittain, Vera (1964). [http://ifor-mir.ch/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/The-Rebel-Passion.pdf "The Commonwealth Story"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Rebel Passion''. Fellowship of Reconciliation: <span class="nowrap">134–</span>137<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Mijinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1958 kuma Fahrni ya yi hayar ɗakuna ga masu hawa da kuma ɗalibai, suna zaune a cikin tsarin jama'a. Tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1979, ta yi sanyi a cibiyar al'ummar Quakers Casa de los Amigos a cikin birnin Mexico, tana gudanar da ayyukan al'umma. <ref name="Pitsula (2003)" /> Daga 1970, Fahrni ya yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki ga Servas, kungiyar zaman lafiya ta duniya, wacce ke amfani da tafiye-tafiye da zaman dangi don inganta zaman lafiya. Ta yi tafiya tare da Servas ta Kudancin Amirka. A cikin 1991, an ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Vancouver. <ref name="brief bio"/> Fahrni ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1992 a Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada. <ref name="death">{{Cite web |date=13 April 1992 |title=1992 Legislative Session: 1st Session, 35th Parliament (Hansard) |url=http://www.leg.bc.ca/hansard/35th1st/h0413pm.htm |access-date=21 July 2015 |website=Legislature BC |publisher=British Columbia Legislative Assembly |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721173501/http://www.leg.bc.ca/hansard/35th1st/h0413pm.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Kara karantawa == * Knickerbocker, Nancy. ''Babu Saint Plaster: Rayuwar Mildred Osterhout Fahrni, 1900-1992'' Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada: Talonbooks (2001) (  ) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://blogs.ubc.ca/rbscnew/2011/03/25/updated-archives-mildred-fahrni-fonds/ Jerin hannun jari a Jami'ar British Columbia] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ebvo0wr1rkvlvrci9jly7g5jt3ro082 0 97885 862525 617253 2026-06-21T00:52:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''María Piedad Castillo de Levi''' (Yuli 6, 1888 - Maris 4, 1962) marubuciya ce ta Ecuadorian, mawaƙi, kuma ɗan jarida. Ana kuma san ta a matsayin wata muhimmiyar [[Feminism|mace]] mai gwagwarmayar [[Zaɓen Mata|zaɓen mata]] a Ecuador, wanda hukumomi suka yi mata hari. == Rayuwa == An haifi María Lucía Castillo Castillo a Guayaquil, [[Ecuador]], a cikin 1888, 'yar María Blanca Bethsabé Castillo Martíz ce kuma ɗan jarida da ɗan siyasa José Abel Castillo, wanda ya mallaki jaridar ''El Telégrafo'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=María Lucía Piedad Castillo Castillo n. 6 Jul 1888 Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador f. 4 Mar 1962 Quito, Ecuador: Genealogía Familiar |url=https://www.genealogiafamiliar.net/getperson.php?personID=I607912&tree=BVCZ |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=www.genealogiafamiliar.net}}</ref> Castillo ta fara rubuta waƙa tun tana ƙarama, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta farko, lambar zinare ga waƙarta "A Colombia," a gasar adabin Quito a 1910. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=María Piedad Castillo de Levi |url=http://www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo22/c3.htm |website=Diccionario Biográfico del Ecuador |access-date=2025-03-27 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193925/http://www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo22/c3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1915, ta auri José Roberto Levi Hoffman, masanin kimiyar Yahudawa Sephardic wanda ya yi hijira daga Jamus 'yan shekaru kaɗan kafin (1909). Zaman zawarcinsu ya soma shekaru biyar da suka wuce da tunanin zai koya mata Jamusanci kuma ta koya masa Spanish. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Roberto Levi Hoffman |url=http://www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo3/l3.htm |website=Diccionario Biográfico del Ecuador |access-date=2025-03-27 |archive-date=2014-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906212757/http://www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo3/l3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Maria Piedad Castillo |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/ferneche?lang=en&n=castillo&oc=0&p=maria+piedad |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref> Castillo ya tafi Paris don yin karatu a Faculty of Falsafa da Wasika a Sorbonne . Lokacin da ta koma Ecuador, ta fara aiki da littafin ''El'' ''Telégrafo Literario'' . Ta rubuta wakoki da yawa, waɗanda suka bayyana a cikin ''El Telégrafo'' da kuma a cikin mujallu daban-daban. <ref name=":3"/> A matsayinsa na mai ra'ayin mata, Castillo ya goyi bayan yunƙurin neman 'yancin mata na zaɓe, yana cin karo da hukumomi. A cikin 1924, ta shiga cikin zanga-zanga a titunan Guayaquil tare da 'yan takara . Lokacin da jami'an da ke kan doki suka yi ƙoƙarin hana su, ta yi ihu:<blockquote>"Ku kashe mu! Mun zo ne don neman hakki, ba wai don mu yi bara ba." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campoverde |first=Rómulo |date=September 2013 |title=Evaluación de los Bienes Patrimoniales de los Barrios el Astillero y el Centenario Como Atractivos Para la Ampliación de la Oferta Turística de Guayaquil |url=http://repositorio.uees.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/324/1/Tesis%20Final.pdf |journal=Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo}}</ref></blockquote>A cikin Yuni 1933, ta ba da kuɗin mujallar Nuevos Horizontes tare da ƙungiyar 'yan'uwan mata. Ya yi aiki a matsayin sashin watsa labarai na Legión Femenina de Educación Popular, ƙungiyar da ta yi aiki don inganta haƙƙin mata ma'aikata. [1] Sun kuma kirkiro shirin rediyo, wanda dan takarar shugaban kasa José María Velasco Ibarra ya bayyana a cikin 1934. [2] A cikin 1935, Castillo ta kasance ɗan takarar ministar ilimi, kuma El Telégrafo ya goyi bayan takararta. Amma har yanzu an cire mata da yawa daga siyasar Ecuador a lokacin, don haka aka hana ta mukamin. [1] A shekara ta 1937, mijinta ya zama ɗan ƙasar Ecuador yayin da Jamus ta [[The Holocaust|tsananta tsananta]] wa Yahudawa. Daga baya ya taimaka wajen shawo kan gwamnatin kasar ta bar Yahudawan da ke tserewa Turai su yi hijira zuwa Ecuador. <ref name=":2"/> Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya da yawa, ciki har da 'yar jarida Graciela Levi Castillo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2015 |title=Hoy se rememora un año de la muerte de la periodista Graciela Levi Castillo |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2015/09/30/nota/5156180/hoy-se-rememora-ano-muerte-periodista-graciela-levi-castillo |access-date=August 31, 2020 |website=El Universo |language=es}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliyar Ecuadorian zuwa Hukumar Mata ta Amurka ta Amurka tsawon shekaru, tun daga 1940. Ta kuma shiga cibiyoyin Casa de la Cultura a Guayas da Pichincha tun daga 1946. <ref name=":3"/> Castillo ya yi balaguro da yawa, ya yi dogon lokaci a Amurka har ma yana aiki a matsayin wakilin waje a Jamus. <ref name=":3"/> Ta kasance memba a kungiyar 'yan jarida ta kasa a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2016 |title=Castillo de Levi María Piedad – Personajes Históricos |url=http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/personajes-historicos/maria-piedad-castillo-levi/ |access-date=August 26, 2020 |website=Enciclopedia Del Ecuador |language=es-ES |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806221735/http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/personajes-historicos/maria-piedad-castillo-levi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1955, Unión de Mujeres Americanas ta ayyana Castillo a matsayin "Mace ta Amurka". Hakanan Ateneo Ecuatoriano ya karrama ta a [[Quito]] a wannan shekarar. A cikin 1960, Unión de Quiteños ta gane ta. <ref name=":3"/> Don fahimtar aikinta na waƙa, Casa de la Cultura ta buga tarin ''wakoki de Ayer y de Hoy'' a cikin 1962. Castillo ya mutu bayan ƴan watanni, a Quito, a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1962, yana ɗan shekara 73. <ref name=":3"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Castillo de Levi, Maria Piedad}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1888]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1972]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ppbqsjljblw52y3097ndln5bc9qfzut 0 98612 862538 611301 2026-06-21T01:57:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Touremassere.jpg|thumb| Masséré Touré (2023)]] '''Masséré Touré-Koné''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) 'yar siyasar [[Ivory Coast|ƙasar Ivory Coast]] ce wacce tun a shekarar 2006 ta goyi bayan kawunta, [[Alassane Ouattara]], wanda aka zaɓa shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2010. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta riƙe muƙaman gwamnati daban-daban a fannin sadarwa da kuɗi, inda ta kai ga naɗin ta a matsayin mataimakiyar babban sakataren fadar shugaban ƙasar Ivory Coast a watan Janairun 2022. <ref name="ban">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2022 |title=TOURE Masséré, Secrétaire générale adjointe de la présidence ivoirienne |url=https://business.abidjan.net/qui/1-presidence/5263-toure-massere |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=abidjan.net |language=fr |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203171113/https://business.abidjan.net/qui/1-presidence/5263-toure-massere |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="ae">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=Alassane Ouattara créé une direction de la communication présidentielle qu’il confie à Masséré Touré |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/bis-communication/2207-30908-alassane-ouattara-cree-une-direction-de-la-communication-presidentielle-qu-il-confie-a-massere-toure |access-date=17 October 2022 |publisher=Agence Ecofin |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kouassi, K. Richard |date=21 July 2022 |title=Présidence : Alassane Ouattara confie les finances à Masséré Touré |url=https://www.afrique-sur7.ci/487376-alassane-ouattara-massere-toure |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=Afrique sur 7 |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 1974 a [[Abidjan]], Masséré Touré ta yi karatun kasuwanci da gudanarwa a Faransa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta ICN a [[Nancy]]. <ref name="ban"/> Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu a cikin harsuna daga Jami'ar Clermond-Ferrand. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2022 |title=Présidence de Côte d’Ivoire : Masséré Touré devient secrétaire générale adjointe |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/gestion-publique/1501-94396-presidence-de-cote-d-ivoire-massere-toure-devient-secretaire-generale-adjointe |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=Agence Ecofin |language=fr}}</ref> == Aiki == A cikin shekarar 1999, Touré ta shiga Jeune Afrique Media Group a Paris inda ta yi aiki akan talla da sadarwa a cikin alaƙa da ''Jeune Afrique'' da ''mujallar Afrique''. Ta koma ƙasar Ivory Coast a shekara ta 2006, inda ta fara harkokinta na siyasa. <ref name="ban"/> Musamman ma, ta goyi bayan kawunta Alassane Ouattara, a matsayin jami'in sadarwa a yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2010. <ref name="ban" /> Ta kuma amfana da aurenta da Bruno Koné wanda ya zama ministar gwamnati. <ref name="ae"/> An zaɓi Outtara a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekara ta 2010. A cikin shekarar 2015, ta kafa sashen sadarwa wanda Touré ke jagoranta wanda har zuwa lokacin yana da haɗin gwiwar sadarwa don buga jaridu. <ref name="ae"/> A matsayinta na darakta, ta zama alhakin bunƙasa dabarun sadarwa na shugaban ƙasa kuma ta gudanar da dangantaka da manema labarai. <ref name="ban"/> An naɗa Touré a matsayin kwamitin buga labarai na kamfanin Fraternité Matin a cikin shekarar 2015 da na Radiodiffucion Télévision Ivorienne (RTI) a cikin shekarar 2019. <ref name="ban" /> A watan Janairun 2022, Ouattara ya ɗaukaka Touré zuwa muƙamin mataimakin babban sakataren fadar shugaban ƙasar Ivory Coast. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faye, Ayoba |date=7 January 2022 |title=Côte d’Ivoire: Massere TOURE, la communicante et nièce chouchoutée d’Alassane Ouattara bombardée secrétaire générale adjointe de la présidence |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Cote-d-Ivoire-Massere-TOURE-la-communicante-et-niece-chouchoutee-d-Alassane-Ouattara-bombardee-secretaire-generale_a242741.html |access-date=20 October 2023 |publisher=Pressafrik: Confidential Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> == Kyautattuka == A cikin shekarar 2020, an karrama Masséré Touré a matsayin kwamandan oda don gudummawar da ta bayar ga sadarwa. <ref name="ban"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] oehjce59zhfnwhbfqbn32cx6bl1dlal 0 99126 862049 798756 2026-06-20T14:45:45Z Ziv 32466 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Usama (cropped).jpg]] → [[File:Usama Mukwaya 02.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · More precise 862049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Usama (/ʊˈsɑːmə/) "Osam" Nyanzi Mukwaya''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1989) marubuci ne na Uganda, darektan fina-finai, furodusa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma tsohon mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da gabatarwa don Kyautar Ama da Kyautar Amvca guda uku. Ya ƙaddamar da aikin fim dinsa tare da gajeren fim din Hello, wanda ya lashe fim mafi kyau a cikin 2010 MNFPAC Students Awards . Babban fim dinsa na farko a matsayin furodusa shine ''[[Bala Bala Sese]]'', wanda [[Lukyamuzi Bashir]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka yaba wa Mukwaya a matsayin marubuci da furodusa.<ref> name="observer.ug">{{Cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |date=12 April 2012 |title=Mukwaya, the self made filmmaker |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171:mukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013211820/http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171%3Amukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42%3Asizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 October 2012 |website=[[The Observer (Uganda)|The Observer]]}}</ref> An zabi fim din a 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards for Best Film in a African Language . Farkon darakta shi ne Love Faces, wanda aka saki a watan Janairun 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2018 |title=6 Ugandan movies you should watch before 2018 ends |url=https://www.pulselive.ug/entertainment/6-ugandan-movies-you-should-watch-before-2018-ends/5gmc9tc |website=www.pulselive.ug |access-date=24 April 2025 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414160044/https://www.pulselive.ug/entertainment/6-ugandan-movies-you-should-watch-before-2018-ends/5gmc9tc |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yaba Usama a matsayin mai gabatar da lambar yabo ta IKON ta 2023 da kuma ci gaba na 2 da na 3, wanda ya gabata ya nuna aikin talabijin na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=IKON AWARDS! Nigerian film star Ramsey Nouah in tawoo |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/ikon-awards-nigerian-film-star-ramsey-nouah-in-tawoo/129479/ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Usama yana aiki a matsayin Darakta na Ayyuka a Gidauniyar Ikon Inspire. Shi memba ne na zartarwa na Cibiyar Fim ta Uganda kuma mai karɓar 2019 na Cibiyar LéO ta Afirka ta Matasa Masu Tattalin Arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Usama Mukwaya |url=https://alg.leoafricainstitute.org/speaker/usama-mukwaya/ }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da asali == An haife shi a Asibitin Mulago, [[Kampala]], UGanda, Mukwaya yana da kakannin Ganda, Ankole, da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. Shi ne ɗan shugaban addini Abdullah Mukwaya da Aziidah Mariam . Ya zuwa Afrilu 24, 2019, Abdullah yana aiki a matsayin Qadhi na Birnin Mbarara . Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa lokacin da yake da shekaru 8, kawun Mukwaya ta dauke shi; lokacin da ta mutu ma, Mukwaya ya koma tare da mahaifinsa kuma daga baya tare da kakansa. Yana da 'yan uwa hudu daga mahaifiyarsa da yawa daga mahaifinsa. === Ilimi === Usama ya fara karatun sakandare a makarantar kula da yara ta Saidat Aisha sannan daga baya a makarantar jarirai ta Buraaq, sannan a Bwaise. Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarsa, an tura shi zuwa Makarantar Kirista ta Victoria a Ndeeba kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da halartar Makarantar Firamare ta Linnet a Nabweru, Gundumar Wakiso, don karatun firamare na karshe. A shekara ta 2002, Usama ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Musulunci ta Shuhada'e don O-Level kuma ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta ilimi daga makarantar sakandare na Nyamitanga, duka makarantun biyu a Mbarara. A shekara ta 2008, Mukwaya ta yi karatun Cisco Career Certifications Networking, da LAN / WAN Management a karkashin ikon fasahar bayanai a [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. Usama tana da difloma a cikin jagorancin fim daga MNFPAC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=MNFPAC holds first graduation ceremony |url=https://usamamukwaya.com/mnfpac-holds-first-graduation-ceremony/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513001045/https://usamamukwaya.com/mnfpac-holds-first-graduation-ceremony/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ruwaito shi a cikin 2019 don neman difloma a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Cavendish Uganda|Jami'ar Cavendish]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=CUU students exhibit remarkable talent in the popular 'Kyaddala: Its Real' TV series |url=https://www.cavendish.ac.ug/cuu-students-exhibit-remarkable-talent-in-the-popular-kyaddala-its-real-tv-series/}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko (2009-2014) === [[Fayil:Maisha_Film_Lab_2011.jpg|thumb|Mukwaya yana tsaye a gaba, na farko daga dama, tare da 'yan uwan Maisha na 2011 da masu ba da shawara. Na uku a wannan jere shine wanda ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma darektan fim Mira Nair .]] A cewar jaridar The Observer, Usama ya fara rubuce-rubucensa tun yana yaro. Ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai a shekara ta 2009 ta hanyar Dan Kiggundu's ''Maryland Productions'', inda ya fara aiki a matsayin editan rubutun da kuma goyon bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na TV Pain of Lies, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2011.<ref> name="observer.ug">{{Cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |date=12 April 2012 |title=Mukwaya, the self made filmmaker |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171:mukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013211820/http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171%3Amukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42%3Asizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 October 2012 |website=[[The Observer (Uganda)|The Observer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African Film Producers: Ugandan Producers Nana Kagga and Usama Mukwaya |url=https://filmlinkafrica.com/2018/05/14/african-film-producers-ugandan-producers-nana-kagga-and-usama-mukwaya/ |access-date=2018-09-12 |website=filmlinkafrica.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302224235/https://filmlinkafrica.com/2018/05/14/african-film-producers-ugandan-producers-nana-kagga-and-usama-mukwaya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta hanyar Cibiyar Fim ta Uganda, daga baya ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Mariam Ndagire, inda ya yi aiki a kan gajeren fim dinsa na farko, Hello, wanda ya lashe fim mafi kyau a 2010 MNFPAC Awards . A watan Yulin 2011, ya shiga zabin karshe na marubutan allo 12 daga ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka don shiga cikin 7th Maisha Film Lab, wanda ya ƙare tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Diana Karua a cikin yin fim din She Likes Prada . <ref> name="observer.ug">{{Cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |date=12 April 2012 |title=Mukwaya, the self made filmmaker |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171:mukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013211820/http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171%3Amukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42%3Asizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 October 2012 |website=[[The Observer (Uganda)|The Observer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maisha Film Lab &#124; Usama Osam Mukwaya |url=http://maishafilmlab.org/maisha-alumni/usama-osam-mukwaya/}}</ref> === Ci gaban fim === ==== (2014-2018): Bala Sese, Rehema da Love Faces''Bala Bala Sese, Rehema da Fuskokin Soyayya'' ==== [[Fayil:Usama Mukwaya 02.jpg|left|thumb|Usama a cikin 2014]] Nan da nan bayan Maisha Film Lab a cikin 2011, Usama ya sadu da darektan bidiyo [[Lukyamuzi Bashir]] na Badi Films kuma ya fara aiki a kan ''[[Bala Bala Sese]]'', yana nuna fim dinsa na farko a matsayin furodusa da marubuci. Fim din, wanda kuma ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin shugabancin Lukyamuzi na farko, an sake shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2015, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Labonita . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaggwa |first=Andrew |date=3 July 2015 |title=Natasha, Michael set to relive romance on screen |url=http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/38552-natasha-michael-set-to-relive-romance-on-screen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705230133/http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/38552-natasha-michael-set-to-relive-romance-on-screen |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=9 July 2016 |website=observer.ug}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2015 |title=Glitz and Glamour At The Premiere Of Bala Bala Sese Movie |url=http://chano8.com/glitz-and-glamour-at-the-premiere-of-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |access-date=9 July 2016 |website=chano8.com |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425225537/http://chano8.com/glitz-and-glamour-at-the-premiere-of-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na Uganda don karɓar tsarin tallace-tallace na ƙwararru kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi kyawun fina-finai na Uganda na 2015 da shekara mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=Ugandan cinema slowly getting deserved attention - News24 Africa |url=http://news24africa.com/ugandan-cinema-slowly-getting-deserved-attention/ |access-date=9 July 2016 |website=news24africa.com |archive-date=1 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501194739/http://news24africa.com/ugandan-cinema-slowly-getting-deserved-attention/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bala Bala Ssese movie premieres |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Entertainment/Bala-Bala-Ssese-movie-premieres/-/812796/2776022/-/144lm1p/-/index.html/ |access-date=9 July 2016 |website=monitor.co.ug}}</ref> ==== 2021 - yanzu: ''Fasinjoji'' ==== The Blind Date marked the second collaboration between Usama and Loukman Ali after working together on the first season of ''Kyaddala TV Series'', which was released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=The Blind Date |url=https://leoafricareview.com/arts/5688/the-blind-date/}}</ref> The Blind Date is the first of the three episodes meant to make an anthology of sorts. The short film features Martha Kay alongside [[Michael Wawuyo Jr.]] and [[Raymond Rushabiro]], who stars as former army man – Jacob, alongside Riverdan Rugaaju, Patriq Nkakalukanyi, and Allen Musumba. It won Best Short film at the 2021 Uganda Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loukman releases Blind Date, delays Girl in Yellow Jumper – Sqoop – Get Uganda entertainment news, celebrity gossip, videos and photos |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/202009/news/events/loukman-releases-blind-date-delays-girl-in-yellow-jumper.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025020119/https://www.sqoop.co.ug/202009/news/events/loukman-releases-blind-date-delays-girl-in-yellow-jumper.html |archive-date=2020-10-25 |website=www.sqoop.co.ug}}</ref> A follow-up episode titled ''[[Zagaye Goma Sha Shida|Sixteen Rounds]]'' premiered on September 16, 2021. The 37-minute short features [[Michael Wawuyo Jr.]] again and [[Natasha Sinayobye]] in leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Kaggwa |date=8 February 2021 |title=A chance to change local film narrative – Sqoop – Get Uganda entertainment news, celebrity gossip, videos and photos |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/202102/features/a-chance-to-change-local-film-narrative.html |access-date=2021-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> It won best short film at the [[Durban International Film Festival|43 Durban International Film Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durban International Film Festival announces award winners |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/97/230231.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DIFF &#124; Sixteen Rounds Durban International Film Festival - 21-30 July 2022 |url=https://www.durbanfilmfest.com/film/sixteen-rounds/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407111254/https://www.durbanfilmfest.com/film/sixteen-rounds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Best short film at the 7th [[Mashariki African Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mashariki 2021 Awards – Mashariki African Film Festival |url=https://www.masharikifestival.org/masharikiawards2021/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704145808/https://www.masharikifestival.org/masharikiawards2021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and received a special mention at the [[Luxor African Film Festival|11 Luxor African Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAFF Announces its Awards |url=http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20Announces%20its%20Awards |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925202534/http://luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PressZone/News/LAFF%20Announces%20its%20Awards |url-status=dead }}</ref> Loukman announced in October 2021 that a feature film based on the Sixteen Round's story was in the making and Usama would be producing it, but it was later cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loukman Ali to charge for 'Sixteen Rounds' feature film |url=https://kampalasun.co.ug/loukman-ali-to-charge-for-sixteen-rounds-feature-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020084444/https://kampalasun.co.ug/loukman-ali-to-charge-for-sixteen-rounds-feature-film/ |archive-date=2021-10-20 |access-date=2021-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2023 |title=Loukman Ali to charge for 'Sixteen Rounds' feature film – Kampala Sun |url=https://kampalasun.co.ug/loukman-ali-to-charge-for-sixteen-rounds-feature-film/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020084444/https://kampalasun.co.ug/loukman-ali-to-charge-for-sixteen-rounds-feature-film/ |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> == Talabijin == [[Fayil:Usama_Mukwaya_Ikon_2.jpg|thumb|Usama a cikin 2023 yana gabatar da ɓangaren "In Memoriam" na Ikon Awards''Kyautar Ikon'']] A watan Yulin 2013, Mukwaya ya fara gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a karo na biyu na Movie Digest Show a kan Record TV Network Uganda, tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Monica Birwinyo]] ta maye gurbin mai karɓar bakuncin majagaba kuma tsohon dan takarar Tusker Project Fame 3 Jacob Nsaali . A baya, Mukwaya ya yi aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Digest Show &#124; Ugscreen - Ugandan Movies, Actors, Movie News |url=http://ugscreen.net/television/movie-digest-show |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504190335/http://ugscreen.net/television/movie-digest-show |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref> A tsakiyar shekara ta 2018, Usama ya shiga cikin samar da Wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Reach a Hand na Uganda ''Kyaddala'' a matsayin furodusa, jerin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na talabiji, tare da Humphrey Nabimanya a matsayin babban furodusa da [[Emmanuel Ikubese]] a matsayin mahaliccin wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2019 |title=Reach a Hand Uganda, Emmanuel IKubese Films and Partners Set to Premiere "Kyaddala: It's Real", a Pan African TV Series |url=https://thetowerpost.com/2019/09/18/reach-a-hand-uganda-emmanuel-ikubese-films-partners-set-to-premiere-kyaddala-its-real-a-pan-african-tv-series/}}</ref><ref>name="matookerepublic.com">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Multitudes turn up for season one premiere of Kyaddala at Kingdom Kampala |url=https://matookerepublic.com/2019/09/28/multitudes-turn-up-for-season-one-premiere-of-kyaddala-at-kingdom-kampala/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208054720/https://matookerepublic.com/2019/09/28/multitudes-turn-up-for-season-one-premiere-of-kyaddala-at-kingdom-kampala/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jerin, wanda aka kafa a rayuwar makarantar sakandare ta yanzu, yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan zamantakewar da ke shafar matasa a Afirka da taurari daga Najeriya, Kenya, da Uganda.<ref>name="matookerepublic.com">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Multitudes turn up for season one premiere of Kyaddala at Kingdom Kampala |url=https://matookerepublic.com/2019/09/28/multitudes-turn-up-for-season-one-premiere-of-kyaddala-at-kingdom-kampala/ }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://matookerepublic.com/2019/09/28/multitudes-turn-up-for-season-one-premiere-of-kyaddala-at-kingdom-kampala/ "Multitudes turn up for season one premiere of Kyaddala at Kingdom Kampala"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208054720/https://matookerepublic.com/2019/09/28/multitudes-turn-up-for-season-one-premiere-of-kyaddala-at-kingdom-kampala/ |date=2023-12-08 }}. 28 September 2019.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Reach a Hand Uganda and Emmanuel Ikubese Films premiere long-awaited Kyaddala:Its Real Pan African TV show |url=https://www.howwebiz.ug/news/entertainment/24654/reach-a-hand-uganda-and-emmanuel-ikubese-films-premiere-long-awaited-kyaddalaits-real-pan-african-tv-show}}</ref> An sanar da shi a watan Oktoba 2020 cewa za a sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, tare da Usama ya dawo a matsayin furodusa kuma a cikin tattaunawa don jagorantar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=Kyaddala TV series renewed for second season |url=http://pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2020/10/kyaddala-tv-series-renewed-for-second-season.html/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |publisher=PML Daily}}</ref> Kyaddala Season 2 ya sake farawa a NBS TV a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2022, tare da Usama samarwa da kuma jagorantar dukkan kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Empowering African youth through education - CNN Video |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2022/06/02/african-voices-angeline-murimirwa-camfed-humphrey-nabimanya-reach-a-hand-uganda-spc.cnn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherian |first=Vijaya |date=28 November 2022 |title=Blackmagic gives 'Kyaddala' big boost with resolve |url=https://www.broadcastprome.com/case-studies/contentcreation-production/blackmagic-gives-kyaddala-big-boost-with-resolve/ |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> == Taimako == Mukwaya ya fara aikinsa na jin kai a watan Janairun 2015 tare da karfafawa na Matasa da Yara marasa galihu (EDYAC) lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa Tororo a gabashin Uganda don raba abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa. Shi da [[Bobby Tamale]], wanda suka yi aiki tare da su a baya, daga baya sun yi wani shirin, wanda yanzu yake a YouTube, game da kwarewarsu tare da bidiyon da Mukwaya ya ba da labari. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+Maɓalli | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |† |Yana nuna ayyukan da ba a sake su ba |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="3" |An ba da izini kamar yadda ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- ![[Darakta|Daraktan]] !Mai gabatarwa !Marubuci |- |TBA | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''[[Philly Lutaaya|Ba a ba da suna Philly Lutaaya Biopic]]''†| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes|with Nickson Kamau}} | |- |TBA | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''[[In Just Hours (fim)|A cikin Sa'o'i Daidai]]''†| {{Yes}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{Yes}} | |- |TBA | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Ndagire''†| {{No}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{Yes}} | |- |TBA | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Kashewa''†| {{No}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{Yes}} | |- |2025 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Kira 112''†| {{Yes}}| {{Yes|with [[Hadijah Nakanjako]]}}| {{Yes|with Meddy Sserwadda}} | |- |2023 |''[[Nambi (fim)|Nambi]]''| {{No}}| {{Yes|with Dennis Arthur Abwakat}}| {{No}} |Har ila yau, Daraktan Kasuwanci |- |2023 |''[[The Passenger (2023 Ugandan film)|Fasinjoji]]''| {{No}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{Yes|Story}} | |- |2021 |''[[Zagaye Goma Sha Shida|Zagaye goma sha shida]]''| {{No}}| {{Yes|with [[Loukman Ali]]}}| {{No}} |Sakamakon "The Blind Date" |- |2021 |''[[The Blind Date (fim)|Ranar Makaho]]''| {{No}}| {{Yes|Executive}}| {{No}} | |- |2017 |''Fuskokin Soyayya''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes|with [[Bobby Tamale]]}}| {{Yes}} |Farkon darektan |- |2017 |''[[Rehema|Rashin amincewa]]''| {{No}}| {{Yes|with Allan Manzi}}| {{Yes}} | |- |2015 |''[[Bala Bala Sese]]''| {{No}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |2015 |''[[Tiktok (fim)|Tiktok]]''| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{Yes}} | |- |2013 |''[[In Just Hours (fim)|A cikin Sa'o'i Daidai]]''| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{Yes}} | |- |2012 |''Ƙoƙarin Mai Hikima''| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{No}} | |- |2010 |''[[Hello (fim, 2011)|Gaisuwa]]''| {{No}}| {{No}}| {{Yes}} |Har ila yau an ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin mataimakin darektan farko |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto; margin-right:auto" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="4" |An ba da izini kamar yadda ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- ! style="width:65px;" |Marubuci ! style="width:65px;" |Daraktan ! style="width:65px;" |Mai gabatarwa ! style="width:65px;" |Mai gabatar da Babban Jami'i |- |2023 - 2025 | style="text-align:left;" |''Kyautar iKON''| {{No}}| {{No}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}} | style="text-align:left;" |Talabijin na musamman |- |Tun daga shekara ta 2019 | style="text-align:left;" |''Kyaddala''| {{No}}| {{Yes|Season 2}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}} | style="text-align:left;" |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2023 | style="text-align:left;" |''Damalie (Lokaci na 1) ''| {{No}}| {{No}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}} | style="text-align:left;" |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2021 | style="text-align:left;" |''Sanyu (Lokaci na 1) ''| {{No}}| {{No}}| {{Yes|Line Producer}}| {{No}} | style="text-align:left;" |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2012 - 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |''Fim din Digest''| {{No}}| {{No}}| {{Yes|Also Host for 2013 Season}}| {{No}} | style="text-align:left;" |Shirin Talabijin |- |} === Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:33px;" |Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |TBA | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''[[In Just Hours (fim)|A cikin Sa'o'i Daidai]]''† | |- |2016 |''[[New Intentions|Sabbin Manufofin]]'' |Bruno |- |2011 |''Jinƙai na Ƙarya'' |Osama |- |2010 |''Ƙaunar Ƙarfe'' |Ɗalibi |- |} === Hotuna === {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;" ! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;" |Hotuna ! colspan="4" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- ! style="width:65px;" |Daraktan ! style="width:65px;" |Marubuci ! style="width:65px;" |Mai gabatarwa |- | rowspan="1" |2015 |''Labarai daga Edyac''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |} === Kasuwanci === == Masu haɗin gwiwa akai-akai == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%" !Mai zane ! class="collapsible" |''[[Hello (fim, 2011)|Gaisuwa]]'' (2011) ! class="collapsible" |''[[Bala Bala Sese]]'' (2015) ! class="collapsible" |''[[Tiktok (fim)|Tiktok]]'' (2015) ! class="collapsible" |''[[Rehema|Rashin amincewa]]'' (2016) !''Fuskokin Soyayya'' (2017) !''Kyaddala'' Daga 2019 !''[[The Blind Date (fim)|Ranar Makaho]]'' (2021) !''[[Zagaye Goma Sha Shida|Zagaye goma sha shida]]'' (2021) |- !Alex Ireeta | {{Yes|✔}} <!--03--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--04--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--05--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--06--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--07--> | |- ![[Laura Kahunde]] | {{Yes|✔}} <!--02--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--06--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--07--> | |- !Loukman Ali | {{Yes|✔}} <!--07--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--08--> | {{Yes|✔}} |- ![[Michael Wawuyo Jr.]] | {{Yes|✔}} <!--08--> | {{Yes|✔}} |- ![[Raymond Rushabiro]] | {{Yes|✔}} <!--03--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--06--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--07--> | {{Yes|✔}} <!--08--> ! {{Yes|✔}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bpliofvmyo49rvi37kkvyvbgn2pistv 0 99495 862630 816378 2026-06-21T07:24:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Micki Pistorius''' masanin ilimin halayyar ƴar Afirka ta Kudu ce ko kuma masanin ilimin lissafi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce mace ta farko a cikin sana'arta kuma mai ba da bayanan farko a Afirka ta Kudu, tana aiki a kan manyan shari'o'i da suka shafi Masu kisan gilla ga Ofishin 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1990. An san ta da tarihin rayuwarta, Catch Me a Killer (2000), wanda aka kafa jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na wannan sunan, wanda aka saki a 2024. == Rayuwa ta farko da karatun digiri == Pistorius ta girma a [[Pretoria]] . Ta yi karatun Jamusanci a makaranta, kuma ta kammala karatu tare da BA, tana karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam da harsuna a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] . Ta yi karatun Faransanci a jami'a.<ref name="heroes">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2015 |title=About the Author |url=https://heroes-warriors.com/about-the-author/ |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=Heroes |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303125049/https://heroes-warriors.com/about-the-author/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Jarida === Bayan kammala karatunta tare da BA, Pistorius ta fara aiki a cikin hulɗar jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da rubuta sakonnin manema labarai, kafin ya shiga [[Journalism|aikin jarida]]. Da farko a wata jarida ta gida, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin 'yar jaridar labarai ta rediyo a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Afirka ta Kudu (SABC) a Pretoria, wanda kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a talabijin.<ref name="heroes"/> Bayan ta koma Cape Town, ta rubuta wa mujallar mata kafin a nada ta a matsayin manajan a cikin wallafe-wallafen a Asusun Duniya na Yanayi a Stellenbosch . Bayan barin wannan aikin, ta koma Pretoria kuma ta yi aiki a hulɗa da jama'a a Zoo na Pretoria . <ref name="heroes"/> === Ayyukan bincike === Pistorius daga nan ta nemi kuma an yarda da shi a cikin girmamawar ilimin halayyar dan adam da shirye-shiryen masters a Jami'ar Pretoria, inda ta sami digiri biyu cum laude.<ref name="heroes"/> Ta fara koyarwa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, inda ta sami suna saboda rashin jin daɗi. Pistorius ta shiga Hukumar 'yan sanda ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAPS) a cikin 1994, inda ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Sashin Nazarin Halitta (IPU) wanda aka fi sani da Sashen Nazarin Hutatta (IPS), <ref name="Labuschagne">{{Cite web |last=Labuschagne |first=Gérard |title=The Profiler Diaries: From the case files of a police psychologist Penguin Random House South Africa |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.co.za/extracts/profiler-diaries-case-files-police-psychologist |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Penguin Random House South Africa |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313030551/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.co.za/extracts/profiler-diaries-case-files-police-psychologist |url-status=dead }}</ref> a matsayin babban masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. A cikin shekaru biyu na wannan nadin, ta kammala ta D.Phil, tare da rubutunta: "A psycho-analytical approach to serial killers".<ref name="heroes"/> Yayinda take rubuta rubutunta game da masu kisan gilla, na farko a Afirka ta Kudu, ta haɓaka ka'idarta da ke danganta Ci gaban jima'i na Freudian da kisan gida. Ta kuma tattara darussan bincike na ilimin halayyar dan adam.<ref name="heroes" /> A shekara ta 1997, Pistorius ta horar da masu bincike sama da 100 don bincika masu aikata laifuka, da kuma magaji biyu, ciki har da Elmarie Myburgh . Daga baya ta ce masu bincike sun yarda da ita kuma ta yi aiki sosai tare da su, kuma horarwar da ta ci gaba an tsawaita ta a duniya. Pistorius ta shiga cikin shari'o'in kisan gilla sama da talatin yayin da yake SAPS. Daga cikin masu kisan kai wadanda ta yi aiki a kansu sune Norman Afzal Simons, Moses Sithole, [[David Selepe]], Stewart Wilken, Sipho Thwala, Velaphi Ndlangamandla, Cedric Maake, [[David Mmbengwa]], <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2003 |title=Micki Pistorius, une profileuse en Afrique du Sud – Tueurs en Serie.org |url=http://www.tueursenserie.org/micki-pistorius-une-profileuse-en-afrique-du-sud/ |access-date=30 May 2017 |website=www.tueursenserie.org |language=fr-FR}}</ref> da Christopher Mhlengwa Zikode.<ref name="lagrange2009">{{Cite web |last=La Grange |first=Borrie |date=1 September 2009 |title=Neglect of children as damaging as sexual abuse |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2009-09-01-neglect-of-children--as-damaging-as-sexual-abuse/ |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=TimesLIVE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, ta yi murabus daga 'yan sanda tare da matsayi daidai da Babban mai kula, kuma ta shiga kamfanin bincike mai zaman kansa. <ref name="heroes"/> Ta nemi shawara lokacin da ta fahimci cewa tana fama da matsalar damuwa ta bayan rauni.<ref name="express2024" /> ==== Abokan aiki da ƙungiyar ==== [[Elmarie Myburgh]], wanda ya kasance memba na kafa IPU / IPS, ya yi aiki tare da Pistorius. <ref name="Labuschagne"/> Tana da digiri a fannin laifuka da ilimin halayyar dan adam daga [[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] da kuma difloma a fannin shari'a ta aikata laifuka daga Jami'an Johannesburg, kuma tun daga shekarar 2021 ita ce kadai mai horar da bayanan da SAPS ta yi amfani da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Storm |date=23 September 2021 |title=Elmarie Myburgh: How SAPS' lone criminal profiler helped imprison the 'Facebook Rapist' |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/elmarie-myburgh-how-saps-lone-criminal-profiler-helped-imprison-the-facebook-rapist-23-september-2021/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=[[The South African]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2022 Myburgh har yanzu yana cikin IPS, bayan an inganta shi zuwa Lieutenant Colonel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geldenhuys |first=Kotie |date=1 August 2022 |title=Celebrating 50 years of women in policing! Meet Lt-Col Elmarie Myburgh |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.10520/ejc-servamus_v115_n8_a12 |journal=Servamus Community-based Safety and Security Magazine |volume=115 |issue=8 |issn=1608-0351}}</ref> Ita ce memba mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin, kuma mai yiwuwa mafi tsawo mai aiwatar da doka.<ref name="Labuschagne" /> Ta horar da jami'an 'yan sanda uku don karɓar mulki lokacin da ta yi ritaya a kusan 2031, lokacin da ta cika shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Elmarie Myburgh: South Africa's lone criminal profiler battles crime tidal wave |url=https://today.rtl.lu/entertainment/news/a/1790620.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=RTL Today |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313063502/https://today.rtl.lu/entertainment/news/a/1790620.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Gérard Labuschagne]], wanda ke da PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti kuma ya yi aiki a asibitin likitanci yana yin gwaje-gwaje kafin ya shiga sashin, ya maye gurbin ta a matsayin shugaban sashin, amma ya ce yana da abubuwa da yawa da zai koya daga Captains Elmarie Myburgh da Lynne Evans a IPU. Ya rubuta littafi, The Profiler Diaries (2020), game da wasu shari'o'in da ya yi aiki a kai.<ref name="Labuschagne"/> === Rubuce-rubuce === Wani mai wallafawa na Burtaniya ya gayyace ta ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta, wanda ya zama littafin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya mai suna Catch Me a Killer (2000), bayan Penguin Afirka ta Kudu ta sayi rubutun kuma ta buga shi.<ref name="heroes"/><ref name="catchwc">{{Cite web |title=Catch me a killer |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/47867786 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=WorldCat.org}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki ga kamfanin mai zaman kansa, Pistorius ta rubuta Strangers in the Street: Tarihin Tarihi na masu kisan gilla na SA (2002) wanda Penguin SA ta sake buga, wanda daga nan ya ba ta umurni ta rubuta Fatal Females (2004), wanda ya bayyana laifukan mata masu aikata laifuka 51. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta wallafa wani labari na tarihi, ''Sorg'' . ''Bayanan masu kisan gilla da sauran laifuka'' sun biyo baya a shekara ta 2005. An buga fassarar [[Afrikaans]] na Catch Me a Killer, Skimme in die Skadu, a shekara ta 2006. [1]'', an buga shi a shekara ta 2006. <ref name="heroes"/>'' === Talabijin === Pistorius daga nan ya shiga kamfanin samar da talabijin na Zyron (wanda 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Sandra Prinsloo da furodusa Jan Groenewalt suka mallaka), kuma ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya gabatar da jerin shirye-shiryen aikata laifuka guda biyu. Ta kuma fito a cikin shirye-shiryen aikata laifuka da yawa na gida da na duniya, gami da SABC, M-Net, KykNET, [[BBC]], da sauransu. Canal Plus a Faransa ta watsa wani shirin Micki et le vent noir (''Micki da Black Wind'') game da aikinta a matsayin mai tsara bayanai, kuma mujallu da yawa na duniya, gami da Paris Match, sun nuna labarai game da ita.<ref name="heroes"/> Wani jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na aikata laifuka na gaskiya na kashi 11, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cannon |first=Nicholas |date=2 March 2024 |title=Catch Me A Killer: release date, cast, plot, trailer, episode guide, exclusive interview and everything you need to know |url=https://www.whattowatch.com/watching-guides/catch-me-a-killer-release-date-cast-plot-trailer-episode-guide-exclusive-interview-and-everything-you-need-to-know |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=What to Watch}}</ref> wanda ake kira Catch Me a Killer kuma ya dogara da tarihin rayuwarta na wannan sunan, Showmax ne ya fitar da shi a farkon 2024. Mawallafin jagora a cikin jerin shine [[Amy Jephtaa|Amy Jephta]], da Charlotte Hope taurari a matsayin Pistorius . Kamfanin samar da Night Train Media na Jamus ne ya samar da jerin, tare da CMak (UK) da M-Net (SA). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldbart |first=Max |date=25 January 2024 |title='Catch Me a Killer': Showmax unveils trailer for serial killer profiler series starring 'Game of Thrones' Charlotte Hope |url=https://deadline.com/video/catch-me-a-killer-showmax-game-of-thrones-miranda-hope/ |publisher=Deadline |format=video + text}}</ref> Pistorius ya kasance mai ba da shawara a kan jerin, kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga Hope yayin yin fim.<ref name="woods2024">{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Cat |date=22 February 2024 |title='Game of Thrones' to groundbreaking profiler: 'Catch Me A Killer' star Charlotte Hope on her new role |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/whats-on/article/from-game-of-thrones-to-groundbreaking-profiler-catch-me-a-killer-star-chr/nbhfhpb22 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[SBS Television]]}}</ref> Tracey Larcombe ce ta ba da umarnin jerin. === Ayyuka na baya === Pistorius ta bude aiki mai zaman kanta a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam da mai ba da shawara kuma ta rubuta wasu abubuwa a cikin gida kafin ta sake juyawa a cikin aikinta. A shekara ta 2010 ta yi rajista don digiri na girmamawa a cikin ilimin kimiyyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki . Ta kammala digiri a cikin shekara guda bayan bincike da gabatar da labarai 15.<ref name="heroes"/> Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 2010, ta ba da shawara ta ƙwararru a matsayin likitan halayyar asibiti a cikin shari'ar kotu da ta shafi wata mace da ta yi lalata da yara a ƙarƙashin tasirin ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya. Ya zuwa 2013 har yanzu tana ba da shawara ga hukumomin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 2015, ta haɓaka shafin yanar gizon mu'amala, wanda ake kira Heroes, fahimtar tunanin mutum game da ra'ayoyin maza game da dangantaka, bayan ta yi hira da maza da yawa game da raʼayoyinsu game da soyayya, jima'i, aure, saki, da alaƙar platonic. A cikin wannan aikin, tana amfani da tatsuniyoyin Helenanci a matsayin kwatanci kuma tana amfani da nazarin shari'a don kwatanta jigogi.<ref name="heroes"/> A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2024, Pistorius ta kaddamar da Tashar YouTube ta kanta, "Micki Pistorius Profiler on Record". == Halaye da ƙwarewa == Pistorius ita ce mace ta farko a cikin sana'arta <ref name=":1"/> kuma mai tsarawa na farko a Afirka ta Kudu. An san ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu ilimin halayyar dan adam a duniya ta hanyar mutane kamar su mai ba da bayanan FBI Robert Ressler, wanda ta sami horo, tare da Roy Hazelwood, a Dundee, Scotland. In her memoir, Pistorius wrote that she has "cryptesthesia", a form of extra-sensory perception. She has also said that she has empathy for serial killers, who she says are "not monsters; they are human beings with tortured souls. I will never condone what they do, but I can understand them."<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwar sirri == Pistorius ita ce kawun dan wasan Paralympic kuma mai kisan kai, Oscar Pistorius . Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, Pistorius tana zaune a tsibirin [[Moris|Mauritius]], <ref name="woods2024"/> inda take aiki da ilimin halayyar mutum, a wasu lokuta tana tuntuɓar sana'ar lauya a matsayin masanin ilimin halayya, kuma tana gabatar da darussan ga kamfanoni kan kocin manajoji da masu gudanarwa game da [[Emotional intelligence|basirar motsin rai]] ga manajoji, tsaro a wurin aiki, da aminci na motsin rai a wurin aiki. Ta kuma ba da lacca a Jami'ar Open ta Mauritius da [[Middlesex University Mauritius|Jami'ar Middlesex Mauritius]], kuma a cikin 2023 ta gabatar da gabatarwa kan ilimin halayyar mutum a Ofishin Darakta na Masu gabatar da kara. Tana da sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, kuma ta ce ta sami zaman lafiya a Mauritius. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ka kama ni mai kisan kai'' (Penguin, 2000) <ref name="catchwc"/>{{ISBN|0-14-029722-7}} * ''Baƙi a kan titi'' (Penguin, 2002) {{ISBN|0-14-100356-1}} * Mata masu mutuwa (Penguin, 2004) {{ISBN|0-14-302440-X}} * Bayanan Serial Killers da sauran laifuka a Afirka ta Kudu (Penguin, 2005) <ref name=":0" />{{ISBN|0-14-302482-5}} * Skimme a cikin Die Skadu (Penguin, 2006) {{ISBN|978-0-14-302517-7}} * ''Sorg'' (Penguin, 2012) (littafin tarihi) {{ISBN|978-0-14-352715-2}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Bourgouin, Stéphane. Micki Pistorius wata mace ce da ke bin masu kisan gilla. (A Faransanci) {{ISBN|2-86391-997-0}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110218005818/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/dr-micki-pistorius-4678 Micki Pistorius] a cikin ''Wanene wanene Afirka ta Kudu'' (an adana shi 2011) * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=We8zV8M-aYYC Ka kama ni mai kisan kai]'' a kan Google Books {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hwcv284lbqyevyl5zu7wryyukpikhvv 0 100369 862447 619950 2026-06-20T20:56:59Z Merjoor 14653 862447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hans Ekstrand''' (An haifeshi a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba a shekarar 1903 - Ya mutu a ranar 5 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1969) Ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Jam'iyyar [[Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) kuma memba na Bundestag na Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-02-28 |title=Die Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages - 1.-13. Wahlperiode: Alphabetisches Gesamtverzeichnis; Stand: 28. Februar 1998 |trans-title=The members of the German Bundestag - 1st - 13th term of office: Alphabetical complete index |url=http://webarchiv.bundestag.de/cgi/show.php?fileToLoad=627&id=12 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=webarchiv.bundestag.de |publisher=Deutscher Bundestag, Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Bundestages (WD 3/ZI 5) |language=de |format=PDF}}</ref> == Rayuwa == A cikin mazaɓar Stormarn, an zaɓe shi a Bundestag a zaɓen tarayya na 1949. Ya zama cikakken memba na kwamitocin batutuwan cinikayya na ƙasashen waje, don abinci, noma da gandun daji da kuma manufofin zamantakewa. Ya kuma yi takara a zaɓen tarayya daga shekara ta 1953 zuwa shekara ta 1961, amma bai koma majalisa ba. Majalisar dokokin jihar Schleswig-Holstein ta zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayya ta biyu, wanda ya sake zabar Theodor Heuss a matsayin Shugaban Tarayya a shekara ta 1954.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schumacher |first=Martin |title=M.d.B., Volksvertretung im Wiederaufbau 1946-1961: Bundestagskandidaten und Mitglieder der westzonalen Vorparlamente eine biographische Dokumentation |date=2000 |publisher=Droste |isbn=978-3-7700-5224-0 |location=Düsseldorf}}</ref> == Littattafai == {{cite book|editor1-last=Vierhaus|editor1-first=Rudolf|title=Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002|last2=Jahn|first2=Bruno|date=2002|publisher=De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur|isbn=978-3-11-184511-1|last1=Herbst |first1=Ludolf|location=München|language=de|trans-title=Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002|pages=1715}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1969]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] q6govku8bz7j2edeiwtyigqhrmvnw2x 0 100483 862501 722235 2026-06-20T23:23:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Martine Aya Djibo (died 30 October 2022) was an Ivorian educator and politician who served in the National Assembly from 1975 until 1980 and from 1990 until 2010. Although initially a member of the PDCI-RDA party, she defected in 2004 and founded the Party for the Unity of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, citing frustrations with the party amid the First Ivorian Civil War. == Ayyuka == Djibo began her teaching career in the central city of Bouaké. After initially teaching Spanish at Martin Luther King College and CEG Koko, she later became the director of the Modern College for Young Girls. A member and activist of the Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally (PDCI-RDA), Djibo was appointed to the National Assembly by President Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1975, becoming the first woman to represent Bouaké. Djibo served in parliament until 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Beganssou |first=Prince |date=1 November 2022 |title=Décès de Martine Djibo, la première femme député de la ville de Bouaké |trans-title=Death of Martine Djibo, the first female deputy of the city of Bouaké |url=https://afriksoir.net/cote-divoire-deces-premiere-femme-depute-ville-bouake/ |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Afrik Soir |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Blagnon |first=Anselme |date=1 November 2022 |title=Décès de Martine Djibo, première députée de Bouaké |trans-title=Death of Martine Djibo, first deputy of Bouaké |url=https://www.alerte-info.net/depeches/item/18300 |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=alerte-info.net |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan barin majalisa, Djibo ta ci gaba da After leaving parliament, Djibo resumed her teaching career; in 1985, she became the principal of the Municipal College of Bouaké, and in 1988, she was appointed principal of the newly-opened Djibo Sounkalo [fr] Municipal High School by the Minister of Education <ref name=":0"/>In the 1990 Ivorian parliamentary election, Djibo was elected back into parliament for the same constituency. In 1996, she sat as the Ivory Coast's representative on the council of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. At some point during this period, she also served on the politburo of the PDCI-RDA.<ref name=":1"/> During her tenure in the 2000s, Djibo was a supporter of President Laurent Gbagbo. In 2004, she was critical of politicians who aligned with rebels fighting against Gbagbo's government in the First Ivorian Civil War, stating that Gbagbo was "elected and chosen by the people".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deh |first=Vincent |date=15 June 2004 |title=Djibo Aya Martine (député PDCI de Bouaké) : "Bédié rêve" |trans-title=Djibo Aya Martine (PDCI MP for Bouaké): "Bédié dreams" |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200406150506.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=[[AllAfrica]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004, saboda takaici da jam'iyyarta da yakin basasa da ke gudana, Djibo ta sauya sheka daga PDCI-RDA kuma ta kafa sabuwar jam'iyya, Jam'iyyar Unity of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (PURCI). Da yake aiki a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar, Djibo ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyar za ta mai da hankali kan "ƙauna, hadin kai da zaman lafiya".[of]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2004 |title=Djibo Martine crée son parti |trans-title=Djibo Martine creates her party |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200412140178.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=[[AllAfrica]] |language=fr}}</ref> PURCI ta kasance memba na hadin gwiwar {{Interlanguage link|National Resistance Congress for Democracy|fr|Congrès national de la résistance pour la démocratie}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2008 |title=Blé Goudé, Stéphane Kipré, Boni Claverie, Fologo – The real opponents of the FPI |trans-title=Blé Goudé, Stéphane Kipré, Boni Claverie, Fologo – Les vrais adversaires du FPI |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200812300831.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=[[AllAfrica]] |language=fr}}</ref> Djibo supported the 2007 Ouagadougou Peace Agreement, praising Gbagbo's role in ending the civil war and stating that the agreement was proof that "Africans in general and Ivorians in particular can think for themselves and find a solution to their problem" without European interference. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Djézou |first=Casimir |date=12 April 2007 |title=Djibo Martine appelle au rassemblement |trans-title=Djibo Martine calls for a rally |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200704130090.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=[[AllAfrica]] |language=fr}}</ref> However, in the leadup to the 2010 Ivorian presidential election, Djibo was opposed to the presence of Burkinabe soldiers in the Ivory Coast, a provision of the peace agreement to ensure election security. Djibo stated that the country already had peacekeepers from the United Nations and France, and that the presence of the Burkinabe soldiers was suspicious. Djibo also accused the Independent Electoral Commission [fr] of tampering with voter rolls, and demanded an audit which would reinstate anyone who was removed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foua |first=Romarick |date=22 January 2010 |title=Envoi de contingent burkinabé en Côte d'Ivoire : Martine Djibo y voit " quelque chose de louche " |trans-title=Sending a Burkinabé contingent to Côte d'Ivoire: Martine Djibo sees "something fishy" in it |url=https://news.abidjan.net/articles/354316/envoi-de-contingent-burkinabe-en-cote-divoire-martine-djibo-y-voit-quelque-chose-de-louche |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Abidjan.net |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Djibo ya yi aiki a majalisa har zuwa 2010 kuma ya yi ritaya daga siyasa, yana mai ambaton matsalolin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1"/> Djibo was an officer of the French National Order of Merit, and served as the president of the Association of Ivorian Women. She died on 30 October 2022 at the Polyclinique internationale Sainte-Anne-Marie [fr] in Abidjan, after suffering from a long illness.<ref name=":0"/> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] a52akb7yb8srs7fco36e9e2qskhb68f 0 101002 862807 842813 2026-06-21T10:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Rahmoune''' (1940 - 4 ga watan Fabrairu 2022), wanda aka fi sani da '''Si Rabah''' ko kuma kawai a matsayin '''Rahmoune''', ya kasance fitaccen jagoran juyin juya hali a lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya|yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya]] a matsayin memba na Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front) wanda ya kaddamar da tawaye ɗauke da makamai a duk faɗin [[Aljeriya]] tare da fitar da sanarwar kira ga ƙasar [[Aljeriya]] mai cin gashin kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-06 |title=وزير المجاهدين يعزي في وفاة المجاهد رابح رحمون |url=https://www.aps.dz/ar/algerie/120842 |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=Aps.dz}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date= |title=Le ministre des Moudjahidines présente ses condoléances suite au décès du moudjahid Rabah Rahmoune |url=https://www.aps.dz/algerie/135156 |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=Aps.dz}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Rahmoune a shekara ta 1940 a ƙauyen [[Soumâa]], mai kilo mita53&nbsp;km gabas da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]], cikin dangin marabuti kabyle sun fito ne daga [[malikiyya]] kuma masanin tauhidin [[Sufiyya|sufi]] [[Sidi Boushaki]] (1394-1453). <ref>{{Cite web |title=الضوء اللامع لأهل القرن التاسع |url=http://archive.org/details/Dawou_Lami |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=شجرة النور الزكية في طبقات المالكية - محمد مخلوف ( نسخة واضحة ومنسقة ) |url=http://archive.org/details/chajarat-annour |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Haihuwarsa a tsakiyar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] yana nufin kawar da rayuwar farar hula a Faransa Aljeriya da kuma kafa jihar ban da tare da dakatar da halartar kawunsa [[Mohamed Seghir Boushaki]] (1869-1959) a cikin cogwheels na mulkin mallaka a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma wakilin al'ummar Aljeriya. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Le ministre des Moudjahidines présente ses condoléances suite au décès du moudjahid Rabah Rahmoune |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/535156 |website=Djazairess |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421200943/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/535156 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da wannan yanayi na ban mamaki, ya fara karatu a shekarar 1945 tare da ɗan uwansa Djilali hukunce-hukuncen [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur'ani]] da [[Larabci|harshen larabci]] a cikin [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] kamar sauran 'yan uwansa, ƙarƙashin kulawa da kulawar mufti [[Rahmaniyya]] da muqaddam Ali Boushaki (1855-1965) tare da sauran malamai da malamai [[Brahim Boushaki|Brahim.]] (1912-1997). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ولاية بومرداس: وفاة الأمين الولائي لمنظمة المجاهدين رحمون رابح. |url=https://bak-press.dz/site/news/s/https%3A%2F%2Fbak-press.dz%2Fsite%2Fnews%2Fs%2F8725 |website=بـــاك برس }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaouïa of Sidi Boushaki |url=http://wikimapia.org/39601305/Zaou%C3%AFa-of-Sidi-Boushaki |website=wikimapia.org}}</ref> Kisan gillar da aka yi a watan Mayun 1945, a nasu ɓangaren, a ƙarshe, ya tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yi wa dutsen Aljeriya da mazauna karkara cewa tsarin shiga zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi ba zai iya kawar da [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|hakkin farar hula da na siyasa]] ba tun bayan zaɓen shekara ta 1920 a Aljeriya, kuma hakan ya kasance tun lokacin da Mohamed Rahmoune ya haɗe tun yana ƙarami a cikin wani yanayi da kawai ya ga 'yancin kai da makamai suka tarwatsa a hannun tsararrakinsa. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title="Le camp de torture Haouch Goutier, témoin des atrocités de l'occupant" |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/270731 |website=Djazairess |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2021-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206105309/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lnr/270731 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montagne Thala Oufella (Soumâa) de Thénia |url=http://wikimapia.org/31120095/fr/Montagne-Thala-Oufella-Soum%C3%A2a-de-Th%C3%A9nia |website=wikimapia.org}}</ref> Daga cikin 'yan uwansa na kurkusa waɗanda suka zaburar da shi a [[Soumâa]] da kishin ƙasa da kishin ƙasa har da ɗan uwansa [[Yahia Boushaki]] (1935-1960) wanda ya ɗauki nauyinsa kuma ya tallafa masa tun a shekarar 1951 don shirya shi don ɗaukar matakai masu tsauri na tayar da ƙayar baya a kan sojojin Faransa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2016 |title=Si la torture nous était contée .... |url=https://lequotidienalgerie.org/2016/05/10/si-la-torture-nous-etait-contee/ |access-date=30 May 2025 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829150355/http://lequotidienalgerie.org/2016/05/10/si-la-torture-nous-etait-contee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yakin kwatar 'Yanci == Tun bayan bullar [[Yaƙin Aljeriya|juyin juya halin Aljeriya]] a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 14 kacal, ya kasance cikin shiri sosai a siyasance da ta zahiri don shiga cikin mayaka da jajanta wa mayaƙan Aljeriya a kan sojojin maƙiya da nufin kawar da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga ƙasar Aljeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=شهادات مُفجعة عن انتهاكات مروّعة لحقوق الإنسان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/225204 |website=جزايرس |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417085852/https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/225204 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=L'histoire d'une région martyrisée |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/353574 |website=Djazairess |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2021-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206185520/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/353574 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Les camps de tortures à Boumerdès, un autre témoin de la barbarie du colonisateur |url=https://www.aps.dz/regions/96610-les-camps-de-tortures-a-boumerdes-un-autre-temoin-de-la-barbarie-du-colonisateur |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=Aps.dz}}</ref> Amma bayan shirya taron Soummam a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 1956, da tsarin juyin juya hali na ƙasar Aljeriya, an damka matakin ɗaukar makami ga masu haɗa kan Mohamed da ya haura shekaru 16 don tayar da fitina don ci gaba da kai hari kan muradun mulkin mallaka a garuruwa, irin su [[Thénia]] (tsohon Méner 3 kawai)&nbsp;km arewa da ƙauyen sa na [[Soumâa]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=مركز التعذيب "غوتيي"..شاهد على فظاعة الاستعمار |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elmassa/142106 |website=جزايرس |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417085834/https://www.djazairess.com/elmassa/142106 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2016 |title=BOUMERDES: L'histoire de la révolution algérienne revisitée |url=http://dzayer24.com/boumerdes-l-histoire-de-la-revolution-algerienne-revisitee-569dc4c4ac2e4cda2b8b48a2-a |website=DZAYER24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BOUMERDES: L'histoire de la révolution algérienne revisitée |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lqo/5223843 |website=Djazairess |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207040804/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lqo/5223843 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka, ya shiga tare da ɗan uwansa Bouzid Boushaki, wajen dasa bom a ofishin gidan waya a tsakiyar Thénia a shekara ta 1956, da kuma ayyukan zagon ƙasa iri-iri a yankunan noma na 'yan mulkin mallaka da ke kewayen wannan birni mai mahimmanci na layin dogo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 1948 |title=Alger républicain / directeur Pascal Pia |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t584691c |website=Gallica}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 1950 |title=Alger républicain / directeur Pascal Pia |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t585286x |website=Gallica}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-29 |title=معتقل "حوش قوتي" بسوق الحد (بومرداس ) : شاهد على انتهاك المحتل لأدمية الإنسان |url=https://www.aps.dz/ar/regions/49053-2017-10-29-11-05-35 |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=Aps.dz}}</ref> Bayan da ɗan uwansa Djilali Rahmoune ya rasu a matsayin shahidi ([[Shahidi|shahid]]) a fagen girmamawa a shekarar 1957, ya shiga sahun rundunar sojojin 'yantar da ƙasa (ALN) a gunduma ta uku, yankin farko, a wilaya ta huɗu na tarihi, inda ya halarci yakoki da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-15 |title=معتقل الاستنطاق "حوش قوتي" بسوق الحد: تأخر ترحيل القاطنين يرهن تحويله إلى معلم تذكاري |url=https://www.aps.dz/ar/societe/82410-2020-01-15-15-03-56 |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=Aps.dz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=بومرداس : تأخر ترحيل قاطني معتقل "حوش قوتي" يعرقل تحويله لمعلم تذكاري &#124; يومية الاتحاد الجزائرية |url=https://www.elitihadcom.dz/بومرداس-تأخر-ترحيل-قاطني-معتقل-حوش-قو/ |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> == Kurkuku == [[Fayil:Ferme_Gautier.jpg|thumb| Ferme Gauthier]] Bayan shiga wani harin kwantan ɓauna da sojojin Faransa suka yi a shekara ta 1957 a kusa da garin Beni Amrane, an kama Mujahid Rahmoune tare da wasu sojojin da suka tsira don kai su sansanin azabtarwa da cin zarafi na Ferme Gauthier da ke arewacin garin Souk El-Had. <ref>{{Cite web |title=شاهد على بشاعة جرائم الاستعمار في حق المجاهدين والمدنيّين العزل |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/200718 |website=جزايرس |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2021-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105202435/https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/200718 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=نحو تحويل معتقل التعذيب "حوش قوتي" ببلدية سوق الحد إلى معلم تذكاري |url=https://www.djazairess.com/essalam/131831 |website=جزايرس |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205172546/https://www.djazairess.com/essalam/131831 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-10 |title=المساء - مركز التعذيب "غوتيي"..شاهد على فظاعة الاستعمار |url=https://el-massa.com/dz/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8-%C2%AB%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%8A%C2%BB-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1 |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=El-massa.com}}</ref> Daga nan sai aka gana masa azaba ta hanyar wutar lantarki da munanan raunuka yayin da aka binne shi tare da ɗan uwansa Bouzid Boushaki a cikin ramukan rumbun ruwan wannan giyar da masu azabtarwa Scarfo da Mathieu suka mayar da shi sansanin taro da kisan gilla. <ref name="auto1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=مديرية المجاهدين تشرع في تصوير مركز التعذيب "حوش قوتي" بسوق الحد |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/96645 |website=جزايرس |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207082513/https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/96645 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Si la torture nous était contée …. |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lequotidien/34647 |website=Djazairess |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2022-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410131300/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lequotidien/34647 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da yawancin fursunonin da ake tsare da su a wannan mugunyar wurin azabtarwa suka shiga cikin azaba da cin zarafi da aka yi musu, aka boye gawarwakinsu da gawarwakinsu a cikin rijiyoyi ko kuma a jefa su cikin ruwan kogin Isser, an kai Rahmoune bayan wasu makonni na azabtarwa zuwa gidan yari na Serkadji da ke [[Casbah na Algiers]] tare da shugabannin yankin na juyin juya hali don gurfanar da su a gaban kotu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-30 |title=مراكز التعذيب ببومرداس شاهدة على وحشية الاستعمار وانتهاكه لآدمية الإنسان الجزائري |url=https://www.aps.dz/ar/regions/78828-2019-10-30-15-04-30 |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=Aps.dz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-31 |title=المساء - مركز "غوتتيه" لتعذيب المجاهدين.. يشهد على فظاعة الاستعمار |url=https://www.el-massa.com/dz/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1 |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=El-massa.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto4"/> == Guduwa == [[Fayil:Les_six_wilayas_de_l'ALN.(guerre_d'Algérie)_1958.jpg|thumb| A lokacin [[Yaƙin Aljeriya|juyin juya halin Aljeriya]] .]] Rahmoune ya samu nasarar tserewa daga gidan yarin Boghar a shekarar 1959 tare da wasu mayaka mujahidai guda huɗu, kuma hakan ne bayan ya murmure bayan yakin 1957 da kuma nau’ukan azaba da ya sha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-06 |title=وزير المجاهدين يعزي في وفاة المجاهد رابح رحمون |url=https://www.aps.dz/ar/algerie/120842-2022-02-06-15-40-33 |access-date=2022-09-04 |publisher=Aps.dz}}</ref> Bayan ya tsallaka rafin Chahbounia tare da abokansa, sojojin dakarun juyin juya hali na Aljeriya (ALN) suka ɗauke shi zuwa hedikwatar wilaya ta tarihi ta huɗu don ganawa da Kanar M'Hamed Bougarra (1928-1959) wanda ya naɗa Rahmoune a matsayin sakataren soji a yankin farko na wannan wilaya mai tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ولاية بومرداس: وفاة الأمين الولائي لمنظمة المجاهدين رحمون رابح. |url=https://bak-press.dz/site/news/s/8725/https%3A%2F%2Fbak-press.dz%2Fsite%2Fnews%2Fs%2F8725%2F |website=بـــاك برس}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya buƙaci kwamandan juyin juya hali da ya tura shi yankin [[Sour El Ghozlane]] (tsohon Aumale) wanda ya san shi sosai kuma yana da alaka mai karfi a cikin juyin juya hali, inda ya ci gaba da yunkurinsa na kawo cikas ga turawa da sojojin Faransa. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=وزير المجاهدين يعزي في وفاة المجاهد رابح رحمون |url=https://www.djazairess.com/aps/520842 |website=جزايرس |access-date=2025-05-30 |archive-date=2022-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410135533/https://www.djazairess.com/aps/520842 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da yake tafiya a cikin shekarar 1960 zuwa Dutsen Dirrah da ke kallon Sour El Ghozlane don gudanar da ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan soji da yake kitsawa, ya fuskanci arangama kai tsaye da sojojin Faransa na abokan gaba, inda ya ji rauni mai tsanani a gwiwa. <ref name="auto3"/> Wannan rauni na ƙuntatawa ya sa ya yi masa wuya ya motsa a cikin maquis, wanda ya sa sojojin Faransa suka sake kama shi kuma suka mayar da shi zuwa cibiyar azabtarwa (ofishi na biyu) a Sour El Ghozlane. An sake kama Rahmoune a gidan yarin Boghar, kuma nan da nan ya shafe watanni 7 a gidan yarin CMS inda sojojin Faransa suka sha azabtar da shi. Ya kasance a tsare a CMS har zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, 1962, 'yan makonni kafin tsagaita buɗe wuta a ranar 19 ga watan Maris a jajibirin samun 'yancin kai bayan an kammala yarjejeniyar Évian. <ref name="auto2"/> == Mutuwa == Moudjahid Rahmoune ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, 2022, a gidan danginsa a Thénia yana da shekaru 82. <ref name="auto"/> Washegari aka binne shi a makabartar Djebanat El Ghorba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cimetière Musulman El Ghorba de Thénia |url=http://wikimapia.org/16243853/fr/Cimeti%C3%A8re-Musulman-El-Ghorba-de-Th%C3%A9nia |website=wikimapia.org}}</ref> a kudancin [[Thénia]] a wajen ƙauyen [[Soumâa]] a gaban 'yan uwansa da abokansa da kuma tawagar gwamnatin Aljeriya. <ref name="auto2"/> == Duba kuma == * Aljeriya kishin kasa * [[Yaƙin Aljeriya|Yakin 'Yancin Aljeriya]] * National Liberation Front (Algeria) * National Liberation Army (Algeria) * Jerin 'yan Algeria * {{Interlanguage link|Ministry of Mujahideen|fr|Ministère des Moudjahidine}} * {{Interlanguage link|National Mujahideen Organization|fr|Organisation nationale des moudjahidine}} * {{Interlanguage link|National Organization for the Children of the Martyrs|ar|المنظمة الوطنية لأبناء الشهداء}} * {{Interlanguage link|National Organization for the Sons of the Mujahideen|ar|المنظمة الوطنية لأبناء المجاهدين}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pom7mgjpgr2vvlrmdc1yjemxqciytke 0 101163 862312 624296 2026-06-20T18:02:20Z Sirjat 20447 Blanked the page 862312 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 862313 862312 2026-06-20T18:03:43Z Sirjat 20447 862313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> f8quobr63b4s03ny11reax1cyrleuse 862314 862313 2026-06-20T18:04:18Z Sirjat 20447 /* Karancin ruwa */ 862314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] 6jlpipqk65o08dpqb2w1enjos7kb6qu 862315 862314 2026-06-20T18:05:14Z Sirjat 20447 /* Gurbacewar ruwa */ 862315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya haifar da rauni ko cututtuka na ajali da ake dauka ta ruwa, kamar zazzabi, kwalara, zawayi na jini (dysentery), gudawa da sauran su.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF ta ambaci gurbacewar kashi da kuma babban mataki na sinadarin arsenic da fluoride da ke samuwa a dabi'ance a matsayin manyan matsalolin ingancin ruwa guda biyu a duniya. Kimanin kashi 71% na duk wata rashin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin ruwa da tsafta.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> A duk duniya, gurbataccen ruwa yana haifar da mace-macen gudawa guda 4,000 a kowace rana ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Wani yaro yana tsaye kusa da famfon rijiya a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh. Yawancin irin wadannan rijiyoyi suna da yawan sinadarin arsenic a dabi'ance.]] Duk da haka, gibi a cikin tace ruwan datti (yawan ruwan datti da ke bukatar tace shi ya fi yawan wanda ake tace shi a zahiri) yana wakiltar mafi girman gudunmawa ga gurbacewar ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. A mafi yawan kasashen da ke tasowa, yawancin ruwan datti da aka tara ana dawo da shi zuwa ruwan saman kasa kai-tsaye ba tare da tace shi ba, wanda ke rage ingancin ruwan.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| date=March 2004 |url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf}}</ref> A kasar China, kashi 38% ne kawai na ruwan datti na birane ake tace shi, kuma kodayake kashi 91% na ruwan datti na masana'antu na kasar China ake tace shi, har yanzu yana fitar da guba mai yawa zuwa cikin madogaran ruwa.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref> Adadin tacewar ruwan datti da za a iya yi kuma yana iya fuskantar cikas saboda hanyoyin sadarwa na bututu da ake bukata don kai ruwan datti zuwa matatun tacewa. An kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na wuraren tace ruwan datti na kasar China ba a amfani da su yadda ya kamata saboda karancin hanyoyin sadarwar bututu na tarawa da jigilar ruwan datti. A birnin São Paulo, na kasar Brazil, rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsafta yana haifar da gurbacewar mafi yawan madogaran ruwansa kuma yana tilasta wa birnin shigo da sama da kashi 50% na ruwansa daga wajen kwarukan ruwa na kusa. Gurbataccen ruwa yana kara tsadar ayyukan yau da kullum na kasa mai tasowa, domin ruwa mai karancin inganci ya fi tsada wajen tace shi. A kasar Brazil, gurbataccen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Guarapiranga yana cin dala $0.43 a kowace m³ don tace shi zuwa inganci mai kyau, idan aka kwanta da dala $0.10 kacal a kowace m³ ga ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Cantareira.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Tsaron ruwa === == Gudanar da amincin ruwa == Don magance karancin ruwa, kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan kara wadatar ruwa mai dadi, rage bukatarsa, da kuma ba da damar sake amfani da shi da juyawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref> trm3rfg94nf21gttpbnhq03lrgquoiq 862316 862315 2026-06-20T18:06:18Z Sirjat 20447 /* Gudanar da amincin ruwa */ 862316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya haifar da rauni ko cututtuka na ajali da ake dauka ta ruwa, kamar zazzabi, kwalara, zawayi na jini (dysentery), gudawa da sauran su.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF ta ambaci gurbacewar kashi da kuma babban mataki na sinadarin arsenic da fluoride da ke samuwa a dabi'ance a matsayin manyan matsalolin ingancin ruwa guda biyu a duniya. Kimanin kashi 71% na duk wata rashin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin ruwa da tsafta.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> A duk duniya, gurbataccen ruwa yana haifar da mace-macen gudawa guda 4,000 a kowace rana ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Wani yaro yana tsaye kusa da famfon rijiya a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh. Yawancin irin wadannan rijiyoyi suna da yawan sinadarin arsenic a dabi'ance.]] Duk da haka, gibi a cikin tace ruwan datti (yawan ruwan datti da ke bukatar tace shi ya fi yawan wanda ake tace shi a zahiri) yana wakiltar mafi girman gudunmawa ga gurbacewar ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. A mafi yawan kasashen da ke tasowa, yawancin ruwan datti da aka tara ana dawo da shi zuwa ruwan saman kasa kai-tsaye ba tare da tace shi ba, wanda ke rage ingancin ruwan.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| date=March 2004 |url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf}}</ref> A kasar China, kashi 38% ne kawai na ruwan datti na birane ake tace shi, kuma kodayake kashi 91% na ruwan datti na masana'antu na kasar China ake tace shi, har yanzu yana fitar da guba mai yawa zuwa cikin madogaran ruwa.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref> Adadin tacewar ruwan datti da za a iya yi kuma yana iya fuskantar cikas saboda hanyoyin sadarwa na bututu da ake bukata don kai ruwan datti zuwa matatun tacewa. An kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na wuraren tace ruwan datti na kasar China ba a amfani da su yadda ya kamata saboda karancin hanyoyin sadarwar bututu na tarawa da jigilar ruwan datti. A birnin São Paulo, na kasar Brazil, rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsafta yana haifar da gurbacewar mafi yawan madogaran ruwansa kuma yana tilasta wa birnin shigo da sama da kashi 50% na ruwansa daga wajen kwarukan ruwa na kusa. Gurbataccen ruwa yana kara tsadar ayyukan yau da kullum na kasa mai tasowa, domin ruwa mai karancin inganci ya fi tsada wajen tace shi. A kasar Brazil, gurbataccen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Guarapiranga yana cin dala $0.43 a kowace m³ don tace shi zuwa inganci mai kyau, idan aka kwanta da dala $0.10 kacal a kowace m³ ga ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Cantareira.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Tsaron ruwa === == Gudanar da amincin ruwa == Don magance karancin ruwa, kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan kara wadatar ruwa mai dadi, rage bukatarsa, da kuma ba da damar sake amfani da shi da juyawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref> === Tsare-tsaren tsabtataccen ruwa === A cewar WHO, samun dama akai-akai ga samar da ruwan sha mai aminci ana iya samun sa ta hanyar kafa tsarin WSPs, ko Tsare-tsaren Amincin Ruwa, wadanda ke kayyade ingancin samar da ruwa don tabbatar da cewa suna da aminci don sha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Water safety planning|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831031500/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=29 November 2020|website=WHO}}</ref> Littafin Jagoran Shirin Amincin Ruwa, wanda WHO da Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa da Kasa suka buga a shekarar 2009, yana ba da jagoranci ga kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa (ko makamantan hukumomi) yayin da suke bunkasa WSPs. Wannan littafi yana ba da bayanai don taimakawa kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa su tantance tsarin ruwansu, bunkasa tsarin sanya idanu da dabarun aiki, gudanar da tsare-tsarensu, gudanar da nazari na lokaci-lokaci kan WSP, da kuma duba WSPs biyo bayan afkuwar wasu lamamura. Littafin WSP kuma ya hada da binciken yanayi guda uku da aka zana daga shirin WSP a kasashe/yankuna guda uku.<ref name="WHO & IWA WSP Manual">{{cite web|title=Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization and International Water Association|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> === Madogara daban === Yin amfani da ruwan datti daga wani tsari don amfani da shi a wani tsarin daban inda ruwa mai karancin inganci ke da amfani, wata hanya ce ta rage yawan gurbacewar ruwan datti sannan kuma a lokaci guda ana kara samar da ruwa. Dabarun sake juyawa da amfani na iya hadawa da sake amfani da kuma tace ruwan datti daga ruwan datti na masana'antu ko ruwan ayyuka da aka tace (daga hakar gwal) don amfani da shi a ayyuka masu bukatar karancin inganci. Haka kuma, ana iya sake amfani da ruwan datti a gine-ginen kasuwanci (misali a ban dakuna) ko don ayyukan masana'antu (misali don sanyaya injinan masana'antu).<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Rage gurbacewar ruwa === Duk da bayyanannun fa'idojin inganta madogaran ruwa (wani bincike na WHO ya nuna yuwuwar samun fa'idar tattalin arziki na dala $3-34 na kowane dala $1 na Amurka da aka zuba jari), tallafi don inganta ruwa ya ragu daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2008 kuma gaba daya bai kai abin da ake bukata don cimma burin MDG ba. Baya ga kara hanyoyin samar da kudi ga ingancin ruwa, tsare-tsaren ci gaba da dama suna jaddada mahimmancin inganta manufofi, kasuwa da tsarin gudanarwa don aiwatarwa, sanya idanu da tilasta inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref name="GLAAS2010">{{cite book|title=GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization, UN-Water|isbn=978-92-4-159935-1}}</ref> Rage yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga duka kafofin da aka sani (point sources) da wadanda ba a sani ba (non-point sources) yana wakiltar hanya ta kai-tsaye don tunkarar tushen kalubalen ingancin ruwa. Rage gurbacewa yana wakiltar hanya mafi inganci da rahusa don inganta ingancin ruwa, idan aka kwanta da tsadar gyare-gyare masu yawa na tace ruwan datti.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries" /> Matakan manufofi daban-daban da tsarin ababen more rayuwa na iya taimakawa wajen takaita gurbacewar ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Wadannan sun hada da:<ref name="World Water Week_ Islam">{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Mohammmed Nasimul |date=8 September 2010 |title=Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries |url=http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2010/wednesday/T3/1_AM_MN_Islam.pdf |journal=International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref> # Inganta gudanarwa, tilastawa da tsara ka'idoji don fara tace sharar gida na masana'antu da aikin noma, gami da sanya tara na gurbacewa # Manufofin rage kwararar ruwan noma ko tallafi don inganta inganci da rage adadin da ake bukata na kayayyakin noma masu gurbata ruwa (misali takin zamani) # Kayyade janyen ruwa yayin lokutan karancin kwarara don takaita yawan abubuwan gurbatawa # Shugabanci na siyasa mai karfi da daidaito kan ruwa # Tsara tsarin filaye (misali gina masana'antu a wajen birni) 736l1sxyze23c8iwp1xobe8ebebcuxx 862317 862316 2026-06-20T18:06:41Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rage gurbacewar ruwa */ 862317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya haifar da rauni ko cututtuka na ajali da ake dauka ta ruwa, kamar zazzabi, kwalara, zawayi na jini (dysentery), gudawa da sauran su.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF ta ambaci gurbacewar kashi da kuma babban mataki na sinadarin arsenic da fluoride da ke samuwa a dabi'ance a matsayin manyan matsalolin ingancin ruwa guda biyu a duniya. Kimanin kashi 71% na duk wata rashin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin ruwa da tsafta.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> A duk duniya, gurbataccen ruwa yana haifar da mace-macen gudawa guda 4,000 a kowace rana ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Wani yaro yana tsaye kusa da famfon rijiya a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh. Yawancin irin wadannan rijiyoyi suna da yawan sinadarin arsenic a dabi'ance.]] Duk da haka, gibi a cikin tace ruwan datti (yawan ruwan datti da ke bukatar tace shi ya fi yawan wanda ake tace shi a zahiri) yana wakiltar mafi girman gudunmawa ga gurbacewar ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. A mafi yawan kasashen da ke tasowa, yawancin ruwan datti da aka tara ana dawo da shi zuwa ruwan saman kasa kai-tsaye ba tare da tace shi ba, wanda ke rage ingancin ruwan.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| date=March 2004 |url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf}}</ref> A kasar China, kashi 38% ne kawai na ruwan datti na birane ake tace shi, kuma kodayake kashi 91% na ruwan datti na masana'antu na kasar China ake tace shi, har yanzu yana fitar da guba mai yawa zuwa cikin madogaran ruwa.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref> Adadin tacewar ruwan datti da za a iya yi kuma yana iya fuskantar cikas saboda hanyoyin sadarwa na bututu da ake bukata don kai ruwan datti zuwa matatun tacewa. An kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na wuraren tace ruwan datti na kasar China ba a amfani da su yadda ya kamata saboda karancin hanyoyin sadarwar bututu na tarawa da jigilar ruwan datti. A birnin São Paulo, na kasar Brazil, rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsafta yana haifar da gurbacewar mafi yawan madogaran ruwansa kuma yana tilasta wa birnin shigo da sama da kashi 50% na ruwansa daga wajen kwarukan ruwa na kusa. Gurbataccen ruwa yana kara tsadar ayyukan yau da kullum na kasa mai tasowa, domin ruwa mai karancin inganci ya fi tsada wajen tace shi. A kasar Brazil, gurbataccen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Guarapiranga yana cin dala $0.43 a kowace m³ don tace shi zuwa inganci mai kyau, idan aka kwanta da dala $0.10 kacal a kowace m³ ga ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Cantareira.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Tsaron ruwa === == Gudanar da amincin ruwa == Don magance karancin ruwa, kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan kara wadatar ruwa mai dadi, rage bukatarsa, da kuma ba da damar sake amfani da shi da juyawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref> === Tsare-tsaren tsabtataccen ruwa === A cewar WHO, samun dama akai-akai ga samar da ruwan sha mai aminci ana iya samun sa ta hanyar kafa tsarin WSPs, ko Tsare-tsaren Amincin Ruwa, wadanda ke kayyade ingancin samar da ruwa don tabbatar da cewa suna da aminci don sha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Water safety planning|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831031500/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=29 November 2020|website=WHO}}</ref> Littafin Jagoran Shirin Amincin Ruwa, wanda WHO da Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa da Kasa suka buga a shekarar 2009, yana ba da jagoranci ga kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa (ko makamantan hukumomi) yayin da suke bunkasa WSPs. Wannan littafi yana ba da bayanai don taimakawa kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa su tantance tsarin ruwansu, bunkasa tsarin sanya idanu da dabarun aiki, gudanar da tsare-tsarensu, gudanar da nazari na lokaci-lokaci kan WSP, da kuma duba WSPs biyo bayan afkuwar wasu lamamura. Littafin WSP kuma ya hada da binciken yanayi guda uku da aka zana daga shirin WSP a kasashe/yankuna guda uku.<ref name="WHO & IWA WSP Manual">{{cite web|title=Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization and International Water Association|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> === Madogara daban === Yin amfani da ruwan datti daga wani tsari don amfani da shi a wani tsarin daban inda ruwa mai karancin inganci ke da amfani, wata hanya ce ta rage yawan gurbacewar ruwan datti sannan kuma a lokaci guda ana kara samar da ruwa. Dabarun sake juyawa da amfani na iya hadawa da sake amfani da kuma tace ruwan datti daga ruwan datti na masana'antu ko ruwan ayyuka da aka tace (daga hakar gwal) don amfani da shi a ayyuka masu bukatar karancin inganci. Haka kuma, ana iya sake amfani da ruwan datti a gine-ginen kasuwanci (misali a ban dakuna) ko don ayyukan masana'antu (misali don sanyaya injinan masana'antu).<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Rage gurbacewar ruwa === Duk da bayyanannun fa'idojin inganta madogaran ruwa (wani bincike na WHO ya nuna yuwuwar samun fa'idar tattalin arziki na dala $3-34 na kowane dala $1 na Amurka da aka zuba jari), tallafi don inganta ruwa ya ragu daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2008 kuma gaba daya bai kai abin da ake bukata don cimma burin MDG ba. Baya ga kara hanyoyin samar da kudi ga ingancin ruwa, tsare-tsaren ci gaba da dama suna jaddada mahimmancin inganta manufofi, kasuwa da tsarin gudanarwa don aiwatarwa, sanya idanu da tilasta inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref name="GLAAS2010">{{cite book|title=GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization, UN-Water|isbn=978-92-4-159935-1}}</ref> Rage yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga duka kafofin da aka sani (point sources) da wadanda ba a sani ba (non-point sources) yana wakiltar hanya ta kai-tsaye don tunkarar tushen kalubalen ingancin ruwa. Rage gurbacewa yana wakiltar hanya mafi inganci da rahusa don inganta ingancin ruwa, idan aka kwanta da tsadar gyare-gyare masu yawa na tace ruwan datti.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries" /> Matakan manufofi daban-daban da tsarin ababen more rayuwa na iya taimakawa wajen takaita gurbacewar ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Wadannan sun hada da:<ref name="World Water Week_ Islam">{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Mohammmed Nasimul |date=8 September 2010 |title=Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries |url=http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2010/wednesday/T3/1_AM_MN_Islam.pdf |journal=International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref> # Inganta gudanarwa, tilastawa da tsara ka'idoji don fara tace sharar gida na masana'antu da aikin noma, gami da sanya tara na gurbacewa # Manufofin rage kwararar ruwan noma ko tallafi don inganta inganci da rage adadin da ake bukata na kayayyakin noma masu gurbata ruwa (misali takin zamani) # Kayyade janyen ruwa yayin lokutan karancin kwarara don takaita yawan abubuwan gurbatawa # Shugabanci na siyasa mai karfi da daidaito kan ruwa # Tsara tsarin filaye (misali gina masana'antu a wajen birni) == Tace ruwa == Fasahar tace ruwa na iya canza ruwan da ba mai dadi ba zuwa mai dadi ta hanyar cire abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":13" /> Yawancin gurbacewar ruwa na fili sun hada da kwayoyin halitta, karafa, sinadaran acid, laka, sinadarai, shara, da abinci na gina jiki. Ana iya tace ruwa kuma a tsarkake shi zuwa ruwa mai dadi mai dauke da takaitattun abubuwa ko kuma babu su baki daya ta hanyar wasu tsari daban-daban.<ref name=":02" /> Tsarin da ke cikin cire abubuwan gurbatawa sun hada da tsarin fili kamar kwantar da laka (settling) da tacewa (filtration), tsarin sinadarai kamar kasha kwayoyin cuta (disinfection) da daskarewa (coagulation), da tsarin halitta kamar tace ruwa ta hanyar yashi mai tafiya a hankali (slow sand filtration). Akwai sabbin dabarun kirkire-kirkire daban-daban don tace ruwa yadda ya kamata a daidai wurin amfani da shi (point of use) don amfanin bil'adama. Bincike ya nuna cewa tace ruwa a daidai wuraren amfani yana rage mace-macen yara sakamakon gudawa da kashi 29%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|articl c6f103h1chhqn7hc80p4m2f6pzq5ck1 862318 862317 2026-06-20T18:07:22Z Sirjat 20447 862318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya haifar da rauni ko cututtuka na ajali da ake dauka ta ruwa, kamar zazzabi, kwalara, zawayi na jini (dysentery), gudawa da sauran su.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF ta ambaci gurbacewar kashi da kuma babban mataki na sinadarin arsenic da fluoride da ke samuwa a dabi'ance a matsayin manyan matsalolin ingancin ruwa guda biyu a duniya. Kimanin kashi 71% na duk wata rashin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin ruwa da tsafta.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> A duk duniya, gurbataccen ruwa yana haifar da mace-macen gudawa guda 4,000 a kowace rana ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Wani yaro yana tsaye kusa da famfon rijiya a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh. Yawancin irin wadannan rijiyoyi suna da yawan sinadarin arsenic a dabi'ance.]] Duk da haka, gibi a cikin tace ruwan datti (yawan ruwan datti da ke bukatar tace shi ya fi yawan wanda ake tace shi a zahiri) yana wakiltar mafi girman gudunmawa ga gurbacewar ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. A mafi yawan kasashen da ke tasowa, yawancin ruwan datti da aka tara ana dawo da shi zuwa ruwan saman kasa kai-tsaye ba tare da tace shi ba, wanda ke rage ingancin ruwan.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| date=March 2004 |url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf}}</ref> A kasar China, kashi 38% ne kawai na ruwan datti na birane ake tace shi, kuma kodayake kashi 91% na ruwan datti na masana'antu na kasar China ake tace shi, har yanzu yana fitar da guba mai yawa zuwa cikin madogaran ruwa.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref> Adadin tacewar ruwan datti da za a iya yi kuma yana iya fuskantar cikas saboda hanyoyin sadarwa na bututu da ake bukata don kai ruwan datti zuwa matatun tacewa. An kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na wuraren tace ruwan datti na kasar China ba a amfani da su yadda ya kamata saboda karancin hanyoyin sadarwar bututu na tarawa da jigilar ruwan datti. A birnin São Paulo, na kasar Brazil, rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsafta yana haifar da gurbacewar mafi yawan madogaran ruwansa kuma yana tilasta wa birnin shigo da sama da kashi 50% na ruwansa daga wajen kwarukan ruwa na kusa. Gurbataccen ruwa yana kara tsadar ayyukan yau da kullum na kasa mai tasowa, domin ruwa mai karancin inganci ya fi tsada wajen tace shi. A kasar Brazil, gurbataccen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Guarapiranga yana cin dala $0.43 a kowace m³ don tace shi zuwa inganci mai kyau, idan aka kwanta da dala $0.10 kacal a kowace m³ ga ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Cantareira.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Tsaron ruwa === == Gudanar da amincin ruwa == Don magance karancin ruwa, kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan kara wadatar ruwa mai dadi, rage bukatarsa, da kuma ba da damar sake amfani da shi da juyawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref> === Tsare-tsaren tsabtataccen ruwa === A cewar WHO, samun dama akai-akai ga samar da ruwan sha mai aminci ana iya samun sa ta hanyar kafa tsarin WSPs, ko Tsare-tsaren Amincin Ruwa, wadanda ke kayyade ingancin samar da ruwa don tabbatar da cewa suna da aminci don sha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Water safety planning|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831031500/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=29 November 2020|website=WHO}}</ref> Littafin Jagoran Shirin Amincin Ruwa, wanda WHO da Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa da Kasa suka buga a shekarar 2009, yana ba da jagoranci ga kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa (ko makamantan hukumomi) yayin da suke bunkasa WSPs. Wannan littafi yana ba da bayanai don taimakawa kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa su tantance tsarin ruwansu, bunkasa tsarin sanya idanu da dabarun aiki, gudanar da tsare-tsarensu, gudanar da nazari na lokaci-lokaci kan WSP, da kuma duba WSPs biyo bayan afkuwar wasu lamamura. Littafin WSP kuma ya hada da binciken yanayi guda uku da aka zana daga shirin WSP a kasashe/yankuna guda uku.<ref name="WHO & IWA WSP Manual">{{cite web|title=Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization and International Water Association|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> === Madogara daban === Yin amfani da ruwan datti daga wani tsari don amfani da shi a wani tsarin daban inda ruwa mai karancin inganci ke da amfani, wata hanya ce ta rage yawan gurbacewar ruwan datti sannan kuma a lokaci guda ana kara samar da ruwa. Dabarun sake juyawa da amfani na iya hadawa da sake amfani da kuma tace ruwan datti daga ruwan datti na masana'antu ko ruwan ayyuka da aka tace (daga hakar gwal) don amfani da shi a ayyuka masu bukatar karancin inganci. Haka kuma, ana iya sake amfani da ruwan datti a gine-ginen kasuwanci (misali a ban dakuna) ko don ayyukan masana'antu (misali don sanyaya injinan masana'antu).<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Rage gurbacewar ruwa === Duk da bayyanannun fa'idojin inganta madogaran ruwa (wani bincike na WHO ya nuna yuwuwar samun fa'idar tattalin arziki na dala $3-34 na kowane dala $1 na Amurka da aka zuba jari), tallafi don inganta ruwa ya ragu daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2008 kuma gaba daya bai kai abin da ake bukata don cimma burin MDG ba. Baya ga kara hanyoyin samar da kudi ga ingancin ruwa, tsare-tsaren ci gaba da dama suna jaddada mahimmancin inganta manufofi, kasuwa da tsarin gudanarwa don aiwatarwa, sanya idanu da tilasta inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref name="GLAAS2010">{{cite book|title=GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization, UN-Water|isbn=978-92-4-159935-1}}</ref> Rage yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga duka kafofin da aka sani (point sources) da wadanda ba a sani ba (non-point sources) yana wakiltar hanya ta kai-tsaye don tunkarar tushen kalubalen ingancin ruwa. Rage gurbacewa yana wakiltar hanya mafi inganci da rahusa don inganta ingancin ruwa, idan aka kwanta da tsadar gyare-gyare masu yawa na tace ruwan datti.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries" /> Matakan manufofi daban-daban da tsarin ababen more rayuwa na iya taimakawa wajen takaita gurbacewar ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Wadannan sun hada da:<ref name="World Water Week_ Islam">{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Mohammmed Nasimul |date=8 September 2010 |title=Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries |url=http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2010/wednesday/T3/1_AM_MN_Islam.pdf |journal=International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref> # Inganta gudanarwa, tilastawa da tsara ka'idoji don fara tace sharar gida na masana'antu da aikin noma, gami da sanya tara na gurbacewa # Manufofin rage kwararar ruwan noma ko tallafi don inganta inganci da rage adadin da ake bukata na kayayyakin noma masu gurbata ruwa (misali takin zamani) # Kayyade janyen ruwa yayin lokutan karancin kwarara don takaita yawan abubuwan gurbatawa # Shugabanci na siyasa mai karfi da daidaito kan ruwa # Tsara tsarin filaye (misali gina masana'antu a wajen birni) == Tace ruwa == Fasahar tace ruwa na iya canza ruwan da ba mai dadi ba zuwa mai dadi ta hanyar cire abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":13" /> Yawancin gurbacewar ruwa na fili sun hada da kwayoyin halitta, karafa, sinadaran acid, laka, sinadarai, shara, da abinci na gina jiki. Ana iya tace ruwa kuma a tsarkake shi zuwa ruwa mai dadi mai dauke da takaitattun abubuwa ko kuma babu su baki daya ta hanyar wasu tsari daban-daban.<ref name=":02" /> Tsarin da ke cikin cire abubuwan gurbatawa sun hada da tsarin fili kamar kwantar da laka (settling) da tacewa (filtration), tsarin sinadarai kamar kasha kwayoyin cuta (disinfection) da daskarewa (coagulation), da tsarin halitta kamar tace ruwa ta hanyar yashi mai tafiya a hankali (slow sand filtration). Akwai sabbin dabarun kirkire-kirkire daban-daban don tace ruwa yadda ya kamata a daidai wurin amfani da shi (point of use) don amfanin bil'adama. Bincike ya nuna cewa tace ruwa a daidai wuraren amfani yana rage mace-macen yara sakamakon gudawa da kashi 29%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|articl 42gikmuvu417nxkzg1fmai50jawrtxt 862320 862318 2026-06-20T18:10:16Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tace ruwa */ 862320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya haifar da rauni ko cututtuka na ajali da ake dauka ta ruwa, kamar zazzabi, kwalara, zawayi na jini (dysentery), gudawa da sauran su.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF ta ambaci gurbacewar kashi da kuma babban mataki na sinadarin arsenic da fluoride da ke samuwa a dabi'ance a matsayin manyan matsalolin ingancin ruwa guda biyu a duniya. Kimanin kashi 71% na duk wata rashin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin ruwa da tsafta.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> A duk duniya, gurbataccen ruwa yana haifar da mace-macen gudawa guda 4,000 a kowace rana ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Wani yaro yana tsaye kusa da famfon rijiya a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh. Yawancin irin wadannan rijiyoyi suna da yawan sinadarin arsenic a dabi'ance.]] Duk da haka, gibi a cikin tace ruwan datti (yawan ruwan datti da ke bukatar tace shi ya fi yawan wanda ake tace shi a zahiri) yana wakiltar mafi girman gudunmawa ga gurbacewar ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. A mafi yawan kasashen da ke tasowa, yawancin ruwan datti da aka tara ana dawo da shi zuwa ruwan saman kasa kai-tsaye ba tare da tace shi ba, wanda ke rage ingancin ruwan.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| date=March 2004 |url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf}}</ref> A kasar China, kashi 38% ne kawai na ruwan datti na birane ake tace shi, kuma kodayake kashi 91% na ruwan datti na masana'antu na kasar China ake tace shi, har yanzu yana fitar da guba mai yawa zuwa cikin madogaran ruwa.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref> Adadin tacewar ruwan datti da za a iya yi kuma yana iya fuskantar cikas saboda hanyoyin sadarwa na bututu da ake bukata don kai ruwan datti zuwa matatun tacewa. An kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na wuraren tace ruwan datti na kasar China ba a amfani da su yadda ya kamata saboda karancin hanyoyin sadarwar bututu na tarawa da jigilar ruwan datti. A birnin São Paulo, na kasar Brazil, rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsafta yana haifar da gurbacewar mafi yawan madogaran ruwansa kuma yana tilasta wa birnin shigo da sama da kashi 50% na ruwansa daga wajen kwarukan ruwa na kusa. Gurbataccen ruwa yana kara tsadar ayyukan yau da kullum na kasa mai tasowa, domin ruwa mai karancin inganci ya fi tsada wajen tace shi. A kasar Brazil, gurbataccen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Guarapiranga yana cin dala $0.43 a kowace m³ don tace shi zuwa inganci mai kyau, idan aka kwanta da dala $0.10 kacal a kowace m³ ga ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Cantareira.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Tsaron ruwa === == Gudanar da amincin ruwa == Don magance karancin ruwa, kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan kara wadatar ruwa mai dadi, rage bukatarsa, da kuma ba da damar sake amfani da shi da juyawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref> === Tsare-tsaren tsabtataccen ruwa === A cewar WHO, samun dama akai-akai ga samar da ruwan sha mai aminci ana iya samun sa ta hanyar kafa tsarin WSPs, ko Tsare-tsaren Amincin Ruwa, wadanda ke kayyade ingancin samar da ruwa don tabbatar da cewa suna da aminci don sha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Water safety planning|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831031500/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=29 November 2020|website=WHO}}</ref> Littafin Jagoran Shirin Amincin Ruwa, wanda WHO da Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa da Kasa suka buga a shekarar 2009, yana ba da jagoranci ga kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa (ko makamantan hukumomi) yayin da suke bunkasa WSPs. Wannan littafi yana ba da bayanai don taimakawa kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa su tantance tsarin ruwansu, bunkasa tsarin sanya idanu da dabarun aiki, gudanar da tsare-tsarensu, gudanar da nazari na lokaci-lokaci kan WSP, da kuma duba WSPs biyo bayan afkuwar wasu lamamura. Littafin WSP kuma ya hada da binciken yanayi guda uku da aka zana daga shirin WSP a kasashe/yankuna guda uku.<ref name="WHO & IWA WSP Manual">{{cite web|title=Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization and International Water Association|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> === Madogara daban === Yin amfani da ruwan datti daga wani tsari don amfani da shi a wani tsarin daban inda ruwa mai karancin inganci ke da amfani, wata hanya ce ta rage yawan gurbacewar ruwan datti sannan kuma a lokaci guda ana kara samar da ruwa. Dabarun sake juyawa da amfani na iya hadawa da sake amfani da kuma tace ruwan datti daga ruwan datti na masana'antu ko ruwan ayyuka da aka tace (daga hakar gwal) don amfani da shi a ayyuka masu bukatar karancin inganci. Haka kuma, ana iya sake amfani da ruwan datti a gine-ginen kasuwanci (misali a ban dakuna) ko don ayyukan masana'antu (misali don sanyaya injinan masana'antu).<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Rage gurbacewar ruwa === Duk da bayyanannun fa'idojin inganta madogaran ruwa (wani bincike na WHO ya nuna yuwuwar samun fa'idar tattalin arziki na dala $3-34 na kowane dala $1 na Amurka da aka zuba jari), tallafi don inganta ruwa ya ragu daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2008 kuma gaba daya bai kai abin da ake bukata don cimma burin MDG ba. Baya ga kara hanyoyin samar da kudi ga ingancin ruwa, tsare-tsaren ci gaba da dama suna jaddada mahimmancin inganta manufofi, kasuwa da tsarin gudanarwa don aiwatarwa, sanya idanu da tilasta inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref name="GLAAS2010">{{cite book|title=GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization, UN-Water|isbn=978-92-4-159935-1}}</ref> Rage yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga duka kafofin da aka sani (point sources) da wadanda ba a sani ba (non-point sources) yana wakiltar hanya ta kai-tsaye don tunkarar tushen kalubalen ingancin ruwa. Rage gurbacewa yana wakiltar hanya mafi inganci da rahusa don inganta ingancin ruwa, idan aka kwanta da tsadar gyare-gyare masu yawa na tace ruwan datti.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries" /> Matakan manufofi daban-daban da tsarin ababen more rayuwa na iya taimakawa wajen takaita gurbacewar ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Wadannan sun hada da:<ref name="World Water Week_ Islam">{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Mohammmed Nasimul |date=8 September 2010 |title=Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries |url=http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2010/wednesday/T3/1_AM_MN_Islam.pdf |journal=International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref> # Inganta gudanarwa, tilastawa da tsara ka'idoji don fara tace sharar gida na masana'antu da aikin noma, gami da sanya tara na gurbacewa # Manufofin rage kwararar ruwan noma ko tallafi don inganta inganci da rage adadin da ake bukata na kayayyakin noma masu gurbata ruwa (misali takin zamani) # Kayyade janyen ruwa yayin lokutan karancin kwarara don takaita yawan abubuwan gurbatawa # Shugabanci na siyasa mai karfi da daidaito kan ruwa # Tsara tsarin filaye (misali gina masana'antu a wajen birni) == Tace ruwa == Fasahar tace ruwa na iya canza ruwan da ba mai dadi ba zuwa mai dadi ta hanyar cire abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":13" /> Yawancin gurbacewar ruwa na fili sun hada da kwayoyin halitta, karafa, sinadaran acid, laka, sinadarai, shara, da abinci na gina jiki. Ana iya tace ruwa kuma a tsarkake shi zuwa ruwa mai dadi mai dauke da takaitattun abubuwa ko kuma babu su baki daya ta hynar wasu tsari daban-daban.<ref name=":02" /> Tsarin da ke cikin cire abubuwan gurbatawa sun hada da tsarin fili kamar kwantar da laka (settling) da tacewa (filtration), tsarin sinadarai kamar kashe kwayoyin cuta (disinfection) da daskarewa (coagulation), da tsarin halitta kamar tace ruwa ta hanyar yashi mai tafiya a hankali (slow sand filtration).{{cn|date=April 2023}} Akwai sabbin dabarun kirkire-kirkire daban-daban don tace ruwa yadda ya kamata a daidai wurin amfani da shi (point of use) don amfanin bil'adama. Bincike ya nuna cewa tace ruwa a daidai wuraren amfani yana rage mace-macen yara sakamakon gudawa da kashi 29%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref> Tace ruwa a gida shi ma wani bangare ne na Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da nufin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da kuma hada tsarin magudanun ruwa a gidaje. Kodayake Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tantance wadannan shisshigi, kalubale daban-daban na iya rage ingancin hanyoyin tace ruwa a gida, kamar karancin ilimi, karancin sadaukarwa ga gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da kulawa, ko kuma rashin samun ayyukan gyare-gyare na gida ko kayan gyara. Fasahar yanzu ta tace ruwa a daidai wurin amfani da kuma matakin kananan tsari sun hada da: * NaDCC, sodium dichloroisocyanurate * Tafasasshen ruwa * Tace ruwa ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana (SODIS) * Sinadarin chlorine == Shirye-shiryen duniya == === Shirin Ruwa da Makamashi na Tsakiyar Asiya === Shirin Ruwa da Makamashi na Tsakiyar Asiya (CAWEP) wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Switzerland da Burtaniya ke daukar nauyinsa don tsara gwamnatocin Tsakiyar Asiya a kan gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gama gari ta hanyar kungiyoyin shiyya, kamar Asusun Kasa da Kasa na Ceton Tekun Aral (IFAS). Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwa guda uku: tsaron ruwa, tsaron makamashi da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin makamashi da ruwa. Yana da nufin inganta tattaunawa mai kyau tsakanin kasashen Tsakiyar Asiya don cimma burin shiyya, wato tsaron ruwa da makamashi. Don tabbatar da burinsu, shirin yana aiki kafada-da-kafada da gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula da na kasa.<ref name="cawep water & energy program">{{cite web|title=Central Asia Water & Energy Program|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/brief/cawep|website=World Bank}}</ref> Kwanan nan, shirin ya taimaka wajen shirya Gasar Kalubalen Fasaha ta Duniya (The Global Disruptive Tech Challenge): Maido da Filaye a Shiyyar Tekun Aral. An kirkiri wannan gasa ne don karfafa gwiwar kwararru wajen kawo sauye-sauyen mafita ga lalacewar kasa da kwararar hamada a Shiyyar Tekun Aral, wanda a da can ya kasance gida ga daya daga cikin mafi girman tabkuna a duniya amma tun daga lokacin ya kusa bacewa baki daya. An sami wasu ayyukan da suka yi nasara wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan aikin noma da gudanar da filaye, dorewar gandun daji, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma fadada ilimin mutane a duniya da kuma samun damar yin amfani da bayanai kan batun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovative Restoration Plans for Aral Sea Region Announced at Global Disruptive Tech Challenge 2021|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/09/innovative-restoration-plans-for-aral-sea-region-announced-at-global-disruptive-tech-challenge-2021|access-date=2 May 2021|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa === Da nufin cimma Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 6, an kafa dandalin Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a matsayin dandalin hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula, fannin masu zaman kansu, hukumomin MDD, cibiyoyin bincike da koyo, da kuma al'ummar masu taimako. SWA tana karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya da su ba da fifiko ga ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye tsaftar jiki tare da tabbatar da isassun kudade da gina ingantattun tsarin shugabanci.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=About us|url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/about/about-us|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)|language=en}}</ref> Don tabbatar da cewa wadannan abubuwan da aka ba wa fifiko sun dore, SWA tana gudanar da "Tarurruka na Mataki na Koli"<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Level Meetings|url=https://www.endwaterpoverty.org/swa/high-level-meetings|access-date=2 May 2021|website=End Water Poverty|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda abokan tarayya ke tattaunawa kan ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan, auna ci gaba, da kuma ci gaba da tattaunawa kan mahimmancin Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6. pwpmf3c7ov96fvv1l8gllqwewfecxqa 862321 862320 2026-06-20T18:10:38Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa */ 862321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya haifar da rauni ko cututtuka na ajali da ake dauka ta ruwa, kamar zazzabi, kwalara, zawayi na jini (dysentery), gudawa da sauran su.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF ta ambaci gurbacewar kashi da kuma babban mataki na sinadarin arsenic da fluoride da ke samuwa a dabi'ance a matsayin manyan matsalolin ingancin ruwa guda biyu a duniya. Kimanin kashi 71% na duk wata rashin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin ruwa da tsafta.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> A duk duniya, gurbataccen ruwa yana haifar da mace-macen gudawa guda 4,000 a kowace rana ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Wani yaro yana tsaye kusa da famfon rijiya a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh. Yawancin irin wadannan rijiyoyi suna da yawan sinadarin arsenic a dabi'ance.]] Duk da haka, gibi a cikin tace ruwan datti (yawan ruwan datti da ke bukatar tace shi ya fi yawan wanda ake tace shi a zahiri) yana wakiltar mafi girman gudunmawa ga gurbacewar ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. A mafi yawan kasashen da ke tasowa, yawancin ruwan datti da aka tara ana dawo da shi zuwa ruwan saman kasa kai-tsaye ba tare da tace shi ba, wanda ke rage ingancin ruwan.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| date=March 2004 |url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf}}</ref> A kasar China, kashi 38% ne kawai na ruwan datti na birane ake tace shi, kuma kodayake kashi 91% na ruwan datti na masana'antu na kasar China ake tace shi, har yanzu yana fitar da guba mai yawa zuwa cikin madogaran ruwa.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref> Adadin tacewar ruwan datti da za a iya yi kuma yana iya fuskantar cikas saboda hanyoyin sadarwa na bututu da ake bukata don kai ruwan datti zuwa matatun tacewa. An kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na wuraren tace ruwan datti na kasar China ba a amfani da su yadda ya kamata saboda karancin hanyoyin sadarwar bututu na tarawa da jigilar ruwan datti. A birnin São Paulo, na kasar Brazil, rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsafta yana haifar da gurbacewar mafi yawan madogaran ruwansa kuma yana tilasta wa birnin shigo da sama da kashi 50% na ruwansa daga wajen kwarukan ruwa na kusa. Gurbataccen ruwa yana kara tsadar ayyukan yau da kullum na kasa mai tasowa, domin ruwa mai karancin inganci ya fi tsada wajen tace shi. A kasar Brazil, gurbataccen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Guarapiranga yana cin dala $0.43 a kowace m³ don tace shi zuwa inganci mai kyau, idan aka kwanta da dala $0.10 kacal a kowace m³ ga ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Cantareira.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Tsaron ruwa === == Gudanar da amincin ruwa == Don magance karancin ruwa, kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan kara wadatar ruwa mai dadi, rage bukatarsa, da kuma ba da damar sake amfani da shi da juyawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref> === Tsare-tsaren tsabtataccen ruwa === A cewar WHO, samun dama akai-akai ga samar da ruwan sha mai aminci ana iya samun sa ta hanyar kafa tsarin WSPs, ko Tsare-tsaren Amincin Ruwa, wadanda ke kayyade ingancin samar da ruwa don tabbatar da cewa suna da aminci don sha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Water safety planning|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831031500/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=29 November 2020|website=WHO}}</ref> Littafin Jagoran Shirin Amincin Ruwa, wanda WHO da Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa da Kasa suka buga a shekarar 2009, yana ba da jagoranci ga kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa (ko makamantan hukumomi) yayin da suke bunkasa WSPs. Wannan littafi yana ba da bayanai don taimakawa kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa su tantance tsarin ruwansu, bunkasa tsarin sanya idanu da dabarun aiki, gudanar da tsare-tsarensu, gudanar da nazari na lokaci-lokaci kan WSP, da kuma duba WSPs biyo bayan afkuwar wasu lamamura. Littafin WSP kuma ya hada da binciken yanayi guda uku da aka zana daga shirin WSP a kasashe/yankuna guda uku.<ref name="WHO & IWA WSP Manual">{{cite web|title=Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization and International Water Association|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> === Madogara daban === Yin amfani da ruwan datti daga wani tsari don amfani da shi a wani tsarin daban inda ruwa mai karancin inganci ke da amfani, wata hanya ce ta rage yawan gurbacewar ruwan datti sannan kuma a lokaci guda ana kara samar da ruwa. Dabarun sake juyawa da amfani na iya hadawa da sake amfani da kuma tace ruwan datti daga ruwan datti na masana'antu ko ruwan ayyuka da aka tace (daga hakar gwal) don amfani da shi a ayyuka masu bukatar karancin inganci. Haka kuma, ana iya sake amfani da ruwan datti a gine-ginen kasuwanci (misali a ban dakuna) ko don ayyukan masana'antu (misali don sanyaya injinan masana'antu).<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Rage gurbacewar ruwa === Duk da bayyanannun fa'idojin inganta madogaran ruwa (wani bincike na WHO ya nuna yuwuwar samun fa'idar tattalin arziki na dala $3-34 na kowane dala $1 na Amurka da aka zuba jari), tallafi don inganta ruwa ya ragu daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2008 kuma gaba daya bai kai abin da ake bukata don cimma burin MDG ba. Baya ga kara hanyoyin samar da kudi ga ingancin ruwa, tsare-tsaren ci gaba da dama suna jaddada mahimmancin inganta manufofi, kasuwa da tsarin gudanarwa don aiwatarwa, sanya idanu da tilasta inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref name="GLAAS2010">{{cite book|title=GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization, UN-Water|isbn=978-92-4-159935-1}}</ref> Rage yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga duka kafofin da aka sani (point sources) da wadanda ba a sani ba (non-point sources) yana wakiltar hanya ta kai-tsaye don tunkarar tushen kalubalen ingancin ruwa. Rage gurbacewa yana wakiltar hanya mafi inganci da rahusa don inganta ingancin ruwa, idan aka kwanta da tsadar gyare-gyare masu yawa na tace ruwan datti.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries" /> Matakan manufofi daban-daban da tsarin ababen more rayuwa na iya taimakawa wajen takaita gurbacewar ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Wadannan sun hada da:<ref name="World Water Week_ Islam">{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Mohammmed Nasimul |date=8 September 2010 |title=Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries |url=http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2010/wednesday/T3/1_AM_MN_Islam.pdf |journal=International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref> # Inganta gudanarwa, tilastawa da tsara ka'idoji don fara tace sharar gida na masana'antu da aikin noma, gami da sanya tara na gurbacewa # Manufofin rage kwararar ruwan noma ko tallafi don inganta inganci da rage adadin da ake bukata na kayayyakin noma masu gurbata ruwa (misali takin zamani) # Kayyade janyen ruwa yayin lokutan karancin kwarara don takaita yawan abubuwan gurbatawa # Shugabanci na siyasa mai karfi da daidaito kan ruwa # Tsara tsarin filaye (misali gina masana'antu a wajen birni) == Tace ruwa == Fasahar tace ruwa na iya canza ruwan da ba mai dadi ba zuwa mai dadi ta hanyar cire abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":13" /> Yawancin gurbacewar ruwa na fili sun hada da kwayoyin halitta, karafa, sinadaran acid, laka, sinadarai, shara, da abinci na gina jiki. Ana iya tace ruwa kuma a tsarkake shi zuwa ruwa mai dadi mai dauke da takaitattun abubuwa ko kuma babu su baki daya ta hynar wasu tsari daban-daban.<ref name=":02" /> Tsarin da ke cikin cire abubuwan gurbatawa sun hada da tsarin fili kamar kwantar da laka (settling) da tacewa (filtration), tsarin sinadarai kamar kashe kwayoyin cuta (disinfection) da daskarewa (coagulation), da tsarin halitta kamar tace ruwa ta hanyar yashi mai tafiya a hankali (slow sand filtration).{{cn|date=April 2023}} Akwai sabbin dabarun kirkire-kirkire daban-daban don tace ruwa yadda ya kamata a daidai wurin amfani da shi (point of use) don amfanin bil'adama. Bincike ya nuna cewa tace ruwa a daidai wuraren amfani yana rage mace-macen yara sakamakon gudawa da kashi 29%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref> Tace ruwa a gida shi ma wani bangare ne na Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da nufin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da kuma hada tsarin magudanun ruwa a gidaje. Kodayake Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tantance wadannan shisshigi, kalubale daban-daban na iya rage ingancin hanyoyin tace ruwa a gida, kamar karancin ilimi, karancin sadaukarwa ga gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da kulawa, ko kuma rashin samun ayyukan gyare-gyare na gida ko kayan gyara. Fasahar yanzu ta tace ruwa a daidai wurin amfani da kuma matakin kananan tsari sun hada da: * NaDCC, sodium dichloroisocyanurate * Tafasasshen ruwa * Tace ruwa ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana (SODIS) * Sinadarin chlorine == Shirye-shiryen duniya == === Shirin Ruwa da Makamashi na Tsakiyar Asiya === Shirin Ruwa da Makamashi na Tsakiyar Asiya (CAWEP) wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Switzerland da Burtaniya ke daukar nauyinsa don tsara gwamnatocin Tsakiyar Asiya a kan gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gama gari ta hanyar kungiyoyin shiyya, kamar Asusun Kasa da Kasa na Ceton Tekun Aral (IFAS). Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwa guda uku: tsaron ruwa, tsaron makamashi da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin makamashi da ruwa. Yana da nufin inganta tattaunawa mai kyau tsakanin kasashen Tsakiyar Asiya don cimma burin shiyya, wato tsaron ruwa da makamashi. Don tabbatar da burinsu, shirin yana aiki kafada-da-kafada da gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula da na kasa.<ref name="cawep water & energy program">{{cite web|title=Central Asia Water & Energy Program|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/brief/cawep|website=World Bank}}</ref> Kwanan nan, shirin ya taimaka wajen shirya Gasar Kalubalen Fasaha ta Duniya (The Global Disruptive Tech Challenge): Maido da Filaye a Shiyyar Tekun Aral. An kirkiri wannan gasa ne don karfafa gwiwar kwararru wajen kawo sauye-sauyen mafita ga lalacewar kasa da kwararar hamada a Shiyyar Tekun Aral, wanda a da can ya kasance gida ga daya daga cikin mafi girman tabkuna a duniya amma tun daga lokacin ya kusa bacewa baki daya. An sami wasu ayyukan da suka yi nasara wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan aikin noma da gudanar da filaye, dorewar gandun daji, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma fadada ilimin mutane a duniya da kuma samun damar yin amfani da bayanai kan batun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovative Restoration Plans for Aral Sea Region Announced at Global Disruptive Tech Challenge 2021|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/09/innovative-restoration-plans-for-aral-sea-region-announced-at-global-disruptive-tech-challenge-2021|access-date=2 May 2021|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa === Da nufin cimma Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 6, an kafa dandalin Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a matsayin dandalin hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula, fannin masu zaman kansu, hukumomin MDD, cibiyoyin bincike da koyo, da kuma al'ummar masu taimako. SWA tana karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya da su ba da fifiko ga ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye tsaftar jiki tare da tabbatar da isassun kudade da gina ingantattun tsarin shugabanci.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=About us|url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/about/about-us|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)|language=en}}</ref> Don tabbatar da cewa wadannan abubuwan da aka ba wa fifiko sun dore, SWA tana gudanar da "Tarurruka na Mataki na Koli"<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Level Meetings|url=https://www.endwaterpoverty.org/swa/high-level-meetings|access-date=2 May 2021|website=End Water Poverty|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda abokan tarayya ke tattaunawa kan ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan, auna ci gaba, da kuma ci gaba da tattaunawa kan mahimmancin Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6. === Aikin Ruwa (The Water Project) === The Water Project, Inc wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta wacce ke bunkasawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa masu dorewa a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara a Afirka kamar Kenya, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, da Uganda. Kungiyar ta dauki nauyi ko kuma ta kammala ayyuka sama da 2,500 da madogaran ruwa 1,500 wadanda suka taimaka wa mutane sama da 569,000 wajen inganta damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GREAT NONPROFITS: The Water Project|url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/the-water-project-inc}}</ref> Wadannan ayyuka sun mayar da hankali sosai kan koyar da ingantattun dabi'un tsafta da kiyaye tsaftar jiki, gami da inganta wuraren samar da ruwa ta hanyar gina rijiyoyin burtsatse, sabunta tsarin rijiyoyi, da kuma samar da dabarun tara ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Project, Inc.|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/26-1455510|access-date=2 May 2021|website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> === UN-Water === A shekarar 2003, Babban Kwamitin Shirye-shirye na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kirkiri UN-Water, wani tsari na tsakanin hukumomi, "don kara darajar shirin MDD ta hanyar inganta hadin gwiwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin MDD na yanzu da abokan tarayya na waje." UN-Water tana buga kayayyakin sadarwa ga masu yanke shawara wadanda ke aiki kai-tsaye da batutuwan ruwa kuma tana samar da dandamali don tattaunawa game da gudanar da ruwa a duniya. Suna kuma daukar nauyin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a ranar 22 ga Maris<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Word Water Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day}}</ref> don karkata hankali kan mahimmancin ruwa mai dadi da kuma gudanar da ruwa mai dadi mai dorewa.<ref name="Discover UN-Water web page">{{cite web|title=Discover UN-Water|url=http://www.unwater.org/discover.html|access-date=26 March 2012|publisher=United Nations|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320011937/http://www.unwater.org/discover.html}}</ref> trs7nmu4z8giqn31case407f6e892dp 862322 862321 2026-06-20T18:11:02Z Sirjat 20447 /* UN-Water */ 862322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya haifar da rauni ko cututtuka na ajali da ake dauka ta ruwa, kamar zazzabi, kwalara, zawayi na jini (dysentery), gudawa da sauran su.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF ta ambaci gurbacewar kashi da kuma babban mataki na sinadarin arsenic da fluoride da ke samuwa a dabi'ance a matsayin manyan matsalolin ingancin ruwa guda biyu a duniya. Kimanin kashi 71% na duk wata rashin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin ruwa da tsafta.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> A duk duniya, gurbataccen ruwa yana haifar da mace-macen gudawa guda 4,000 a kowace rana ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Wani yaro yana tsaye kusa da famfon rijiya a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh. Yawancin irin wadannan rijiyoyi suna da yawan sinadarin arsenic a dabi'ance.]] Duk da haka, gibi a cikin tace ruwan datti (yawan ruwan datti da ke bukatar tace shi ya fi yawan wanda ake tace shi a zahiri) yana wakiltar mafi girman gudunmawa ga gurbacewar ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. A mafi yawan kasashen da ke tasowa, yawancin ruwan datti da aka tara ana dawo da shi zuwa ruwan saman kasa kai-tsaye ba tare da tace shi ba, wanda ke rage ingancin ruwan.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES| date=March 2004 |url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf}}</ref> A kasar China, kashi 38% ne kawai na ruwan datti na birane ake tace shi, kuma kodayake kashi 91% na ruwan datti na masana'antu na kasar China ake tace shi, har yanzu yana fitar da guba mai yawa zuwa cikin madogaran ruwa.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref> Adadin tacewar ruwan datti da za a iya yi kuma yana iya fuskantar cikas saboda hanyoyin sadarwa na bututu da ake bukata don kai ruwan datti zuwa matatun tacewa. An kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na wuraren tace ruwan datti na kasar China ba a amfani da su yadda ya kamata saboda karancin hanyoyin sadarwar bututu na tarawa da jigilar ruwan datti. A birnin São Paulo, na kasar Brazil, rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsafta yana haifar da gurbacewar mafi yawan madogaran ruwansa kuma yana tilasta wa birnin shigo da sama da kashi 50% na ruwansa daga wajen kwarukan ruwa na kusa. Gurbataccen ruwa yana kara tsadar ayyukan yau da kullum na kasa mai tasowa, domin ruwa mai karancin inganci ya fi tsada wajen tace shi. A kasar Brazil, gurbataccen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Guarapiranga yana cin dala $0.43 a kowace m³ don tace shi zuwa inganci mai kyau, idan aka kwanta da dala $0.10 kacal a kowace m³ ga ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Cantareira.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Tsaron ruwa === == Gudanar da amincin ruwa == Don magance karancin ruwa, kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan kara wadatar ruwa mai dadi, rage bukatarsa, da kuma ba da damar sake amfani da shi da juyawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref> === Tsare-tsaren tsabtataccen ruwa === A cewar WHO, samun dama akai-akai ga samar da ruwan sha mai aminci ana iya samun sa ta hanyar kafa tsarin WSPs, ko Tsare-tsaren Amincin Ruwa, wadanda ke kayyade ingancin samar da ruwa don tabbatar da cewa suna da aminci don sha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Water safety planning|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831031500/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=29 November 2020|website=WHO}}</ref> Littafin Jagoran Shirin Amincin Ruwa, wanda WHO da Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa da Kasa suka buga a shekarar 2009, yana ba da jagoranci ga kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa (ko makamantan hukumomi) yayin da suke bunkasa WSPs. Wannan littafi yana ba da bayanai don taimakawa kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa su tantance tsarin ruwansu, bunkasa tsarin sanya idanu da dabarun aiki, gudanar da tsare-tsarensu, gudanar da nazari na lokaci-lokaci kan WSP, da kuma duba WSPs biyo bayan afkuwar wasu lamamura. Littafin WSP kuma ya hada da binciken yanayi guda uku da aka zana daga shirin WSP a kasashe/yankuna guda uku.<ref name="WHO & IWA WSP Manual">{{cite web|title=Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization and International Water Association|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> === Madogara daban === Yin amfani da ruwan datti daga wani tsari don amfani da shi a wani tsarin daban inda ruwa mai karancin inganci ke da amfani, wata hanya ce ta rage yawan gurbacewar ruwan datti sannan kuma a lokaci guda ana kara samar da ruwa. Dabarun sake juyawa da amfani na iya hadawa da sake amfani da kuma tace ruwan datti daga ruwan datti na masana'antu ko ruwan ayyuka da aka tace (daga hakar gwal) don amfani da shi a ayyuka masu bukatar karancin inganci. Haka kuma, ana iya sake amfani da ruwan datti a gine-ginen kasuwanci (misali a ban dakuna) ko don ayyukan masana'antu (misali don sanyaya injinan masana'antu).<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Rage gurbacewar ruwa === Duk da bayyanannun fa'idojin inganta madogaran ruwa (wani bincike na WHO ya nuna yuwuwar samun fa'idar tattalin arziki na dala $3-34 na kowane dala $1 na Amurka da aka zuba jari), tallafi don inganta ruwa ya ragu daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2008 kuma gaba daya bai kai abin da ake bukata don cimma burin MDG ba. Baya ga kara hanyoyin samar da kudi ga ingancin ruwa, tsare-tsaren ci gaba da dama suna jaddada mahimmancin inganta manufofi, kasuwa da tsarin gudanarwa don aiwatarwa, sanya idanu da tilasta inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref name="GLAAS2010">{{cite book|title=GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization, UN-Water|isbn=978-92-4-159935-1}}</ref> Rage yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga duka kafofin da aka sani (point sources) da wadanda ba a sani ba (non-point sources) yana wakiltar hanya ta kai-tsaye don tunkarar tushen kalubalen ingancin ruwa. Rage gurbacewa yana wakiltar hanya mafi inganci da rahusa don inganta ingancin ruwa, idan aka kwanta da tsadar gyare-gyare masu yawa na tace ruwan datti.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries" /> Matakan manufofi daban-daban da tsarin ababen more rayuwa na iya taimakawa wajen takaita gurbacewar ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Wadannan sun hada da:<ref name="World Water Week_ Islam">{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Mohammmed Nasimul |date=8 September 2010 |title=Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries |url=http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2010/wednesday/T3/1_AM_MN_Islam.pdf |journal=International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref> # Inganta gudanarwa, tilastawa da tsara ka'idoji don fara tace sharar gida na masana'antu da aikin noma, gami da sanya tara na gurbacewa # Manufofin rage kwararar ruwan noma ko tallafi don inganta inganci da rage adadin da ake bukata na kayayyakin noma masu gurbata ruwa (misali takin zamani) # Kayyade janyen ruwa yayin lokutan karancin kwarara don takaita yawan abubuwan gurbatawa # Shugabanci na siyasa mai karfi da daidaito kan ruwa # Tsara tsarin filaye (misali gina masana'antu a wajen birni) == Tace ruwa == Fasahar tace ruwa na iya canza ruwan da ba mai dadi ba zuwa mai dadi ta hanyar cire abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":13" /> Yawancin gurbacewar ruwa na fili sun hada da kwayoyin halitta, karafa, sinadaran acid, laka, sinadarai, shara, da abinci na gina jiki. Ana iya tace ruwa kuma a tsarkake shi zuwa ruwa mai dadi mai dauke da takaitattun abubuwa ko kuma babu su baki daya ta hynar wasu tsari daban-daban.<ref name=":02" /> Tsarin da ke cikin cire abubuwan gurbatawa sun hada da tsarin fili kamar kwantar da laka (settling) da tacewa (filtration), tsarin sinadarai kamar kashe kwayoyin cuta (disinfection) da daskarewa (coagulation), da tsarin halitta kamar tace ruwa ta hanyar yashi mai tafiya a hankali (slow sand filtration).{{cn|date=April 2023}} Akwai sabbin dabarun kirkire-kirkire daban-daban don tace ruwa yadda ya kamata a daidai wurin amfani da shi (point of use) don amfanin bil'adama. Bincike ya nuna cewa tace ruwa a daidai wuraren amfani yana rage mace-macen yara sakamakon gudawa da kashi 29%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref> Tace ruwa a gida shi ma wani bangare ne na Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da nufin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da kuma hada tsarin magudanun ruwa a gidaje. Kodayake Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tantance wadannan shisshigi, kalubale daban-daban na iya rage ingancin hanyoyin tace ruwa a gida, kamar karancin ilimi, karancin sadaukarwa ga gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da kulawa, ko kuma rashin samun ayyukan gyare-gyare na gida ko kayan gyara. Fasahar yanzu ta tace ruwa a daidai wurin amfani da kuma matakin kananan tsari sun hada da: * NaDCC, sodium dichloroisocyanurate * Tafasasshen ruwa * Tace ruwa ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana (SODIS) * Sinadarin chlorine == Shirye-shiryen duniya == === Shirin Ruwa da Makamashi na Tsakiyar Asiya === Shirin Ruwa da Makamashi na Tsakiyar Asiya (CAWEP) wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Switzerland da Burtaniya ke daukar nauyinsa don tsara gwamnatocin Tsakiyar Asiya a kan gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gama gari ta hanyar kungiyoyin shiyya, kamar Asusun Kasa da Kasa na Ceton Tekun Aral (IFAS). Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwa guda uku: tsaron ruwa, tsaron makamashi da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin makamashi da ruwa. Yana da nufin inganta tattaunawa mai kyau tsakanin kasashen Tsakiyar Asiya don cimma burin shiyya, wato tsaron ruwa da makamashi. Don tabbatar da burinsu, shirin yana aiki kafada-da-kafada da gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula da na kasa.<ref name="cawep water & energy program">{{cite web|title=Central Asia Water & Energy Program|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/brief/cawep|website=World Bank}}</ref> Kwanan nan, shirin ya taimaka wajen shirya Gasar Kalubalen Fasaha ta Duniya (The Global Disruptive Tech Challenge): Maido da Filaye a Shiyyar Tekun Aral. An kirkiri wannan gasa ne don karfafa gwiwar kwararru wajen kawo sauye-sauyen mafita ga lalacewar kasa da kwararar hamada a Shiyyar Tekun Aral, wanda a da can ya kasance gida ga daya daga cikin mafi girman tabkuna a duniya amma tun daga lokacin ya kusa bacewa baki daya. An sami wasu ayyukan da suka yi nasara wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan aikin noma da gudanar da filaye, dorewar gandun daji, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma fadada ilimin mutane a duniya da kuma samun damar yin amfani da bayanai kan batun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovative Restoration Plans for Aral Sea Region Announced at Global Disruptive Tech Challenge 2021|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/09/innovative-restoration-plans-for-aral-sea-region-announced-at-global-disruptive-tech-challenge-2021|access-date=2 May 2021|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa === Da nufin cimma Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 6, an kafa dandalin Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a matsayin dandalin hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula, fannin masu zaman kansu, hukumomin MDD, cibiyoyin bincike da koyo, da kuma al'ummar masu taimako. SWA tana karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya da su ba da fifiko ga ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye tsaftar jiki tare da tabbatar da isassun kudade da gina ingantattun tsarin shugabanci.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=About us|url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/about/about-us|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)|language=en}}</ref> Don tabbatar da cewa wadannan abubuwan da aka ba wa fifiko sun dore, SWA tana gudanar da "Tarurruka na Mataki na Koli"<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Level Meetings|url=https://www.endwaterpoverty.org/swa/high-level-meetings|access-date=2 May 2021|website=End Water Poverty|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda abokan tarayya ke tattaunawa kan ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan, auna ci gaba, da kuma ci gaba da tattaunawa kan mahimmancin Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6. === Aikin Ruwa (The Water Project) === The Water Project, Inc wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta wacce ke bunkasawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa masu dorewa a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara a Afirka kamar Kenya, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, da Uganda. Kungiyar ta dauki nauyi ko kuma ta kammala ayyuka sama da 2,500 da madogaran ruwa 1,500 wadanda suka taimaka wa mutane sama da 569,000 wajen inganta damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GREAT NONPROFITS: The Water Project|url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/the-water-project-inc}}</ref> Wadannan ayyuka sun mayar da hankali sosai kan koyar da ingantattun dabi'un tsafta da kiyaye tsaftar jiki, gami da inganta wuraren samar da ruwa ta hanyar gina rijiyoyin burtsatse, sabunta tsarin rijiyoyi, da kuma samar da dabarun tara ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Project, Inc.|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/26-1455510|access-date=2 May 2021|website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> === UN-Water === A shekarar 2003, Babban Kwamitin Shirye-shirye na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kirkiri UN-Water, wani tsari na tsakanin hukumomi, "don kara darajar shirin MDD ta hanyar inganta hadin gwiwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin MDD na yanzu da abokan tarayya na waje." UN-Water tana buga kayayyakin sadarwa ga masu yanke shawara wadanda ke aiki kai-tsaye da batutuwan ruwa kuma tana samar da dandamali don tattaunawa game da gudanar da ruwa a duniya. Suna kuma daukar nauyin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a ranar 22 ga Maris<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Word Water Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day}}</ref> don karkata hankali kan mahimmancin ruwa mai dadi da kuma gudanar da ruwa mai dadi mai dorewa.<ref name="Discover UN-Water web page">{{cite web|title=Discover UN-Water|url=http://www.unwater.org/discover.html|access-date=26 March 2012|publisher=United Nations|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320011937/http://www.unwater.org/discover.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} q6g69k023nzo2w3n6ad8s9hedzst70p 862545 862322 2026-06-21T03:30:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Woman Washing at Water's Edge, Bangladeshi Village.JPG|thumb|Wata mata tana wanke kwanuka a gefen ruwa a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh]] Sama da mutane biliyan daya a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Batutuwan sun hada da karancin ruwan sha, karancin ababen more rayuwa na samun ruwa da tsafta (WASH), gurbacewar ruwa, da kuma karancin tsaron ruwa. Babban kalubalen da ke hana magance matsalolin ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da talauci, tsadar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa na iya sa wadannan matsaloli su dada ta'azzara. Gurbacewar ruwa ya kasance babban kalubale saboda dabi'un zamantakewa marasa tsafta wadanda ke gurbata madogaran ruwa. Kusan kashi 80% na cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wadanda ke haifar da barazana ga rayuwa kamar kwalara, zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), da gudawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis: The Importance of Clean Water to Health|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/health|access-date=1 October 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa gudawa tana daukewa yara miliyan 1.5 rayuwa a kowace shekara, inda mafi yawancinsu shekarunsu ba su kai biyar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629233855/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-050054/en/|archive-date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 April 2021|website=WHO}}</ref> Rarraba ruwa mai dadi ba daidai yake ba a fadin duniya, inda sama da mutane biliyan biyu ke zaune a kasashen da ke fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwa (water stress).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=12 April 2021|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> A cewar UN-Water, nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su kasance suna zaune a yankunan da ke fadin duniya da ke fama da cikakken karancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Global Affairs|date=12 June 2017|title=Water in developing countries|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-protection_environnement/water-eau.aspx?lang=eng|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GAC}}</ref> Al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa suna kokarin samun ruwan sha daga madogara daban-daban, kamar ruwan karkashin kasa, rijiyoyin karkashin kasa (aquifers), ko ruwan saman kasa, wadanda ke da saukin gurbatawa. Samun ruwa mai dadi yana fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isasshen tsarin tace ruwan datti da na magudanun kashi. An sami ci gaba a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan wajen inganta samun ruwa, amma biliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakataccen damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci da tsafta akai-akai. {{TOC limit|3}} == Matsaloli == === Karancin ruwa === Mutane suna bukatar ruwa mai dadi don rayuwa, tsaftar kai, noma, masana'antu, da kasuwanci. Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD na shekarar 2019 ya nuna cewa kusan mutane biliyan hudu, wadanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin karancin ruwa a kalla wata guda a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367276.locale=en|title=The United Nations world water development report 2019: Leaving no one behind, facts and figures.|website=UNESDOC|access-date=1 June 2019}} [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)] license.</ref> Tare da karuwar bukata, inganci da wadatar ruwa sun ragu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Water Quality Control|last=Tebbutt|first=T.|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|year=1998}}</ref> Amfani da ruwa yana karuwa a duk duniya da kusan kashi 1% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarun 1980. Ana saurin ran bukata ta ruwa a duniya za ta ci gaba da karuwa a irin wannan kason har zuwa shekarar 2050, wanda zai haifar da karuwar kashi 20–30% sama da matakan amfani na shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan tabbataccen hauhawa na amfani ya samo asali ne mafi akasari daga karuwar bukata a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe masu taso wa a fannin tattalin arziki. Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum guda a mafi yawan wadannan kasashe ya yi nisa kasa da amfani da ruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba—suna dai kokarin cim musu ne kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Harkar noma (gami da ban ruwa, kiwon dabbobi, da kiwon kifi) ita ce mafi girman mai cin ruwa, tana da kashi 69% na janyen ruwa na shekara-shekara a duk duniya. Kason noma na jimillar amfani da ruwa na iya yin kasa idan aka kwanta da sauran fannoni, amma zai kasance mafi girman mai amfani gaba daya ta fuskar janyewa da amfani. Masana'antu (gami da samar da wutar lantarki) suna da kashi 19% sai kuma gidaje da kashi 12%.<ref name=":0" /> {{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}} === Gurbacewar ruwa === {{Further|Gurbacewar ruwa}} [[File:Women fetching polluted water.jpg|alt=Some regions in Ghana can't access safe water|thumb|Mata suna dibar gurbataccen ruwa a kasar Ghana]] Bayan la'akari da wadatar ruwa ko damar samun sa, ingancin ruwa na iya rage yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don sha, tsafta, noma, da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water quality and food safety & COVID-19; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Land & Water; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032232/http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/covid19/qualitysafety/en/}}</ref> Ingancin ruwa da za a iya amsa ya dogara da manufar da aka yi shi dominta: ruwan da bai dace da amfanin bil'adama ba har yanzu ana iya amfani da shi a masana'antu ko ayyukan noma. Wasu sassa na duniya suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewar ingancin ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwan bai dace da amfanin noma ko masana'antu ba. Alal misali, a kasar China, kashi 54% na ruwan saman kasa na kwarin Kogin Hai yana da matukar gurbacewa ta yadda ake daukar sa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ding|first1=Yuekui|last2=Shan|first2=Baoqing|last3=Zhao|first3=Yu|date=2015–2019|title=Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=12|issue=9|pages=11699–11717|doi=10.3390/ijerph120911699|issn=1661-7827|pmc=4586701|pmid=26393628|bibcode=2015IJERP..1211699D |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana ruwa mai aminci a matsayin ruwan sha da ba zai cutar da mai amfani da shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can you define safe water?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/can-you-define-safe-water#:~:text=define%20safe%20water?-,Safe%20water%20means%20water%20that%20will%20not%20harm%20you%20if,low%20concentrations%20of%20harmful%20contaminants.|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.usgs.gov| date=19 August 2008 }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni guda takwas: tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2015 don "rage rabin kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta dumu-dumu." Ko da mutum yana da damar samun 'ingantaccen madogaran ruwa' hakan ba ya tabbatar da ingancin ruwan, domin yana iya rasa tace shi mai kyau sannan ya gurbace lokacin jigila ko ajiya a gida.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions">{{cite book |author=Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen |title=Smart disinfection solutions: examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water |publisher=KIT Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-94-6022-101-9 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kiyasin samun ruwa mai aminci na iya kasancewa an wuce gona da iri idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin ruwa, musamman idan madogaran ruwan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Accounting for water quality">{{Cite journal|last1=Bain|first1=Rob E. S.|last2=Gundry|first2=Stephen W.|last3=Wright|first3=Jim A.|last4=Yang|first4=Hong|last5=Pedley|first5=Steve|last6=Bartram|first6=Jamie K.|date=1 March 2012|title=Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=90|issue=3|pages=228–235A|doi=10.2471/BLT.11.094284|issn=1564-0604|pmc=3314212|pmid=22461718}}</ref>[[File:DevelopmentAlongTheRiverInPuneIndia.jpg|thumb|Kwararar ruwa daga ayyukan ci gaba a gefen kogi a Pune, kasar Indiya na iya taimakawa wajen rage ingancin ruwa.]] Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya haifar da rauni ko cututtuka na ajali da ake dauka ta ruwa, kamar zazzabi, kwalara, zawayi na jini (dysentery), gudawa da sauran su.<ref name="smart disinfection solutions" /> UNICEF ta ambaci gurbacewar kashi da kuma babban mataki na sinadarin arsenic da fluoride da ke samuwa a dabi'ance a matsayin manyan matsalolin ingancin ruwa guda biyu a duniya. Kimanin kashi 71% na duk wata rashin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa tana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin ruwa da tsafta.<ref name="The Water Project">{{cite web|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2.asp#phys|title=The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> A duk duniya, gurbataccen ruwa yana haifar da mace-macen gudawa guda 4,000 a kowace rana ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5.<ref name="UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygeine">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref>[[File:ChildWithWellPump.JPG|thumb|Wani yaro yana tsaye kusa da famfon rijiya a wani kauye a kasar Bangladesh. Yawancin irin wadannan rijiyoyi suna da yawan sinadarin arsenic a dabi'ance.]] Duk da haka, gibi a cikin tace ruwan datti (yawan ruwan datti da ke bukatar tace shi ya fi yawan wanda ake tace shi a zahiri) yana wakiltar mafi girman gudunmawa ga gurbacewar ruwa da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. A mafi yawan kasashen da ke tasowa, yawancin ruwan datti da aka tara ana dawo da shi zuwa ruwan saman kasa kai-tsaye ba tare da tace shi ba, wanda ke rage ingancin ruwan.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries">{{cite journal|last=MARKANDYA|first=ANIL|title=WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES|date=March 2004|url=http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf|access-date=2026-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601055412/https://policydialogue.org/files/publications/03_Water_quality.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A kasar China, kashi 38% ne kawai na ruwan datti na birane ake tace shi, kuma kodayake kashi 91% na ruwan datti na masana'antu na kasar China ake tace shi, har yanzu yana fitar da guba mai yawa zuwa cikin madogaran ruwa.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future">{{cite web |last=The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG. |title=Charting Our Water Future {{!}} Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |url=http://www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Final.pdf}}</ref> Adadin tacewar ruwan datti da za a iya yi kuma yana iya fuskantar cikas saboda hanyoyin sadarwa na bututu da ake bukata don kai ruwan datti zuwa matatun tacewa. An kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na wuraren tace ruwan datti na kasar China ba a amfani da su yadda ya kamata saboda karancin hanyoyin sadarwar bututu na tarawa da jigilar ruwan datti. A birnin São Paulo, na kasar Brazil, rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsafta yana haifar da gurbacewar mafi yawan madogaran ruwansa kuma yana tilasta wa birnin shigo da sama da kashi 50% na ruwansa daga wajen kwarukan ruwa na kusa. Gurbataccen ruwa yana kara tsadar ayyukan yau da kullum na kasa mai tasowa, domin ruwa mai karancin inganci ya fi tsada wajen tace shi. A kasar Brazil, gurbataccen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Guarapiranga yana cin dala $0.43 a kowace m³ don tace shi zuwa inganci mai kyau, idan aka kwanta da dala $0.10 kacal a kowace m³ ga ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Cantareira.<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Tsaron ruwa === == Gudanar da amincin ruwa == Don magance karancin ruwa, kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan kara wadatar ruwa mai dadi, rage bukatarsa, da kuma ba da damar sake amfani da shi da juyawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last1=Woltersdorf |first1=L. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916303445 |title=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |last2=Zimmermann |first2=M. |last3=Deffnera |first3=J. |last4=Gerlachb |first4=M. |last5=Liehra |first5=S. |date=January 2018 |volume=128 |pages=382–393 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 }}</ref> === Tsare-tsaren tsabtataccen ruwa === A cewar WHO, samun dama akai-akai ga samar da ruwan sha mai aminci ana iya samun sa ta hanyar kafa tsarin WSPs, ko Tsare-tsaren Amincin Ruwa, wadanda ke kayyade ingancin samar da ruwa don tabbatar da cewa suna da aminci don sha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Water safety planning|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831031500/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/safety-planning/en/|archive-date=31 August 2016|access-date=29 November 2020|website=WHO}}</ref> Littafin Jagoran Shirin Amincin Ruwa, wanda WHO da Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa da Kasa suka buga a shekarar 2009, yana ba da jagoranci ga kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa (ko makamantan hukumomi) yayin da suke bunkasa WSPs. Wannan littafi yana ba da bayanai don taimakawa kamfanonin amfanitallahi na ruwa su tantance tsarin ruwansu, bunkasa tsarin sanya idanu da dabarun aiki, gudanar da tsare-tsarensu, gudanar da nazari na lokaci-lokaci kan WSP, da kuma duba WSPs biyo bayan afkuwar wasu lamamura. Littafin WSP kuma ya hada da binciken yanayi guda uku da aka zana daga shirin WSP a kasashe/yankuna guda uku.<ref name="WHO & IWA WSP Manual">{{cite web|title=Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241562638_eng_print.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization and International Water Association|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> === Madogara daban === Yin amfani da ruwan datti daga wani tsari don amfani da shi a wani tsarin daban inda ruwa mai karancin inganci ke da amfani, wata hanya ce ta rage yawan gurbacewar ruwan datti sannan kuma a lokaci guda ana kara samar da ruwa. Dabarun sake juyawa da amfani na iya hadawa da sake amfani da kuma tace ruwan datti daga ruwan datti na masana'antu ko ruwan ayyuka da aka tace (daga hakar gwal) don amfani da shi a ayyuka masu bukatar karancin inganci. Haka kuma, ana iya sake amfani da ruwan datti a gine-ginen kasuwanci (misali a ban dakuna) ko don ayyukan masana'antu (misali don sanyaya injinan masana'antu).<ref name="Charting Our Water Future" /> === Rage gurbacewar ruwa === Duk da bayyanannun fa'idojin inganta madogaran ruwa (wani bincike na WHO ya nuna yuwuwar samun fa'idar tattalin arziki na dala $3-34 na kowane dala $1 na Amurka da aka zuba jari), tallafi don inganta ruwa ya ragu daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2008 kuma gaba daya bai kai abin da ake bukata don cimma burin MDG ba. Baya ga kara hanyoyin samar da kudi ga ingancin ruwa, tsare-tsaren ci gaba da dama suna jaddada mahimmancin inganta manufofi, kasuwa da tsarin gudanarwa don aiwatarwa, sanya idanu da tilasta inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref name="GLAAS2010">{{cite book|title=GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization, UN-Water|isbn=978-92-4-159935-1}}</ref> Rage yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga duka kafofin da aka sani (point sources) da wadanda ba a sani ba (non-point sources) yana wakiltar hanya ta kai-tsaye don tunkarar tushen kalubalen ingancin ruwa. Rage gurbacewa yana wakiltar hanya mafi inganci da rahusa don inganta ingancin ruwa, idan aka kwanta da tsadar gyare-gyare masu yawa na tace ruwan datti.<ref name="Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries" /> Matakan manufofi daban-daban da tsarin ababen more rayuwa na iya taimakawa wajen takaita gurbacewar ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Wadannan sun hada da:<ref name="World Water Week_ Islam">{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Mohammmed Nasimul |date=8 September 2010 |title=Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries |url=http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2010/wednesday/T3/1_AM_MN_Islam.pdf |journal=International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref> # Inganta gudanarwa, tilastawa da tsara ka'idoji don fara tace sharar gida na masana'antu da aikin noma, gami da sanya tara na gurbacewa # Manufofin rage kwararar ruwan noma ko tallafi don inganta inganci da rage adadin da ake bukata na kayayyakin noma masu gurbata ruwa (misali takin zamani) # Kayyade janyen ruwa yayin lokutan karancin kwarara don takaita yawan abubuwan gurbatawa # Shugabanci na siyasa mai karfi da daidaito kan ruwa # Tsara tsarin filaye (misali gina masana'antu a wajen birni) == Tace ruwa == Fasahar tace ruwa na iya canza ruwan da ba mai dadi ba zuwa mai dadi ta hanyar cire abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":13" /> Yawancin gurbacewar ruwa na fili sun hada da kwayoyin halitta, karafa, sinadaran acid, laka, sinadarai, shara, da abinci na gina jiki. Ana iya tace ruwa kuma a tsarkake shi zuwa ruwa mai dadi mai dauke da takaitattun abubuwa ko kuma babu su baki daya ta hynar wasu tsari daban-daban.<ref name=":02" /> Tsarin da ke cikin cire abubuwan gurbatawa sun hada da tsarin fili kamar kwantar da laka (settling) da tacewa (filtration), tsarin sinadarai kamar kashe kwayoyin cuta (disinfection) da daskarewa (coagulation), da tsarin halitta kamar tace ruwa ta hanyar yashi mai tafiya a hankali (slow sand filtration).{{cn|date=April 2023}} Akwai sabbin dabarun kirkire-kirkire daban-daban don tace ruwa yadda ya kamata a daidai wurin amfani da shi (point of use) don amfanin bil'adama. Bincike ya nuna cewa tace ruwa a daidai wuraren amfani yana rage mace-macen yara sakamakon gudawa da kashi 29%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Robert|last2=Fontaine|first2=Olivier|last3=Lamberti|first3=Laura|last4=Bhan|first4=Maharaj|last5=Huicho|first5=Luis|last6=El Arifeen|first6=Shams|last7=Masanja|first7=Honorati|last8=Walker|first8=Christa Fischer|last9=Mengestu|first9=Tigest Ketsela|last10=Pearson|first10=Luwei|last11=Young|first11=Mark|title=Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030|journal=Journal of Global Health|year=2019|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=020801|doi=10.7189/jogh.09.020801|issn=2047-2978|pmc=6815873|pmid=31673345}}</ref> Tace ruwa a gida shi ma wani bangare ne na Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da nufin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da kuma hada tsarin magudanun ruwa a gidaje. Kodayake Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tantance wadannan shisshigi, kalubale daban-daban na iya rage ingancin hanyoyin tace ruwa a gida, kamar karancin ilimi, karancin sadaukarwa ga gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da kulawa, ko kuma rashin samun ayyukan gyare-gyare na gida ko kayan gyara. Fasahar yanzu ta tace ruwa a daidai wurin amfani da kuma matakin kananan tsari sun hada da: * NaDCC, sodium dichloroisocyanurate * Tafasasshen ruwa * Tace ruwa ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana (SODIS) * Sinadarin chlorine == Shirye-shiryen duniya == === Shirin Ruwa da Makamashi na Tsakiyar Asiya === Shirin Ruwa da Makamashi na Tsakiyar Asiya (CAWEP) wani shiri ne da Bankin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Switzerland da Burtaniya ke daukar nauyinsa don tsara gwamnatocin Tsakiyar Asiya a kan gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na gama gari ta hanyar kungiyoyin shiyya, kamar Asusun Kasa da Kasa na Ceton Tekun Aral (IFAS). Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwa guda uku: tsaron ruwa, tsaron makamashi da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin makamashi da ruwa. Yana da nufin inganta tattaunawa mai kyau tsakanin kasashen Tsakiyar Asiya don cimma burin shiyya, wato tsaron ruwa da makamashi. Don tabbatar da burinsu, shirin yana aiki kafada-da-kafada da gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula da na kasa.<ref name="cawep water & energy program">{{cite web|title=Central Asia Water & Energy Program|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/brief/cawep|website=World Bank}}</ref> Kwanan nan, shirin ya taimaka wajen shirya Gasar Kalubalen Fasaha ta Duniya (The Global Disruptive Tech Challenge): Maido da Filaye a Shiyyar Tekun Aral. An kirkiri wannan gasa ne don karfafa gwiwar kwararru wajen kawo sauye-sauyen mafita ga lalacewar kasa da kwararar hamada a Shiyyar Tekun Aral, wanda a da can ya kasance gida ga daya daga cikin mafi girman tabkuna a duniya amma tun daga lokacin ya kusa bacewa baki daya. An sami wasu ayyukan da suka yi nasara wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan aikin noma da gudanar da filaye, dorewar gandun daji, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma fadada ilimin mutane a duniya da kuma samun damar yin amfani da bayanai kan batun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovative Restoration Plans for Aral Sea Region Announced at Global Disruptive Tech Challenge 2021|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/09/innovative-restoration-plans-for-aral-sea-region-announced-at-global-disruptive-tech-challenge-2021|access-date=2 May 2021|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa === Da nufin cimma Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 6, an kafa dandalin Tsafta da Ruwa ga Kowa (SWA) a matsayin dandalin hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula, fannin masu zaman kansu, hukumomin MDD, cibiyoyin bincike da koyo, da kuma al'ummar masu taimako. SWA tana karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya da su ba da fifiko ga ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye tsaftar jiki tare da tabbatar da isassun kudade da gina ingantattun tsarin shugabanci.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=About us|url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/about/about-us|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)|language=en}}</ref> Don tabbatar da cewa wadannan abubuwan da aka ba wa fifiko sun dore, SWA tana gudanar da "Tarurruka na Mataki na Koli"<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Level Meetings|url=https://www.endwaterpoverty.org/swa/high-level-meetings|access-date=2 May 2021|website=End Water Poverty|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda abokan tarayya ke tattaunawa kan ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan, auna ci gaba, da kuma ci gaba da tattaunawa kan mahimmancin Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6. === Aikin Ruwa (The Water Project) === The Water Project, Inc wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta wacce ke bunkasawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa masu dorewa a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara a Afirka kamar Kenya, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, da Uganda. Kungiyar ta dauki nauyi ko kuma ta kammala ayyuka sama da 2,500 da madogaran ruwa 1,500 wadanda suka taimaka wa mutane sama da 569,000 wajen inganta damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GREAT NONPROFITS: The Water Project|url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/the-water-project-inc}}</ref> Wadannan ayyuka sun mayar da hankali sosai kan koyar da ingantattun dabi'un tsafta da kiyaye tsaftar jiki, gami da inganta wuraren samar da ruwa ta hanyar gina rijiyoyin burtsatse, sabunta tsarin rijiyoyi, da kuma samar da dabarun tara ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Project, Inc.|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/26-1455510|access-date=2 May 2021|website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> === UN-Water === A shekarar 2003, Babban Kwamitin Shirye-shirye na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kirkiri UN-Water, wani tsari na tsakanin hukumomi, "don kara darajar shirin MDD ta hanyar inganta hadin gwiwa da musayar bayanai tsakanin hukumomin MDD na yanzu da abokan tarayya na waje." UN-Water tana buga kayayyakin sadarwa ga masu yanke shawara wadanda ke aiki kai-tsaye da batutuwan ruwa kuma tana samar da dandamali don tattaunawa game da gudanar da ruwa a duniya. Suna kuma daukar nauyin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya a ranar 22 ga Maris<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Word Water Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day}}</ref> don karkata hankali kan mahimmancin ruwa mai dadi da kuma gudanar da ruwa mai dadi mai dorewa.<ref name="Discover UN-Water web page">{{cite web|title=Discover UN-Water|url=http://www.unwater.org/discover.html|access-date=26 March 2012|publisher=United Nations|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320011937/http://www.unwater.org/discover.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 2sgroerj7vknuulbwakjfz7rk922oqd 0 102034 862535 718568 2026-06-21T01:44:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Masarautar Mascara''', '''Masarautar Abd al-Qadir''','' kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta wacce ''Abd al-Qadir al-Jazair''i ya kafa tare da amincewar al'ummar Aljeriya wajen tinkarar [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Aljeriya]] da babban birninta na farko a Mascara sannan Tagdemt bayan Faransa ta karbe shi. == Gwamnati == Tsarin gwamnati ya kasance mai sauki kuma yayi kama da tsarin mulkin Deylik na Algiers . Duk da haka, ta sake bitar koyaswar iko sosai zuwa tushen daidaito. Sarkin ya kasance shugaban kasa, kuma yana mulki da divansa ko majalisar ministocinsa. Majlissa ce ta taimaka masa, majalisar ba da shawara ta masu hikima, [[Ulama'u|malamai]] da [[Khalifa|khalifai]] masu wakiltar larduna kuma wani qādi al-quḍāt ko babban alkali ne ya jagorance shi. <ref name="KoulakssisMeynier" /> Sarki ya raba kasar Aljeriya gida takwas khalifalik, su kansu sun karkasu zuwa agalik, wanda ya harhada qaidat da dama . Wannan rarrabuwar ta yi la'akari da tasirin gida da tarihi, musamman a matakin kabilanci. == Manufar tattalin arziki == Tun da wuri Sarkin ya ba da muhimmanci ga tsarin tattalin arziki, ana ganin ya zama dole don dorewar jiharsa. Ya kafa masana'antu da masana'antu da yawa a Tagdemt, sabon babban birninsa. Samar da gida na kayan da ake buƙata, musamman ma ƙoƙarin yaƙi, an ba shi muhimmiyar mahimmanci. Biranen [[Tlemcen]], Mascara, Miliana, Medea da Tagdemt sun sanya foda mai mahimmanci. Tagdemt da Miliana suna da masana'anta da masana'antar makami. Ya kuma yi fatan daidaita sukuni tare da sanya ido sosai da tsaro a wuraren da hanyoyin kasuwanci don inganta kasuwanci . An karfafa noma, tare da danne kharaj don karfafa 'yan uwa da kuma amfani da lokutan sulhu. A ƙarshe, Sarkin ya kafa wani kuɗi a Tagdemt don tabbatar da cin gashin kansa na harkokin kuɗi na jihar a cikin 1834 zuwa 1841. == Tsarin soja == Sarkin ya fahimci cewa karfin mulkin kasar yana nuna karfin soja ne; yana kuma taimakawa wajen baiwa jihar kima a duniya. Sarkin ya yi amfani da sojoji wajen tabbatar da doka da oda da kuma dakile hargitsin da ya barke bayan faduwar mulkin Turkiyya a Aljeriya. Ƙungiyar al'umma a Aljeriya ta kasance ƙabila a lokacin, tare da ɗaiɗaikun mutane kawai tare da kabilunsu; Ba a san kishin kasa ba a lokacin. A cikin yaki ko rikici sai kabilun suka taru tare da mutanensu da dawakai sannan suka tafi yaki. Sa'an nan mutanen suka koma ga kabilarsu, suka ci gaba da ayyukansu na yau da kullum. ba a tilasta aikin soja tare da kabilu. Sojojin sarki na yau da kullun sun kasance na masu sa kai. An bude daukar ma'aikata ga matasa daga kowane yanki da dukkan kabilu, tare da yin kira da a yi [[jihadi]] a kan mahara na Faransa. Daukar ma'aikata ba shi da buƙatu kuma ya kasance na kowane zamani kuma a duk yankuna na Masarautar. Sarkin ya shirya runduna don kare Masarautar domin ya san cewa zai yi karo da sojojin Faransa da suka fi horo da kayan aiki, wadanda gogaggun hafsoshi da janar-janar ke jagoranta. Sarkin dai shi ne shugaba na farko da ya kafa rundunar kasa a tarihin wannan zamani na kasar Aljeriya. Ya kuma gina masana'antu don kera makamai ta hanyar amfani da kwarewar Faransawa, Sipaniya da Italiyanci. [[Fayil:Military_laws_of_The_first_Algerian_resistance.jpg|thumb| Dokokin soja na juriyar Aljeriya na farko]] Ya kira rundunarsa Jaish Al-Mohammadi (Rundunar Muhammad), wanda ya kasu kashi uku: sojan kasa, dawakai da manyan bindigogi. Sannan ya samar da dokar soja dangane da horo, daukar ma'aikata, manufofi, albashi da makamai. An kafa Jaish Al-Mohammadi da sojoji 8,000, dawakai 2,000, 2,240 marasa ƙarfi da kuma manyan bindigogi 20. * Khayala (Dawakai): sojojin da suka yi yaƙi a kan doki * Moushat (Infantry): Sojoji suna fada da ƙafa * Tobajiya (Artillery): sojoji da igwa. Sojojin rundunan bindigu na Jaish Al-Mohammadi sun tsere daga sojojin Faransa, Turkawa da Kouloughlis . Sun kasance gogaggen wajen kula da igwa masu haske da nauyi. Kowace rukunin sojoji na da sojoji goma sha biyu. ** Ba bisa ka'ida ba: 10,240 ** Na yau da kullun: 5,960 [[Fayil:Algerian_Cavalry.jpg|right|thumb| Dawakan Aljeriya]] [[Fayil:The_first_Algerian_Resistance_Infantry_around_1832-1847.jpg|right|thumb| Sojojin Aljeriya na farko na Resistance a kusa da 1832-1847]] === Tufafi === Emir Abdelkader ya ware tufafi na musamman ga kowane irin soja, kayan sun kasance lilin da roba. Kayan sun haɗa da riga mai launin toka mai hular kai da wando shima na ulu mai launin shuɗi, sai kuma Sedria (rigar ciki) mai launin ja. Kowanne wata uku ana bai wa soja riga da takalma guda ɗaya, fata mai launin rawaya ciki har da burnous (rigar sanyaya mai dogon hannu wacce aka yi daga ulu). Tufafin sojojin doki sun haɗa da riga mai ja mai dogayen baƙaƙen zane a gefen hannu da baya, sai kuma rigar ciki mai ja wacce aka yi wa ado da baƙin gashi a kai. Kowane mahayi yana da haik wanda ke rufe kai da kafadu, wanda aka yi daga gashin raƙumi ciki har da rawani. === Jigo === " لَا شَيْء أَكْثَرُ فَائِدَة مِنْ التَّقْوَى وَالشَّجَاعَةَ " ("Babu abin da ya fi amfani fiye da taƙawa da jaruntaka") === Makamai === Kowane soja yana da jakar fata wacce za a iya rataya a belin rigar a kan kafadar dama, sai kuma bindiga mai bindiga, da bindigogi, da yatagan (addar lankwasa) da aka haɗa da belinsa. Sojojin doki an ba su bindiga, yatagan da bindiga. === Abinci === Dangane da abinci, kowane soja yana samun burodi guda biyu na kesra (gurasa ta Aljeriya) da kilogram guda na gari da semolina don dafa couscous sau biyu a mako. Kowace rukuni na maza 20 suna raba rago guda a tsakaninsu. === Albashi === Ana biyan albashin soja daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni kowane wata dangane da matsayi: * Agha (Janar) 22 Budjus * Sayaf (Lafurori na Farko) 12 Budjus * Rais Sayaf (Lafurori) 8 Budjus * Jaouche (Kopurori) 7 Budjus * Khaba (Kaftan) 6 Budjus Budju: kudin da Turkawa ke amfani da su a Aljeriya 1 Boudjou = 50 Mohammadia === Masauki === A bariki, sojoji galibi suna zaune a dakunan da ke da tabarma da kafet. A sansanin, kimanin sojoji 20 suna zaune a tantin yaƙi. === Matsayi === Kowane alamar takobi mai ado a kan kowane kafadar sojoji masu zuwa ciki har da zoben azurfa a hannunsu na hagu. * Agha (Janar) Alamomin Zinariya 4 * Sayaf (Lafurori na Farko) Alamomin Zinariya 2 * Rais Sayaf (Lafurori) Alamomin Azurfa 2 * Jaouche (Kopurori) Alamar Azurfa 1 * Khaba (Kaftan) Alamar Bronze 1 === Rukunin Umarni === * Masu Gadancin Emir – maza 500 – ƙarƙashin umarnin Emir Abdelkader * {{ILL|Katiba|fr}} (Bataliya) – maza 1000 – ƙarƙashin umarnin agha * Sariya (Kamfani) – maza 100 – ƙarƙashin umarnin sayaf * Fasela (Plato) – maza 35 – ƙarƙashin umarnin khaba Ya kuma nemi shigo da makamai daga ƙasar da kawai taƙi mamayar Faransa a Aljeriya, Ingila, amma ya kasa. Emir ya yi ƙoƙari ya gina ma'ajiyar harsasai da makamai, a Mascara da Takdempt tare da taimakon kwararrun baƙi daga Spain, Faransa, da Italiya. Emir kuma ya kafa masana'antu don samar da harsasai da makamai a mafi kyawun wurare masu mahimmanci kamar birnin Miliana. Sojojin emir sun kuma yi amfani da makamai da aka kama daga Faransawa. Emir Abdelkader ya horar da sojojinsa sosai kuma ya yi amfani da yankin da shi da sojojinsa suka saba da shi. Emir ya yi amfani da yaƙin ɓoye-ɓoye sosai ga sojojin mamaya, galibi yana amfani da kwanton bauna. == Larduna == Abdelkader ya raba daularsa zuwa larduna don sauƙaƙe gudanarwa da rage nauyi ga gwamnatin tsakiya.<ref>Lardunan Daular [http://emiratedz.blogspot.com/2013/07/establishment-of-emirate.html (karanta a yanar gizo)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185801/http://emiratedz.blogspot.com/2013/07/establishment-of-emirate.html |date=2021-07-22 }}</ref><ref>الأمير يبني الدولة ، ختم كاتب الدوان [http://bayadasouf39.yoo7.com/t1009-topic (karanta a yanar gizo (larabci)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027034106/https://bayadasouf39.yoo7.com/t1009-topic |date=2020-10-27 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- |+ Lardunan Daular Abdulkader |- ! Lardi !! Gwamna !! Babban Birni |- | Titteri || Emir Mustapha<br />Mohammed Barkani || Médéa |- | Miliana || Muhieddine Ben Alal Al-Qaleyi || Miliana |- | Tlemcen || Mohammed Bouhamedi || Tlemcen |- | Mascara || Ahmed Ben Al-Tahami || Mascara |- | Sahara || Gadour Ben Abdelbaqi || Laghouat |- | Mejdana || Mohammed Ben Abdelsalam Al-Maqdani || Sétif |- | Ziban || Ferhat Ben Saeed || Biskra |- | Jibal || Emir Mustapha<br />Ahmed Ben Salem || Bouïra |} Kowane lardi an raba shi zuwa gundumomi waɗanda aka sake raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyin kabilu. Shugaban gundumar ana kiransa Agha kuma Sheikh shine shugaban ƙungiyar kabilu. == Tuta da tambari == [[File:Flag of the Emirate of Mascara.svg|right|thumb|Tutar masarautar Mascara]] [[File:Emblem of the emirate of abdelkader.jpg|right|thumb|Tambarim Masarautar abdelkader]] === Tuta === Sarki Abdelkader Al-Jazairi ya ƙera tuta mai koren sandunan siliki sama da ƙasa tsakiyar farar siliki. Hannun da aka zana akan farar cibiyar an zagaye shi da kalaman zinare "nasara daga Allah kuma nasara ta kusa, nasara ta sarki Abdelkader" === Tambari === Alamar jihar ta kasance hexagram, tare da rubuce-rubuce a kewayenta: Allah, Mohammed, Abubakar, Omar, Othman da Ali. A tsakiyar tauraron Nasir Al-Din Emir Adbelkader Ben Muhieddine aka rubuta..<ref>Establishment of the Emirate of Abdelkader [http://emiratedz.blogspot.com/2013/07/establishment-of-emirate.html (read online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185801/http://emiratedz.blogspot.com/2013/07/establishment-of-emirate.html |date=2021-07-22 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2024}} == Gudanarwa == === Ilimi === Ilimi ya kasance babban abin da Emir ya fi damu da shi. Ya yi imani cewa ci gaba a wannan fanni shi ne kula da littattafai da littattafan bincike duk yadda darajarsu ta kimiyya ko adabi take. Saboda haka, Emir ya yi iyakacin ƙoƙarinsa don tattara littattafai kan fannoni daban-daban ta hanyar siya, kwafa, ko jigilar su. Emir kuma ya ba da umarni masu tsauri ga sojojinsa kada su yi wa littattafai rashin kulawa ko rashin girmamawa, kuma cin zarafin waɗannan umarnin ana hukunta shi sosai. Ya kuma kasance yana ba su lada don kawo littafi ko marubucin littafi. Kwafa rubutun hannu guda zai ɗauki watanni da yawa kuma wannan ya kasance dogon lokaci ga Emir saboda yaƙin da aka yi da Faransawa masu mulkin mallaka. Wannan manufa ta sami babban nasara wajen kawo littattafai daga fannoni daban-daban zuwa daularsa, Emir kuma ya gina ɗakin karatu don adanawa da tsara waɗannan littattafan da ya tattara amma kuma ya haɗa ɗakin karatun da ƙungiyoyi da yawa a daular kamar makarantu, masallatai da zawiyoyi (makarantun addini), ɗakin karatun yana buɗe wa kowa: ɗalibai, malamai har ma da sojoji. Ya kuma kasance yana adana adadi mai yawa na rubutun hannu a gidan Takdemt, inda ya kasance yana adana ba kawai rubutun hannu ba har ma da takaddun gwamnati masu sirri da wasiƙun diflomasiyya. Emir ya kula da littattafai da rubutun hannu har ma a lokacin yaƙi; ya jigilar duk littattafai da rubutun hannu da aka adana a gidan Takdemt zuwa sansaninsa na sirri (زمالة ''zmālah'', wanda aka fassara a matsayin "the Smala") bayan gidan ya faɗa hannun maharan Faransa, duk da haka, sojojin Faransa sun kwace littattafan da rubutun hannu bayan Yaƙin Smala a 1843. Emir ya zaɓi malaman da suka cancanta don inganta ilimi a daular, ya tallafa wa malamai a fannin kuɗi da ɗabi'a kuma ya biya su albashi dangane da cancantar su kamar yadda ya kuma gina makarantu a duk faɗin daularsa a ƙauyuka, garuruwa da birane. A lokacin faɗuwar daular, Faransawa sun kwashe rubutun hannunsa zuwa Château de Chantilly, kodayake an yi asarar wasu. An buga cikakken jerin rubutun hannu 39 da suka rage a 2022; marubutan sun lura cewa rubutun suna da tarihi kuma ba a taɓa bincika su gaba ɗaya ba.<ref>https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03907574/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210152445/https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03907574/|date=2023-02-10}} (ISBN 9782376800804)</ref> === Tsarin Shari'a === [[File:Manuscripts Emirate of Abdelkader.jpg|thumb|Rubutun Hannu na Daular Abdelkader.|left]]Bayan kafa daular da rukunin gudanarwarta, emir ya nada a kowane yanki alƙali don yin hukunci daidai da mazhabar Maliki ta fikihu. Adalci shine tushen mulki, don haka ya sanya buƙatu ga alƙalai: su kasance masu gaskiya, adalci, masu tsabta kuma su aikata Musulunci. Don tabbatar da cewa shari'a ta yi aiki da kyau, Emir ya biya kowane alƙali albashin wata-wata mai kyau na douro 100 (francs 50) da kuma ƙarin biyan kuɗi dangane da nau'in shari'ar da ya yi hukunci. Emir ya raba shari'ar farar hula da ta soja, sannan ya nada wa kowane sashe wani alƙali na musamman don yanke shawarar lamarin da shari'o'in. Ana iya zaɓar alƙali don shekara ɗaya kawai. Emir kuma ya ɗauki malamai biyu a kowace majalisar yanki. Babban malamin ya yi nazarin fatwa (hukunce-hukuncen shari'a) da alƙalin wani yanki ya bayar sannan ya tura su Mascara don ƙarin nazari. Emir ya haɗa dukkan alƙalai a yankuna don duba shari'o'in su tare da Qāḍī al-Quḍāt Ahmed ben Al-Hashemi Al-Mrahi. [[File:Manuscripts 'Emirate of Abdelkader'.jpg|right|thumb|Rubutun Hannu 'Daular Abdelkader']] Emir kuma yana son tanade-tanaden shari'ar farar hula da ta soja su shiga ƙarƙashin shari'a, wacce Emir ya sanya tushen mulki a cikin Daular. Tanade-tanaden ta sun samo asali ne daga Al-Kur'ani, Sunnah, da ijtihadi, kuma ya tunatar da mutane zamanin halifancin Rashidun. Ya ɗauki nasarar sabuwar Daular da aka kafa a matsayin kawar da cin hanci da rashawa da aka gada daga Turkawa, yana aiki don canza tsoffin alaƙa da haɗa kan al'ummar Aljeriya. Wannan manufa ta haɗa kan Aljeriya, tana taimaka masa daga baya ya fuskanci mamayar Faransa. Nan da nan kuma musamman idan akwai barazana ga ƙasar kamar abokin gaba, martani ga barazanar da aka yi niyya don tsoratar da wasu, ba tare da daukaka kara ba. "Duk wanda ya taimaka wa abokin gaba a fannin kuɗi za a hukunta shi a fannin kuɗi (tara) kuma wanda ya taimaka wa abokin gaba a jiki za a hukunta shi da yanke kai (kisa)," in ji shi. Kuma haka ne a cikin adalci da tsaro, mutane sun rayu lafiya a ƙarƙashin tutar daular ƙasa mai farin jini, laifuka sun ɓace kuma nutsuwa ta dawo bayan rudanin da ya biyo bayan faɗuwar mulkin Turkiyya a Aljeriya. Emir kuma ya yaƙi cin hanci da rashawa a cikin al'umma, ya hana fasikanci, shan barasa da miyagun ƙwayoyi a duk faɗin daularsa, kuma ya hana sojoji yin caca da sanya zinariya da azurfa sai a makamansu da dawakansu, yana umurtar su da su yi sallah a masallaci. Emir ya ce “Ku sani cewa kawai manufar karɓar wannan matsayi nawa (Emir) shi ne kawai ku kasance cikin aminci a kan kanku da girmanku da dukiyarku masu tabbaci a ƙasarku kuna jin daɗin ayyukanku na addini kuma ba zan iya kaiwa ga hakan ba sai da taimakonku ta hanyar kuɗi ko maza.”<ref>Daular Abdelkader, Gudanarwa a Daular [http://emiratedz.blogspot.com/2013/07/administration-in-emirate.html (karanta a yanar gizo)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185759/http://emiratedz.blogspot.com/2013/07/administration-in-emirate.html |date=2021-07-22 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ==Bibiyar Tarihi== * [http://emiratedz.blogspot.com/ Emirate of Abdelkader, Military Structure] * Abd el-Kader, chef de guerre (1832–1847), par Jacques Frémeaux, dans: Revue historique des armées, n.250 (2008), pp.&nbsp;100–107 [http://rha.revues.org/194 1] * Algérie: le passé, l'Algérie française, la révolution, 1954–1958, par Jacques Simon - Éditions L'Harmattan, 2007 [https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-SiQch5OkC&dq=%22Etat+d%27Abd+el+Kader%22&pg=PA46 Analyse de l’État d'Abd el Kader pp. 45-48] * Abd el Kader, sa vie politique et militaire, par Alexandre Bellemare Hachette 1863 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060206223329/http://www.algerie-ancienne.com/livres/essais/essais2.htm Organisation de son État, par Abd el Kader lui-même pp. 221-241]}} * Histoire d'el Hadj Abd el Kader (1848), par El Hossin ben Ali ben Ali Taleb cousin de l'émir, dans - [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5729011t.image.langFR.r=Revue%20africaine Revue Africaine - 1876 pp]. 419–455 (Récit autobiographique par un cavalier d'Abd el Kader, 1832 à 1844) * Organisation du territoire d'Abd-el-Kader {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070220234302/http://www.algerie-ancienne.com/Salon/Galib/8France/08valee/04abdelkader.htm (read online (french))]}} * L'État d'Abd-el-Kader et sa puissance en 1841, d'après le rapport du sous-intendant militaire Massot [http://www.persee.fr/doc/rhmc_0048-8003_1967_num_14_2_2945 (read online (french))] * [http://www.museenat-moudjahid.dz/Pages/sm2.htm مقاومة الأمير عبد القادر 1832–1847] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115062443/http://www.museenat-moudjahid.dz/Pages/sm2.htm |date=2018-01-15 }} * [http://www.djelfa.info/vb/showthread.php?t=1315022 بيعة الأمير عبد القادر] * [http://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/74175 الجزائريون يتذكّرون مبايعة الأمير عبد القادر] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023022327/http://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/74175 |date=2017-10-23 }} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 75x554lv3mpm5ybieafwez7i42g86uu 0 102995 862484 646214 2026-06-20T22:18:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Thabo Weinberg''' (5 Janairu 1974 - 28 Janairu 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Murray |date=2025-02-04 |title=Three lessons in activism from Mark Weinberg |url=https://groundup.org.za/article/three-lessons-in-activism-from-mark-weinberg/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yetu Infotech Collective |date=April 2025 |title=Honoring Comrade Mark Thabo Weinberg |url=https://ilrigsa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/WWN-130_DIGITAL_A.pdf |journal=Worker's World News |issue=130 |pages=6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mtabane |first=Busi |date=2025-04-03 |title=Celebrating Mark Thabo Weinberg |url=https://www.amandla.org.za/celebrating-mark-thabo-weinberg/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Amandla |language=en-ZA}}</ref> ) ɗan gwagwarmayar gurguzu na Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka wajen ƙirƙira da nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na Right2Know ("R2K"). Shi ɗa ne ga Sheila Weinberg, kuma jikan Eli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eli Weinberg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/eli-weinberg |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> da Violet Weinberg, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Violet Weinberg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/violet-weinberg |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> duk fitattun masu fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne. Gudunmawar iyali ga gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci an girmama ta ta hanyar sanya sunan wurin shakatawa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Content |first=Print |date=2014-02-04 |title=Savoy Park to be renamed |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/rosebank-killarney-gazette/news-headlines/2014/02/04/savoy-park-to-be-renamed/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Rosebank Killarney Gazette |language=en-GB}}</ref> a [[Johannesburg]]. A lokacin mutuwarsa, Weinberg ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Yetu Infotech Collective, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=Yetu Infotech Collective – Growing the Internet from Below |url=https://yetu.coop/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219170909/https://yetu.coop/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref> da kuma yin aiki a kan kwamitocin ƙungiyoyin jama'a irin su AIDC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://aidc.org.za/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=AIDC {{!}} Alternative Information & Development Centre |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330155130/https://aidc.org.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Cape Town TV. == Yarantaka da kuruciya == Weinberg ya girma a matsayin ɗa tilo na iyayen kaɗaici <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheila Weinberg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sheila-weinberg |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> wanda ya sha wahala da tsangwama, kamar yadda iyayenta suka yi (wanda aka kora daga 1976 da 1977 bi da bi) da abokanta. Bayan shaida gwagwarmayar mahaifiyarsa (misali don samun damar ziyartar kakarsa da aka yi gudun hijira bayan mutuwar kakansa), ya shaida yadda ta shiga cikin muhimman lokuta a gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata kamar 1983 da kaddamar da United Democratic Front da kuma 1985 na gwaji na Mosiuoa Lekota da Popo Molefe. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen shekarunsa an sami nasarorin farko a gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata kamar sakin [[Nelson Mandela]] a shekarar 1991 da kuma haramta taron majalisar dokokin Afirka, da kuma a matakin kansa, dawowar kakarsa daga gudun hijira. A cikin shekarar 1994 an zaɓi mahaifiyarsa mamba a majalisar dokokin lardin Gauteng inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 10. == Aiki da gwagwarmaya == Weinberg ya fara gwagwarmaya mai zaman kanta lokacin da ya shiga [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]]. Kwarewarsa ta kafafen yaɗa labarai ta ɗalibai ta sa shi shiga kafafen yaɗa labarai bayan ya bar jami'a ba tare da ya kammala digiri ba. Daga nan sai ya zarce ta ƙungiyoyin farar hula daban-daban, inda ya samu gogewa wanda daga ƙarshe ya ba shi damar gudanar da ayyukan kafa a sabbin kungiyoyi. R2K, wanda ya kasance mai gudanarwa na ƙasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2014 |title=Desire for change unites post-apartheid activism |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-02-20-post-apartheid-activism-united-by-a-desire-for-change/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> da kuma wanda ya kafa, ya kasance mai mahimmanci don tattarawa ba kawai masu fafutuka na asali ba, amma masu sana'a, malamai da "manufofin siyasa." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bond |first=Patrick |date=2017-12-13 |title=Securocrat repression and 'Protest nation' resistance |url=https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sacq/article/view/3430 |journal=South African Crime Quarterly |issue=62 |pages=103–108 |doi=10.17159/2413-3108/2017/v0n62a3430 |issn=2413-3108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kafa shi ne don mayar da martani ga Dokar Kare Bayanan Jiha, wanda ke neman rarraba bayanai da dama na jama'a. Ana iya auna mahimmancin R2K daga gaskiyar cewa a ƙarƙashin Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]], Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar ta yi niyya don kutsawa, don dalilai na sa ido da/ ko tada zaune tsaye, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thamm |first=Marianne |date=2021-01-25 |title=Commission hears of alleged covert ops in media, judiciary, civil society, academia and unions, costing taxpayers 'hundreds of millions' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-01-26-commission-hears-of-alleged-covert-ops-in-media-judiciary-civil-society-academia-and-unions-costing-taxpayers-hundreds-of-millions/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> kamar yadda Hukumar Zondo ta bayyana. Aikin ƙarshe na Weinberg, Yetu Infotech Collective, yana nufin magance rarrabuwar dijital a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Opportunities & Threats – Yetu Infotech Collective |url=https://yetu.coop/opportinities-threats/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712152917/https://yetu.coop/opportinities-threats/ |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == {{citation needed section|date=April 2025}} Weinberg ya auri Celeste Fortuin; sun haifi 'ya'ya uku: Liam sai tagwaye Sasha da Luka. Mutuwar sa na bazata ta faru ne a gidansu na Harfield Village, [[Cape Town]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == http://www.theright2know.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20200115121620/http://www.r2k.org.za/ https://web.archive.org/web/20250219170909/https://yetu.coop/ [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] sve3eagaa9xymscvfbn77ambl5tyu4s 0 104624 862066 664462 2026-06-20T15:46:49Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 862066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Foran'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Foran</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar National League South [[Maidstone United]].<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=England – T. Foran – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/taylor-foram/598550/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] tam5t5ga9hlvehhrxcq0rtdrouabsyo 862068 862066 2026-06-20T15:47:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Foran'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Foran</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar National League South [[Maidstone United]].<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=England – T. Foran – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/taylor-foram/598550/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Foran ya fara aikinsa da Arsenal kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 amma bai buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ba. A lokacin da yake Arsenal, ya sanya hannu a kan aro ga ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two, inda ya buga wasanni 11. Bayan ya bar Arsenal, Foran ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two ta Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. Ya buga wa Bromley wasa sau biyu, duka a gasar cin kofin, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a dukkan lokutan. A lokacin da yake Bromley, Foran ya yi zaman aro ga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gasar ba kamar Southend United, Kidderminster Harriers, Chesham United, Salisbury da Maidstone United. A watan Nuwamban 2025, yarjejeniyar aronsa da Maidstone ta zama ta dindindin inda Foran ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 18 tare da ƙungiyar National League South. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] j0scwp0v88shqx7upqvf736ytnys2yb 862069 862068 2026-06-20T15:48:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 862069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Foran'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Foran</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar National League South [[Maidstone United]].<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=England – T. Foran – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/taylor-foram/598550/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Foran ya fara aikinsa da Arsenal kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 amma bai buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ba. A lokacin da yake Arsenal, ya sanya hannu a kan aro ga ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two, inda ya buga wasanni 11. Bayan ya bar Arsenal, Foran ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two ta Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. Ya buga wa Bromley wasa sau biyu, duka a gasar cin kofin, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a dukkan lokutan. A lokacin da yake Bromley, Foran ya yi zaman aro ga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gasar ba kamar Southend United, Kidderminster Harriers, Chesham United, Salisbury da Maidstone United. A watan Nuwamban 2025, yarjejeniyar aronsa da Maidstone ta zama ta dindindin inda Foran ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 18 tare da ƙungiyar National League South. == Sana'a == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] d1qz93awtybh2cd9d89qpprryuncz7x 862070 862069 2026-06-20T15:50:17Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Foran'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Foran</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar National League South [[Maidstone United]].<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=England – T. Foran – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/taylor-foram/598550/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Foran ya fara aikinsa da Arsenal kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 amma bai buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ba. A lokacin da yake Arsenal, ya sanya hannu a kan aro ga ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two, inda ya buga wasanni 11. Bayan ya bar Arsenal, Foran ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two ta Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. Ya buga wa Bromley wasa sau biyu, duka a gasar cin kofin, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a dukkan lokutan. A lokacin da yake Bromley, Foran ya yi zaman aro ga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gasar ba kamar Southend United, Kidderminster Harriers, Chesham United, Salisbury da Maidstone United. A watan Nuwamban 2025, yarjejeniyar aronsa da Maidstone ta zama ta dindindin inda Foran ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 18 tare da ƙungiyar National League South. == Sana'a == === Arsenal === An haifi Foran a Hillingdon, ya koma [[Arsenal]] a watan Mayun 2012 kuma ya zama ƙwararre a watan Yulin 2022. Ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Arsenal, kuma ya shafe lokaci yana horo tare da ƙungiyar farko ta [[Arsenal]]. Foran ya koma ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two a matsayin aro a watan Janairun 2023 har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Arsenal ta sallami Taylor a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023-24 bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] fhjswkpx4z6rlul78hi0jwk2zj5vuzl 862071 862070 2026-06-20T15:51:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Foran'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Foran</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar National League South [[Maidstone United]].<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=England – T. Foran – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/taylor-foram/598550/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Foran ya fara aikinsa da Arsenal kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 amma bai buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ba. A lokacin da yake Arsenal, ya sanya hannu a kan aro ga ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two, inda ya buga wasanni 11. Bayan ya bar Arsenal, Foran ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two ta Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. Ya buga wa Bromley wasa sau biyu, duka a gasar cin kofin, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a dukkan lokutan. A lokacin da yake Bromley, Foran ya yi zaman aro ga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gasar ba kamar Southend United, Kidderminster Harriers, Chesham United, Salisbury da Maidstone United. A watan Nuwamban 2025, yarjejeniyar aronsa da Maidstone ta zama ta dindindin inda Foran ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 18 tare da ƙungiyar National League South. == Sana'a == === Arsenal === An haifi Foran a Hillingdon, ya koma [[Arsenal]] a watan Mayun 2012 kuma ya zama ƙwararre a watan Yulin 2022. Ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Arsenal, kuma ya shafe lokaci yana horo tare da ƙungiyar farko ta [[Arsenal]]. Foran ya koma ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two a matsayin aro a watan Janairun 2023 har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Arsenal ta sallami Taylor a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023-24 bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa. === Bromley === Ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2024, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League Southend United a kan aro na kwanaki 28. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar ɗaya bayan rashin nasara a gida da Gateshead da ci 3-1. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2024, an ba Foran aro ga Kidderminster Harriers har zuwa Janairun 2025. A watan Janairun 2025, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League South Chesham United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na ɗan gajeren lokaci - daga baya aka tsawaita yarjejeniyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. A watan Yulin 2025, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League South Salisbury a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairun 2026. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Hampton & Richmond Borough a ranar farko ta kakar wasa. A watan Oktoban 2025, an dakatar da kwangilarsa da Salisbury, inda ya koma ƙungiyar Maidstone United a matsayin aro. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] sddh7mn4ky4hlk8wxovlp7wguscf4k1 862074 862071 2026-06-20T15:54:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Foran'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Foran</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar National League South [[Maidstone United]].<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=England – T. Foran – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/taylor-foram/598550/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Foran ya fara aikinsa da Arsenal kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 amma bai buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ba. A lokacin da yake Arsenal, ya sanya hannu a kan aro ga ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two, inda ya buga wasanni 11. Bayan ya bar Arsenal, Foran ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two ta Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. Ya buga wa Bromley wasa sau biyu, duka a gasar cin kofin, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a dukkan lokutan. A lokacin da yake Bromley, Foran ya yi zaman aro ga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gasar ba kamar Southend United, Kidderminster Harriers, Chesham United, Salisbury da Maidstone United. A watan Nuwamban 2025, yarjejeniyar aronsa da Maidstone ta zama ta dindindin inda Foran ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 18 tare da ƙungiyar National League South. == Sana'a == === Arsenal === An haifi Foran a Hillingdon, ya koma [[Arsenal]] a watan Mayun 2012 kuma ya zama ƙwararre a watan Yulin 2022. Ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Arsenal, kuma ya shafe lokaci yana horo tare da ƙungiyar farko ta [[Arsenal]]. Foran ya koma ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two a matsayin aro a watan Janairun 2023 har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Arsenal ta sallami Taylor a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023-24 bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa. === Bromley === Ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2024, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League Southend United a kan aro na kwanaki 28. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar ɗaya bayan rashin nasara a gida da Gateshead da ci 3-1. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2024, an ba Foran aro ga Kidderminster Harriers har zuwa Janairun 2025. A watan Janairun 2025, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League South Chesham United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na ɗan gajeren lokaci - daga baya aka tsawaita yarjejeniyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. A watan Yulin 2025, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League South Salisbury a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairun 2026. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Hampton & Richmond Borough a ranar farko ta kakar wasa. A watan Oktoban 2025, an dakatar da kwangilarsa da Salisbury, inda ya koma ƙungiyar Maidstone United a matsayin aro. === Maidstone United === Bayan ya burge Maidstone a lokacin da yake aro kuma ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin National League, Foran ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da ƙungiyar a watan Nuwamba na 2025 kan kwantiragin watanni 18. A lokacin zaman aronsa, Foran ya buga wasanni shida, inda ƙungiyar ta sha kashi sau ɗaya kawai a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, bayan ya sanya hannu, Foran ya rasa damar buga wasa na 'yan makonni saboda rauni. Ya fara buga wasa bayan ya sanya hannu na dindindin a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2025 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Hampton & Richmond Borough. === Rayuwar Kansa(sirri) === Foran ɗan asalin Anglo-Indiya ne, daga kakansa. Mahaifinsa da 'yar'uwarsa mawakan yaƙi ne. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] hguqdvrfaud6xi96bc8guits3xfmwaz 862077 862074 2026-06-20T15:57:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Foran'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Foran</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar National League South [[Maidstone United]].<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=England – T. Foran – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/taylor-foram/598550/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Foran ya fara aikinsa da Arsenal kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 amma bai buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ba. A lokacin da yake Arsenal, ya sanya hannu a kan aro ga ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two, inda ya buga wasanni 11. Bayan ya bar Arsenal, Foran ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two ta Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. Ya buga wa Bromley wasa sau biyu, duka a gasar cin kofin, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a dukkan lokutan. A lokacin da yake Bromley, Foran ya yi zaman aro ga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gasar ba kamar Southend United, Kidderminster Harriers, Chesham United, Salisbury da Maidstone United. A watan Nuwamban 2025, yarjejeniyar aronsa da Maidstone ta zama ta dindindin inda Foran ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 18 tare da ƙungiyar National League South. == Sana'a == === Arsenal === An haifi Foran a Hillingdon, ya koma [[Arsenal]] a watan Mayun 2012 kuma ya zama ƙwararre a watan Yulin 2022. Ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Arsenal, kuma ya shafe lokaci yana horo tare da ƙungiyar farko ta [[Arsenal]]. Foran ya koma ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two a matsayin aro a watan Janairun 2023 har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Arsenal ta sallami Taylor a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023-24 bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa. === Bromley === Ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2024, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League Southend United a kan aro na kwanaki 28. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar ɗaya bayan rashin nasara a gida da Gateshead da ci 3-1. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2024, an ba Foran aro ga Kidderminster Harriers har zuwa Janairun 2025. A watan Janairun 2025, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League South Chesham United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na ɗan gajeren lokaci - daga baya aka tsawaita yarjejeniyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. A watan Yulin 2025, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League South Salisbury a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairun 2026. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Hampton & Richmond Borough a ranar farko ta kakar wasa. A watan Oktoban 2025, an dakatar da kwangilarsa da Salisbury, inda ya koma ƙungiyar Maidstone United a matsayin aro. === Maidstone United === Bayan ya burge Maidstone a lokacin da yake aro kuma ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin National League, Foran ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da ƙungiyar a watan Nuwamba na 2025 kan kwantiragin watanni 18. A lokacin zaman aronsa, Foran ya buga wasanni shida, inda ƙungiyar ta sha kashi sau ɗaya kawai a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, bayan ya sanya hannu, Foran ya rasa damar buga wasa na 'yan makonni saboda rauni. Ya fara buga wasa bayan ya sanya hannu na dindindin a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2025 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Hampton & Richmond Borough. === Rayuwar Kansa(sirri) === Foran ɗan asalin Anglo-Indiya ne, daga kakansa. Mahaifinsa da 'yar'uwarsa mawakan yaƙi ne. == Kididdigar aiki == ''Tun daga wasan da aka buga a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2026'' {{updated|match played 25 April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|[[FA Cup]] !colspan="2"|[[EFL Cup|League Cup]] !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="4"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |[[2021–22 Arsenal F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|144841|2021|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |0||0||0||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=EFLT|Appearances in the [[EFL Trophy]].}}||0||2||0 |- |[[2022–23 Arsenal F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name = "2022-23">{{soccerbase season|144841|2022|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |0||0||0||0||0||0||4{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||4||0 |- |[[2023–24 Arsenal F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref name = "2023-24">{{soccerbase season|144841|2023|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |0||0||0||0||0||0||3{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||3||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!9!!0!!9!!0 |- |[[Hartlepool United F.C.|Hartlepool United]] (loan) |[[2022–23 Hartlepool United F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name = "2022-23"/> |[[EFL League Two|League Two]] |11||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||11||0 |- |[[Bromley F.C.|Bromley]] |[[2024–25 Bromley F.C. season|2024–25]]<ref name = "2024-25">{{soccerbase season|144841|2024|access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> |League Two |0||0||0||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||2||0 |- |[[Southend United F.C.|Southend United]] (loan) |[[2024–25 National League|2024–25]]<ref name = "2024-25"/> |[[National League (division)|National League]] |2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0 |- |[[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] (loan) |[[2024–25 National League|2024–25]] |[[National League North]] |3||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||4||0 |- |[[Chesham United F.C.|Chesham United]] (loan) |[[2024–25 National League|2024–25]]<ref name = "2024-25"/> |[[National League South]] |21||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||21||0 |- |[[Salisbury F.C.|Salisbury]] (loan) |[[2025–26 National League|2025–26]]<ref name = "2025-26">{{soccerbase season|144841|2025|access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> |National League South |6||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||6||0 |- |[[Maidstone United F.C.|Maidstone United]] |[[2025–26 National League|2025–26]]<ref name = "2025-26">{{soccerbase season|144841|2025|access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> |National League South |31||1||0||0||0||0||1||0||32||1 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !74!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!13!!0!!86!!1 |} {{notelist}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] mydul5hymshyvmjle2vr0jq140ik2pb 862078 862077 2026-06-20T15:58:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Foran'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Foran</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar National League South [[Maidstone United]].<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=England – T. Foran – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/taylor-foram/598550/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Foran ya fara aikinsa da Arsenal kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 amma bai buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ba. A lokacin da yake Arsenal, ya sanya hannu a kan aro ga ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two, inda ya buga wasanni 11. Bayan ya bar Arsenal, Foran ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two ta Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. Ya buga wa Bromley wasa sau biyu, duka a gasar cin kofin, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a dukkan lokutan. A lokacin da yake Bromley, Foran ya yi zaman aro ga ƙungiyoyin da ba na gasar ba kamar Southend United, Kidderminster Harriers, Chesham United, Salisbury da Maidstone United. A watan Nuwamban 2025, yarjejeniyar aronsa da Maidstone ta zama ta dindindin inda Foran ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 18 tare da ƙungiyar National League South.<ref>https://www.hartlepoolunited.co.uk/news/2023/january/pools-sign-taylor-foran/</ref> == Sana'a == === Arsenal === An haifi Foran a Hillingdon, ya koma [[Arsenal]] a watan Mayun 2012 kuma ya zama ƙwararre a watan Yulin 2022. Ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Arsenal, kuma ya shafe lokaci yana horo tare da ƙungiyar farko ta [[Arsenal]]. Foran ya koma ƙungiyar Hartlepool United ta League Two a matsayin aro a watan Janairun 2023 har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Arsenal ta sallami Taylor a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023-24 bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa. === Bromley === Ya sanya hannu a sabuwar ƙungiyar League Two Bromley a watan Yulin 2024. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2024, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League Southend United a kan aro na kwanaki 28. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar ɗaya bayan rashin nasara a gida da Gateshead da ci 3-1. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2024, an ba Foran aro ga Kidderminster Harriers har zuwa Janairun 2025. A watan Janairun 2025, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League South Chesham United a kan yarjejeniyar aro na ɗan gajeren lokaci - daga baya aka tsawaita yarjejeniyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. A watan Yulin 2025, Foran ya koma ƙungiyar National League South Salisbury a matsayin aro har zuwa Janairun 2026. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Hampton & Richmond Borough a ranar farko ta kakar wasa. A watan Oktoban 2025, an dakatar da kwangilarsa da Salisbury, inda ya koma ƙungiyar Maidstone United a matsayin aro. === Maidstone United === Bayan ya burge Maidstone a lokacin da yake aro kuma ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin National League, Foran ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin da ƙungiyar a watan Nuwamba na 2025 kan kwantiragin watanni 18. A lokacin zaman aronsa, Foran ya buga wasanni shida, inda ƙungiyar ta sha kashi sau ɗaya kawai a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, bayan ya sanya hannu, Foran ya rasa damar buga wasa na 'yan makonni saboda rauni. Ya fara buga wasa bayan ya sanya hannu na dindindin a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2025 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Hampton & Richmond Borough.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=144841&season_id=158</ref> === Rayuwar Kansa(sirri) === Foran ɗan asalin Anglo-Indiya ne, daga kakansa. Mahaifinsa da 'yar'uwarsa mawakan yaƙi ne. == Kididdigar aiki == ''Tun daga wasan da aka buga a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2026'' {{updated|match played 25 April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|[[FA Cup]] !colspan="2"|[[EFL Cup|League Cup]] !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="4"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |[[2021–22 Arsenal F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|144841|2021|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |0||0||0||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=EFLT|Appearances in the [[EFL Trophy]].}}||0||2||0 |- |[[2022–23 Arsenal F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name = "2022-23">{{soccerbase season|144841|2022|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |0||0||0||0||0||0||4{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||4||0 |- |[[2023–24 Arsenal F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref name = "2023-24">{{soccerbase season|144841|2023|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |0||0||0||0||0||0||3{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||3||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!9!!0!!9!!0 |- |[[Hartlepool United F.C.|Hartlepool United]] (loan) |[[2022–23 Hartlepool United F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name = "2022-23"/> |[[EFL League Two|League Two]] |11||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||11||0 |- |[[Bromley F.C.|Bromley]] |[[2024–25 Bromley F.C. season|2024–25]]<ref name = "2024-25">{{soccerbase season|144841|2024|access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> |League Two |0||0||0||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||2||0 |- |[[Southend United F.C.|Southend United]] (loan) |[[2024–25 National League|2024–25]]<ref name = "2024-25"/> |[[National League (division)|National League]] |2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0 |- |[[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] (loan) |[[2024–25 National League|2024–25]] |[[National League North]] |3||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||4||0 |- |[[Chesham United F.C.|Chesham United]] (loan) |[[2024–25 National League|2024–25]]<ref name = "2024-25"/> |[[National League South]] |21||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||21||0 |- |[[Salisbury F.C.|Salisbury]] (loan) |[[2025–26 National League|2025–26]]<ref name = "2025-26">{{soccerbase season|144841|2025|access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> |National League South |6||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||6||0 |- |[[Maidstone United F.C.|Maidstone United]] |[[2025–26 National League|2025–26]]<ref name = "2025-26">{{soccerbase season|144841|2025|access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> |National League South |31||1||0||0||0||0||1||0||32||1 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !74!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!13!!0!!86!!1 |} {{notelist}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] lbtli4i8khhhtr6d5qenki352v1goch 0 104868 862527 656126 2026-06-21T01:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Masjid Bingkudu 2020 01.jpg|thumb|masallacin Bingkudu ]] '''Masallacin Bingkudu''' (wani lokacin ana rubuta shi ko rubuta shi a matsayin '''Masallacin Bengkudu''' kuma ana kiransa '''Masallacin Jamik Bingkudu''') yana daya daga cikin masallatai mafi tsufa a Indonesia. Padri ne suka kafa shi bayan lokacin Yaƙin Padri a Yammacin Sumatra a 1823. <ref name="iwan">{{Cite book|last3=Iwan Gayo}}</ref> Wannan masallaci da ke da tsarin gine-gine na al'ada na Minangkabau yana cikin Jorong Bingkudu, Nagari Canduang Koto Laweh, gundumar Canduang, Agam Regency, West Sumatra . Lokacin da aka fara gina shi, an gina ginin masallacin da itace a kan bene, sanda, da bango.<ref name="padek">{{In lang|id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220317055808/https://www.padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=10068 Mengenang Masjid Bingkudu]. Padang Ekspres. Retrieved March 26, 2012.</ref> A halin yanzu, ban da amfani da shi azaman aikin bautar Islama da kuma hanyar ilimin addini ga ɗalibai, ana amfani da Masallacin Bingkudu a matsayin hedkwatar Jorong Bingkudu Poverty Eradication Team. Gwamnatin Agam Regency ta kuma sanya shi a matsayin al'adun al'adu a shekarar 1989. Don haka a cikin 1991, masallacin ya fara fuskantar sabuntawa gaba ɗaya.<ref name="wm">{{In lang|id}} www.wisatamelayu.com [http://www.wisatamelayu.com/id/tour/160-Masjid-Jami-Bingkudu-Candung/navgeo Masjid Jamik Bingkudu, Kabupaten Agam, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia]{{Dead link|date=October 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}. Retrieved March 26, 2012.</ref> == Gine-gine == An adana gine-ginen asali har zuwa yau. Hanyoyin gine-gine na masallacin suna da sauƙin ganewa, musamman a cikin nau'in rufin da ya ƙunshi yadudduka uku tare da ƙaramin kwandon.<ref name="ws">{{In lang|id}} www.west-sumatra.com [https://archive.today/20130630141730/http://www.west-sumatra.com/index.php?option=com_ybggal&Itemid=77&pdisp=lastcommented&picid=6565 Masjid Tua Bingkudu]. Retrieved March 26, 2012.</ref> Masallacin yana a gindin Dutsen Marapi a tsawo na 1,050 m sama da matakin teku, kuma an gina shi a kan wani fili na murabba'in mita 60 x 60, tare da ginin mita 21 x 21. Tsawon ginin daga ƙasa har zuwa saman (rufin) kusan mita 19. An gina ginin da [[Katako|itace]], kuma an yi rufin rufin bene mai hawa uku daga fiber.<ref name="ws"/> Kamar yadda Rumah Gadang, wani gini na gargajiya na Minangkabau, ginin masallacin yana da akwatin mita 1.5 a ƙasa. == Maidowa == A baya, an maye gurbin rufin masallacin da [[zinc]] a shekara ta 1957. <ref name="padek"/> Wannan aikin ya faru ne daga al'ummar yankin la'akari da yanayin rufin da aka yi da fiber wanda ya yi tsufa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka an sanya masallacin a matsayin al'adun al'adu kuma an mika shi ga Agam Regency a 1989, don haka masallacin ya sami cikakken gyara. Don haka an mayar da kayan rufin da aka maye gurbin su a cikin zinc zuwa fiber, kuma an maye gurbin sassan da aka yi amfani da su kuma an sake fentin su a matsayin asali. Maido da masallacin kanta a cikin 1989 an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar kiyayewa da amfani da ayyukan tarihi da na archaeological na Yammacin Sumatra tare da mai da hankali kan rufin, rufin, taga, da [[Hasumiya|Minaret]]. An bi shi da maido da kabarin, wurin [[Alwala|wudu]], [[Mimbari|Minbar]], [[mihrab]], tafkin, da shigar da mai kama walƙiya a kan minaret, tsarin muhalli, da kuma gina ƙofar. == Hotona == <gallery> Fayil:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_moskee_bij_Fort_de_Kock_TMnr_10016669.jpg|Masallacin Bingkudu mai kewaye da tafki na gine-gine a lokacin 1890-1916 Fayil:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_heilige_visvijver_met_moskee_te_Fort_de_Kock_Sumatra`s_Westkust_TMnr_60003545.jpg|Masallacin Bingkudu mai kewaye da tafki na gine-gine a lokacin 1890-1916 </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Masallacin Jami na Taluak * Jerin masallatai mafi tsufa a Indonesia * Gine-ginen masallaci na gargajiya a Indonesia dw7u514aq22runz3gf2kosc3q043bqd 0 110359 862524 744330 2026-06-21T00:50:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''María Gamarra na Hidalgo''' (13 ga Afrilu, 1846 - 21 ga Mayu, 1916) 'yar juyin juya halin Ecuador ce da aka san ta da kare adalci da dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=María Gamarra de Hidalgo {{!}} Enciclopedia Del Ecuador |url=http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/tag/maria-gamarra-de-hidalgo/ |access-date=November 9, 2018 |website=Enciclopedia Del Ecuador |language=es-ES |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110080342/http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/tag/maria-gamarra-de-hidalgo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=María Gamarra de Hidalgo |url=https://www.ecured.cu/Mar%C3%ADa_Gamarra_de_Hidalgo |access-date=November 9, 2018 |language=es |agency=EcuRed}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == A shekara ta 1866, Gamarra ta auri Eduardo Hidalgo Arbeláez, ma'aikacin gona.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2016 |title=Figuras y hechos de nuestro país para evocar en el 2016 |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/vida-estilo/2016/01/03/nota/5323552/figuras-hechos-nuestro-pais-evocar-ano-marcha |access-date=10 November 2018 |language=es-LA |periodical=El Universo}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite news |title=María Gamarra de Hidalgo |url=https://www.ecured.cu/Mar%C3%ADa_Gamarra_de_Hidalgo |access-date=9 November 2018 |language=es |periodical=EcuRed}}</ref> Gamarra ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta wajen karfafa kare adalci da dimokuradiyya a kasar ta. Ta yi aiki akai-akai tare da tsohon shugaban kasar Ecuador Eloy Alfaro, kuma ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayarsa ta dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poblete |first=Juan Correa |last2=Admin |first2= |date=2012-03-10 |title=Mujeres alfaristas |url=https://www.elcomercio.com/opinion/mujeres-alfaristas.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=El Comercio |language=es |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127120842/https://www.elcomercio.com/opinion/mujeres-alfaristas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-17 |title=La mujer en la gesta liberal alfarista |url=https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/opinion/1/la-mujer-en-la-gesta-liberal-alfarista |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=El Telégrafo |language=es-es}}</ref> == References == rlcfxked4i6x535b6n5a0vgzg5cv7cn 0 113539 861969 861175 2026-06-20T12:01:58Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861969 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] 89k9cxc6j22ghzj7h55mo6nch0guzh6 861970 861969 2026-06-20T12:02:15Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861970 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] ixwshfubudok6imcezxm2rd653h9qc7 861971 861970 2026-06-20T12:02:29Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861971 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin baƙin ciki ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga rikitarwa na haɗin gwiwar [[Biochemistry|kwayoyin halitta]], kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban alamun catatonic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Binciken bakin ciki na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa ta ƙwararren ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman ka'idoji don gano alamun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1" />   c0ktmngxth2yvrjl8wrvsezt134pd1d 861972 861971 2026-06-20T12:02:45Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861972 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin baƙin ciki ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga rikitarwa na haɗin gwiwar [[Biochemistry|kwayoyin halitta]], kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban alamun catatonic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Binciken bakin ciki na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa ta ƙwararren ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman ka'idoji don gano alamun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1" />   Sau da yawa ana magance baƙin ciki na Catatonic ta amfani da tsarin multimodal. Ana iya ba da Magungunan rage baƙin ciki, masu daidaita yanayi, da magunganan ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa alamun baƙin ciki da rashin daidaituwa na neurotransmitter. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki na catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar shiga tsakani nan da nan idan wasu magunguna ba su yi nasara ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Kowane mutum na iya amfana daga maganin ƙwaƙwalwa na tallafi, maganin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (CBT), da kuma maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don magance alamun bayyanar cututtuka da ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyar su.<ref name=":1" /> Cutar Catatonic wani yanayi ne mai rauni da kuma halin da ake ciki wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don magani mafi kyau. Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi da ya dace, wanda ke haifar da raguwar alamomi da ingantaccen ingancin rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ainihin ganewar asali da magani na mai haƙuri.<ref name=":1" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gpyk1pemkoormt6kjtwuu34ntvh33bo 861973 861972 2026-06-20T12:03:09Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861973 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin baƙin ciki ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga rikitarwa na haɗin gwiwar [[Biochemistry|kwayoyin halitta]], kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban alamun catatonic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Binciken bakin ciki na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa ta ƙwararren ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman ka'idoji don gano alamun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1" />   Sau da yawa ana magance baƙin ciki na Catatonic ta amfani da tsarin multimodal. Ana iya ba da Magungunan rage baƙin ciki, masu daidaita yanayi, da magunganan ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa alamun baƙin ciki da rashin daidaituwa na neurotransmitter. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki na catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar shiga tsakani nan da nan idan wasu magunguna ba su yi nasara ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Kowane mutum na iya amfana daga maganin ƙwaƙwalwa na tallafi, maganin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (CBT), da kuma maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don magance alamun bayyanar cututtuka da ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyar su.<ref name=":1" /> Cutar Catatonic wani yanayi ne mai rauni da kuma halin da ake ciki wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don magani mafi kyau. Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi da ya dace, wanda ke haifar da raguwar alamomi da ingantaccen ingancin rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ainihin ganewar asali da magani na mai haƙuri.<ref name=":1" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Catatonic depression wani yanayi ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya shafi manyan rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki da catatonia. Cutar catatonic tana nuna alamar alamomi da alamun da suka haɗu da babbar matsalar damuwa da catatonia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Stupor da mutism sune alamun da aka fi sani da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kodayake alamun bakin ciki na catatonic na iya bambanta da mutum, alamun yau da kullun na catatonia sun haɗa da grimacing (yin fuska na jin zafi), mummunan ra'ayi, matsayi, tsananin, da sassauci.<ref name=":0" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] grdubpy9zhbkouy0b2fwuglt4sfzqvd 861974 861973 2026-06-20T12:03:31Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861974 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin baƙin ciki ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga rikitarwa na haɗin gwiwar [[Biochemistry|kwayoyin halitta]], kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban alamun catatonic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Binciken bakin ciki na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa ta ƙwararren ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman ka'idoji don gano alamun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1" />   Sau da yawa ana magance baƙin ciki na Catatonic ta amfani da tsarin multimodal. Ana iya ba da Magungunan rage baƙin ciki, masu daidaita yanayi, da magunganan ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa alamun baƙin ciki da rashin daidaituwa na neurotransmitter. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki na catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar shiga tsakani nan da nan idan wasu magunguna ba su yi nasara ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Kowane mutum na iya amfana daga maganin ƙwaƙwalwa na tallafi, maganin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (CBT), da kuma maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don magance alamun bayyanar cututtuka da ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyar su.<ref name=":1" /> Cutar Catatonic wani yanayi ne mai rauni da kuma halin da ake ciki wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don magani mafi kyau. Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi da ya dace, wanda ke haifar da raguwar alamomi da ingantaccen ingancin rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ainihin ganewar asali da magani na mai haƙuri.<ref name=":1" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Catatonic depression wani yanayi ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya shafi manyan rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki da catatonia. Cutar catatonic tana nuna alamar alamomi da alamun da suka haɗu da babbar matsalar damuwa da catatonia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Stupor da mutism sune alamun da aka fi sani da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kodayake alamun bakin ciki na catatonic na iya bambanta da mutum, alamun yau da kullun na catatonia sun haɗa da grimacing (yin fuska na jin zafi), mummunan ra'ayi, matsayi, tsananin, da sassauci.<ref name=":0" /> Manyan alamun baƙin ciki suna fuskantar mutum wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wadannan alamun na iya haɗawa da rashin bege, fushi, asarar sha'awa ko jin daɗi daga ayyukan al'ada, rikicewar bacci (rashin barci ko barci mai yawa), gajiya, damuwa, jinkirin motsi, jin rashin amfani, wahalar mai da hankali, wahalar tunawa da abubuwa, da tunanin kashe kansa.<ref name=":0" /> == Hanyar jiki == A halin yanzu ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtuken cututtukon cututtukun cututtukন cututtukano ba kuma galibi an rufe shi da asiri, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar ilimin cututƙan cututƙon cututƙo da ke bayyana babban matsalar cututtukayyar cututtukana tare da siffofin catatonic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jle55tygdpfg5hf9s1meqnvqo149kk8 861975 861974 2026-06-20T12:04:07Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861975 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin baƙin ciki ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga rikitarwa na haɗin gwiwar [[Biochemistry|kwayoyin halitta]], kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban alamun catatonic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Binciken bakin ciki na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa ta ƙwararren ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman ka'idoji don gano alamun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1" />   Sau da yawa ana magance baƙin ciki na Catatonic ta amfani da tsarin multimodal. Ana iya ba da Magungunan rage baƙin ciki, masu daidaita yanayi, da magunganan ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa alamun baƙin ciki da rashin daidaituwa na neurotransmitter. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki na catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar shiga tsakani nan da nan idan wasu magunguna ba su yi nasara ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Kowane mutum na iya amfana daga maganin ƙwaƙwalwa na tallafi, maganin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (CBT), da kuma maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don magance alamun bayyanar cututtuka da ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyar su.<ref name=":1" /> Cutar Catatonic wani yanayi ne mai rauni da kuma halin da ake ciki wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don magani mafi kyau. Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi da ya dace, wanda ke haifar da raguwar alamomi da ingantaccen ingancin rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ainihin ganewar asali da magani na mai haƙuri.<ref name=":1" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Catatonic depression wani yanayi ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya shafi manyan rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki da catatonia. Cutar catatonic tana nuna alamar alamomi da alamun da suka haɗu da babbar matsalar damuwa da catatonia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Stupor da mutism sune alamun da aka fi sani da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kodayake alamun bakin ciki na catatonic na iya bambanta da mutum, alamun yau da kullun na catatonia sun haɗa da grimacing (yin fuska na jin zafi), mummunan ra'ayi, matsayi, tsananin, da sassauci.<ref name=":0" /> Manyan alamun baƙin ciki suna fuskantar mutum wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wadannan alamun na iya haɗawa da rashin bege, fushi, asarar sha'awa ko jin daɗi daga ayyukan al'ada, rikicewar bacci (rashin barci ko barci mai yawa), gajiya, damuwa, jinkirin motsi, jin rashin amfani, wahalar mai da hankali, wahalar tunawa da abubuwa, da tunanin kashe kansa.<ref name=":0" /> == Hanyar jiki == A halin yanzu ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtuken cututtukon cututtukun cututtukন cututtukano ba kuma galibi an rufe shi da asiri, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar ilimin cututƙan cututƙon cututƙo da ke bayyana babban matsalar cututtukayyar cututtukana tare da siffofin catatonic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:GABA_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), wani muhimmin neurotransmitter na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wanda aka sani don hana yaduwar jijiya.]] === Rage aikin gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) === GABA-A (GABA nau'in A) mai karɓar kunnawa a gefen dama na orbitofrontal da na dama na baya na parietal cortex an ba da shawarar zama sanannen dalilin rashin aiki na ciwon catatonia, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana alamun motsi da motsin rai da aka gani a cikin mutane masu catatonic. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana samun raguwar mai karɓar GABA-A akan hotuna a Yankunan cortical kamar su hagu sensorimotor cortex, wanda ke nuna rashin aiki na GABA- A a cikin catatonia.<ref name=":2" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 21xu7zw6nrgdifu57wqm2srjd328olp 861977 861975 2026-06-20T12:04:33Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861977 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin baƙin ciki ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga rikitarwa na haɗin gwiwar [[Biochemistry|kwayoyin halitta]], kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban alamun catatonic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Binciken bakin ciki na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa ta ƙwararren ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman ka'idoji don gano alamun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1" />   Sau da yawa ana magance baƙin ciki na Catatonic ta amfani da tsarin multimodal. Ana iya ba da Magungunan rage baƙin ciki, masu daidaita yanayi, da magunganan ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa alamun baƙin ciki da rashin daidaituwa na neurotransmitter. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki na catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar shiga tsakani nan da nan idan wasu magunguna ba su yi nasara ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Kowane mutum na iya amfana daga maganin ƙwaƙwalwa na tallafi, maganin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (CBT), da kuma maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don magance alamun bayyanar cututtuka da ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyar su.<ref name=":1" /> Cutar Catatonic wani yanayi ne mai rauni da kuma halin da ake ciki wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don magani mafi kyau. Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi da ya dace, wanda ke haifar da raguwar alamomi da ingantaccen ingancin rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ainihin ganewar asali da magani na mai haƙuri.<ref name=":1" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Catatonic depression wani yanayi ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya shafi manyan rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki da catatonia. Cutar catatonic tana nuna alamar alamomi da alamun da suka haɗu da babbar matsalar damuwa da catatonia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Stupor da mutism sune alamun da aka fi sani da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kodayake alamun bakin ciki na catatonic na iya bambanta da mutum, alamun yau da kullun na catatonia sun haɗa da grimacing (yin fuska na jin zafi), mummunan ra'ayi, matsayi, tsananin, da sassauci.<ref name=":0" /> Manyan alamun baƙin ciki suna fuskantar mutum wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wadannan alamun na iya haɗawa da rashin bege, fushi, asarar sha'awa ko jin daɗi daga ayyukan al'ada, rikicewar bacci (rashin barci ko barci mai yawa), gajiya, damuwa, jinkirin motsi, jin rashin amfani, wahalar mai da hankali, wahalar tunawa da abubuwa, da tunanin kashe kansa.<ref name=":0" /> == Hanyar jiki == A halin yanzu ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtuken cututtukon cututtukun cututtukন cututtukano ba kuma galibi an rufe shi da asiri, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar ilimin cututƙan cututƙon cututƙo da ke bayyana babban matsalar cututtukayyar cututtukana tare da siffofin catatonic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:GABA_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), wani muhimmin neurotransmitter na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wanda aka sani don hana yaduwar jijiya.]] === Rage aikin gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) === GABA-A (GABA nau'in A) mai karɓar kunnawa a gefen dama na orbitofrontal da na dama na baya na parietal cortex an ba da shawarar zama sanannen dalilin rashin aiki na ciwon catatonia, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana alamun motsi da motsin rai da aka gani a cikin mutane masu catatonic. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana samun raguwar mai karɓar GABA-A akan hotuna a Yankunan cortical kamar su hagu sensorimotor cortex, wanda ke nuna rashin aiki na GABA- A a cikin catatonia.<ref name=":2" /> === Rashin aiki na dopamine === [[Fayil:Dopamine_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Dopamine, neurotransmitter wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsin rai da motsi a cikin kwakwalwa.]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gq3j54tgnqqllguvte3l18qwfh5jmm8 861979 861977 2026-06-20T12:04:54Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861979 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin baƙin ciki ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga rikitarwa na haɗin gwiwar [[Biochemistry|kwayoyin halitta]], kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban alamun catatonic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Binciken bakin ciki na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa ta ƙwararren ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman ka'idoji don gano alamun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1" />   Sau da yawa ana magance baƙin ciki na Catatonic ta amfani da tsarin multimodal. Ana iya ba da Magungunan rage baƙin ciki, masu daidaita yanayi, da magunganan ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa alamun baƙin ciki da rashin daidaituwa na neurotransmitter. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki na catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar shiga tsakani nan da nan idan wasu magunguna ba su yi nasara ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Kowane mutum na iya amfana daga maganin ƙwaƙwalwa na tallafi, maganin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (CBT), da kuma maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don magance alamun bayyanar cututtuka da ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyar su.<ref name=":1" /> Cutar Catatonic wani yanayi ne mai rauni da kuma halin da ake ciki wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don magani mafi kyau. Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi da ya dace, wanda ke haifar da raguwar alamomi da ingantaccen ingancin rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ainihin ganewar asali da magani na mai haƙuri.<ref name=":1" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Catatonic depression wani yanayi ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya shafi manyan rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki da catatonia. Cutar catatonic tana nuna alamar alamomi da alamun da suka haɗu da babbar matsalar damuwa da catatonia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Stupor da mutism sune alamun da aka fi sani da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kodayake alamun bakin ciki na catatonic na iya bambanta da mutum, alamun yau da kullun na catatonia sun haɗa da grimacing (yin fuska na jin zafi), mummunan ra'ayi, matsayi, tsananin, da sassauci.<ref name=":0" /> Manyan alamun baƙin ciki suna fuskantar mutum wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wadannan alamun na iya haɗawa da rashin bege, fushi, asarar sha'awa ko jin daɗi daga ayyukan al'ada, rikicewar bacci (rashin barci ko barci mai yawa), gajiya, damuwa, jinkirin motsi, jin rashin amfani, wahalar mai da hankali, wahalar tunawa da abubuwa, da tunanin kashe kansa.<ref name=":0" /> == Hanyar jiki == A halin yanzu ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtuken cututtukon cututtukun cututtukন cututtukano ba kuma galibi an rufe shi da asiri, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar ilimin cututƙan cututƙon cututƙo da ke bayyana babban matsalar cututtukayyar cututtukana tare da siffofin catatonic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:GABA_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), wani muhimmin neurotransmitter na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wanda aka sani don hana yaduwar jijiya.]] === Rage aikin gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) === GABA-A (GABA nau'in A) mai karɓar kunnawa a gefen dama na orbitofrontal da na dama na baya na parietal cortex an ba da shawarar zama sanannen dalilin rashin aiki na ciwon catatonia, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana alamun motsi da motsin rai da aka gani a cikin mutane masu catatonic. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana samun raguwar mai karɓar GABA-A akan hotuna a Yankunan cortical kamar su hagu sensorimotor cortex, wanda ke nuna rashin aiki na GABA- A a cikin catatonia.<ref name=":2" /> === Rashin aiki na dopamine === [[Fayil:Dopamine_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Dopamine, neurotransmitter wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsin rai da motsi a cikin kwakwalwa.]] Akwai wasu shaidu cewa toshewar mai karɓar dopamine D2 ya haifar da rage haɗarin kara tsananta catatonia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke da alamun kama da catatonia. Wani madadin ra'ayi ya nuna cewa tsarin mesostriatal da mesocorticolimbic, da hypothalamus suna buƙatar kula da daidaituwa tsakanin GABA-A da [[dopamine]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1kzbo62tfcy6k999exjhyeqp5b4jhdh 861980 861979 2026-06-20T12:05:15Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359704251|Catatonic depression]]" 861980 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Rashin jin daɗi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Irin baƙin ciki na Catatonic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |Magungunan kwakwalwa |} [[Fayil:Catatonia_following_an_attack_of_melancholia.jpg|thumb|Mai haƙuri wanda aka gano yana da baƙin ciki.]] [[Fayil:Précis_de_psychiatrie_42.jpg|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna alamun catatonic]] Ana nuna baƙin ciki na Catatonic a matsayi nau'ikan rikice-rikice na yanayi kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da catatonia da babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki (MDD). [1] Alamomin catatonic sun haɗa da nau'ikan motsi da rikice-rikicen halayyar, kamar su stupor, immobility, mutism, negative, posturing, rigidity, da maimaitawa ko motsi mara manufa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic akai-akai suna nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ikon su na shiru cikin halayen son rai da sadarwa yadda ya kamata.[1] Wadannan alamun na iya lalata aikin yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da ƙalubale a rayuwarsu ta sirri da ta sana'a.[1] Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin baƙin ciki ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga rikitarwa na haɗin gwiwar [[Biochemistry|kwayoyin halitta]], kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rikice-rikice a cikin neurotransmitters kamar [[dopamine]] da Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban alamun catatonic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, rauni, da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da wannan yanayin. Binciken bakin ciki na catatonic yana buƙatar cikakken kimantawa ta ƙwararren ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) yana da takamaiman ka'idoji don gano alamun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1" />   Sau da yawa ana magance baƙin ciki na Catatonic ta amfani da tsarin multimodal. Ana iya ba da Magungunan rage baƙin ciki, masu daidaita yanayi, da magunganan ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa alamun baƙin ciki da rashin daidaituwa na neurotransmitter. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ya kuma nuna tasiri wajen magance baƙin ciki na catatonic, musamman a lokuta inda ake buƙatar shiga tsakani nan da nan idan wasu magunguna ba su yi nasara ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Ellul |date=2015 |title=Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=6 |page=182 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182 |pmc=4689858 |pmid=26733892 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFP2015">P, Ellul (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 "Neurobiological Approach of Catatonia and Treatment Perspectives"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''6''': 182. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182|10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00182]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689858 4689858]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26733892 26733892].</cite></ref> Kowane mutum na iya amfana daga maganin ƙwaƙwalwa na tallafi, maganin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (CBT), da kuma maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don magance alamun bayyanar cututtuka da ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa don rashin lafiyar su.<ref name=":1" /> Cutar Catatonic wani yanayi ne mai rauni da kuma halin da ake ciki wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani da wuri don magani mafi kyau. Mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki na catatonic na iya amfana daga magani da tallafi da ya dace, wanda ke haifar da raguwar alamomi da ingantaccen ingancin rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Neman taimako da tallafi na ƙwararru yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ainihin ganewar asali da magani na mai haƙuri.<ref name=":1" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Catatonic depression wani yanayi ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya shafi manyan rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki da catatonia. Cutar catatonic tana nuna alamar alamomi da alamun da suka haɗu da babbar matsalar damuwa da catatonia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Stupor da mutism sune alamun da aka fi sani da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kodayake alamun bakin ciki na catatonic na iya bambanta da mutum, alamun yau da kullun na catatonia sun haɗa da grimacing (yin fuska na jin zafi), mummunan ra'ayi, matsayi, tsananin, da sassauci.<ref name=":0" /> Manyan alamun baƙin ciki suna fuskantar mutum wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322199 "Catatonic depression: Causes, symptoms, and recovery"]. ''www.medicalnewstoday.com''. 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wadannan alamun na iya haɗawa da rashin bege, fushi, asarar sha'awa ko jin daɗi daga ayyukan al'ada, rikicewar bacci (rashin barci ko barci mai yawa), gajiya, damuwa, jinkirin motsi, jin rashin amfani, wahalar mai da hankali, wahalar tunawa da abubuwa, da tunanin kashe kansa.<ref name=":0" /> == Hanyar jiki == A halin yanzu ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtuken cututtukon cututtukun cututtukন cututtukano ba kuma galibi an rufe shi da asiri, amma masu bincike sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar ilimin cututƙan cututƙon cututƙo da ke bayyana babban matsalar cututtukayyar cututtukana tare da siffofin catatonic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:GABA_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), wani muhimmin neurotransmitter na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya wanda aka sani don hana yaduwar jijiya.]] === Rage aikin gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) === GABA-A (GABA nau'in A) mai karɓar kunnawa a gefen dama na orbitofrontal da na dama na baya na parietal cortex an ba da shawarar zama sanannen dalilin rashin aiki na ciwon catatonia, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana alamun motsi da motsin rai da aka gani a cikin mutane masu catatonic. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana samun raguwar mai karɓar GABA-A akan hotuna a Yankunan cortical kamar su hagu sensorimotor cortex, wanda ke nuna rashin aiki na GABA- A a cikin catatonia.<ref name=":2" /> === Rashin aiki na dopamine === [[Fayil:Dopamine_structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Dopamine, neurotransmitter wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsin rai da motsi a cikin kwakwalwa.]] Akwai wasu shaidu cewa toshewar mai karɓar dopamine D2 ya haifar da rage haɗarin kara tsananta catatonia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke da alamun kama da catatonia. Wani madadin ra'ayi ya nuna cewa tsarin mesostriatal da mesocorticolimbic, da hypothalamus suna buƙatar kula da daidaituwa tsakanin GABA-A da [[dopamine]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Edinoff |first=Amber N. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Hollier |first3=Janice W. |last4=Virgen |first4=Celina G. |last5=Karam |first5=Christian A. |last6=Malone |first6=Garett W. |last7=Cornett |first7=Elyse M. |last8=Kaye |first8=Adam M. |last9=Kaye |first9=Alan D. |date=8 November 2021 |title=Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges |journal=Neurology International |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=570–586 |doi=10.3390/neurolint13040057 |issn=2035-8377 |pmc=8628989 |pmid=34842777 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEdinoffKaufmanHollierVirgen2021">Edinoff, Amber N.; Kaufman, Sarah E.; Hollier, Janice W.; Virgen, Celina G.; Karam, Christian A.; Malone, Garett W.; Cornett, Elyse M.; Kaye, Adam M.; Kaye, Alan D. (8 November 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 "Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges"]. ''Neurology International''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>586. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/neurolint13040057|10.3390/neurolint13040057]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2035-8377 2035-8377]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8628989 8628989]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842777 34842777].</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Activated_NMDAR.svg|thumb|Diagram yana nuna kunnawar mai karɓar NMDA a kan ɗaurewar neurotransmitter mai motsawa, glutamate.]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lo8404k3oqu7w9k4uxkdhtd60bwfqea 0 114444 862383 837308 2026-06-20T19:44:12Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346729030|Rotimi Salami]]" 862383 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rotimi Salami''' (listenⓘ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] kuma mai shirya fina-finai wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] (AMVCA). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Shi ɗan asalin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ne kuma ya kammala karatun zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jihar Legos . Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar difloma daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York . == Ayyuka == Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 inda ya fito a fim dinsa na farko, Unknown Revenge, kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Fim dinsa na farko a matsayin darektan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne da ake kira Kuti's career Palace . [1] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya yi aure a 2015 ga Jumoke Salami kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Hotunan fina-finai == Ya fito a cikin jerin daban-daban kamar [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]], Superstory, Silent Night, About to Wed, Dear Mother, Kuti's Career Palace, Emerald, Alan Poza, Bella's Place, Leave My Boyfriend, 11th Hour, Papa Ajasco da Crack in the Wall; da kuma fina-finai daban-daban: * [[Omoye]] (2017) a matsayin Femi * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Akinola * [[Just Not Married|Ba a Yi Aure Ba]] (2016) a matsayin Lati * Mirage (2019) * Saki Ba a Ba da izini ba (2018) a matsayin Joe * [[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]] (2020) a matsayin Lucky Accessbet * Magadan da ya ɓace (2018) * Jaridar wata Mace 'yar Najeriya mai banƙyama (2017) a matsayin Chibuzor * Fiye da Wasiƙu Hudu (2020) * Rashin Lokaci (2017) * Sarauniyar Afirka (2018) * Ba a Rarraba ba (2018) * [[Lugard (fim)|Lugard]] (2021) a matsayin Usman * Zuciya mai guguwa (2017) * [[The Miracle Centre|''Cibiyar Mu'ujiza'']] (2021) * Rashin Ruwa (2017) * A hankali (2017) a matsayin Udi * Rashin amincewa (2016) * Maƙiya a Cikin (1994) * Dare Kafin (2015) * Hey You (2022) a matsayin Lanre * Oko Rere (2023) a matsayin Alex * Rush (2023) a matsayin Banji * Open Marriage (2024) a matsayin Adeyanju * Hanyar Hanyar (2024) a matsayin Gbenga's Squad * Soja da ba a sani ba (2024) a matsayin Galala == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hjnpkom3obsiir152wk9j1nd5db4qks 862384 862383 2026-06-20T19:44:44Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rotimi Salami''' (listenⓘ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] kuma mai shirya fina-finai wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] (AMVCA). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Shi ɗan asalin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ne kuma ya kammala karatun zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jihar Legos . Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar difloma daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York . == Ayyuka == Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 inda ya fito a fim dinsa na farko, Unknown Revenge, kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Fim dinsa na farko a matsayin darektan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne da ake kira Kuti's career Palace . [1] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya yi aure a 2015 ga Jumoke Salami kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Hotunan fina-finai == Ya fito a cikin jerin daban-daban kamar [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]], Superstory, Silent Night, About to Wed, Dear Mother, Kuti's Career Palace, Emerald, Alan Poza, Bella's Place, Leave My Boyfriend, 11th Hour, Papa Ajasco da Crack in the Wall; da kuma fina-finai daban-daban: * [[Omoye]] (2017) a matsayin Femi * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Akinola * [[Just Not Married|Ba a Yi Aure Ba]] (2016) a matsayin Lati * Mirage (2019) * Saki Ba a Ba da izini ba (2018) a matsayin Joe * [[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]] (2020) a matsayin Lucky Accessbet * Magadan da ya ɓace (2018) * Jaridar wata Mace 'yar Najeriya mai banƙyama (2017) a matsayin Chibuzor * Fiye da Wasiƙu Hudu (2020) * Rashin Lokaci (2017) * Sarauniyar Afirka (2018) * Ba a Rarraba ba (2018) * [[Lugard (fim)|Lugard]] (2021) a matsayin Usman * Zuciya mai guguwa (2017) * [[The Miracle Centre|''Cibiyar Mu'ujiza'']] (2021) * Rashin Ruwa (2017) * A hankali (2017) a matsayin Udi * Rashin amincewa (2016) * Maƙiya a Cikin (1994) * Dare Kafin (2015) * Hey You (2022) a matsayin Lanre * Oko Rere (2023) a matsayin Alex * Rush (2023) a matsayin Banji * Open Marriage (2024) a matsayin Adeyanju * Hanyar Hanyar (2024) a matsayin Gbenga's Squad * Soja da ba a sani ba (2024) a matsayin Galala == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kqto1bzcfnluawibaisybloeo01iv7x 862387 862384 2026-06-20T19:46:44Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rotimi Salami''' (listenⓘ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] kuma mai shirya fina-finai wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] (AMVCA). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Shi ɗan asalin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ne kuma ya kammala karatun zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jihar Legos . Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar difloma daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York . == Ayyuka == Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 inda ya fito a fim ɗinsa na farko, Unknown Revenge, kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Fim dinsa na farko a matsayin darektan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne da ake kira Kuti's career Palace . [1] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya yi aure a 2015 ga Jumoke Salami kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Hotunan fina-finai == Ya fito a cikin jerin daban-daban kamar [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]], Superstory, Silent Night, About to Wed, Dear Mother, Kuti's Career Palace, Emerald, Alan Poza, Bella's Place, Leave My Boyfriend, 11th Hour, Papa Ajasco da Crack in the Wall; da kuma fina-finai daban-daban: * [[Omoye]] (2017) a matsayin Femi * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Akinola * [[Just Not Married|Ba a Yi Aure Ba]] (2016) a matsayin Lati * Mirage (2019) * Saki Ba a Ba da izini ba (2018) a matsayin Joe * [[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]] (2020) a matsayin Lucky Accessbet * Magadan da ya ɓace (2018) * Jaridar wata Mace 'yar Najeriya mai banƙyama (2017) a matsayin Chibuzor * Fiye da Wasiƙu Hudu (2020) * Rashin Lokaci (2017) * Sarauniyar Afirka (2018) * Ba a Rarraba ba (2018) * [[Lugard (fim)|Lugard]] (2021) a matsayin Usman * Zuciya mai guguwa (2017) * [[The Miracle Centre|''Cibiyar Mu'ujiza'']] (2021) * Rashin Ruwa (2017) * A hankali (2017) a matsayin Udi * Rashin amincewa (2016) * Maƙiya a Cikin (1994) * Dare Kafin (2015) * Hey You (2022) a matsayin Lanre * Oko Rere (2023) a matsayin Alex * Rush (2023) a matsayin Banji * Open Marriage (2024) a matsayin Adeyanju * Hanyar Hanyar (2024) a matsayin Gbenga's Squad * Soja da ba a sani ba (2024) a matsayin Galala == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cex6sji301sf4w5asix2du3pvdw2jz6 0 115143 862048 718343 2026-06-20T14:32:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Loyola, Bhubaneswar''', makarantar firamare da sakandare ce ta Katolika mai zaman kanta da ke Bhubaneswan, a jihar [[Odisha]], [[Indiya]] . Jesuits ne suka kafa makarantar haɗin gwiwa, ta [[Turanci]] a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mybhubaneswar.com/top-8-english-medium-schools-in-bhubaneswar/|title=The Top 8 English Medium Schools in Bhubaneswar|date=2013-12-20|work=Discover Bhubaneswar|access-date=2017-08-26|language=en-GB|archive-date=2016-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002082941/http://mybhubaneswar.com/top-8-english-medium-schools-in-bhubaneswar|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Prospectus |url=http://www.loyolabbsr.com/web/AboutUs/Prospectus.aspx |access-date= |publisher=Loyola School, Bhubaneswar |archive-date=2015-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123083636/http://www.loyolabbsr.com/web/AboutUs/Prospectus.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban makarantar na yanzu shine Fr A. Amaladoss, SJ == Malamai == Shirin ya hada da wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi, harshen Ingilishi, Hindi, Odia, tarihi, yanayin ƙasa, ilimin jama'a, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta, kasuwanci da lissafi, tattalin arziki, kimiyyyar kwamfuta, aikin samar da amfani da zamantakewa (kamar tsaftacewa), nazarin muhalli, ilimi mai daraja, ginin al'umma, kimiyyu, da kuma koyarwar addini ga Kiristoci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academics |url=http://www.loyolabbsr.org/academics/ |access-date=2017-08-26 |website=www.loyolabbsr.org |publisher=Loyola Bhubaneswar |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826112652/http://www.loyolabbsr.org/academics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidaje == Akwai gidaje huɗu: Ruby (ja), Sapphire (blue), Emerald (kore), da Topaz (yellow). Kowace Alhamis makarantar tana gudanar da tarurruka na gida daban a wurare huɗu a harabar: a wani karamin jan mataki, ɗakin ma'aikata, filin taron ƙarami, da kuma kotun badminton. Wurin da aka ba da gida yana da watanni biyu, bayan haka suna juyawa. Kowace mako ɗaliban wani gida suna kula da harabar, don kula da horo. Dalibai na gidan tunani an san su da masu ba da shawara. Gidajen suna da masu gudanarwa, kyaftin, da mataimakin kyaftin daga babban da ƙaramin shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Houses |url=http://www.loyolabbsr.com/web/People/Students.aspx |access-date= |publisher=Loyola Bhubaneswar |archive-date=2015-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123130821/http://www.loyolabbsr.com/web/People/Students.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekaru masu yawa ana shirya ranar wasanni da Nites na Iyaye. Ana gudanar da Nites na Iyaye don juniors da tsofaffi a cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya. Dalibai suna yin horo na wata daya ko fiye don shirya su. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan kulob din suna faruwa a ranakun Talata ga matasa kuma babu ayyukan tsofaffi. Wadannan sun hada da yoga, karate, fasaha da zane, samfurin yumɓu (juniors kawai), keyboard, chess, aerobics, rawa na zamani, cricket, kwallon kafa, wasan tennis, wasan tennis na lawn, badminton, wasan kwando (tsofaffi kawai), harshen Faransanci (tsofaffin kawai), raira waƙa (tsofaji kawai), rawa na gargajiya, sadarwa ta Turanci (STD 4 & 5 kawai), da kuma (juniors ne kawai). <ref>{{Cite web |title=IntraSchool |url=http://www.loyolabbsr.org/intraschool/ |access-date=2017-08-26 |website=www.loyolabbsr.org |publisher=Loyola Bhubaneswar |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826073935/http://www.loyolabbsr.org/intraschool/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Makarantar kwanan nan ta karɓi ranar ba tare da jaka ba a ranakun Asabar, watau, Junior Students ba sa buƙatar kawo littattafai, yayin da Seniors za su sami lokutan koyarwa guda biyu kawai, Makarantar tana da kulob uku tun daga watan Afrilu na 2024, wato kulob din Social Service (kawai ga ɗalibai na 12) inda kowa zai iya ba da gudummawa, bugun jini, hatsi, tsofaffin littattafai, tufafi da dai sauransu, Akwai kuma kulob din wallafe-wallafen da ke ƙwarewa a cikin harsuna uku, Hindi, Odia da Ingilishi. Wadannan kungiyoyi ne kawai ga tsofaffi, akwai kuma bita na lokaci-lokaci da Gwamnatin Odisha ta fara. == Cibiyar da Kyaututtuka == Makarantar Loyola tana da babban harabar, wanda ya ƙunshi babban makaranta, hanyoyin tafiya, filayen, kotunan wasanni daban-daban da wurin shakatawa ga matasa, A ƙarshen filin, shine Makarantar Looyola Odia. Babban ƙwarewar filin makarantar, ita ce kotun Basket Ball, tare da mats da ƙwallo masu inganci waɗanda ke tabbatar da wasan farin ciki ga kowane ɗalibi da ke wurin. Har ila yau, makarantar tana alfahari da filin horar da wasan kurket da aka yi wa ado da mats da raga, tabbas wuri ne na mai sha'awar wasan kurket. Dukan filin yana aiki a matsayin filin kwallon kafa da filin wasan cricket, manyan ɗalibai na iya ɗaukar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da izinin malamai na wasanni kuma su jefa su a duk inda suke so, kamar yadda ƙuƙwancen ƙuƙwasa suna da ƙafafun da aka haɗe da su. Kotun volleyball da throwball an kafa su da kyau tare da raga da iyakokin chalk, Kotun badminton suna cikin quadrangle, watau, sararin samaniya da ke kewaye da gine-ginen makaranta inda ake shirya tarurruka da abubuwan da suka faru. Akwai jimlar dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyar, wadanda suka hada da dakin gwaje-gaje na rayuwa, dakin gwaje'a na ilmin sunadarai, dakin gwajen kimiyyar lissafi da kuma dakin gwaje na kwamfuta daban-daban ga tsofaffi da matasa, Akwai ɗakunan karatu masu yawa tare da littattafai masu yawa, litattafai, tarihin rayuwa da sauransu. Akwai ɗakunan Turanci daban-daban a duk makarantar don sauƙin samun dama da sauran ɗakuna kamar ɗakin AV, ɗakin kiɗa, zauren taro, tsohon zauren, sabon zauren, da dakuna biyu na jarrabawa. Dukkanin ɗakunan aji har zuwa aji na 7 an sanye su da allon mai hankali (ba kyamarar fim ba, ainihin 4k TV kamar na'urori, don bayanin kula, bidiyo da sanye take da WIFI), allon baƙar fata, da allon taushi don zane da labarai da za a nuna. Kowace wata aji yana samun lambar yabo ta tsabta ta hanyar kiyaye aji mai tsabta, ana yin bincike na yau da kullun don bincika tsabta. Baya ga wannan Zaɓin ɗalibai sun lashe "Mafi Kyawun Yarinya / Yarinya" da "Mafi Girma / Yarinya "Badigi daga kowane aji da sashi kowane wata. Malaman sun zaɓi waɗannan ɗaliban da aka zaɓa a hankali. === Duba kuma === * Cocin Katolika a Indiya * Jerin makarantun Jesuit * Jerin makarantu a Odisha == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7rmnvu73qhf6mi147yfmnjltwgtdi2p 0 115743 862779 816403 2026-06-21T09:45:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mmantsae Diale | birth_place = Pretoria, South Africa | occupation = Professor | awards = National Science and Technology Forum (NSTF) prize in 2018 | education = PhD degree ,the University of Pretoria MSc in Physics from the Medical University of Southern Africa (SMU) | alma_mater = [[University of Pretoria]] | discipline = Scientists(Physics) }} '''Mmantsae Diale''' Farfesa ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu a fannin ilmin lissafi (Physics) a Jami’ar Pretoria, mai bincike, kuma mai riƙe da kujerar bincike ta Afirka ta Kudu (SARCHI) a fannin tsabtace makamashi da makamashi mai dorewa (clean and green energy).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=aasciences.africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} Pan-African Scientific Research Council |url=https://pasrc.princeton.edu/members/individuals/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=pasrc.princeton.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Mmantsae Moche Diale: “In big conferences, there are very few black women.” |url=https://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/exclude-from-home-page/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale-in-big-conferences-there-are-very-few-black-women |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.scienceinpublic.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria {{!}} |url=https://www.newswise.com/users/expert/Mmantsae-Diale-10067875 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.newswise.com |language=en}}</ref> . Binciken da ta yi ya mayar da hankali ne akan hanyoyin jiki da sunadarai don sarrafa kayan lantarki da na gani na kayan. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria |url=https://www.up.ac.za/physics/article/2086799/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.up.ac.za}}</ref> . Mmantsae Diale ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Mata a Physics a Afirka ta Kudu (WiPiSA). <ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Mmantsae Diale ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a fannin Ilimi (Fisika da Lissafi) daga [[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] (Mafikeng), Jagoran Kimiyya a Kimiyya daga Jami'an Kiwon Lafiya na Kudancin Afirka (SMU) da BSc Honours a fannin Fisika a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Sefako Makgatho|Jami'ar Sefako Makgatho]] da ke [[Pretoria]] . <ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Mmantsae Moche Diale – NSTF |url=https://nstf.org.za/2018/11/08/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi karatu don digiri na PhD a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Moche Diale {{!}} UR ACE-ESD |url=https://aceesd.ur.ac.rw/node/3558 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=aceesd.ur.ac.rw |archive-date=2025-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909192608/https://aceesd.ur.ac.rw/node/3558 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 2018, an ba Diale lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa (NSTF) don Ci gaban Ikon Binciken Injiniya saboda tasirin da ta yi a kan gina ƙarfin STEM a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 2023, an zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka, ta amince da gudummawar da ta bayar ga binciken kimiyya da ci gaba a nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=aasciences.africa |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == |last2=Meyer |first2=W.E. |last3=Auret |first3=F.D. |last4=Paradzah |first4=A.T. |last5=Diale |first5=M. |last6=Coelho |first6=S.M.M. |last7=Janse van Rensburg |first7=P.J. |date=2015 |title=The influence of high energy electron irradiation on the Schottky barrier height and the Richardson constant of Ni/4H-SiC Schottky diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50010/1/Omotoso_Influence_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=39 |pages=112–118 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.031 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=John W. |last2=Legodi |first2=Matshisa J. |last3=Rakita |first3=Yevgeny |last4=Cahen |first4=David |last5=Diale |first5=Mmantsae |date=2017-10-14 |title=Laplace current deep level transient spectroscopy measurements of defect states in methylammonium lead bromide single crystals |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/63099/3/Rosenberg_Laplace_2017.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=122 |issue=14 |doi=10.1063/1.4995970 |issn=0021-8979 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mayimele |first1=M A |last2=van Rensburg |first2=J P. Janse |last3=Auret |first3=F D |last4=Diale |first4=M |date=2016 |title=Analysis of temperature-dependant current–voltage characteristics and extraction of series resistance in Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/52231/1/Mayimele_Analysis_2016.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=480 |pages=58–62 |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2015.07.034 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mayimele |first1=Meehleketo A. |last2=Diale |first2=Mmantsae |last3=Mtangi |first3=Wilbert |last4=Auret |first4=Francois D. |date=2015 |title=Temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics of Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes and the determination of the Richardson constant |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50425/1/Mayimele_Temperature_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=34 |pages=359–364 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.02.018 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mtangi |first1=W. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=Nyamhere |first3=C. |last4=Janse van Rensburg |first4=P.J. |last5=Chawanda |first5=A. |last6=Diale |first6=M. |last7=Nel |first7=J.M. |last8=Meyer |first8=W.E. |date=2009 |title=The dependence of barrier height on temperature for Pd Schottky contacts on ZnO |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/11788/1/Mtangi_Dependence%282009%29.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=404 |issue=22 |pages=4402–4405 |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2009.09.022 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mwankemwa |first1=Benard S. |last2=Nambala |first2=Fred J. |last3=Kyeyune |first3=Farooq |last4=Hlatshwayo |first4=Thulani T. |last5=Nel |first5=Jackie M. |last6=Diale |first6=Mmantsae |date=2017 |title=Influence of ammonia concentration on the microstructure, electrical and raman properties of low temperature chemical bath deposited ZnO nanorods |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/62183/1/Mwankemwa_Influence_2017.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=71 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2017.08.005 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} ==Magana== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2kpf73b5mcidxejo4uutrnah1ueflqp 0 117329 862055 790963 2026-06-20T15:34:11Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi Satumba 1993) mawaki ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-fini. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Bayanai kan makarantu da karatunsa ana samo su ne daga hira da bayanan da aka tattara a shafukan yanar gizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618114050/https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen kyamara da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> dk0u01gbi70rxtgmf3h0y0ng91m0mbc 862058 862055 2026-06-20T15:36:00Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi Satumba 1993) mawaki ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-fini. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Bayanai kan makarantu da karatunsa ana samo su ne daga hira da bayanan da aka tattara a shafukan yanar gizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618114050/https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen kyamara da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> lb5m19058pkodryh3ilfjh7xxw15gur 862061 862058 2026-06-20T15:37:14Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi Satumba 1993) mawaki ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Bayanai kan makarantu da karatunsa ana samo su ne daga hira da bayanan da aka tattara a shafukan yanar gizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618114050/https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen kyamara da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 9u9wwsh5vv4s0kc9wtcr7hmnpojrrh6 862102 862061 2026-06-20T16:33:25Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaki ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Bayanai kan makarantu da karatunsa ana samo su ne daga hira da bayanan da aka tattara a shafukan yanar gizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618114050/https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen kyamara da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 461w0a9jroblh132vo2yg971qjdlghl 0 119575 862487 744013 2026-06-20T22:51:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862487 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Marta Nieto Martínez''' (an haife tane a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma darektan fim ɗin Mutanen Espanya. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Marta Nieto Martínez a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1982 a [[Murcia]] ga iyaye daga [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] . <ref name="laopi2">{{Cite web |last=Ganuza |first=Asier |date=23 November 2019 |title=Marta Nieto, un papel y una senda ansiada |url=https://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/comunidad/2019/11/23/marta-nieto-papel-senda-ansiada-31462627.html |website=La Opinión de Murcia |publisher=[[Prensa Ibérica]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2009 |title=Marta Nieto: "Cedo mucho y a veces me trago casa cosa..." |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/el-relevo/a341983/marta-nieto-cedo-mucho-y-a-veces-me-trago-cada-cosa/ |website=[[Fotogramas]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Rosa |date=14 October 2018 |title=Actores murcianos que pisan firme |url=https://www.laverdad.es/culturas/actores-murcianos-pisan-20181014220938-nt.html |website=[[La Verdad (Murcia)|La Verdad]]}}</ref> Ta haɓaka ƙwarewa don yin wasan kwaikwayo a Makarantar Maristas a ƙasarsu ta Murcia . <ref name="vanitatis2">{{Cite web |last=Zano |first=N. |date=23 October 2022 |title=Marta Nieto, la actriz que fue a los Oscar y ahora trabaja en el proyecto de su vida |url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/famosos/2022-10-23/marta-nieto-nuevo-proyecto-actriz-directora_3509797/ |website=Vanitatis |via=[[El Confidencial]]}}</ref> Ta horar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Escuela Superior de Arte Dramático [es] (ESAD-Murcia) na Murcia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title=Marta Nieto, la protagonista murciana en el cine internacional |url=https://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/comunidad/2020/02/03/marta-nieto-protagonista-murciana-cine-34864404.html |website=La Opinión de Murcia}}</ref> Ta kuma yi karatun digiri dinta akan ilimin Mutanen Espanya amma ba ta gama ba. An zaɓi fasalin ta na farko na darektan Becoming Ana (2024) don yin gasa a bikin fina-finai na 69 na Valladolid. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2024 |title=Marta Nieto compite con 'La mitad de Ana' por la Espiga de Oro en la Semana Internacional de Cine Valladolid |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20240826/9892694/marta-nieto-compite-mitad-ana-espiga-oro-semana-internacional-cine-valladolid-ep-agenciaslv20240826.html |website=[[La Vanguardia]]}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Taken asali !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | align="center" |2004 |''Fuskar Ta'addanci'' |''Fuskar Ta'addanci'' |Lola | |- | align="center" |2004 |''Fashi na Fasaha'' |''Fashi na Fasaha'' |Yarinyar Hector | |- | align="center" |2006 |''Ruwan bazara'' |''Hanyar Ingila'' |Jikin | |- | align="center" |2007 |''Ƙaunar Bayyanawa'' |''Kofi shi kaɗai ko tare da su'' |Maryamu | |- | align="center" |2008 |''8 Ranar'' |''8 da aka yi amfani da su'' |Maryamu | |- | align="center" |2012 |''Kabarin'' |''Kabari'' |Leonor | |- | align="center" |2013 |''Rashin wuta'' |''Rashin wuta'' |Carla | |- | align="center" |2014 |''Farewell'' |''Gaisuwa'' |Monica | |- | align="center" |2017 |''Uwar'' |''Mahaifiyar'' |Marta |Gajeren fim |- | align="center" |2019 |''Litus'' |''Litus'' |Su | |- | align="center" |2019 |''Uwar'' |''Mahaifiyar'' |Elena |An zabi shi - Kyautar Goya don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau |- | align="center" |2020 |''Maƙiya Mai Kyau'' |''Maƙiya Mai Kyau'' |Isabelle | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mury |first=Cécile |date=21 December 2021 |title=A Perfect enemy |url=https://www.telerama.fr/cinema/films/a-perfect-enemy-1-191713889.php |website=[[Télérama]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2020 |''Asirin Ƙarshe'' |''Asirin karshe na kabari'' |Leonor |- | align="center" |2021 |''Kashewa a Roma'' |''Lasciarsi Ya Giorno A Roma'' |Zoe |- | align="center" |2021 |''Ba tare da Haɗuwa ba'' |''Uku'' |C. | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Beatriz |date=12 October 2021 |title='Tres', o cuando la desincronía sonora se apodera de ti |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20211012/tres-o-desicronia-sonora-apodera-12228639 |website=[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2022 | |''Apple na zinariya'' |Kogin Nivea | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paniagua |first=Antonio |date=1 September 2023 |title=Jaime Chávarri adapta libremente a Fernando Aramburu en «La manzana de oro» |url=https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/cultura/2023/08/31/jaime-chavarri-adapta-libremente-fernando-aramburu-manzana-oro/00031693493164385243435.htm |website=[[La Voz de Galicia]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2022 | |''Adnin'' |Lidia | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boquerini |date=9 December 2021 |title='Edén', la lucha contra el dolor |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/butaca/en-rodaje/eden-lucha-dolor-20211209185312-ntrc.html |website=[[El Correo]] }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | align="center" |2023 | |''Ra'ayoyi'' |Anna | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silvestre |first=Juan |date=5 July 2022 |title='Visions': primeras imágenes, en exclusiva, de la nueva película de Marta Nieto |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/a40496171/visions-pelicula-marta-nieto-diane-kruger/ |website=[[Fotogramas]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2023 |''Ku yi tsalle!'' |''Tashi!'' |Elena | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2023 |title=Quincemil te lleva al pase especial de la película '¡Salta!', protagonizada por el gallego Tamar Novas |url=https://www.elespanol.com/quincemil/articulos/cultura/quincemil-te-lleva-el-preestreno-de-la-pelicula-salta-protagonizada-por-el-gallego-tamar-novas |website=Quincemil |via=[[El Español]] |access-date=1 November 2025 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906174621/https://www.elespanol.com/quincemil/articulos/cultura/quincemil-te-lleva-el-preestreno-de-la-pelicula-salta-protagonizada-por-el-gallego-tamar-novas |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | align="center" |2023 |''Lokacin bazara a cikin Red'' |''Lokacin bazara a ja'' |María Ruiz | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=Verano en rojo |url=https://www.academiadecine.com/2022/07/27/verano-en-rojo/ |website=[[Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{Abbr|TBD|To be determined}} | |''Yankunan zafi'' | | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemercier |first=Fabien |date=24 September 2021 |title=Shooting on Tropiques enters the home straight |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/410990 |website=[[Cineuropa]]}}</ref> |- |{{Center|2024}} |''Kasancewa Ana'' |''Rabin Ana'' | |Har ila yau darektan-marubuci |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/cine/mc/spanish-kaleidoscope/films/fall-24/becoming-ana.html|website=Spanish Kaleidoscope|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Spain)|Ministerio de Cultura]]|date=16 September 2024|title=Becoming Ana [La mitad de Ana]}}</ref>}} |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Taken asali !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2005 |''Asibitin Tsakiya'' |''Asibitin Tsakiya'' |Fatima |Fim: "Duniya masu layi daya" |- |2005 |''Dalilan Mutum'' |''Dalilan mutum'' |Rita |Abubuwa 2 |- |2006 |''Tebur don Biyar'' |''Tebur don biyar'' |Nina |Abubuwa 4 |- |2006–2015 |''Ka tuna lokacin da'' |''Ka gaya mini yadda ya faru'' |Estefanía / Mónica |Abubuwa 16 |- |2007 |''Na huɗu'' |''Na huɗu'' | |Fim: "Tritonus" |- |2007–2009 |''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa da Masu Bincike'' |''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa da masu bincike'' |Carmen |Abubuwa 26 |- |2008 |''Zamani DF'' |''Zamani na DF'' |Tekun |Abubuwa 5 |- |2009 |''Mutanen Paco'' |''Mutanen Paco'' |Marga |Abubuwa 4 |- |2010 |''Karabudjan'' |''Karabudjan'' |Ana |Abubuwa 6 |- |2013 |''Kyautar Alba'' |''Kyautar Alba'' | |Fim: "Farin amarya" |- |2013 |''Rashin ƙarfi'' |''Rashin ƙarfi'' |Marta |Fim: "Mai bara da ya ji rauni" |- |2014 |''Ranar Makafi'' |''Makaho ga saduwa'' |Natalia Valdecantos |Abubuwa 137 |- |2015 |''Bear'' |''Mutanenmu'' |Marta |1 fitowar |- |2015 |''Tekun Flastik'' |''Tekun filastik'' |Alƙali |Abubuwa 4 |- |2016 |''Matsalar'' |''Matsalar. Labarin abubuwan da suka faru'' |Elvira |Fim: "Garrot vil" |- |2016 |''Ma'aikatar Lokaci'' |''Ma'aikatar lokaci'' |Isabella ta Portugal |Kashi: "Canjin lokaci" |- |2016 |''Mutumin Rayuwarka'' |''Mutumin rayuwarka'' |Haske |Fim: "Ƙalubalen" |- |2018 |''Jin kunya na Mutanen Espanya'' |''Kunyar'' |Andrea |Abubuwa 6 |- |2019 |''An kulle shi'' |''Tsayawa da ƙusa'' |Mahaifiyar da ta haifa |Kashi: "Caskiya" |- |2019 |''Kifi'' |''Kifi'' | |Abubuwa 8 |- |2019 |''Asirin Jiha'' |''Asirin Jiha'' |Elena Llanos |Abubuwa 8 |- |2020 |''Karont'' |''Karont'' |Cleo Torres-Soler |Fim: "Ba za a iya shiga ba" |- |2020 |''A Gida'' |''A gida'' |Sara |Fim: "Yana da Yanayi na Musamman" |- |2022 |''Feria: Hasken da ya fi duhu'' |''Feria: Hasken da ya fi duhu'' |Elena |Abubuwa 8 <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Marta Nieto lidera el reparto de "Feria", nuevo thriller de Netflix para 2021 |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20201116/49494648785/marta-nieto-lidera-el-reparto-de-feria-nuevo-thriller-de-netflix-para-2021.html |website=[[La Vanguardia]]}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sashe !Sakamakon !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="5" align="center" |2020 |Kyautar Forqué ta 25 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="5" |''Uwar''|| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=La murciana Marta Nieto gana el Premio Forqué a la Mejor Interpretación Femenina |url=https://www.laverdad.es/culturas/cine/murciana-marta-nieto-20200112012350-nt.html |website=[[La Verdad (Murcia)|La Verdad]]}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Feroz ta 7 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (fim) || {{Nom}} | align="center" | |- |Kyautar Goya ta 34 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo|| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2020 |title=Todos los ganadores de los Goya 2020 |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cine/20200125/473098710092/premios-goya-2020-ganadores.html |website=[[La Vanguardia]]}}</ref> |- |Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da' yan wasan kwaikwayo na 29 |Mafi kyawun 'yar fim a Matsayi na Farko|| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silvestre |first=Juan |date=11 February 2020 |title=XXIX Premios de la Unión de Actores y Actrices: Lista completa de finalistas |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/a30872304/premios-union-de-actores-2020/ |website=[[Fotogramas]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2020 |title=Los repartos de 'Dolor y gloria' y 'Estoy vivo' triunfan en los 29º Premios de la Unión de Actores y Actrices |url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/los-repartos-de-dolor-y-gloria-y-estoy-vivo-triunfan-en-los-29o-premios-de-la-union-de-actores-y-actrices/ |website=Audiovisual451}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Fim ta Turai ta 33 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo|| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Palmarés completo de los Premios del Cine Europeo EFA 2020 (33th European Film Awards) |url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/noticias/palmares-completo-de-los-premios-del-cine-europeo-efa-2020-33th-european-film-awards-4509447/ |website=[[Cinemanía]] |via=[[20minutos.es]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2021 |Kyautar Forqué ta 27 |Mafi kyawun 'yar fim | rowspan="2" |''Ba tare da Haɗuwa ba''|| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rebolledo |first=Matías G. |date=11 December 2021 |title=Lista completa de ganadores de los Premios Forqué 2021 |url=https://www.larazon.es/cultura/20211211/to2baxwcfbhuxjuzijl4glrpje.html |website=[[La Razón (Madrid)|La Razón]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2022 |Kyautar Feroz ta 9 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (fim) || {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodera |first=Alejandro |date=25 November 2021 |title=Lista completa de nominados a los Premios Feroz 2022 |url=https://www.formulatv.com/noticias/lista-completa-nominados-premios-feroz-2022-112486/ |website=FormulaTV}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 7yuj0iy6wboitzx2bwghshkts5yxmdp 0 119580 862557 733582 2026-06-21T04:43:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mazamesso Assih''' (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1979 a [[Lomé]]) ɗan siyasan Togo ne. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ci Gaban a Base, hada-hadar Kudi, Matasa da Ayyukan Matasa a cikin gwamnatin Togo tun daga 20 ga watan Agusta 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MAZAMESSO ASSIH, Ministre du Développement à la Base et de l'Economie Sociale et Solidaire |url=https://devbase.gouv.tg/ministres/mazamesso-assih-ministre-du-developpement-a-la-base-et-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Ministère du Développement à la Base et de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazamesso Assih - Agenda Contributor |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/mazamesso-assih/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809065752/https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/mazamesso-assih/ |archive-date=2025-08-09 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=First |first=Togo |title=Togo Reappoints Mazamesso Assih as Minister Overseeing Local Development and Social Economy |url=https://www.togofirst.com/en/politics/1710-17360-togo-reappoints-mazamesso-assih-as-minister-overseeing-local-development-and-social-economy |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.togofirst.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAZAMESSO ASSIH, Ministre du Développement à la Base et de l'Economie Sociale et Solidaire |url=https://devbase.gouv.tg/ministres/mazamesso-assih-ministre-du-developpement-a-la-base-et-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Ministère du Développement à la Base et de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan farko a Turai === Ta fara aikinta a kungiyar Qualiteam (Solly Azar) inda take da alhakin saka idanu kan fayiloli da kuma kula da haɗarin da ba na al'ada ba. Daga nan sai ta rike matsayi a EDF Assurance a Faransa a matsayin jami'in kasuwanci na mota, sannan Aon France da Peugeot France suka biyo baya a matsayin inshora. A shekara ta 2011 ta shiga Generali France.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazamesso Assih, author, Emerging Europe |url=https://emerging-europe.com/author/mazamessoassih/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Emerging Europe |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Komawa Afirka da kasuwanci === A cikin 2013, ta kafa Haz Consulting, da farko an kafa ta a [[Benin]] sannan daga baya aka sauya ta zuwa [[Togo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-03-05 |title=Togo : Mazamaesso ASSIH, l'illustration d'une jeunesse dynamique et engagée |url=https://societecivilemedias.com/2020/03/05/togo-mazamaesso-assih-lillustration-dune-jeunesse-dynamique-et-engagee/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Societé Civile Médias |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazamesso ASSIH (Ministre de l'Inclusion financière et de l'Organisation du secteur informel rattaché à la Présidence togolaise) aLome.com Qui est qui? |url=http://www.alome.com/qui/profil.asp?id=2121 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Alome |archive-date=2025-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104031500/http://www.alome.com/qui/profil.asp?id=2121 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Haɗin kai na ma'aikata === A cikin shekara ta 2014, ta taimaka wajen kirkirar Asusun hada-hadar Kudi na Kasa (FNFI), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inclusion Financière et Organisation du Secteur Informel |url=https://fnfi.tg/inclusion-financiere-et-secteur-informel/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=FNFI |language=fr-FR}}</ref> wani shirin gwamnati da nufin sauƙaƙe samun damar samun sabis na kudi ga talakawa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 an nada ta Sakatariyar Gwamnati ga Shugabancin Jamhuriyar da ke kula da hada-hadar Kudi da Kungiyar Sashin ba bisa ka'ida ba. A watan Oktoba na 2020, ta zama Ministan da ke kula da hada-hadar kudi da kuma kungiyar bangaren da ba a sani ba. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 ta ɗauki matsayin minista na yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=importeur |date=2019-01-31 |title=Madame le Secrétaire d'Etat auprès de la Présidence de la République chargé de l'Inclusion Financière et du Secteur Informel fait le bilan de son département au cours d'un point de presse |url=https://fnfi.tg/madame-le-secretaire-detat-aupres-de-la-presidence-de-la-republique-charge-de-linclusion-financiere-et-du-secteur-informel-fait-le-bilan-de-son-departement-au-cours-dun-poin/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=FNFI |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Haɗin jam'iyyar siyasa == Mazamesso Assih memba ne na Union for the Republic (UNIR). Tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Kasa na Ƙungiyar Matasan UNIR . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ecofin |first=Agence |title=Togo : composition du nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/politique/0210-80884-togo-composition-du-nouveau-gouvernement |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Agence Ecofin |language=fr-fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-03 |title=Mouvement des Jeunes UNIR - Organisation |url=https://unir.tg/les-mouvements-du-parti/mouvement-des-jeunes-unir/mouvement-des-jeunes-unir-organisation/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=UNIR |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ma'anar == A karkashin jagorancinta, Togo ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye don kara yawan hada-hadar kudi, gami da dabarun kasa da sake fasalin (wanda ake kira "R4") don karfafa tallafi ga ƙananan kamfanoni, ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici (VSMEs). Ayyukanta sun sanya ta cikin ƙarni mafi ƙanƙanta na shugabannin siyasa na Togo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ledy |first=Nephthali Messanh |date=2023-01-25 |title=Entretien exclusif avec Mazamesso Assih, ministre togolaise en charge de l'Inclusion financière |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2023/01/25/entretien-exclusif-avec-mazamesso-assih-ministre-togolaise-en-charge-de-linclusion-financiere/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Financial Afrik |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Mazamesso Assih à la tête d'un 'super ministère', confiance renouvelée de Faure Gnassingbé - Togo Breaking News |url=https://togobreakingnews.info/mazamesso-assih-a-tete-un-super-ministere/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] r2ab0oexen4422ko1ncoow6brrdpdcz 0 120424 862791 734257 2026-06-21T10:05:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mohamed Ali El Admi<br> ''alias'' Omar Hadrami | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1949}}<ref name=pais>{{cite news|last=Javier Valenzuela|title=Omar Hadrami: "El futuro saharaui está en un Marruecos democrático|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1989/12/15/internacional/629679623_850215.html|accessdate=28 January 2014|newspaper=El Pais|date=15 December 1989}}</ref> | birth_place = east of [[Smara]]<ref name=pais/> | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Moroccan | other_names = | occupation = civil servant | known_for = Founder and Military leader in the [[Polisario Front]] }} '''Mohamed Ali El Admi''' (Mohamed Ali El Admi (Larabci: محمد علي العظمي; an haife shi da suna Mohamed Ali Ould el Wali, wanda aka fi sani da sunan yaƙi Omar Hadrami) ɗan siyasar [[Sahrawis|Sahrawi]] ne kuma tsohon babban jigo a ƙungiyar [[Polisario Front]], wanda shi ne ya taimaka kafa ta.<ref name="baba">{{Cite web |last=Baba M. Sayed |title=Western Sahara - Sahara Occidental Manœuvres de traîtres, sans foi ni loi |url=http://arso.org/opinions/BabaSayed40.htm |access-date=31 January 2014 |publisher=Arso.org}}</ref> El Admi ya shiga Morocco a 1989 kuma ya zauna a [[Rabat]] . An zarge shi da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa ciki har da zargin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]], azabtar da Fursunonin yaki na Maroko da masu adawa da Sahrawi a [[Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi|sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira]].<ref name="baba"/> A watan Janairun 2014, Mohammed VI ya nada shi a matsayin Wali (gwamnan) na yankin Guelmim-Es Semara.<ref name="demain2">{{cite news |last=Badr Soundouss |date=27 January 2014 |title=Mohamed VI a nommé un tortionnaire notoire au poste de wali de Guelmim-Smara |url=http://www.demainonline.com/2014/01/27/mohamed-vi-a-nomme-un-tortionnaire-notoire-au-poste-de-wali-de-guelmim-smara/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131082438/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/01/27/mohamed-vi-a-nomme-un-tortionnaire-notoire-au-poste-de-wali-de-guelmim-smara |archive-date=31 January 2014 |accessdate=28 January 2014 |newspaper=DemainOnline}}</ref> == Matsayi a Maroko == * Gwamnan Kelaat Sraghna 25 Janairu 1995 - 27 Satumba 1998 * Gwamnan Sidi Kacem 27 Satumba 1998 - 11 Janairu 2002 * Wali na Chaouia-Ouardigha 11 Janairu 2002 - 20 Janairu 2007<ref>{{cite news |last=MAP |date=24 January 2004 |title=Biographie de M. Mohamed Ali El Admi, nouveau Wali de la région Guelmim-Smara, Gouverneur de la province de Guelmim |url=http://www.menara.ma/fr/2014/01/24/991463-biographie-de-m-mohamed-ali-el-admi-nouveau-wali-de-la-r%C3%A9gion-guelmim-smara-gouverneur-de-la-province-de-guelmim.html |accessdate=28 January 2014 |newspaper=menara.ma |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724215805/https://www.menara.ma/fr/2014/01/24/991463-biographie-de-m-mohamed-ali-el-admi-nouveau-wali-de-la-r%C3%A9gion-guelmim-smara-gouverneur-de-la-province-de-guelmim.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[:en:Former_members_of_the_Polisario_Front|Tsoffin mambobin Polisario Front]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ibbjc6y88ffooehzq8ipfud101kopq9 0 121071 862276 738095 2026-06-20T17:48:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Manufar visa ta [[Nepal]]''' tana bawa 'yan ƙasa na yawancin ƙasashe damar samun ko dai takardar izinin yawon shakatawa ta kan layi ko biza yayin isowa yayin da 'yan ƙasar [[Indiya]] ke ba da izinin [['Yanci na motsi|'yancin motsi]] . Koyaya, 'yan ƙasar wasu ƙasashe dole ne su sami [[biza]] daga ɗayan [[List of diplomatic missions of Nepal|ofisoshin diflomasiyyar Nepale]] . Duk masu ziyara dole ne su sami fasfo mai aiki na akalla watanni 6 daga ranar zuwa kuma an ba su izinin zama a Nepal na tsawon kwanaki 150 a cikin shekara ta kalanda 1. == Taswirar manufofin Visa == [[Fayil:Visa_policy_of_Nepal.svg|none|thumb|678x678px|Manufar Visa na Nepal]] == 'Yancin motsi == Mutanen ƙasar Indiya ba sa buƙatar visa don shiga Nepal. Za su iya zama a cikin ƙasar na dindindin kamar yadda Mataki na 7 na [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|1950 Indo-Nepal Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Abokantaka]] ta ba da damar zirga-zirgar mutane cikin 'yanci tsakanin ƙasashen 2 bisa ga ma'amala. 'Yan ƙasar Indiya na iya amfani da [[Indian passport|fasfo na Indiya]] ko [[Voter ID (India)|katin shaidar zabe]] mai hoto don shiga Nepal daga Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Information for Indian citizens travelling to Nepal |url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/valid-travel-documents}}</ref> == Visa a kan isowa == [[Fayil:Nepal_Visa_on_Arrival.jpg|thumb|Visa yawon bude ido kyauta ana bayar da shi a wurin binciken Kakarbhitta]] Mutanen ƙasar waje na iya samun biza lokacin isowa wanda ke da kyau ga shigarwar da yawa kuma yana bawa baƙo damar zama na ƙasa da kwanaki 15, 30 ko 90. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Available Services |url=https://nepaliport.immigration.gov.np/}}</ref> Bugu da kari, 'yan kasashen waje na iya samun takardar biza ta kiosks a filin [[jirgin sama]]. Masu riƙe fasfo na wucin gadi ba su cancanci sai dai idan suna da [[Fasfo na Najeriya|fasfo]] na wucin gadi da kowace [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] memba [[Tarayyar Turai|ta Tarayyar Turai]] ta bayar. Ana samun Visa a isowa a: <ref>{{Cite web |title=20181009持普通护照中国公民前往有关国家和地区入境便利待遇一览表.doc（备注1） |url=http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/gyls/lsgz/fwxx/P020181010312769398184.doc |website=中国领事服务网}}</ref> * Filin jirgin sama na Tribhuvan, [[Kathmandu]] * Birganj ( iyakar [[Indiya]] ) * Bheemdatta (iyakar Indiya) * Dhangadhi (iyakar Indiya) * Nepalgunj (iyakar Indiya) * Kakarbhitta (iyakar Indiya) * Kodari ( iyakar [[Sin|China]], kishiyar: Zhangmu ) * Siddharthanagar (iyakar Indiya) === Biza kyauta lokacin isowa === Jama'ar Kudancin Asiya na Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwar Yanki (SAARC) mambobi (ban da [[Afghanistan]] ) na iya samun takardar izinin shiga kyauta na kwanaki 30: {| style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; margin:10px 0px; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} * {{Flag|Bhutan}} * {{Flag|Maldives}} | valign="top" | * {{Flag|Pakistan}} * {{Flag|Sri Lanka}} | |} Jama'a na ƙasashe da yankuna masu zuwa na iya samun biza kyauta idan sun zo yawon buɗe ido: <ref>{{Cite web |last=西藏商报 |title=昨起 中国赴尼游客出签免费 |url=http://roll.sohu.com/20160107/n433765352.shtml |publisher=搜狐新闻}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal abolishes visa fees for Chinese tourists |url=http://www.nepalnow.org/news/nepal-waives-visa-fees-for-chinese-tourists/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627104102/http://www.nepalnow.org/news/nepal-waives-visa-fees-for-chinese-tourists/ |archive-date=2017-06-27 |access-date=2016-01-07}}</ref> {| style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Hong Kong}} * {{Flag|Macao}} | |} == Fasfo na yau da kullun == Masu riƙe fasfo ɗin [[diflomasiya]] ko sabis na ƙasashe masu zuwa na iya shiga Nepal ba tare da biza ba har tsawon kwanaki 30 (sai dai in an lura): <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Migration, Nepal |url=https://immigration.gov.np/page/visa-exemption |access-date=2025-11-24 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213184203/https://www.immigration.gov.np/page/visa-exemption |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| style="border-radius:1em; box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background:white; border:1px solid white; margin:10px 0px; padding:5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{Flag|Brazil}} * {{Flag|Cambodia}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Israel}} (Diplomatic passports only) (90 days) | valign="top" | * {{Flag|Mongolia}} * {{Flag|Myanmar}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notification letter to inform China that Nepal and Myanmar signed a agreement on visa |url=http://www.myanmarembassy.com/pdf/Visa%20exemption%20Between%20Myanmar%20and%20Nepal.pdf}}</ref> (90 days) * {{Flag|Russia}} (90 days) * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} (90 days) * {{Flag|Vietnam}} | |} * An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar keɓancewar biza ga masu riƙe fasfo ɗin diflomasiyya da sabis tare da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] a watan Satumba na 2024, amma har yanzu ba a amince da ita ba. * An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar keɓancewar biza ga masu riƙe fasfo na diflomasiyya da na hukuma tare da [[Serbiya|Serbia]] a watan Satumba na 2024, amma har yanzu ba a amince da ita ba. == Visa yawon bude ido na kan layi == Har ila yau, 'yan kasashen waje na iya samun takardar izinin yawon shakatawa ta kan layi don shiga Nepal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Tourist Visa |url=https://nepaliport.immigration.gov.np/online}}</ref> == Ana buƙatar Visa a gaba == Dole ne 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashe da yankuna masu zuwa su nemi visa a ofisoshin diflomasiyyar Nepalese : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prohibition to Visa on Arrival |url=http://www.nepalimmigration.gov.np/article/141/prohibition-to-visa-on-arrival.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605052758/http://www.nepalimmigration.gov.np/article/141/prohibition-to-visa-on-arrival.html |archive-date=2018-06-05 |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref> {| style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; margin:10px 0px; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * {{Flag|Afghanistan}} * {{Flag|Cameroon}} * {{Flag|Eswatini}} * {{Flag|Ethiopia}} * {{Flag|Ghana}} * {{Flag|Iraq}} | valign="top" | * {{Flag|Liberia}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Palestine}} * {{Flag|Somalia}} * {{Flag|Syria}} * {{Flag|Zimbabwe}} | |} == Kididdigar baƙo == Yawancin maziyartan da suka je Nepal don yawon buɗe ido sun fito ne daga ƙasashe masu zuwa (ban da Indiya): <ref>{{Cite web |title=Downloads - Nepal Tourism Statistics |url=http://trade.welcomenepal.com/downloads-cat/nepal-tourism-statistics/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028022825/http://trade.welcomenepal.com/downloads-cat/nepal-tourism-statistics/ |archive-date=October 28, 2016 |website=trade.welcomenepal.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ƙasa ! 2016 ! 2015 |- |{{Flag|China}} | 66,984 | 123,805 |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} | 44,367 | 37,546 |- |{{Flag|United States}} | 42,687 | 49,830 |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} | 30,953 | 33,422 |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} | 29,730 | 36,759 |- |{{Flag|Australia}} | 18,619 | 24,516 |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} | 18,112 | 23,205 |- |{{Flag|Japan}} | 17,613 | 25,829 |- |{{Flag|France}} | 16,405 | 24,097 |- |{{Flag|Germany}} | 16,405 | 18,028 |- | Jimlar | 538,970 | 790,118 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 46kr88db6eztpobc360eqi3tni56aif 0 121501 862780 740396 2026-06-21T09:54:20Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza sukan yi wa bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu bawan su yi musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4zro2kigz4bqqe1rneyiwmqflailzpu 862781 862780 2026-06-21T09:56:13Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu bawan su yi musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2vyhm5cd6vbfvxe27cc0vewa8h2rwl1 862782 862781 2026-06-21T09:56:45Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu bawan su yi musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cb1ik9e5okkwxloh1j2069enfh47n65 862783 862782 2026-06-21T09:57:56Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu bawan su yi musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} c8chbyp52x1o8s2mf845bjajnrqzc2q 862784 862783 2026-06-21T09:58:35Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu bawan su yi musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} afpe0h9fb429pbuw2dd2mfrlvdtrcyn 862785 862784 2026-06-21T10:00:44Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar su yi musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8tw4pxlbuv04ht6q0x0rdbuj5uygjfq 862787 862785 2026-06-21T10:02:00Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4pirua88npqh8zxmz3j5xgbljlwrdou 862788 862787 2026-06-21T10:03:27Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8ktp5x1x19g4dg4ck9m648423lx9r48 862789 862788 2026-06-21T10:04:50Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} btvk0ghfpeugemv7e6n8zknymat2vgu 862790 862789 2026-06-21T10:05:27Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2vfht57lqgl1it5bi73cwt8jnmflt0s 862792 862790 2026-06-21T10:06:01Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8lpxach7385urbqrykec7lc9920849b 862793 862792 2026-06-21T10:06:58Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 70v8b9psvmsih5eheegt8l31gt1hukj 862794 862793 2026-06-21T10:07:44Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0een955mo0a2afarjk6k5jp078oied9 862796 862794 2026-06-21T10:09:00Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} l3jpo2p5v8tki9ymdcwsy8zk3h0a6u5 862797 862796 2026-06-21T10:10:11Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4jda6xb4gx0bogpod726xmikiiue2a9 862798 862797 2026-06-21T10:12:46Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi domin bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jh6obf18s88kzowc2tbjf3oq9uk7dk7 862800 862798 2026-06-21T10:13:11Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi bauta. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 10x99l8c3mrua6tgkf0rirr24vsqap6 862801 862800 2026-06-21T10:13:50Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi bauta musu. Kuma an hana bakar bayi mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 50duieyzhwqm9frr9eqo1unxby8uufb 862802 862801 2026-06-21T10:14:57Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi bauta musu. Kuma an hana bakar fata baiwa mace mata aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a9odhhqgwt0ot6arn1iitl3iwfh7mr0 862803 862802 2026-06-21T10:15:35Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi bauta musu. Kuma an hana bakar fata baiwa mace aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a6ez8kovkwfheg85kiss5j1q7txs39b 862805 862803 2026-06-21T10:18:26Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi bauta musu. Kuma an hana bakar fata baiwa mace aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar, da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hncev3dp36e5hgyyxmsyhatuvqvmxt5 862806 862805 2026-06-21T10:20:10Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi bauta musu. Kuma an hana bakar fata baiwa mace aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar, da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata ga baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar jariri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} tok3vr6ro7rvdoybpgz8xni5g5odrt5 862824 862806 2026-06-21T10:42:23Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi bauta musu. Kuma an hana bakar fata baiwa mace aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar, da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata ga baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar janjiri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani Ode ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dnzapb1cyejz14y8ahb3brajp5pix0o 862840 862824 2026-06-21T10:49:26Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 862840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} jariri mama (ko jariri mama, uba jariri uwa) kalma ce ta yarinya ga mahaifiyar da ba ta aure mahaifin ɗanta ba, kodayake kalmar sau da yawa tana ɗauke da wasu ma'ana. Wannan kalmar tana da alaƙa da 'yan Afirka na asali, suna fitowa daga Jamaican Creole kuma suna samun hanyar shiga cikin kiɗa na hip-hop. Kwatankwacin kalma na namiji shine '''uba baby''' (ko '''uban jariri''' ), amma ba'a amfani dashi akai-akai. == Tarihi == Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne daga [[Farin sarauta|‘yan mulkin mallaka na turawa]] da kuma zaluncin bakar fata a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda ya hana mata bakar fata ‘yancin cin gashin kansu na wajen uwa da kuma bata musu mutunci a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan sukan maida maza daga bakar fata bayinsu mata bakar fata fyade, sannan masu baiwar sukanyi amfani dasu, ko ace lalata hartakaiga sunyi musu ciki su haihu domin basuda wani matsayi wanda yafi bauta musu. Kuma an hana bakar fata baiwa mace aure. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Slavery Affected African American Families |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm}}</ref> Manufar "baby mama" ta samo asali ne daga ikon sarrafa hotunan mata baƙar fata a baya, kamar "Jezebel" da "Mammy," waɗanda aka halicce su don tabbatar da bautar, da kuma rashin daidaito na launin fata. Wannan kalma tana da dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da gadon bauta da ci gaba da nau'ikan wariyar launin fata ga baƙar fata, gami da ɓarna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, fina-finai, da al'adu masu shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan stereotypes na wariyar launin fata don saka idanu, aikata laifuka, da kuma cutar da iyaye mata ta ƙwararru, masu ba da sabis, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maganar da ke kusa da "baby mama" misali ne mai karfi na nuna wariyar launin fata da rashin tausayi wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da iyaye mata da kuma mata baƙar fata da yawa, sau da yawa suna haɗa su tare ba tare da la'akari da iyayensu, zamantakewa, ko matsayin aure ba. Kalmar da amfani da ita suna da alaƙa sosai ga gadon mulkin mallaka da ragowar tattalin arzikin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]], wanda ya haɓaka wariyar launin fata da jima'i (misogynoir). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Beyond "Welfare Queens" and "Baby Mamas": Low-Income Black Single Mothers' Resistance to Controlling Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/258/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3235674/pdf}}</ref> == Asalin == Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin Creole na Jamaica a matsayin "mahaifiyar-uwa" (lafazi: {{IPA|jam|ˈbebi ˈmada|}} ), tare da amfani na farko da aka buga a cikin [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], ''The Daily Gleaner'' a cikin 1966. Wani ''Daily Gleaner'' yana amfani da kwanan wata daga Nuwamba 21, 1989. <ref name="patrick" /> Asali, uban 'ya'yan shege ne suka yi amfani da kalmar don kwatanta iyayen 'ya'yansu. Kalmar yanzu ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don kwatanta kowace uwa ɗaya . Peter L. Patrick, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin [[Turanci a Jamaica|Turancin Jamaica]], ya ce (na kalmomin ''baby uwa'' da ''uba uba'' ), "[sun] tabbas ba a yi aure ba - har ma da auren gama-gari, amma a maimakon haka cewa yaron ɗan 'waje' ne". <ref name="turner" /> Tun lokacin da aka shigar da kuɗin kuɗi a cikin tabloids na Amurka, an fara amfani da sharuɗɗan ga mashahuran ma'aurata da waɗanda suka yi aure. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya ce "baby mama" yana da kama da Baƙar fata Turanci, yana cire alamar "'s". == Amfani == Kalmar ta samo asali daga stereotype cewa baƙar fata maza ne uban da ba su da hakki kuma baƙar fata mata sarauniyar jindaɗi ne. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da mata fararen fata a kan kafofin watsa labarun irin su Kylie Jenner, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu na shege tare da dan wasan kwaikwayo na Ba'amurke [[Travis Scott]] . Ba ta samu mummunan lada a Instagram ba saboda fari da dukiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Mamas, Kylie Jenner, and the Racialized Perception of Single Motherhood |url=https://www.34st.com/article/2022/03/baby-mama-kylie-jenner-racism-single-mother-kardashian-social-media}}</ref> === A cikin kiɗa === Mahaifiyar jariri da mahaifiyar janjiri sun shiga amfani da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin wakilcin farko na mamas baby a cikin waƙoƙin hip-hop shine ta kudancin rapper Krazy, daga Tampa, Florida. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa mai suna "I Hate My Baby Mama." Waƙar Outkast " Ms. Jackson ", wanda aka saki a cikin 2000, an sadaukar da ita ga "dukkan mamas baby mamas". Jarumar ''Idol ta Amurka'' Fantasia Barrino ta fitar da wata waka mai suna " Baby Mama " a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wannan waka tana rubuta wani audios ga iyaye mata da kuma yadda ake zama jariri mama yakamata ya zama "lambar girmamawa". Ta yi wa kanta godiya a matsayinta na uwa ɗaya kuma tana tausayawa tunanin baby mamas da yadda suke "ƙoshi da gadaje makin." <ref name=":0" /> ''Planet Earth'', wani kundi da [[Prince|Yarima]] ya fitar a cikin 2007, yana da wata waka mai suna "Mama Baby Future". Uku 6 Mafia suna da waƙa mai suna "Baby Mama" akan ''Zaɓuɓɓuka: Kundin'' . [[Tupac Shakur|Tupac]] 's "Dear Mama", da "Brenda's Have a Baby" waƙoƙin hip hop guda biyu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan mace baƙar fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} trqobuzhe7zb6hei161u4t70603qzcl 0 122428 862615 857405 2026-06-21T06:55:35Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347120372|Ponzi (film)]]" 862615 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''''Ponzi''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda ya danganta da wadanda aka kashe a shirin MMM Ponzi na 2016. [[Toluwani Obayan]] ne ya rubuta shi, wanda Vincent Okonkwo ya samar kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ne ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Chinyere Wilfred]], [[Timini Egbuson]], [[Tope Tedela]], [[Broda Shaggi]] da [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]]. An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 12 ga Maris 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BN |first=TV |date=2021-03-01 |title=Meet the Star Studded Cast of Kayode Kasum's Comedy Film "Ponzi" + Watch the Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-ponzi/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=[[BellaNaija]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Makirci == Abeke mai ba da labari mai sani ya gabatar da mazauna kusa. Cif Olaoba ɗan siyasa ne mai arziki wanda ya yi watsi da bukatun al'ummar da yake wakilta. Duk da haka yana bayyana a wasu lokuta don rarraba kudi ga masu jefa kuri'a. Bob ya dawo daga [[Yan kasashen waje|Diaspora]] kuma ya sami amincewar mazauna kusa kuma ya shawo kansu su saka hannun jari a cikin shirin samun wadata da sauri mai suna Richvest. Wannan yana haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Olaoba, mahaifin Abeke * [[Chinyere Wilfred]] a matsayin Mrs. Olaoba, mahaifiyar Abeke * [[Mawuli Gavor]] a matsayin Rob, wanda ya dawo * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Ikenna, wani layabout wanda ke zaune tare da babban ɗan'uwansa Uchenna. * [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]] a matsayin Uchenna, malamin darasi * Immaculate Oko-Kasum a matsayin Zara, matar Uchenna mai ciki * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Tafa, ɗan'uwan Zara, mai sayar da kebab wanda ke fatan yin shi a matsayin mai dafa abinci * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Chudi, mai gwagwarmaya mai zuwa * Amanda Dara a matsayin Oluchi * [[Uzoamaka Aniunoh]] a matsayin Abeke * [[Zubby Michael]] a matsayin Charles, mai ba da rancen makwabta da kuma bashin bashi * Wannan Dike a matsayin Ikenna * Caroline Igben a matsayin Nike * Namisi Govin Emma a matsayin Uche == Fitarwa da saki == Fim din ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da 'yan Najeriya suka samu a lokacin shirin kan layi na MMM na 2016 wanda ya yi alkawarin dawowar kashi 30% akan saka hannun jari. Shirin ya fadi ba tare da saninsa ba kuma ya sanya masu biyan kuɗi cikin matsala. A cikin wata hira, mai gabatar da fim din, ya ce an yi aikin ne don wayar da kan jama'ar Najeriya don kauce wa makircin samun wadata da sauri. An harbe shi a Legas amma an saita shi a Ota, Jihar Ogun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=Kayode Kasum and Vincent Okonkwo's Duo Movie Collaboration – "PONZI" |url=https://shockng.com/kayode-kasum-and-vincent-okonkwos-duo-movie-collaboration-ponzi/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=ShockNG |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi amfani da fasahar muryar fim din yayin da Uzo Aniunoh ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da mai ba da labari. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar a fina-finai kamar Fight Club da Memento . == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin bita ga ''Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau'', Jerry Chiemeke ya rubuta "Hanyar da kawai masu sauraro za su ji daɗin wannan fim ɗin ita ce rufe idanunsu ga kuskuren fasaha - kuma suna da yawa. Wataƙila za su yi dariya (da yawa), amma a ƙarshe, fim mai kyau ya wuce giggles, kuma idan ya zo ga rarraba fina-finai na [[Nollywood]], wannan ba zai kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ba za a iya mantawa da su ba. " Ya ƙayyade fim ɗin a 6/10 . === Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Timini Egbuson| {{Pending}} | |} == Plot == Mai ba da labari Abeke mai ilimi ya gabatar da mazauna wani wuri na musamman. == Manazarta == naououm0tqvkxwbd587lnh3my0vwqpp 0 122645 862371 826159 2026-06-20T19:20:43Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356053999|Chinneylove Eze]]" 862371 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Chinneylove Eze Ogunje''' (born 11 August 1988)<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}</ref> is a Nigerian film producer, director, and entrepreneur. Her first [[Nollywood]] movie was the 2013 film ''The Cartel''. In 2017, she produced the successful film ''[[Hire a man|Hire a Man]]''.<ref name="Writer" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chinneylove Eze Productions kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar Hire a Woman, Devil in Agbada, Our Date for Christmas, Maduka Daughters, da Pretty Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1988 a cikin iyalin Kirista na al'adun Ibo. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Aguata a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ta fara karatunta a makarantar Twins Nursery da Firamare kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], inda ta kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/people/2102/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alhakin zamantakewa == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim. Ta fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2013 tare da The Cartel, fim din Pan-Afirka wanda ya nuna simintin daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Najeriya]]. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a Kyautar Nollywood da kuma gabatarwa biyar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka da Academy Awards (ZAFAA). <ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2022">Staff Writer (23 March 2022). [https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze "Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies"]. ''Showmax Stories''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2017, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai gabatar da fina-finai a cikin fina-fallafin Najeriya tare da Hire a Man, fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci wanda ya sami gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya zama fim na Nollywood na 7 mafi girma a shekara. Ta ci gaba da samar da ''Yuni'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, ta biyo baya tare da Hire a Woman, wanda ya zama ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma na Nollywood na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2023, Eze ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da Amazon Prime bayan fitowar fina-finai biyu, Tenis Big Day da Devil in Agbada, dukansu biyu sun kasance don yawo a kan dandalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nif |title=Chinneylove Eze Productions |url=https://www.nifsummit.com/images/docs/CHINNEYLOVE_EZE_PRODUCTIONS.pdf |journal=Nifsummit}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Eze ta auri Kevwe Ogunje daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a wani bikin auren gargajiya. Dangi na kusa, abokai, da sanannun mutane daga [[Nollywood]] sun halarci taron, gami da [[Joke Silva|Ajoke Silva]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson, [[Nancy Isime]], [[Uche Jombo]], [[Uche Montana]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Ayo Makun]], da sauransu. An yi alama da bikin ta hanyar nuna launi mai ban sha'awa, tare da baƙi da suka yi ado da tufafin "aso-ebi". An haifi ɗan farko na ma'auratan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Fim din !Masu ba da labari |- |2013 |''Kamfanin Kasuwanci'' |[[Mike Ezuruonye]], John Njamah |- |2016 |''Kawai A Yi Aure'' |Femi Jacobs, Zynnel Zuh, Belinda Effah (Grace Charis Bassey) |- |2017 |''[[Hire a man|Ka Yi hayar Mutum]]'' |Zynnel Zuh, Eyinna Nwigwe, [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |2018 |''Yuni'' |[[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]], [[Michelle Dede]], Empress Njamah, Toni Tones[[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] |- |2019 |[[Hire a Woman (fim)|''Ɗauki Mace Mace Ma'aikaci'']] |[[Nancy Isime]], Alex Ekubo, [[Mike Godson]], [[Uzor Arukwe|Uzo Arukwe]] |- |2020 |''Lokacin da soyayya ta same ka'' |[[Mike Godson]], [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], [[Lilian Afegbai]], [[Esther Audu]] |- |2020 |''Makwabata'' |[[Tana Adelana]], Mofe Duncan |- |2021 |''[[Hatsabibin Agbada|Iblis a Agbada]]'' |[[Desmond Elliot]], [[Linda Osifo]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Efe Irele]], [[Nosa Rex]] |- |2021 |''Ranar Kirsimeti'' |Mofe Duncan, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2022 |''Asirin Victoria'' |[[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Chris Akwarandu, Chinneylove Eze |- |2022 |''Kafaya Faya'' |Mercy Johnson, [[Ebube Nwagbo]] |- |2023 |''Dalilin Ƙauna'' |Echelon Mbadiwe, Emem Inwang, Sam Maurice |- |2023 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Phil'' |[[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]] |- |2023 |''Biyu Za su Iya Wasan'' |Mimi Chaka, [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] |- |2023 |''Shugaba Chic'' |[[Sophie Alakija]], Etinosa Idemudia, Maurice Sam |- |2023 |''Don Gobe Mai Kyau'' |[[Ruth Kadiri]], Jarumi Daniels, Onyii Alex |- |2024 |''Shukari da kayan yaji'' |[[Ini Edo]], Elozonam |- |2024 |''Ƙaunar Mai Tsarki'' |Chinaye Nnebe, Clinton Joshua |- |2024 |''Bikinmu ne'' |[[Chioma Chukwuka]], Michael Dappa, [[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]] |- |2024 |''A kan dukkan matsaloli'' |An samo asali ne daga garin [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Jerry Mudiaga |- |2024 |''Omego fam da daloli'' |Ray Emodi, Lilian Idoko |- |2024 |''Alan Poser'' |[[Bolaji Ogunmola]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|id=8990945|name=Chinneylove Eze}} * Chinneylove Ezea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] newglg2hms135kxl7u2ndjfjxeuer4w 862372 862371 2026-06-20T19:22:06Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinneylove Eze Ogunje''' (born 11 August 1988)<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}</ref> is a Nigerian film producer, director, and entrepreneur. Her first [[Nollywood]] movie was the 2013 film ''The Cartel''. In 2017, she produced the successful film ''[[Hire a man|Hire a Man]]''.<ref name="Writer" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chinneylove Eze Productions kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar Hire a Woman, Devil in Agbada, Our Date for Christmas, Maduka Daughters, da Pretty Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1988 a cikin iyalin Kirista na al'adun Ibo. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Aguata a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ta fara karatunta a makarantar Twins Nursery da Firamare kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], inda ta kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/people/2102/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alhakin zamantakewa == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim. Ta fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2013 tare da The Cartel, fim din Pan-Afirka wanda ya nuna simintin daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Najeriya]]. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a Kyautar Nollywood da kuma gabatarwa biyar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka da Academy Awards (ZAFAA). <ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2022">Staff Writer (23 March 2022). [https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze "Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies"]. ''Showmax Stories''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2017, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai gabatar da fina-finai a cikin fina-fallafin Najeriya tare da Hire a Man, fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci wanda ya sami gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya zama fim na Nollywood na 7 mafi girma a shekara. Ta ci gaba da samar da ''Yuni'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, ta biyo baya tare da Hire a Woman, wanda ya zama ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma na Nollywood na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2023, Eze ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da Amazon Prime bayan fitowar fina-finai biyu, Tenis Big Day da Devil in Agbada, dukansu biyu sun kasance don yawo a kan dandalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nif |title=Chinneylove Eze Productions |url=https://www.nifsummit.com/images/docs/CHINNEYLOVE_EZE_PRODUCTIONS.pdf |journal=Nifsummit}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Eze ta auri Kevwe Ogunje daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a wani bikin auren gargajiya. Dangi na kusa, abokai, da sanannun mutane daga [[Nollywood]] sun halarci taron, gami da [[Joke Silva|Ajoke Silva]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson, [[Nancy Isime]], [[Uche Jombo]], [[Uche Montana]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Ayo Makun]], da sauransu. An yi alama da bikin ta hanyar nuna launi mai ban sha'awa, tare da baƙi da suka yi ado da tufafin "aso-ebi". An haifi ɗan farko na ma'auratan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Fim din !Masu ba da labari |- |2013 |''Kamfanin Kasuwanci'' |[[Mike Ezuruonye]], John Njamah |- |2016 |''Kawai A Yi Aure'' |Femi Jacobs, Zynnel Zuh, Belinda Effah (Grace Charis Bassey) |- |2017 |''[[Hire a man|Ka Yi hayar Mutum]]'' |Zynnel Zuh, Eyinna Nwigwe, [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |2018 |''Yuni'' |[[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]], [[Michelle Dede]], Empress Njamah, Toni Tones[[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] |- |2019 |[[Hire a Woman (fim)|''Ɗauki Mace Mace Ma'aikaci'']] |[[Nancy Isime]], Alex Ekubo, [[Mike Godson]], [[Uzor Arukwe|Uzo Arukwe]] |- |2020 |''Lokacin da soyayya ta same ka'' |[[Mike Godson]], [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], [[Lilian Afegbai]], [[Esther Audu]] |- |2020 |''Makwabata'' |[[Tana Adelana]], Mofe Duncan |- |2021 |''[[Hatsabibin Agbada|Iblis a Agbada]]'' |[[Desmond Elliot]], [[Linda Osifo]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Efe Irele]], [[Nosa Rex]] |- |2021 |''Ranar Kirsimeti'' |Mofe Duncan, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2022 |''Asirin Victoria'' |[[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Chris Akwarandu, Chinneylove Eze |- |2022 |''Kafaya Faya'' |Mercy Johnson, [[Ebube Nwagbo]] |- |2023 |''Dalilin Ƙauna'' |Echelon Mbadiwe, Emem Inwang, Sam Maurice |- |2023 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Phil'' |[[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]] |- |2023 |''Biyu Za su Iya Wasan'' |Mimi Chaka, [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] |- |2023 |''Shugaba Chic'' |[[Sophie Alakija]], Etinosa Idemudia, Maurice Sam |- |2023 |''Don Gobe Mai Kyau'' |[[Ruth Kadiri]], Jarumi Daniels, Onyii Alex |- |2024 |''Shukari da kayan yaji'' |[[Ini Edo]], Elozonam |- |2024 |''Ƙaunar Mai Tsarki'' |Chinaye Nnebe, Clinton Joshua |- |2024 |''Bikinmu ne'' |[[Chioma Chukwuka]], Michael Dappa, [[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]] |- |2024 |''A kan dukkan matsaloli'' |An samo asali ne daga garin [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Jerry Mudiaga |- |2024 |''Omego fam da daloli'' |Ray Emodi, Lilian Idoko |- |2024 |''Alan Poser'' |[[Bolaji Ogunmola]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|id=8990945|name=Chinneylove Eze}} * Chinneylove Ezea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] liva0fd3im9axxwnltw5amhmo9ty2z1 862373 862372 2026-06-20T19:35:48Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinneylove Eze Ogunje''' (born 11 August 1988)<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}</ref> is a Nigerian film producer, director, and entrepreneur. Her first [[Nollywood]] movie was the 2013 film ''The Cartel''. In 2017, she produced the successful film ''[[Hire a man|Hire a Man]]''.<ref name="Writer" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chinneylove Eze Productions kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar Hire a Woman, Devil in Agbada, Our Date for Christmas, Maduka Daughters, da Pretty Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1988 a cikin iyalin Kirista na al'adun Ibo. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Aguata a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ta fara karatun ta a makarantar Twins Nursery da Firamare kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], inda ta kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/people/2102/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alhakin zamantakewa == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim. Ta fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2013 tare da The Cartel, fim din Pan-Afirka wanda ya nuna simintin daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Najeriya]]. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a Kyautar Nollywood da kuma gabatarwa biyar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka da Academy Awards (ZAFAA). <ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2022">Staff Writer (23 March 2022). [https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze "Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies"]. ''Showmax Stories''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2017, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai gabatar da fina-finai a cikin fina-fallafin Najeriya tare da Hire a Man, fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci wanda ya sami gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya zama fim na Nollywood na 7 mafi girma a shekara. Ta ci gaba da samar da ''Yuni'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, ta biyo baya tare da Hire a Woman, wanda ya zama ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma na Nollywood na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2023, Eze ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da Amazon Prime bayan fitowar fina-finai biyu, Tenis Big Day da Devil in Agbada, dukansu biyu sun kasance don yawo a kan dandalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nif |title=Chinneylove Eze Productions |url=https://www.nifsummit.com/images/docs/CHINNEYLOVE_EZE_PRODUCTIONS.pdf |journal=Nifsummit}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Eze ta auri Kevwe Ogunje daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a wani bikin auren gargajiya. Dangi na kusa, abokai, da sanannun mutane daga [[Nollywood]] sun halarci taron, gami da [[Joke Silva|Ajoke Silva]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson, [[Nancy Isime]], [[Uche Jombo]], [[Uche Montana]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Ayo Makun]], da sauransu. An yi alama da bikin ta hanyar nuna launi mai ban sha'awa, tare da baƙi da suka yi ado da tufafin "aso-ebi". An haifi ɗan farko na ma'auratan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Fim din !Masu ba da labari |- |2013 |''Kamfanin Kasuwanci'' |[[Mike Ezuruonye]], John Njamah |- |2016 |''Kawai A Yi Aure'' |Femi Jacobs, Zynnel Zuh, Belinda Effah (Grace Charis Bassey) |- |2017 |''[[Hire a man|Ka Yi hayar Mutum]]'' |Zynnel Zuh, Eyinna Nwigwe, [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |2018 |''Yuni'' |[[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]], [[Michelle Dede]], Empress Njamah, Toni Tones[[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] |- |2019 |[[Hire a Woman (fim)|''Ɗauki Mace Mace Ma'aikaci'']] |[[Nancy Isime]], Alex Ekubo, [[Mike Godson]], [[Uzor Arukwe|Uzo Arukwe]] |- |2020 |''Lokacin da soyayya ta same ka'' |[[Mike Godson]], [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], [[Lilian Afegbai]], [[Esther Audu]] |- |2020 |''Makwabata'' |[[Tana Adelana]], Mofe Duncan |- |2021 |''[[Hatsabibin Agbada|Iblis a Agbada]]'' |[[Desmond Elliot]], [[Linda Osifo]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Efe Irele]], [[Nosa Rex]] |- |2021 |''Ranar Kirsimeti'' |Mofe Duncan, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2022 |''Asirin Victoria'' |[[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Chris Akwarandu, Chinneylove Eze |- |2022 |''Kafaya Faya'' |Mercy Johnson, [[Ebube Nwagbo]] |- |2023 |''Dalilin Ƙauna'' |Echelon Mbadiwe, Emem Inwang, Sam Maurice |- |2023 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Phil'' |[[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]] |- |2023 |''Biyu Za su Iya Wasan'' |Mimi Chaka, [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] |- |2023 |''Shugaba Chic'' |[[Sophie Alakija]], Etinosa Idemudia, Maurice Sam |- |2023 |''Don Gobe Mai Kyau'' |[[Ruth Kadiri]], Jarumi Daniels, Onyii Alex |- |2024 |''Shukari da kayan yaji'' |[[Ini Edo]], Elozonam |- |2024 |''Ƙaunar Mai Tsarki'' |Chinaye Nnebe, Clinton Joshua |- |2024 |''Bikinmu ne'' |[[Chioma Chukwuka]], Michael Dappa, [[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]] |- |2024 |''A kan dukkan matsaloli'' |An samo asali ne daga garin [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Jerry Mudiaga |- |2024 |''Omego fam da daloli'' |Ray Emodi, Lilian Idoko |- |2024 |''Alan Poser'' |[[Bolaji Ogunmola]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|id=8990945|name=Chinneylove Eze}} * Chinneylove Ezea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] ec0st3sr1m99xfivrp9v0tqq9h7r6k4 862375 862373 2026-06-20T19:38:35Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinneylove Eze Ogunje''' (born 11 August 1988)<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}</ref> is a Nigerian film producer, director, and entrepreneur. Her first [[Nollywood]] movie was the 2013 film ''The Cartel''. In 2017, she produced the successful film ''[[Hire a man|Hire a Man]]''.<ref name="Writer" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chinneylove Eze Productions kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar Hire a Woman, Devil in Agbada, Our Date for Christmas, Maduka Daughters, da Pretty Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1988 a cikin iyalin Kirista na al'adun Ibo. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Aguata a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ta fara karatun ta a makarantar Twins Nursery da Firamare kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], inda ta kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/people/2102/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alhakin zamantakewa == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim. Ta fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2013 tare da The Cartel, fim din Pan-Afirka wanda ya nuna simintin daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Najeriya]]. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a Kyautar Nollywood da kuma gabatarwa biyar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka da Academy Awards (ZAFAA). <ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2022">Staff Writer (23 March 2022). [https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze "Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies"]. ''Showmax Stories''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2017, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai gabatar da fina-finai a cikin fina-fallafin Najeriya tare da Hire a Man, fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci wanda ya samu gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya zama fim na Nollywood na 7 mafi girma a shekara. Ta ci gaba da samar da ''Yuni'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, ta biyo baya tare da Hire a Woman, wanda ya zama ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma na Nollywood na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2023, Eze ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da Amazon Prime bayan fitowar fina-finai biyu, Tenis Big Day da Devil in Agbada, dukansu biyu sun kasance don yawo a kan dandalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nif |title=Chinneylove Eze Productions |url=https://www.nifsummit.com/images/docs/CHINNEYLOVE_EZE_PRODUCTIONS.pdf |journal=Nifsummit}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Eze ta auri Kevwe Ogunje daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a wani bikin auren gargajiya. Dangi na kusa, abokai, da sanannun mutane daga [[Nollywood]] sun halarci taron, gami da [[Joke Silva|Ajoke Silva]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson, [[Nancy Isime]], [[Uche Jombo]], [[Uche Montana]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Ayo Makun]], da sauransu. An yi alama da bikin ta hanyar nuna launi mai ban sha'awa, tare da baƙi da suka yi ado da tufafin "aso-ebi". An haifi ɗan farko na ma'auratan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Fim din !Masu ba da labari |- |2013 |''Kamfanin Kasuwanci'' |[[Mike Ezuruonye]], John Njamah |- |2016 |''Kawai A Yi Aure'' |Femi Jacobs, Zynnel Zuh, Belinda Effah (Grace Charis Bassey) |- |2017 |''[[Hire a man|Ka Yi hayar Mutum]]'' |Zynnel Zuh, Eyinna Nwigwe, [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |2018 |''Yuni'' |[[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]], [[Michelle Dede]], Empress Njamah, Toni Tones[[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] |- |2019 |[[Hire a Woman (fim)|''Ɗauki Mace Mace Ma'aikaci'']] |[[Nancy Isime]], Alex Ekubo, [[Mike Godson]], [[Uzor Arukwe|Uzo Arukwe]] |- |2020 |''Lokacin da soyayya ta same ka'' |[[Mike Godson]], [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], [[Lilian Afegbai]], [[Esther Audu]] |- |2020 |''Makwabata'' |[[Tana Adelana]], Mofe Duncan |- |2021 |''[[Hatsabibin Agbada|Iblis a Agbada]]'' |[[Desmond Elliot]], [[Linda Osifo]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Efe Irele]], [[Nosa Rex]] |- |2021 |''Ranar Kirsimeti'' |Mofe Duncan, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2022 |''Asirin Victoria'' |[[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Chris Akwarandu, Chinneylove Eze |- |2022 |''Kafaya Faya'' |Mercy Johnson, [[Ebube Nwagbo]] |- |2023 |''Dalilin Ƙauna'' |Echelon Mbadiwe, Emem Inwang, Sam Maurice |- |2023 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Phil'' |[[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]] |- |2023 |''Biyu Za su Iya Wasan'' |Mimi Chaka, [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] |- |2023 |''Shugaba Chic'' |[[Sophie Alakija]], Etinosa Idemudia, Maurice Sam |- |2023 |''Don Gobe Mai Kyau'' |[[Ruth Kadiri]], Jarumi Daniels, Onyii Alex |- |2024 |''Shukari da kayan yaji'' |[[Ini Edo]], Elozonam |- |2024 |''Ƙaunar Mai Tsarki'' |Chinaye Nnebe, Clinton Joshua |- |2024 |''Bikinmu ne'' |[[Chioma Chukwuka]], Michael Dappa, [[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]] |- |2024 |''A kan dukkan matsaloli'' |An samo asali ne daga garin [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Jerry Mudiaga |- |2024 |''Omego fam da daloli'' |Ray Emodi, Lilian Idoko |- |2024 |''Alan Poser'' |[[Bolaji Ogunmola]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|id=8990945|name=Chinneylove Eze}} * Chinneylove Ezea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 61nvz0bts61guoz1wwizwjxqqnguopf 862378 862375 2026-06-20T19:39:40Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 862378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinneylove Eze Ogunje''' (born 11 August 1988)<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}</ref> is a Nigerian film producer, director, and entrepreneur. Her first [[Nollywood]] movie was the 2013 film ''The Cartel''. In 2017, she produced the successful film ''[[Hire a man|Hire a Man]]''.<ref name="Writer" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chinneylove Eze Productions kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar Hire a Woman, Devil in Agbada, Our Date for Christmas, Maduka Daughters, da Pretty Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1988 a cikin iyalin Kirista na al'adun Ibo. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Aguata a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ta fara karatun ta a makarantar Twins Nursery da Firamare kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], inda ta kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/people/2102/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alhakin zamantakewa == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim. Ta fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2013 tare da The Cartel, fim din Pan-Afirka wanda ya nuna simintin daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Najeriya]]. Fim ɗin ya sami gabatarwa hudu a Kyautar Nollywood da kuma gabatarwa biyar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka da Academy Awards (ZAFAA). <ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2022">Staff Writer (23 March 2022). [https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze "Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies"]. ''Showmax Stories''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2017, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai gabatar da fina-finai a cikin fina-fallafin Najeriya tare da Hire a Man, fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci wanda ya samu gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya zama fim na Nollywood na 7 mafi girma a shekara. Ta ci gaba da samar da ''Yuni'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, ta biyo baya tare da Hire a Woman, wanda ya zama ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma na Nollywood na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2023, Eze ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da Amazon Prime bayan fitowar fina-finai biyu, Tenis Big Day da Devil in Agbada, dukansu biyu sun kasance don yawo a kan dandalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nif |title=Chinneylove Eze Productions |url=https://www.nifsummit.com/images/docs/CHINNEYLOVE_EZE_PRODUCTIONS.pdf |journal=Nifsummit}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Eze ta auri Kevwe Ogunje daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a wani bikin auren gargajiya. Dangi na kusa, abokai, da sanannun mutane daga [[Nollywood]] sun halarci taron, gami da [[Joke Silva|Ajoke Silva]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson, [[Nancy Isime]], [[Uche Jombo]], [[Uche Montana]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Ayo Makun]], da sauransu. An yi alama da bikin ta hanyar nuna launi mai ban sha'awa, tare da baƙi da suka yi ado da tufafin "aso-ebi". An haifi ɗan farko na ma'auratan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Fim din !Masu ba da labari |- |2013 |''Kamfanin Kasuwanci'' |[[Mike Ezuruonye]], John Njamah |- |2016 |''Kawai A Yi Aure'' |Femi Jacobs, Zynnel Zuh, Belinda Effah (Grace Charis Bassey) |- |2017 |''[[Hire a man|Ka Yi hayar Mutum]]'' |Zynnel Zuh, Eyinna Nwigwe, [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |2018 |''Yuni'' |[[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]], [[Michelle Dede]], Empress Njamah, Toni Tones[[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] |- |2019 |[[Hire a Woman (fim)|''Ɗauki Mace Mace Ma'aikaci'']] |[[Nancy Isime]], Alex Ekubo, [[Mike Godson]], [[Uzor Arukwe|Uzo Arukwe]] |- |2020 |''Lokacin da soyayya ta same ka'' |[[Mike Godson]], [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], [[Lilian Afegbai]], [[Esther Audu]] |- |2020 |''Makwabata'' |[[Tana Adelana]], Mofe Duncan |- |2021 |''[[Hatsabibin Agbada|Iblis a Agbada]]'' |[[Desmond Elliot]], [[Linda Osifo]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Efe Irele]], [[Nosa Rex]] |- |2021 |''Ranar Kirsimeti'' |Mofe Duncan, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2022 |''Asirin Victoria'' |[[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Chris Akwarandu, Chinneylove Eze |- |2022 |''Kafaya Faya'' |Mercy Johnson, [[Ebube Nwagbo]] |- |2023 |''Dalilin Ƙauna'' |Echelon Mbadiwe, Emem Inwang, Sam Maurice |- |2023 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Phil'' |[[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]] |- |2023 |''Biyu Za su Iya Wasan'' |Mimi Chaka, [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] |- |2023 |''Shugaba Chic'' |[[Sophie Alakija]], Etinosa Idemudia, Maurice Sam |- |2023 |''Don Gobe Mai Kyau'' |[[Ruth Kadiri]], Jarumi Daniels, Onyii Alex |- |2024 |''Shukari da kayan yaji'' |[[Ini Edo]], Elozonam |- |2024 |''Ƙaunar Mai Tsarki'' |Chinaye Nnebe, Clinton Joshua |- |2024 |''Bikinmu ne'' |[[Chioma Chukwuka]], Michael Dappa, [[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]] |- |2024 |''A kan dukkan matsaloli'' |An samo asali ne daga garin [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Jerry Mudiaga |- |2024 |''Omego fam da daloli'' |Ray Emodi, Lilian Idoko |- |2024 |''Alan Poser'' |[[Bolaji Ogunmola]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|id=8990945|name=Chinneylove Eze}} * Chinneylove Ezea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 2mvx5d7i96m13jopnx06trpnorbd3h4 862605 862378 2026-06-21T06:45:11Z Maryam Magaje 46195 An kirkira ta fassara "Career and social responsibility" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356053999|Chinneylove Eze]]" 862605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinneylove Eze Ogunje''' (born 11 August 1988)<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}</ref> is a Nigerian film producer, director, and entrepreneur. Her first [[Nollywood]] movie was the 2013 film ''The Cartel''. In 2017, she produced the successful film ''[[Hire a man|Hire a Man]]''.<ref name="Writer" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chinneylove Eze Productions kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar Hire a Woman, Devil in Agbada, Our Date for Christmas, Maduka Daughters, da Pretty Thief . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Eze a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1988 a cikin iyalin Kirista na al'adun Ibo. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Mr. da Mrs. Eze kuma ta fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Aguata a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ta fara karatun ta a makarantar Twins Nursery da Firamare kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], inda ta kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ta halarci [[Jami'ar Benin]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/people/2102/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=afrikive.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alhakin zamantakewa == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim. Ta fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2013 tare da The Cartel, fim din Pan-Afirka wanda ya nuna simintin daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Najeriya]]. Fim ɗin ya sami gabatarwa hudu a Kyautar Nollywood da kuma gabatarwa biyar a bikin fina-finai na Afirka da Academy Awards (ZAFAA). <ref name="Writer">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2022-03-23 |title=Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2022">Staff Writer (23 March 2022). [https://stories.showmax.com/za/chinneylove-eze "Showmax spotlights ChinneyLove Eze: The young producer making hit Nollywood movies"]. ''Showmax Stories''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2017, ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai gabatar da fina-finai a cikin fina-fallafin Najeriya tare da Hire a Man, fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci wanda ya samu gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya zama fim na Nollywood na 7 mafi girma a shekara. Ta ci gaba da samar da ''Yuni'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya, a cikin 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, ta biyo baya tare da Hire a Woman, wanda ya zama ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma na Nollywood na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2023, Eze ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da Amazon Prime bayan fitowar fina-finai biyu, Tenis Big Day da Devil in Agbada, dukansu biyu sun kasance don yawo a kan dandalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nif |title=Chinneylove Eze Productions |url=https://www.nifsummit.com/images/docs/CHINNEYLOVE_EZE_PRODUCTIONS.pdf |journal=Nifsummit}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, Eze ta auri Kevwe Ogunje daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a wani bikin auren gargajiya. Dangi na kusa, abokai, da sanannun mutane daga [[Nollywood]] sun halarci taron, gami da [[Joke Silva|Ajoke Silva]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson, [[Nancy Isime]], [[Uche Jombo]], [[Uche Montana]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Ayo Makun]], da sauransu. An yi alama da bikin ta hanyar nuna launi mai ban sha'awa, tare da baƙi da suka yi ado da tufafin "aso-ebi". An haifi ɗan farko na ma'auratan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Fim din !Masu ba da labari |- |2013 |''Kamfanin Kasuwanci'' |[[Mike Ezuruonye]], John Njamah |- |2016 |''Kawai A Yi Aure'' |Femi Jacobs, Zynnel Zuh, Belinda Effah (Grace Charis Bassey) |- |2017 |''[[Hire a man|Ka Yi hayar Mutum]]'' |Zynnel Zuh, Eyinna Nwigwe, [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |2018 |''Yuni'' |[[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]], [[Michelle Dede]], Empress Njamah, Toni Tones[[Toni Tones|Tunanin Toni]] |- |2019 |[[Hire a Woman (fim)|''Ɗauki Mace Mace Ma'aikaci'']] |[[Nancy Isime]], Alex Ekubo, [[Mike Godson]], [[Uzor Arukwe|Uzo Arukwe]] |- |2020 |''Lokacin da soyayya ta same ka'' |[[Mike Godson]], [[Rachel Oniga|Rachael Oniga]], [[Lilian Afegbai]], [[Esther Audu]] |- |2020 |''Makwabata'' |[[Tana Adelana]], Mofe Duncan |- |2021 |''[[Hatsabibin Agbada|Iblis a Agbada]]'' |[[Desmond Elliot]], [[Linda Osifo]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Efe Irele]], [[Nosa Rex]] |- |2021 |''Ranar Kirsimeti'' |Mofe Duncan, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2022 |''Asirin Victoria'' |[[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Chris Akwarandu, Chinneylove Eze |- |2022 |''Kafaya Faya'' |Mercy Johnson, [[Ebube Nwagbo]] |- |2023 |''Dalilin Ƙauna'' |Echelon Mbadiwe, Emem Inwang, Sam Maurice |- |2023 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Phil'' |[[Daniel Etim Effiong]], [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]] |- |2023 |''Biyu Za su Iya Wasan'' |Mimi Chaka, [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] |- |2023 |''Shugaba Chic'' |[[Sophie Alakija]], Etinosa Idemudia, Maurice Sam |- |2023 |''Don Gobe Mai Kyau'' |[[Ruth Kadiri]], Jarumi Daniels, Onyii Alex |- |2024 |''Shukari da kayan yaji'' |[[Ini Edo]], Elozonam |- |2024 |''Ƙaunar Mai Tsarki'' |Chinaye Nnebe, Clinton Joshua |- |2024 |''Bikinmu ne'' |[[Chioma Chukwuka]], Michael Dappa, [[Uche Jombo|Uche Jumbo]] |- |2024 |''A kan dukkan matsaloli'' |An samo asali ne daga garin [[Uche Montana|Uche (Montana) Nwaefuna]], Jerry Mudiaga |- |2024 |''Omego fam da daloli'' |Ray Emodi, Lilian Idoko |- |2024 |''Alan Poser'' |[[Bolaji Ogunmola]], [[IK Ogbonna]] |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Career and social responsibility == Eze ta fara aikinta a Nollywood a matsayin jaruma kafin ta koma harkar shirya fina-finai. A watan Satumbar 2023, Eze ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen karfafa akalla mata 150 a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da take yi na ba da gudummawa ga al'umma.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olufemi |first=Damilola |date=2023-09-08 |title=Movie producer, Chinneylove, unveils plan to empower 150 women |url=https://punchng.com/movie-producer-chinneylove-unveils-plan-to-empower-150-women/?utm_source=auto-read-also&utm_medium=web#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olufemi |first=Damilola |date=2023-09-08 |title=Movie producer, Chinneylove, unveils plan to empower 150 women |url=https://punchng.com/movie-producer-chinneylove-unveils-plan-to-empower-150-women/?utm_source=auto-read-also&utm_medium=web#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|id=8990945|name=Chinneylove Eze}} * Chinneylove Ezea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] qegd9i2efjpz27sl1zclwke902wzl8f 0 125700 862072 828361 2026-06-20T15:53:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Wilderness makaranta''' ce mai zaman kanta, wacce ba ta addini ba [[Kiristanci|ce]], kuma [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana ce]] ta ' yan mata, wacce ke Medindie, wani yanki na arewacin [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya. Iyalan Brown sun kafa makarantar a shekarar 1884 tare da 'yan mata huɗu da ƙaramin yaro ɗaya, Andrew Muecke, a matsayin ɗalibai,<ref name="start1886">{{Cite web |title=Misses Brown grow a home school at North Adelaide from 1884 into Wilderness at Medindie; thriving in 21st Century |url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/the-misses-brown-at-wilderness--caroline-jacobs--tormore-house-extend-dame-tradition |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Adelaide AZ |language=English }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wilderness makarantar Aji 12 ce, kuma tana kula da ɗalibai na Aji 13. Makarantar ta ɗauki kimanin ɗalibai 820 a shekarar 2007, ciki har da ɗaliban da suka kai 80 [[Makarantar allo|a cikin makarantar]].<ref name="ABSA">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Wilderness School |url=http://www.boarding.org.au/site/school_detail.cfm?schID=175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117110520/http://www.boarding.org.au/site/school_detail.cfm?schID=175 |archive-date=November 17, 2007 |access-date=2008-05-21 |website=Schools |publisher=Australian Boarding Schools' Association}}</ref> A shekarar 2003, ''The Australian'' ta ayyana Makarantar Wilderness a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makarantu goma mafiya samun nasara a Ostiraliya. Makarantar Wilderness tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantun 'Yancin Kai ta Ostiraliya (AHISA),<ref name="AHISA">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=School Directory |url=http://www.ahisa.com.au/Display.aspx?tabid=3243& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719060121/http://www.ahisa.com.au/Display.aspx?tabid=3243& |archive-date=2008-07-19 |access-date=2008-05-21 |website=South Australia |publisher=Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantun Ƙarami ta Ostiraliya (JSHAA),<ref name="jshaa">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=JSHAA South Australian Directory of Members |url=http://www.jshaa.asn.au/southaustralia/directory/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406045335/http://www.jshaa.asn.au/southaustralia/directory/index.asp |archive-date=2008-04-06 |access-date=2008-05-21 |website=South Australia Branch |publisher=Junior School Heads' Association of Australia}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Makarantun Ajiya ta Ostiraliya,<ref name="ABSA"/> Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata ta Australasia (AGSA) <ref name="AGSA">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Jan |year=2006 |title=Member Schools |url=http://www.agsa.org.au/members.php?PageID=11&Alpha=W |access-date=2008-05-21 |website=Members |publisher=The Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia |archive-date=2008-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719180022/http://agsa.org.au/members.php?PageID=11&Alpha=W |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Ƙungiyar Wasannin Makarantun 'Yan Mata Masu Zaman Kansu (IGSSA). == Tarihi == Iyalan Brown ne suka ƙirƙiri makarantar, waɗanda suka ƙarfafa babbar 'yarsu Margaret Hamilton Brown ta himmatu wajen sha'awar ilimi bayan da kasuwancin mahaifinta ya gaza. An haifi Margaret a Edinburgh kuma ta yi karatu a Kudancin Ostiraliya kuma ta nuna hazaka wajen koyarwa. A shekara ta 1884 ta fara ƙaramin makaranta a gidan iyayenta [1] tare da ƙanwarta, Mary (Mamie) Home Brown, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko biyar.[2] A shekara mai zuwa, iyalin suka ƙaura, Margaret ta fara makarantar yara kanana bisa kayan wasan yara daga Jamus da ra'ayoyin Friedrich Froebel . Yayin da yaran suka girma, haka nan abin da makarantar ta mayar da hankali a kai ya faru, kuma a shekara ta 1893, Margaret ta sayi gini a Northcote Terrace don ɗaukar nauyin wata makaranta da daga baya ta sake wa suna "The Wilderness".[1] [[Fayil:The-brown-sisters_in_c_1946_at_the_Wilderness_School.jpg|left|thumb|'Yan'uwa mata huɗu 'yan Brown da suka tsira a shekarar 1946]] == Manazarta == 407321owj0ahgqi6yg8hhvggyzd7fu1 0 126704 862067 815899 2026-06-20T15:47:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Trafalgar don 'yan mata''' (abbreviated as Traf) makarantar 'yan mata ce mai zaman kanta da ke cikin Downtown [[Montréal|Montreal]], [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] . Makarantar tana hidimtawa dalibai a matakan sakandare na I - V, watau shekaru 11-12 zuwa 16-17. Jimlar rajista ita ce 200, rabo na dalibi da malami shine 8:1, kuma matsakaicin girman aji yana da kewayon daga 10 zuwa 20.<ref name="Traf">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Our School |url=http://www.trafalgar.qc.ca/page.cfm?p=360 |access-date=March 30, 2014 |publisher=Trafalgar School for Girls |archive-date=September 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929013740/http://www.trafalgar.qc.ca/page.cfm?p=360 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban makarantar na yanzu shine Katherine Nikidis . == Tarihi == Shafin yana cikin Golden Square Mile, wanda shine unguwar da ta fi arziki a Kanada lokacin da makarantar ta buɗe a 1887. Tunanin ya fito ne daga wani attajiri mai suna Donald Ross. Cibiyar ta sami kuɗi daga Anne Scott da Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona da Mount Royal, da kuma sauran fitattun mazauna Montreal.<ref name="Trafalgar School has long history" /><ref name="Traf"/> An tsara tsarin karatun makarantar don shirya 'yan mata don ilimi mafi girma, kodayake ƙananan' yan tsiraru ne kawai suka tafi jami'a. The Montreal Hoshuko School, a weekend Japanese school, rents classroom space there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montreal Hoshuko School |url=http://mtljpschool.web.fc2.com/about_Montreal_Hoshuko/where/page10.html |access-date=March 30, 2014 |archive-date=February 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211052138/http://mtljpschool.web.fc2.com/about_Montreal_Hoshuko/where/page10.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Trafalgar ta sanar da sayar da ginin ta na Simpson St. a cikin 2019. A watan Satumbar 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Trafalgar da Jami'ar McGill za su yi haɗin gwiwa a kan CoLab, wanda zai haɗa horar da malamai, aikin aji da bincike a wuri ɗaya.[1] Trafalgar za ta kasance a Purvis Hall a kusurwar Peel Street da Pine Avenue, kusa da harabar McGill.[2] == Shahararren ɗaliba == * Christine Ayoub, masanin lissafi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montreal Hoshuko School |url=http://mtljpschool.web.fc2.com/about_Montreal_Hoshuko/where/page10.html |access-date=March 30, 2014 |archive-date=February 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211052138/http://mtljpschool.web.fc2.com/about_Montreal_Hoshuko/where/page10.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Nora Collyer, mai zane * Caryl Churchill, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo * Jessalyn Gilsig, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montreal Hoshuko School |url=http://mtljpschool.web.fc2.com/about_Montreal_Hoshuko/where/page10.html |access-date=March 30, 2014 |archive-date=February 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211052138/http://mtljpschool.web.fc2.com/about_Montreal_Hoshuko/where/page10.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Vivien Law, masanin harshe da ilimi * Carolyn Taylor, marubuciya 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo <ref>Maguire, Mary H. ([[McGill University]]). "[http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/113ISB4.PDF Identity and Agency in Primary Trilingual Children’s Multiple Cultural Worlds: Third Space and Heritage Languages]" (). In: Cohen, James, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (editors). ''[http://www.lingref.com/isb/ ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism]''. Conference held from April 30 to May 3, 2003. Published May 2005. p. 1423-1445. page 1432 (PDF p. 10/24). "The other two schools, the Chinese Shonguo and Japanese Hoshuko are privately funded, rent space for their Saturday schools from mainstream educational institutions, and thus have no visible identifiable logo or physical presence as a particular ”heritage language school”."</ref> * Cairine Wilson, 'yar siyasa * Rhona da Rhoda Wurtele, 'yan wasan Olympics == Manazarta == bg0xsj9mgb2idscjak1gsjxu11yv5mj 0 127688 862590 760549 2026-06-21T06:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Douglas Crisp''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950) farfesa ne mai daraja a Makarantar Bincike ta Biology a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia da ke [[Kanberra|Canberra]] . A shekara ta 1976, ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Adelaide, yana nazarin canje-canje na tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci a yankunan busassun Kudancin Australia. A cikin 2020, Crisp ya koma [[Brisbane]], inda yake da matsayi na girmamawa a Jami'ar Queensland.<ref name="ANU2">{{Cite web |last=Crisp |first=Michael D. |title=Researcher Profile |url=https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/crisp-md#biography |access-date=1 April 2019 |website=ANU College of Science |publisher=Australian National University |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070043/https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/crisp-md#biography |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da abokan aiki, ya sake duba nau'ikan legume daban-daban (''Daviesia'', ''Gastrolobium'', ''Gompholobium'' na ''Pultenaea'' da ''Jacksonia''). Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilmin halitta, phylogeny da juyin halitta na shuke-shuke. == Wasu takardun da aka rubuta == * Dubi Category:Taxa mai suna Michael Crisp == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 6m6xd9btdyhbep2qajof7zm4lsi10h3 0 129079 862041 794932 2026-06-20T13:47:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta New England''' ( '''NEGS''' ) makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta Anglican. NEGS tana cikin Armidale, Arewacin NSW, tana ba da ilimin ilimi ga maza da mata a Makarantar Junior da kuma yanayin koyo na musamman ga mata matasa a Makarantar Senior, tare da gidajen kwana don sauƙaƙe buƙatun ilimi na ɗalibai da ke wajen Armidale. An kafa NEGS a shekarar 1895 ta Florence Emily Green, makarantar NEGS ba ta da zaɓi, kuma a halin yanzu tana kula da kimanin ɗalibai 310 daga shirye-shiryen gaba (shekaru 4) zuwa Aji na 12 (shekaru 18), <ref name="AnnualReport06">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=2006 Annual Report |url=http://negs.nsw.edu.au/pdfs/Annual%20Report%202006.pdf |access-date=28 January 2008 |website=Publications |publisher=New England Girls' School |archive-date=21 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721014931/http://www.negs.nsw.edu.au/pdfs/Annual%20Report%202006.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ciki har da ɗaliban da ke zaune a gida 140 daga Aji na 5 zuwa 12.<ref name="ABSA">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=New England Girls' School |url=http://www.boarding.org.au/site/school_detail.cfm?schID=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117110400/http://www.boarding.org.au/site/school_detail.cfm?schID=16 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=17 November 2007 |access-date=12 December 2007 |website=Schools |publisher=Australian Boarding Schools' Association}}</ref> NEGS tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yancin Kai na New South Wales (AIS NSW), <ref name="AISNSW">{{Cite web |title=North West |url=http://portals.studentnet.edu.au/studentnet/DeskTopDefault.aspx?tabid=98 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829215430/http://portals.studentnet.edu.au/StudentNet/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=98 |archive-date=29 August 2007 |access-date=28 January 2008 |website=NSW Independent Schools by Region |publisher=The Association of Independent Schools of New South Wales}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantun Ƙarami ta Ostiraliya (JSHAA), <ref name="jshaa">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=JSHAA New South Wales Directory of Members |url=http://www.jshaa.asn.au/nsw/directory/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117201219/http://www.jshaa.asn.au/nsw/directory/index.asp |archive-date=17 January 2008 |access-date=17 December 2007 |website=New South Wales Branch |publisher=Junior School Heads' Association of Australia}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Makarantun Ajiya ta Ostiraliya (ABSA), <ref name="ABSA"/> Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata ta Australasia (AGSA), <ref name="AGSA">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Jan |year=2006 |title=Member Schools |url=http://www.agsa.org.au/members.php?PageID=11&Alpha=N |access-date=28 January 2008 |website=Members |publisher=The Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma memba ce mai alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantun 'Yan Mata Masu Zaman Kansu (AHIGS).<ref name="AHIGS">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Heads of New South Wales Independent Girls' Schools |url=http://www.ahigs.nsw.edu.au/DeskTopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927114115/http://www.ahigs.nsw.edu.au/DeskTopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 |archive-date=27 September 2008 |access-date=6 August 2007 |website=AHIGS |publisher=The Association of Heads of Independent Girls' Schools}}</ref> NEGS Limited a matsayin Amintacce tana gudanar da makarantar a madadin Anglican Diocese na Armidale.<ref name="Diocese">{{Cite web |title=Diocesan Schools |url=http://armidaleanglicandiocese.com/?D=56 |access-date=28 January 2008 |website=Diocesan Profile |publisher=Diocese of Armidale}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa NEGS a shekarar 1895 ta hannun Florence Emily Green, <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://negs.nsw.edu.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=187 |access-date=8 July 2007 |website=About NEGS |publisher=New England Girls' School}}</ref> malamar addini mai zurfin gaske daga Oamaru, New Zealand. Manufar makarantar ita ce samar da ilimi mai zurfi ga 'yan mata, tare da mai da hankali sosai kan dabi'un Kirista, don shirya ɗalibai don ƙalubalen sabuwar ƙarni. Ginin farko na makarantar an sanya masa suna 'Akaroa', kuma ya ƙunshi babban aji, ofis da wuraren kwana. A yau ginin shine cibiyar gudanarwa ta makarantar, tare da ajin farko da ake amfani da shi don tarurruka da ayyuka, kuma an sanya masa suna 'WH Lee Room' bayan mai ginin makarantar.<ref name="History" /> A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Miss Green, NEGS ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun kwana na 'yan mata a Ostiraliya. [1] A shekara ta 1907, cocin Anglican ya sayi NEGS kuma aka naɗa Majalisar Makaranta. [2] Daga baya Miss Green ta ƙaura zuwa Victoria a shekara ta 1908 don ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar makarantar Firbank Church of England Girls' Grammar School, da ke Brighton.[1] An buɗe ginin tubali na farko na NEGS, wanda daga baya aka san shi da "Arewa da Kudu", a shekarar 1911. Wannan ginin ya ƙunshi zauren taro, wurin motsa jiki da wuraren kwana.<ref name="History"/> A shekarar 1936, [[John Moyes (bishop)|John Moyes]], Bishop na Armidale, ya buɗe cocin Florence Green Memorial a shekarar 1936. Bangonsa na waje an yi shi da tubali mai shuɗi kuma cikinsa an yi shi da itacen oak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New England Girls' School, Uralla Road, Armidale |url=https://www.ohta.org.au/organs/organs/NEGS.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.ohta.org.au}}</ref> A lokacin shugabancin Anna Abbott daga 1990 zuwa 2000, an gabatar da International Baccalaureate, an faɗaɗa shirin Kiɗa, sannan aka naɗa wata mace da aka naɗa ta zama limamin makarantar. == Shugabannin makarantu == {| class="wikitable" !Lokaci ! Cikakkun bayanai <ref name="AHIGS"/> |- | 1895 &#x2013; 1907 | Florence Green, Wanda ya kafa |- | 1907 | Tsuntsun Mayu |- | 1907 &#x2013; 1913 | Margaret Murray |- | 1913 &#x2013; 1917 | Clarinda Murray |- | 1918 &#x2013; 1925 | Juliet Lyon |- | 1925 &#x2013; 1939 | Nona Dumolo |- | 1939 &#x2013; 1959 | Ethel Colebrook |- | 1959 &#x2013; 1969 | Loyalty Howard |- | 1969 &#x2013; 1972 | Yvonne Grubb |- | 1973 &#x2013; 1989 | Jan Milburn |- | 1990 &#x2013; 2000 | Anna Abbott |- | 2000 &#x2013; 2004 | Helen Trebilcock |- | 2004 | Denise Thomas, Shugabar riƙon ƙwarya |- | 2004 &#x2013; 2006 | Rebecca Ling |- | 2007 &#x2013; 2009 | Mark Harrison |- | 2009 &#x2013; 2011 | Ian Downs |- | 2012 | Peter Hodge |- | 2013 &#x2013; 2016 | Clive Logan |- | 2016 &#x2013; 2020 | Mary-Anne Evans |- | 2020 | Mark Flynn, Mukaddashin Shugaban Makaranta |- | 2021 &#x2013; 2022 | Kathy Bishop |- | 2022 &#x2013; na yanzu | Liz van Genderen |} == Harabar jami'a == NEGS tana kan gonaki sama da {{Convert|50|ha|acre|0}} na lambuna da wuraren shakatawa, a cikin yanayin karkara. Makarantar tana cikin birnin Armidale, wanda ke tsakiyar Sydney da [[Brisbane]] a kan Teburin New England na New South Wales. <ref name="Campus">{{Cite web |title=Campus |url=http://negs.nsw.edu.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=12&Itemid=33 |access-date=23 July 2007 |website=Our Campus |publisher=New England Girls' School}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin muhimman kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a yanzu a makarantar sun hada da: == Manazarta == nqd0kpv2y0kbtd8kmb4vlanv8xfeu24 0 130577 862809 836752 2026-06-21T10:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammad Bagheri''' (Persian; an haife shi '''Mohammad-Hossein Afshordi''' ({{Lang|fa|محمدحسین افشردی}}) jami'in soja ne na Iran a cikin [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|Rundunar Tsaro ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci]] (IRGC), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata Sojojin Iran daga 2016 zuwa 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2016 |title=If ISIS attacks Baghdad, Iran will intervene militarily, says Iranian general |url=http://irangeo.net/if-isis-attacks-baghdad-iran-will-intervene-militarily-says-iranian-general/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106171951/http://irangeo.net/if-isis-attacks-baghdad-iran-will-intervene-militarily-says-iranian-general/ |archive-date=6 January 2017 |publisher=IranGeo}}</ref> Shugaban ma'aikata an dauke shi babban jami'in soja a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran kuma yana da alhakin daidaitawa da kula da Sojojin Iran na yau da kullun (Artesh) da kuma Sojojin Tsaro na Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci (IRGC). <ref name="unitedagainstnucleariran">{{Cite web |title=Major General Mohammad Bagheri: Chief of Staff of Iran’s Armed Forces |trans-title=سرلشکر محمد باقری: رئیس ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح ایران |url=https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/major-general-mohammad-bagheri-chief-of-staff-of-irans-armed-forces |access-date=28 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> An kashe Bagheri tare da wasu manyan jami'ai a lokacin jerin hare-haren sama da Isra'ila ta kaddamar a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2025 |title=Top Iranian military commanders killed in Israeli strikes: Who were they? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/who-were-iran-commanders-killed-by-israel-10064443/ |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance babban jami'in soja a Iran a lokacin mutuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2025 |title=Who were the Iranian commanders killed in Israel's attack? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lk5j18k4vo |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mohammad Bagheri na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kwamandojin soja na Iran kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban hafsan soji na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran daga 2016 har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Yunin 2025. An haife shi a cikin iyalin juyin juya hali da addini a [[Tehran]] . Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Hassan Bagheri (''Gholamhossein Afshordi''), wanda ya kafa sashin leken asiri na [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]]. Mohammad Bagheri ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karfafa karfin tsaro na Iran, tare da sama da shekaru 45 na aiki a cikin [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]]. An kashe shi da sassafe na Jumma'a, 13 ga Yuni, 2025, yana da shekaru 65, bayan harin da Isra'ila ta kai wa [[Tehran]].<ref name="farajnejad">{{Cite web |title=زندگینامه شهید محمد باقری |trans-title=Biography of Martyr Mohammad Bagheri |url=https://farajnejad.ir/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |language=fa |archive-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709063900/https://farajnejad.ir/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bagheri ya fara aikin soja a shekara ta 1979 tare da Sojojin Tsaro na Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci kuma ya yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Iran-Irak . == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Bagheri a shekara ta 1960. Babban ɗan'uwansa, Hassan Bagheri, kwamandan ne a yakin Iran-Irak, inda aka kashe shi a cikin aiki. An haifi Mohammad Bagheri (''Mohammad Hossein Afshordi'') a shekara ta 1960 kusa da Khorasan Square a [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] kuma ya yi yarantakarsa da balaga a can. Asalin iyalinsa ya koma ƙauyen Afshord a cikin Heris County, Lardin Gabashin Azerbaijan, [[Iran]] . Mohammad Bagheri ya fara aikinsa a cikin [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|Rundunar Tsaro ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci]] (IRGC) a 1979 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar ma'aikatan IRGC kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar leken asiri da ayyukan a lokacin Yaƙin Iran-Irak . <ref name="asrezangi">{{Cite web |title=شهید باقری را بیشتر بشناسید |trans-title=Get to know more about Shahid Bagheri |url=https://asrezangi.ir/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C/3406 |access-date=28 July 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:2018_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_(320).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Bagheri tare da Shugaban Iran [[Hassan Rouhani]] a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2018]] [[Fayil:Qasem_Soleimani_received_Zolfaghar_Order_from_Ali_Khamenei_2.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Bagheri tare da [[Qaseim Suleimani|Qasem Soleimani]] da Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] a ranar 11 ga Maris 2019]] [[Fayil:تقدیم_پیام_پادشاه_عربستان_به_رهبر_انقلاب_07.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Bagheri tare da Ministan Tsaro na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] [[Khalid bin Salman Al Saud|Khalid bin Salman]] da Ayatollah Khamenei a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2025]] ==== Kyaututtuka da lambobin ==== Wannan ɓangaren ya haɗa da Alamar hukuma da kyaututtuka na Mohammad Bagheri, waɗanda aka sa a kan tufafinsa. Ba a lissafa lambobin yabo na farar hula da na hukuma ba a nan.<ref name="farajnejad"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;" | colspan="2" |'''Alamomin hannu''' |- |[[Fayil:Iran_Chief_of_Staff_of_Armed_Forces.svg|104x104px]]{{Clear}}Janar Janar na Sojojin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;" | colspan="2" |'''Alamar jirgin ruwa''' |- | {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" | |[[Fayil:Order_of_Fat'h_(1st_Class).svg|110x110px]] |- |[[Fayil:Order_of_Nasr_Ribbon_(2nd_Class).svg|110x110px]] |[[Fayil:Order_of_Fat'h_(3rd_Class).svg|110x110px]] |[[Fayil:Order_of_Fat'h_(3rd_Class).svg|110x110px]] |} {{Clear}} |} == Mutuwa == [[Fayil:Commemoration_Ceremony_of_Martyr_Lieutenant_General_Bagheri_2025_Avash_11.jpg|thumb|Bikin tunawa da Lieutenant Janar Mohammad Bagheri, Talata, Yuli 08, 2025, Masallacin Sadrieh, [[Tehran]].]] An kashe Bagheri ne ta hanyar yajin aikin Isra'ila a watan Yunin 2025 a kan Iran, kamar yadda kafofin watsa labarai na Iran da sojojin Isra'ila suka ruwaito; Abdolrahim Mousavi ne ya gaje shi. An shirya jana'izarsa da aka gudanar a ranar 28 ga Yuni tare da na dukkan manyan kwamandojin da aka kashe a lokacin yakin Iran-Isra'ila. An yi niyya da Bagheri a gidansa yayin hare-haren jirgin saman Isra'ila a kan Iran a farkon sa'o'i na Jumma'a (Ranar mako a Iran), 13 ga Yuni, 2025, kuma an kashe shi tare da matarsa, Ashraf Bagheri, <ref name="farajnejad"/> da 'yarsa, Fereshteh Bagheri. <ref>Later changed his last name to his mother's last name after the death of his father.</ref> An binne gawar Mohammad Bagheri (Afshordi) a cikin "Plot 24" na "Behesht-e Zahra Martyrs' Garden" a [[Tehran]], tare da gawarwakin matarsa, Ashraf Bagheri, da 'yarsa, Fereshteh Bagheri ("Afshordi").<ref>Later changed his last name to his mother's last name after the death of his father.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2016 |title=If ISIS attacks Baghdad, Iran will intervene militarily, says Iranian general |url=http://irangeo.net/if-isis-attacks-baghdad-iran-will-intervene-militarily-says-iranian-general/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106171951/http://irangeo.net/if-isis-attacks-baghdad-iran-will-intervene-militarily-says-iranian-general/ |archive-date=6 January 2017 |publisher=IranGeo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2025 |title=Top Iranian military commanders killed in Israeli strikes: Who were they? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/who-were-iran-commanders-killed-by-israel-10064443/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2025 |title=Who were the Iranian commanders killed in Israel's attack? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lk5j18k4vo |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Later changed his last name to his mother's last name after the death of his father.</ref><ref>Later changed his last name to his mother's last name after the death of his father.</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] ===MANAZARTA=== t3l40uxmv06cx1afmvvgz195bg5cpoi 0 131006 862548 786631 2026-06-21T03:50:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matthias Lutolf''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1973, wanda aka fi sani da Matthias Lütolf) injiniya ne mai ilimin halittu kuma farfesa a EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=13 new professors appointed at ETH Zurich and EPFL {{!}} ETH-Board |url=https://www.ethrat.ch/en/media/releases/appointments-sept18 |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=www.ethrat.ch }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering - EPFL |url=https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lutolf-lab/ |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering – ISIC |url=https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/research/isic/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering - EPFL |url=https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lutolf-lab/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya zama Daraktan Kimiyya na Roche's<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Roche launches Institute of Human Biology to accelerate breakthroughs in R&D by unlocking the potential of human model systems |url=https://www.roche.com//media/releases/med-cor-2023-05-04 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.roche.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813183947/https://www.roche.com/media/releases/med-cor-2023-05-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Institute for Translation Bioengineering da ke Basel.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Translational Bioengineering |url=https://institutehumanbiology.com/about-the-ihb/translational-bioengineering/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=IHB |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Lutolf ya yi karatun injiniyan kayan aiki a ETH Zurich inda ya kammala a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2002, ya sami digirinsa na PhD a fannin injiniyan kimiyyar halittu daga ETH Zurich don karatunsa a kan hydrogels mai amsawa don injiniyan nama da al'adun sel, a cikin ƙungiyar Jeffrey Hubbell.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering - EPFL |url=https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lutolf-lab/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lütolf ya bayar da gudummawa a hulɗar kayan halitta, ilmin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta, da fasahar organoid . A farkon aikinsa, ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙira da tallata sabbin matrices na roba da hydrogels waɗanda ke ba da damar injiniyan ƙwayoyin halitta a wuri, yana haɓaka sake farfaɗowa kai tsaye a cikin jiki, tare da wallafe-wallafe a cikin ''PNAS'' (2003), ''Advanced Materials'' (2003), da ''Nature Biotechnology'' (2003, 2005). <ref name=":1"/> Dakin gwaje-gwajen Lutolf yana haɓaka ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin vitro suna kwaikwayon kyallen takarda da gabobin lafiya da marasa lafiya.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering – ISIC |url=https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/research/isic/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering - EPFL |url=https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lutolf-lab/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering – ISIC |url=https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/research/isic/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering - EPFL |url=https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lutolf-lab/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering – ISIC |url=https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/research/isic/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == A shekara ta 2007, Lutolf ya sami lambar [[EURYI|Yuro]] ta European Young Investigator (EURYI) daga [[European Science Foundation|Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Turai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering – ISIC |url=https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/research/isic/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2018, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na [[European Molecular Biology Organization|Ƙungiyar Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Turai]] (EMBO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering - EPFL |url=https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lutolf-lab/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin edita na mujallar The Company of Biologists 'Development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering – ISIC |url=https://www.epfl.ch/schools/sb/research/isic/ |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.epfl.ch |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pu3sduip6lqh1we1sk59x5wdo83k3yh 0 132659 862050 842058 2026-06-20T15:11:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Merrimac''' makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati a Mermaid Waters ( Queensland, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ). Makarantar tana cikin Sashe na 12 na majalisar Gold Coast. == Dalibai == === Shekaru === A shekarar 2015, an aiwatar da shirin "Flying Start" na Anna Bligh na jihar baki daya a hukumance don daidaita Queensland da sauran jihohi ta hanyar mayar da aji na 7 zuwa tsarin makarantun sakandare, [1] ma'ana a shekarar 2015 Makarantar Sakandare ta Merrimac ta fara kula da yara 'yan shekara 7 – 12. [2] :3[3] :3 === Rijistar ɗalibai === A shekarar 2023, an ruwaito cewa Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Merrimac tana da matsakaicin adadin ɗaliban da za su iya shiga makarantar, wanda ya kai ɗalibai 1,492.<ref name="capacity_education_2023">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Merrimac State High School |url=https://education.qld.gov.au/parents-and-carers/enrolment/management-plans/merrimac-state-high-school |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325003551/https://education.qld.gov.au/parents-and-carers/enrolment/management-plans/merrimac-state-high-school |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Education |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |page=}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Recent Student Enrolment Statistics ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="6" |Years ! colspan="2" |Gender ! rowspan="2" |Total ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !Boys !Girls |- !2010 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |679 | style="text-align:center" |613 | style="text-align:center" |1,292 |<ref name="annual-report_2010">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Queensland State School Reporting – 2010 – Merrimac State High School (2147) |url=https://ia600501.us.archive.org/16/items/annual-report-2010_20230909/annual-report-2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2010.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]]}}</ref>{{Rp|3}} |- !2011 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |640 | style="text-align:center" |590 | style="text-align:center" |1,230 |<ref name="annual-report_2011">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2012 |title=Queensland State School Reporting – 2011 – Merrimac State High School (2147) |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2011.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228015355/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2011.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}} |- !2012 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |690 | style="text-align:center" |618 | style="text-align:center" |1,308 |<ref name="annual-report_2012">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title=Merrimac State High School (2147) – Queensland State School Reporting – 2012 School Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2012.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013239/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2012.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}} |- !2013 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |662 | style="text-align:center" |651 | style="text-align:center" |1,313 |<ref name="annual-report_2013">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=Merrimac State High School – Queensland State School Reporting – 2013 School Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2013.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017042242/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2013.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}} |- !2014 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |660 | style="text-align:center" |619 | style="text-align:center" |1,279 |<ref name="annual-report_2014">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2015 |title=Merrimac State High School – Queensland State School Reporting – 2014 School Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2014.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010651/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2014.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2014">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228021755/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2014 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- | colspan="11" style="text-align:center" |Addition of year 7 |- !2015 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |699 | style="text-align:center" |700 | style="text-align:center" |1,399 |<ref name="annual-report_2015">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2016 |title=Merrimac State High School – Queensland State School Reporting – 2015 School Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2015.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013219/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2015.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2015">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2015 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228011125/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2015 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2016 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |636 | style="text-align:center" |622 | style="text-align:center" |1,258 |<ref name="annual-report_2016">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=Merrimac State High School – 2016 – Annual Report – Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2016.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013832/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2016.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|4}}<ref name="acara_2016">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010822/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2016 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2017 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |628 | style="text-align:center" |579 | style="text-align:center" |1,207 |<ref name="annual-report_2017">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2018 |title=Merrimac State High School – 2017 – Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2017.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712005835/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2017.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|4}}<ref name="acara_2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018053136/https://myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2017 |archive-date=18 October 2025 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2018 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |605 | style="text-align:center" |595 | style="text-align:center" |1,200 |<ref name="annual-report_2018-p3">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Merrimac State High School – Annual report 2018 - Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2018.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713134539/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2018.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2018">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2018 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013002/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2018 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2019 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |605 | style="text-align:center" |624 | style="text-align:center" |1,229 |<ref name="annual-report_2019-p2">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Merrimac State High School – Annual Report – 2019 – Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2019.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713180132/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2019.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2019">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2019 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010755/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2019 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2020 | style="text-align:center" |217 | style="text-align:center" |234 | style="text-align:center" |197 | style="text-align:center" |210 | style="text-align:center" |194 | style="text-align:center" |182 | style="text-align:center" |623 | style="text-align:center" |611 | style="text-align:center" |1,234 |<ref name="annual-report_2020-p2">{{Cite web |date=11 Jun 2021 |title=Merrimac State High School – School Annual Report – Queensland State School Reporting – 2020 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2020.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718231201/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2020.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2020 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010737/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2020 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2021 | style="text-align:center" |250 | style="text-align:center" |220 | style="text-align:center" |235 | style="text-align:center" |183 | style="text-align:center" |192 | style="text-align:center" |143 | style="text-align:center" |623 | style="text-align:center" |600 | style="text-align:center" |1,223 |<ref name="annual-report_2021-p2">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Merrimac State High School – School annual report – Queensland state school reporting – 2021 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2021.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329094031/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2021.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2021">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2021 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228015314/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2021 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2022 | style="text-align:center" |224 | style="text-align:center" |225 | style="text-align:center" |203 | style="text-align:center" |208 | style="text-align:center" |167 | style="text-align:center" |147 | style="text-align:center" |593 | style="text-align:center" |581 | style="text-align:center" |1,174 |<ref name="annual-report_2022-p2">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2023 |title=Merrimac State High School – School Annual Report – Queensland State School Reporting – 2022 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual%20report%202022.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023034434/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual%20report%202022.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2022">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228011711/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2022 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2023 | style="text-align:center" |165 | style="text-align:center" |203 | style="text-align:center" |210 | style="text-align:center" |191 | style="text-align:center" |199 | style="text-align:center" |115 | style="text-align:center" |557 | style="text-align:center" |526 | style="text-align:center" |1,083 |<ref name="annual-report_2023">{{Cite web |date=7 Jun 2024 |title=Merrimac State High School {{!}} School annual report {{!}} Queensland state school reporting {{!}} 2023 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2023.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326030158/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2023.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2023">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2023 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106194800/https://myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2023 |archive-date=6 January 2026 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2024 | style="text-align:center" |177 | style="text-align:center" |144 | style="text-align:center" |199 | style="text-align:center" |181 | style="text-align:center" |176 | style="text-align:center" |142 | style="text-align:center" |513 | style="text-align:center" |506 | style="text-align:center" |1,019 |<ref name="annual-report_2024">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025 |title=Merrimac State High School│School annual report│Queensland state school reporting│2024 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2024.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020024031/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2024.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=Merrimac State High School (www.merrimacshs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)]] |language=en }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2024">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2024 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106065931/https://myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2024 |archive-date=6 January 2026 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2025 | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |472 | style="text-align:center" |458 | style="text-align:center" |930 |<ref name="acara_2025">{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Benowa State High School, Southport, QLD → 2025 |url=https://myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2025 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en}}</ref> |- !2026 | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA |{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i54co6g9dba45ne2pi0e5ceopbisa02 0 133281 862555 795248 2026-06-21T04:26:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maxie Callaway Baughan Jr.''' (Agusta 3, 1938 - Agusta 19, 2023) ya kasance ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙasa (NFL). Baughan ya buga wa Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Rams, da Washington Redskins wasa. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin linebacker da kuma mai kula da tsaro ga kwalejoji da kungiyoyin NFL da yawa. Baughan ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . == HuRayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Bayan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Bessemer City a [[Alabama]], Baughan ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets daga 1957 zuwa 1959. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Maxie Baughan Stats |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerb/baug00600.html |website=Pro Football Archives |access-date=2026-01-08 |archive-date=2023-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618110217/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerb/baug00600.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayinda yake a Georgia Tech, ya taka leda kuma ya fara a duka linebacker da tsakiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2023 |title=Georgia Tech Hall of Famer, NFL player-coach dies at age 85 |url=https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/georgia-tech-hall-famer-nfl-player-coach-dies-age-85/7GZ7KH7TPVGXPAT7D52FIQTOAM/ |publisher=[[WSB-TV]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1959, ya kasance kyaftin din Georgia Tech, dan takara na Amurka, dan wasan kudu maso gabashin shekara, kuma dan wasan da ya fi dacewa a Gator Bowl na 1960.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kafa rikodin Georgia Tech guda ɗaya tare da 124 tackles.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Baughan a zagaye na biyu (20th overall) na Shirin NFL na 1960 ta Philadelphia Eagles, kuma an zaba shi a matsayin zagaye na farko a cikin Shirin AFL na 1960 ta Oakland Raiders. <ref name="auto"/> Ya shiga Eagles kuma ya zama mai farawa nan da nan a matsayin mai ba da izini na dama, ya fara wasanni tara daga cikin 12 a kakar wasa ta farko yayin da Eagles suka ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun NFL ta 1960 a kan Green Bay Packers, wanda ya kasance lambar yabo ta karshe har zuwa Super Bowl LII a kakar 2017. <ref name="auto" /> An zaba shi zuwa Pro Bowl na farko a wannan shekarar, ya buga sau uku a wasan, kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba ga kyautar NFL ta shekara.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |title=Maxie Baughan Stats |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BaugMa00.htm |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam, Doric |date=August 20, 2023 |title=Maxie Baughan Dies at Age 85; Former Eagles, Rams LB Earned 9 Pro Bowl Selections |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10086713-maxie-baughan-dies-at-age-85-former-eagles-rams-lb-earned-9-pro-bowl-selections |website=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 10 masu zuwa a cikin NFL kuma ya kasance All-Pro selection a cikin bakwai daga cikin waɗannan shekarun.<ref name="auto5" /> Baughan ya buga shekaru shida na farko tare da Eagles kuma ya sami zabin Pro Bowl a duk sai dai daya daga cikin waɗannan shekarun.<ref name="auto5" /> A lokacin wasan da ya yi da Pittsburgh Steelers a shekarar 1965, ya taimaka wa Eagles ta kafa rikodin tawagar tare da tara a cikin nasarar 47-13, tare da shida daga cikin waɗannan maki da suka fito daga Baughan wanda ya dawo don kawai ci na aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gehman, Jim |date=December 31, 2020 |title=Where are they now? LB Maxie Baughan |url=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/where-are-they-now-lb-maxie-baughan |publisher=[[Philadelphia Eagles]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1966, yawan wasannin da Eagles suka lashe ya ragu sosai kuma Baughan ya yanke shawarar cewa yana so ya fita daga Philadelphia. Koyaya, George Allen, wanda ke shiga kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin kocin NFL tare da Los Angeles Rams, ya sami damar yin amfani da ayyukan Baughan ta hanyar aika 'yan wasa biyu (mai ba da layi Fred Brown da mai tsaron gida Frank Molden ) zuwa Eagles a sakamakon. Baughan da Allen za su haɓaka dangantaka mai ƙarfi, suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa suna nazarin fim ɗin wasan tare. Baughan daga baya zai bayyana cewa ya koyi game da kwallon kafa daga Allen fiye da kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam, Doric |date=August 20, 2023 |title=Maxie Baughan Dies at Age 85; Former Eagles, Rams LB Earned 9 Pro Bowl Selections |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10086713-maxie-baughan-dies-at-age-85-former-eagles-rams-lb-earned-9-pro-bowl-selections |website=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> An zabi Baughan ya zama kyaftin din tsaron Rams kuma yana kula da siginar da ke kira ga rukunin. An zaba shi don Pro Bowl a kowane kakar wasa hudu na farko tare da Rams kuma ya kasance na farko-team All-Pro zabi sau uku.<ref name="auto5"/> Bayan wani rauni-plagued 1970 kakar, inda ya buga wasanni 10 kawai, Baughan ya yi ritaya daga NFL. <ref name="auto5" /><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Crippen, Ken |date=November 1, 2013 |title=Where are they now: Maxie Baughan |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/where-now-maxie-baughan-183040343--nfl.html |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=January 8, 2026 |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226105435/https://www.yahoo.com/news/where-now-maxie-baughan-183040343--nfl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sayar da haƙƙin kwangila na Baughan tare da Jack Pardee, Myron Pottios, Diron Talbert, John Wilbur, Jeff Jordan, da kuma zabin zagaye na biyar na 1971 (124th gabaɗaya - an sayar da shi ga Green Bay Packers ga Boyd Dowler) daga Rams zuwa Washington Redskins ga Marlin McKeever, na farko da na uku a cikin 1971 (10th da 63rd gabaɗaya gabaɗaya) da na uku, na huɗu, na biyar, na shida da na bakwai a cikin Amurka, Amurka, Amurkawa, Amurkawa zuwa New York, Amurkawa na biyu, Amurkawa A shekara ta 1974, Allen, yanzu babban kocin Redskins, ya yi magana da Baughan cikin taƙaitaccen dawowa zuwa NFL a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasa. Ya bayyana a wasanni biyu, galibi a matsayin madadin Chris Hanburger . <ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto5"/> A ƙarshen wannan jakar, Baughan ya yi ritaya.<ref name="auto5" /> Ya gama da 18 interceptions (ciki har da daya ya dawo don touchdown) da 10 fumble recoveries a cikin 147 wasanni da aka buga; Baughan kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba ya buga 24.5 sacks.<ref name="auto5" /> == Ayyukan horarwa == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga NFL, Baughan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da tsaro a alma mater, Georgia Tech, daga 1972 zuwa 1973.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Maxie Baughan Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/BaugMa0.htm |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref> Bayan taƙaitaccen dawowarsa zuwa wasa a shekara ta 1974, ya koma cikin horarwa ta hanyar zama mai kula da tsaro na Baltimore Colts a shekara ta 1975. A lokacin da yake tare da Colts, kungiyar ta lashe gasar zakarun AFC East sau uku a jere daga 1975 zuwa 1977.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Maxie Baughan NFL Coaching Record and Bio |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/coach/baug00600coach.html |website=Pro Football Archives |access-date=2026-01-08 |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824170139/https://www.profootballarchives.com/coach/baug00600coach.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya bar Colts a 1980 sannan ya yi aiki har zuwa 1982 a matsayin kocin linebackers da mai kula da tsaro tare da Detroit Lions . <ref name="auto1" /> An nada Baughan a matsayin kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kwalejin Cornell Big Red a shekarar 1983. Ya jagoranci su zuwa gasar zakarun Ivy League a shekarar 1988, ta farko tun shekara ta 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam, Doric |date=August 20, 2023 |title=Maxie Baughan Dies at Age 85; Former Eagles, Rams LB Earned 9 Pro Bowl Selections |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10086713-maxie-baughan-dies-at-age-85-former-eagles-rams-lb-earned-9-pro-bowl-selections |website=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> Koyaya, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus kafin kakar wasa mai zuwa bayan bayanan da ya fito game da wani al'amari da ya yi da matar mataimakin kocin. Baughan daga nan ya horar da wata kungiya a [[Japan]] a shekarar 1989 kafin ya koma NFL a shekarar 1990 a matsayin kocin 'yan wasan Minnesota Vikings. Bayan shekaru biyu tare da Minnesota, ya horar da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Tampa Bay Buccaneers daga 1992 zuwa 1995, sannan ya yi aiki a wannan rawar tare da Baltimore Ravens daga 1996 har sai ya yi ritaya bayan 1998.<ref name="auto2"/> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] ====MANAZARTA==== lpwaxxk7lsjvvm8d4ucw5h2tnaid9n8 0 133517 862481 786580 2026-06-20T21:33:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mario Joseph Gabelli''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1942) ɗan Amurka ne mai saka hannun jari, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin zuba jari, kuma mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa, shugaban, kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Gabelli Asset Management Company Investors (Gamco Investors), wani kamfanin saka hannun jari da ke hedikwata a Rye, [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . Mujallar ''Forbes'' ta lissafa shi a matsayin #1725 a watan Disamba na 2023 a cikin jerin Biliyoyin Amurka, tare da dukiyar da ta kai dala biliyan 1.7 na Amurka. A watan Janairun 2000, an shigar da Gabelli cikin "Ƙungiyar ''Barron's'' All Century," jerin sunayen manyan manajojin asusun haɗin gwiwa mafi tasiri a masana'antar asusun haɗin gwiwa . An naɗa Mista Gabelli a matsayin memba na girmamawa na Local 6 da Majalisar Kasuwancin Otal a watan Disamba na 2019 <ref>name="hotelworkers.org">{{Cite web |title=Mario Gabelli Named Honorary Member |url=https://hotelworkers.org/article/mario-gabelli-named-honorary-member-of-our-union |access-date=2026-01-08 |archive-date=2025-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007052006/https://hotelworkers.org/article/mario-gabelli-named-honorary-member-of-our-union |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an shigar da shi a hukumance cikin Ƙungiyar Horatio Alger ta Amurkawa masu daraja a watan Afrilun 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Horatio Alger Award Recipients |url=https://horatioalger.org/2020-award-recipients/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515103636/https://horatioalger.org/2020-award-recipients/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gabelli, ɗan baƙi 'yan Italiya, a Bronx kuma ya tafi Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Fordham, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1961. Ya ce yana karanta rahotannin kasuwa don nishaɗi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya sayi hannun jarinsa na farko tun yana ɗan shekara 13. <ref name="ForbesBillionaires" /> Gabelli ya sami tallafin karatu kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Fordham a ''shekarar'' 1965. Ya sami digirin Master of Business Administration daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia . <ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/mario-gabelli Mario Gabelli - Forbes] Forbes.com</ref> A Columbia, Roger Murray ne ya koyar da shi, farfesa mai daraja kuma marubucin littafin Biyar na Biyar na ''Nazarin Tsaro'', The Graham & Dodd Value Investing Bible. Daga baya Gabelli da kamfaninsa suka ƙaddamar da kyautar Graham & Dodd, Murray, Greenwald Award for Distinguished Value Investors. Ana ba da wannan kyautar kowace shekara a taron shekara-shekara na Abokan Ciniki. == Sana'ar saka hannun jari == === Loeb, Rhodes & Co. === Bayan kammala karatunsa, Gabelli ya karɓi aiki a Loeb, Rhoades &amp;amp; Co. a matsayin mai sharhi kan tsaro wanda ke da alhakin kula da kayan aikin gona, kamfanonin kera motoci da kuma kafofin watsa labarai da watsa shirye-shirye daga baya. <ref> name="dgcolumbia">{{Cite web |title=Graham & Doddsville - Issue 13 |url=https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/sites/valueinvesting/files/files/Graham%20%20Doddsville%20-%20Issue%2013%20-%20Fall%202011%20-%20v2.pdf}}</ref> Gabelli ya aiwatar da ka'idar saka hannun jari mai daraja da ya koya a Columbia. Ya kimanta kamfanoni ba ta hanyar samun kuɗi ba amma ta hanyar kwararar kuɗi, yana nazarin wani kamfani dalla-dalla don ƙididdige abin da ya kira ƙimar kasuwa mai zaman kansa: ba farashin hannun jari da ake sayarwa a musayar kuɗi ba, amma farashin kowane hannun jari wanda mutum zai yarda ya biya domin ya sayi kamfanin gaba ɗaya. <ref name="gamco">{{Cite web |title=GAMCO Asset Management |url=https://www.gabelli.com/gamco/asset_value_strat |access-date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Gamco Investors |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721163714/https://www.gabelli.com/gamco/asset_value_strat |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kamfanin Gabelli da Kamfanin === A shekarar 1976, Gabelli ya kafa Gabelli & Co., wani gidan dillalan kuɗi na cibiyoyi, da rancen kuɗi da kuɗin da ya tara yana ciniki da asusunsa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Gabelli ya kafa Gabelli Investors (daga baya Gamco Investors) don sarrafa kuɗi ga abokan ciniki. === Asusun Gabelli Mutual === Kamfanin saka hannun jari na farko na Gabelli ga jama'a, The Gabelli Asset Fund, ya ƙaddamar a watan Maris na 1986 a matsayin asusun da ba ya buƙatar ƙarin kaya wanda ke buƙatar aƙalla dala 25,000 don saka hannun jari. Daga baya, kuma a yau, wannan asusun yana samuwa don ƙaramin jari na dala 1,000 kuma yana karɓar jarin IRA ba tare da ƙaramar riba ba. Daga baya Asusun Kayayyakin ya biyo baya da The Gabelli Equity Trust, wani asusun rufewa, wanda a lokacin shine mafi girman tayin hannun jari a NYSE. A ƙarshen 1988, kamfanin Gabelli yana da asusun haɗin gwiwa guda uku - biyu suna gudanar da shi da kansa - tare da haɗin gwiwar kadarorin dala miliyan 650. Zuwa 1998, Gabelli Asset Management Inc. yana sarrafa dala biliyan 16.3. A watan Fabrairu na 1999, kamfanin ya sayar da hannun jari miliyan 6, ko kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na hannun jari na gama gari akan dala 17.50 a kowace hannun jari. <ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/mario-gabelli Mario Gabelli - Forbes] Forbes.com</ref> === Manajan Asusun Shekara (1997) === A shekarar 1997, lokacin da asusun hannun jari na Gabelli guda goma suka sami matsakaicin riba na kashi 31.7 cikin ɗari, mafi kyawun kowace ƙungiyar asusun haɗin gwiwa ta Amurka, Morningstar, Inc. ta karrama Gabelli a matsayin manajan asusun hannun jari na cikin gida na shekara. <ref name="rating1">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2009 |title=Previous Morningstar Fund Manager of the Year Winners |url=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/219204/previous-morningstar-fund-manager-of-the-year-winners}}</ref> === Manajan Kudi na Shekara (2010) === Mai Zuba Jari na Cibiyoyin ya zaɓi Mario Gabelli a matsayin Manajan Kudi na Shekara ta 2010 a karo na biyu na kyaututtukan Gudanar da Zuba Jari na Amurka na shekara-shekara. Zaɓin kyaututtukan ya dogara ne akan aiki da kuma bincike da cibiyoyin Amurka suka gudanar. == Arziki da Taimako == Wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar "The Giving Pledge", Gabelli da matarsa Regina sun shiga cikin wannan shiri a shekarar 2017, wanda hakan wani kudiri ne da manyan mutane da iyalai mafiya arziki a duniya suka dauka na sadaukar da mafi yawan dukiyarsu ga bayar da gudummawa. A cewar mujallar ''Forbes'', arzikin Gabelli ya kai dala biliyan 1.4 a watan Afrilun 2020. === Asusun Buoniconti don Magance Gurɓataccen Ruwa === A watan Satumba na 2025, an karrama Gabelli da kyautar fitaccen mai taimakon jama'a a bikin cin abincin dare na shekara-shekara na 40 na manyan wasannin motsa jiki. Wannan abincin dare ya amfanar da Asusun Buoniconti don warkar da gurguzu kuma yana wayar da kan jama'a da miliyoyin daloli don bincike da magance gurguzu da sauran cututtukan jijiyoyi da cututtuka. === Watsa Labarai & Zauren Shahararru na Kebul === A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2024, an ba Gabelli lambar yabo ta musamman ta The Chairs Award kuma an shigar da shi cikin Ajin B&C Hall of Fame na 2024. B&C Hall of Fame yana girmama majagaba, masu ƙirƙira, masu zuba jari da masu tallafawa harkokin kuɗi na kafofin watsa labarai. Jajircewar Gabelli da tallafin kuɗi sun taimaka wajen ci gaban masana'antar sosai. === Gidauniyar Ciwon Daji ta Amurka da Italiya === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2023, an karrama Gabelli da lambar yabo ta Alessandro di Montezemolo Lifetime Achievement Award. An kafa ta ne don girmama Alessandro di Montezemolo, wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Ciwon Daji ta Amurka da Italiya, kuma lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award ta karrama fitattun mutane waɗanda suka nuna mafi girman matsayin sadaukarwa ga ayyukan agaji. Taken Di Montezemolo shine "kana samun rayuwa ta abin da kake yi - kana samun rayuwa ta abin da kake bayarwa" Gabelli yana cikin Hukumar Daraktocin AICF tun daga shekarar 2000. === Kwalejin Shari'a ta Ƙasa === A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2023, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Ƙasa ta karrama Gabelli da kyautar "Mayar da Duniya Mafi Adalci". An ƙirƙira ta fiye da rabin ƙarni da suka gabata bisa shawarar Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Amurka, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Ƙasa, wacce ke Reno, NV tun 1964, ta kasance cibiyar ilimi ɗaya tilo a Amurka da ke koyar da ƙwarewar kotu ga alkalai na kowane iri daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar, ƙasar Indiya da kuma ƙasashen waje. === Jami'ar Iona === A watan Fabrairun 2023, Gabelli ya kafa wani babban farfesa a fannin kuɗi a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta LePenta. Baya ga wannan baiwar, ya kuma yi alƙawarin ci gaba da shirye-shiryen dabaru a sabon harabar Iona da ke Bronxville, gida ga Makarantar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta NewYork-Presbyterian Iona. <ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/mario-gabelli Mario Gabelli - Forbes] Forbes.com</ref> === Kyautar Horatio Alger === A watan Afrilun 2022 a lokacin bikin karramawa na Horatio Alger karo na 73 da ƙungiyar ta shirya a Washington, DC, an shigar da Gabelli cikin ƙungiyar Horatio Alger ta 'yan Amurka masu daraja kuma ta sami kyautar Horatio Alger. Ƙungiyar Horatio Alger ta 'yan Amurka masu daraja, Inc., ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta ilimi wadda ke girmama nasarorin da mutane suka samu tare da ƙarfafa matasa su ci gaba da burinsu ta hanyar ilimi mai zurfi. Fiye da shekaru 70, ana ba da kyautar Horatio Alger kowace shekara ga mutane masu daraja waɗanda suka yi nasara duk da fuskantar ƙalubale, kuma waɗanda suka ci gaba da jajircewa ga manyan makarantu da ayyukan agaji a cikin al'ummominsu. [https://horatioalger.org/haa_news/mario-j-gabelli-chairman-and-ceo-of-gamco-investors-inc-to-receive-2020-horatio-alger-award/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406044936/https://horatioalger.org/haa_news/mario-j-gabelli-chairman-and-ceo-of-gamco-investors-inc-to-receive-2020-horatio-alger-award/ |date=2023-04-06 }} === Jami'ar St. John === A watan Yulin 2025, Gabelli ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 1.5 ga Jami'ar St. John don kafa Shugaban Jami'ar Mario Gabelli a Jami'ar St. John don tallafawa ci gaba da ci gaba da matsayin ilimi na Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Peter J. Tobin. === Jami'ar Case Western Reserve === A watan Oktoba na 2022, Gabelli ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 2 ga Jami'ar Case Western Reserve don kafa Jami'ar Mario J. Gabelli mai daraja a fannin Kudi. Case Western ya yi bikin rantsar da shugaban makarantar a wani bikin harabar jami'a a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2022. === Jami'ar Pace === A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2021, Gabelli ta hanyar Gidauniyarsa, Gabelli Foundation, Inc., ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1.5 don kafa Anthony R. Pustorino, Farfesa a fannin Lissafi, wani tallafi da aka takaita a Jami'ar Pace. Asusun zai kasance don tallafawa, har abada, wani Farfesa mai suna a Sashen Lissafi na Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Lubin . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Jami'ar Nevada, Reno === A watan Disamba na 2013, Jami'ar Nevada, Reno ta sanar da cewa ta sami gudummawar dala miliyan 1.5 daga Gidauniyar Gabelli don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin gina Cibiyar Motsa Jiki ta EL Wiegand. Gabelli memba ne na kwamitin amintattu na Gidauniyar Wiegand. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Digiri na Columbia === A watan Yulin 2013, Gidauniyar Gabelli ta yi alkawarin bayar da dala miliyan 15. An ware wannan kyautar ne don gina sabuwar harabar Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia a Manhattanville. An shirya bude ginin a shekarar 2018. <ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/mario-gabelli Mario Gabelli - Forbes] Forbes.com</ref> === Faretin Ranar Columbus === A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2012, Gabelli ya kasance Babban Mashal na bikin faretin Columbus na shekara-shekara karo na 68 a birnin New York - bikin da ya fi kowanne girma a duniya na al'adu da gado na Italiya da Amurka. [https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/philanthropist-and-wall-street-leader-and-innovator-mario-j-gabelli-to-be-grand-marshal-of-the-columbus-day-parade-155927635.html] === Jami'ar Fordham === Daga cikin waɗanda aka karrama a bikin cin abincin dare na shekarar 2010 na waɗanda suka kafa Jami'ar Fordham akwai Mario J. Gabelli, CBA '65, da Regina M. Pitaro, FCRH '76, amintaccen Fordham kuma babban darakta na Gamco Asset Management. A watan Satumba na 2010, Fordham ta sanar da kyautar Gabelli ta dala miliyan 25, mafi girma a tarihin jami'ar. Kyautar ta bai wa Fordham, wacce ta sake wa kwalejin kasuwanci ta Gabelli School of Business, damar faɗaɗa tallafin karatu na ɗalibai da shugabannin malamai, kuma tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Nazarin Zuba Jari ta Duniya wadda ta haɗa ɗalibai, malamai da ƙwararru a cikin al'ummar kuɗi don haɓaka tallafin karatu a cikin nazarin da fahimtar kasuwannin jari. A cikin 2014, Mario Gabelli ya ba da kuɗin ikon jami'ar na ƙaddamar da Shirin Digiri na Gabelli wanda zai kafa shirin kasuwanci na matakin digiri na uku a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Gabelli ta Fordham. A watan Disamba na 2020, Fordham ya sanar da cewa Gabelli, ta hanyar Gidauniyar Gabelli, ya bayar da babbar kyauta a tarihin jami'ar, kyautar dala miliyan 35 don tallafawa makarantar kasuwanci da ke ɗauke da sunansa. <ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/mario-gabelli Mario Gabelli - Forbes] Forbes.com</ref> === Kwalejin Boston === A watan Satumba na 2010, Kwalejin Boston ta sanar da kyautar dala miliyan 3 da Gabelli ta bayar wadda aka yi amfani da ita wajen ba ta matsayin farfesa a fannin kuɗi a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Carroll ta kwalejin. An kuma sanya wa wani ɗakin kwanan dalibai na jami'a suna bayan Gabelli saboda gudummawar da aka bayar a baya ga makarantar. A da, Gabelli, wanda ke aiki a kwamitin amintattu na kwalejin, ya bayar da dala miliyan 10 don ƙirƙirar Asusun Tallafawa Malaman Shugaban Ƙasa na Gabelli wanda ke ba wa ɗalibai goma sha biyar cikakken kuɗin makaranta kowace shekara. A shekarar 2012, an naɗa Alan Marcus, a matsayin wanda ya fara samun gurbin karatu a fannin Farfesa. <ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/mario-gabelli Mario Gabelli - Forbes] Forbes.com</ref> A shekarar 2014, an sake wa Shirin Malaman Shugaban Ƙasa na Kwalejin Boston suna zuwa Shirin Malaman Shugaban Ƙasa na Gabelli sakamakon wata babbar kyauta daga Gidauniyar Iyali ta Gabelli. A watan Disamba na 2015, Gidauniyar Gabelli ta ba da gudummawa ga Kwalejin Boston don ƙara himmar Gidauniyar ga falsafar Jesuit na haɓaka fannoni na ilimi, ruhaniya da na zahiri na mutum gaba ɗaya. === Jami'ar Roger Williams - Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Mario J. Gabelli === An kafa Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Roger Williams Mario J. Gabelli a shekarar 1995, shekaru uku bayan da jami'ar ta ba wa Gabelli digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir na kasuwanci. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, Gabelli ya ci gaba da tallafawa makarantar ta hanyar ƙarin alkawuran kuɗi. <ref name="rwugsb1">{{Cite web |title=Mario J. Gabelli School of Business |url=https://www.rwu.edu/academics/schools-and-colleges/gsb}}</ref> === Jami'ar Miami === A shekarar 2011, wata kyauta daga Gabelli ta ba Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Miami Herbert damar kafa sabon farfesa. === NYC Local 6 da Majalisar Kasuwancin Otal === A taron Majalisar Wakilai ta Local 6 da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na 2019, ƙungiyar ta ba da memba na girmamawa ga Mario Gabelli, wanda goyon bayansa ga asusun tallafin karatu na Majalisar Kasuwancin Otel ya ba da damar samun ƙarin kyaututtuka da manyan tallafi. Mahaifin Mr. Gabelli, Joseph Gabelli, memba ne na ƙungiyar Local 6 da Majalisar Kasuwancin Otel. <ref name="hotelworkers.org">{{Cite web |title=Mario Gabelli Named Honorary Member |url=https://hotelworkers.org/article/mario-gabelli-named-honorary-member-of-our-union |access-date=2026-01-08 |archive-date=2025-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007052006/https://hotelworkers.org/article/mario-gabelli-named-honorary-member-of-our-union |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://hotelworkers.org/article/mario-gabelli-named-honorary-member-of-our-union "Mario Gabelli Named Honorary Member"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007052006/https://hotelworkers.org/article/mario-gabelli-named-honorary-member-of-our-union |date=2025-10-07 }}.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/mario-gabelli Mario Gabelli - Forbes] Forbes.com</ref> === Gidauniyar Tsibirin Ellis === Wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Ellis Island ta shekarar 1996 ga shugabannin kasuwanci. Ƙungiyar girmamawa ta Ellis Island tana ba da lambar yabo don bikin "wahayi ga Amurkawa waɗanda ke aiki ba tare da son kai ba don inganta ƙasarmu da 'yan ƙasarta." Ƙungiyar girmamawa ta bayyana waɗanda suka karɓi lambar yabo a matsayin "mafi kyawun Amurka a bikin nuna kishin ƙasa, bambancin ra'ayi da gudummawar da baƙi ke ci gaba da bayarwa ga nasarar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ta ƙasarmu." == Matsalolin Shari'a == === Mancheski da Gabelli Group Capital Partners - Shari'ar Masu Zuba Jari === Frederick J. Mancheski, wanda shi ne mai saka hannun jari na farko na Gabelli a shekarar 1976, da David M. Perlmutter, tsohon lauyan Gabelli sun shigar da ƙara suna zargin cewa Gabelli ya hana su sayar da hannun jarinsu a kasuwar da ta dace. Yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 100: A watan Maris na 2006, wani alkali ya yanke hukunci na ɗan lokaci kan ikirarin cewa ya hana Mancheski sayar da hannun jarinsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin yarjejeniyar da ta biyo baya, GGCP ta raba kadarori bisa tsarin passu, gami da kusan hannun jari miliyan biyu na NYSE da aka jera a Gamco da kuma kusan dala miliyan 20 a tsabar kuɗi. === Tsohon Rel. Taylor da Gabelli na Amurka - Zamba ta Gwanjon Wireless Spectrum === Gwamnatin Amurka ta shigar da ƙarar da Rufus Taylor III ya shigar, wanda ke zargin cewa Gabelli da wasu kamfanoni ko mutane 38 da suka shiga cikin wani shiri na amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni masu alaƙa da "masu zamba" don siyan sassan wayar salula ta Amurka ta hanyar zamba. Wannan makircin ya faru ne a cikin gwanjon Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya guda takwas daga 1995 zuwa 2000. A shekara ta 2001, mai fallasa bayanan sirri Rufus Taylor III ya shigar da ƙarar farar hula a kan kamfanoni da dama mallakar Gabelli, yana zargin ayyukan zamba a gwanjon FCC . Ƙarar ta yi zargin cewa "'yan kasuwa" na ƙarya da Gabelli ke goyon baya sun haɗa da wani ɗan wasan NBA, wani ɓangare mai alaƙa, tsohon abokin hulɗar wani kamfanin lissafi, malamin motsa jiki, har ma da mai kula da gidan hutu wanda wani ɓangare na Gabelli mallakarsa ne. <ref name="bloom3" /> A cikin waɗannan gwanjon, gwamnati ta ware lasisin wayar salula don sayar wa ƙananan kasuwanci. Shari'ar Taylor ta ce Gabelli ya yi amfani da kamfanoni sama da goma sha biyu na "masu ɓoye" na fara kasuwanci don biyan buƙatun ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa a gwanjon kuma ya sami lasisin a rangwamen ƙaramin kasuwanci. Wanda ya fallasa laifin lauya ne wanda ya taɓa yin aiki a kasuwancin sadarwa na Adelphia, abokin hamayyar LICT, wanda ya fatara. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2006, Gabelli da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa sun amince su biya dala miliyan 130 don sasanta ƙarar. Kamfanin Gabelli na gudanar da kuɗi, Gamco Investors, ba ya cikin waɗanda ke cikin ƙarar. Shugaban FCC da magajinsa sun yarda cewa babu matsala. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gabelli yana zaune ne da matarsa ta biyu, Regina Pitaro. Gabelli da matarsa ta farko, Elaine, mahaifiyar 'ya'yansa huɗu, sun rabu kafin 1996. 'Ya'yansa biyu suna cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Gamco; 'yarsa tana kula da Gidauniyar Gabelli. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6b4u08lnqdie9vpazr1n50rbfgn1xvy 0 134395 862390 858944 2026-06-20T19:54:58Z Momi Hauwa 46145 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345743520|Swallow (2021 film)]]" 862390 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ruwa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Swallow_2021_film_poster.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Kunle Afolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Sefi Atta]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ya dogara da | class="infobox-data" |Swallow (littafin Seffi Atta) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] * [[Niyola]] * [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] * [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">[[Netflix]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Netflix]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 1 ga Oktoba 2021 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-10-01</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 128 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harsuna | class="infobox-data" |Turanci, Yoruba, Pidgin |} Swallow fim ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya jagoranta, wanda [[Sefi Atta]] ya rubuta '''''Ruwa''''' ya hada da [[Niyola]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] da [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]] . An sake shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2021, ta hanyar [[Netflix]]. == Makirci == Tolani Ajao da abokinta Rose, wadanda su ma abokan zama ne kuma suna aiki a wannan bankin. Rose's Boss Mr. Lamidi Salako mutum ne mai lalata sosai wanda ke amfani da ikonsa don tayar da sakatarensa. Babu wanda zai iya tsayayya da shi saboda yana da sashen ma'aikata a hannunsa. Ya kori Rose saboda ta ki ci gaba da cin zarafinsa, kuma musamman ya nemi Tolani a matsayin maye gurbinsa. Kamar yadda Rose ta annabta, ya tsananta wa Tolani, wanda ya shigar da korafi don mayar da martani ga bayanin da ya zarge ta da rashin biyayya. Ignatius a cikin Ma'aikata ya ki amincewa da korafinta saboda tsoron da yake ji na lalata hoton Mista Salako a matsayin mai aure. Mista Salaco daga baya ya dakatar da Tolani lokacin da ta nemi hutu, wanda ya dace. Rose ta sadu da 'OC' wani Ba'amurke wanda ya dawo wanda ya gabatar da ita ga duniyar fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami Tolani da aka ci nasara don shiga tare da ita, kuma kusan ta yi lokacin da aka yaudari saurayinta Sanwo daga duk abin da ta tanada ta ranta masa don fara kasuwanci. A ƙarshe, Rose ta yi tafiya ita kaɗai zuwa London bayan ta haɗiye miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma sun fashe a cikin ciki a tsakiyar jirgin, suka kashe ta. Tolani ta koma ƙauyen, inda Sanwo ta zo neman ta kuma ta gaya mata cewa ma'aikatan sun dakatar da shugabansu Mista Salako. Ya kuma gaya mata game da sabon aikinsa a wani kamfani mai ba da shawara kuma ya mayar da kuɗin ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=Swallow (2021) review – this is hard to swallow. |url=https://readysteadycut.com/2021/10/01/review-swallow-2021-netflix-film/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=Ready Steady Cut}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=Netflix's Swallow (2021) Review: Social Drama Falls Flat |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/netflix-swallow-2021-review/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=Leisure Byte}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Niyola]] a matsayin Tolani Ajao * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin Sanwo * [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] a matsayin Mama Chidi * [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]] a matsayin Rose Adamson * Mercy Aigbe a matsayin Violet * 2 Taurari na Miliya * [[Omotunde Adebowale|Omotunde Adebowale David]] a matsayin Franka * [[Kelvin Ikeduba]] a matsayin O.C. * [[Frank Donga]] * [[Eniola Badmus]] a matsayin Mrs. Durojaiye * [[Kunle Afolayan]] a matsayin Fasto Fred * Joseph Jaiyeoba a matsayin Hakeem * Kayode Olaiya a matsayin Ajao * Anthony Edet a matsayin Johnny * Muyiwa ya yi wasa a matsayin Arike * Segun Remi a matsayin Mista Lamidi Salako * Oreofeoluwa Lawal a matsayin Ayo * Eniola Akanni a matsayin matashi Tolani == Tsari == Tolani Ajao da abokinta Rose, wajen ne a wannan bankin. Rose's Boss Mr. Lamidi Salako mutum ne mai lalata sosai wanda ke amfani da ikonsa don wulakanta sakatarensa. Babu wanda zai iya jayayya da shi saboda yana da sashen ma'aikata a hannunsa. Ya kori Rose saboda ta ki ci gaba da cin zarafinsa, kuma musamman ya nemi Tolani a matsayin maye gurbinsa. Kamar yadda Rose tace, ya tsananta wa Tolani, wanda ya shigar da korafi don mayar da martani ga bayanin da ya zarge ta da rashin biyayya. Ignatius a cikin Ma'aikata ya ki amincewa da korafinta saboda tsoron da yake ji na wulakancin h Mista Salako a matsayin mai aure. Mista Salaco daga baya ya dakatar da Tolani lokacin da ta nemi hutu, wanda ya dace. Rose ta sadu da 'OC' wani Ba'amurke wanda ya dawo ya gabatar da ita ga duniyar fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami Tolani da aka ci nasara don shiga tare da ita, kuma kusan ta yi lokacin da aka yaudari saurayinta Sanwo daga duk abin da ta tanada ta ranta masa don shima ya fara kasuwanci. A ƙarshe, Rose ta yi tafiya ita kaɗai zuwa Landan bayan ta haɗiye ƙwayoyin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Amma yayin da jirgin yake sama, ƙwayoyin suka fashe a cikinta, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwarta. == Fitarwa == [[Sefi Atta|Sefi-Atta]], marubucin kanta, marubuciya, da [[Kunle Afolayan]] ne suka rubuta rubutun don daidaitawar littafin. Babban Hoton ya faru ne a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo . == Karɓar baƙi == Afolayan ya sami bugawa saboda amfani da mawaƙa a matsayin jagora na fina-finai. Wani mai bita na Pulse Nigeria ya ce "Afolayan yana da ido mai kyau ga jagorancin fasaha kuma mai samar da komai ne. A cikin 'Swallow', ya nuna kwarewarsa tare da nuna salon, harshe da abubuwan da suka faru (wani lokacin ba su da kyau) na zamanin da aka saita fim din. Shirin, a gefe guda, kusan ya yi adalci ga rubutun wallafe-wallafen. Ko da Atta ke kula da shi, 'Slowwal' fim din yana jin daɗi, ya ɓace ga alfarin da ya sa littafin ya fito daga Rose Grace ya sake dubawa. Wani mai bita na Premium Times ya yaba wa masu zanen saiti saboda kulawar da suka yi wa daki-daki kuma ya yaba da amfani da harsunan asali a cikin fim din. An kuma yaba wa Grace Agu saboda rawar da ta taka yayin da aka ce Niyola ta yi gwagwarmaya da rawar. A ƙarshe, mai bita ya rubuta "Fim ne mai kyau wanda ya cancanci kallo musamman a matsayin iyali. Yana da koyarwa da nishaɗi". == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2021|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2021]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|14391622}} q7g3y6oh39380h36em316cmj7jmnurp 0 136756 862849 790408 2026-06-21T11:03:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mawlawi Mohammed Islam Mohammadi (1921<ref name='suntimesally'>{{cite news|title=Afghan rebel factions form a shaky 'alliance' |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=1989-02-10 |agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur |page=28}}</ref> – Janairu 26, 2007) gwamnan Taliban ne kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Afghanistan. Ya kasance gwamnan yankin Lardin Bamyan a Afghanistan lokacin da aka lalata Buddhas na Bamyan a shekara ta 2001. A shekara ta 2005, lardin Samangan da ke makwabtaka da shi ya zaɓe shi a majalisar dokoki, saboda dokokin zaɓe a sake gina Afghanistan bayan Taliban ba su hana tsoffin jami'an Taliban tsayawa takara ba. == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, an kashe Mohammadi a Kabul a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa addu'a.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2008/03/14/opinion/opinion_30068112.php |title=Afghans destroy Buddhas, but cry foul over cartoons |access-date=2012-05-27 |archive-date=2017-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526224442/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2008/03/14/opinion/opinion_30068112.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wafa|first=Abdul Waheed|date=2007-01-26|title=Afghan Lawmaker Is Killed in Shooting|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/26/world/asia/26cnd-kabul.html|access-date=2021-09-04|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] oq2v0ufbfw0fml8jw1hqz1u8u9jc78g 0 137067 862903 780738 2026-06-21T11:54:03Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 862903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alfred Hoare Powell''' (1865 &#x2013; 1960) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Fasaha da Sana'o'in Ingila, kuma mai tsarawa da mai zane na [[tukwane]] . == Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da kuma aiki == An haifi Alfred Powell a Reading, Berkshire, a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1865, ɗan Thomas Edward Powell da Emma Corrie. Powell ɗalibi ne na gine-gine na John Dando Sedding, yana aiki a cikin al'adar "ƙirar Gothic" wadda mai suka da masanin falsafa John Ruskin ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta. An yi masa auren ɗan lokaci da Olive Garnett, marubuciyar littafin tarihin rayuwa a shekarar 1897. Powell ya auri Ada Louise Powell, ''wacce aka haifa a'' shekarar Lessore (1882–1956); 'yar wani mai fasaha, ta yi karatun dinki, rubutun hannu da kuma haskakawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="what is &amp;quot;illuminating&amp;quot;? (July 2024)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Alfred da Louise Powell sun shahara a matsayin masu zane-zanen tukwane na Wedgwood . Sun zana dubban zane-zane da hannu kuma sun horar da "masu fenti" don Wedgwood. Sun haɗu kan farfaɗo da fasaha da sana'o'i, sun ƙi masana'antu da ƙira kayan ado na kayan daki, kayan ado da tukwane, da kuma ƙarfafa ruhin al'umma a Kudancin Cotswolds. Powell, tare da ƙaramin mai zane Norman Jewson, shine babban abokin Ernest Gimson da 'yan'uwan Ernest da Sidney Barnsley a Sapperton, a Gloucestershire, a cikin farfaɗo da Cotswold Arts and Crafts. Ya zauna kusa da Gurners Farm, [[Oakridge Lynch, Gloucestershire|Oakridge Lynch]] a 1902, amma ya sayar da gidan a 1916, ya koma The Thatched House, Tunley kusa da Oakridge, a cikin shekarun 1920, daga baya ya zauna a [[Tarlton, Gloucestershire|Tarlton]] kusa da Rodmarton. Ya yi aiki tare da Detmar Blow da FW Troup na [[Amincewa ta Kasa|National Trust]] da kuma Society for the Protection of Old Buildings. [[Fayil:A.H._Powell_fireplace_tiles.jpg|thumb|Tiles ɗin murhu da Powell ya tsara]] == Manazarta == <ref>Drury 2000, pp. 45–61.</ref> {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] 700qdgcyznagnizz5tgsbi3os60bz9x 0 138611 862540 786622 2026-06-21T02:34:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Masyaf''' (Larabci: مصياف Miṣyāf) birni ne da ke arewa maso yammacin [[Siriya]]. Birnin ne babban birnin [[Gundumar Masyaf|gundumar Masyaf]] a cikin Hama. Tun daga shekarar 2004, kimanin mutane 22,000 ne ke zauna a birnin. Jama'ar birnin sun ƙunshi mabiya addinai daban-daban: [[Ismailism|Ismaili]], [[Alawites|Alawite]], da Kirista. Birnin ya shahara dalilin babban gidan sarautarsa na zamanin da. An san shi musamman a matsayin hedikwatar Ismaili na Nizari da ƙungiyarsu ta fi so da ake kira [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]]. ==Asalin Kalmar== A can baya lokacin Musulunci har zuwa yau, mutane sun furta sunan Larabci na birnin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar Masyaf, Masyat, ko Maṣyad.{{sfn|Lipinsky|2000|p=306}} Sunan Larabci ya fito ne daga sunan Assuriyawa Manṣuate. Sashen "nṣw" a cikin Manṣuate ya yi daidai da "nṣṣ" na Larabci, wanda ke nufin "a kafa ko assasa," a cewar masanin [[Edward Lipinski (orientalist)|Edward Lipinsky]].{{sfn|Lipinsky|2000|p=308}} Lipinsky kuma ya nuna cewa sunan Assuriyawa wataƙila ya fito ne daga kalmar Assuriyawa manṣuwatu, wanda yayi kama da kalmar Larabci minaṣṣatu(n). Kalmomin biyu suna nufin "dandali mai tsayi." Wannan yana da ma'ana saboda sansanin Masyaf yana kan wani babban wuri wanda ke kallon birnin da yankin da ke kewaye da shi.{{sfn|Lipinsky|2000|p=309}} ==Tarihi== ===Tarihin Farko=== Masyaf wataƙila shine wurin da tsohon birnin Siriya mai suna Mansuate yake, wanda ya wanzu a ƙarni na 8 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Daga baya, ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa ta lardin [[Assuriya|Assuriya]] mai suna iri ɗaya a birnin da yanzu yake tsakiyar Siriya.{{sfn|Lipinsky|2000|p=309}} Masyaf kuma wataƙila shine wurin Marsyas. Masana tarihi na Romawa da Byzantine sun ambaci birni mai suna "Marsyas" wanda ke iko da filayen [[Ghab Plain|al-Ghab]] da [[Beqaa Valley|Beqaa]] a arewa da kudu na yankin.{{sfn|Hasan|2008|p=7}} Marubutan [[Crusades|Crusader]] ne suka fara ambaton Masyaf da sansaninta a cikin 1099.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=789}}<ref name="Daftary115">Daftary, 2011, p. 115.</ref> Duk da haka, tunda akwai wani wuri mai ƙarfi a Masyaf wanda wataƙila ya wanzu kafin ƙarni na 11, yana yiwuwa daular Hamdanid da ke Aleppo ta gina sansanin soja a can, saboda lura/iko da hanyoyin da ke wuraren tsaunuka.{{sfn|Hasan|2008|p=7}} A wancan lokacin, sansanin soja wani ɓangare ne na Jund Qinnasrin (Lardin Chalcis) na [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifancin Fatimid]]. A kaka ta 999, Sarki Basil na biyu na Byzantine ya lalata katangar da ke Masyaf a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman iko da Antakiya da yankin da ke kewaye da shi daga hannun Musulmai.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=789}} Daga baya, yankin ya shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Seljuk. Amma a shekara ta 1099, 'Yan Salibiyya sun yi ƙoƙarin kwace iko da Masyaf (da kuma muhimmin gari na kusa da [[Raphanea|Rafania]]) bayan sun kama [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]]. Sarkin Seljuk na Damascus, Toghtekin, ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin soji don dakatar da wannan. Ya cimma yarjejeniya ta wucin gadi da 'Yan Salibiyya don Masyaf da Hisn al-Akrad su ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun Musulmai amma su girmama 'Yan Salibiyya. Daga baya, Masyaf ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mirdasid.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=789}} A shekara ta 1127, 'yan Mirdasid suka sayar da shi ga iyalan Banu Munqidh da ke zaune a Shaizar.<ref name="Daftary115"/> ===Zamanin Nizari Ismaili=== A shekara ta 1140, Ismaili na Nizari sun kama ko mamaye Masyaf. Sun kasance ƙungiya ce a wani ɓangaren mabiya Shi'a da ake kira Ismaili. Wani mayaƙin bayi mai suna Sunqur yana kare sansanin. Ismaili sun sami nasarar yin kwanton ɓauna inda suka kashe Sunkur ɗin.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=789}} Ƙungiyar Ismaili sun zaɓi Siriya a matsayin sabon gidansu. Sun ƙaura zuwa wasu birane kamar [[Aleppo]] da [[Damascus]], da kuma sansanin [[Banias]]. Amma sau da yawa hukumomi ko gungun mutane kan kai musu hari su kashe su. Shugabannin addini ne suka zuga taron, waɗanda suka zargi Ismaili da zama bidi'a ko kuma haifar da matsala. Saboda haka, shugabannin Ismaili da suka tsira sun yanke shawarar cewa ba za su iya dogara da alherin sarakunan yankin a cikin biranen ba. Madadin haka, suka yanke shawarar zama a Jabal Ansariyah, wani tsaunin bakin teku mai sansani da yawa, ciki har da [[Masyaf]].{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=42}}{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=43}} [[File:Masyaf - Gesamtansicht.jpg|thumb|Ganuwar Masyaf]] Bayan sun kwace iko da birnin [[Masyaf]], ya zama babban sansanin shugaban ƴan ƙungiyar Ismaili, wanda ake kira da'i. Tare da sauran katangayen da ke kusa kamar al-Kahf, Khawabi, al-Qadmus, da al-Rusafa, Ismaili sun ƙirƙiri yankinsu. Wannan yana tsakiyar ƙasashen Salibiyya masu adawa da sarakunan Musulmi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Khalifancin Abbasi.{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=44}} Masyaf shine gidan shugaban Ismaili Rashid ad-Din Sinan da ƙungiyar mayaƙansa ta musamman da ake kira fida'i, waɗanda aka sani da Masu Kisa (Assassin).{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=44}}{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=45}}{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=46}} A tsakiyar shekarun 1170, sarkin Ayyubid Saladin da sannu ya fara mamaye [[Siriya]]. Yana son korar 'Yan Salibiyya da haɗa kan duniyar Musulmi a ƙarƙashin Musuluncin ɓangaren yan aƙidar Sunni. Ismaili sun ga Saladin a matsayin babbar barazana fiye da 'Yan Salibiyya. Sun haɗu a asirce da maƙiyin Saladin a [[Aleppo]] don yaƙi da Ayyubiyya.{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=47}} Mayakan Sinan sun yi ƙoƙarin kashe Saladin sau biyu, ba tare da samun galaba-ba. A shekara ta 1176, Saladin ya kai hari kan sansanin soja mai ƙarfi na birnin [[Masyaf]] wani mataki na kai ramuwa ko hukunta waɗanda ke yunkurin kisan. Duk da haka, bayan 'yan kwanaki, dole ne Saladin ya tafi saboda ana buƙatarsa a wani wuri don yaƙar 'yan Salibiyya a kwarin [[Beqaa Valley|Beqaa]]. Ya yi sulhu da Sinan, tare da taimakon sarkin Hama na Ayyubid, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-Harimi, wanda kawun Saladin ne.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=790}} ===Zamanin Mulkin Mamluk=== An gina bango a kusa da Masyaf a shekara ta 1249. Taj al-Din Abu'l Futuh ne ya gina shi, wanda shi ne shugaban Ismaili na Farisa. A shekara ta 1260, Mongols, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hulagu, sun mamaye mafi yawan arewacin Siriya kuma suka mallaki [[Masyaf|birnin Masyaf]] na ɗan lokaci. Amma daga baya a wannan shekarar, a [[Battle of Ain Jalut|Yaƙin Ain Jalut]], Bahri Mamluks suka ci Mongols da yaƙi. Bayan haka, Mongols suka bar Masyaf. Ta koma ƙarƙashin ikon Ismaili.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=790}} A shekara ta 1262, sarakunan Masyaf dole ne su girmama sarkin Baibars na Mamluk. Daga baya, Baibars sun maye gurbin sarkin Masyaf, Najm al-Din Ismail, da Sarim al-Din Mubarak. Daga baya aka sanya Mubarak a wani kurkuku na birnin [[Alkahira]] ta hannun Baibars. An mayar da Najm al-Din a matsayin sarki na ɗan lokaci. A shekara ta 1270, birnin Masyaf ya zama wani ɓangare na masarautar Mamluk a hukumance.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=790}} Ismailiyyawa har yanzu suna zaune a Masyaf a lokacin mulkin Mamluk.<ref name="Daftary115"/> Kusan ƙarshen ƙarni na 13, Masyaf ya zama muhimmin tasha a kan hanyar gidan waya ta Mamluk. Wani kwamandan ne ke kula da shi wanda ke amsa kai tsaye ga sarkin saboda sansanin soja ne kuma yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} A shekara ta 1320, masanin tarihi [[Abu'l Fida]], wanda shi ma sarkin Hama ne, ya ce Masyaf "cibiyar koyarwar Ismailiyya ce." Ya ce kuma "kyakkyawan wuri" tare da lambuna da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke kwarara zuwa ƙaramin rafi.<ref>le Strange, 1890, p. 507.</ref> A shekara ta 1355, matafiyi [[Ibn Battuta]] ya ziyarci birnin Masyaf. Ya ce Masyaf ita ce cibiyar wata gunduma a lardin Tripoli. Gundumar ta haɗa da ƙauyukan kagara na al-Rusafa, al-Kahf, al-Qadmus, al-Ulayqa, da al-Maniqa. Daga baya, an raba Masyaf daga Tripoli aka sanya birnin a ƙarƙashin ikon kulawar birnin [[Damascus]]. A tsakiyar shekarun ƙarni na 15 (mid-15th century), a ƙarƙashin Sultan Barsbay, an gina wata hanya da ta haɗa birnin [[Masyaf]] da [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]]. Amma hanyar gidan waya ba ta sake shiga ta Masyaf ba. A shekara ta 1446, masanin tarihi Khalil al-Zahiri ya bayyana Masyaf a matsayin "gari mai kyau" (don zama ko ziyarta, wataƙila yana da kyau, aminci, da kuma abokantaka).{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} ===Zamanin Daular Usmaniyya=== [[File:PAB Massyaf Chateau de Vieux de la Montagne.jpg|thumb|Kagara da birnin Masyaf, a 1935]] Masyaf, tare da dukkan Siriya, sun zama wani ɓangare na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a 1516–17 bayan Ottomans sun yi nasara a yaƙin Marj Dabiq da Mamluks. Birnin [[Masyaf]] a lokacin na cikin gundumar Homs. Garin da kuma sansanin Ismaili da ke kusa dole ne su biya haraji na musamman. Masyaf yana da caravanserai (wurin da 'yan kasuwa za su huta), wanda su ke biyan kuɗin shiga ga Ottomans. Daga baya, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16 ( mid-16th century), an cire waɗannan kuɗin shiga. A cewar Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, wani matafiyi na Sufi, sarkin Masyaf a farkon 1690s ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Larabawan Tanukh mai suna Sulayman.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} A shekara ta 1703, dangin Raslan, wata ƙabilar [[Alawite]], sun karɓi iko da Masyaf. Sun yi mulki na tsawon shekaru takwas har sai da hukumomin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] suka taimaka wajen dawo da shi ga [[Ismailism|Ismailis]]. A wannan lokacin, yawancin mutanen Isma'il na Masyaf sun bi ƙungiyar [[Nizari]], amma akwai kuma waɗanda su ka bi ƙaramar ƙungiyar [[Tayyibi]].<ref>Mirza, 1997, p. 128.</ref> A shekara ta 1788, sarkin Masyaf, Mustafa ibn Idris, ya gina wani wuri mai tsarki (wani marmaro na wanke-wanke) da kuma gida ga kansa da kuma sarakunan Isma'il na gaba.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} A shekara ta 1808, ƙabilar Raslan ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sheikh Mahmud Raslan sun kai hari kan Masyaf.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} Sun kashe shugaban Isma'il, Mustafa Milhim,<ref name="Daftary489">Daftary, 2007, p. 489.</ref> da ɗansa,{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} suka kuma kwace sansanin.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}}<ref name="Daftary489"/> An kuma kashe kimanin mazauna Isma'il na garin 300.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} Wasu da yawa, ciki har da shugaban addini na Masyaf, sun gudu zuwa biranen [[Homs]], [[Hama]], da sauran wurare a tsakiyar Siriya.<ref name="Daftary489"/> An riga an kori yan Isma'il a hankali daga Jabal Ansariyyah ta hannun ƙabilun [[Alawite]].<ref name="Balanche69">Balanche, 2004, pp. 69–70.</ref> Gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya a birnin [[Damascus]], [[Kunj Yusuf Pasha]], ya aika da rundunar sojoji 4,000-5,000 don sake kwace iko da birnin [[Masyaf]]. Bayan watanni uku na yaƙi, Raslan sun miƙa wuya. Ismailiya ta sake kwace iko da garin da sansanin soji a shekarar 1810.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} Shekaru biyu bayan da Ismailiya ta dawo, [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]] ya rubuta cewa kimanin iyalai 280 ne suka zauna a wurin. Yawancinsu Ismailiya ne, kuma kimanin mutane 30 daga ciki Kiristoci ne. Ya ce gine-gine da yawa, ciki har da katangu, gidaje, da masallatai, sun lalace sosai ko kuma sun lalace sakamakon faɗan da aka yi a baya. A sauran shekarun 1800, yawan mutanen Masyaf ya ci gaba da raguwa.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=791}} ===Zamanin Yau=== [[File:Masyaf5.jpg|thumb|Wani ɓangare na sansanin soja (gaba) da kuma birnin Masyaf na zamani (daga bayan gidan), 2004]] A shekara ta 1917, Ƙawayen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya-(Allies of World War I/Allied Powers) ko kuma Gamayyar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa na ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jamhuriyar [[Faransa]], [[Burtaniya]], Daular [[Rasha]], [[Amurka]], Masarautar [[Italiya]], da Daular [[Japan]] sun kwace iko da [[Siriya]] daga hannun [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]]. Bayan haka, mazauna da yawa sun bar sansanin soja na Masyaf. Janar [[T. E. Lawrence]] na Birtaniya ya ziyarci birnin Masyaf kuma ya ce ana amfani da sansanin soja a matsayin gidan talakawa a lokacin.{{sfn|Hasan|2008|p=15}} A lokacin mulkin Faransa a kan Siriya, Faransawa sun raba tsaunukan Jabal Ansariyyah daga sauran Siriya don ƙirƙirar Ƙasar Alawite. An sanya birnin Masyaf a cikin [[Jihar Damascus]]. Amma a shekara ta 1929, an ƙaura da wasu ƙauyukan Alawite da ke kusa kamar [[al-Rusafa, Syria|al-Rusafa]], [[al-Bayyadiyah]], [[Akakir]], [[Maryamin, Hama|Maryamin]] da [[Abu Qubays, Syria|Abu Qubays]] zuwa [[Jihar Alawite]].{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=792}} A shekara ta 1936, wannan jiha ta haɗu da sauran bangarori na ƙasar Siriya. A shekara ta 1939, an ƙaura da birnin Masyaf da gundumarta daga Lardin Hama zuwa Lardin Latakia.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=792}} A shekarun 1930, mutane na ci-gaba da amfani da ɗakunan sansanin.{{sfn|Hasan|2008|p=15}} A shekarar 1947, shekara guda bayan da [[Siriya]] ta sami ƴancin kai daga [[Faransa]], kimanin Ismaili 3,808 ne suka zauna a birnin Masyaf.<ref>Balanche, 2004, p. 92.</ref> A shekarar 1965, gwamnatin Siriya, a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Amin al-Hafiz, ta mai da Masyaf cibiyar masana'antar saƙa kafet. Yawancin ayyukan saƙar mata ne ke yi.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=792}} A shekarun 1960, al'ummar Ismaili a Masyaf sun fi goyon bayan ƙungiyar [[Nasserism|Nasserist]], yayin da ƙauyukan Alawite da ke kewaye da su galibi suna goyon bayan ƙungiyar [[Ba'athism|Baathist]].<ref>{{Citation|title=The Mew Middle East|publisher=New Middle East|year=1971|issue=28–39|pages=31–32}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 1970, yawancin ilahirin birnin Masyaf har ya zuwa yanzu yana cikin tsoffin ganuwar birnin. Amma zuwa shekarar 1998, garin ya girma/faɗaɗa sosai a wajen ganuwar.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=790}} Katangar tana cikin arewa maso gabashin tsohon birnin.{{sfn|Hasan|2008|p=5}} Katangar har yanzu tana nan, amma an gina gidaje da lambuna kusa da su. A cikin ganuwar, akwai masallaci tun na ƙarni na 12, wanda mazauna yankin suka ce yana da alaƙa da Saladin.{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=222}} Ana ɗaukar katangar a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa kuma Hukumar Kula da Kayan Tarihi ta Siriya ce ke kula da ganuwar.{{sfn|Willey|2005|p=221}} Bayan shekarar 2015, a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Siriya, an sami rahotannin masana'antar makamai masu linzami a Masyaf da wani sansanin da ke kusa, wanda ake zargin sojojin Iran ke amfani da shi. An kai wa waɗannan wurare hari akai-akai ta hanyar hare-haren sama da ake kyautata zaton Isra'ila ce ke kai wa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/syria-says-hostile-target-shot-down-near-iran-linked-base/|title=Syria says 'hostile target' shot down near Iran-linked base|date=2019-08-16|publisher=[[The Times of Israel]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, 2024, Isra'ila ta kai hare-haren sama da kuma wani hari na ƙasa da rundunar Shaldag ta kai. Sun kai hari kan wata masana'antar makamai masu linzami ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa wadda aka ruwaito cewa Iran ce ta gina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=12 September 2024 |title=Israel destroyed reported Iranian underground missile factory in Syria ground raid |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/09/12/israel-syria-raid |website=Axios}}</ref> ==Yanayi== ===Ƙasa=== Masyaf yana gefen tuddan gabashin gangaren tsaunukan Jabal Ansariyyah na bakin teku.<ref name="GBNID">{{Citation|title=The Middle East Intelligence Handbooks: 1943–1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXG6AAAAIAAJ&q=Masyaf+Ismaili+Alawi|year=1987|page=349|publisher=Naval Intelligence Division of Great Britain|isbn = 9781852070601|edition=Archive}}</ref> Matsakaicin tsayin Masyaf mita 485 ne. Yana yamma da filin al-Ghab. Yankin yana da lambuna, gonakin inabi, da filayen alkama da sha'ir waɗanda mutanen yankin ke nomawa.{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=789}} A arewa da kudu na Masyaf, kogunan ruwa ne ke kwarara waɗanda ke shiga wani magudanar ruwa na [[Orentes River|Kogin Orontes]], wanda ake kira al-Sarout.{{sfn|Hasan|2008|p=5}} Birnin Hama yana da nisan kilomita 45 zuwa gabas kuma Baniyas yana da nisan kilomita 54 zuwa yamma. Hama tana da alaƙa da Masyaf ta hanyar da ke tafiya arewacin Masyaf watau hanyar [[al-Laqbah]] da [[Deir Shamil]].{{sfn|Honigman|1989|p=789}} Ƙauyukan da ke kusa sun haɗa da al-Rusafa a kudu maso gabas, al-Bayda a kudu, al-Suwaydah a kudu maso yamma, Rabu a yamma, [[Biqraqa]] a arewa maso yamma, [[Hurayf]] da Hayalin a arewa, [[Zaynah]] a arewa maso gabas, da [[al-Shiha]] a gabas. ===Gari=== Masyaf yana da yanayin zafi na Bahar Rum (nau'in yanayi na Köppen Csa). A lokacin hunturu, ana samun ruwan sama fiye da lokacin rani a birnin Masyaf. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a Masyaf shine 17.6 °C (63.7 °F). Kimanin 1,049 mm (inci 41.30) na ruwan sama yana sauka kowace shekara. {{Weather box|location = Masyaf |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 11.6 |Feb high C = 13.2 |Mar high C = 16.8 |Apr high C = 21.9 |May high C = 26.5 |Jun high C = 30.8 |Jul high C = 32.2 |Aug high C = 32.8 |Sep high C = 31.0 |Oct high C = 26.5 |Nov high C = 10.0 |Dec high C = 13.3 |Jan low C = 4.1 |Feb low C = 5.0 |Mar low C = 7.1 |Apr low C = 10.0 |May low C = 13.8 |Jun low C = 17.9 |Jul low C = 20.8 |Aug low C = 20.9 |Sep low C = 17.7 |Oct low C = 13.6 |Nov low C = 9.1 |Dec low C = 5.6 |Jan precipitation mm = 212 |Feb precipitation mm = 189 |Mar precipitation mm = 165 |Apr precipitation mm = 85 |May precipitation mm = 30 |Jun precipitation mm = 4 |Jul precipitation mm = 0 |Aug precipitation mm = 1 |Sep precipitation mm = 10 |Oct precipitation mm = 42 |Nov precipitation mm = 89 |Dec precipitation mm = 222 |year precipitation mm= 1049 |source = Climate-Data.org, Climate data |date=14 January 2018}} ==Alƙaluma== A cewar [[Babban Ofishin Kididdiga (Siriya)|Hukumar Kididdiga ta Siriya]], Masyaf tana da yawan jama'a 22,508 a alƙaluman ƙidayar jama'a ta 2004. Ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Gundumar Masyaf da kuma gundumomin ɓangarorin Masyaf. Daga baya yawan jama'a sun kai 68,184 a 2004.<ref name="CBS">[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-17-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925224053/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-17-2004.htm |date=2020-09-25 }}. [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Syria Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS). Hama Governorate. {{in lang|ar}}</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1940, mutanen birnin galibi ƴan [[Ismailism|Ismaili]] ne.<ref name="GBNID"/> A yau, birni ne mai addinai daban-daban, ciki har da na daga ƙabilun Ismaili da [[Alawites|Alawite]], tare da tsirarun ƴan [[Kirista|Kiristoci]].<ref>{{Citation|first=Nicholas A.|last=Heras|title=The Potential for an Assad Statelet in Syria|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus132_Heras4.pdf|publisher=The Washington Institute of Near East Policy|page=25|date=December 2013|access-date=2015-05-18|archive-date=2020-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918141037/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus132_Heras4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Birnin a wasan Kwamfuta== An nuna birnin Masyaf a matsayin hedkwatar gidan da ake bayar da umarni ga ƴan wasan shirin [[Assassin's Creed]] a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Uku a cikin jerin wasannin kwamfuta ɗin; (galibi birnin ya fito a bidiyon wasan [[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed 1]] da [[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]], daga cikin jerin rukunin wasannin na Assassin's Creed).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2011/05/23/the-places-you-39-ll-go-in-ac-revelations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525223852/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2011/05/23/the-places-you-39-ll-go-in-ac-revelations.aspx |url-status=live |archive-date=May 25, 2011 |title=The Places You'll Go In AC Revelations |first=Joe |last=Juba |date=23 May 2011 |access-date=8 May 2019 |magazine=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref> A wasan kwamfuta ɗin ƙauyen (Masyaf a lokacin) an gina shi a kan dutse, tare da gidan shugaban ƙauyen na Masyaf a saman tsaunin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.psu.com/news/the-amazing-real-history-behind-all-the-assassins-creed-games/ |title=The amazing (real) history behind all the Assassin's Creed games |first=Richard |last=Archer |date=23 July 2017 |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=PlayStation Universe}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Masyaf 001.jpg File:Masyaf1.jpg File:Masyaf2.jpg File:Masyaf3.jpg File:Masyaf4.jpg File:Masyaf6.jpg File:Masyaf-10-06-2009-Amjad-Helo-1.jpg|View of Birnin Masyaf daga wani dutse, a lokacin bazara, 2009 File:Masyaf-castle-2-amjad-helo-15-11-2008.jpg|Birnin File:Masyaf-castle-amjad-helo-15-11-2008.jpg|Masyaf File:Masyaf-City-amjad-helo-15-11-2008.jpg|Birnin Masyaf </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} *{{Citation|first=Fabrice|last=Balanche|title=La région alaouite et le pouvoir syrien|url=http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/30/97/PDF/Les_Alaouites_l_espace_et_le_pouvoir.pdf|publisher=Karthala Editions|year=2006|isbn=2845868189|language=fr|author-link=Fabrice Balanche}} *{{Citation|first=Farid|last=Daftary|title=Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qiyy6skgPfoC&q=Masyaf&pg=PA115|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2011|isbn=9780810879706}} *{{Citation|first=Farid|last=Daftary|title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC&q=masyaf+ottoman&pg=PA489|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=9781139465786}} *{{Cite book |first=Haytham |last=Hasan |title=The Citadel of Masyaf |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5214/original/DPC1951.pdf?1384788768 |format=PDF |publisher=The Aga Khan Trust for Culture |year=2008 |isbn=9782940212064 |pages=46 |access-date=2015-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081323/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5214/original/DPC1951.pdf?1384788768 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite book |first=E. |last=Honigman |author-link=E. A. J. Honigmann |chapter=Masyad |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111–112: Masrah Mawlid |editor-first=Clifford Edward |editor-last=Bosworth |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvwUAAAAIAAJ |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |date=1 January 1989 |isbn=9789004092396}} * {{cite book | title = Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 | url = https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft | first1 = Guy | last1 = Le Strange | author-link = Guy Le Strange | publisher = Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] | location = London | year = 1890 | oclc = 1004386}} *{{cite book |first=Edward |last=Lipinsky |author-link=Edward Lipinski (orientalist) |title=The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrMKKtiBBI4C&pg=PA30 |publisher=[[Peeters Publishers]] |year=2000 |isbn=9042908599 |page=30}} *{{Citation|first=Nasser Ahmad|last=Mirza|title=Syrian Ismailism: The Ever Living Line of the Imamate, AD 1100–1260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qiyy6skgPfoC&q=Masyaf&pg=PA115|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=9780700705054}} *{{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Willey |title=The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTyTn4ErwRIC&pg=PA220 |publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]] |year=2005 |isbn=9781850434641 |page=220}} {{refend}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *{{Commons category-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Birane a Siriya]] [[Category: Sanannun Wurare a Gundumar Masyaf]] [[Category: Cibiyar Mutanen Ismaili]] [[Category:Tsoffin Biranen Assuriyawa]] [[Category:Birane]] [[Category:Siriya]] [[Category:Nahiyar Asiya]] 6i72hrf0wrzl3kc21aza1lwbgczmrfj 0 139523 862488 816031 2026-06-20T22:53:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marta Cazañas Permuy''' (Satumba 22, 1938 - Oktoba 4, 2017) ta kasance mai tallata zane-zane na Cuba-Amurkawa, mai tattara zane-zane, mai kula da zane-zane, dillalin zane-zane, kuma mai tallata zane-zane da ke Coral Gables, Florida . Ta kasance mai tasiri a kafa kasuwar zane-zane ta Latin Amurka ta Kudancin Florida . Ta jagoranci kuma ta kafa Permuy Gallery, ɗaya daga cikin wurare na farko da aka keɓe don zane-zane na Cuba a Amurka. Ta kuma shirya wani gidan kayan fasaha na dogon lokaci inda zane-zane, adabi, kasuwanci, da siyasa na Kudancin Florida za su taru don tattauna zane-zane da al'adu. == Rayuwar farko == === Bayani da tarbiyya === [[Fayil:1957_La_Escuela_de_Escolapias_en_Cárdenas-1.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Madres Escolapias na Cárdenas, inda Marta Permuy daliba ce, kamar yadda aka yi hoto a 1957.]] An haifi Marta Teresita Cazañas y Díaz a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1938, a Havana, ɗa na biyu na alkali na Cuban Pedro Pablo Cazañas da matarsa, Raquel María Díaz y Teresa. Iyayenta na fitattun iyalai ne na yankin Matanza . Marta da 'yan uwanta, Raquel da Eduardo, za a girma a gidan Buena Vista na dangin Cazañas a Cárdenas da ke iyaka da Varadero . Ita da babbar 'yar uwarta Raquel sun halarci makarantar Katolika ta Las Madres Escolapias de Cárdenas. Bayan kammala karatunsu, sun yi rajista a Jami'ar Havana suna nazarin shari'a da sinadarai. <ref> name="Obituary">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> A farkon shekarunta na matashiya a Cuba, Marta ta fara haɗuwa da fasahar Cuba ta hanyar zane-zane da fasahar gargajiya. Waɗannan haɗuwa sun haɓaka sha'awar farko na abin da daga ƙarshe zai zama babban aikinta a lokacin rayuwarta a gudun hijira. <ref> name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection">{{Cite web |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=nsuworks.nova.edu |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library}}</ref> == Juyin Juya Halin Cuba == Da barkewar juyin juya halin Cuba da kuma yadda gwamnatin Castro ta ƙara samun daidaito da koyarwar Kwaminisanci da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] ke goyon baya, Marta ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare dimokuraɗiyya mai rajin kare dimokuraɗiyya. Ta fara aiki sosai a cikin MRR (Movement to Recuperate the Revolution, ko Movement for Revolution Recovery), wani babban ɓangare na babban juriyar Castro wanda ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwar ɗaliban Jami'ar Havana, manyan jami'an gwamnatin Castro, da kuma membobin ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Kiristoci masu tasiri ta Agrupación Católica Universitaria (ACU). <ref>name="Obituary">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 "Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary"]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.</cite></ref> Yayin da shigarta cikin MRR ke ƙara zurfafa, Marta ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan da aka bai wa manyan mukamai a cikin jagorancin ƙungiyar kuma za ta kuma ɗauki wasu manyan jami'ai. <ref>name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=qC5yAqnA-WU |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Coral Gables Television}}</ref> <ref>name="Congressional Record page">{{Cite web |last=Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar |date=20 September 2022 |title=Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.infogov.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}</ref> Saboda haka, babbar 'yar'uwar Marta Raquel da mijinta, fitacciyar likitan tabin hankali kuma mai ra'ayin juyin juya hali na dimokuraɗiyya René de la Huerta, suma sun shiga cikin lamarin. De la Huerta, babban memba na ACU, a baya ya shiga cikin ƙoƙarin korar Fulgencio Batista tare da Jorge Agostini da sauran manyan masu adawa da Batista. <ref> name="Agostini Bio">{{Cite web |title=Agostini Bio |url=http://www.cubarte.cult.cu/periodico-cubarte/jorge-agostini-combatiente-de-la-libertad/}}</ref> <ref name="Agostini Bio 2">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2015 |title=Agostini Bio 2 |url=https://lahistoriabiencontada.wordpress.com/2015/06/10/jorge-agostini-cayo-por-la-dignidad-de-cuba/}}</ref> Za su taka rawa mai tasiri a cikin ƙungiyar a lokacin da aka kai ga mamaye da tsare-tsare na Bay of Pigs . A shekarar 1960 De La Huerta ya zama Sakataren Leken Asiri na MRR kuma Marta sau da yawa yakan zauna a gidansa na El Vedado tare da 'yar'uwarta a lokacin ayyukanta na MRR yayin da gidan ya kasance muhimmin sansanin jagorancin MRR na ɓoye. <ref> name="Obituary">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 "Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary"]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.</cite></ref> Ta hanyar waɗannan ayyukan Marta ta haɗu da Jesús Permuy, Sakataren Tsaro na MRR a lokacin. Za a ba Marta aiki don taimaka masa a ayyukansa a matsayin hannun damansa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗaga shi zuwa Mai Gudanar da Farar Hula kuma a ƙarshe Mai Gudanar da Ƙungiyar MRR ta Ƙasa. <ref name="Landmark Designation Report" /> Ayyukan Marta sun haɗa da shirya tarurruka, ɓoye hulɗa, da kuma daidaita tsakanin ƙwayoyin MRR tare da sunayen laƙabi don guje wa gano Castro da wakilan leƙen asiri na Soviet da masu kutse. <ref name="Obituary"/> <ref name="Landmark Designation Report" /> Da gazawar mamayar Bay of Pigs a watan Afrilun 1961 da kuma hare-haren da 'yan adawa suka kai, kamawa, da kuma kisa, Castro ya bayyana ga mutane da yawa a cikin adawar cewa babu wata dama ta samun nasara wajen kifar da gwamnatin Castro ko kuma tabbatar da [['Yancin Dan Adam a Cuba|kariyar dimokuradiyya]] . Daga nan Marta da Jesús suka yi amfani da huldar diflomasiyya don tserewa zuwa Venezuela a shekarar 1962 ta hanyar ofishin jakadancin Cuba na Venezuela. Sun zauna a Venezuela na tsawon watanni da dama kafin su koma Amurka daga baya a wannan shekarar don shiga cikin al'ummar 'yan Cuba da ke zaune a can suna gudun hijira. <ref name="Landmark Designation Report" /> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection"/> === Matsar zuwa Amurka === Marta da Jesús sun yi aure a shekarar 1962 jim kaɗan bayan sun sake zama a [[Miami|Miami, Florida]] . Daga baya sun ƙaura zuwa Washington DC a shekarar 1966 inda Jesús Permuy ya sami digirinsa na biyu a fannin Tsarin Yanki da Birni (MRCP) daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai tsara shirye-shirye na gundumar Anne Arundel . <ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |title=Permuy Architecture Profile – About Permuy Architecture |url=http://permuyarchitecture.com/profile/ |access-date=November 30, 2019 |publisher=Permuy Architecture}}</ref> Daga nan iyalan Permuy suka koma Kudancin Florida na dindindin a shekarar 1969 lokacin da aka naɗa Jesús Permuy a matsayin Mai Kula da Tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Gundumar Dade (HUD). == Gidan Tarihi na Permuy == A farkon shekarun 1970, Permuys sun fara aiki a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta Cuba ta farko a Kudancin Florida. Shigansu na farko ya samo asali ne daga dangantakar da Jesús Permuy ya yi da masu fasaha a Cuba kamar José Mijares da Amelia Peláez, da kuma ta hanyar aikinsa na ƙwararru yayin da wasu masu fasaha na Cuba da dama suka yi aiki ko suka yi nazarin gine-gine, ciki har da Baruj Salinas, Miguel Jorge, da Rafael Consuegra . <ref name="Arts Coast Journal">{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Margo |title=The Permuys — A Legacy in Art |url=https://creativepinellas.org/magazine-items/the-permuys-a-legacy-in-art/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329114650/https://creativepinellas.org/magazine-items/the-permuys-a-legacy-in-art/ |archive-date=2020-03-29 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.creativepinellas.org |publisher=Arts Coast Journal}}</ref> Wani muhimmin yanki na al'adu shi ne shigarsa cikin ACU, wanda yanzu ya koma Miami kuma ya haɗa da masu fasaha da yawa, masu gine-gine, da shugabannin kasuwanci. A cikin shekarun 1960, al'ummar fasaha ta Cuba da ke gudun hijira ta fuskanci matsaloli da dama, ciki har da rashin wuraren da za a nuna fasahar Cuba, da kuma rashin kuɗin shiga tsakanin masu tarawa don siyan fasahar fasaha a farashin da zai tallafa wa kasuwar fasaha ta Cuba da Latin Amurka mai dorewa. A shekarar 1969, Baruj Salinas ya gabatar da Permuys ga Juan González . <ref name="Baruj Salinas website">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Art Reviews |url=https://barujsalinas.com/art-reviews/ |website=www.barujsalinas.com |publisher=Baruj Salinas |access-date=2026-02-03 |archive-date=2025-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422130259/https://www.barujsalinas.com/art-reviews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection"/> Ba da daɗewa ba, González, wanda a lokacin ya kammala karatunsa a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Miami, ya kusaci Marta, wadda ita ma ta zama mai goyon bayan aikinsa na fasaha. A shekarar 1971, ta taimaka masa wajen samar masa da wurin studio a wani gida mai suna Coral Gables a titin Le Jeune Road na 1901, inda ya samar da ayyuka da yawa da suka kai ga nasarar aikinsa. <ref name="Obituary"/> <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection" /> A shekarar 1972, González ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Miami kuma yana shirin ƙaura zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] bayan an yi nasarar baje kolin kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Whitney da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Allan Stone . Sakamakon buƙatarsa ta ƙaura, Permuys ya yi shiri tare da González don ɗaukar hayar ɗakin zane-zanensa sannan daga baya ya mayar da shi wani gidan zane-zane mai kyau da aka keɓe don zane-zanen Cuba, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Amurka. <ref name="GC Magazine">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=The Best Commercial Architects in Coral Gables, Florida |url=https://www.generalcontractors.org/the-best-commercial-architects-in-coral-gables-florida/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=www.generalcontractors.org |publisher=2022 General Contractors Magazine}}</ref> <ref name="Obituary" /> <ref name="Permuy House Designation">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=City of Coral Gables designates the Permuy House a landmark |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/city-of-coral-gables-designates-the-permuy-house-a-landmark/ |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community Newspapers}}</ref> <ref name="Baruj Salinas website" /> Wurin yana kusa da Miracle Mile, cibiyar Coral Gables ta tsakiyar gari, don haka baƙi suna iya isa gare shi cikin sauƙi. <ref name="GC Magazine" /> <ref name="Permuy House Designation" /> <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation" /> González ya kasance kusa da Marta bayan ƙaura zuwa New York kuma ya halarci nune-nunen gama gari a Permuy Gallery. <ref name="UDRB article">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Ignacio Permuy elected new chair of Miami Development Review Board |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/ignacio-permuy-elected-new-chair-of-miami-development-review-board/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community News}}</ref> Gidan zane-zanen yana kusa da gidan mai zane na Cuban Miguel Jorge, wanda yake kusa da sauran masu fasaha na Cuban Lourdes Gomez Franca da Dionisio Perkins, kuma ya gabatar da su ga Permuys. <ref name="Obituary" /> Su ukun sun kafa ƙungiyar masu fasaha masu tasiri a Kudancin Florida waɗanda ke da himma sosai a cikin yankin Permuy Gallery. Da zarar an buɗe gidan tarihi, Marta ta zama manaja kuma ta kula da ayyukanta, ta shirya abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ta tsara abubuwan da ta shirya. <ref name="Permuy House Designation" /> Saboda haka, gidan tarihi ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ita kuma ta ƙulla dangantaka mai ɗorewa da masu fasaha da masu tattarawa da ke da alaƙa da ita. Duk da cewa ana gudanar da shi a matsayin gidan tarihi na fasaha na yau da kullun, Gidan Tarihi na Permuy shi ma ya shahara saboda bambancinsa da ƙa'idodin gidajen tarihi na fasaha na Amurka. Duk da yake yana da bango na gargajiya na fari, yana kuma haifar da wasu tasirin da ba a saba gani ba kamar tsire-tsire na cikin gida na wurare masu zafi da labulen tagogi masu kauri. <ref name="Obituary" /> An kuma tsara Gidan Tarihi na Permuy a cikin mako-mako maimakon juyawa na baje kolin kowane wata don ba da damar ci gaba da canzawa a cikin zane-zane da kuma don a nuna ƙarin masu fasaha. Manyan abubuwan da suka shafi Permuy Gallery sune Juma'a Gallery Nights (wanda aka fi sani da "los viernes" a cikin Sifaniyanci). <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection">{{Cite web |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=nsuworks.nova.edu |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ "Marta Permuy Legacy Collection"]. ''nsuworks.nova.edu''. NSU Alvin Sherman Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da buɗewar baje kolin giya da cuku don bayyana saitin baje kolin mako mai zuwa. Da yamma waɗannan za su rikide zuwa tarukan salon fasaha na Permuys waɗanda za su tattara shugabanni da fitattun mutane daga cikin al'ummar Kudancin Florida don tattauna fasaha, adabi, ruhaniya, siyasa, da sauran batutuwa a cikin wani yanayi wanda ya sauƙaƙa haɗin gwiwa da kuma ƙarfafa tunani. <ref name="Congressional Record text">{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Maria Elvira |date=20 September 2022 |title=Honoring The Life of Marta Permuy |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/html/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.htm |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.govinfo.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}</ref> Wannan wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ga masu fasaha da yawa don haɗuwa da masu tarawa na gaba kuma wasu sassan al'umma waɗanda ba su da hannu a cikin fasaha sun san su. Hakanan muhimmin wurin taron al'adu ne a cikin al'ummar 'yan gudun hijira ta Cuba a Miami da biranen da ke kewaye. <ref name="Cuban-American Art in Miami" /> Wani ɓangaren al'adun gallery shine ƙirƙirar fasaha ta asali da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da wurin da kanta. Waɗannan sun haɗa da zane-zane da Jorge ya ƙirƙira wanda zai zama alamar "Rufe" ta gallery da kuma hoton Marta Permuy mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda Gomez Franca ya zana a gallery. <ref name="Arts Coast Journal"/> A cikin kimanin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, Permuy Gallery ta nuna fitattun mawakan Cuba da Latin Amurka da dama a cikin nunin mutane da rukuni. Fitattun mawakan sun hada da Lourdes Gomez Franca, Miguel ("Mickey") Jorge, Dionisio ("Dennis") Perkins da Juan González, Rafael Consuegra, Emilio Falero, Margarita Cano, da Gabriel Sorzano. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=qC5yAqnA-WU |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Coral Gables Television}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=qC5yAqnA-WU "City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022"]. ''www.youtube.com''. Coral Gables, Florida: Coral Gables Television. 24 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Permuy Gallery Designated">{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |last2=Martinez Carbonell |first2=Karelia |date=8 December 2022 |title=Great Things Often Come From Humble Beginnings- Permuy Gallery Site Declared A Landmark |url=https://gablesinsider.com/opinion-great-things-often-come-from-humble-beginnings-permuy-gallery-site-declared-a-landmark/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=www.gablesinsider.com |publisher=Gables Insider |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209204726/https://gablesinsider.com/opinion-great-things-often-come-from-humble-beginnings-permuy-gallery-site-declared-a-landmark/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar ƙungiyar mawakan da suka saba nunawa a cikin gallery kuma suka halarci bikin Juma'a ita ce Grupo GALA (GALA Group), ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙwararru ta nuna mawakan Latin a Kudancin Florida. <ref name="Enrique Riveron">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Patricia |title=Patricia Lee: "Enrique Riveron" |url=http://www.wichitabeats.com/wichitabeats-2/memories-of-the-50s-wichita-beat-scene/patricia-lee-enrique-riveron/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124163008/https://www.wichitabeats.com/wichitabeats-2/memories-of-the-50s-wichita-beat-scene/patricia-lee-enrique-riveron/ |archive-date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.wichitabeats.com |publisher=Wichita Beats}}</ref> <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation" /> GALA, wani taƙaitaccen bayani na Grupo de Artistas Latino Americanos (Rukunin Masu Fasaha na Latin Amurka) ya ƙunshi mawakan shida Baruj Salinas, Enrique Riverón, Rosana McAllister, José Mijares, Rafael Soriano, da Osvaldo Gutierrez, waɗanda yawancinsu sun riga sun shahara a Cuba. McAllister ita ce mace ɗaya tilo kuma ita ce kaɗai ba ’yar Cuba ba a cikin ƙungiyar, kasancewarta ’yar [[Argentina]] kuma ’yar asalin Ireland . Za ta zama wata abokiyar hulɗa ta dogon lokaci ta Marta Permuy wadda Permuy za ta riƙa wakilta a wajen gidan adana kayan tarihi. <ref name="Obituary"/> Wani babban rukuni na masu fasahar Cuba da aka nuna a cikin hoton shine shahararrun masu fasahar Cuban Vanguardia, ciki har da Víctor Manuel, [[René Portocarrero]], Amelia Peláez, Wifredo Lam da kuma shahararrun masu fasahar zamani a wajen Miami kamar Cundo Bermudez . <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> Duk da cewa yawancin masu fasahar Vanguardia ko dai sun mutu ko kuma sun ci gaba da zama a Cuba bayan juyin juya halin Cuba, fitattun masu fasahar Cuba da yawa sun kawo ayyukansu daga Cuba zuwa Amurka kuma za su sayar da su ta hanyar gidan kayan tarihi ta hanyar ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki . <ref name="Obituary"/> Ayyukan waɗannan manyan masu fasahar tarihi za su zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu tarawa waɗanda a wannan lokacin ke neman sake kafa alaƙa da gadon al'adunsu yayin da ya bayyana a kan lokaci cewa komawa Cuba ba zai yiwu ba yayin da gwamnatin Cuba ke da wadata sosai. Manyan mahalarta a cikin ayyukan Marta a Permuy Gallery sun haɗa da magajin garin Miami na lokacin Maurice Ferre, mai sukar fasaha kuma mawakin Cuba Mauricio Fernández, mai kula da fasaha kuma malami na gaba Ricardo Pau-Llosa, da kuma mai tattara fasaha kuma mai kula da Latin Amurka Marcos Pinedo da matarsa ta gaba Josefina Camacho. <ref name="Permuy House Designation"/> Duk da cewa Permuy Gallery ya kasance abin lura a matsayin wani abu mai tarihi tun farkon kafa fasahar Latin Amurka a Kudancin Florida, za a sami wasu gidajen tarihi masu mayar da hankali kan Cuba da Latin Amurka waɗanda suka fara bayyana. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980, an kafa wani gidan tarihi mai bunƙasa na gidajen tarihi da dama na Cuba a kusa da cibiyar Coral Gables da sauran aljihunan da ke girma a yankin wanda ya ba da damar kasuwar fasaha ta Latin Amurka mai dorewa ta bunƙasa a Kudancin Florida a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. A lokacin Permuy Gallery, Permuys sun kuma shiga cikin wasu ayyuka a cikin ƙira da haɓaka al'umma waɗanda aka haɗa da hanyar sadarwar su a gallery. A cikin 1973 sun ƙaddamar da kamfanin Permuy & Associates Inc. wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gine-gine na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Jesús Permuy, tsare-tsaren birane, haɓakawa da ba da shawara. Marta ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin na farko yayin da lauyanta kuma wakilinta mai rijista ya kasance fitaccen mai tattara fasaha kuma Magajin Garin Coral Gables na gaba Raul Valdes-Fauli. <ref name="Permuy & Associates Inc.">{{Cite web |title=PERMUY & ASSOCIATES INC |url=http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResultDetail?inquirytype=EntityName&directionType=Initial&searchNameOrder=PERMUYASSOCIATES%204329670&aggregateId=domp-432967-706c5aab-2612-4680-b868-4375f8f4dc83&searchTerm=Permuy&listNameOrder=PERMUY%20P010000224980 |website=www.sunbiz.org |publisher=Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations}}</ref> == Gidan Permuy == A shekarar 1976, Permuys ta sayi wani gida mai tarihi mai salon Farfaɗo da Bahar Rum a Coral Gables. An gina shi kusa da Otal ɗin Biltmore da Filin Golf a farkon zamanin Merrick na kafa birnin, an san kadarar da Alfred F. Schimek ya tsara ta kuma tana da wani ƙarin gini daga Alfred Browning Parker . Gidan ya zama sananne a matsayin Gidan Permuy saboda alaƙarsa da ayyukan fasaha na Marta Permuy a can. <ref name="Landmark Designation Report" /> Ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980 sun nuna wani lokaci mai cike da rudani a rayuwar Permuy. A shekarar 1977, an rufe gidan adana kayan tarihi na Permuy yayin da iyalin suka koma gidan Permuy kuma Marta ta ba da fifiko ga renon 'ya'yanta. <ref name="Obituary"/> <ref name="Congressional Record text"/> A shekarar 1978, mahaifinta, Pedro Pablo Cazañas, ya mutu a Miami. A shekarar 1981, Jesús da Marta sun sake aure. [[Fayil:ThePermuyHouse2020.jpg|thumb|Gidan Permuy, babban wurin da aka gudanar da ayyukan fasaha na Marta Permuy daga baya kuma wani wuri mai tarihi na Coral Gables, Florida, kamar yadda aka gani a shekarar 2020.]] A cikin shekarun 1980, Marta ta sake fara aikinta na fasaha gaba ɗaya, yanzu tana amfani da Gidan Permuy a matsayin tushen ayyukanta. Za ta ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyin tarurrukan salon da ta daɗe tana yi, ta gudanar da tarurruka da nune-nunen fasaha na sirri, da kuma kula da jadawalin tarurrukan zamantakewa na mako-mako tare da masu fasaha, kamar Perkins da Mijares, da masu tattarawa. Permuy kuma za ta wakilci wasu daga cikin masu fasaha da aka nuna a cikin Permuy Gallery, kamar Lourdes Gomez Franca, Perkins, da McAllister, da kuma tallafawa sabbin masu fasaha. An ambaci ayyukanta a Gidan Permuy a matsayin muhimmin wuri ga fasaha a Miami a cikin littafin Cuban-American Art in Miami: Exile, Identity and the Neo-Baroque . Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga Marcos Pinedo, inda ta taimaka masa wajen gina babban tarin Pinedo . Pinedo da matarsa Josefina yanzu sun yi soyayya ta farko a Permuy Gallery a watan Agusta na 1973, inda Pinedo ta fara haɗuwa da Permuy kuma ta fara haɗa shi da hanyar sadarwar masu fasaha. Tare da jagorancin Permuy, Pinedo ta zama fitacciyar mai tattara zane-zane ta Kudancin Florida a shekarun 1980 da 1990, sannan kuma mai kula da cibiyoyin tallafawa fasaha kamar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Fort Lauderdale da Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Florida . <ref name="Obituary"/> <ref name="Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Salinas">{{Cite web |title=Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Salinas |url=https://collection.nsuartmuseum.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=18411;type=101}}</ref> <ref name="Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Lam">{{Cite web |title=Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Lam |url=https://collection.nsuartmuseum.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=9056;type=101}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na baya, Permuy ta ci gaba da tallafawa masu fasaha da aka ware, waɗanda aka kafa, da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga Gidan Permuy da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a Kudancin Florida. Masu fasaha da Permuy ta tallafa wa a shekarunta na baya sun haɗa da Neith Nevelson, Ramon Unzueta, Carlos Navarro, Josevelio Rodriguez, da Carlos Acostaneyra. <ref name="Permuy Gallery Designated"/> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection: Horses">{{Cite journal |last=Nevelson |first=Neith |date=20 September 2024 |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection: "Horses" |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/7/ |journal=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> An sanya wa gidan suna a matsayin wurin tarihi na Coral Gables a shekarar 2021 saboda muhimmancinsa na al'adu da tarihi. <ref name="Permuy Gallery Designated" /> == Mutuwa da gado == Marta Permuy ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2017, a Coral Gables. Taron tunawa da ita, wanda aka gudanar a Coral Gables' Church of the Little Flower, ya haɗa da manyan manyan fasaha na Kudancin Florida da kuma al'umma, ciki har da Emilio Falero, Marcos da Josefina Pinedo . <ref name="Obituary"/> Guillermo García-Tuñón SJ, Shugaban Belen Jesuit da Darakta na Agrupación Católica Universitaria ne ya jagoranci bikin, kuma ɗanta Pedro Pablo Permuy ya gabatar da yabon ta. <ref name="Obituary" /> Bayan rasuwarta, mutane da ƙungiyoyi da dama sun fahimci tasirin Permuy a fannin fasaha a Kudancin Florida da kuma fasahar da aka yi a ƙasar Cuba. A shekarar 2017, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (FL-27) wadda ta daɗe tana wakiltar Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Florida ta fitar da wata sanarwa a shafukanta na sada zumunta, inda ta ce Permuy "ta yi yaƙi da Castro da jarumtaka kuma ta kasance babbar jaruma a fannin Fasahar Cuban ta Miami" dangane da aikinta a gwagwarmayar Castro a lokacin juyin juya halin Cuba da kuma aikinta a fannin fasaha a Kudancin Florida. <ref name="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Twitter">{{Cite web |title=Statement on Marta Permuy's Passing |url=https://twitter.com/roslehtinen/status/915678046794993664 |website=www.twitter.com |publisher=The Office of Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen}}</ref> <ref name="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Facebook">{{Cite web |title=Statement on Marta Permuy's Passing |url=https://www.facebook.com/286546974761109/posts/1528117210604073/ |website=www.facebook.com |publisher=Office of Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Lynette Bosch, ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasaha kuma masaniyar tarihi ta Cuba ta ce "Wannan duniyar fasaha ta farko ba za ta faru ba tare da su ba (Marta da Jesús Permuy)." <ref name="Arts Coast Journal"/> Baya ga rawar da ta taka a matsayinta na mai zane-zane na Latin Amurka na farko da kuma dillalin zane-zane, Permuy ta bambanta da falsafar da ayyukanta na tallafawa ɗan adam. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> Wannan ya haɗa da tallafawa masu fasaha masu gwagwarmaya da tasowa ta hanyar ba su ɗakuna a cikin Gidan Permuy a matsayin wurin yin zane lokacin da ba su da damar shiga ɗakunan zane-zane, da kuma rage ko yafe kuɗin kwamishina daga tallace-tallacen zane-zane don ba wa masu fasaha mafi yawan riba. A cikin littafinta na ''Cuban-American Art in Miami'', Bosch ya rubuta "Gidan Permuy ya samar da wurin mafaka inda za su iya samun yanayi na ilimi wanda ke rage ƙishin motsin rai, tunani da al'adu." A cikin 2020 Marcos Pinedo, mamallakin Pinedo Collection, ya ce "Marta mutum ce mai ban mamaki kuma mai hankali, mai ilimi. Tana […] koyaushe tana taimaka wa wasu duk yadda za ta iya." <ref name="Obituary"/> An yaba wa daren Juma'a na gidan adana kayan tarihi na Permuy Gallery da kafa misali na farko na al'adar Gables Gallery Night da ke ci gaba da gudana a birnin (wanda yanzu ake gudanarwa a ranar Juma'a ta farko ta kowane wata), <ref name="Gables Gallery Night">{{Cite web |title=Gables Gallery Night |url=https://www.coralgables.com/events/gables-gallery-night |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.coralgables.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}</ref> da kuma taimakawa wajen fara haɓaka Coral Gables a matsayin babbar cibiyar gidajen adana kayan tarihi na Latin Amurka a Amurka a shekarun 1980. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation" /> Tun daga shekarar 2018, shekara guda bayan rasuwarta, kamfanin Permuy Architecture na Coral Gables, karkashin jagorancin babban ɗan Marta Ignacio Permuy, ya fara ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin "Art + Architecture" na shekara-shekara don girmama gadon Permuy Gallery da tasirinsa ga fasahar Kudancin Florida. Waɗannan baje kolin sun ƙunshi ayyukan da wasu fitattun mawakan Permuy Gallery Marta ta kasance kusa da su, ciki har da Rafael Consuegra, Falero, Baruj Salinas, da Jose Mijares . <ref name="Art + Architecture Exhibition">{{Cite web |last=Releases |first=Community News |date=January 20, 2020 |title=Gables architecture firm combines holiday party with art exhibition |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/gables-architecture-firm-combines-holiday-party-with-art-exhibition/ |website=Miami's Community News}}</ref> <ref name="Permuy Architecture The Arts">{{Cite web |title=The Arts |url=https://permuyarchitecture.com/the-arts/ |website=www.PermuyArchitecture.com |publisher=Permuy Architecture}}</ref> An rufe ayyukan Permuy Gallery da Marta Permuy da suka yi fice a fannin fasaha ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe da dama, ciki har da mujallar fasaha ta Latin American ''Resumen'', ''mujallar Arts Coast'' da ''Coral Gables News'', da kuma a cikin littattafai kamar ''Outside Cuba: Contemporary Cuban Visual Artists'', (1989) ''Breaking Barriers'', (1997) da kuma ''Cuban-American Art in Miami: Exile, Identity, da Neo-Baroque'' (2004) inda aka haɗa ta cikin waɗanda suka kafa al'ummar fasaha ta Cuban ta Miami. <ref name="Arts Coast Journal"/> A shekarar 2021, an sanya Gidan Permuy a matsayin wurin tarihi na Birnin Coral Gables kuma an saka shi a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Coral Gables <ref name="Coral Gables Historic Registry">{{Cite web |title=City of Coral Gables Locally Designated Properties: Coral Gables Register of Historic Places |url=https://www.coralgables.com/media/Historical%20Resources/Landmarks/CGRegister-thru%2012-01-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227070047/https://www.coralgables.com/media/Historical%20Resources/Landmarks/CGRegister-thru%2012-01-2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.coralgables.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}</ref> bisa ga al'adu da tarihi saboda kusancinsa da aikin Marta Permuy a matsayin babban tushen ayyukanta na fasaha tsawon sama da shekaru arba'in. <ref name="Historic Preservation Board Vote">{{Cite web |title=HP04212021 |url=https://coralgables.granicus.com/player/clip/1570?view_id=4&redirect=true |website=www.coralgables.granicus.com.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}</ref> A cikin Rahoton Alamar Alamar Gida na kadarar, Sashen Albarkatun Tarihi da Al'adu na Coral Gables ya ce "Marta ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa [...] ƙaddamar da tallafawa masu fasaha na Cuba. Gidan wani muhimmin abu ne da zai taimaka mana wajen tunawa da girmama ƙoƙarinta." Daga baya ''Coral Gables News'' ta rufe wannan sunan inda aka nuna shi a matsayin labarin farko na wannan fitowar. <ref name="Coral Gables News">{{Cite web |title=Coral Gables Designates Permuy House |url=https://en.calameo.com/read/002791721687c5956bf25?language=en&page=1&view=slide |website=www.en.calameo.com |publisher=Coral Gables News |access-date=2026-02-03 |archive-date=2022-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107200724/https://en.calameo.com/read/002791721687c5956bf25?language=en&page=1&view=slide |url-status=dead }}</ref> Birnin Coral Gables ya kuma fitar da wata sanarwa ta hukuma wacce ke bayyana mahimmancin Gidan Permuy ta hanyar gudummawar al'adu na Marta da Jesús Permuy. <ref name="Gables Insider July 2022">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=The Permuy House At 1544 Sopera Earns Historic Designation: Official City of Coral Gables Press Release |url=https://gablesinsider.com/the-permuy-house-at-1544-sopera-earns-historic-designation/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=www.gablesinsider.com |publisher=© 2022 Gables Insider |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722185602/https://gablesinsider.com/the-permuy-house-at-1544-sopera-earns-historic-designation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan an sanya masa suna mai muhimmanci, an yi amfani da gidan don nuna shirin adana tarihi na birnin kuma an buga shi a ''Gables Insider'' da kuma sashin eNews na birnin Coral Gables mai suna "Kiyaye Tarihinmu". <ref name="Coral Gables E-News July 20, 2022">{{Cite web |title=E-NEWS: July 20, 2022: Preserving our history |url=https://myemail.constantcontact.com/The-latest-news-for-you--The-hunt-for-air-potatoes--Volunteers-needed-for-a-restoration-project-at-Camp-Mahachee--and-more-.html?soid=1119517809358&aid=Fb4aoT-YXGM |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=www.myemail.constantcontact.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables 2022}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an yi bukukuwa da dama da suka nuna cika shekaru 50 da kaddamar da Permuy Gallery da kuma cika shekaru biyar da mutuwarta. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, Magajin Garin Coral Gables Vince Lago da Hukumar Birnin sun gabatar da sanarwar Birni da ta ayyana ranar haihuwarta ta 22 ga Satumba a matsayin "Ranar Marta T. Permuy" a Coral Gables domin girmama tasirin al'adunta. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 'Yar Majalisa Maria Elvira Salazar (FL-27) ta gabatar da wata sanarwa a cikin kundin tarihin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka mai taken "Girmama Rayuwar Marta Permuy," don girmama fafutukarta da gadonta. <ref name="Congressional Record page">{{Cite web |last=Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar |date=20 September 2022 |title=Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.infogov.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRep._Maria_Elvira_Salazar2022">Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar (20 September 2022). [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf "Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''www.infogov.gov''. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office. p.&nbsp;E955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Hukumar Kare Tarihi ta Coral Gables ta kada kuri'a baki daya don ayyana tsohon wurin da aka gina Permuy Gallery a matsayin wurin tarihi na Coral Gables saboda muhimmancinsa na Tarihi na Al'adu wajen girmama alaƙar fasaha da al'adu da ke da alaƙa da kadarori, musamman gudummawar da Permuy Gallery da ayyukan fasaha na Miguel Jorge da Marta Permuy suka bayar. <ref name="CG Historic Preservation Board 11-16-22">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=Historic Preservation Board Meeting November 16, 2022 |url=https://coralgables.granicus.com/player/clip/1811?view_id=4&redirect=true&h=28e90e25b7ccd795720a77c4b4d4f103 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=www.coralgables.granicus.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables |format=Digital}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Mayun 2022, Ricardo Pau-Llosa ya yi magana game da gadon Permuy Gallery da tasirinsa, yana mai cewa "tashar farko ta farko ta abin da daga baya zai zama alamar Coral Gables: cibiyar fasahar Latin Amurka," da kuma "farkon, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin […] Miami a matsayin 'birni mai fadin hemispheric' - inda fasahar Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Latin Amurka, da Afirka suka haɗu a kan daidaito." <ref name="SFMN 1972">{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |last2=Cosio |first2=Leo |date=27 December 2022 |title=Revisiting 1972: the year that made modern Miami |url=https://sfmn.fiu.edu/dolphins-democratic-convention-1972-nixon-miami/ |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=www.sfmn.fiu.edu |publisher=South Florida Media Network}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Shirin Vasari ya ƙirƙiri wani rumbun adana bayanai ga Marta Permuy saboda muhimmancin aikinta na fasaha ga Kudancin Florida da kuma al'ummar Cuba. <ref name="Vasari Project archives">{{Cite web |title=Permuy, Marta |url=https://mdpls.na.iiivega.com/search/card?id=375d73c4-487c-11ee-a464-c7945de0a4cc&entityType=Agent |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.mdpls.na.iiivega.com |publisher=Miami-Dade Public Library System}}</ref> Tsarin Laburaren Jama'a na Miami-Dade ne ke kula da Shirin Vasari don tattara bayanai masu mahimmanci game da yankin Gundumar Miami-Dade daga zamanin Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] zuwa yanzu don bincike, tallafin karatu, da kuma dalilai na kiyayewa. <ref name="Vasari Project">{{Cite web |title=The Vasari Project: A Compendium of Collections and Collecting in Miami |url=https://mdpls.org/vasari |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.mdpls.org |publisher=Miami-Dade Public Library System}}</ref> A cikin 2024, An kafa Tarin Marta Permuy Legacy a cikin Laburaren Alvin Sherman, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin jihar Florida da wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Nova Southeast University, tare da gudummawar jikanta, Antonio Permuy . <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection"/> Tarin fasaha ya haɗa da ayyukan asali na Neith Nevelson, Pedro Hernandez, Mario Torroella, Margarita Cano, Edel Alvarez Galban, Adriano Nicot, Miguel Fleitas da sauransu. <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection" /> == Iyali da zuri'a == An haifi Marta Cazañas Permuy a cikin wasu fitattun iyalai 'yan Cuba. Mahaifiyarta, Raquel M. Díaz y Teresa de Cazañas, an haife ta ne a San Jose de los Ramos kuma 'yar José Lorenzo Díaz ce, memba na hukumar shari'a ta Cuba. Iyalinta kuma an san su a yankin da bayar da kuɗi don gina coci a babban yankin Colón don maye gurbin ƙaramin cocin da ya kasance wurin taron addini na al'umma. <ref name="Obituary">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 "Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary"]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.</cite></ref> <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> Marta ta kula da mahaifiyarta a Gidan Permuy a shekarunta na ƙarshe har zuwa rasuwarta a 1992. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation" /> Mahaifinta alkali ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Cuba Pedro Pablo Cazañas daga cikin attajiran dangin Cazañas na masu filaye na yankin Matanzas. Kakar Marta ita ce mai son jama'a kuma mai arziki Enriqueta García Martín de Cazañas . Yawancin tarbiyyar Marta da 'yan'uwanta sun faru ne a gidajen iyalan Buena Vista da Dos Rosas a yankin Cárdenas ta hannun Varadero . Dangane da zuriyar mahaifinta, Marta ta fito ne daga dangin Peraza da Bobadilla na ƙasar Spain. Ɗan'uwan Marta, Eduardo Enrique Cazañas Díaz, shi ne mutum na farko a cikin danginsu da ya isa Amurka a shekarar 1959, inda ya zauna a Rhode Island da Florida. Yayin da Yaƙin Vietnam ya tsananta a cikin shekarun 1960, ya shiga rundunar sojojin Amurka da son rai tare da matsayin SP-4, ƙwararren mai binciken makamai. <ref name="Vietnam Memorial">{{Cite web |title=THE WALL OF FACES |url=http://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/8544/EDWARDO-E-CAZANAS-DIAZ/ |website=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund}}</ref> Ya mutu a yaƙi a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1967, yana da shekaru 22. A matsayinsa na ɗan gudun hijira ɗan ƙasar Cuba kuma ɗan Pedro Pablo Cazañas, an ba da labarin mutuwarsa a kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ingilishi da Sifaniya, ciki har da ''Diario Las Americas'' . <ref name="Eduardo Cazanas article">{{Cite web |title=For adopted country: Cuban Gives Life |url=https://www.vvmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cazanas-Diasz-Edwardo-obit.jpg |website=www.vvmf.org |publisher=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund}}</ref> Ya karɓi Purple Heart bayan mutuwarsa saboda ayyukansa kuma an haɗa shi cikin Taron Tunawa da Tsoffin Sojojin Vietnam a Washington DC <ref name="Vietnam Memorial" /> <ref>{{cite news |date=March 14, 1973 |title=Housing Official Quits And Joins Miami Firm |url=https://miamiherald.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:114CF48AE24B9638@NGPA-FLMH-15FAA3F448E80B99@2441756-15F95C85C0915E01@27-15F95C85C0915E01@?search_terms=Jesus+Permuy&text=Jesus_Permuy&pub%5B0%5D=114CF48AE24B9638&page=1 |accessdate=October 8, 2018 |work=The Miami Herald |page=12BW}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref> Yayin da yake renon 'ya'yanta, Marta za ta shirya tafiye-tafiyen iyali na Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwa ta shekara-shekara zuwa wurin tunawa da shi a Fort Lauderdale, Florida . <ref name="Obituary"/> Marta ta kasance surukar sanannen likitan kwakwalwa, marubuci, kuma shugaban Agrupación Católica Universitaria René de la Huerta (1920-2003) ta hanyar aurensa da 'yar'uwarta Raquel.[1] Saboda haka Marta mahaifiyar marubuciya ce kuma jagoran ruhaniya Christian de la Huerta, ɗansu. Marta ta haifi 'ya'ya bakwai a lokacin aurenta da Jesús Permuy . Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansu maza shine Pedro Pablo Permuy, tsohon babban mai ba da shawara ga [[Madeleine Albright]] kuma daga baya [[Bill Clinton|Shugaba Bill Clinton]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu . <ref>{{cite news |date=March 14, 1973 |title=Housing Official Quits And Joins Miami Firm |url=https://miamiherald.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:114CF48AE24B9638@NGPA-FLMH-15FAA3F448E80B99@2441756-15F95C85C0915E01@27-15F95C85C0915E01@?search_terms=Jesus+Permuy&text=Jesus_Permuy&pub%5B0%5D=114CF48AE24B9638&page=1 |accessdate=October 8, 2018 |work=The Miami Herald |page=12BW}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref> Ita kuma goggon mama ce ga wanda ya kafa MasTec Jorge Mas Canosa ta hanyar auren 'yarta. <ref name="Miami's Community Newspapers">{{Cite web |date=October 2018 |title=Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute Jesús Permuy |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/coral-gables-news/ros-lehtinen-other-community-leaders-salute-jesus-permuy/ |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community News}}</ref> 'Ya'yanta sun ci gaba da himma a fannin fasaha a matsayin masu tattara fasaha da masu tallafawa kuma jikokinta sun haɗa da masu fasaha, masu kula da fasaha, da masu suka. <ref name="Congressional Record page"/> <ref name="The Crow's Nest">{{Cite web |last=Moore Jr |first=Michael |date=May 2, 2019 |title=Student leaves colorful legacy on campus – The Crow's Nest at USF St. Petersburg |url=https://crowsneststpete.com/2019/05/02/student-leaves-colorful-legacy-on-campus/}}</ref> <ref name="Florida State University">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Sculpture 1 Students Show New Work at MoFA |url=https://art.fsu.edu/sculpture-1-students-show-new-work-at-mofa/ |website=www.art.fsu.edu |publisher=Florida State University Department of Art |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114123938/https://art.fsu.edu/sculpture-1-students-show-new-work-at-mofa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="CAI Salinas review">{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |date=3 August 2022 |title=Baruj Salinas: A Focus on the Infinite |url=https://www.contemporaryartissue.com/baruj-salinas-a-focus-on-the-infinite/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=www.contemporaryartissue.com |publisher=Contemporary Art Issue, 2022}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Fasahar Cuba * Fasaha ta Latin Amurka * 'Yan Cuba a Miami == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5uojjzxjopv0lr58nohelo769ng0o1g 0 139992 862637 816387 2026-06-21T08:01:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mildred Louise Hemmons Carter''' (1921–2011) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka sami lasisin tuƙi ta hanyar Shirin Horar da Matukin Jirgin Sama na Farar Hula, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta fara tuƙi a [[Alabama]] . Duk da cewa an hana ta shiga Tuskegee Airmen da Women Air Force Service Pilots, an ayyana ta a matsayin memba a hukumance a cikin duka biyun a rayuwa. == Yarinta == An haifi Carter Mildred Louise Hemmons a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1921 ga Mamie da Luther Hemmons. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Col. Roosevelt J. |title=Mildred Carter takes final flight |url=http://www.thetuskegeenews.com/news/mildred-carter-takes-final-flight/article_baf22fc9-1afd-50fa-a397-df902d82c59b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901002719/http://www.thetuskegeenews.com/news/mildred-carter-takes-final-flight/article_baf22fc9-1afd-50fa-a397-df902d82c59b.html |archive-date=2019-09-01 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=The Tuskegee News via. Internet Archive}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta ita ce mai kula da gidan waya na garin, yayin da mahaifinta shi ne shugaban injin yanka katako. An haife ta a Benson, Alabama, ta zauna a Tuskegee na ɗan lokaci kafin iyalinta su koma Enfield, North Carolina . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brick Rural Life School (Bricks, N. Car.) {{!}} Amistad Research Center |url=http://amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&id=67 |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu |archive-date=2020-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021015226/http://amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&id=67 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A can, mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kasuwanci na Kwalejin Bricks Junior mai launin baƙi. <ref name=":0" /> Bayan an rufe makarantar a lokacin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci]], dangin Hemmons sun ƙaura zuwa Holly Springs, Mississippi . Carter ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Holly Springs yana da shekaru goma sha biyar. <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki da aure == === Ilimi da horon matukan jirgi === Bayan iyalinta suka koma Tuskegee, Carter ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Tuskegee, inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin kasuwanci. <ref name=":0"/> Ta yi aiki a wani ofishi da ke sarrafa aikace-aikacen neman shiga Jami'ar Tuskegee na Shirin Horar da Matukin Jirgi na Farar Hula (CPTP) . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mildred Carter: Tuskegee Airwoman |url=http://www.alabamaheritage.com/8/post/2019/06/mildred-carter-tuskegee-airwoman.html |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=Alabama Heritage |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Carter ta nemi shiga shirin da kanta, amma da farko an ƙi ta saboda ba ta cika shekara goma sha takwas ba. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Dream of Wings :: World War II :: Tuskegee Airmen :: Lest We Forget |url=http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC435D-A1F8-161B-AEA75C6150D147D7 |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=lestweforget.hamptonu.edu |archive-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818020357/http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC435D-A1F8-161B-AEA75C6150D147D7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta sake neman shiga kuma aka karɓe ta. <ref name=":2" /> Carter ta kammala karatunta da ajin farko na Tuskegee na horar da CPTP. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=And There Were Women – Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/tuai/and-there-were-women.htm |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1941, ta sami takardar shaidar matukin jirginta na sirri, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko bakar fata matukin jirgi a Alabama. <ref name=":0"/> Ta fara tuka jirgin Piper J-3 Cub da ta yi haya a makarantar. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1"/> Watan bayan ta sami takardar shaidarta, Carter ta haɗu da Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], wacce ke ziyartar Tuskegee don nuna goyon baya ga matukan jirgin. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Drash |first=Wayne |date=22 January 2012 |title=A midair courtship: Tuskegee's historic love story |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/22/us/tuskegee-airmen-first-couple/index.html |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=CNN}}</ref> Carter ya tuna cewa "Mrs. Roosevelt tana da kirki sosai; na yi magana da mutane." <ref name=":1"/> === Hulɗa da Herbert Carter === Mildred ta fara haɗuwa da Herbert Carter a shekarar 1939 lokacin da suka haɗu a harabar Tuskegee. <ref name=":4"/> Daga baya Herbert ya ce nan take ya yi sha'awarta, amma ba shi da kwarin gwiwar tambayarta ranar da za ta yi soyayya. <ref name=":4" /> Daga ƙarshe ya nemi ta yi rawa a harabar jami'a bayan ya ji cewa, kamar shi, an yi mata rajista a CPTP. <ref name=":4" /> Ba a bar Herbert, ɗan kadet a aji 42-F na Tuskegee Airmen, [1] ya bar sansanin sojojin sama ko kuma ya yi soyayya da wasu ɗaliban Tuskegee a lokacin horonsa ba. [2] A ƙarshen mako, zai shirya ya hau jirgin sama don "duba jirgin sama" ya kuma haɗu da Mildred, tana tashi da jirginta da ta yi haya, a kan Tafkin Martin. [2] Ma'auratan za su yi ta hannu da sumba yayin da suke wucewa ta gaban juna. [3] Bayan Herbert ya kammala horonsa na ɗan kadet, an yi aure a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 1942 a cocin Sojojin Sama na Tuskegee . [3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] swiz566xk6i78g17dsrgrzq4fd9d1xr 0 140354 862820 793984 2026-06-21T10:39:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862820 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Abdulbasit''' (Arabic) (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Emirati . A halin yanzu yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Al-Nasr . <ref name="agleague">{{Cite web |last=XS Studios |title=محمد عبد الباسط |url=http://uae.agleague.ae/ar/players/details.html?player_id=21615 |access-date=2016-05-23 |publisher=uae.agleague.ae |archive-date=2016-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623072851/http://uae.agleague.ae/ar/players/details.html?player_id=21615 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == Mohammed Abdulbasit ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Emirati wanda aka haife shi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa . Dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta Al-Ahli, ya shiga lokacin da yake da shekaru 10. ==== Ajman (rashin kuɗi) ==== A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18 ya koma Ajman a kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni shida a shekarar 2014, inda ya fara buga wasan farko da na Arabian Gulf League a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2014, a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Al Jazira . Kocin Ajman Abdulwahab Abdulqadir ya yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen tayar da tawagar da ke neman taken, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin da kulob din ya ƙare wasan 11 ba tare da nasara ba. Dan wasan tsakiya zai nuna sau bakwai yayin da Ajman ya gama 10th a yakin 2013-14. === Al Wahda (2014-19) === A watan Satumba na 2014, Abdulbasit ya koma kulob din Al Wahda na Abu Dhabi a matsayin wani bangare na yarjejeniyar da ta bai wa mai tsaron baya Essa Santo damar komawa akasin Al Ahli. A Wahda ne matashin ya fara bunkasa. Ya fara buga gasarsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun tsohuwar kungiyarsa Al Ahli a ranar 15 ga Disamba, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 86. Ya fara buga gasar gaba daya da Al Nasr, inda ya buga mintuna 90 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-0. Ya buga wasa mai kyau a sauran kakar wasa yayin da Al Wahda ta kare a matsayi na hudu a kakar wasa ta 2014-15. A kakar wasa ta 2015–16, Abdulbasit ya taka rawar gani yayin da Al Wahda ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun AFC ta hanyar zama ta uku. An kuma nada su a matsayin zakarun gasar Gulf ta Larabawa bayan sun doke Al Shabab da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe, Abdulbasit ya buga wasan karshe yayin da kungiyar ta kawo karshen jiran shekaru hudu na lashe kofi. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Abdulbasit ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a cikin 'yan wasa 11 na farko kuma zai ci gaba da jin dadin samun nasara tare da Clarets. Ya fara buga gasar zakarun AFC a wasan da suka yi da kungiyar Al Wihdat ta Jordan a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2017, sannan ya lashe kyautarsa ​​ta biyu yayin da Wahda ya doke Al Nasr da ci 3-0 don lashe gasar cin kofin shugaban kasar UAE. An ci gaba da samun ƙarin kofuna a gasar 2017–18, inda Clarets ta lashe gasar Arab Gulf Super Cup a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya ya fara nasara da ci 2-0 a kan abokin hamayyarsa na Abu Dhabi Al Jazira kafin a maye gurbinsa a minti na 76, inda aka tabbatar da kofin. Abdulbasit ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar Arab Gulf Cup, inda ya zura ƙwallo daga waje da filin wasa a wasan da Wahda ta doke Emirates Club da ci 4-2. Abin takaicin da ya yi na rashin nasarar lashe gasar, Wahda ya kare a matsayi na biyu a kan zakarun Al Ain, ya samu ɗan sauƙi sakamakon bugun ƙwallo biyu a gasar gida, inda ya buga dukkan mintuna 90 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Al Wasl da ci 2-1 a wasan ƙarshe na gasar Arab Gulf Cup..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An sake lashe gasar cin kofin Gulf Super Cup a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 bayan fafatawa mai zafi da Al Ain. Abdulbasit ya buga cikakken 90, tare da karin lokaci yayin da wasan ya kare da ci 3-3 kuma an yanke hukunci a kan bugun fenariti, inda Wahda ta lashe 4-3 a bugun fenariti. Clarets ta kare a matsayi na uku a gasar Gulf League ta Larabawa, maki 13 bayan zakara Sharjah, wanda ke nufin cancantar shiga gasar cancantar shiga gasar zakarun AFC..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Sharjah (2019-25) === Kafin kakar wasa ta 2019-20, Abdulbasit ya koma Sharjah, zakaran gasar Gulf League ta Larabawa, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku kuma ya fara wasa a King da wani nasarar lashe gasar Gulf Super Cup yayin da wadanda suka lashe gasar suka doke kungiyar Shabab Al Ahli Dubai Club a bugun fenariti. Ya buga wasanni 14 a kakar wasa ta farko ta AGL a kungiyar kafin a soke kakar wasa ta 2019-20 saboda annobar COVID-19. === Al-Nasr (2025-) === Kafin kakar 2025-26, Abdulbasit ya sauya zuwa Al-Nasr mai mulki don wanda ba a bayyana shi ba kyauta. == Daraja == === Kungiyar === ; Al Wahda * Kofin Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa: 2016-172016–17 * Kofin League na UAE: 2015-16, 2017-182017–18 * Kofin Super na UAE: 2017, 2018 ; Sharjah * Kofin Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa: 2021-22, 2022-232022–23 * Kofin League na UAE: 2022-23 * Kofin Super na UAE: 2019, 2022 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta AFC Biyu: 2024-252024–25 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|mohammed-abdulbasit/297743}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 05l2zc2rmyxbk5pxf3qv8k68af417o9 0 142427 862629 801474 2026-06-21T07:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michelle Anne O'Byrne''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Maris 1968) 'yar siyasa ce ta Australiya da ke wakiltar Jam'iyyar Labour kuma daga 2024 zuwa 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Tasmanian . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Tasmanian Parliament elects Michelle O’Byrne as new speaker in uncontested vote |url=https://pulsetasmania.com.au/news/michelle-obyrne-tipped-to-take-over-speaker-role-from-mark-shelton-in-new-parliament/ |website=Pulse Tasmania}}</ref> An zaɓi O'Byrne a zaɓen jiha na 2006 zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Tasmanian a sashin Bass . Kafin zaɓenta a majalisar jiha, ta kasance 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya daga 1998 zuwa 2004, tana wakiltar Sashen Bass . Tun daga 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakadiya kan Daidaiton Jinsi a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki ta tarayya. A cikin Zaben jihar Tasmania na 2024, O'Byrne ita ce dan takara na biyu mafi nasara a fadin jihar don Jam'iyyar Labor, ta sami 0.95 a cikin haƙƙinta a cikin fifiko na farko shi kaɗai, wanda kawai ya fi jagoran lokacin, Rebecca White.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Lyons - TAS Electorate, Candidates, Results |url=https://abc.net.au/news/elections/tas/2024/guide/lyon |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=abc.net.au |language=en-AU |archive-date=2024-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412130736/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/tas/2024/guide/lyon |url-status=dead }}</ref> O'Byrne ta sanar da ritayar ta daga majalisa a zaben jihar na 2025. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi O'Byrne a [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]], Tasmania, jikokin tsohon Sanata na Labor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai, Justin O'Bylon . Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Tasmania a shekarar 1992, tare da digiri na farko a cikin Nazarin Gaba ɗaya . Ta kasance mai shirya Liquor, Hospitality da Miscellaneous Union, kuma jami'in zaɓe ga Sanata Kerry O'Brien kafin ta shiga siyasa. == Dan majalisa na Tarayya don Bass == Ta lashe kujerar tarayya ta Bass a shekarar 1998 (da kuri'u 78), kuma a shekarar 2001, amma abokin hamayyarta na Liberal Michael Ferguson ya ci ta a Zaben 2004. Mutane da yawa sun sanya wannan don damuwa game da asarar ayyukan gandun daji a karkashin manufofin muhalli na Labor, wanda ke da damar yin mummunar tasiri ga masu jefa kuri'a na O'Byrne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2004 |title=Bass notes sounding mournful for incumbent |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/bass-notes-sounding-mournful-for-incumbent-20041008-gdjvoj.html}}</ref> == Memba na Jiha don Bass == Bayan fiye da shekara guda daga siyasa, O'Byrne ya gudu a matsayin dan takarar Labour a Zaben jihar na 2006 kuma an zabe shi cikin sauƙi don kujerar jihar Bass, wanda ke rufe yankin daya da kujerar tarayya. Ta hau kan zaben a cikin masu jefa kuri'a guda biyar, inda ta samu kashi 23.3% na abubuwan da aka fi so na farko, ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa Bass ita ce kadai wurin zama da za ta yi rikodin sauyawa ga Labour. Har zuwa nasarar da aka yi wa gwamnatin Labor a Zaben jihar na 2014, ta yi aiki a majalisar ministocin Tasmania a matsayin Ministan Lafiya, Yara da Wasanni da Nishaɗi. Ta yi aiki a cikin majalisa tare da ɗan'uwanta David O'Byrne, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan da suka yi aiki a majalisa tare a ko'ina cikin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle O'Byrne |url=http://www.premier.tas.gov.au/cabinet/michelle_obyrne |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325144327/http://www.premier.tas.gov.au/cabinet/michelle_obyrne |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=2012-03-23 |website=Lara Giddings: Premier of Tasmania}}</ref> Kafin Zaben 2010, O'Byrne ya kasance Ministan Muhalli, Gidajen shakatawa, Tarihi da Fasaha, Ministan Yawon Bude Ido da Ministan Wasanni da Nishaɗi a gwamnatin Bartlett. Bayan shekaru 17 a majalisar dokokin jihar, O'Byrne ta sanar a watan Yunin 2025 ba za ta nemi zaben don takara a Zaben jihar Tasmania na 2025 "ko ya kasance cikin makonni ko watanni masu zuwa" <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=Labor’s Michelle O’Byrne announces retirement from parliament after 28 years |url=https://pulsetasmania.com.au/news/labors-michelle-obyrne-announces-retirement-from-parliament-after-28-years/# |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=Pulse Tasmania}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] 4ynprcxyfma1isy903hhhj6s8mvghgc 0 146883 862560 836521 2026-06-21T05:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862560 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Megawati binti Dato Paduka Haji Manan''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce ta Brunei kuma tana riƙe da muƙamin jakada mai girma ta [[Brunei]] a [[Filipin|Philippines]] tun daga shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of Brunei Darussalam in Manila, Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/Pages/directoryofmissionabroad_Philippines.aspx |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=28 February 2023 - HIS MAJESTY THE SULTAN AND YANG DI-PERTUAN OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM PRESENTS AND RECEIVES LETTERS OF CREDENCE FOR NEWLY APPOINTED ENVOYS |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/News%20Headlines/NDispForm.aspx?ID=289&Source=/Lists/News%20Headlines/News%20Highlights.aspx |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ita ce shugabar Brunei a Majalisar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki ta Pacific (PECC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member committees - Pacific Economic Cooperation Council |url=https://www.pecc.org/state-of-the-region-reports/277-2018-2019/825-member-committees |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.pecc.org}}</ref> == Aikin diflomasiyya == Megawati ya riƙe muƙaman Ko'odinetan Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Kasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) Connectivity 2025 Masterplan, gwamnan Brunei Darussalam a kwamitin gwamnonin Asusun Asiya-Turai (ASEF), da kuma darektan Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. A lokacin wani biki da aka gudanar a ɗakin liyafa na Fadar Malacañang a ranar 23 ga Maris 2023, Shugaba Bongbong Marcos ya karɓi wasiƙun shaidar zama jakadan Brunei Darussalam a Philippines . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Presentation of Credentials: Ambassador of Brunei Darussalam to the Philippines |url=https://rtvm.gov.ph/presentation-of-credentials-ambassador-of-brunei-darussalam-to-the-philippines/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=rtvm.gov.ph |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926031054/https://rtvm.gov.ph/presentation-of-credentials-ambassador-of-brunei-darussalam-to-the-philippines/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=PRESIDENT MARCOS RECEIVES NEW AMBASSADOR OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM TO THE PHILIPPINES |url=https://bruneipe.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/embassy-news/606-president-marcos-receives-new-ambassador-of-brunei-darussalam-to-the-philippines |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=bruneipe.dfa.gov.ph}}</ref> A lokacin tattaunawarsu ta watan Yulin 2023 a sansanin Aguinaldo, Gilbert Teodoro da Megawati sun nuna godiyarsu ga kusancin dangantakar tsaro tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda ziyarar Delfin Lorenzana a Brunei a shekarar 2022 da kuma shirye-shiryen tattaunawa a karkashin taron ministocin tsaro na ASEAN (ADMM) suka nuna. Megawati da tawagar Brunei sun halarci taron hadin gwiwa na 3 na hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu (JCBC) wanda aka gudanar a Metro Manila a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Philippines and Brunei Darussalam Convene Third Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation Meeting |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/33168-philippines-and-brunei-darussalam-convene-third-joint-commission-for-bilateral-cooperation-meeting |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=dfa.gov.ph }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Farm Konekt ta sanar da fadada zuwa Brunei a ranar 23 ga Agusta, da nufin taimaka wa kananan manoma samun damar shiga kasuwa yayin da take sauƙaƙa samun damar shiga tsarin [[halal]] na Brunei ga Philippines ta hanyar taimakon fasaha da tallafin Megawati kan manufofin kasashen biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=Palawan-based Agritech Startup Forays into Brunei Darussalam |url=https://bimp-eaga.asia/article/palawan-based-agritech-startup-forays-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=bimp-eaga.asia}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, Cibiyar Asiya a Jami'ar Philippines Diliman (UPD) ta yi maraba da ita don goyon bayan kokarin da jami'ar ke yi na bunkasa kasashen duniya, inda ta kasance ziyara ta farko da jakadan Brunei a UPD ya kai tare da nuna sha'awar ofishin jakadancin na kulla kawancen cibiyoyi kafin cika shekaru 40 da huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin Brunei da Philippines a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=UP Asian Center welcomed Brunei Ambassador to PH at AC |url=https://www.ac.upd.edu.ph/index.php/news-announcements/3278-up-asian-center-welcomed-brunei-ambassador-to-ph-at-ac |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.ac.upd.edu.ph}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2024, Megawati ta shirya wani taron cin abinci a babban dakin rawa na Dusit Thani Manila da ake kira Mayuree Grand Ballroom domin tunawa da cika shekaru 40 da ranar kasa ta Brunei Darussalam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Celebrating the 40th anniversary of the National Day of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/3/12/celebrating-the-40th-anniversary-of-the-national-day-of-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=mb.com.ph}}</ref> Daga baya a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, Megawati da mijinta sun yi bikin shayi mai zafi a gidan jakadan domin girmama [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] . Tare da abokan hulɗa da abokan ofishin jakadancin Brunei, masu masaukin baki Robin Padilla sun haɗu da su a wurin taron, sauran jakadu daga ofisoshin jakadanci daban-daban suma sun halarta. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=High tea reception to celebrate Eid al-Fitr |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/25/high-tea-reception-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=mb.com.ph |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Megawati diyar shugaban Makarantar Koperasi Security Officer Training School (KOPRI) ce, Dato Paduka Haji Manan bin Osman. <ref>{{Cite web |last=James Kon |date=2017-07-14 |title=23 KOPRI security personnel complete training |url=https://borneo363.rssing.com/chan-61976226/article3507.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=borneo363.rssing.com}}</ref> A cikin 1994, ta auri Kanar (Mai Ritaya) Rahman @ Abdul Rahman bin Haji Durahman (an haife shi 13 Satumba 1970), tsohon matukin jirgi a Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Royal Brunei (RBAirF). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=High tea reception to celebrate Eid al-Fitr |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/25/high-tea-reception-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=mb.com.ph |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/25/high-tea-reception-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr "High tea reception to celebrate Eid al-Fitr"]. ''mb.com.ph''. 25 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Su ne iyaye ga yarinya da ɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Commander Royal Brunei Air Force |url=https://www.mindef.gov.bn/airforce/SitePages/Deputy%20Commander%20Royal%20Brunei%20Air%20Force.aspx |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.mindef.gov.bn |archive-date=2024-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428033421/https://www.mindef.gov.bn/airforce/SitePages/Deputy%20Commander%20Royal%20Brunei%20Air%20Force.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] suw16veiwyrrsxrh4sjyzfrwdc51yow 0 146921 862039 816906 2026-06-20T13:30:53Z Merjoor 14653 862039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Noor Qamar binti Haji Sulaiman''' ma'aikaciyar gwamnati ce kuma diflomasiyya ' yar ƙasar Brunei, wacce a yanzu haka ita ce babbar kwamishina a Brunei a Jamhuriyar Singapore tun daga shekarar 2024. Ta kasance wakiliyar dindindin ta Brunei a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) a [[New York (birni)|New York]] daga shekara ta 2019 zuwa 2024, kuma babbar kwamishina ce a [[New Zealand]] daga shekara ta 1992 zuwa 1994. == Ilimi == Noor Qamar ta kammala karatunta na digiri a jami'ar Brunei Darussalam (UBD) tare da yin digiri na farko a fannin gudanarwa da manufofin jama'a . == Aikin diflomasiyya == Noor Qamar ta taɓa aiki a ofishin [[Gimbiya Masna ta Brunei|Gimbiya Masna]], Jakadiya mai girma a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje . Tsakanin Maris 2006 zuwa lokacin da aka ba ta aikinta na baya-bayan nan, ta riƙe mukamai da dama, na baya-bayan nan shine babban jami'in ayyuka na musamman. Ta kasance sakatare ta farko daga Janairu 2002 har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta jami'ar ayyuka na musamman a watan Maris 2004 zuwa Maris 2006. Ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Ƙasashen Waje a watan Disamba 1999 a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktan yarjejeniya da kuma jakada kafin a naɗa ta a wannan matsayin. <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=New Permanent Representative of Brunei Darussalam Presents Credentials |url=https://press.un.org/en/2019/bio5181.doc.htm#:~:text=Noor%20Qamar%20Sulaiman,%20the%20new,the%20Ministry%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs. |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=press.un.org |archive-date=2023-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115025245/https://press.un.org/en/2019/bio5181.doc.htm#:~:text=Noor%20Qamar%20Sulaiman,%20the%20new,the%20Ministry%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Noor Qamar a ƙasashen waje a baya shine yin aiki a matsayin sakatare na biyu a Ofishin Jakadancin Dindindin da ke [[New York (birni)|New York]] daga 1994 zuwa 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/usa-newyork/SitePages/chancery.aspx.aspx |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn}}</ref> Daga 1992 zuwa 1994, ta yi aiki a matsayin wacce ba 'yar ƙasarta ba ce a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin ƙasarta da ke New Zealand. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=New Permanent Representative of Brunei Darussalam Presents Credentials |url=https://press.un.org/en/2019/bio5181.doc.htm#:~:text=Noor%20Qamar%20Sulaiman,%20the%20new,the%20Ministry%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs. |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=press.un.org |archive-date=2023-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115025245/https://press.un.org/en/2019/bio5181.doc.htm#:~:text=Noor%20Qamar%20Sulaiman,%20the%20new,the%20Ministry%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs. |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2019, [[Al-Muhtadee Billah|Yarima Al-Muhtadee Billah]] ya karbi bakuncin sabbin wakilan kasashen waje da na Bruneiya. Daga cikin na farko akwai Noor Qamar, wakilin dindindin na Brunei Darussalam a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-17 |title=Crown Prince grants audience to envoys |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/crown-prince-grants-audience-to-envoys-2/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711205610/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/crown-prince-grants-audience-to-envoys-2/ |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn}}</ref> Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[António Guterres]] ya karbi takardar shaidar Noor Qamar, sabon wakilin Brunei Darussalam na dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu. <ref name=":0"/> A ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2020, Brunei da gwamnatin Rwanda sun kulla huldar diflomasiyya, tare da Noor Qamar ya wakilci gwamnatin Brunei, kuma Valentine Rugwabiza ya wakilci Rwanda. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2021, Noor Qamar ta ba ta kwafin takardun shaidarta a matsayin jakadun ƙasashensu da aka naɗa a Gwamnatin Cuba ga Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Wajen Cuba . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations |date=2021-05-12 |title=New Ambassadors present Copies of Credentials that accredit them as ambassadors to the Cuban government |url=https://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/en/articulo/new-ambassadors-present-copies-credentials-accredit-them-ambassadors-cuban-government-0 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=misiones.cubaminrex.cu |language=en}}</ref> Sultan ya ba da wasiƙun amincewa ga Noor Qamar, babban kwamishina da Brunei ta naɗa kwanan nan a Singapore, a Istana Nurul Iman a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=HIS MAJESTY THE SULTAN AND YANG DI-PERTUAN OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM PRESENTS AND RECEIVES LETTERS OF CREDENCE FOR NEWLY-APPOINTED ENVOYS |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/News%20Headlines/NDispForm.aspx?ID=304 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> == Daraja == A tsawon aikinta, ta sami kyaututtuka kamar haka; * [[Fayil:Third_Class_of_the_Order_of_Setia_Negara_Brunei_(SNB).svg|50x50px]] Oda na Setia Negara Brunei aji na uku (SNB; 15 Yuli 2017) <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Saerah Haji Abd. Ghani |date=2017-02-28 |title=Penganugerahan Pingat-Pingat Kehormatan Negara suntik semangat penerima |url=https://issuu.com/pacisasak/docs/pelita_brunei_-_rabu_01_mac_2017/4 |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Pelita Brunei |page=4 |language=ms |archive-date=2024-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530162647/https://issuu.com/pacisasak/docs/pelita_brunei_-_rabu_01_mac_2017/4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f7gi4voyar47nr5a4uuxi7p2xwtk5n2 0 147159 862523 816642 2026-06-21T00:39:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mary M'Mukindia MBS (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya a masana'antar man fetur, wacce ta kasance Shugaba na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Kenya (NOCK) daga 2003 zuwa 2008. A cikin shekara ta 2015, manyan jaridu da yawa sun haɗa ta da cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2013 na [[Martha Karua]], amma shari'ar kotu ta biyo baya ta gano waɗannan zarge-zargen da rashin gaskiya ne. Ya zuwa 2018, tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma kocin jagoranci. == Rayuwa == An haifi Mary Kimotho M'Mukindia a watan Yulin shekara ta 1957. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] . Ta shiga masana'antar mai da iskar gas, tana aiki a matsayin mai zartarwa ga ExxonMobil a Kenya da Ingila. Ta kasance memba mai kafa kuma Janar Manajan farko na Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Gabashin Afirka (PIEA). Ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar sadarwa ta Mwai Kibaki kuma bayan an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Kenya a shekara ta 2003, ya nada ta Shugaba na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Kenya (NOCK), a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarinsa na nada ƙwararrun masana zuwa mukaman gudanarwa na jihar. A cikin wannan rawar ta yi amfani da alakarta da Kibaki don gina sashen binciken mai da gas na NOCK. NOCK ta fara shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye na tallace-tallace na kasashen waje da halartar manyan taron masana'antu na duniya. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar sha'awar masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje a cikin man fetur da iskar gas na Kenya. M'Mukindia ya yi murabus daga NOCK a shekara ta 2008, bisa zargin rashin jin daɗi game da nadin siyasa ga kwamitin NOCK da kuma asarar NOCK damar samun kudaden gwamnati. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran of the Burning Spear a shekara ta 2007. Ta kasance tare da [[Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|UNEP]], tana aiki don Hadin gwiwar Tsabtace Fuels da Motoci daga 2007 zuwa 2012. Ta kasance abokiyar ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa Njenga Karume . Kafin ya mutu daga ciwon daji a 2013 ya kafa Gidauniyar Njenga Karume wacce aka tsara don gudanar da gadonsa. An zaɓi kwamitin amintattu don gudanar da waɗannan abubuwan da suka biyo baya suka nada M'Mukinda [1] zuwa kwamitin Jacaranda Holdings a watan Oktoba 2012. A cikin 2013 [[Martha Karua]], tsohuwar ministan shari'a, ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don zama Shugaban Kenya kuma M'Mukindia ta kasance mai ba da shawara game da kamfen din kuma mai tara kuɗi a kamfen dinta. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015 Karua ta yarda da karbar "kyauta" miliyoyin fam ga kudin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa daga British American Tobacco. Karua ta ce ta yi tunanin cewa gudummawar da Paul Hopkins, ma'aikacin BAT, bayarwa ce ta mutum. An biya kuɗin bisa ga Karua ta hanyar M'Mukindia. An yi zargin cewa an ba da kuɗin ne don samun cikakkun bayanai game da fasahar da Kenya za ta yi amfani da ita don gano shigo da taba ba bisa ka'ida ba. M'Mukindia, a cikin shari'ar farar hula ta 5 na 2016, ta kai karar kungiyar watsa labarai ta Nation don cin mutunci kuma a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2017, an ba shi lambar yabo ta gaba ɗaya, mai tsanani, da kuma mummunar lalacewar da ake tuhuma ta yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma yayin da kotun ta gano cewa littafin ba gaskiya ba ne kuma ya aikata ta hanyar mugunta a bangaren wadanda ake tuhumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil Case 5 of 2016 - Kenya Law |url=http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/145394 |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=kenyalaw.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090233/http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/145394 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A sakamakon abin kunya, M'Mukindia ta yi murabus daga kwamitin daraktocin Unga Group a watan Afrilu 2016, amma ta ci gaba a matsayin memba na kwamitin Hukumar Haraji ta Kenya har zuwa ƙarshen wa'adin ta a watan Agusta 2016. Ya zuwa 2018, tana tallata kanta a matsayin Kocin Shugaba, Mai ba da shawara kan Kasuwanci da Mai horar da Shugaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=M'Mukindia |first=Mary |date=3 May 2018 |title=Mary M'Mukindia |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mary-m-mukindia-2a318133/ |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fo32qew7z3jyk1cf8tvcu1l6w8dtkjz 0 147218 862489 828591 2026-06-20T23:01:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862489 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Martha Skelton Jefferson''' ( <nowiki><i id="mwEQ">wanda aka fi sani da</i></nowiki> '''Wayles''' ; 30 ga Oktoba, 1748 - 6 ga Satumba, 1782) ita ce matar [[Thomas Jefferson]] daga 1772 har zuwa rasuwarta a 1782. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Virginia a lokacin mulkin Jefferson a matsayin gwamna daga 1779 zuwa 1781. Ta mutu a 1782, shekaru 19 kafin ya zama shugaban kasa . <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Gaye |date=October 10, 1998 |title=Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/martha-wayles-skelton-jefferson |access-date=January 2, 2020 |website=www.monticello.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies">{{Cite web |last=George Bush White House (Archives) |title=Biography of Martha Jefferson |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/mj3.html |access-date=January 2, 2020 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> Daga cikin 'ya'ya shida da Thomas da Martha suka haifa, biyu ne kawai suka tsira har zuwa lokacin girma, Martha da Mary . Martha ta mutu watanni huɗu bayan haihuwar ɗanta na ƙarshe. [1] Wasikun ma'auratan ga juna sun ƙone, kodayake ba a san su ba, kuma Thomas ba kasafai yake magana game da ita ba, don haka har yanzu tana da wani irin sihiri. [2] (Hakazalika, Jefferson bai yi magana sosai game da mahaifiyarsa, Jane Randolph Jefferson ba.) [3] [lower-alpha 1] A matsayinsa na bazawara, Thomas yana da dangantaka mai tsawo da 'ya'ya tare da 'yar'uwar Martha, Sally Hemings, wata mace da aka yi wa bauta wadda take da kashi uku cikin huɗu na 'ya'yanta farar fata. [1] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Martha Wayles a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1748 (OS 19 ga Oktoba, 1748), ita ce kaɗai 'ya da ta rage da aka haifa wa Martha Eppes Wayles (1721–1748) da John Wayles (1715–1773), <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ"/> kusa da Colonial Williamsburg <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies"/> a gundumar Charles City, Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Forest |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/forest |access-date=January 2, 2020 |website=www.monticello.org |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifiyar Martha, Martha Eppes Wayles, ta taɓa haihuwar tagwaye a shekarar 1746, amma babu wanda ya tsira; yarinyar ta mutu kuma yaron ya mutu sa'o'i bayan haihuwarsa. <ref name="Monticello - JW" /> An yi wa Martha laƙabi da "Patsy". Mahaifin Martha John ɗan [[Lancaster]] ne wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Masarautun Goma Sha Uku wanda ke aiki a matsayin lauya kuma mai wadata a shuka da kuma [[Bauta a Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka|dillalin bayi]] . Bugu da ƙari, wakili ne na kamfanin Farrell da Jones da ke [[Bristol]], yana gudanar da ayyuka kamar tattara bashi a madadinsu. <ref name="Monticello - JW">{{Cite web |last=Berkes |first=Anna |date=November 12, 2007 |title=John Wayles |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/john-wayles |access-date=December 31, 2019 |website=www.monticello.org |language=en}}</ref> Martha Eppes Wayles 'yar Francis Eppes ce, wani mazaunin Bermuda Daruruwan, <ref name="Monticello - JW" /> wani tsohon mulkin mallaka na Virginia da aka kafa a bakin Kogin Appomattox . Duk da cewa ba a san komai game da rayuwar Martha Eppes Wayles ba, tana da sha'awar littattafai masu kyau, kamar littafin da ta fi so, ''Tristram Shandy'' da ''Les Aventures de Télémaque .'' (Sigar littafinta mai suna ''The Adventures of Telemachus'', ta ƙunshi sa hannunta a shafin taken littafin kuma tana nan a [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Congress]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sowerby Catalogue Volume IV : page 434 |url=http://tjlibraries.monticello.org/transcripts/sowerby/IV_434.html |access-date=January 2, 2020 |website=tjlibraries.monticello.org}}</ref> Martha Wayles tana da uwaye biyu, waɗanda ba su daɗe da yin aure bayan aurensu da John Wayles, kuma ta wurin uwar miji ɗaya, tana da 'yan'uwa mata huɗu. <ref name="Monticello - JW"/> Wayles ta auri Tabitha Cocke, <ref name="Monticello - JW" /> {{Efn|His wife's name is also given as Mary Cocke.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFV7DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves |last=Schwartz |first=Marie Jenkins |date=2017-04-06 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-46072-7 |page=131 |language=en}}</ref>}} na Malvern Hill . Suna da 'ya'ya huɗu: Sarah, Elizabeth, Tabitha da Anne. <ref name="Monticello - JW" /> Sarah ta mutu tun tana ƙarama. <ref name="Monticello - JW" /> Tabitha da Anne sun auri 'yan'uwan Skipwith, Robert da Henry, bi da bi. Tabitha Skipwith ta mutu da haihuwarta ta farko. Nancy Skipwith, "Aunty Skipwith" ga 'ya'yan Jefferson da jikoki, ta mutu a shekara ta 1798. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Elizabeth ta auri Francis Eppes, ɗan uwan Martha, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Richard da John Wayles Eppes, na biyun kuma ya auri 'yar Thomas Jefferson ta biyu, Mary Jefferson. Matar Wayles ta biyu ta mutu ne bayan haihuwar Anne a watan Agusta na 1756 kuma kafin ya auri matarsa ta uku a watan Janairu na 1760. <ref name="Monticello - JW" /> A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1760, Wayles ya auri matarsa ta uku, Elizabeth Lomax Skelton (ita ce bazawarar Reuben Skelton, babban ɗan'uwan Bathurst Skelton, mijin 'yarsa Martha na farko). Ba tare da ta haifi ɗa da Wayles ba, ta mutu a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1761. <ref name="Monticello - JW"/> Daga nan John Wayles ya ɗauki Betty Hemings a matsayin ƙwarƙwararsa, ya kuma ba Martha ƙarin 'yan'uwa mata. {{Efn|After the death of his third wife, Wayles took the then 26 year-old Betty Hemings as his mistress<ref name="Monticello - Wayles/Hemings">[http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/john-wayles "John Wayles"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213044855/https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/john-wayles |date=2019-02-13 }}, ''Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia'', Monticello, accessed 10 March 2011. Sources cited on page: Madison Hemings, "Life Among the Lowly," ''Pike County Republican'', March 13, 1873. Letter of December 20, 1802 from Thomas Gibbons, a Federalist planter of Georgia, to Jonathan Dayton, states that Sally Hemings "is half sister to his [Jefferson's] first wife."</ref> or [[concubine]].<ref name="Monticello - JW" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Blassingame |first=John |title=Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies |page=475 |isbn=0807102733 |year=1977|publisher=LSU Press }}</ref>{{efn|Although there were sources that believed that Wayles fathered children with Betty Hemings, author William G. Hyland, Jr. did not believe that Wayles had Betty as a mistress.<ref name="Hyland p. 219">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKUoCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 |title=Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson |last=Hyland |first=William G. |date=2015-02-26 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3984-5 |pages=219 |language=en}}</ref>|name="Hyland re: Hemings"}} Born into slavery, the children of this union were three-quarters European in ancestry and half-siblings to Martha and Elizabeth Wayles.<ref name=mont/> The youngest was [[Sally Hemings]], born in July 1773, two months after her father's death.<ref name="Watson">[http://www.jeffersonlegacy.org/commentary.html Robert P. Watson and Richard Yon, "The Unknown Presidential Wife: Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015061559/http://www.jeffersonlegacy.org/commentary.html |date=October 15, 2013 }}, Jefferson Legacy Foundation, 2003, Quote: "(Wayles never remarried but had five children – Nance, Critta, Thenia, Peter, and Sally – to his slave Elizabeth "Betty" Hemings, the youngest of which would become famous for her relationship with Thomas Jefferson.)" Note: This varies from the Monticello website on the number and some of the names. Accessed 7 January 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/elizabeth-hemings "Elizabeth Hemings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213044901/https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/elizabeth-hemings |date=2019-02-13 }}, ''Plantation and Slavery,'' Monticello, accessed 7 January 2012. Note: The Monticello website says that Hemings' children by Wayles were Robert, James, Thenia, Critta, Peter, and Sally.</ref>}} Martha wataƙila ta sami iliminta - gami da adabi, rawa, kiɗa, yaren Faransa da nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki - daga masu koyarwa na sirri ko mata a cikin iyali. Ta zama "Uwar Gidan" bayan uwar gidanta ta biyu ta mutu lokacin da take da shekaru 13 kuma sau da yawa tana baƙunci ga tarurrukan zamantakewa na John Wayles kuma tana taimakawa wajen gudanar da harkokin kasuwancinsa da na gida. Ta san yadda ake yin kyandirori, sabulu, man shanu da magunguna don cututtuka. == Aure da yara == Martha Wayles ta fara auren Bathurst Skelton (an haife ta a shekara ta 1744), lauya, a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1766, yana da shekaru 18. An haifi ɗansu, John, a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1767. Skelton ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1768. Daga nan Martha ta koma Dajin bayan mutuwar mijinta. John mai shekaru uku ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1771. <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ"/> === Thomas Jefferson === [[Fayil:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Mather_Brown.jpg|thumb|Mather Brown, ''Thomas Jefferson'', 1786, zanen mai, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa]] Wataƙila [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya fara soyayya da Martha a watan Disamba na 1770. <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ"/> Sun yi sha'awar hawa doki, adabi, da kiɗa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na sadakin Martha don bikin aurensu na ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1772, <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies"/> Thomas da Martha sun sami kadarori, gami da gonar Elk Hill, inda Martha ta zauna tare da mijinta na farko, da kuma bayi da yawa, wanda ya taimaka wa Thomas kammala ginin gidan Monticello da kuma shimfidar fili na eka 5,000 na gidan. <ref name="Hendricks p. 20" /> <ref name="Kranish p. 38" /> {{Efn|After the wedding, the couple left The Forest plantation for Monticello. A heavy snowfall began on the afternoon of their journey and produced two feet of snow. As a result, they had to forgo their carriage. Their horses were swapped for two fresh horses at [[Blenheim Vineyards#History|Blenheim Estate]] of Jefferson's friend, Edward Carter. Martha and Thomas completed the remaining seven-mile leg of their journey of narrow paths.<ref name="Kranish p. 39">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/flightfrommontic0000kran |url-access=registration |title=Flight from Monticello: Thomas Jefferson at War |last=Kranish |first=Michael |date=2010-01-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974590-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/flightfrommontic0000kran/page/39 39] |language=en}}</ref> Thomas Jefferson described his outlook for the marriage: "In every schemings of happiness she is placed in the fore-ground of the picture, as the principal figure. Take that away, and it is not a picture for me."<ref name="Kranish p. 39" />}} Yayin da Monticello ke kan ginin kuma Thomas ba ya nan, Martha sau da yawa tana zama a gonar Elk Hill. Suna da 'ya'ya shida, amma 'ya'ya mata biyu ne kawai suka girma. <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ"/> Wani ɗa da ba a ambaci sunansa ba, Jane Randolph, da Lucy Elizabeth, waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon tari mai tsanani, sun mutu tun suna jarirai. <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ" /> Babbar mace, Martha "Patsy" Jefferson, ce kawai ta tsira bayan shekaru 25: * Martha "Patsy" Jefferson <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies"/> (27 ga Satumba, 1772){{Spaced en dash}} 10 ga Oktoba, 1836) * Jane Randolph Jefferson (Afrilu 3, 1774){{Spaced en dash}} Satumba 1775) * ɗa wanda ba a san sunansa ba (28 ga Mayu){{Spaced en dash}} 14 ga Yuni, 1777), ya rayu tsawon kwanaki 17 * Mary "Maria ko Polly" Jefferson <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies" /> (1 ga Agusta, 1778{{Spaced en dash}} 17 ga Afrilu, 1804) * Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (3 ga Nuwamba, 1780){{Spaced en dash}} 15 ga Afrilu, 1781) * Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (8 ga Mayu, 1782){{Spaced en dash}} {{Circa|October 13, 1784}} ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Jefferson (1782-1784) &#124; Thomas Jefferson's Monticello |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/lucy-jefferson-1782-1784}}</ref> == Gidajen Bayi da Gidaje na Wayles == Martha da Thomas Jefferson sun sayi bayi da dama a matsayin wani ɓangare na sadakin aurenta, daga baya kuma daga gidan John Wayles, wanda ya sanya Thomas ya zama na biyu mafi girman mai bayi a gundumar Albemarle. Sadakin ya ƙara yawan bayin da ya mallaka daga 52 zuwa 187. Daga cikin bayi sama da 100 Baƙar fata da 'Yan Asalin ƙasar akwai Betty Hemings, 'yan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda suka fito daga kabilu daban-daban, da kuma 'ya'yanta 10 masu launin fata daban-daban. Ƙaramin, jariri, Sally Hemings ce. Ƙananan yara shida sun kasance kashi uku cikin huɗu na fararen fata a zuri'a da kuma 'yan'uwan Martha Wayles Jefferson, domin mahaifinta ne ya haife su. Betty kuma tana da 'ya'ya huɗu da aka haifa kafin na Wayles. Duk dangin Hemings sun sami matsayi na musamman a tsakanin bayi a Monticello, inda aka horar da su kuma aka yi musu aiki a matsayin bayin gida, masu dafa abinci, da kuma ƙwararrun masu sana'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monticello Explorer: Elizabeth Hemings (1735-1807) |url=http://explorer.monticello.org/text/index.php?id=25&type=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091744/http://explorer.monticello.org/text/index.php?id=25&type=7 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=explorer.monticello.org}}</ref> Sally Hemings, wacce John Wayles ya haifa, ita ce 'yar'uwar Martha Wayles Jefferson, kuma batun badakala ne game da dangantakarta da Thomas Jefferson. Mahaifin Martha, John Wayles, ya mutu yana da shekaru 58 a shekara ta 1773. Ya bar kadarori masu yawa, ciki har da bayi, amma kadarorin sun cika da bashi. Bayan mutuwar Wayles, an kai Betty Hemings da 'ya'yanta shida tare da John Wayles "ba tare da wata shakka ba" zuwa Monticello don hana raba Hemings. Kadarorin sun kai darajar £30,000, amma suna bin Farrell da Jones a Bristol kan £11,000. Wayles surukai uku, ciki har da Thomas Jefferson, sun yanke shawarar raba kadarorin da basussukan da ke cikinsu. Martha da mijinta Thomas Jefferson sun gaji gonakin Willis Creek da Elk Hill da jimillar mutane 135, ciki har da 'yan gidan Hemings . Sun kuma gaji bashin £4,000. Jefferson da sauran masu haɗin gwiwa na gidan Wayles sun yi aiki tsawon shekaru don biyan bashin kuma babban bashin ya haifar da lalacewar kuɗi ga Thomas Jefferson. == Bayanin Zamani == Babu wani hoton Martha Jefferson da ya tsira a wannan lokacin, amma 'yan uwa da Isaac Granger Jefferson sun bayyana ta a matsayin ƙarama, mai kyau, kuma kyakkyawa, kuma kamar 'yarta, Mary Jefferson Eppes . Robert Skipwith, mijin 'yar uwarta, ya bayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta mallaki "... mafi girman asusun kyawawan halaye ... cewa haske da hankali wanda ke alƙawarin tabbatar muku da mafi girman farin ciki da mutane za su iya morewa." <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ"/> Yayin da Thomas ke gina Monticello, ya sami piano forte daga Ingila don Martha a matsayin kyautar aure. Ta buga harpsichord piano forte, yayin da Thomas Jefferson ke buga violin. An ruwaito cewa Martha ta buga harpsichord "da ƙwarewa kuma wacce, a kowane fanni, mace ce mai hankali da ƙwarewa," a cewar wani jami'in Hessian, Jacob Rubsamen, wanda ya ziyarci Monticello a 1780. <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ" /> [[Fayil:Monticello_original_front_elevation_drawing_1771.jpeg|left|thumb|Zane na Monticello na farko, 1771]] A cewar 'yarta, Martha Jefferson ta kasance mai ilimi sosai kuma mai son kiɗa, mai karatu koyaushe, mai kyawawan halaye da kuma halin rai wanda wani lokacin ya yi daidai da rashin kunya. Tana da matuƙar ƙaunar mijinta. Tana da ɗan tsayin {{Convert|5|ft|cm}} tsayi, mai siffar haske, gashin auburn, da idanu hazel. <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies"/> Ta kasance ƙwararren mai allura, wasu daga cikin kayan aikinta har yanzu suna nan. <ref name="Hendricks p. 19" /> Martha ta adana tarin bayanai game da ayyukanta na gida da girke-girke, kamar yanka nama da warkar da nama da ƙirƙirar manyan sabulu mai laushi da tauri, kyandirori, da giya. A shekararta ta farko ta aure, ta fara yin giya, tana samar da {{Convert|170|usgal|L}} a wannan shekarar. == Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Virginia == [[Fayil:The_Governor's_Palace_--_Williamsburg_(VA)_September_2012.jpg|alt=Governor's Palace|thumb|Fadar Gwamna, gidan Gwamna Jefferson da ke Williamsburg]] Martha Jefferson ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Virginia daga 1779 zuwa 1781, a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . A wannan matsayin, kuma a matsayin amsa ga buƙatar Martha Washington, Mrs. Jefferson ta jagoranci mata a Virginia don tara kuɗi da kayayyaki ga sojojin jihanta a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Nahiyar har zuwa inda lafiyarta ta tanada. Wasikar da aka aika wa mahaifiyar [[James Madison]], Eleanor Conway Madison, ita ce kawai wasiƙar da Martha Jefferson ta rubuta da aka sani a yanzu. Ta buga roƙo a cikin ''Virginia Gazette'', tana sanar da cewa za a karɓi kuɗi a cikin coci-coci. A ƙasa baki ɗaya, ƙungiyar mata ta tara dala $300,000 don siyan rigunan lilin ga sojojin Washington. <ref name="Kukla" /> == Matsalolin lafiya == [[Fayil:Thomas_Jefferson_Gravesite_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Makabartar Iyalan Monticello, gami da kabarin Thomas Jefferson]] Gudanar da gidan Jefferson ya zama da wahala ga Martha Jefferson, wacce ta fuskanci aƙalla shari'ar cutar ƙanjamau sau ɗaya, wataƙila ta kamu da [[ciwon suga]], kuma ta raunana saboda yawan ɗaukar ciki da ta yi, wanda a ƙarshe zai kashe ta. Ta gudu daga Richmond kafin sojojin Birtaniya su ci gaba da kai hari a farkon Janairu 1781, kuma ta guji kai hari kan Monticello a watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies"/> tana sane da cewa 'yan Birtaniya suna da sha'awar kama ta ko mijinta. <ref name="Hendricks pp. 20–21" /> Jaririyar, Lucy Elizabeth ta Ɗaya, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin da aka kwashe ta daga gidan daga watan Janairu kuma ba ta warke ba, ta mutu a 1781 a ranar 15 ga Afrilu. Thomas ya takaita aikinsa na siyasa saboda lafiyarta. <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies"/> Jefferson ya kasance a [[Philadelphia]] don Babban Taron Nahiyar Nahiyar Na Biyu a 1776, inda ya tsara Sanarwar 'Yanci na tsawon makonni biyu a watan Yunin 1776. Yana son komawa gare ta da wuri-wuri. Thomas ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamna da kuma Majalisar Wakilai a Virginia. Ya ƙi tayin yin aiki a matsayin kwamishina ga Faransa da Majalisar Nahiyar ta yi yayin da take da rai. <ref name="GBWH - First Ladies" /> {{Efn|He served as commissioner to France beginning in 1784. He took his eldest child, Patsy, with him and later sent for his second daughter, Polly.<ref name="GBWH - First Ladies" />}} == Mutuwa == An ruwaito cewa haihuwar Lucy Elizabeth II, ƙaramin ɗansu, a watan Mayu na 1782 ita ce mafi wahalar ciki ga Mrs. Jefferson, tunda jaririn ya wuce kilo 16 a lokacin haihuwa. {{Efn|Martha wrote the following from ''[[Tristram Shandy]]'' just before she died.<ref name="Monticello - MWSJ" /><ref name="Hendricks p. 23" /> {{Quote frame | align=center | author=[[Laurence Sterne]] | quote= ''Tristram Shandy''<br> Time wastes too fast: every letter<br /> I trace tells me with what rapidity<br /> life follows my pen. The days and hours<br /> of it are flying over our heads like<br /> clouds of windy day never to return–<br /> more. Every thing presses on– }} On the same document, Thomas responded to these lines with "and every time I kiss thy hand to bid adieu, every absence which follows it, are preludes to that eternal separation which we are shortly to make!" It is the rare document that Thomas Jefferson did not destroy of his wife's handwriting.<ref name="Monticello - MWSJ" /><ref name="Hendricks p. 23" /> Thomas had written to [[François-Jean de Chastellux|Marquis de Chastellux]] of his state of suspense over the summer following the birth of Lucy Elizabeth.<ref name="Monticello - MWSJ" />}} Edmund Randolph ya rubuta a watan mutuwarta cewa Thomas "ba shi da ta'aziyya" game da raguwar lafiyar Martha da radadin da take ji." <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ"/> Lafiyar Mrs. Jefferson ta tabarbare kuma ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1782, watanni huɗu bayan haihuwar ɗanta na ƙarshe. {{Efn|At his wife's death, Thomas "was led from the room almost in a state of insensibility by his sister Mrs. Carr, who, with great difficulty, got him into his library where he fainted, and remained so long insensible that they feared he would never revive."<ref name="Watson"/> After the funeral, he withdrew to his room for three weeks. Afterward, he spent hours riding horseback alone around Monticello. His daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph wrote, "In those melancholy rambles I was his constant companion, a solitary witness to many a violent burst of grief."<ref name="Watson" /> Not until mid-October did Jefferson begin to resume a normal life when he wrote, "emerging from that stupor of mind which had rendered me as dead to the world as was she whose loss occasioned it."<ref name="Watson" />}} An binne ta a Monticello kuma an rubuta dutsen kabarinta da kalmomi da Thomas ya rubuta, wanda ƙarshen littafin ya ce: "An tsage shi daga gare shi ta hanyar mutuwa. Satumba 6, 1782. An rubuta wannan abin tunawa na ƙaunarsa". <ref name="Monticello - MWSJ"/> Domin kada 'ya'yanta su girma tare da uwayen mata, Martha ta roƙi Thomas Jefferson da kada ya sake yin aure, kuma bai taɓa yin hakan ba. An danganta buƙatarta da dangantakarta da uwarta. A lokacin mutuwarta, tana da shekaru 33; yana da shekaru 39. == Gado == An dauki hoton Martha Jefferson ta hannun Blythe Danner a fim din 1972 ''mai suna 1776'' . == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifsFKepTCQ4 Colonial Williamsburg: Hira da Martha Jefferson], YouTube * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029181826/http://wiki.monticello.org/mediawiki/index.php/Martha_Wayles_Skelton_Jefferson Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson], Monticello: Domin samun ingantattun bayanai da masana tarihi suka rubuta kuma suka tsara a Monticello na Thomas Jefferson. * Tarihin [http://archive.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=3 Martha Jefferson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130150544/http://archive.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=3 |date=2024-11-30 }}, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa {{Thomas Jefferson|state=expanded}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6s2ul2cn3p0vhxg32dga38mbv7r0mle 0 147257 862566 842648 2026-06-21T05:30:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Melchie Daëlle Dumornay (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2003), wacce aka fi sani da Corventina, [1] ƙwararriyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Haiti wadda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premierère Ligue Lyon da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Haiti . A cikin wani labarin da aka buga a shafin yanar gizon Olympics na hukuma, an kira Dumornay da "wani abin mamaki" kuma "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya" [1] . == Aikin kulob == === Rayuwar Farko da AS Tigresses === An haifi Dumornay a Mirebalais, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Enock Néré |date=17 August 2018 |title=Melchie Daelle Dumornay, superstar à 15 ans |url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/191537/melchie-daelle-dumornay-superstar-a-15-ans |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=lenouvelliste.com |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Chéry |first=Onz |date=26 September 2020 |title=Melchie Dumornay, Haiti's piti soccer prodigy, kicks off biggest season yet |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2020/09/26/melchie-dumornay-haitis-piti-soccer-prodigy-kicks-off-biggest-season-yet/ |url-access=limited |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> inda uwa ɗaya tilo ta rene ta tare da 'yan uwanta uku da 'yan uwanta biyu. <ref name=":8" /> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da manyan yara maza a titunan garin, ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta farko, AS Mirebalais . <ref name=":8" /> Bayan ta gamsu da baiwar Dumornay, kocin ƙungiyar, Jean-Claude Josaphat, ya kawo ta Camp Nous, cibiyar horo mallakar ƙungiyar ga dukkan ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙasar Haiti, lokacin tana da shekaru 10 kacal. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=Haiti's Dumornay ranked best teenage soccer player worldwide |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2022/03/22/haitis-dumornay-ranked-best-young-woman-soccer-player-worldwide/ |url-access=limited |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> Shekaru kaɗan bayan haka, Dumornay ya koma ƙungiyar {{Interlanguage link|AS Tigresses|fr|Association sportive Tigresses}} ta ƙasar Haiti, inda ta fito daga jerin matasan 'yan wasa. <ref name=":8"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Haiti soccer star Dumornay in talks to move to Europe |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2021/08/26/haiti-soccer-star-dumornay-in-talks-to-move-to-europe/ |url-access=limited |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A wasan ƙarshe na Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Mata ta Haiti ta 2018, ta zira dukkan kwallaye biyar da suka taimaka wa Tigresses ta yi nasara a kan Anacaona SC da ci 5-2 kuma ta lashe gasar ƙasa. <ref name=":8" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jephté |first=Pierre Caleb |date=26 December 2018 |title=Foot féminin - CHFF 2018: Une Corventina étincelante tient l'AS Tigresses sur le toit de la D1 |url=https://www.haititempo.com/foot-feminin-chff-2018-une-corventina-etincelante-tient-las-tigresses-sur-le-toit-de-la-d1/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Haiti-Tempo |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan ta zira kwallaye 25 a wasanni tara, duk da cewa tana da shekaru 15 kacal, ta kuma zama babbar mai zira kwallaye a gasar kuma ta sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean |first=Douby |date=26 December 2018 |title=Foot Féminin: Melchie Daelle Dumornay meilleure buteuse ! |url=https://www.haititempo.com/foot-feminin-melchie-daelle-dumornay-meilleure-buteuse/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Haiti-Tempo |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Jephté |first=Pierre Caleb |date=4 January 2019 |title=Foot Féminin : Melchie Daelle Dumornay, une ascension formidable en 2018 ! |url=https://www.haititempo.com/foot-feminin-melchie-daelle-dumornay-une-ascension-formidable-en-2018/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Haiti-Tempo |language=fr}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, manajan Reims, Amandine Miquel, ya lura da Dumornay, yayin da take wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a [[Faransa]], yayin da kungiyar ta ci gaba da nemanta. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ruszkai |first=Ameé |date=22 March 2022 |title='Dumornay is going to be one of the best players in the world' - How the NXGN 2022 winner is starring in France after leaving Haiti |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/dumornay-best-players-world-nxgn-2022-winner-haiti-france/bltf0dd6539c600ad60 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[Goal.com]]}}</ref> A halin yanzu, wata kungiyar Faransa Lyon ta ba ta damar gwada ta. <ref name=":8"/> <ref name=":9"/> <ref name=":3" /> Duk da haka, babu ɗayan ƙungiyoyin biyu da suka sami damar sayen 'yar wasan saboda matsayinta na ba [[Tarayyar Turai|na EU ba]] da kuma matsayinta [[Ƙananan (doka)|na ƙarami]] a lokacin, <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":3" /> da kuma tasirin rikicin Haiti . <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Azard |first=Marc Johnsen |date=20 February 2019 |title=Foot Féminin : La visite de la coach du Stade de Reims en Haïti, reportée ! |url=https://www.haititempo.com/foot-feminin-la-visite-damandine-miquel-en-haiti-reportee/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Haiti-Tempo |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2021, Dumornay ta kai wani wasan ƙarshe na gasar tare da Tigresses, duk da cewa ƙungiyar ta rasa kambun a hannun Exafoot: ta zura ƙwallo ɗaya tilo da ƙungiyar ta zura a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1. <ref name=":7"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jephté |first=Pierre Caleb |date=23 May 2021 |title=Foot Féminin - CHFF : L'Exafoot de Léôgane sacrée championne ! |url=https://www.haititempo.com/foot-feminin-chff-lexafoot-de-leogane-sacree-championne/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Haiti-Tempo |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Léôgane Exafoot team crowned champions of women's soccer league |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2021/05/24/leogane-exafoot-team-crowned-champions-of-womens-soccer-league/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=The Haitian Times |language=en-US}}</ref> === Reims === Bayan ta jawo hankalin manyan ƙungiyoyi da dama a faɗin duniya, <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Gunston |first=Jo |date=16 February 2023 |title=Haitian footballer Melchie Dumornay on her goals for life |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/haitian-footballer-melchie-dumornay-on-her-goals-for-life |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[IOC|Olympics]]}}</ref> a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2021, Dumornay ta shiga Reims a hukumance kan yarjejeniyar dindindin, inda ta sanya hannu kan kwangilarta ta farko ta ƙwararru da ƙungiyar Faransa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=Melchie Dumornay est Rémoise ! |url=https://www.stade-de-reims.com/melchie-dumornay-est-remoise/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[Stade de Reims]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jephté |first=Pierre Caleb |date=9 September 2021 |title=Foot Féminin - France : Melchie Daelle Dumornay rejoint officiellement le Stade de Reims ! |url=https://www.haititempo.com/foot-feminin-france-melchie-daelle-dumornay-rejoint-officiellement-le-stade-de-reims/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Haiti-Tempo |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin wannan tsari, ta sake haɗuwa da wata 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Haiti Kethna Louis . <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, ta fara buga wasa a Reims, inda ta maye gurbinta a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci na wasan Féminine na Division 1 da Issy : a lokaci guda, ta taimaka wa Kessy ta taimaka mata ta ci 3-1. <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean |first=Douby |date=12 October 2021 |title=Foot - France : Melchie Daelle Dumornay dans le XI type de la 5e journée |url=https://www.haititempo.com/foot-france-melchie-daelle-dumornay-dans-le-xi-type-de-la-5e-journee/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Haiti-Tempo |language=fr}}</ref> Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, ta fara wasa a karon farko da Bordeaux, inda ta ci kwallaye biyu sannan ta taimaka mata ta ci 5-2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean |first=Douby |date=19 October 2021 |title=Foot Féminin - France : Melchie Daelle Dumornay encore dans le XI type de la semaine |url=https://www.haititempo.com/foot-feminin-france-melchie-daelle-dumornay-encore-dans-le-xi-type-de-la-semaine/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Haiti-Tempo |language=fr}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an ba Dumornay kyautar ' yar wasan Féminine ta Division 1 a watan Disamba na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Melchie Dumornay lauréate en décembre |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/9266-melchie-dumornay-laureate-en-decembre.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[French Football Federation|FFF]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Melchie Dumornay, joueuse du mois de décembre - |url=https://www.unfp.org/2023/01/melchie-dumornay-joueuse-du-mois-de-decembre/ |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[Union Nationale des Footballeurs Professionnels|UNFP]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Lyon === A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2023, an sanar da cewa Dumornay za ta shiga Lyon mai rike da kambun Féminine na Division 1 a kan yarjejeniyar dindindin daga ranar 1 ga Yuli 2023, yayin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa Yuni 2026 tare da kungiyar kan 25000 a kowane wata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Melchie Dumornay à Lyon la saison prochaine |url=https://www.stade-de-reims.com/melchie-dumornay-lyon-la-saison-prochaine/ |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[Stade de Reims]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Melchie Dumornay s'engage pour trois saisons à l'Olympique Lyonnais |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/melchie-dumornay-s-engage-pour-trois-saisons-a-l-olympique-lyonnais |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=[[Olympique Lyonnais]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blaise |first=Juhakenson |date=18 January 2023 |title=Haitian soccer star Dumornay signs with French women's team |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2023/01/18/haitian-soccer-star-dumornay-signs-with-french-womens-team/ |url-access=limited |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]]}}</ref> A cikin kakar wasa biyu a Lyon, Dumornay ta taimaka wa kungiyar lashe kofuna biyu na lig, Coupe de France féminine, kuma ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun mata a 2024. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙasa === Dumornay ya wakilci Haiti a matakai daban-daban na matasa a ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":7"/> Bayan ta shiga gasar cin kofin 'yan mata ta CONCACAF ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 ta 2016, tana da shekaru 12 kacal, <ref name=":8"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Final 18-Player Rosters Announced for the CONCACAF Girls' Under-15 Championship 2016 |url=http://www.concacaf.com/article/final-18-player-rosters-announced-for-the-concacaf-girls-under-15-championship-2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811155409/http://www.concacaf.com/article/final-18-player-rosters-announced-for-the-concacaf-girls-under-15-championship-2016 |archive-date=2016-08-11 |access-date=2016-08-10 |website=[[CONCACAF]]}}</ref> ta shiga gasa uku daban-daban a duk tsawon shekarar 2018. Da farko, ta buga gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2018, inda Haiti ta kare a matsayi na uku kuma ta zama kungiyar kasa ta farko [[Karibiyan|ta Caribbean]] da ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekaru 20. <ref name=":4"/> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=NxGn 2020: The 10 best wonderkids in women's football |url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/lists/nxgn-2020-the-10-best-wonderkids-in-womens-football/2bg2g2ubjp591vd1lkjmzqvwa |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[Goal.com]]}}</ref> Na biyu, an kira ta zuwa gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2018, inda ta taimaka wa kungiyar Haiti ta kai matsayi na hudu kuma ta lashe kyautar Golden Ball . <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="CONCACAF_2018">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2018 |title=TSG reveals CONCACAF Women's Under-17 Championship Awards |url=http://www.concacaf.com/en/under-17s-women/article/tsg-reveals-concacaf-women-s-under-17-championship-awards |website=[[CONCACAF]]}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, an haɗa ta cikin tawagar Haiti da ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta 2018. <ref name=":3"/> A shekarar 2020, ta sake shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20, inda daga karshe ta lashe kyautar Golden Boot, bayan ta zura kwallaye 14 a wasanni shida, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2021 |title=2020 Concacaf Women's Under-20 Championship individual awards |url=https://www.concacaf.com/en/under-20s-women/article/2020-concacaf-women-s-under-20-championship-individual-awards/ |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[CONCACAF]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2021 |title=Dumornay finally receives CONCACAF Golden Boot |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2021/04/27/dumornay-finally-receives-concacaf-golden-boot/ |url-access=limited |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> wani sabon tarihi a gasar. <ref name=":8"/> === Babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Haiti === A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2020, Dumornay ta fara wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Haiti, inda ta fara wasa kuma ta buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan share fage na neman shiga gasar Olympics da Amurka da ci 4-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States vs. Haiti - 29 January 2020 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/29/nc-america/womens-olympic-qualifying-concacaf/united-states/haiti/3183890/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2022, ta zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka tashi 0-21 a kan Tsibirin Virgin na Burtaniya, a wasannin share fage na CONCACAF W Championship na 2022, wanda ya zama babbar nasara da ''Les Grenadières'' ta samu a wani wasa na kasa da kasa na hukuma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Haïti's women's team racks up biggest win ever with 21-0 bashing of BVI |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2022/04/11/haitis-womens-team-racks-up-biggest-win-ever-with-21-0-bashing-of-bvi/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022, an haɗa ta cikin tawagar Haiti da ta shiga gasar CONCACAF W Championship a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] : <ref name="CONCACAFfinal">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=2022 Concacaf W Championship final rosters announced |url=https://www.concacaf.com/women-s-championship/news/2022-concacaf-w-championship-final-rosters-announced/ |website=[[CONCACAF]]}}</ref> daga ƙarshe an naɗa ta a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Matashin Ɗan Wasa <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Morgan, Grosso collect top honors at CWC |url=https://www.concacaf.com/women-s-championship/news/morgan-grosso-collect-top-honors-at-cwc/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=[[CONCACAF]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blaise |first=Juhakenson |date=22 July 2022 |title=Haitian star Dumornay selected "best young player" at Concacaf |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2022/07/22/haitian-star-dumornay-selected-best-young-player-at-concacaf-/ |url-access=limited |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma an haɗa ta a cikin Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa XI na gasar, <ref name="2022BestXI">{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2022 |title=Dumornay, Lavelle and Shaw headline CMU20 Best XI |url=https://www.concacaf.com/women-s-championship/news/dumornay-lavelle-and-shaw-headline-cwc22-best-xi/ |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=[[CONCACAF]] |language=en}}</ref> bayan da ta taimaka wa Haiti ta cancanci shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2023. <ref name=":4"/> A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2023, Dumornay ta zura kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na gasar share fagen shiga gasar tsakanin 'yan wasan da Chile, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa kasarta ta samu nasara da ci 2-1, sannan ta samu cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blaise |first=Juhakenson |date=22 February 2023 |title=Haiti qualifies for Women's World Cup in historic first |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2023/02/22/haiti-qualified-for-the-first-time-for-the-womens-world-cup/ |url-access=limited |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voerman |first=Andrew |date=22 February 2023 |title=Melchie Dumornay stars as Haiti beat Chile for place at Fifa Women's World Cup |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/world-cup/131297713/melchie-dumornay-stars-as-haiti-beat-chile-for-place-at-fifa-womens-world-cup |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref> A watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an saka ta a hukumance cikin tawagar Haiti ta ƙarshe da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]] ; <ref name="FIFAsquads">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023 – Squad List |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce93/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe ''Les Grenadières'' ta fice daga gasar a matakin rukuni. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A farkon matakan aikinta, an yi wa Dumornay lakabi da ''Piti'' (kalmar [[Creole na Haiti|Creole ta Haiti]] don "ƙarami") saboda ƙarancin girmanta. <ref name=":8"/> Ana kuma kiranta da ''Corventina'', sunan barkwanci da ɗan'uwanta ya fara ba ta. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Chéry |first=Onz |date=3 November 2022 |title=Haitian soccer superstar Dumornay signs with Adidas |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2022/11/03/haitian-soccer-superstar-dumornay-signs-with-adidas/ |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=[[The Haitian Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2022, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafi ta dogon lokaci da [[Adidas]] . <ref name=":10"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=Football: Melchie Dumornay signe avec Adidas |url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/football-melchie-dumornay-signe-avec-adidas/ |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Loop News |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 November 2024}}<ref name=soccerway>{{soccerway|528490|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flashscore.co.uk/player/dumornay-melchie/xUK2gshi/ | title=Daelle Melchie Dumornay Stats - Flashscore.co.uk }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta hanyar kulob, kakar wasa, da kuma gasa. ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Turai ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="5" | {{Interlanguage link|AS Tigresses|fr|Association sportive Tigresses}} | 2018 | rowspan="4" | {{Interlanguage link|Haitian Championship|fr|Championnat d'Haïti féminin de football}} | 9 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 25 |- | 2019 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | 2020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | 2021 | 7 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 12 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 16 ! 37 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 16 ! 37 |- | rowspan="3" | Reims | 2021–22 | rowspan="2" | Sashe na 1 na Mata | 15 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 9 |- | 2022–23 | 18 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 14 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 33 ! 18 ! 6 ! 5 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 39 ! 23 |- | rowspan="3" | Lyon | 2023–24 | rowspan="2" | Gasar Premier | 13 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 1 {{Efn|Appearance(s) in the [[Trophée des Championnes]]}} | 1 | 20 | 9 |- | 2024–25 | 19 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 22 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 32 ! 22 ! 1 ! 0 ! 14 ! 8 ! 1 ! 1 ! 45 ! 31 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 71 ! 77 ! 7 ! 5 ! 14 ! 8 ! 1 ! 1 ! 101 ! 91 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" !No. !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- |1. |3 February 2020 |BBVA Stadium, [[Houston]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |{{Fbw|PAN}} | align="center" |'''4'''–0 | align="center" |6–0 |2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship |- |2. | rowspan="3" |9 April 2022 | rowspan="3" |A. O. Shirley Recreation Ground, Road Town, British Virgin Islands | rowspan="3" |{{Fbw|VGB}} | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |21–0 | rowspan="4" |2022 CONCACAF W Championship qualification |- |3. | align="center" |'''4'''–0 |- |4. | align="center" |'''7'''–0 |- |5. |12 April 2022 |Estadio Olímpico Félix Sánchez, [[Santo Domingo]], [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican Republic]] |{{Fbw|CUB}} | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | align="center" |6–0 |- |6. | rowspan="2" |28 June 2022 | rowspan="2" |Sports Complex Fedefutbol-Plycem, San Rafael, [[Costa Rica]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|CRC}} | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–2 | rowspan="2" |Friendly |- |7. | align="center" |'''4'''–2 |- |8. | rowspan="2" |22 February 2023 | rowspan="2" |North Harbour Stadium, [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|CHI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–1 | rowspan="2" |2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification |- |9. | align="center" |'''2'''–0 |- |10. |7 April 2023 | rowspan="2" |Marden Sports Complex, Alanya, [[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |{{Fbw|NGA}} | align="center" |'''1'''–2 | align="center" |1–2 | rowspan="2" |Friendly |- |11. |11 April 2023 |{{Fbw|MDA}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |3–1 |- |12. | rowspan="5" |26 October 2023 | rowspan="8" |SKNFA Technical Center, Basseterre, [[Saint Kitts da Nevis|St. Kitts and Nevis]] | rowspan="5" |{{Fbw|SKN}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="5" align="center" |11–0 | rowspan="8" |2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup qualification |- |13. | align="center" |'''4'''–0 |- |14. | align="center" |'''5'''–0 |- |15. | align="center" |'''8'''–0 |- |16. | align="center" |'''9'''–0 |- |17. | rowspan="3" |30 October 2023 | rowspan="3" |{{Fbw|SKN}} | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |13–0 |- |18. | align="center" |'''7'''–0 |- |19. | align="center" |'''8'''–0 |- |20. |26 October 2024 | rowspan="2" |Emirhan Sports Complex, [[Antalya]], Turkey |{{Fbw|TPE}} | align="center" |'''1'''–2 | align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2024 Pink Ladies Cup |- |21. |29 October 2024 |{{Fbw|RUS}} | align="center" |'''1'''–1 | align="center" |1–2 |- |22. |4 April 2025 |Estadio Bicentenario de La Florida, [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]] |{{Fbw|CHI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |Friendly |- |23. |3 June 2025 |Saputo Stadium, [[Montréal]], [[Kanada|Canada]] |{{Fbw|CAN}} | align="center" |'''1'''–3 | align="center" |1–3 |- |24. | rowspan="2" |30 November 2025 | rowspan="2" |FFB Stadium, Belmopan, [[Belize]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|BLZ}} | align="center" |'''8'''–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |9–0 | rowspan="3" |2026 CONCACAF W Championship qualification |- |25. | align="center" |'''9'''–0 |- |26. |3 March 2026 |Dr. Ir. Franklin Essed Stadion, [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]] |{{Fbw|SUR}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |2–0 |} == Daraja == '''Lyon''' * Trophée des Championnes : 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trophée des Championnes 2023 - Finale - Lyon (D1)-PSG (D1) 2-0 |url=https://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/match.php?id=33036 |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> * Kashi na 1 na Mata : 2023-24, 2024-25 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyon garde sa couronne |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12515-lyon-garde-sa-couronne.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.fff.fr |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095532/https://www.fff.fr/article/12515-lyon-garde-sa-couronne.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * 'Yar wasan mata ta CONCACAF ta shekara : 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=Dumornay wins Concacaf Women’s Player of the Year Award |url=https://www.concacaf.com/en/news/melchie-dumornay-wins-concacaf-women-s-player-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Concacaf |language=en}}</ref> * Kwallon Zinare ta Zakarun Mata na 'Yan Kasa da Shekara 17 ta CONCACAF : 2018 <ref name="CONCACAF_2018"/> * Zakarun Gasar Mata ta CONCACAF 'Yan Kasa da Shekara 17 Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa 11: 2018 <ref name="CONCACAF_2018" /> * Takalmin Zinare na Gasar Mata ta 'Yan Kasa da Shekara 20 ta CONCACAF : 2020 <ref name=":5"/> * Gasar CONCACAF W Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa: 2022 <ref name=":6"/> * Mafi kyawun 'yan wasa XI na Gasar CONCACAF W : 2022 <ref name="2022BestXI"/> * Matashiyar 'Yar Wasan Zakarun Turai ta Mata ta UEFA : 2023–24 <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Melchie Dumornay named 2023/24 UEFA Women's Champions League Young Player of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/028d-1afcf8370bde-bc640824ecaa-1000--young-player-of-the-season-dumornay/ |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> 2024–25 <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2025 |title=Melchie Dumornay named 2024/25 UEFA Women's Champions League Young Player of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0299-1dd7c002af97-b8b4e84ef24c-1000--melchie-dumornay-named-2024-25-uefa-women-s-champions-lea/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[UEFA|UEFA.com]]}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Zakarun Turai ta Mata ta UEFA : 2024–25 <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2025 |title=2024/25 Women's Champions League Team of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0299-1dd7c00a2b3c-f4bbfe6e4be5-1000--2024-25-women-s-champions-league-team-of-the-season/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[UEFA|UEFA.com]]}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Ligue ta UNFP Premier ta shekara: 2024–25 * Ƙungiyar Ligue ta LFFP Premier ta kakar wasa: 2024–25 <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Football season: team photo |url=https://doi.org/10.31096/wua033-pls90a050 |doi=10.31096/wua033-pls90a050 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Firimiya Ligue Player na Watan : Disamba 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=MELCHIE DUMORNAY LAURÉATE EN DÉCEMBRE |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/9266-melchie-dumornay-laureate-en-decembre.html |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> Mayu 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=DUMORNAY TERMINE EN BEAUTÉ |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/10456-dumornay-termine-en-beaute.html |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> Oktoba 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=DUMORNAY PREND LE RELAIS |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/11343-dumornay-prend-le-relais.html |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> Maris 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Melchie Dumornay, un printemps fleuri |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/14603-melchie-dumornay-un-printemps-fleuri.html |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Melchie Dumornay at Soccerway * Melchie Dumornay at WorldFootball.net {{Olympique Lyonnais Féminin squad}}{{UEFA Women's Champions League Young Player of the Season}}{{Navboxes|title=Haiti squads|bg=#00209F|fg=white|bordercolor=#D21034|list1={{Haiti squad 2022 CONCACAF W Championship}} {{Haiti squad 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r592l2apkm81j9dh91golri4p3z8vtr 0 147259 862490 828592 2026-06-20T23:08:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (2 ga Yuni, 1731 OS - 22 ga Mayu, 1802) ita ce matar George Washington, wanda ya kasance Uba na farko kuma shugaban Amurka na farko. Duk da cewa ba a ƙirƙiro wannan muƙamin ba sai bayan rasuwarta, ta yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko a Amurka, inda ta bayyana rawar da matar shugaban ƙasa ke takawa da kuma kafa misalai da dama da matan shugaban ƙasa na gaba suka taka. A lokacin mulkinta, ana kiranta da "Lady Washington". Masana tarihi suna kiran Washington a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a duniya. Martha Dandridge ta auri Daniel Parke Custis a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1750. [1] [2] Suna da 'ya'ya huɗu, ɗaya kawai ya tsira har zuwa lokacin girmanta. [1] Ta yi bazawara a watan Yulin 1757 tana da shekaru 26, ta gaji babban kadarori, kuma ta sake yin aure da George Washington a watan Janairun 1759, ta koma gonarsa, Mount Vernon . Ƙaramar 'yarta ta mutu sakamakon farfadiya a 1773, kuma Washington ba ta iya ɗaukar 'ya'ya nata ba. Washington ta zama alama ta Juyin Juya Halin Amurka bayan an naɗa mijinta babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin nahiyar . A lokacin yaƙin, ta taka rawar uwa, tana ziyartar sansanonin sojoji lokacin da yaƙi ya tsaya a kowace hunturu. Ɗanta ɗaya tilo da ya rage, John Parke Custis, ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a sansani a lokacin yaƙin. Bayan yaƙin ya ƙare a 1783, ta nemi yin ritaya a Mount Vernon, amma ta koma rayuwar jama'a lokacin da mijinta ya zama shugaban Amurka a 1789. Lady Washington ta ɗauki matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a zamantakewa ba tare da son rai ba, ta zama shahararriyar ƙasa a cikin wannan tsari. Ta ga wannan rayuwar ba ta da daɗi, tana jin cewa tana da takura kuma tana fatan yin ritaya. Baya ga ɗaukar nauyin tarurrukan zamantakewa na mako-mako, Washington ta fahimci cewa yadda take tsara kanta zai nuna al'ummarta, a cikin gida da kuma ƙasashen waje. Saboda haka, ta daidaita tsakanin mutuncin da ke tattare da matar [[Shugaban kasa|shugaban ƙasa]] da kuma tawali'u da ke tattare da gwamnatin jamhuriya . 'Yan Washington sun koma Mount Vernon a shekarar 1797, kuma Washington ta shafe shekarun ritayarta tana gaishe da masu sha'awarta da kuma ba wa magadanta shawara. Ta sake zama bazawara a karo na biyu a shekarar 1799, kuma ta mutu bayan 'yan shekaru a shekarar 1802. == Rayuwar Farko (1731–1748) == [[Fayil:Martha_Dandridge_(when_Martha_Washington_was_eight_years_old)_1739.jpg|left|thumb|231x231px|Dandridge yana da shekaru takwas]] [[Fayil:Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Dandridge.svg|thumb|Alamar Makamai ta William Dandridge II]] An haifi Martha Dandridge a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1731, a gonar iyayenta ta taba, : 9 Ita ce babbar ' yar Frances Jones, 'yar siyasa Orlando Jones kuma jikanyar wani shugaban cocin Anglican , : 2 da kuma John Dandridge, wani mai shuka a Virginia <ref name="schneider" /> : 2 da kuma magatakardar gundumar <ref name="watson" /> : 9 wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Ingila . Tana da 'yan'uwa uku da 'yan'uwa mata huɗu: John (1733–1749), William (1734–1776), Bartholomew (1737–1785), Anna Maria "Fanny" Bassett (1739–1777), Frances Dandridge (1744–1757), Elizabeth Aylett Henley (1749–1800), da Mary Dandridge (1756–1763). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cary |first=Wilson Miles |date=July 1896 |title=The Dandridges of Virginia |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.2307/1921234 |jstor=1921234}}</ref> A matsayinta na babba cikin takwas, ciki har da 'yar'uwa ɗaya wacce take da shekaru 25 a duniya, Dandridge ta taka rawar uwa da ta gida tun daga farkon rayuwa. <ref name="watson" /> : 10 Dandridge yana iya samun wata 'yar'uwa mace wadda ba ta da aure wadda aka haifa a cikin bauta, Ann Dandridge Costin, da kuma wani ɗan'uwa farar fata, Ralph Dandridge. : 26–27  Mahaifin Dandridge yana da alaƙa da masu sarauta na Virginia duk da rashin wadata, kuma an koya mata ta yi hali a matsayin mace mai daraja ta biyu. Dandridge ta sami ilimi mai inganci ga 'yar mai shuka, kodayake har yanzu bai kai na 'yan uwanta ba. Ta fara hawan doki, a wani lokaci tana hawa dokinta sama da ƙasa a kan matattakalar gidan kawunta kuma ta tsere wa hukunci saboda mahaifinta ya yi matukar mamakin ƙwarewarta. : 8  == Aure da Daniel Parke Custis (174–1757) == A shekara ta 1749, Dandridge ya haɗu da Daniel Parke Custis, ɗan wani attajiri mai shuka a Virginia. Suna son yin aure, amma mahaifin ango na Dandridge, John Custis, ya kasance mai zaɓe sosai game da wacce mace za ta aura cikin dukiyar iyalin. Daga ƙarshe ta sami amincewarsa, kuma Dandridge ya auri Custis, wanda ya girme ta shekaru ashirin, a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1750. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Custis |first=Daniel Parke |date=May 15, 1750 |title=Photocopy of Genealogical notes from the Custis-Lee Bible, 1710-1859 |journal=Genealogical Notes from the Custis-Lee Bible, 1710-1859}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=First Marriage and Children |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/marthas-first-marriage-children/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910022930/https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/marthas-first-marriage-children/ |archive-date=September 10, 2023 |access-date=November 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Mount Vernon Ladies' Association]]}}</ref> Bayan sun yi aure, Custis ta ƙaura tare da mijinta zuwa gidansa da ke Fadar White House Plantation a Kogin Pamunkey, inda suka haifi 'ya'ya huɗu: Daniel Jr. (1751–1754), Frances (1753–1757), John (1754–1781), da Martha (1756–1773). : 4 Daniel Parke Custis yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane mafiya arziki a yankin Virginia, haka kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bayi, yana da kusan bayi 300. [[Fayil:Martha_Washington_LCCN2003666398.jpg|thumb|Martha Dandridge Custis a shekarar 1757: Zane-zanen John Chester Buttre bayan hoton [[John Wollaston (mai zane)|John Wollaston]]]] Custis ta zama bazawara tana da shekaru 26 lokacin da mijinta ya mutu (watakila saboda mummunan kamuwa da makogwaro). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brady |first=Patricia |date=December 7, 2020 |title=Daniel Parke Custis (1711–1757) |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/custis-daniel-parke-1711-1757 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124012649/https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/custis-daniel-parke-1711-1757/ |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |access-date=November 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Virginia Humanities#Encyclopedia Virginia|Encyclopedia Virginia]]/[[Dictionary of Virginia Biography]]}}</ref> Bayan rasuwarsa, Custis ya gaji babban kadarar da ya gada daga mahaifinsa a baya. Ta kuma sami kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kadararsa kai tsaye, kuma sauran kashi biyu bisa uku an ba wa 'ya'yansu biyu ƙanana. Jimillar gadon ya kai kimanin $33,000 ( equivalent to $1,167,043 a shekarar 2025 ), eka 17,000 na ƙasa, da ɗaruruwan bayi. : 2 Batutuwan shari'a da na kuɗi na gadon sun kawo wa Custis babban nauyi yayin da take renon 'ya'yanta biyu da suka rage kuma tana baƙin cikin rashin mijinta, 'ya'yanta biyu, da mahaifinta. : 4 An kuma bar mata alhakin kula da gonaki da kuma kula da lafiyar bayi. <ref name="schneider" /> : 2 A cewar marubucin tarihin rayuwarta, "ta iya sarrafa gonaki biyar da suka rage mata lokacin da mijinta na farko ya mutu, tana ciniki da 'yan kasuwar London don mafi kyawun farashin taba". == Shekarun farko na auren George Washington (1758-1774) == === Zama da aure === [[Fayil:The_Marriage_of_Washington_to_Martha_Custis_by_Junius_Brutus_Stear.jpg|thumb|''Auren Washington da Martha Custis'' ta Junius Brutus Stears (1849)]] A wani labari, Custis ya haɗu da George Washington a lokacin zaman zamantakewa na Williamsburg, kuma sun yi soyayya a cikin watanni masu zuwa a lokacin hutunsa daga aikin soja. : 4 Wani kuma, Kanar Chamberlayne, wanda ya san juna, ne ya gabatar da su lokacin da suka kwana a gidansa a watan Mayu na shekarar 1758. {{Rp|pages=8–9}}Sun yi aure a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1759, a gonar Fadar White House . <ref name="gould" /> : 5  Ma'auratan sun yi bikin amarci a gonar dangin Custis da ke Fadar White House, : 124 sai kuma ta zauna a Williamsburg inda mijinta ya kasance wakili a Majalisar Burgesses kafin ya kafa gida a gidansa na Mount Vernon . : 3 A lokacin da aka yi aurensu, tana ɗaya daga cikin zawarawa mafi arziki a Masarautun Goma Sha Uku . : 27 Aurensu ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin farin ciki tsawon shekaru 40 da suka biyo baya, wani ɓangare saboda irin wannan ra'ayinsu na duniya. : 4 Aure ne da aka gina bisa girmama juna da kuma halaye iri ɗaya, tare da kiyaye jadawali iri ɗaya a rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma fifita iyali da suna fiye da farin ciki da mugunta. : 11  === Dutsen Vernon === Daga 1759 zuwa 1775, mutanen Washington suna zaune a Dutsen Vernon inda suke kula da gonarsu. Washington tana kula da gida kuma tana karɓar baƙi akai-akai. Tana saka da kula da yin tufafi, kuma ta zama mai hazaka wajen warkar da nama a cikin gidan hayakinsu . : 3 Washington tana yin nishaɗi kusan kowace rana, tana samun baƙi don cin abincin dare ko kuma don zama na dogon lokaci yayin da iyalin suka fi shahara a cikin siyasa da zamantakewa na Virginia. : 5 Mijin Washington ya yi amfani da dukiyarta don faɗaɗa gidansu da ke Mount Vernon ya kuma mayar da shi gidan da ya fi riba. <ref name="schneider" /> : 3  'Yan Washington ba su da 'ya'ya tare, amma sun renon 'ya'yan Martha guda biyu da suka rage. Ta kasance mai kare su sosai, musamman bayan 'ya'yanta biyu da suka gabata sun mutu kuma an gano cewa Patsy tana da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]] . : 3 A shekara ta 1773, Patsy ta mutu tana da shekaru 17 a lokacin da take fama da farfadiya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doherty |first=Michael J. |date=August 2004 |title=The sudden death of Patsy Custis, or George Washington on sudden unexplained death in epilepsy |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=598–600 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.03.010 |pmid=15256201 |s2cid=21485281}}</ref> Yaro na ƙarshe da ya rage a Washington, John, ya bar Kwalejin King a lokacin kaka kuma ya auri Eleanor Calvert a watan Fabrairun 1774. <ref name="Yates" /> Washington sun yi fatan samun ƙarin yara a duk lokacin aurensu, amma ba su iya ɗaukar ciki ba. <ref name="schneider" /> : 3–4  == Juyin Juya Halin Amurka (1775–1789) == === Juyin juya halin farko === [[Fayil:Martha_Washington_by_Rembrandt_Peale_c1856.png|thumb|Martha Washington ta Rembrandt Peale, ''kimanin'' 1856, bisa ga hoton mahaifinsa, Charles Willson Peale]] Rayuwar Washington ta katse yayin da juyin juya halin Amurka ya tsananta a shekarun 1770. : 4 Duk da cewa an yaɗa jita-jita cewa ita mai biyayya ce, Washington ta ci gaba da raba ra'ayoyin siyasa na mijinta. : 3–4 Ta goyi bayan rawar da ya taka a cikin ƙungiyar Patriots da kuma aikinsa na haɓaka imaninsa game da manufar. Ta zauna a Dutsen Vernon lokacin da aka naɗa shi babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin nahiyar a shekara ta 1775, tana kula da gina sabbin fikafikai a gidansu. Daga nan ta ƙaura zuwa gidan surukinta don kada ta zama abin da ake nema a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . <ref name="schneider" /> : 4  Juyin juya halin shine karo na farko a aurensu da suka rabu na tsawon lokaci. A kaka ta 1775, Washington ta yi tafiya zuwa Massachusetts don ganawa da mijinta. : 6 A tafiyarta ta arewa, ta fara samun matsayin shahararriyar jaruma a matsayin matar wani babban janar. <ref name="gould" /> : 6 Ta haɗu da shi a Cambridge, inda shi da sauran jami'an rundunar sojojin nahiyar ke aiki. Yayin da take zama a Cambridge, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki ga baƙin jami'an. : 4 Tana kuma dinka tufafi ga sojoji yayin da take sansani, tana ƙarfafa matan sauran jami'ai su yi haka, wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙirƙirar da'irar dinki wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙoƙarin yaƙin. : 5 Duk da cewa ta ɓoye shi daga waɗanda ke kewaye da ita, Washington ta tsorata da harbin bindiga da ake ji daga kewayen Boston da ke kusa. <ref name="schneider" /> : 4 Ta raka mijinta lokacin da aka mayar da ayyukanta zuwa New York, amma an tura ta zuwa Philadelphia yayin da sojojin Birtaniya ke ƙara kusantowa. <ref name="schneider" /> : 5 Kowace bazara, idan rikici ya sake barkewa, sai ta koma Dutsen Vernon. <ref name="gould" /> : 7  === Amurka Mai Zaman Kanta === Juyin Juya Halin Amurka ya ƙara zama abin damuwa ga Martha bayan sanya hannu kan Sanarwar 'Yanci, yayin da George ke fuskantar ƙarin haɗari a fagen daga. : 5 Kowace lokacin hunturu, Washington ta kan haɗu da mijinta a sansaninsa yayin da yaƙi ke tsayawa. Ingancin gidanta ya bambanta a lokacin waɗannan ziyarar, duka cikin jin daɗi da aminci. <ref name="schneider" /> : 5 Janar Gilbert Lafayette ya lura cewa tana ƙaunar "mijinta cikin hauka". Mijinta yana ci gaba da sanar da Washington game da ci gaban yaƙin, wani lokacin yana yi masa ayyukan koyarwa, har ma an ba ta izinin sanin sirrin soja. : 14 Ta zama alamar yaƙin, tare da George Washington, a matsayin kaka mai kula da sojoji. : 7  Sojojin Nahiyar sun zauna a Valley Forge, na uku daga cikin sansanonin hunturu takwas na juyin juya hali, a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1777. Washington ta yi tafiya na tsawon kwanaki 10 da ɗaruruwan mil don ta haɗu da mijinta a Pennsylvania. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, Elizabeth Drinker da abokai uku sun isa Valley Forge don roƙon Janar da ya saki mazajensu daga kurkuku; mazan, dukkansu Quakers, sun ƙi yin rantsuwar aminci ga masu juyin juya halin Amurka. Saboda kwamandan bai samu ba da farko, matan sun ziyarci Martha. Drinker ta bayyana ta daga baya a cikin littafin tarihinta a matsayin "kyakkyawan mace mai son jama'a". Ɗan Washington, John, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin farar hula ga mahaifinsa a lokacin da aka yi wa Yorktown kawanya a shekarar 1781 lokacin da ya mutu sakamakon "zazzabin sansani", wata alama ce ta kamuwa da cutar typhus . Bayan mutuwarsa, ita da George sun ɗauki ƙananan yara biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan John huɗu, Eleanor (Nelly) Parke Custis da George Washington Parke (Washy) Custis . : 7 Washingtons sun kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga 'ya'yan danginsu da abokansu da yawa. === Ritaya bayan yaƙi === Sojojin Washington sun koma Dutsen Vernon a shekarar 1783. : 7 Sun zauna a Mount Vernon tsawon yawancin lokacin ƙungiyar Confederation, suna zaune a ritaya tare da ɗan'uwansu, 'yan'uwa mata, da jikoki. : 6 Washington, wacce yanzu haka take cikin rashin lafiya, ta yi imanin cewa mijinta ya gama da hidimar jama'a. <ref name="schneider" /> : 6 Ta shafe lokacinta tana renon jikokinsu, tana ci gaba da damuwa game da lafiyarsu bayan da dukkan 'ya'yanta huɗu da sauran dangi da yawa suka mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya. Ta kuma ci gaba da karɓar baƙi a Mount Vernon, tana ɗaukar 'yan'uwanta mata da dama da sauran 'yan mata matasa don taimaka mata, yayin da gidan ya cika da baƙi. <ref name="gould" /> : 7–8 Rayuwarsu a Dutsen Vernon ta sake katsewa lokacin da aka nemi ya shiga taron kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1787 da kuma lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban Amurka na farko a shekarar 1789. <ref name="schneider" /> : 7  == Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta Amurka (1789–1797) == [[Fayil:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Republican_Court_(Lady_Washington's_Reception_Day)_-_Daniel_Huntington_-_overall.jpg|thumb|''Kotun Republican, ko kuma, Ranar Liyafar Lady Washington'' ta Daniel Huntington ( {{Circa|1861}} )]] Bayan yaƙin, Washington ba ta goyi bayan amincewar mijinta na zama shugaban sabuwar ƙasar Amurka ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The First First Lady |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/the-first-first-lady/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526031727/https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/the-first-first-lady/ |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |access-date=May 25, 2019 |website=mountvernon.org |publisher=[[Mount Vernon Ladies' Association]]}}</ref> Ba ta tare shi nan take a babban [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] ba, sai a watan Mayu na 1789. Tafiyar ta biyo bayan manema labarai, wanda ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba a cikin kulawar da ta bai wa mata, kuma an gamu da masu sha'awarta da kuma shagulgula a kowace gari da ta ratsa. A lokacin wannan tafiyar ce ta yi jawabinta na bainar jama'a a matsayinta na uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, tana gode wa waɗanda suka zo ganinta. : 15 Ta isa cikin jirgin ruwan shugaban ƙasa, tare da rakiyar mijinta, nan take ta tabbatar da matar shugaban a matsayin fitacciyar jama'a. <ref name="caroli">{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}</ref> : 3 Bayan ta isa babban birnin, Washington ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ta farko, kodayake ba za a yi amfani da kalmar ba sai daga baya. Madadin haka, an kira ta da "Lady Washington". : 13  A matsayinta na matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko, yawancin ayyukan Washington sun zama al'ada ga matan shugaban ƙasa na gaba, ciki har da buɗe gidan shugaban ƙasa (daga baya, Fadar White House) ga jama'a a Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, wani aiki da zai ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Herbert Hoover zai hau mulki. Ta ɗauki nauyin harkokin gwamnati da yawa a Birnin New York da [[Philadelphia]] a shekarun da suka yi suna a matsayin manyan biranen wucin gadi. : 6 Da yake ɗaukar nauyinta a matsayinta na uwar gida da muhimmanci, Washington ta mayar da martani ga kiran kowace mace da ta bar katinta a gidan shugaban ƙasa da aka yi fataucin mutane da yawa don tabbatar da cewa kowa zai iya isa ga shugaban ƙasa, tana yin hakan cikin kwana uku. <ref name="caroli"/> {{Rp|pages=6–7}} Mijinta ya kuma ba Washington aikin ɗaukar nauyin shirya tarurrukan [[Ɗakin Zane|ɗakin zane]] a ranakun Juma'a inda aka ba wa mata izinin halarta. <ref name="caroli"/> : 5 Za ta zauna a lokacin irin waɗannan tarurrukan yayin da shugaban ƙasa ke gaishe da baƙinsu. : 9 Da farko baƙi ba su da tabbas ko ya kamata su bi al'adar sarauta ta jira mai masaukin baki ta tafi kafin su tafi, kuma ta warware matsalar ta hanyar sanar da cewa mijinta koyaushe zai yi ritaya da tara. <ref name="caroli" /> : 6 Ta yi taka-tsantsan a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan don guje wa tattaunawar siyasa, tana ƙarfafa canjin batu idan ya taso. : 6 Da'irar zamantakewa da ta bunƙasa tsakanin waɗanda ke cikin siyasar Amurka a wannan lokacin ta zama sananne a matsayin Kotun Republican . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shields |first=David S. |last2=Teute |first2=Fredrika J. |date=June 2015 |title=The Republican Court and the Historiography of a Women's Domain in the Public Sphere |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=169–183 |doi=10.1353/jer.2015.0033 |jstor=24486727 |s2cid=144440598}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta sirri === [[Fayil:Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''Iyalan Washington'' daga Edward Savage]] Gidan shugaban ƙasa na farko gida ne da ke kan titin Cherry, sai kuma wani gida da ke kan Broadway . An mayar da babban birnin zuwa [[Philadelphia]] a shekarar 1790, kuma gidan shugaban ƙasa ya sake ƙaura, <ref name="caroli"/> : 7 wannan karon zuwa wani gida a kan Titin High Street (yanzu Market Street ). : 10 Washington ta fi son gidan zama na Philadelphia, domin yana da ƙarin zamantakewa kuma yana kusa da Mount Vernon. : 8 Tun farkon shugabancin mijinta, ba ta da wata dama ta fita waje, domin duk wani mataki da ta ɗauka zai shafi siyasa. <ref name="gould" /> : 9–10 Bayan ƙaura zuwa Philadelphia, Washingtons sun sassauta iyakokin da suka sanya wa kansu kan ayyukan kansu. <ref name="gould" /> : 11 A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, Washington ta zama kusa da Polly Lear, matar sakataren mijinta Tobias Lear . <ref name="schneider" /> : 8 Ta kuma yi alaƙa da Lucy Flucker Knox, matar sakataren yaƙi Henry Knox, da [[Abigail Adams]], matar ta biyu . <ref name="gould" /> : 10 Lokacin da ta yi tare da jikokinta wani babban abin alfahari ne ga Washington, wacce wani lokacin take kai su wuraren nunin kayan tarihi da gidajen tarihi. : 60 Ta kuma yi amfani da matsayinta na halartar coci akai-akai, saboda imaninta na Episcopal . : 12  An tilasta wa Washington ta karɓe iko da gidan shugaban ƙasa jim kaɗan bayan fara shugabancin mijinta, wanda ya hana baƙi shiga, yayin da ake cire masa ƙari. {{Rp|pages=67–68}}A watan Yulin 1790, mai zane John Trumbull ya bai wa Washington cikakken zane na mijinta a matsayin kyauta. An nuna shi a gidansu da ke Mount Vernon a cikin Sabon Ɗaki. <ref name="mountvernon">{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2014 |title=Painting by Washington's Aide de Camp Now on View at Mount Vernon |url=http://www.mountvernon.org/about/news/article/painting-by-washingtons-aide-de-camp-now-on-view-at-mount-vernon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060636/http://www.mountvernon.org/about/news/article/painting-by-washingtons-aide-de-camp-now-on-view-at-mount-vernon/ |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |access-date=April 3, 2017 |publisher=[[Mount Vernon Ladies' Association]]}}</ref> Lokacin da ta ji cewa mijinta zai iya sake zama shugaban ƙasa a karo na biyu, ta yi zanga-zanga ba tare da wata matsala ba game da shawarar. Duk da adawarta, an sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1793, kuma ta amince da ƙarin shekaru huɗu a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa. {{Rp|page=8}}Matashin Georges Washington de La Fayette ya shiga dangin Washington a shekarar 1795 yayin da mahaifinsa, Gilbert Lafayette, aka tsare shi a matsayin fursunan siyasa a Faransa. Zai zauna tare da Washington har zuwa kaka ta 1797. {{Rp|page=12}}A shekara ta 1796, baiwar Washington kuma mai yi mata aiki , Oney Judge, ta tsere ta gudu zuwa New Hampshire. Duk da dagewar da Washington ta yi wa mijinta cewa ya kamata a dawo da Alkali kuma ya sake zama baiwar Washington, shugaban bai yi ƙoƙarin neman Alkali ba. Wa'adin Washington a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ya ƙare a shekara ta 1797. <ref name="schneider" /> {{Rp|page=8}} === Hoton jama'a === [[Fayil:Lady_Washington_MET_DT2081.jpg|thumb|''Lady Washington'' na Charles Willson Peale (ba a san kwanan wata ba)]] A matsayinta na matar [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugaban gwamnati]] da kuma [[Shugaban kasa|shugaban ƙasa]], Washington ta fuskanci matsin lamba nan take na wakiltar Amurka. Dole ne ta gabatar da Amurka a matsayin ƙasa mai mutunci don tabbatar da aminci a tsakanin ƙasashen Turai, amma kuma dole ne ta girmama ruhin dimokuraɗiyya ta hanyar ƙin gabatar da kanta a matsayin sarauniya. {{Rp|page=7}}Ta kuma san cewa matan shugaban ƙasa na gaba za su gaji abin da ta tsara. {{Rp|page=19}}Washington ta daidaita waɗannan nauyin ta hanyar taka rawar mai masaukin baki a tarurrukan shugaban ƙasa, rawar da za ta zama babban aikin matar shugaban ƙasa. Hakan kuma, ya sanya matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ya zama muhimmin wuri na hulɗa tsakanin shugaban ƙasa da mutane. {{Rp|pages=27–29}} Washington ta gabatar da hotonta a matsayin matar aure mai fara'a, amma a ɓoye ta yi korafi game da takunkumin da aka sanya wa rayuwarta. Ta ga cewa bikin rantsar da shugaban ƙasa abin ban haushi ne kuma na wucin gadi. : 12 Washington ba ta tsira daga hare-haren siyasa da jaridu mallakar 'yan adawa ke kai wa gwamnatin mijinta ba. Duk da cewa magoya bayan mijinta sun yi murnar rawar da ta taka a zamantakewa, masu adawa da gwamnatin tarayya sun soki ta da cewa tana kwaikwayon sarauta da kuma ƙarfafa masu mulki. : 29–30 A lokaci guda kuma, wasu masu suka sun zargi ayyukanta na zamantakewa da rashin tsari. : 19 Abin da ya bata mata rai shi ne, ta ga cewa a kullum tana samun kulawar jama'a, kuma dole ta mayar da hankali sosai kan gashinta da tufafinta kowace rana. : 9–10 Duk da haka, ta zaɓi yin suturar gida kawai, tana jin cewa ta fi dacewa a jamhuriya. <ref name="feinberg" /> : 37  == Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya (1797-1802) == [[Fayil:Collier's_1921_Washington_George_Martha's_chamber.jpg|thumb|Dakunan Washington bayan mutuwar mijinta]] Sojojin Washington sun bar babban birnin jim kaɗan bayan rantsar da John Adams, suka yi tafiyar komawa Dutsen Vernon, wanda a lokacin ya fara lalacewa. : 12 Sun sake yin ritaya, kuma sun yi alƙawarin gyara gidansu da dama. : 9 A shekarun bayan shugabancin Amurka, 'yan Washington sun sami ƙarin baƙi fiye da kowane lokaci, daga abokai da baƙi. Daga ƙarshe sun ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwan tsohon shugaban, Lawrence Lewis, don yin aiki a matsayin sakatare, kuma daga ƙarshe zai auri jikanyar Washington Nelly. <ref name="gould" /> : 13  Washington ta ji tsoron cewa za a sake kiran mijinta ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin wucin gadi a kan Faransa, amma babu irin wannan rikici. Mijinta ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar makogwaro mai tsanani a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1799, yana da shekaru 67. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallenborn |first=White McKenzie, M.D. |year=1999 |title=George Washington's Terminal Illness: A Modern Medical Analysis of the Last Illness and Death of George Washington |url=https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/illness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722060731/https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/illness/ |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=[[The Papers of George Washington]] |publisher=University of Virginia |quote=The onset of epiglottitis is usually acute and fulminating. Sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and respiratory distress accompanied by drooling, shortness of breath, rapid pulse, and inspiratory stridor (harsh high pitched respiratory noise heard while the patient is inhaling [breathing in]) develop in rapid order. Death from this dysorder is caused by obstruction of the patient’s airway and is very painful and frightening.}}</ref> A matsayinta na bazawara, Washington ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe tana zaune a cikin wani katanga inda take saka, dinka, da kuma amsa wasiƙu. Duk da cewa Washington ita ce mai mallakar kadarorin mijinta bisa doka, ta ba da iko kan harkokin kasuwancinta ga danginta. : 9 Ta kuma gaji bayin mijinta bisa sharadin cewa za a 'yantar da su bayan mutuwarta. Saboda tsoron kada waɗannan bayin su cutar da ita, Washington ta 'yantar da su. Ba ta da ikon 'yantar da bayinta masu dower, kuma Washington ta zaɓi kada ta 'yantar da bawa ɗaya tilo, Elish, wanda ita da kanta ta mallaka. [[Fayil:Tomb_of_George_and_Martha_Washington.jpg|thumb|Kabarin George Washington (dama) da Martha Washington (hagu)]] Washington ta ci gaba da sha'awar shugabancin ƙasa bayan ta hau kan kujerar uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, wanda hakan ya fara da al'adar ba wa magadanta shawara. : 124 Iyalan Washington sun daɗe ba sa son [[Thomas Jefferson]] da siyasar Jefferson, wani ɓangare saboda rawar da ya taka wajen sukar gwamnatin Washington. : 11 Washington ta yi fushi lokacin da Jefferson ya zama shugaban ƙasa, domin ta ji cewa bai ba wa ofishin girmamawa yadda ya kamata ba. : 8  Lafiyar Washington, wacce a koyaushe take cikin mawuyacin hali, ta ragu bayan mutuwar mijinta. <ref name="life">{{Cite web |title=The Twilight Years: The Deaths of George and Martha Washington |url=http://marthawashington.us/exhibits/show/martha-washington--a-life/the-twilight-years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908035119/http://marthawashington.us/exhibits/show/martha-washington--a-life/the-twilight-years |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |access-date=October 4, 2015 |website=Martha's biography |publisher=Martha Washington – A Life}}</ref> Ta yi tsammanin mutuwarta tun daga lokacin mijinta. Lokacin da ta kamu da zazzabi a 1802, Washington ta ƙone duk wasiƙun mijinta zuwa gare ta, ta kira wani limami don ya yi mata addu'a ta ƙarshe, sannan ta zaɓi rigar jana'izarta. : 8 Shekaru biyu da rabi bayan mutuwar mijinta, Washington ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1802, tana da shekaru 70. <ref name="life" /> Bayan rasuwarta, an binne gawar Washington a cikin kabarin dangin Washington na asali a Mount Vernon. A shekara ta 1831, masu aikin George da suka tsira sun cire gawarwakin Washington daga tsohon kabarin zuwa wani gini makamancin haka a cikin kabarin da ke Mount Vernon a yanzu. <ref name="tomb" /> == Gado == Kamar yadda mijinta ya kafa misali ga shugabancin ƙasa, Washington ta kafa abin da zai zama matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa daga ƙarshe. Ta shahara a fannoni na bikin shugaban ƙasa, tana taimaka wa mijinta a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa, amma ba ta da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukansa na gudanarwa a matsayin shugaban gwamnati. Wannan zai zama mizanin matan shugaban ƙasa na ƙarni mai zuwa. <ref name="caroli"/> {{Rp|pages=7–8}}An san Washington da tawali'u da kuma halinta mai sauƙin kai, har ta kai ga abokan zamanta sukan yi mamaki idan suka haɗu da ita. : 3 Babu wani bayanan sirri na Washington da ya wanzu tun kafin mutuwar mijinta na farko, kuma ta lalata wasiƙu da yawa da ta rubuta tun daga lokacin. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa da suka karɓi wasiƙunta sun ajiye su, kuma an adana waɗannan wasiƙun a cikin taskar bayanai kamar a Mount Vernon da Virginia Historical Society. An buga tarin waɗannan wasiƙun da dama. : 14  === Daraja === [[Fayil:Martha_Washington22_1903_Issue-8c.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Martha Washington na 1902]] A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali, ɗaya daga cikin rundunonin sojoji a Valley Forge ta sanya wa kanta suna "Mai Rawanin Lady Washington" don girmama ta. : 14 An kafa Kwalejin Mata ta Martha Washington a Abingdon, Virginia a shekarar 1860. An haɗa ta da Kwalejin Emory &amp;amp; Henry a shekarar 1918, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Emory & Henry College |url=http://www.ehc.edu/175/history/brief |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517190913/http://www.ehc.edu/175/history/brief |archive-date=May 17, 2012 |access-date=July 31, 2012 |publisher=Emory & Henry College}}</ref> kuma an mayar da babban ginin Kwalejin Martha Washington zuwa Martha Washington Inn . An buɗe Makarantar Martha Washington, makarantar kammala karatun mata matasa a Washington, DC, a shekarar 1905, kuma ta daina aiki a shekarar 1949. An fitar da tambarin aika wasiku wanda ke ɗauke da Martha Washington, tambarin farko da aka yi don girmama wata mace 'yar Amurka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin tambarin 1902. An buga tambarin {{Nowrap|8-[[Penny (United States coin)|cent]]}}, da tawada mai launin shuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Bureau Issues (1902-1908) |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/second-bureau-issues-1902-1908 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621234742/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/second-bureau-issues-1902-1908 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=postalmuseum.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> An fitar da tambarin na biyu don girmama ta, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fourth Bureau Issues (1922-1930) |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/fourth-bureau-issues-1922-1930 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621212009/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/fourth-bureau-issues-1922-1930 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=postalmuseum.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> tambarin {{Nowrap|4-cent}} da aka buga da tawada mai launin rawaya-kasa, a shekarar 1923. <ref>{{Cite web |title=4c Martha Washington single |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.2263 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621235951/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.2263 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=postalmuseum.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> A === Kimantawar tarihi === Tun daga shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta gudanar da bincike lokaci-lokaci tana neman masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka bisa ga jimillar maki da aka tattara kan ka'idojin da suka shafi asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da suka samu, mutunci, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata, mutuncin jama'a, da kuma darajar shugaban ƙasa. <ref name="Siena2014">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2014 |title=Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327181939/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=May 16, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}</ref> A ko da yaushe, masana tarihi sun sanya Washington a cikin jerin mata na sama a cikin waɗannan binciken. Dangane da kimantawa ta jimilla, an sanya Washington a cikin jerin: * Mafi kyawun maki 9 cikin 42 a shekarar 1982 <ref name="Siena2008">{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5th to 4th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222164606/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2021 |access-date=May 16, 2022 |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}</ref> * Na 12-mafi kyau daga cikin 37 a shekarar 1993 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Na 13-mafi kyau daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2003 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Mafi kyawun maki 9 cikin 38 a shekarar 2008 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Mafi kyawun maki 9 cikin 39 a shekarar 2014 <ref name="2014Sienna1">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010195939/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |access-date=October 21, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Sienna College Research Institute/C-SPAN}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun maki 10 cikin 40 a shekarar 2020 <ref name="Siena2020results">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Copy of FirstLadies_Full Rankings_working_dl_2.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/First-Ladies-Full-Rankings-2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330064515/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/First-Ladies-Full-Rankings-2020.pdf |archive-date=March 30, 2024 |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}</ref> A cikin binciken Cibiyar Bincike ta Siena ta 2008, Washington ta kasance ta 3 a cikin mafi girman matsayi a cikin ma'aunin martabar jama'a. <ref name="Siena2008"/> A cikin binciken 2014, Washington da mijinta sun kasance na 2 a cikin mafi girman ma'aurata 39 na farko dangane da kasancewa "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Power Couple Score |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132048/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=October 9, 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu/ |publisher=Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States}}</ref> == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Samuel Osgood House]] — First Presidential Mansion * [[Alexander Macomb House]] — Second Presidential Mansion * [[President's House (Philadelphia)]] — Third Presidential Mansion * [[Dandridge, Tennessee]] — the only town in the United States named after Martha Dandridge Washington|colwidth=30em}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karatu == *   *   *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==    * [http://marthawashington.us/ Wasikun Martha Washington] . Aikin haɗin gwiwa na Mount Vernon na George Washington da Cibiyar Tarihi da Sabbin Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai. * [https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/martha-dandridge-custis-washington/ Martha Washington] a Fadar [[White House]] (tarihin rayuwa) * An adana Deprecated link [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=1 Martha Washington]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125122714/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=1 |date=2022-11-25 }} da aka cire daga a ɗakin karatu na mata na shugabanni na ƙasa (tarihin rayuwa) * [http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/ Martha Washington] (Mount Vernon na George Washington) * [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/2/Martha-Washington.aspx Martha Washington] a taron matan farko na C-SPAN '': Tasiri da Hoto'' {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{S-new}} {{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{Women in the American Revolution}}{{George Washington}}{{Virginia Women in History}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t82ixpvjcpxybvqplusc949sclh5csf 0 147610 862804 828734 2026-06-21T10:18:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohamed Konaté''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1997) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda yake buga ƙwallon gaba a ƙungiyar Akhmat Grozny ta Rasha. An haife shi a Ivory Coast, yana wakiltar Burkina Faso a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Aikin kulob == Konaté ya fara buga wasan sa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a Ural Yekaterinburg a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, 2016, a wasan da suka yi da Anzhi Makhachkala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title=Game Report by RPL |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_11480.html |publisher=[[Russian Premier League]]}}</ref> Konaté ya bar Ural Yekaterinburg a watan Fabrairun 2017 domin neman ƙarin mabiya ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Не выдержал конкуренции: ивуарийский нападающий Мохамед Конате покидает Урал |url=http://www.nakanune.ru/news/2017/2/28/22462229 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=nakanune.ru |publisher=Nakanune |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu, 2017, ya fara buga wasa ga sabuwar ƙungiyarsa, Latvian Babīte, kuma ya cinye a wasansa na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Spartaks Jurmala-Babīte |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/22/latvia/virsliga/spartaks-jurmala/babte/2407096/ |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, Konaté da Cédric Gogoua sun koma ƙungiyar Kairat ta makarantar Kairat har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2017 |title=Официально: Мохамед Конате и Седрик Гогуа игроки Кайрат А |url=http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/kajrat_m/oficialno_mokhamed_konate_i_sedrik_gogua_igroki_kajrat_a/10-1-0-1649 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713002624/http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/kajrat_m/oficialno_mokhamed_konate_i_sedrik_gogua_igroki_kajrat_a/10-1-0-1649 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |website=fckairat.com |publisher=FC Kairat |language=Russian}}</ref> Bayan kammala [[2017 Kazakhstan First Division|gasar Kazakhstan ta 2017]], Konaté ya shiga gwaji tare da ƙungiyar Gomel ta Belarusian Premier League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2017 |title=Игрок Кайрат А находится на просмотре в белорусском клубе |url=https://www.sports.kz/news/igrok-kayrat-a-nahoditsya-na-prosmotre-v-belorusskom-klube |access-date=13 November 2017 |website=sports.kz |publisher=Sports KZ |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni 2018, Pyunik ya sanar da sanya hannu a kan Konaté. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=ՓՅՈՒՆԻԿԸ ՀԻՆԳ ՆՈՐԵԿ ՈՒՆԻ |url=http://fcpyunik.am/%D6%83%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A8-%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3-%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB/ |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=fcpyunik.am |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=Armenian |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005081010/http://fcpyunik.am/%D6%83%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A8-%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3-%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni 2019, Pyunik ya saki Konaté. <ref name="Six Released">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=6 ֆուտբոլիստներ հեռացան Փյունիկից |url=http://fcpyunik.am/hy/article/177 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=fcpyunik.am/ |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=Armenian}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 2019, ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Khimki ta ƙasar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=МОХАМЕД КОНАТЕ - НОВЫЙ НАПАДАЮЩИЙ "ХИМОК" |trans-title=Mohamed Konate is the new forward of Khimki |url=http://www.fckhimki.ru/news/sezon-2019-2020/sentyabr/mokhamed-konate-novyy-napadayushchiy-khimok/ |publisher=[[FC Khimki]] |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2021, Akhmat Grozny ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Konaté a kwantiragin shekara ɗaya, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Мохамед Конате перешел в Ахмат |url=http://fc-akhmat.ru/page/12367 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=fc-akhmat.ru |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Mayu 2024, Konaté ya bar Akhmat yayin da kwantiraginsa ya ƙare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Мохамед Конате покидает нашу команду |url=https://fc-akhmat.ru/news/fc-akhmat/klub/mokhamed-konate-pokidaet-nashu-komandu/# |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=ru}}</ref> Konaté ya koma kungiyar Al-Riyadh ta Saudi Pro League a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=الرياض يعلن التعاقد مع المهاجم البوركيني كوناتي |url=https://www.sportksa.net/main/archives/485453 |publisher=sportksa.net |language=arabic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Mohamed Konaté révèle pourquoi il a signé à Al Riyadh |url=https://africafoot.com/mohamed-konate-revele-pourquoi-il-a-signe-a-al-riyadh/ |publisher=africafoot.com |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, 2025, Konaté ya koma Akhmat Grozny kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Мохамед Конате — снова в Грозном! |url=https://fc-akhmat.ru/news/fc-akhmat/klub/mokhamed-konate-snova-v-groznom/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=ru}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Konaté a [[Ivory Coast]], kuma asalinsa ɗan Burkinabe ne. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2020, Konaté ya wakilci [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burkina Faso]] a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|DR Congo]] da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso vs RD Congo - Amicaux internationaux - 09 Octobre 2020 |url=https://fr.besoccer.com/ |website=fr.besoccer.com |access-date=2026-04-05 |archive-date=2022-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103133755/https://fr.besoccer.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 da Malawi a wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2021 . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba 2021 a wasan da suka yi da Nijar a wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 . An zaɓi Konaté don shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Burkina Faso : 29 joueurs convoqués pour la CAN 2021, la liste |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2021/12/23/burkina-faso/sport/burkina-faso-29-joueurs-convoques-pour-la-can-2021-la-liste_156412.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Koaci.com |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a wasanni biyar a lokacin gasar, inda ya mayar da bugunsa zuwa ƙwallo a wasan ƙarshe na takwas da suka yi da Gabon. Yana kuma shiga [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2023.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trinite Singbo |date=2023-12-20 |title=CAN 2023 : La liste du Burkina Faso dévoilée |url=https://africafootunited.com/can-2023-la-liste-du-burkina-faso-devoilee/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=AfricaFootUnited.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan wasan da ya kai hari sau uku, ciki har da zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka yi da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Gr. |date=2024-01-20 |title=L'Algérie arrache le match nul sur le fil face au Burkina Faso grâce à Baghdad Bounedjah |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-algerie-arrache-le-match-nul-sur-le-fil-face-au-burkina-faso-grace-a-baghdad-bounedjah/1443496 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=[[L'Équipe|lequipe.fr]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agusta na 2023, ya sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Африканский футболист клуба РПЛ получил российский паспорт |url=https://sportrbc.ru/news/64eb04219a79471bcb76bb77 |website=[[РБК]] |language=ru}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 15 March 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|mohamed-konate/459786}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 69nnsxxut1vpfrogvdsqvsypjl2hllf 0 148348 862588 823101 2026-06-21T06:17:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862588 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mialy '''Razakandisa''' Rajoelina''' (née Razakandisa) ita ce uwargidan Madagascar daga 2019 zuwa 2025 a matsayin matar tsohon shugaban kasar [[Andry Rajoelina]] . Ta kasance uwargidan shugaban kasa a lokacin shugabancin mijinta na Babban Hukumomin Transitional na Madagascar daga 2009 zuwa 2014. == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi, aure == Mialy Razakandisa Rajoelina, babba cikin 'yan mata uku, <ref name="interview">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2010 |title=Interview de Mialy Rajoelina : " Sarah Radavidra n'a jamais représenté une menace pour notre couple " |url=http://www.actumada.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=593:-interview-de-mialy-rajoelina--l-sarah-radavidra-na-jamais-represente-une-menace-pour-notre-couple-r&catid=46:articles-photos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118035430/http://www.moov.mg/erreur.html |archive-date=18 January 2018 |access-date=18 October 2016 |publisher=Actumada |language=French}}</ref> an haife ta ne a [[Antananarivo]] kuma ta girma a cikin iyali mai wadata. Mahaifiyarta, Nicole Razakandisa, Furotesta (Cocin Yesu Almasihu a Madagascar, FJKM), wacce ta mutu a shekarar 2012, likitan sunadarai ce ta sana'a kuma tana da kamfanin samar da sinadarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Décès de Nicole Razakandisa, mère de Mialy Rajoelina |url=https://www.madaplus.info/Deces-de-Nicole-Razakandisa-mere-de-Mialy-Rajoelina_a5721.html |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Madagascar - Actualités de la diaspora malgache en France: reportages, événements malgaches, interviews, informations |language=French}}</ref> Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin kudi da gudanar da lissafi daga Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers a Paris . <ref name="first lady">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2012 |title=Mialy Rajoelina: First Lady of Madagascar |url=http://afrikangoddessmag.com/2012/09/19/2105/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824040659/http://www.afrikangoddessmag.com/2012/09/19/2105/ |archive-date=24 August 2019 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=AG Magazine}}</ref> A shekara ta 1994, Mialy ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[Andry Rajoelina]], a wata makarantar sakandare a Antananarivo . Ma'auratan sun ci gaba da dangantaka mai nisa na tsawon shekaru shida yayin da Mialy ta kammala karatunta a Paris kuma Andry ta fara aikinsa a matsayin dan kasuwa. Sun sake haduwa a Madagascar a shekara ta 2000 kuma sun yi aure daga baya a wannan shekarar. Mialy da Andry suna da 'ya'ya uku tare: 'ya'yan maza biyu mai suna Arena (an haife su a shekara ta 2001) da Ilontsoa (an haifi su a shekara de 2005), da kuma 'yar (an haifu su a shekara a shekara ta 2007), mai suna Ilona-Andrialy, Andrialy sun hada sunayensu. == Kasuwanci da alaƙa da Faransa == Aure na Mialy ga Andry ya ba shi damar jagorantar Doma Pub, kamfani mallakar dangin Mialy, inda ya shiga cikin kasuwar tallace-tallace ta gida kuma ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan kasuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2013 |title=Andry Rajoelina, the billboard king turned president |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/insiders/ION/MADAGASCAR/2013/01/08/andry-rajoelina-the-billboard-king-turned-president/107938742-BE1 |access-date=19 October 2016 |publisher=African Intelligence}}</ref> A lokacin Rikicin 2009 a Madagascar, a cikin damuwa game da tsaro, yawancin dangin Mialy sun koma Faransa, gami da 'ya'yan ma'auratan.<ref name="interview" /> Mialy, wanda ya sami 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa yayin da yake karatu a Faransa, ya kuma fuskanci damuwa game da tsaro a wannan lokacin tashin hankali. == A matsayinta na uwargidan Shugaban kasa == Mialy ta yi fitowa a fili akai-akai, kamar lokacin da ta yi magana a TED Talks a [[Antananarivo]] a 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxAntananarivo : Mialy Rajoelina sur la lutte contre le Cancer feminin |url=http://gasy.net/fr/video/clip/33609/tedxantananarivo-mialy-rajoelina-sur-la-lutte-contre-le-cancer-feminin.html |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Gasy.net |language=French |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123123028/http://gasy.net/fr/video/clip/33609/tedxantananarivo-mialy-rajoelina-sur-la-lutte-contre-le-cancer-feminin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan mijinta ya zama shugaban kasa Mialy ya kafa Fitia, ƙungiyar jin kai wacce ke da niyyar tattara gudummawa da rarraba su ga waɗanda suka fi rauni a Madagascar, musamman mata. Ita ce shugabarta kuma mai magana da yawunta. Magoya bayan Mialy da mijinta sun ce Fitia ya nuna cewa ma'auratan suna kula da Madagascar da mutanenta, yayin da masu sukar suka ce kungiyar kamfen ne na farfaganda da nufin kara yawan shahararsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Mialy Rajoelina: une première dame qui sort de l'ordinaire (Mialy Rajoelina: a first lady out of the ordinary) |url=https://www.genderlinks.org.za/classification/themes/mialy-rajoelina-une-premire-dame-qui-sort-de-lordinaire-2011-07-28/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206130857/https://www.genderlinks.org.za/classification/themes/mialy-rajoelina-une-premire-dame-qui-sort-de-lordinaire-2011-07-28/ |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=19 October 2016 |publisher=Gender Links for Equality and Justice |language=French}}</ref> Mialy ta yarda cewa tana amfani da shahararta don taimakawa mijinta, ta kara da cewa ba ta ga wani abu mara kyau da shi kuma mutanen da ke tallafa mata yawanci suna tallafawa mijinta.<ref name="interview"/> Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a Madagascar.<ref name="first lady"/> == Bangaskiya == Kamar mijinta, Mialy [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] ne, a watan Afrilun 2013 ita da Andry sun sadu da [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] don zama shugaban Afirka na farko da uwargidan shugaban kasa da sabon Paparoma ya karɓa a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2013 |title=Madagascar leader Andry Rajoelina meets Pope Francis |url=http://www.africareview.com/news/Madagascar-leader-Andry-Rajoelina-meets-Pope-Francis/979180-1760272-1o7n81z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029051225/http://www.africareview.com/news/Madagascar-leader-Andry-Rajoelina-meets-Pope-Francis/979180-1760272-1o7n81z/index.html |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=19 October 2016 |publisher=Africa Review}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] smu8wtd8zcdirkbtbm5xa2a0ulf7adp 0 148999 862578 829212 2026-06-21T06:02:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mesaq'ah''' ( Arabic ) abinci ne na gargajiya da ake ci a [[Misra|Masar]] da ƙasashen Levant a cikin ɗan bambancin yanayi dangane da ƙasar. Ana kuma cin ƙarin nau'ikansa a faɗin [[Bahar Rum]]. Fassarar Masar na abincin yana da nau'ikan kwai da aka dafa, kore, da kuma sauce na tumatir, sau da yawa ana sanya shi da cumin kuma wani lokaci allspice. Ana yin burodi na kayan lambu har sai dandano ya haɗu tare, wanda ke haifar da abinci mai kyau.<ref name="cheznermine">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Mesaka’a (Vegan Eggplant & Pepper bake): مسقعة صيامي |url=https://cheznermine.com/2023/12/01/mesakaa-vegan-eggplant-pepper-bake-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Chez Nermine |archive-date=March 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311092520/https://cheznermine.com/2023/12/01/mesakaa-vegan-eggplant-pepper-bake-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%82%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == A Misira, shirye-shiryen mesaqa'ah ya haɗa da yanka ƙwai na duniya a cumin zagaye, wanda aka soya har sai launin ruwan kasa. Ana kuma dafa albasa mai laushi mai laushi da albasa mai zafi a takaice don riƙe launi mai haske. Ana shirya sauce na tumatir mai laushi, wanda aka dafa da kumin, [[gishiri]], da albasa, daban. A cikin abincin yin burodi, ana tattara yadudduka na kwai da albasa, tare da sauce na tumatir. Ana yin burodi har sai dandano ya haɗu tare. Mesaqaʻah ana ba da ita da dumi ko a zafin jiki, an yi wa ado da sabon parsley, kuma tare da vermicelli shinkafa ko eish baladi.<ref name="cheznermine"/> A madadin haka, wasu girke-girke na Masar suna ba da shawarar gishiri a cikin kwai don fitar da danshi mai yawa da rage zafi kafin a dafa su har sai launin ruwan kasa. Ana haɗa yankan kwai da aka dafa tare da sauce na tumatir da aka yi daga albasa, tafarnuwa, tumatir paste, tumatir da ya yanka, da kayan yaji, kuma an dafa shi a hankali har sai sauce ya yi kauri. Ana iya ba da wannan sigar nan da nan ko kuma a sanyaya da dare kuma a ba da sanyi tare da eish baladi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eggplant mesa'a'ah (Egyptian spiced eggplant) recipe |url=https://www.delicious.com.au/recipes/eggplant-mesaaah-egyptian-spiced-eggplant-recipe/92to2cl5 |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=delicious. }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙarin girke-girke na zamani suna ba da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa ta hanyar gasa kwai maimakon soya, rage sha mai yayin kiyaye dandano.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2018 |title=Musacaa: Egyptian-Style Stewed Eggplant with Chickpeas |url=https://www.confessionsofafoodie.me/2018/02/musacaa-egyptian-style-stewed-eggplant.html |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Confessions of a Foodie}}</ref> Duk da yake yawanci kayan lambu ne, ana iya yin shi da naman sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2021 |title=Oven-Roasted Egyptian Mesaka’a |url=https://food52.com/recipes/85766-egyptian-mesakaa-recipe |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Food52}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Abincin Masar * Moussaka * Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya * Jerin abincin Afirka == Manazarta == f1smez8pfvu2ae6vdmhdwzpas95mclz 0 149005 862439 829227 2026-06-20T20:28:35Z Suyash.dwivedi 11281 /* Tarihi */ 862439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg|thumb|Amharic-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Bäyaynätu (Amharic: በያይነቱ, bäyaynädu): wannan abincin da ya kunshi {{Transl|am|[[injera]]}} da nau'ikan {{Transl|am|[[Wat (food)|wat]]}} da yawa (sage) na musamman ne na abincin [[Itofiya|Habashawa]].]] Abinci 'Yan Habasha (Amharic) ya ƙunshi kayan lambu kuma sau da yawa nama mai ɗanɗano. Wannan yawanci yana cikin nau'in {{Transl|am|[[wat (food)|wat]]}}, mai kauri, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a saman injera ({{Lang|am|እንጀራ}}), babban gurasar gurasa, wanda ke da kimanin 50 centimeters (20 inci) a diamita kuma an yi shi da garin teff. Habashawa yawanci suna cin abinci da hannayensu na dama, suna amfani da ɓangarorin injera don karɓar cinyewar shigarwa da jita-jita na gefe.<ref name="gonomad" /><ref name="gonomad" /> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Kita_herb_bread.jpg|right|thumb|Gurasar ganye ta Habasha]] Abincin da aka saba ci ya ƙunshi {{Transl|am|[[injera]]}} tare da miya mai yaji, wanda galibi ya haɗa da naman sa, rago, kayan lambu da nau'ikan wake iri-iri (kamar lentil), kuma ana cin sa a kwandon {{Transl|har|[[mesob]]}} . Abincin Jihar Kudancin Habasha, Yankin Jama'ar Kudu maso Yamma, Jihar Tsakiyar Habasha, da yankin Sidama suma suna amfani da shukar ayaba ta ƙarya ( {{Transl|am|enset}} ; Ge'ez , {{Transl|gez|ïnset}} ), wani nau'in ensete . Ana niƙa shukar a niƙa a yi ta yayyanka ta don yin abinci iri-iri, gami da abinci mai kama da burodi da ake kira {{Transl|am|[[Kocho (food)|kocho]]}} ( Ge'ez: , {{Transl|gez|qoćo|}} ), wanda ake ci da {{Transl|am|[[kitfo]]}} . <ref name="aaas">{{Cite web |year=1997 |title=Uses of Enset |url=http://www.aaas.org/international/africa/enset/uses.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819143500/http://www.aaas.org/international/africa/enset/uses.shtml |archive-date=19 August 2007 |access-date=13 August 2007 |website=The 'Tree Against Hunger': Enset-Based Agricultural Systems in Ethiopia |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]}}</ref> Ana iya yin foda a tushen wannan shukar kuma a shirya shi a matsayin abin sha mai zafi da ake kira {{Transl|am|bulla}} ( Ge'ez: , {{Transl|gez|būlā}} ), wanda galibi ana ba wa waɗanda suka gaji ko suka yi rashin lafiya. Wani abincin Gurage na yau da kullun shine kofi da man shanu ( {{Transl|am|kebbeh}} ). Ana kuma gasa burodin ganyen {{Transl|am|Kita}} . {{Transl|am|Quanta}} (ko {{Transl|am|quwanta}} ), busasshen naman sa ne da aka yi da iska tare da kayan ƙanshi na gargajiya; ana cin sa da kansa a matsayin abun ciye-ciye, ko kuma a matsayin sinadari a cikin miya da sauran abinci. == Tarihi == Tarihin abincin Habasha yana da tasiri ta hanyar gadon noma na ƙasar. Babban abin da ke cikin al'ada shi ne ''injera'' - wani abu mai ɗanɗano <ref name="exploratorium">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Injera Recipe {{!}} Exploratorium |url=https://annex.exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/recipe-injera.html |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Exploratorium}}</ref> da burodi mai laushi wanda aka yi daga ''teff'', wani tsohon hatsi da aka samo asali daga Habasha. <ref name="teffco">{{Cite web |title=Making Injera - Tips & Tricks |url=https://teffco.com/traditional-injera/tips-tricks/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=The Teff Company}}</ref> A wuraren cin abinci, ''injera'' galibi ana haɗa shi da nau'ikan abinci ''na wot'' wanda ke ɗauke da kayan lambu, wake, da nama; wani nau'in abinci, ''doro wot'', wani miyar kaza mai yaji da aka ƙara masa ''berbere'', wani haɗin kayan ƙanshi wanda ya ƙunshi barkono barkono, tafarnuwa, citta, da kayan ƙanshi iri-iri, shine abincin ƙasar Habasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Doro Wat (Spicy Ethiopian Chicken Stew) |url=https://www.daringgourmet.com/doro-wat-spicy-ethiopian-chicken-stew/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Daring Gourmet}}</ref> [[File:Ethiopian vegetarian food plate at a restaurant, Paris, December 2024.jpg|thumb|Farantin abincin ganyayyaki na Habasha]] == Manazarta == 7w05eek4etvzyvzmh27159lcqetf6p3 0 149276 862546 830221 2026-06-21T03:41:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matteo Abbate''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1983) shi ne kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Italiya kuma tsohon mai tsaron gida. == Ayyukan wasa == Abbate ya fara aikinsa a Piacenza . A shekara ta 2010, Abbate ya shiga Hellas Verona FC a kwangilar shekaru 2. Yarjejeniyar daga baya ta kara. A watan Janairun 2013 Pro Vercelli ta sanya hannu a kansa. A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013 Abbate ya shiga Cremonese. A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016 Abbate ya sake shiga Piacenza. == Ayyukan horarwa == A cikin 2018, an nada Abbate mataimakin kocin Stefano Rossini a kulob din Jerin D Vigor Carpaneto . Ya shiga Monza a matsayin kocin matasa a shekarar 2019. A cikin 2021, Alessandria ta nada shi a matsayin kocin matasa na kasa da shekaru 19. A shekara ta 2022, Abbate ya sanya hannu a Piacenza a matsayin kocin matasa kuma an ci gaba da inganta shi zuwa kocin a watan Fabrairun 2023, ya kasa ceton kulob din daga sakewa. A ranar 6 ga Yuni 2023, Abbate ya sanya hannu a kulob din Serie C Pergolettese . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Pergolettese, Abbate è il nuovo allenatore: ora è ufficiale |url=https://www.lacasadic.com/calciomercato/pergolettese-abbate-allenatore-calciomercato-6-giugno-2023/ |access-date=9 August 2023 |publisher=La Casa di C |language=it |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230157/https://www.lacasadic.com/calciomercato/pergolettese-abbate-allenatore-calciomercato-6-giugno-2023/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2024 biyo bayan mummunan sakamako.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2024 |title=COMUNICATO UFFICIALE: ESONERATO L'ALLENATORE MATTEO ABBATE |url=https://www.uspergolettese1932.it/news/comunicato-ufficiale-esonerato-l-allenatore-matteo-abbate.php |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=US Pergolettese 1932 |language=it}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] ivz1soeonz51sdgtn5wuacei8fawgde 0 149411 862562 830693 2026-06-21T05:18:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mehdi Aadi''' [[Farisawa|Farisa:]] مهدی عبدی, (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Iran wanda a halin yanzu ke buga wa Havadar a cikin Persian Gulf Pro LeagueKungiyar Pro ta Tekun Farisa == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Farisawa|Farisa:]] مهدی عبدی, (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1989) <ref>{{Soccerway|mohammadreza-khaledabadi/795582}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=محمد رضا خالد آبادی - هیات فوتبال استان تهران |url=https://www.football-tehran.com/samane/i-user/1015684791/ |language=Persian |access-date=2026-05-06 |archive-date=2025-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121151511/https://www.football-tehran.com/samane/i-user/1015684791/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=محمدرضا خالدآبادی |url=https://footballi.net/player/2447311/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C |publisher=فوتبالی |language=Persian}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Iran wanda a halin yanzu ke buga wa Esteghlal a cikin Persian Gulf Pro League . <ref>{{Cite web |title=M. Khaledabadi, Havadar SC: Info, news, matches and statistics |url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/mohammadreza-khaledabadi-3210433 |publisher=BeSoccer |access-date=2026-05-06 |archive-date=2023-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626182049/https://www.besoccer.com/player/mohammadreza-khaledabadi-3210433 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammadreza Khaledabadi Stats, Goals, Records, Assists, Cups and more |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/372b71fb/Mohammadreza-Khaledabadi |publisher=FBref.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammadreza Khaledabadi stats and ratings |url=https://www.sofascore.com/player/mohammadreza-khaledabadi/1171039 |publisher=Sofascore}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] 9x9bj2nsj8t8kdufxi0ls4f9lx10elb 0 149655 862558 831545 2026-06-21T05:12:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mees Siers''' (an haife shi 6 Oktoba 1987 a Zelhem ) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] [[Holand|ƙafa]] ne mai ritaya kuma kocin matasa na yanzu yana aiki a De Graafschap. Ya taba bugawa De Graafschap, AGOVV Apeldoorn da Helmond Sport.<ref>Mees Siers at WorldFootball.net</ref><ref>Mees Siers stopt bij De Treffers en wordt jeugdtrainer bij De Graafschap, gelderlander.nl, 13 June 2019</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == A shekarar 2018, Siers ta yi aikin horo a NEC, inda ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin matasa. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19, Siers ta yi ritaya ta zama kocin matasa a [[De Graafschap]].<ref>[https://www.gelderlander.nl/voetbal-nijmegen/mees-siers-stopt-bij-de-treffers-en-wordt-jeugdtrainer-bij-de-graafschap~a08196fa/ Mees Siers stopt bij De Treffers en wordt jeugdtrainer bij De Graafschap], gelderlander.nl, 13 June 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.degraafschap.nl/jeugdopleiding/elftallen/onder11/speler/mees-siers-trainer-o17/ Mees Siers - Trainer O17/O11 - De Graafschap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126161143/https://www.degraafschap.nl/jeugdopleiding/elftallen/onder11/speler/mees-siers-trainer-o17 |date=2024-11-26 }}, degraafschap.nl, 4 September 2019</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] dv63slhposyzv1x0watb31ym0pedrwd 0 149690 862786 831682 2026-06-21T10:01:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Abdullah''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1981) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda a halin yanzu ke buga wa Doncaster Rovers. == Ayyuka == Kyakkyawan mai tsaron gida a hannun dama na [[Al-Ittihad Alexandria Club|Ittihad]], yana da ƙwarewar harbi mai ƙarfi da ƙwarewa mai kyau na kula da kwallon. Abdullah ya koma Konyaspor a watan Janairun 2007, ta hanyar rancen watanni 6,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOHAMED ABDALLA SOLI GHOBASHY |url=http://www.tff.org.tr/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=1020174 |access-date=2009-08-10 |publisher=[[Turkish Football Federation|TFF]] |archive-date=2012-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401173030/http://www.tff.org.tr/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=1020174 |url-status=dead }}</ref> daga 'yan wasan Afirka el-Ahly . Bai kasance na yau da kullun a el-Ahly ba, amma ya fara wasan karshe da CS Sfaxien a gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF 2006. Abdullah ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2005 da 2006. Lokacin da ya koma Doncaster Rovers a shekarar 2012, ya lashe gasar EFL League One ta 2012-13 tare da su. Daga nan ya zauna tare da su har zuwa 2024, lokacin da ya yi ritaya. == Daraja == '''El-Ismaily''' * Ya lashe gasar Masar (2001-2002). * Ya lashe Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Masar (2000). '''El-Ahly''' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] j0vpsxwsj40pm13yjgeog0tviz7yaz0 0 149858 861968 832238 2026-06-20T12:01:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 861968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ton Blanker''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1960) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ya yi ritaya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == Blanker, wanda yake da hazaka sosai, an ɗauke shi a matsayin sabon ɗan wasan Cruijff [1] kuma ya fara aikinsa da Ajax wanda ya lashe gasar Eredivisie ta 1979-80, sannan ya kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 1979-80, [2] inda ya zura kwallaye huɗu a ragar HJK Helsinki a zagayen farko, [ an yi amfani da ambato ] sannan kuma ya ci kwallaye uku a kan Omonia a zagaye na gaba. Bayan haka, Blanker ya buga wasa a ƙasashen waje ga Vitória de Guimarães, Real Zaragoza da Salamanca, daga baya ya koma Eredivisie don bugawa SBV Excelsior da FC Volendam . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ton Blanker |url=http://www.mondedufoot.fr/fiche_du_joueur/ton-blanker/ned-eredivisie/2/ |access-date=5 December 2017 |website=mondedufoot |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074851/http://www.mondedufoot.fr/fiche_du_joueur/ton-blanker/ned-eredivisie/2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Amurka tare da Los Angeles Lazers, Blanker ya buga wasa na tsawon shekaru biyu a Belgium a matsayin Germinal Beerschot da Cappellen . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Blanker ya auri Anita Heilker na Dolly Dots ; suna da 'ya mace, Robin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita Heilker betreurt het dat ze nooit oma zal worden |url=https://www.story.nl/showbizz/anita-heilker-betreurt-het-dat-ze-nooit-oma-zal-worden~0607780f?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F |access-date=19 April 2026 |website=Story |language=nl}}</ref> A shekarar 1994, an yanke wa Blanker hukuncin daurin shekaru 5 a gidan yari bayan mallakar makamai da safarar miyagun kwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=De Nieuwe Cruijff: van Ruiter tot Blanker en van Vanenburg tot Nouri |url=https://darchmedia.nl/de-nieuwe-cruijff-van-ruiter-tot-blanker-en-van-vanenburg-tot-nouri/?cn-reloaded=1 |access-date=19 April 2026 |website=Darch Media |language=nl}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] fb4gn66fuiewdhao332vy2rrufv5ee9 0 149873 862641 832306 2026-06-21T08:14:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} (Serbian Cyrillic; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Serbia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na Kolubara . <ref name="foo">{{Soccerway|138478}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan aikin makarantar matasa yana wasa a OFK Beograd, ya shiga tawagar farko, amma a kakar wasa ta farko, an ba da rancensa ga Mladost Apatin. Sa'an nan, don kakar wasa da rabi, yana wasa ga kulob dinsa na gida kuma ya buga wasanni 14, an sake ba da rancensa, a wannan lokacin ga Kolubara, inda yake wasa na shekara guda. Daga nan sai ya koma Timok, sannan daga baya zuwa Voždovac.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.utakmica.rs/fudbaler/72-filipovic-milos |website=utakmica.rs}}</ref> Ya buga wasa daya kawai a Voždovac kafin a ba da rancensa ga FK BSK Borča don sauran kakar. Bayan Borča, na kakar wasa daya ya buga wa kungiyar Bosnian FK Drina Zvornik wasa. A watan Yunin 2015, Filipović ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Zrinjski Mostar . Ya lashe lambobin Premier League na Bosnia sau uku a jere yayin da yake Zrinjski, kuma ya kasance Babban mai zira kwallaye na kakar 2017-18, inda ya zira kwallayen 16. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2019, Filipović ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar AEL ta Girka, amma ya shiga kulob din bayan kwangilarsa da Zrinjski ta kare a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.K. |date=22 April 2019 |title=Miloš Filipović potpisao za Larissu, Zrinjski ostao bez obeštećenja |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/milos-filipovic-potpisao-za-larissu-zrinjski-ostao-bez-obestecenja/190422066 |access-date=22 April 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa AEL wasa a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan 2019, a wasan 1-1 da aka yi da Atromitos Filipović ya dakatar da kwangilarsa da AEL a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2019 |title=Atromitos vs. Larissa |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/25/greece/super-league/pae-aps-atromitos-athens/ae-larisa/3051871/ |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=int.soccerway.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S. Mlaćo |date=3 January 2020 |title=Filipović raskinuo u Grčkoj, vraća se u Premijer ligu? |url=https://sportsport.ba/fudbal/filipovic-raskinuo-u-grckoj-vraca-se-u-premijer-ligu/346604 |access-date=3 January 2020 |publisher=sportsport.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2020, ya dawo Zrinjski bayan watanni shida kawai, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku da rabi tare da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=E. Čaušević |date=4 January 2020 |title=Miloš Filipović potpisao za HŠK Zrinjski! |url=https://sportsport.ba/fudbal/milos-filipovic-potpisao-za-hsk-zrinjski/346726 |access-date=4 January 2020 |publisher=sportsport.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> Goal na farko da Filipović ya zira tun lokacin da ya dawo kulob din ya kasance a wasan derby na [[Bosnia-Herzegovina|Herzegovina]] 1-1 da Široki Brijeg a ranar 8 ga Maris 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N.K. |date=8 March 2020 |title=Široki Brijeg i Zrinjski podijelili bodove na Pecari |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/siroki-brijeg-i-zrinjski-podijelili-bodove-na-pecari/200308088 |access-date=8 March 2020 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, ya zira kwallaye a wasan Zrinjski 4-0 da ya ci Tuzla City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N.K. |date=16 October 2020 |title=Zrinjski pregazio Tuzla City, maestralni Filipović postigao hat-trick |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/zrinjski-pregazio-tuzla-city-maestralni-filipovic-postigao-hat-trick/201016116 |access-date=16 October 2020 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2021, Filipović ya bar Zrinjski . <ref>{{Cite web |last=V. Bernadić |date=18 June 2021 |title=Miloš Filipović: Nakon svega nisam zaslužio da me se telefonom obavijesti o raskidu ugovora |url=https://sportsport.ba/fudbal/milos-filipovic-nakon-svega-nisam-zasluzio-da-me-se-telefonom-obavijesti-o-raskidu-ugovora/401790 |access-date=18 June 2021 |publisher=sportsport.ba |language=bs}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Mladost Apatin (an ba da rancen) |2009–10 |Ƙungiyar Farko ta Serbia |25 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |3 |- | rowspan="3" |OFK Beograd |2010–11 |SuperLiga ta Serbia |12 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |15 |0 |- |2011–12 |SuperLiga ta Serbia |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !14 !0 !1 !0 !2 !0 !17 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Kolubara (an ba da rancen) |2011–12 |Ƙungiyar Farko ta Serbia |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |2012–13 |Ƙungiyar Farko ta Serbia |13 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !19 !2 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !20 !2 |- |Timok |2012–13 |Ƙungiyar Farko ta Serbia |17 |6 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |6 |- |Voždovac |2013–14 |SuperLiga ta Serbia |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |BSK Borča (rashin aro) |2013–14 |SuperLiga ta Serbia |24 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |5 |- |Drina Zvornik |2014–15 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |24 |9 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |25 |9 |- | rowspan="5" |Zrinjski Mostar |2015–16 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |22 |4 |1 |0 |2 |1 |25 |5 |- |2016–17 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |13 |3 |4 |1 |2 |0 |19 |4 |- |2017–18 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |32 |16 |0 |0 |2 |0 |34 |16 |- |2018–19 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |23 |7 |2 |0 |6 |1 |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !90 !30 !7 !1 !12 !2 !109 !33 |- |AEL |2019–20 |Super League Girka |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Zrinjski Mostar |2019–20 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |3 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |- |2020–21 |Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia |24 |5 |1 |0 |3 |1 |28 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !27 !6 !2 !0 !3 !1 !32 !7 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !246 !61 !13 !1 !17 !3 !276 !65 |} == Daraja == '''Zrinjski Mostar''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia: 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-182017–18 === Mutumin da ya fi so === * Babban mai zira kwallaye na gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia: 2017-182017–18 * Dan wasan SuperLiga ta Serbia na mako: 2021-22 (Zagaye 31 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Igrač kola: Dva fantastična pogotka Miloša Filipovića za tri boda Kolubare |url=https://www.superliga.rs/vesti/3466-igrac-kola-dva-fantasticna-pogotka-milosa-filipovica-za-tri-boda-kolubare |access-date=17 April 2022 |publisher=www.superliga.rs |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417214813/https://superliga.rs/vesti/3466-igrac-kola-dva-fantasticna-pogotka-milosa-filipovica-za-tri-boda-kolubare |url-status=dead }}</ref>) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] br9awgw5gxnruly6oi262wk9ebiy0tj 0 149943 862258 832475 2026-06-20T17:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Retrato de Manuel Bento de Sousa (1900) - Veloso Salgado.png|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Manuel Bento | hoto = | cikakken_suna = Manuel Galrinho Bento | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa|1948|6|20}} | wurin_haihuwa = Golegã, Portugal | ranar_mutuwa = {{Mutuwa da shekaru|2007|2|1|1948|6|20}} | wurin_mutuwa = Barreiro, Portugal | tsawo = 1.81 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron raga | shekaru1 = 1966–1972 | kulob1 = Barreirense | wasanni1 = 111 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 1972–1992 | kulob2 = Benfica | wasanni2 = 465 | kwallaye2 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Portugal | shekaru_kasa1 = 1976–1986 | wasanni_kasa1 = 63 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 }} '''Manuel Galrinho Bento''' (20 ga Yuni, 1948 – 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Portugal]] wanda ya yi suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron raga a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Portugal. Ya shahara musamman saboda dogon lokacin da ya shafe yana taka leda a kulob ɗin [[S.L. Benfica]] da kuma rawar da ya taka a tawagar ƙasar Portugal. Bento ya kasance mai saurin motsi, jarumtaka da kuma iya ceton ƙwallaye masu wahala, lamarin da ya sa ake kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron raga na zamaninsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/player.php?id=13062 |title=Manuel Bento Profile |website=Zerozero |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Manuel Bento a garin Golegã da ke ƙasar Portugal. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya fara taka leda a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin daga bisani ya shiga tsarin matasa na kulob ɗin Barreirense. A wannan lokaci ne ya fara nuna ƙwarewarsa wajen hana ƙwallaye shiga raga tare da samun yabo daga masu horarwa da magoya baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/bento/ |title=Manuel Bento – Career Overview |website=WorldFootball.net |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Barreirense === Bento ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da kulob ɗin [[F.C. Barreirense]] a shekarar 1966. Ya shafe shekaru da dama yana taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasa na kulob ɗin. Kwarewarsa wajen dakatar da manyan hare-hare da kuma nutsuwarsa a cikin fili sun jawo hankalin manyan kungiyoyi a Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/manuel-bento/profil/spieler/213875 |title=Manuel Bento Stats |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Benfica === A shekarar 1972 ne Bento ya koma [[S.L. Benfica]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulob ɗin Portugal. Wannan canjin ne ya ɗaga martabarsa a duniya saboda ya zama babban mai tsaron raga na kulob ɗin tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Benfica lashe kofunan lig da dama da sauran gasa na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/en-us/benfica-history/great-players/manuel-bento |title=Benfica History – Manuel Bento |website=SL Benfica |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> Bento ya kasance mai aminci ga Benfica tsawon kusan shekaru ashirin. A wannan lokaci ya buga daruruwan wasanni kuma ya kafa tarihi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi dadewa suna wakiltar kulob ɗin. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da saurin faɗuwa wajen tare ƙwallo, iya jagorantar masu tsaron baya da kuma nuna ƙwazo a manyan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/port-recintlp.html |title=Portugal – Record International Players |website=RSSSF |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Bento ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Portugal wasa a shekarar 1976. Daga baya ya zama babban mai tsaron raga na ƙasar a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya wakilci Portugal a gasar [[UEFA Euro 1984]], inda tawagar ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, wanda hakan ya kasance babban nasara ga ƙasar a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/44169--bento/ |title=UEFA Profile – Bento |website=UEFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A gasar Euro 1984, Bento ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai ta hanyar ceton ƙwallaye masu haɗari daga manyan ƙasashe na Turai. Wasansa ya taimaka wa Portugal wajen kaiwa matakin da ba a saba gani ba a lokacin. Har yanzu ana tunawa da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gwarazan tawagar Portugal na wancan zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/685/contextId/1619485 |title=Manuel Bento – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol |website=FPF |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Bento da saurin motsi, ƙarfin hali da kuma iya tsayawa a matsin lamba. Yana daga cikin masu tsaron raga da suka fi iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya kafin su harba ƙwallo. Har ila yau, yana da kwarewa wajen sarrafa yankin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da kuma jagorantar masu tsaron baya cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/10/10/remembering-manuel-bento-portugals-goalkeeping-icon/ |title=Remembering Manuel Bento |website=These Football Times |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun yaba masa saboda natsuwa da ƙwarewa. Duk da cewa bai samu shahara kamar wasu fitattun masu tsaron raga na Turai ba, a Portugal ana kallonsa a matsayin gwarzo kuma jagora ga matasan masu tsaron gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/the-greatest-goalkeepers-in-portugal-history/ |title=Greatest Goalkeepers in Portugal History |website=Goal.com |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ritayarsa daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa, Bento ya ci gaba da kasancewa kusa da harkar wasanni ta hanyar horarwa da bayar da shawarwari ga matasa. Ya kasance mutum mai sauƙin kai wanda ya samu girmamawa daga tsofaffin abokan wasa da magoya baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.publico.pt/2007/02/01/desporto/noticia/morreu-manuel-bento-1283757 |title=Morreu Manuel Bento |website=Público |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Manuel Bento ya rasu sakamakon hatsarin mota. Mutuwarsa ta girgiza al’ummar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal musamman magoya bayan Benfica. Kulob ɗin Benfica da hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal sun yi masa gagarumar karramawa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/soccer-portugal-bento-idUSL01575064/ |title=Former Portugal goalkeeper Bento dies |website=Reuters |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Benfica === * Primeira Divisão: 1972–73, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1986–87, 1988–89 * Taça de Portugal: 1979–80, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1980, 1985, 1989 == Duba kuma == * [[S.L. Benfica]] * [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bento, Manuel}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2007 deaths]] [[Category:Portuguese footballers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:S.L. Benfica players]] [[Category:Portugal international footballers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 1984 players]] jorpn85zc8ixdciwrnag2xvvmt4dbn5 0 150170 862764 836745 2026-06-21T09:32:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mitchell Clement Dijks''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] a ƙungiyar V.League 1 ta Nam Định . == Aikin kulob == === Ajax === An haife shi a Purmerend, Dijks an ɗauke shi zuwa matasan ƙungiyar AFC Ajax ta lokacin FC Volendam a 2009. Yayin da yake bugawa ƙungiyar matasa ta Ajax A1 a 2011–12, Dijks ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe gasar Nike Eredivisie, da kuma kammala a matsayin na biyu ga Inter Milan a gasar NextGen Series (daidai da [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai]] ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da shekara 20) bayan ya sha kashi a bugun fenariti (5–3) bayan rashin nasara 1-1 bayan ƙarin lokaci. Dijks ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a kungiyarsa a ranar 5 ga Agusta 2012 da [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] a wasan Johan Cruyff Shield inda ya buga mintuna 76 kafin a maye gurbinsa da Dico Koppers kuma ya samu katin rawaya. <ref name="2012ShieldFinal">{{Cite web |title=PSV 4–2 Ajax |url=http://www.vi.nl/Wedstrijden/Wedstrijd.htm?dbid=246885&typeofpage=84140 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=Voetbal International}}</ref> Ajax ta sha kashi a wasan da ci 4-2. <ref name="2012ShieldFinal" /> Daga nan ya fara buga wasa da Ajax a ranar 19 ga Agusta 2012 da NEC, inda ya buga mintuna 79 kafin Joël Veltman ya maye gurbinsa. <ref name="DutchLeagueDebut">{{Cite web |title=NEC vs. Ajax – 19 August 2012 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/08/19/netherlands/eredivisie/nijmegen-eendracht-combinatie/afc-ajax/1290435/ |access-date=20 August 2012 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Wasan ya kare da ci 6-1 a hannun Ajax. <ref name="DutchLeagueDebut" /> Dijks ya buga wasanni 6 a gasar lig, inda ya buga wasa a [[Mai buga baya|gefen hagu]], inda ya buga wasa a gasar KNVB Cup, duk da taimakawa Ajax ta lashe gasar Eredivisie a kakar wasa ta farko, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama gasar Holland ta 32 a jere. ==== Heerenveen (rance) ==== A kakar wasa ta Eredivisie ta 2013-14, Dijks ya sanya hannu kan aro tare da wani babban kulob na Holland mai suna [[SC Heerenveen]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official: Mitchell Dijks transferred to SC Heerenveen on a loan |url=http://www.soccerfame.com/transfer/19653/mitchell-dijks |access-date=23 July 2013 |website=SoccerFame}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2013, a wasan farko na kakar wasa da AZ, an kore shi a wasansa na farko a sabuwar kungiyarsa. An kore shi ne bayan da aka yi masa keta a minti na 71 na wasan, wanda ya kawo karshen nasarar da aka samu a wasan da ci 4-2 a Abe Lenstra Stadion . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heerenveen vs. AZ 4 - 2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/08/03/netherlands/eredivisie/sportclub-heerenveen/stichting-az/1478335/ |access-date=29 August 2013 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> === Willem II === A ranar 28 ga Agusta 2014, an sanar da cewa Dijks ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Willem II na ƙungiyar Eredivisie . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dijks vertrekt transfervrij naar Willem II |url=http://www.ajaxshowtime.com/hoofdnieuws/81242/-dijks-tekent-voor-twee-jaar-.html |access-date=28 August 2014 |website=Ajax Showtime |archive-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830110639/http://www.ajaxshowtime.com/hoofdnieuws/81242/-dijks-tekent-voor-twee-jaar-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Komawa Ajax === A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2015, Ajax ta sanar da sake siyan Dijk daga Willem II . A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, matasan Ajax Richairo Zivkovic, Ruben Ligeon da Lesly de Sa za su koma wani hanyar aro. A ranar 30 ga Janairu 2017, Dijks ya yi niyyar shiga Norwich City FC a yarjejeniyar aro ta farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2015 |title=Ajax Seal Deal For Celtic Linked Defender Mitchell Dijks |url=http://www.insidefutbol.com/2015/06/24/ajax-seal-deal-for-celtic-linked-defender-mitchell-dijks/216795/ |website=Inside Futbol}}</ref> ==== Norwich City (aron) ==== A watan Janairun 2017, bayan da ya rasa matsayinsa a cikin 'yan wasan farko ga Daley Sinkgraven a karkashin sabon kocin da aka nada [[Peter Bosz]], Dijks da farko ya ƙi amincewa da tayin canja wuri don buga wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin EFL ga Norwich City . Maimakon haka ya amince da aro a Canaries, wanda zai daɗe har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitchell Dijks tóch naar Norwich |url=https://www.ajaxshowtime.com/article/hoofdnieuws/102053/mitchell-dijks-toch-naar-norwich |website=AjaxShowtime |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2018-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122031/https://www.ajaxshowtime.com/article/hoofdnieuws/102053/mitchell-dijks-toch-naar-norwich |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta ƙwararru a ranar 7 ga Fabrairun 2017 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Wigan Athletic da bugun kai mai ƙarfi a minti na 73. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2016 |title=Wigan Athletic 2 Norwich City 2 |url=http://www.pinkun.com/norwich-city/wigan_athletic_2_norwich_city_2_1_4881144 |website=Pink Un |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075820/http://www.pinkun.com/norwich-city/wigan_athletic_2_norwich_city_2_1_4881144 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Jong Ajax ==== Bayan dawowarsa daga Norwich City, Dijk ya fara yin atisaye da ƙungiyar farko, kafin a yanke shawarar cewa zai yi sauran kakar wasa yana wasa da Jong Ajax, ƙungiyar da ke cikin rukunin 'yan wasa masu zaman kansu da ke fafatawa a gasar Eerste Divisie ta ƙasar Holland, ƙungiya ta biyu a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar Netherlands. Jong Ajax zai ci gaba da lashe gasar rukuni na biyu a wannan kakar inda Dijk ya buga wasanni uku jimilla. [1] === Bologna === A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2018, an sanar da cewa Dijks ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi da ƙungiyar Serie A Bologna a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJAX flankman DIJKS agrees move to Italian club |url=http://www.transfermarketweb.com/?action=read&idsel=191296 |website=transfermarketweb.com |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2018-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185824/http://www.transfermarketweb.com/?action=read&idsel=191296 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2018 a wasan Coppa Italia da Padova . Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Serie A a mako mai zuwa a wasan gida da SPAL, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2019, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar ƙarshe a wasan da suka doke Chievo da ci 3-0. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, bayan wasanni biyar kacal, Dijks ya ji rauni a yatsan ƙafarsa ta biyu ta dama wanda hakan ya sa ya yi jinyar watanni 5-6. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2022, kwangilarsa da Bologna ta ƙare bisa amincewar juna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Dijks, risoluzione consensuale del contratto |url=https://www.bolognafc.it/dijks-risoluzione-consensuale-del-contratto/ |access-date=1 September 2022 |publisher=Bologna |language=it}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1xtpkzo1l1ie12fg7ktqs3oclawa3ur 0 150188 862554 833311 2026-06-21T04:24:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lens - Sochaux (23-11-2019) 73.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Maxence Lacroix | hoto = Maxence Lacroix 2022.jpg | cikakken_suna = Maxence Guy Lacroix | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2000|4|6}} | wurin_haihuwa = Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Faransa | tsawo = 1.90 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kungiyar_yanzu = [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] | lamba = 5 | shekaru_matasa1 = 2007–2015 | kulob_matasa1 = Limeil-Brévannes | shekaru_matasa2 = 2015–2017 | kulob_matasa2 = [[US Torcy]] | shekaru_matasa3 = 2017–2018 | kulob_matasa3 = [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard|Sochaux]] | shekaru1 = 2018–2020 | kulob1 = Sochaux B | wasanni1 = 14 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2019–2020 | kulob2 = Sochaux | wasanni2 = 20 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2020–2024 | kulob3 = [[VfL Wolfsburg]] | wasanni3 = 130 | kwallaye3 = 4 | shekaru4 = 2024– | kulob4 = Crystal Palace | wasanni4 = 0 | kwallaye4 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Faransa U20 | wasanni_kasa1 = 4 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Faransa U21 | wasanni_kasa2 = 8 | kwallaye_kasa2 = 0 | sabunta = 9 ga Mayu 2026 }} '''Maxence Guy Lacroix''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Faransa]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] ta ƙasar [[Ingila]] da kuma tawagar matasan Faransa. An san shi da saurin gudu, ƙarfin jiki, da iya katse hare-haren abokan hamayya.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.cpfc.co.uk/players/first-team/maxence-lacroix/|title=Maxence](https://www.cpfc.co.uk/players/first-team/maxence-lacroix/|title=Maxence) Lacroix Profile|publisher=Crystal Palace F.C.|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Lacroix a garin Villeneuve-Saint-Georges da ke yankin Île-de-France na ƙasar Faransa. Ya taso cikin iyali masu sha’awar wasanni, inda ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara koyon wasan ne a ƙungiyoyin matasa na yankinsa kafin daga baya ya koma makarantar horas da matasa ta [[US Torcy]], wadda ta shahara wajen fitar da hazikan ‘yan wasa a Faransa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.transfermarkt.com/maxence-lacroix/profil/spieler/475984|title=Maxence](https://www.transfermarkt.com/maxence-lacroix/profil/spieler/475984|title=Maxence) Lacroix – Player profile|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar kulob == === Sochaux === Lacroix ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard|Sochaux]] a shekarar 2017. Bayan ya nuna bajinta a matakin matasa, ya samu damar buga wa ƙungiyar ta biyu ta Sochaux wasa kafin daga baya ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar a gasar Ligue 2. Ya buga wasansa na farko a matakin ƙwararru a shekarar 2019, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan masu tsaron baya da ake sa ran za su yi fice a Faransa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://int.soccerway.com/players/maxence-lacroix/551959/|title=Maxence](https://int.soccerway.com/players/maxence-lacroix/551959/|title=Maxence) Lacroix Career Statistics|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === VfL Wolfsburg === A watan Agustan 2020, Lacroix ya koma ƙungiyar [[VfL Wolfsburg]] ta ƙasar Jamus kan yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci. Ya fara taka rawar gani tun farkon kakarsa a gasar Bundesliga, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron baya na ƙungiyar. Salon wasansa na saurin gudu da iya karanta wasan ya sa ya dace da tsarin wasan ƙungiyar Wolfsburg.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.vfl-wolfsburg.de/en/teams/first-team/players-and-staff/maxence-lacroix|title=Maxence](https://www.vfl-wolfsburg.de/en/teams/first-team/players-and-staff/maxence-lacroix|title=Maxence) Lacroix|publisher=VfL Wolfsburg|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Wolfsburg, Lacroix ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun gurbin shiga gasar [[UEFA Champions League]]. Haka kuma ya samu yabo daga manazarta da magoya baya saboda kwazonsa wajen dakile hare-hare da kuma iya fara gina wasa daga baya. A wasu lokuta an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi saurin ‘yan wasan Bundesliga.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/maxence-lacroix|title=Maxence](https://bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/maxence-lacroix|title=Maxence) Lacroix Bundesliga Profile|publisher=Bundesliga|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Crystal Palace === A shekarar 2024, Lacroix ya koma [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] ta gasar Premier League ta Ingila. Komawarsa ƙungiyar ya sake haɗa shi da tsohon mai horas da shi Oliver Glasner, wanda suka yi aiki tare a Wolfsburg. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ‘yan wasan da za su ƙarfafa tsaron ƙungiyar ta Palace.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/maxence-lacroix-signs-for-crystal-palace/|title=Maxence](https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/maxence-lacroix-signs-for-crystal-palace/|title=Maxence) Lacroix signs for Crystal Palace|publisher=Crystal Palace F.C.|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙasa da ƙasa == Lacroix ya wakilci Faransa a matakan ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru daban-daban, ciki har da tawagogin U20 da U21. Duk da cewa yana da asalin ƙasar Guadeloupe, ya zaɓi wakiltar Faransa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kwazonsa a matakin kulob ya sa ake ganin yana da damar shiga babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa a nan gaba.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9876-lacroix-maxence/fiche.html|title=Maxence](https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9876-lacroix-maxence/fiche.html|title=Maxence) Lacroix – Fédération Française de Football|publisher=FFF|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An fi sanin Lacroix da saurin gudunsa, tsayin jiki, da kuma ƙwarewa wajen karanta wasan abokan ==manazarta== meq454jt60h263ocl3zld58bq65gnds 0 150232 862651 836657 2026-06-21T08:21:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dimitrios "Mimis" Papaioannou''' (Girkanci: ; 17 ga Nuwamba 1942 - 15 ga Maris 2023) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Girka, wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, galibi ga AEK Athens da kuma manajan. An dauke shi a matsayin babban [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|dan wasan kwallon kafa]] na Girka na ƙarni kuma daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau a kowane lokaci a Girka, yayin da IFFHS ta kira shi dan wasan kwallon ƙafa mafi kyau na Girka a karni na 20. <ref name="IFFHS">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2000 |title=Μετάλλια και παρεξηγήσεις |trans-title=en:Medals and misunderstandings |url=https://www.tanea.gr/2000/12/23/sports/metallia-kai-pareksigiseis/ |website=tanea.gr |language=el}}</ref> Papaioannou, ƙwararren ɗan wasan gaba wanda daga baya aka mayar da shi ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, saboda ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha, an san shi da dabarunsa, iyawar dribbling, ƙarfin jiki, iyawa a kammala wasansa da kuma ƙwarewar tsalle-tsalle wanda ya ba shi damar zama a sararin sama fiye da abokan hamayyarsa. A tsawon aikinsa na wasa, Papaioannou ba a taɓa nuna masa ko da jan kati ba, yayin da aka yi masa katin rawaya sau uku kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Μίμης Παπαιωάννου |trans-title=en:Mimis Papaioannou |url=https://www.snf.org/media/213801/242.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506064252/https://www.snf.org/media/213801/242.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=snf.org}}</ref> Papaioannou ya buga wa AEK wasa na tsawon shekaru 17 kuma ya lashe kofuna biyar na lig da Kofin Girka uku, gami da double na gida a 1978. Shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar kuma lokacin da ya bar AEK shi ma shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Girka, amma a yau yana matsayi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2020 |title=60 χρόνια Α' Εθνική: Οι πρώτοι σκόρερ όλων των εποχών |trans-title=en:60 years of Alpha Ethniki: The top scorers of all time |url=https://sport365.gr/60-chronia-a-ethniki-oi-protoi-skorer-olon-ton-epochon/ |language=el}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan wasan AEK wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a duk gasa kuma na farko a wasannin lig. Laƙabinsa shine " Vlach " ( Greek ), saboda asalin iyalinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2023 |title=Μίμης Παπαϊωάννου 1942 - 2023: Αν είναι να πνιγείς, κάν' το σε μεγάλο ποτάμι |trans-title=en:Mimis Papaioannou 1942 - 2023: If you have to drown, do it in a big river |url=https://www.athensvoice.gr/epikairotita/athlitismos/793466/mimis-papaioannou-1942-2023-an-einai-na-pnigeis-kan-to-se-megalo-potami/ |website=athensvoice.gr |language=el}}</ref> A cikin aikinsa na ƙasa da ƙasa, Papaioannou yana cikin ƙungiyar sojojin Girka da ta lashe Kofin Soja na Duniya a 1962 da 1963. Tare da Girka, ya yi wasanni 61 kuma ya zira kwallaye 21, inda ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye har zuwa 1986 kuma yanzu shi ne na 5 a jerin waɗanda suka fi zira kwallaye a tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greece - Record International Players |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/grk-recintlp.html |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, IFFHS ta kuma zaɓe shi a cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya na Girka a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2021 |title=IFFHS MEN'S ALL TIME GREECE DREAM TEAM |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1405 |website=IFFHS.com}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, Papaioannou, ya zama manaja a New York Pancyprian-Freedoms, inda ya lashe gasar da kuma Kofin, inda ya lashe kofuna biyu na gida. <ref name="US">{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=1983 US Open Cup Final: The first time Houston hosted US Soccer's championship game |url=https://thecup.us/2018/09/26/1983-us-open-cup-final-the-first-time-houston-hosted-us-soccers-championship-game/ |website=thecup.us}}</ref> Daga 1986 zuwa 1991, ya jagoranci Kerkyra, Edessaikos, Olympiacos Chalkida, AE Kos da Pannafpliakos . A shekarar 1991, ya horar da kulob din Evgeros na gida a Kefalonia na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Alketas Panagoulias a benci na Girka na tsawon shekaru 2. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Papaioannou a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1942 a Nea Nikomideia na Imathia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Η γλυκιά ιστορία του Μίμη Παπαϊωάννου και το... πικρό τέλος |trans-title=en:The sweet story of Mimis Papaioannou and the... bitter end |url=https://www.newsbreak.gr/stories/448779/i-glykia-istoria-toy-mimi-papaioannoy-kai-to-pikro-telos/ |website=newsbreak.gr |language=el}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, Kostas shine mai kula da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta gida Nea Genea, don haka matashin Papaioannou ya fara hulɗa da ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Hazakarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta fara haskakawa tun daga farko, yayin da ƙaunarsa ga wasan ba ta da tabbas. Son ƙwallon ƙafa da matsalolin kuɗi na iyalinsa sun tilasta masa barin makaranta da wuri kuma ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin filin wasa da shagon aski na ƙauyen, inda yake aiki a matsayin mataimaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Μίμης Παπαϊωάννου: Δέκα μικρές ιστορίες για έναν μεγάλο ποδοσφαιριστή |trans-title=en:Mimis Papaioannou: Ten small stories for a big footballer |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/1350145/mimis-papaioannou-deka-mikres-istories-gia-enan-megalo-podosfairisti/ |website=protothema.gr |language=el}}</ref> <ref name="aekpedia">{{Cite web |title=Μίμης Παπαϊωάννου |trans-title=en:Mimis Papaioannou |url=http://www.aekpedia.com/2015/05/24/mimis-papaioannou/ |website=aekpedia.com |language=el}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Yana da shekaru 15, ya shiga Nea Genea kuma ya buga wasan kai hari a ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Μίμης Παπαϊωάννου: Το «τοτέμ» της ΑΕΚ, ο θρύλος του ελληνικού ποδοσφαίρου, ο καλύτερος Έλληνας ποδοσφαιριστής του 20ου αιώνα... |trans-title=en:Mimis Papaioannou: The «totem» of AEK, the legend of Greek football, the best Greek player of the 20th century... |url=https://www.bnsports.gr/retro-stories/articles/657988/mimis-papaioannou-to-totem-tis-aek-o-thrylos-tou-ellinikoy-podosfairou-o-kalyteros-ellinas-podosfairistis-tou-20ou-aiona-video |website=bnsports.gr |language=el}}</ref> Sunansa da ƙwarewarsa sun bazu cikin sauri a babban birnin lardin da kuma jami'an Veria . Don haka a shekarar 1959, Papaioannou mai shekaru 17 daga ƙarshe aka mayar da shi wurinsu. A wannan lokacin, manajan PAOK, Žarko Mihajlović ya zaɓe shi, tare da wasu matasa daga Arewacin Girka waɗanda ba su da kwangila da ƙungiyar, don wakiltar makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar a gasar matasa ta Viareggio . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ο Μίμης Παπαϊωάννου "φόρεσε" τη φανέλα του ΠΑΟΚ πριν της ΑΕΚ |trans-title=en:Mimis Papaioannou "wore" the shirt of PAOK before AEK |url=https://www.metrosport.gr/33-1679050843-th8mzhtf9w-738345 |website=metrosport.gr |language=el}}</ref> Bayyanarsa ga "Sarauniyar Arewa" ya jawo hankalin manyan ƙungiyoyin Thessaloniki, har ma da manajan AEK Athens na lokacin, [[Tryfon Tzanetis]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 July 1999 |title=ΜΙΜΗΣ ΠΑΠΑΪΩΑΝΝΟΥ Θέλησα να φύγω με το κεφάλι ψηλά |trans-title=en:MIMIS PAPAIOANNOU I wanted to leave with my head held high |url=https://www.tanea.gr/1999/07/31/sports/mimis-papaiwannoy-thelisa-na-fygw-me-to-kefali-psila/}}</ref> Tayin ƙungiyoyin Thessaloniki bai cika buƙatun Veria ba, inda aka kasa canja wurinsa zuwa PAOK saboda bambancin drachmas 20,000. A shekarar 1961, Tzanetis ya ba da shawara kuma ya shawo kan shugaban AEK, Nikos Goumas da ya bayar da drachma 175,000 ga ƙungiyar da kuma drachma 25,000 ga ɗan wasan mai shekaru 19 don canja wurinsa zuwa ƙungiyarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Η ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΜΑΣ |trans-title=en:OUR HISTORY |url=https://www.aekfc.gr/hp/i-istoria-mas-42825.htm?lang=el&path=-234507649 |website=aekfc.gr |language=el}}</ref> Matashin ɗan wasan gaba wanda asalinsa ɗan gudun hijira ne ya yi shakka, domin a gefe guda akwai tausayinsa na wasanni ga Arewacin Girka, PAOK da maƙwabciyarsa zuwa Thessaloniki, yayin da a gefe guda kuma akwai babban sunan AEK Athens kuma kuɗin da aka ba shi ya fi buƙatar iyalinsa nan take, tare da buƙatar komawarsa [[Athens]] mai nisa. Daga ƙarshe bayan shawarar shugaban Veria, Kostas Vorgiatzidis, Papaioannou ya zaɓi ƙungiyar Athens. <ref name="aekpedia"/> === AEK Athens === ==== 1962–1963 ==== A lokacin bazara na 1962, Papaioannou mai shekaru 20 ya sanya rigar launin rawaya mai launin baƙi, inda ya fara wani wasa mai mahimmanci na shekaru 17 wanda zai ɗaga shi zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a tarihin AEK Athens. Shi ne ɗan wasan da AEK ke neman ya haɗu da Kostas Nestoridis kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar wajen lashe gasar lig. Tare da "Nestoras" sun kafa manyan 'yan wasan gaba biyu masu ban mamaki waɗanda suka yi wa masu tsaron baya na gaba illa. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1962, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a wasansa na farko a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 7-2 a kan Egaleo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2019 |title=Ο άγνωστος Παλαιστίνιος που ήταν ο πρώτος ξένος στην ιστορία της ΑΕΚ |trans-title=en:The unknown Palestinian who was the first foreigner in the history of AEK |url=https://www.newsbeast.gr/sports/arthro/5334675/o-agnostos-palaistinios-poy-itan-o-protos-xenos-stin-istoria-tis-aek |website=newsbeast.gr |language=el}}</ref> Ya zura ƙwallo a wasan derby da Olympiacos a filin wasa na Karaiskakis, a wasan da suka tashi da ci 3-1 a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1962, <ref>{{Cite web |title=23/12/1962 Ολυμπιακός - ΑΕΚ 1-3 |trans-title=en:23/12/1962 Olympiacos - AEK 1-3 |url=https://www.aektoday.com/23-dekembriou/495-23-12-1962-olympiakos-aek-1-3 |website=aektoday.com |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2022-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719143516/https://www.aektoday.com/23-dekembriou/495-23-12-1962-olympiakos-aek-1-3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> yayin da shi ma ya zura ƙwallo a wasa ɗaya na zagaye na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=Γιατί πάντα η ΑΕΚ τους τιμωρούσε |trans-title=en:Because AEK always punished them |url=https://www.enwsi.gr/498227/retro-aek/giati-panta-aek-tous-timorouse-video.html |website=enwsi.gr |language=el}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa, AEK ta yi kunnen doki a matsayi na farko tare da Panathinaikos kuma an yi wa gasar hukunci a wasan share fage a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1963. Papaioannou ya ci kwallaye biyu, Nestoridis shi ma ya ci kwallo daga bugun kusurwa kai tsaye, kuma bayan an tashi kunnen doki 3-3 bisa ga ƙa'idojin lokacin, an ba wa ƙungiyar da ta fi kowacce yawan kwallaye a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. Kwallaye 39 da ƙungiyoyin biyu suka ci da jimillar bambancin kwallaye na 66-21, sun sa AEK ta lashe gasar bayan shekaru 23. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2017 |title=ΑΕΚ-Παναθηναϊκός 3-3: Το αξέχαστο μπαράζ του 1963 |trans-title=en:AEK-Panathinaikos 3-3: The unforgettable barrage of 1963 |url=https://sport-retro.gr/aek-panathinaikos-3-3-o-aksexastos-agwnas-barrage-tou-1963/}}</ref> Kamar yadda Mimis Papaioannou ya faɗa, bayan ƙarshen wasan, yayin da ya ga duk membobin ƙungiyar a ɗakin canza kaya suna kuka don wannan nasarar, an dasa shi a matsayin sabon shiga tare da manufofin ƙungiyar, yayin da shi ma ya yi kuka kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan AEK. <ref name="aekpedia"/> ==== 1963–1965 ==== Shekarun da suka gabaci AEK da Papaioannou sun yi kyau sosai, domin ya nuna cewa shi ne zai ɗauki matsayin jagora daga Nestoridis a cikin ƙungiyar, yana tura su sama gwargwadon iyawarsa don kai su ga nasara. Bayyanarsa da nasarorin da ya samu sun sanya shi cikin zuciyar jama'a cikin sauri. Magoya bayan sun yi masa biyayya kuma ya ba su lada da sha'awar rigar rawaya-baƙi. A ranar 29 ga Satumba 1963 ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka sha kashi a waje da ci 5-4 a kan Panathinaikos. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title=1963-64 ΠΑΝΑΘΗΝΑΪΚΟΣ-ΑΕΚ 5-4 |trans-title=en:1963-64 PANATHINAIKOS-AEK 5-4 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SYg4U4fi10 |publisher=archive.ert.gr |language=el |via=YouTube}}</ref> Ya zura kwallaye uku na farko a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1963 inda ya zura kwallaye uku a kan Aris a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=20/10/1963 ΑΕΚ - Άρης 3-0 |trans-title=en:20/10/1963 AEK - Aris 3-0 |url=https://www.aektoday.com/20-oktovriou/692-20-10-1963-aek-aris-3-0 |website=aektoday.com |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2022-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719143516/https://www.aektoday.com/20-oktovriou/692-20-10-1963-aek-aris-3-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo ba don ya sake zura kwallo, kamar yadda ya yi watanni biyu bayan haka a kan Ethnikos Piraeus a wasan da suka ci 4-0. Papaioannou ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke Olympiacos da ci 6-1 a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1964. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2022 |title=Σαν σήμερα: Το επιβλητικό 6-1 της Ένωσης επί του Ολυμπιακού |trans-title=en:On this day: Union's impressive 6-1 win over Olympiakos |url=https://inaek.com/2022/01/06/san-simera-to-epivlitiko-6-1-tis-enosis-epi-tou-olybiakou/ |website=inaek.com |language=el}}</ref> Ya kuma zura kwallaye hudu daga cikin jimillar kwallaye bakwai da kungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka yi da Anagennisi Arta a gasar cin kofin, a ranar 26 ga Afrilun 1964. A karshen kakar wasa ya lashe Kofinsa na farko tare da AEK, duk da cewa an yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe saboda dakatar da 'yan wasan kusa da na karshe, Panathinaikos da Olympiacos daga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Γυαλιά - καρφιά η "Λεωφόρος" |trans-title=en:"Leoforos" gets messed up |url=https://www.sansimera.gr/articles/279 |website=sansimera.gr |language=el |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2019-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810090636/https://www.sansimera.gr/articles/279 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1964 ya kare kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 29, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen nasarar da Nestoridis ya samu a tsawon shekaru 5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greece 1963/64 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/grkhist.html#64 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairun 1965, Papaioannou ya zura kwallaye uku a ragar Panachaiki a wasan da suka ci 6-0 a gida a gasar. Ya kuma zura kwallo mai kyau a wasan hamayya da Olympiacos a waje da gida, wanda ya kawo karshen wasan 2-1 ga AEK. <ref>{{Cite web |title=7/4/1965 Ολυμπιακός-ΑΕΚ 1-2 |trans-title=en:7/4/1965 Olympiacos-AEK 1-2 |url=https://www.aektoday.com/7-apriliou/109-7-4-1965-olympiakos-aek-1-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719183546/https://www.aektoday.com/7-apriliou/109-7-4-1965-olympiakos-aek-1-2 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=aektoday.com}}</ref> Ya sake zura kwallo a ragar abokin hamayyarsa, inda ya bude wasan a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 a gida, a wasan karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2017 |title=ΑΕΚ - Ολυμπιακός: Η προϊστορία σε video! |trans-title=en:AEK - Olympiacos: Their history in video! |url=https://www.sdna.gr/podosfairo/superleague/article/297056/aek-olympiakos-i-proistoria-se-video |website=sdna.gr |language=el}}</ref> Daga kakar da ta gabata AEK sun fara gwagwarmaya ta kudi kuma rikice-rikicen gudanarwa sun bayyana a cikin kulob din, sun haifar da jerin batutuwa. Wadannan batutuwan sun nuna farkon lokacin raguwa ga AEK. A shekara ta 1974 kulob din ya kammala a matsayi na 5 kuma bai cancanci shiga gasar Turai ba, yayin da aka kori Stanković a tsakiyar kakar. Papaioannou ya ci gaba da jagorantar kulob din a lokacin mawuyacin hali, yayin da suke da kyakkyawar halarta a gasar cin kofin UEFA, inda suka kai zagaye na biyu kuma babbar kungiyar [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ta Bill Shankly ta kawar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2015 |title=Όταν η ΑΕΚ γνώρισε τη Λίβερπουλ του Σάνκλι |trans-title=en:When AEK met Shankly's Liverpool |url=https://www.contra.gr/stiles/otan-i-aek-gnorise-ti-liverpoyl-toy-sankli.7210184.html |website=contra.gr |language=el}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ==manazarta== oxhrg3t8866ykj88y4wdgzuwea1de5g 0 150240 862649 836654 2026-06-21T08:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dimitris''' "'''Mimis'''" Domazos (Girkanci: ; 22 ga Janairun 1942 - 24 ga Janairu 2025) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Girka wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. [[Sunayen Ranaku|sunan lakabi]] shi ne ''"Janar"'' '' (Girkanci: ) ''. <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Μίμης Δομάζος: Ο "στρατηγός" του ελληνικού ποδοσφαίρου |url=https://www.sansimera.gr/biographies/2828 |website=sansimera.gr |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2025-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218114418/https://www.sansimera.gr/biographies/2828 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na Panathinaikos sama da shekaru 15. A shekarar 2021, IFFHS ta saka shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Girka mafi kyau a tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2021 |title=This is the best 11 of all time in Greece |url=https://www.newsbeast.gr/sports/arthro/7940649/afti-einai-i-koryfaia-11ada-olon-ton-epochon-stin-ellada |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=newsbeast.gr}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haifi Domazos a ranar 22 ga Janairu 1942 a Ampelokipoi kuma ya girma kusa da filin wasa na Leoforos Alexandras . Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin lafiya ne wanda asalinsa daga Samos ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar asalin Anatolia . Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a gonaki kusa tun yana ƙarami. Yana da shekaru 13, ya sami katin wasanni (rajistar 'yan wasa) ga Amyna Ampelokipoi a shekarar 1953 ta hanyar ba da shekarun karya don cancantar shiga gasar. A lokacin gasar, ya jawo hankalin Panathinaikos FC . A shekarar 1958, Svetislav Glišović, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma manaja na ƙasar Serbia, ya gan shi yana wasa kuma ya ba da shawarar siyan sa. <ref name="Bio"/> === Panathinaikos === Domazos ya fara buga wasa ba tare da izini ba tare da Panathinaikos a wasan sada zumunci, yana wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefen dama]], da AEK Athens don Kofin Kirsimeti, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1958 kuma ya ƙare da rashin nasara 2-0 ga Panathinaikos. A lokacin bazara na 1959, ya shiga Panathinaikos a hukumance yana da shekaru 17 "don sutura da ruwan lemu", kamar yadda ya faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=Ο Δομάζος υπέγραψε στον ΠΑΟ με αμοιβή μια πορτοκαλάδα! Το "εμπάργκο" από τους συμπαίκτες του στο ντεμπούτο του και η μεταγραφή στην ΑΕΚ εξαιτίας μιας αθλητικής εφημερίδας |url=https://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/o-domazos-ypegrapse-ston-pao-me-antallagma-mia-portokalada-giati-pire-metagrafi-stin-aek-exaitias-mias-athlitikis-efimeridas-kai-i-proti-kryada-apo-toys-sympaiktes-toy-sto-ntempoyto-toy/ |website=ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ}}</ref> Panathinaikos ya ba shi laƙabi "Janar", wanda ya biyo bayansa a duk tsawon rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa. <ref name="Bio"/> A cikin kakar wasa uku na farko, ya lashe irin wannan adadin gasar zakarun . Ya zira kwallaye a wasan da ya tabbatar da na ƙarshe a ranar 4 ga Yuni 1961 a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Panionios . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Γκόγκουλης |first=Ευάνθης |title="Πέσε δεξιά για να το πιάσεις" |url=https://www.oldfootball.gr/sansimera/item/229-%C2%AB%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5-%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%AC-%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CE%BD%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82%C2%BB.html |website=oldfootball.gr}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1963, Domazos ya zira kwallaye huɗu a wasan da suka yi da Proodeftiki a waje da ci 5-2 kuma ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a tarihin ƙungiyar da ya zira kwallaye huɗu a wasa na hukuma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 1970 |title=Προοδευτική-Παναθηναϊκός 2–5, 26/11/1961 |url=https://www.panathinaikospress.com/1970/10/proodeutiki-panathinaikos-1961-1962.html}}</ref> Ya zama kyaftin na ƙungiyar tsawon kusan shekaru 15. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2022 |title=Μίμης Δομάζος: Σαν σήμερα γεννήθηκε ο "στρατηγός" του ελληνικού ποδοσφαίρου |url=https://www.onlarissa.gr/2022/01/22/mimis-domazos-san-simera-gennithike-o-stratigos-tou-ellinikou-podosfairou/}}</ref> Ya kafa 'yan wasan gaba biyu tare da abokin wasansa kuma babban abokinsa, [[Antonis Antoniadis]] . A wasan ƙarshe na Kofin a 1969, ya zira ƙwallon kyauta a kan Olympiacos kuma bayan 1-1, a kan tsabar kuɗi a lokacin ƙarin lokaci, ya zaɓi daidai kuma an ba wa ƙungiyarsa taken. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Πάλλης |first=Κώστας |title="Η Θεά τύχη αποφάσισε" |url=https://www.oldfootball.gr/sansimera/item/269-%C2%AB%CE%B7-%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%AC-%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%B7-%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B5%C2%BB.html |website=oldfootball.gr}}</ref> Ya jagoranci Panathinaikos, a ƙarƙashin Ferenc Puskás, zuwa wasan ƙarshe na [[UEFA Champions League|Kofin Turai]] a [[filin wasa na Wembley]] da Ajax a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1971 inda suka sha kashi 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax-Panathinaikos UEFA Champions League 1970/71 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/63031--ajax-vs-panathinaikos/ |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, ya kuma shiga wasan karshe na [[Kofin Intercontinental|Intercontinental Cup]] da Nacional mai matakai biyu inda suka sha kashi da ci 3-2 a jimilla. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Σήμερα .gr |first=Σαν |title=Ο Παναθηναϊκός στον τελικό του Διηπειρωτικού |url=https://www.sansimera.gr/articles/196 |website=Σαν Σήμερα .gr |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2025-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206160220/https://www.sansimera.gr/articles/196 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin gwarzon [[Ballon d'Or|dan wasan Ballon d'Or]] a 1969 da 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Οι Έλληνες διεκδικητές της Χρυσής Μπάλας! |url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/stili/to-mauro-kouti/article/1170736/oi-ellines-diekdikites-tis-hrysis-mpalas |website=gazzetta.gr}}</ref> Wani abin mamaki a rayuwarsa shi ne a 1977 lokacin da Panathinaikos ya lashe gasar Balkans Cup, duk da cewa bai fafata a wasan karshe biyu da Slavia Sofia ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Balkans Cup 1977 season |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/balkanclub70s.html |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Maris 1974, a wasan hamayya mai mahimmanci da Olympiacos, Domazos ya zira ƙwallon kekuna mai ban mamaki kuma ya daidaita a wasan ƙarshe da ci 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Πάλλης |first=Κώστας |title=Γκολ ποίημα από τον Δομάζο |url=https://www.oldfootball.gr/sansimera/item/90-gol-poiima-apo-ton-domazo.html |website=oldfootball.gr}}</ref> Domazos ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai tara, Kofuna uku da Kofin Balkan guda ɗaya, ciki har da kwallaye biyu na gida a 1969 da 1977, duk a Panathinaikos. A shekarar 1978, rikici ya barke tsakaninsa da wakilin gudanarwa Antonis Mantzavelakis, wanda ya sa Domazos, bayan wasanni 498 a Panathinaikos, ya zura kwallaye 134 da kuma shekaru 19 a ƙungiyar, ya raba gari da 'Greens'. Daga baya aka kira shi "ɗan wasa da ya gama". <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2012 |title=Οι παίκτες που έφυγαν με πίκρα από τον Παναθηναϊκό |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/oi-paiktes-poy-efygan-me-pikra-apo-ton-panathinaiko.7955294.html |website=sport24.gr}}</ref> === AEK Athens === A lokacin bazara na 1978, mamallakin AEK Athens, Loukas Barlos ya tuntubi Domazos yana ba shi kwangila. Barlos, kafin ya sanya hannu a kansa, ya kira kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar, [[Mimis Papaioannou]] zuwa ofishinsa don neman "amincewa" da canja wurin. Papaioannou ya amince da canja wurin <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2013 |title=Δομάζος-Παπαϊωάννου για το ντέρμπι AEK-Παναθηναϊκός |url=https://www.newsbeast.gr/sports/arthro/497091/domazos-papaioannou-gia-to-derbi-aek-panathinaikos |website=newsbeast.gr}}</ref> kuma a ranar 13 ga Yuli Domazos ya sanya hannu a hukumance ga AEK Athens tare da gabatar da shi ga jama'a daga Barlos. Ya fara kakar wasa ta farko da wasanni 29 da kwallaye 5. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da ya buga da PAOK a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1978. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=ΑΕΚ που δεν χόρταινες να βλέπεις |url=https://www.enwsi.gr/193215/retro-aek/aek-pou-den-chortenes-na-vlepis-video.html |website=enwsi.gr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1979, ya fuskanci tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0, kuma kafin ƙarshen rabin farko, an yi faɗa tsakanin 'yan wasan. Bayan ketar da aka yi wa Panathinaikos, ɗan wasan Panathinaikos kuma tsohon abokin wasansa, Álvarez ya yi magana a kan Domazos, yana zarginsa da tofa masa yawu yayin da yake barazana. Domazos ya amsa washegari yana karɓar tuhume-tuhumen kuma ya ƙalubalantarsa da faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=Και γκολ…και ξύλο στον Παναθηναϊκό! |url=https://www.aek-live.gr/niki-ke-xylo-me-panathinaiko-vid/ |website=aek-live.gr}}</ref> A AEK ya lashe wani kambun gasar kuma ya yi tayin sabunta kwangilarsa na wata shekara. A watan Disamba, ya nemi Barlos da sha'awarsa ta komawa Panathinaikos da kuma kammala aikinsa, wanda na farko ya amince da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Μίμης Δομάζος |url=http://www.aekpedia.com/2015/05/26/%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%82/ |website=aekpedia.com}}</ref> === Ritaya === A ranar 24 ga Disamba 1979, Domazos ya koma ƙungiyar inda ake girmama shi. Wataƙila bai ci kwallo a wasanni 12 da ya buga ba, amma ya tabbatar da cewa komai shekarun da suka wuce, har yanzu yana da ƙarfin tunani da na jiki, tare da kasancewarsa a sahun gaba a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Olympiacos a gida, a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2011 |title=Panathinaikos – Olympiakos 2–0 (1979–80) Domazos last show |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8aUThds4Fs |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ηe ya ƙare aikinsa a lokacin bazara na 1980 da rikodin wasanni 536 da kwallaye 139. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Το ασύλληπτο ρεκόρ του Δομάζου |url=https://www.a-sports.gr/articles-248900/to-asullhpto-rekor-tou-domazou.htm |website=a-sports.gr}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Domazos ya fara buga wasa da Girka a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1959 a wasan da suka doke Denmark da ci 3-1 a Leoforos. Wasansa na ƙarshe ya kasance a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1980, a wannan filin wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Australia, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3, inda aka girmama shi saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar ga ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Girka gabaɗaya. A wannan wasan, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta ƙarshe, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa mafi tsufa da ya taɓa zura kwallo a raga ga Girka, tunda cikin ƙasa da watanni uku zai cika shekaru 39. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=EPO – Hellenic Football Federation |url=https://www.epo.gr/Home.aspx?a_id=256 |website=www.epo.gr}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2006 |title=Panathinaikos:Master of the game 10/11/2006 |url=http://www.panatha.gr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110051730/http://www.panatha.gr/ |archive-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> Shi ne kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar ƙasa a waɗannan shekarun. Jimilla, an buga masa wasanni 50 kuma ya zura kwallaye huɗu. <ref name="auto2" /> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2001 |title=IFFHS |url=http://www.iffhs.de/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010818203952/http://www.iffhs.de/ |archive-date=18 August 2001}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ==manazarta== 6urfjdvti3b38dp61hebmbv6t5v4gjq 0 150270 862133 833374 2026-06-20T16:47:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Malo Gusto 20042025 (1).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Malo Gusto | hoto = Malo Gusto 2025.jpg | cikakken_suna = Malo Arthur Gusto | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2003|5|19}} | wurin_haihuwa = Décines-Charpieu, Faransa | tsawo = 1.78 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kulob_din_yanzu = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | lambar_riga = 27 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2012–2015 | matasa_kulob1 = AS Villefontaine | matasa_shekaru2 = 2015–2016 | matasa_kulob2 = Bourgoin-Jallieu | matasa_shekaru3 = 2016–2021 | matasa_kulob3 = [[Olympique Lyonnais|Lyon]] | shekaru1 = 2020–2021 | kulob1 = Lyon II | wasanni1 = 8 | kwallaye1 = 1 | shekaru2 = 2021–2023 | kulob2 = Lyon | wasanni2 = 53 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2023– | kulob3 = Chelsea | wasanni3 = 92 | kwallaye3 = 2 | tawagar_kasa1 = Faransa U16 | tawagar_kasa2 = Faransa U17 | tawagar_kasa3 = Faransa U19 | tawagar_kasa4 = Faransa U21 | tawagar_kasa5 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafa ta Faransa|Faransa]] }} '''Malo Arthur Gusto''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Faransa]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na dama ga kulob ɗin [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan 'yan wasan baya a Turai saboda saurin gudunsa, iya kai hari da kuma ƙwarewa wajen taimakawa 'yan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo) Gusto|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Malo Gusto a garin Décines-Charpieu da ke ƙasar Faransa. Ya taso ne a yankin Villefontaine inda ya fara sha'awar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifinsa ya fara sa shi buga wasan rugby kafin daga baya ya karkata gaba ɗaya zuwa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa saboda burinsa na zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa. Tun yana ƙarami ya kasance yana nuna sauri da kuzari wanda hakan ya sanya masu horaswa suka fara lura da basirarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo) Gusto|website=French Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-10}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gusto ya fara taka leda a makarantar horas da matasa ta AS Villefontaine kafin daga baya ya koma Bourgoin‑Jallieu. A shekarar 2016 ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Lyon, ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa a Faransa. A lokacin da yake makarantar Lyon ya taka leda a wurare daban‑daban kamar ɗan tsakiya mai kai hari da kuma ɗan gefe kafin daga baya ya kware a matsayin mai tsaron baya na dama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/gusto-signs-for-chelsea|title=Gusto](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/gusto-signs-for-chelsea|title=Gusto) signs for Chelsea|website=Chelsea FC|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Lyon === Malo Gusto ya fara taka leda a kungiyar Lyon II a shekarar 2020 inda ya nuna bajinta sosai a wasannin matasa da na rukuni na biyu. Daga baya ya samu damar shiga babbar kungiyar Lyon bayan masu horaswa sun gamsu da ƙwarewarsa wajen kai hari da kuma tsaron baya. Ya fara bugawa babbar kungiyar Lyon wasa a shekarar 2021 kuma cikin kankanin lokaci ya zama daya daga cikin muhimman 'yan wasan kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo) Gusto|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Lyon, Gusto ya yi fice musamman saboda iya yin gudu cikin sauri a gefen dama da kuma bayar da taimakon kwallaye. Salon wasansa ya sa mutane da dama suka fara kwatanta shi da wasu fitattun masu tsaron baya na zamani masu son kai hari. Ya buga wasanni sama da hamsin a gasar Ligue 1 kafin ya bar kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.skysports.com/football/player/178548/malo-gusto|title=Malo](https://www.skysports.com/football/player/178548/malo-gusto|title=Malo) Gusto Profile|website=Sky Sports|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> === Chelsea === A watan Janairun shekarar 2023 ne kulob din [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] na kasar Ingila ya sanar da daukar Malo Gusto daga Lyon kan kudin da aka ruwaito ya kai kusan Euro miliyan 30. Bayan kammala cinikin ya ci gaba da zama a Lyon a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa kafin ya koma Chelsea a hukumance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/gusto-signs-for-chelsea|title=Gusto](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/gusto-signs-for-chelsea|title=Gusto) signs for Chelsea|website=Chelsea FC|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Tun bayan zuwansa Chelsea, Gusto ya zama muhimmin dan wasa musamman idan kyaftin din kungiyar Reece James baya nan saboda rauni. Ya nuna kwarewa sosai wajen taimakawa hari, yin tsallake-tsallake a gefen fili da kuma kirkirar damar cin kwallo. A wasu lokuta an yaba masa saboda kuzari da juriyarsa duk da kasancewarsa matashi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.reddit.com/r/chelseafc/comments/166hcbb|title=Malo](https://www.reddit.com/r/chelseafc/comments/166hcbb|title=Malo) Gusto in France squad discussion|website=Reddit|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Sai dai kuma Gusto ya fuskanci matsalolin raunuka a wasu lokuta yayin da yake Chelsea. A shekarar 2024 ya janye daga tawagar Faransa ta 'yan kasa da shekara 21 bayan samun raunin cinya yayin wasa da Crystal Palace. Duk da haka, masu horarwa da magoya baya sun ci gaba da nuna amincewa da irin basirarsa da makomarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/malo-gusto-injury-update|title=Malo](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/malo-gusto-injury-update|title=Malo) Gusto injury update|website=Chelsea FC|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> A kakar wasan 2024–25, Gusto ya taimaka wa Chelsea wajen lashe gasar UEFA Conference League sannan kungiyar ta kuma lashe FIFA Club World Cup. Wadannan nasarori sun kara daukaka sunansa a fagen kwallon kafa na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo) Gusto Honours|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Aikin kasa da kasa == Malo Gusto ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban‑daban da suka hada da U16, U17, U19 da kuma U21. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tawagar U21 saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen kai hari daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://profilpelajar.com/en//Malo_Gusto|title=Malo](https://profilpelajar.com/en//Malo_Gusto|title=Malo) Gusto profile|website=Profil Pelajar|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> A shekarar 2023 ya fara samun kira zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan da za su maye gurbin tsofaffin masu tsaron baya na ƙasar nan gaba saboda salon wasansa da ƙwarewa a bangaren kai hari da tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo) Gusto|website=French Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-10}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Malo Gusto yana daga cikin 'yan wasan baya masu son kai hari. Yana amfani da sauri da kuzari wajen wuce 'yan adawa a gefen dama sannan ya aika kwallaye ko giciye zuwa cikin akwatin bugun fanareti. Haka kuma yana iya komawa baya cikin sauri domin taimakawa tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto#Style_of_play|title=Malo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto#Style_of_play|title=Malo) Gusto style of play|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun yaba masa saboda iya rike kwallo, dribbling da kuma yadda yake iya taka leda a wurare daban‑daban idan akwai buƙata. Wannan ya sa ake ganin yana da babban makoma a gasar Premier League da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.reddit.com/r/chelseafc/comments/1kxks5y/malo_gusto_im_very_far_away_from_where_i_should_be/|title=Malo](https://www.reddit.com/r/chelseafc/comments/1kxks5y/malo_gusto_im_very_far_away_from_where_i_should_be/|title=Malo) Gusto discussion|website=Reddit|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Chelsea === * UEFA Conference League: 2024–25 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2025 * EFL Cup wanda ya zo na biyu: 2023–24<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto|title=Malo) Gusto honours|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/malo-gusto](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/malo-gusto) Shafin Malo Gusto a Chelsea FC] * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto) Malo Gusto a Wikipedia ta Turanci] * [[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Gusto){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Malo Gusto a Wikipedia ta Faransanci] pcjfjx7i41kok20jtf0pnu8sdlhrud6 0 150272 862250 836458 2026-06-20T17:38:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kouadio Manu Koné (2019-08-31) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Manu Koné | hoto = Manu Kone 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Emmanuel Kouadio Koné | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2001|5|17}} | wurin_haihuwa = Colombes, Faransa | tsawo = 1.85 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya | kulob_na_yanzu = Roma | lamba = 17 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2007–2013 | matasa_kulob1 = Villeneuve-la-Garenne | matasa_shekaru2 = 2013–2020 | matasa_kulob2 = Toulouse | shekaru1 = 2020–2021 | kulob1 = Toulouse | wasa1 = 35 | kwallaye1 = 1 | shekaru2 = 2021–2024 | kulob2 = Borussia Mönchengladbach | wasa2 = 79 | kwallaye2 = 2 | shekaru3 = 2024– | kulob3 = Roma | wasa3 = 0 | kwallaye3 = 0 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2019 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Faransa U19 | wasa_kasa1 = 9 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2021–2023 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Faransa U21 | wasa_kasa2 = 13 | kwallaye_kasa2 = 1 | shekarun_kasa3 = 2024– | kungiyar_kasa3 = Faransa | wasa_kasa3 = 5 | kwallaye_kasa3 = 0 }} '''Emmanuel Kouadio Koné''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2001), wanda aka fi sani da '''Manu Koné''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar [[AS Roma]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan 'yan wasan tsakiya na Turai saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen riƙe ƙwallo, wuce abokan hamayya da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hari daga tsakiya.<ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/manu-kone/profil/spieler/543499</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Manu Koné a garin Colombes da ke ƙasar Faransa. Yana da asalin ƙasar Côte d’Ivoire. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara buga wasa a ƙananan kungiyoyin yankinsa kafin daga baya ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta ƙungiyar Toulouse. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin matasan da suka fi nuna bajinta a makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kungiyar.<ref>https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=emmanuel-kouadio-kone</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Toulouse === Koné ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar Toulouse a shekarar 2020 bayan ya fito daga tsarin matasa na kulob ɗin. Ya fara jan hankali ne saboda yadda yake iya kare ƙwallo tare da kai hari cikin sauri. Duk da cewa Toulouse ta fuskanci ƙalubale a lokacin, Manu Koné ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi haskakawa a ƙungiyar.<ref>https://www.toulousefc.com/fr/joueur/emmanuel-kone{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2020–21, ya buga wasanni masu yawa a Ligue 2 kuma ya taimaka wa Toulouse wajen fafutukar neman dawowa babban gasar Ligue 1. Salon wasansa ya sa manyan kulob din Turai suka fara bibiyarsa saboda ƙwarewarsa a tsakiya.<ref>https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur70173.html</ref> === Borussia Mönchengladbach === A shekarar 2021, ƙungiyar [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]] ta Jamus ta ɗauki Manu Koné daga Toulouse. Canjin nasa zuwa Bundesliga ya kasance babban mataki a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ya samu damar taka leda a ɗaya daga cikin manyan lig-lig na Turai.<ref>https://www.borussia.de/en/team/squad/manu-kone</ref> A cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan, Koné ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsakiyar fili ga Borussia Mönchengladbach. Ya yi suna wajen iya kwace ƙwallo, tura ƙwallaye zuwa gaba, da kuma iya fita daga matsin lamba yayin da yake rike da ƙwallo. Masana da dama sun yaba da kwarin jikinsa da natsuwar da yake nunawa duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/manu-kone |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-05-10 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915144951/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/manu-kone |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu lokuta, raunin jiki ya hana shi buga wasu wasanni, amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan ƙungiyar. Ya taka rawa sosai wajen gina hare-haren kungiyar daga tsakiya kuma ya kasance ginshiƙi a tsarin wasan kulob ɗin.<ref>https://www.kicker.de/manu-kone/spieler/bundesliga</ref> === Roma === A shekarar 2024, Koné ya koma ƙungiyar [[AS Roma]] ta Italiya domin ci gaba da bunƙasa aikinsa a Serie A. Wannan canji ya nuna yadda darajarsa ke ƙaruwa a kasuwar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turai. Roma ta ɗauke shi ne domin ƙarfafa tsakiya da kuma ƙara kuzari ga tsarin wasanta.<ref>https://www.asroma.com/en/news</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Manu Koné ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban ciki har da tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 19 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 21. A wasannin matasa, ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai wajen sarrafa tsakiya da kuma taimakawa wajen kare baya da kai hari.<ref>https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9778-kone-emmanuel/fiche.html</ref> Saboda bajintarsa a Bundesliga, ya samu kiran shiga babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da za su taimaka wajen sabunta tsakiyar tawagar Faransa a nan gaba.<ref>https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231109-france-call-up-gladbach-midfielder-kone-for-gibraltar-greece-games</ref> == Salon wasa == Manu Koné yana taka leda ne a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai haɗa kai tsakanin tsaro da hari. Yana da ƙarfi wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma kauce wa matsin lamba daga abokan hamayya. Haka kuma yana iya taka rawa wajen kare baya ta hanyar kwace ƙwallo da dakile hare-hare.<ref>https://totalfootballanalysis.com/player-analysis/manu-kone-at-borussia-monchengladbach-2023-scout-report-tactical-analysis-tactics{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana yawan kwatanta salon wasansa da wasu manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya na Turai saboda yadda yake iya tafiyar da ƙwallo cikin sauri daga tsakiya zuwa gaba. Ƙwarewarsa wajen dribbling da kuma daidaita wasan tsakiya sun sanya ya zama ɗan wasa mai muhimmanci a kowace ƙungiya da yake bugawa.<ref>https://breakingthelines.com/player-analysis/manu-kone-scout-report/{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Toulouse * Wanda ya kai wasan neman hawa Ligue 1: 2020–21 === Faransa U23 * Lambar azurfa a gasar Olympics: 2024 == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/manu-kone/profil/spieler/543499 Manu Koné a Transfermarkt] * [https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/manu-kone Manu Koné a Bundesliga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915144951/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/manu-kone |date=2024-09-15 }} * [https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9778-kone-emmanuel/fiche.html Manu Koné a FFF] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kone, Manu}} [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Faransa]] [[Category:Mutanen da aka haifa a 2001]] [[Category:Yan wasan AS Roma]] [[Category:Yan wasan Borussia Mönchengladbach]] [[Category:Yan wasan Toulouse FC]] [[Category:Yan wasan Bundesliga]] [[Category:Yan wasan Serie A]] [[Category:Masu buga wasan tsakiya]] 9rlxr5khic0qu2a4kcrr3sdk9as2wtj 0 150283 862547 836515 2026-06-21T03:43:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862547 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:20150616 - Portugal - Italie - Genève - Matteo Darmian 1.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Matteo Darmian | hoto = Matteo Darmian 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Matteo Darmian | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1989|12|2}} | wurin_haihuwa = Legnano, Italiya | tsawo = 1.82 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kungiyar_yanzu = {{Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa Inter Milan}} | lamba = 36 | kungiyoyin_matasa1 = Rescaldina | shekarun_matasa2 = 2000–2006 | kungiyoyin_matasa2 = AC Milan | shekarun1 = 2006–2010 | kungiyoyi1 = AC Milan | wasanni1 = 4 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekarun2 = 2009–2010 | kungiyoyi2 = → Padova (aro) | wasanni2 = 20 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekarun3 = 2010–2011 | kungiyoyi3 = Palermo | wasanni3 = 11 | kwallaye3 = 0 | shekarun4 = 2011–2015 | kungiyoyi4 = Torino | wasanni4 = 133 | kwallaye4 = 6 | shekarun5 = 2015–2019 | kungiyoyi5 = Manchester United | wasanni5 = 60 | kwallaye5 = 1 | shekarun6 = 2019 | kungiyoyi6 = → Parma (aro) | wasanni6 = 13 | kwallaye6 = 1 | shekarun7 = 2019–2020 | kungiyoyi7 = Parma | wasanni7 = 33 | kwallaye7 = 1 | shekarun8 = 2020– | kungiyoyi8 = Inter Milan | wasanni8 = 100+ | kwallaye8 = 8+ | shekarun_kasa1 = 2008 | tawagar_kasa1 = Italiya U19 | wasanni_kasa1 = 10 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2010 | tawagar_kasa2 = Italiya U20 | wasanni_kasa2 = 4 | kwallaye_kasa2 = 0 | shekarun_kasa3 = 2010–2013 | tawagar_kasa3 = Italiya U21 | wasanni_kasa3 = 20 | kwallaye_kasa3 = 0 | shekarun_kasa4 = 2014– | tawagar_kasa4 = Italiya | wasanni_kasa4 = 40+ | kwallaye_kasa4 = 1 }} '''Matteo Darmian''' (an haife shi ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa Inter Milan da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. Ana ganinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan bayan da suka fi iya taka leda a wurare daban-daban saboda iya taka leda a dama ko hagu, da kuma a matsayin wing-back.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/matteo-darmian|title=Matteo Darmian Profile|publisher=Inter Milan|access-date=10 Mayu 2026|archive-date=2023-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001015214/https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/matteo-darmian|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Darmian a garin Legnano da ke yankin Lombardy na ƙasar Italiya. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, lamarin da ya sa ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Rescaldina kafin daga bisani ya koma makarantar matasa ta AC Milan a shekarar 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acmilan.com/en/club/hall-of-fame/players/matteo-darmian|title=Matteo Darmian Biography|publisher=AC Milan|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === AC Milan === Darmian ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar AC Milan a shekarar 2006 bayan ya yi fice a matakin matasa. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Serie A yana matashi sosai, amma bai samu damar buga wasanni akai-akai ba saboda tsananin gasa a ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/matteo-darmian/profil/spieler/45456|title=Matteo Darmian Career Stats|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Padova === A shekarar 2009, an bayar da Darmian aro zuwa Padova domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A can ya nuna bajinta sosai wajen kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari, wanda hakan ya sa manyan ƙungiyoyi suka fara bibiyarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/matteo-darmian/69995/|title=Matteo Darmian Matches|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Palermo === A shekarar 2010 ya koma Palermo inda ya ci gaba da haɓaka salon wasansa. Duk da cewa bai daɗe sosai a ƙungiyar ba, ya samu damar buga wasanni masu muhimmanci a Serie A wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙwarewarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/matteo-darmian/|title=Matteo Darmian Player Profile|publisher=WorldFootball.net|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Torino === Lokacin da Darmian ya koma Torino a shekarar 2011 ne ya fara yin suna sosai a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turai. Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsarin ƙungiyar saboda iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen kai farmaki. A kakar 2013–14 ya taimaka wa Torino wajen samun gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League bayan shekaru masu yawa ba tare da hakan ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matteo-Darmian|title=Matteo Darmian Facts|publisher=Britannica|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A lokacin yana Torino, an yaba masa saboda ƙwarewa wajen yin tackle, gudu cikin sauri da kuma iya taka leda a fannoni da dama. Wannan bajinta tasa ya samu shiga cikin jerin fitattun ‘yan wasan Serie A na lokacin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/player/matteo-darmian|title=Matteo Darmian Statistics and News|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Manchester United === A shekarar 2015, Darmian ya koma ƙungiyar {{Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa Manchester United}} ta Ingila ƙarƙashin koci José Mourinho bayan ƙungiyar ta biya kuɗin cinikinsa daga Torino. Ya fara rayuwa mai kyau a Premier League inda magoya baya suka yaba masa saboda jajircewa da tsaron baya mai kyau.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/players-and-staff/detail/matteo-darmian|title=Matteo Darmian at Manchester United|publisher=Manchester United|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa Manchester United wajen lashe kofin FA Cup, EFL Cup da kuma UEFA Europa League. Duk da haka, daga baya ya rika samun ƙarancin lokacin wasa saboda canjin masu horarwa da kuma yawan ‘yan baya a ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/10424/Matteo-Darmian/overview|title=Matteo Darmian Premier League Profile|publisher=Premier League|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Parma === A shekarar 2019 Darmian ya koma Parma, da farko a matsayin aro kafin daga bisani cinikin ya zama na dindindin. A Parma ya dawo cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma ya sake zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan bayan Serie A.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://parmacalcio1913.com/player/matteo-darmian/|title=Matteo Darmian Parma Profile|publisher=Parma Calcio|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Inter Milan === A shekarar 2020 Darmian ya koma {{Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa Inter Milan}} inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kocin Antonio Conte. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe Serie A a kakar 2020–21, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru da dama da Juventus ke mamaye gasar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en/player/darmian-matteo|title=Serie A Profile of Matteo Darmian|publisher=Lega Serie A|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A Inter Milan, Darmian ya zama sananne saboda iya taka leda a matsayin wing-back ko cikakken mai tsaron baya. Hakanan yana daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ke da ƙwarewar kare kai da kuma bin umarnin dabarun wasa yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/103173/|title=UEFA Profile Matteo Darmian|publisher=UEFA|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Darmian ya wakilci Italiya a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar ƙasa wasa a shekarar 2014. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Italiya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014 da kuma UEFA Euro 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/matteo-darmian/|title=Matteo Darmian National Team Profile|publisher=FIGC|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tawagar Italiya da ta lashe UEFA Euro 2020 bayan jinkirin gasar zuwa shekarar 2021 saboda annobar COVID-19. Kwarewarsa da iya taka leda a wurare da dama sun taimaka wa tawagar sosai a lokacin gasar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/250041173--matteo-darmian/|title=Matteo Darmian EURO Profile|publisher=UEFA|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Darmian da ƙwarewa wajen kare baya, iya yin gudu da kuma taka leda a bangarori daban-daban na fili. Yana iya taka leda a matsayin right-back, left-back ko wing-back. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba masa saboda natsuwa, iya karanta wasa da kuma aiki tukuru.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theathletic.com/football/player/matteo-darmian/|title=Matteo Darmian Analysis|publisher=The Athletic|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Manchester United === * FA Cup: 2015–16 * EFL Cup: 2016–17 * UEFA Europa League: 2016–17 === Inter Milan === * Serie A: 2020–21 * Coppa Italia: 2021–22, 2022–23 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2021, 2022, 2023 === Italiya === * UEFA Euro: 2020 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} * {{Instagram}} {{Tawagar Inter Milan}} {{Tawagar ƙasar Italiya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Darmian, Matteo}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Inter Milan]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Manchester United]] [[Category:'Yan wasan AC Milan]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Torino F.C.]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Palermo F.C.]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Parma Calcio 1913]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Serie A]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Premier League]] [[Category:'Yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Italiya]] 8ce22xg9rzoadievx6vdcaligmmdrkv 0 150332 862633 833559 2026-06-21T07:34:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miguel Acosta Mateos''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai ba da dama ga kulob din Segunda Federación Rayo Majadahonda . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Madrid, Spain, Acosta ya shiga makarantar Atlético Madrid a shekara ta 2010, inda ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Atlético Ottawa Signs Spanish Right Back Miguel Acosta |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-signs-spanish-right-back-miguel-acosta |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Spanish fullback Miguel Acosta joins Atletico Ottawa |url=https://ottawasun.com/sports/soccer/mls/ottawa-fury-fc/spanish-fullback-miguel-acosta-joins-atletico-ottawa |website=[[Ottawa Sun]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, ya fara buga wasan farko tare da Atletico Madrid B a Tercera División da Unión Adarve . <ref name="LP">{{Cite web |title=Miguel Acosta profile |url=https://www.lapreferente.com/J222223/getafe-cf-b/acosta.html |website=La Preferente}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, Acosta ya sanya hannu tare da ɗan'uwansa na Tercera División Getafe B . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2017 |title=Miguel Acosta formará parte en la temporada 2017/18 del Getafe C.F. "B" |trans-title=Miguel Acosta will be part of Getafe CF "B" in the 2017/18 season |url=https://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/miguel-acosta-formara-parte-en-la-temporada-2017-slash-18-del-getafe-c-dot-f-b.html |website=Futmadrid |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Agustan 2020, Acosta ya sanya hannu tare da Atletico Baleares a Segunda División B . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernández |first=Fernando |date=August 23, 2020 |title=El Atlético Baleares incorpora al lateral derecho Miguel Acosta |trans-title=Atlético Baleares incorporates the right-back Miguel Acosta |url=https://www.ultimahora.es/deportes/atletico-baleares/2020/08/23/1191031/atletico-baleares-ficha-miguel-acosta.html |website=[[Última Hora (Spain)|Última Hora]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonet |first=Pedro |date=September 4, 2020 |title=El At.Balears presenta a sus dos últimos fichajes, Barrera y Acostas |trans-title=At.Balears presents its last two signings, Barrera and Acostas |url=https://www.elmundo.es/baleares/2020/09/04/5f51fe91fc6c8311348b4727.html |website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya, ya bar kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2021 |title=Miguel Acosta y Liam Ayad no seguirán en el Atlético Baleares |trans-title=Miguel Acosta and Liam Ayad will not continue at Atlético Baleares |url=https://www.diariodemallorca.es/atletico-balear/2021/05/14/miguel-acosta-liam-ayad-seguiran-51824770.html |website=[[Diario de Mallorca]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El lateral Miguel Acosta emprende una nueva etapa en el fútbol de Canadá |trans-title=The winger Miguel Acosta begins a new stage in Canadian soccer |url=https://golsmedia.com/espanoles-por-el-mundo/2021/05/21/lateral-miguel-acosta-emprende-nueva-etapa-futbol-canada/ |website=Gols Media |language=es}}</ref> A watan Mayu 2021, Acosta ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Atletico Ottawa ta Premier League ta Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor-Clarke |first=Charlie |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Atlético Ottawa signs Spanish fullback Miguel Acosta |url=https://canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-signs-spanish-fullback-miguel-acosta |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Atletico Ottawa Adds Spanish Full-Back Miguel Acosta |url=https://northerntribune.ca/atletico-ottawa-miguel-acosta/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> Ya jagoranci league a cikin minti da aka buga a 2021, tare da 2,430, yana wasa cikakke 90 a kowane wasa, ban da wasa daya wanda aka dakatar da shi saboda tarin katin rawaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor-Clarke |first=Charlie |date=December 9, 2021 |title=CPL50 – 44. Miguel Acosta (Atlético Ottawa) |url=https://canpl.ca/article/cpl50-44-miguel-acosta-atletico-ottawa |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2023, tare da zaɓi na kwangila na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Miguel Acosta Extended! |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/miguel-acosta-extended |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022, an ba shi suna CPL Player of the Week na mako na 13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Atlético Ottawa's Miguel Acosta named CPL Player of the Week for Week 13 |url=https://canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawas-miguel-acosta-named-cpl-player-of-the-week-for-week-13 |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar 2023, an ba shi suna Capital City Supporters Group "Mai kunnawa na Lokacin".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Gracias Miguel! Re-live Acosta’s top moments for Ottawa |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/gracias-miguel-re-live-acostas-top-moments-for-ottawa |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]]}}</ref> Bayan kakar 2023, ya bar kulob din, bayan ya buga wasanni 85 (kuma dan wasan kulob din ne a lokacin). <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Atlético Ottawa parts way with all-time record appearance holder Miguel Acosta |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-parts-way-with-all-time-record-appearance-holder-miguel-acosta |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Atletico Ottawa Bids Farewell To Appearance Leader Miguel Acosta |url=https://northerntribune.ca/atletico-ottawa-miguel-acosta-depart-2024/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Canadian Championship]]}} ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Atletico Madrid B |2016–17 |Sashe na Uku |8 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |8 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Getafe B |2017–18 |Sashe na Uku |38 |2 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |38 |2 |- |2018–19 |Sashe na Uku |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Tercera División]] promotion playoffs}} |0 |34 |0 |- |2019–20 |Sashe na Biyu na B |17 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !88 !2 !0 !0 !1 !0 !89 !2 |- |Atletico Baleares |2020–21 |Sashe na Biyu na B |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Atletico Ottawa |2021 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada |27 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |- |2022 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada |26 |1 |1 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[Canadian Premier League]] play-offs}} |0 |30 |1 |- |2023 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada |25 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !78 !4 !4 !0 !3 !0 !85 !3 |- |Nucía |2023–24 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |13 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |Zagłębie Sosnowiec |2024–25 |II liga |19 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !219 !6 !4 !0 !4 !0 !227 !6 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] <references /> pqmq1tq9964dr79uw9nyfd3n24c0zfr 0 150370 862763 833667 2026-06-21T09:31:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mitchell Burgzorg''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1987) tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Holland kuma ɗan wasan rap a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Priester''' . == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == An haifi Burgzorg a Zaandam . Dan [[Mai buga tsakiya|wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga baya|dan wasan baya na dama]], wanda ya fara buga kwallon kafa ta kwararru, kasancewarsa wani bangare na kungiyar HFC Haarlem a kakar wasa ta 2006-07. A shekarar 2008, ya koma NEC Nijmegen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats Centre: Mitchell Burgzorg Facts |url=http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=14&CPID=15&TEID=562&PLID=199699&pStr=Player |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=[[Guardian.co.uk]] |archive-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924025517/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=14&CPID=15&TEID=562&PLID=199699&pStr=Player |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2014, Burgzorg ya koma daga Ludogorets Razgrad zuwa ƙungiyar Slavia Sofia ta Bulgarian A Group, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burgzorg tekent contract bij Slavia Sofia |url=http://www.elfvoetbal.nl/nieuws/354463_burgzorg-tekent-contract-bij-slavia-sofia |access-date=28 July 2014 |website=elfvoetbal.nl |publisher=Elfvoetbal |language=Dutch}}</ref> amma ya koma Almere City a lokacin bazara na 2015. <ref>[http://www.omroepflevoland.nl/sport/126617/almere-mitchell-burgzorg-keert-terug-bij-almere-city-fc Mitchell Burgzorg keert terug bij Almere City FC] - Omroep Flevoland {{In lang|nl}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Ludogorets''' * Ƙungiyar Bulgarian A : 2012–13, 2013–14 * Kofin Bulgaria : 2013–14 == Aikin kiɗa == Burgzorg ya kuma haɓaka sana'ar kiɗa a matsayin mawaƙin rap a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Priester'' . <ref>[http://www.vi.nl/nieuws/priester-burgzorg-via-een-omweg-in-de-eredivisie.htm Priester Burgzorg via een omweg in de Eredivisie] - Voetbal International {{In lang|nl}}</ref> An sanya masa hannu a Black Label Music. Tare da haɗin gwiwar Nino, ya fito a cikin ''24 uur Volume 1'' da ''24 uur Volume 2'' da Black Label Music ya fitar. Shi mawakin rap ne wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar rap ta LSD (cikakken suna Lyricale Straat Dichters) da ke Zaandam . Ya bar su a shekarar 2011 don yin aikin shi kaɗai. An san shi da haɗin gwiwarsa da sauran mawaka, kuma an nuna shi a watan Yunin 2010 a cikin fim ɗin "Baas in mij" tare da Ali B da kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa/rapper Soufiane Touzani, sannan aka biyo shi a watan Agusta a wannan shekarar a cikin fim ɗin "Een dagje @ spec" tare da Ali B, [[Keizer (rapper)|Keizer]] da [[Gio (artist)|Gio]] . A watan Fabrairun 2011, Priester ya shirya nasa mixtape ''Baas Boven Baas'', amma ba a sake shi a hukumance ba. Duk da haka, ya fitar da "Geen 1" a matsayin guda ɗaya da kuma bidiyon kiɗa. A shekarar 2011, ya fito a ''Swagg On Remix'', haɗin gwiwa da sanannun sunaye kamar Ali B, Brainpower da [[Excellent (rapper)|Excellent]] . A ranar 25 ga Janairu 2012, Priester ya shiga cikin wani shirin talabijin mai suna Ali B op volle toeren wanda mawakin Morocco-Holand Ali B ya shirya. An haɗa shi da mawaki Ronnie Tober don yin wasan kwaikwayo na junansu. Priester ya fassara waƙar Tober "Rozen voor Sandra" a cikin wani sabon sigar, yayin da Tober ya ɗauki waƙar Priester "Geen 1" ya fassara ta da "Er is niemand zoals jij". A shekarar 2012, ya sanya hannu a kamfanin kiɗan Nindo. An sanar da manajan Nindo (Negative) ba bisa ƙa'ida ba cewa an gama haɗa waƙar 'Baas Boven Baas', amma lokacin da aka fitar da waƙar ba a san ta ba tukuna. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] 1xil8oyvwzs0j5rtm52p4o8a9j0ybsu 0 150375 862654 833681 2026-06-21T08:22:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mimoun Eloisghiri''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1989) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Be Quick Zutphen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2019 |title=Aanwinst voor Be Quick: Mimoun Eloisghiri |url=https://www.bequickzutphen.nl/1/289/aanwinst-voor-be-quick-mimoun-eloisghiri/ |access-date=9 September 2020 |publisher=Be Quick Zutphen |language=Dutch |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221213631/https://www.bequickzutphen.nl/1/289/aanwinst-voor-be-quick-mimoun-eloisghiri/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mimoun Eloisghiri |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe137980/mimoun-eloisghiri/ |access-date=12 November 2012 |publisher=worldfootball.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mimoun Eloisghiri |url=http://eredivisielive.nl/eredivisie/speler/741726/mimoun-eloisghiri/ |access-date=12 November 2012 |publisher=eredivisielive.nl |archive-date=15 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015010648/http://eredivisielive.nl/eredivisie/speler/741726/mimoun-eloisghiri/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Eloisghiri ya fara buga wasa a PEC Zwolle a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2012 a wasan da suka yi da SC Heerenveen amma bai samu maki a Zwolle ba, sannan ya koma ƙungiyar 'yan wasan Ajax . Ya bar su bayan kakar wasa ɗaya kacal a Kozakken Boys [1], sannan ya koma IJsselmeervogels bayan shekara guda, sai dai raunin baya ya sa kakar wasa ta lalace. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] 2pbqzd0htjni2juyh0hhex9pjkacaep 0 150379 862335 833689 2026-06-20T18:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862335 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Norway Italy - June 2025 A 19 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Marco Carnesecchi | hoto = Marco Carnesecchi.jpg | cikakken_suna = Marco Carnesecchi | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2000|7|1}} | wurin_haihuwa = Rimini, Italiya | tsawo = 1.91 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron gida | kulob_na_yanzu = Atalanta | lamba = 29 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2017–2019 | matasa_kungiya1 = Cesena | matasa_shekaru2 = 2019–2020 | matasa_kungiya2 = Atalanta | shekaru1 = 2019– | kungiya1 = Atalanta | wasanni1 = 40 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2020–2021 | kungiya2 = → Trapani (aro) | wasanni2 = 34 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2021–2023 | kungiya3 = → Cremonese (aro) | wasanni3 = 67 | kwallaye3 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Italiya U19 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Italiya U21 | kungiyar_kasa3 = Italiya | sabunta = 10 Mayu 2026 }} '''Marco Carnesecchi''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar [[Atalanta BC]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. Ana ɗaukarsa daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron gida matasa a ƙasar Italiya saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen hana ƙwallaye da kuma iya sarrafa ƙwallo da ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/marco-carnesecchi/profil/spieler/397539 |title=Marco Carnesecchi Profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Marco Carnesecchi a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2000 a birnin Rimini da ke ƙasar Italiya. Tun yana ƙarami yake nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida saboda tsayinsa da saurin motsinsa. Ya samu horo a makarantar matasa ta Cesena kafin daga baya ya koma tsarin matasa na Atalanta, wanda ya shahara wajen haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.atalanta.it/en/players-staff/marco-carnesecchi/ |title=Marco Carnesecchi - Atalanta Profile |website=Atalanta BC |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Atalanta === Carnesecchi ya shiga Atalanta daga Cesena bayan rushewar tsarin gudanarwar Cesena. A Atalanta ya ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewarsa a matakin matasa, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron gida a gasar matasa ta Primavera. Hakan ya sa kulob ɗin ya fara haɗa shi da tawagar manya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Atalanta's youth system continues to produce talents |work=Football Italia |url=https://football-italia.net |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Trapani === A shekarar 2020, an tura shi aro zuwa ƙungiyar Trapani domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai. Duk da matsalolin da kulob ɗin ya fuskanta a gasar Serie B, Carnesecchi ya nuna bajinta sosai ta hanyar ceton ƙwallaye masu yawa da kuma nuna jarumtaka a gaban masu kai hari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/marco-carnesecchi/ |title=Marco Carnesecchi Career Stats |website=WorldFootball.net |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Cremonese === Bayan zaman aro a Trapani, ya koma Cremonese a matsayin aro a shekarar 2021. A nan ne ya fi shahara sosai bayan ya taimaka wa Cremonese samun daukaka zuwa Serie A bayan shekaru masu yawa ba tare da kasancewa a babbar gasar ba. Ayyukansa sun jawo hankalin masu sharhi da kungiyoyi daban-daban a Italiya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cremonese promoted to Serie A with help from Carnesecchi |work=La Gazzetta dello Sport |url=https://www.gazzetta.it |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A kakar Serie A tare da Cremonese, ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa duk da cewa ƙungiyar ta sha fama wajen kare kanta daga faɗuwa. Yawan ceton ƙwallayen da ya yi ya sanya shi cikin jerin matasan masu tsaron gida mafi hazaka a Serie A.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en/player/carnesecchi-marco |title=Marco Carnesecchi Statistics |website=Lega Serie A |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Komawa Atalanta === Bayan ƙarewar aron sa, Carnesecchi ya dawo Atalanta domin fafatawa wajen zama babban mai tsaron gida na kulob ɗin. Horonsa da gogewarsa daga Cremonese sun taimaka masa wajen samun damar buga manyan wasanni a Serie A da sauran gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/ |title=Marco Carnesecchi UEFA Profile |website=UEFA |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Marco Carnesecchi ya wakilci Italiya a matakan matasa daban-daban ciki har da tawagar U19 da U21. Ya kasance daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka taimaka wa tawagar matasan Italiya a gasannin Turai. Kyakkyawan rawar da yake takawa ya sa aka fara kiransa cikin manyan ‘yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Italiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/ |title=Italy National Team Players |website=FIGC |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Carnesecchi sananne ne da saurin motsi, iya tsalle, da kuma kwarewa wajen dakatar da bugun fenariti. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar bayar da dogayen ƙwallaye masu kyau. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa suna yabonsa saboda natsuwa da kuma iya jagorantar masu tsaron baya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Carnesecchi is one of Italy's top young goalkeepers |work=Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Cremonese === * Samun daukaka zuwa [[Serie A]]: 2021–22<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en |title=Serie A Promotion Records |website=Lega Serie A |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.atalanta.it/en/players-staff/marco-carnesecchi/ Marco Carnesecchi a shafin Atalanta]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/marco-carnesecchi/profil/spieler/397539 Marco Carnesecchi a Transfermarkt] {{Atalanta BC}} {{Tawagar ƙasar Italiya}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Italian footballers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Atalanta BC players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Italy international footballers]] 00sj351rejzhtl1c5a9xv31ahspgihv 0 150383 862267 833693 2026-06-20T17:43:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862267 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:MANUEL LOCATELLI - ZENIT vs JUVENTUS.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Manuel Locatelli | hoto = Manuel Locatelli 2021.jpg | cikakken_suna = Manuel Locatelli | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1998|1|8}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lecco, Italiya | tsawo = 1.86 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya | kungiyar_yanzu = Juventus | lamba = 5 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2007–2016 | matasa_kungiyoyi1 = AC Milan | shekaru1 = 2016–2018 | kungiyoyi1 = AC Milan | wasanni1 = 48 | kwallaye1 = 2 | shekaru2 = 2018–2021 | kungiyoyi2 = Sassuolo | wasanni2 = 96 | kwallaye2 = 7 | shekaru3 = 2021– | kungiyoyi3 = Juventus | wasanni3 = 100+ | kwallaye3 = 5+ | kungiyar_kasa1 = Italiya U19 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Italiya U21 | kungiyar_kasa3 = Italiya | wasanni_kasa3 = 30+ | kwallaye_kasa3 = 3+ }} '''Manuel Locatelli''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1998 a garin Lecco dake Italiya. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun ‘yan wasan tsakiya na zamani saboda iya rarraba ƙwallo, kare tsakiya da kuma jagorantar wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/manuel-locatelli |title=Manuel Locatelli Profile |publisher=Juventus Official Website |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Locatelli ya taso ne a yankin Lecco inda ya fara sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta ƙungiyar [[AC Milan]] yana ɗan shekara tara, inda ya nuna bajinta sosai a matakin matasa. Malamai da masu horaswa sun yaba masa saboda natsuwa da hangen wasa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.acmilan.com/en/club/legends/players/locatelli |title=Manuel Locatelli Biography |publisher=AC Milan |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === AC Milan === Locatelli ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar AC Milan a shekarar 2016 bayan an ɗaga shi daga ƙungiyar matasa. Ya fara jan hankali sosai bayan ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan Serie A da aka buga tsakanin Milan da Sassuolo. Bayan haka kuma ya zura ƙwallo mai ban mamaki a wasan hamayya tsakanin Milan da Juventus, abin da ya sa sunansa ya fara shahara sosai a ƙasar Italiya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Locatelli scores stunning winner against Juventus |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37704240 |access-date=2026-05-10 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duk da irin hazakarsa, Locatelli bai samu cikakken damar buga wasa a AC Milan ba saboda yawan gogaggun ‘yan wasa da ke cikin ƙungiyar a lokacin. Hakan ya sa daga baya aka yanke shawarar bayar da shi aro domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa da gogewa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sempremilan.com/why-locatelli-left-milan |title=Why Manuel Locatelli Left Milan |publisher=Sempre Milan |access-date=2026-05-10 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Sassuolo === A shekarar 2018 ne Locatelli ya koma [[US Sassuolo Calcio|Sassuolo]] da farko a matsayin aro kafin daga baya aka saye shi kai tsaye. A Sassuolo ne ya nuna cikakkiyar bajintarsa inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmancin ‘yan wasan tsakiya a Serie A. Ya taka rawar gani wajen tsara wasan ƙungiyar tare da taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare da kare baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/manuel-locatelli-sassuolo-rise/blt123456 |title=Locatelli's rise at Sassuolo |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2020–21, Locatelli ya samu yabo sosai saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen rarraba ƙwallaye da kuma iya sarrafa wasan tsakiya. Manyan kungiyoyi daga Turai sun fara nuna sha’awar sayensa bayan bajintarsa a Serie A da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta Euro 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11854/12374434/manuel-locatelli-attracts-interest-from-european-clubs |title=European clubs interested in Locatelli |publisher=Sky Sports |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> === Juventus === A shekarar 2021 Locatelli ya koma [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] bayan doguwar tattaunawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Juventus ta ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan sake gina tsakiyar ƙungiyar. Tun bayan zuwansa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar saboda iya kare ƙwallo da kuma jagorantar gina hari daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/manuel-locatelli-joins-juventus |title=Manuel Locatelli joins Juventus |publisher=Juventus Official Website |access-date=2026-05-10 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A Juventus, Locatelli ya buga wasanni masu muhimmanci a Serie A da UEFA Champions League. Masu sharhi da dama sun yaba masa saboda natsuwarsa da kuma iya daidaita wasan ƙungiya musamman a manyan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Locatelli becoming key Juventus midfielder |work=ESPN |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37630000 |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Locatelli ya wakilci Italiya a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin daga baya ya shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa. Ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar Italiya wasa a shekarar 2020. Ya yi fice sosai a gasar [[UEFA Euro 2020]] inda ya zura ƙwallaye biyu a wasan da Italiya ta doke Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Italy beat Switzerland as Locatelli scores twice |work=UEFA.com |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/026a-1285c939d4f5-6f21f2dbb6f3-1000--italy-switzerland-report |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Bajintarsa a Euro 2020 ta taimaka wa Italiya lashe kofin bayan sun doke Ingila a wasan ƙarshe. Wannan nasara ta ƙara tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan tsakiya na Italiya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Italy win Euro 2020 after beating England |work=FIFA.com |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/italy-win-euro-2020 |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Ana ganin Manuel Locatelli a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai iya taka rawar kare baya da kuma tsara kai hari. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen rarraba ƙwallo, tsayawa wajen karɓar ƙwallaye daga abokan wasa da kuma iya harba ƙwallo daga nesa. Haka kuma yana iya taka rawa a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya ko kuma mai kai hari daga tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theathletic.com/locatelli-playing-style-analysis |title=Manuel Locatelli tactical analysis |publisher=The Athletic |access-date=2026-05-10 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun kwatanta salon wasansa da na wasu fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya na Italiya saboda natsuwa da iya sarrafa yanayin wasa. Ana yaba masa saboda hazaka da kuma jajircewa wajen taimakawa ƙungiyarsa a fannoni daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.totalfootballanalysis.com/player-analysis/manuel-locatelli-analysis |title=Manuel Locatelli player analysis |publisher=Total Football Analysis |access-date=2026-05-10 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Ƙungiya === ; Juventus * Coppa Italia: 2023–24 === Tawagar ƙasa === ; Italiya * UEFA Euro: 2020 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/manuel-locatelli Manuel Locatelli a shafin Juventus] * [https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/manuel-locatelli/ Manuel Locatelli a FIGC] {{Dan wasan Juventus}} {{Tawagar Italiya Euro 2020}} [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1998]] [[Category:Yan wasan Juventus]] [[Category:Yan wasan AC Milan]] [[Category:Yan wasan Sassuolo]] [[Category:Masu buga tsakiyar fili]] ep2ynm0yrtm0jud248oucreev9fnzp5 0 150436 862884 833853 2026-06-21T11:38:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 6 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Moise Kean.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Moise Kean | hoto = Moise Kean 2021.jpg | cikakken_suna = Moise Bioty Kean | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2000|2|28}} | wurin_haihuwa = Vercelli, Italiya | tsawo = 1.83 m | matsayi = Dan wasan gaba | kulob_na_yanzu = [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] | lamba = 20 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2007–2010 | matasa_kulob1 = Asti | matasa_shekaru2 = 2010–2016 | matasa_kulob2 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | shekaru1 = 2016–2019 | kulob1 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | wasanni1 = 16 | kwallaye1 = 7 | shekaru2 = 2017–2018 | kulob2 = → [[Hellas Verona FC|Hellas Verona]] (aro) | wasanni2 = 19 | kwallaye2 = 4 | shekaru3 = 2019–2021 | kulob3 = [[Everton FC|Everton]] | wasanni3 = 32 | kwallaye3 = 2 | shekaru4 = 2020–2021 | kulob4 = → [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] (aro) | wasanni4 = 26 | kwallaye4 = 13 | shekaru5 = 2021–2024 | kulob5 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | wasanni5 = 76 | kwallaye5 = 14 | shekaru6 = 2024– | kulob6 = [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] | wasanni6 = 0 | kwallaye6 = 0 | tawagar_kasa1 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 15|Italiya U15]] | tawagar_kasa2 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17|Italiya U17]] | tawagar_kasa3 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 19|Italiya U19]] | tawagar_kasa4 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 21|Italiya U21]] | tawagar_kasa5 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya|Italiya]] | shekarun_kasa5 = 2018– | wasannin_kasa5 = 19 | kwallayen_kasa5 = 5 }} '''Moise Bioty Kean''' (an haife shi ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] da kuma [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya|tawagar ƙasar Italiya]]. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba masu ƙwarewa da sauri a ƙwallon ƙafar Turai saboda ƙarfin jikinsa, gudunsa da kuma iya zura ƙwallaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moise Kean Profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/moise-kean/profil/spieler/364135 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Moise Kean a garin Vercelli da ke ƙasar Italiya daga iyaye 'yan asalin ƙasar Ivory Coast. Ya taso ne a yankin Asti inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen zura ƙwallaye, abin da ya sa ƙungiyoyin matasa suka fara bibiyarsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Moise Kean? |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-moise-kean/ |website=Goal.com |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Kean ya fara taka leda a makarantar horas da matasa ta Asti kafin daga bisani ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] a shekarar 2010. A can ne ya bunƙasa har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan 'yan wasa a Italiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moise Kean Juventus Youth Career |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/players/moise-kean/ |website=Juventus Official Website |access-date=11 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Juventus === Kean ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] wasa a shekarar 2016 yana ɗan shekara 16 kacal. Hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da suka fara buga wasa a Serie A ga Juventus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kean makes Juventus history |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38171391 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=11 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2016, ya zama ɗan wasan farko da aka haifa bayan shekarar 2000 da ya buga wasa a gasar UEFA Champions League.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moise Kean Champions League Record |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0233-0e953f0f0c18-6d57a9d8f8b0-1000--kean-makes-history/ |website=UEFA |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Aron sa zuwa Hellas Verona === A shekarar 2017 an ba Kean aro zuwa [[Hellas Verona FC|Hellas Verona]] domin samun damar buga wasanni akai-akai. Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ta fuskanci matsaloli a Serie A, Kean ya nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar zura wasu mahimman ƙwallaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moise Kean loaned to Verona |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11854/10994135/moise-kean-joins-verona-on-loan |website=Sky Sports |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Dawowa Juventus === Bayan dawowarsa Juventus a shekarar 2018, Kean ya fara samun muhimmiyar rawa a ƙarƙashin koci Massimiliano Allegri. Ya zura ƙwallaye masu yawa a ƙarshen kakar 2018–19, abin da ya taimaka wa Juventus wajen lashe gasar Serie A.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kean shines for Juventus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/mar/30/moise-kean-juventus |website=The Guardian |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan Italiya da suka fi jawo hankali a lokacin saboda saurin ci gabansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Italy's rising star Moise Kean |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37525968/moise-kean-rise |website=ESPN |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Everton === A watan Agustan 2019, Kean ya koma [[Everton FC|Everton]] ta gasar Premier League ta Ingila. Ana ganin cinikin a matsayin babban mataki a rayuwarsa saboda damar da zai samu a ƙwallon ƙafar Ingila.<ref>{{cite web |title=Everton sign Moise Kean |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1299508/everton-sign-moise-kean |website=Everton Official Website |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Sai dai bai samu damar nuna cikakken bajintarsa ba a Everton saboda matsalar rashin tabbataccen lokaci a wasa da kuma sauyin masu horarwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Moise Kean struggled at Everton |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/everton/moise-kean-everton-analysis |website=The Independent |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === A shekarar 2020, an ba Kean aro zuwa [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] na Faransa. A can ya sake dawo da ƙwarinsa inda ya zura ƙwallaye masu yawa a Ligue 1 da UEFA Champions League.<ref>{{cite web |title=PSG loan deal for Moise Kean |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/moise-kean-joins-paris-saint-germain-on-loan |website=Paris Saint-Germain Official Website |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Kean ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kai PSG zuwa matakai masu zurfi a gasar Turai, kuma ya samu yabo daga magoya baya da masana ƙwallo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kean impresses at PSG |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210403-kean-flourishing-at-psg |website=France24 |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Komawa Juventus da Fiorentina === Bayan zamansa aro, Kean ya koma Juventus sannan daga baya aka sake ɗaukar sa na dindindin. Duk da nuna lokuta masu kyau, ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin daidaito da kuma raunuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Juventus re-sign Moise Kean |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/moise-kean-returns-to-juventus |website=Juventus Official Website |access-date=11 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ya koma [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] domin neman sabon farawa a aikinsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fiorentina sign Moise Kean |url=https://www.acffiorentina.com/en/news/all/news-men-first-team/2024-07-09/moise-kean-joins-fiorentina |website=Fiorentina Official Website |access-date=11 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Kean ya wakilci Italiya a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya fara bugawa babbar [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya|tawagar ƙasar Italiya]] wasa a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moise Kean Italy debut |url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/news/moise-kean-makes-history-for-italy/ |website=FIGC |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da suka ci wa Italiya ƙwallo a tarihi, sannan kuma ɗan wasa na farko da ya fito daga shekarun 2000 da ya ci wa ƙasar ƙwallo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kean scores for Italy |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47734782 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=11 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasansa == Ana sanin Moise Kean da saurin gudu, ƙarfi da kuma iya taka leda a wurare daban-daban na gaba. Yana iya taka rawa a matsayin cikakken ɗan gaba ko kuma a matsayin winger.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moise Kean scouting report |url=https://totalfootballanalysis.com/player-analysis/moise-kean-scout-report |website=Total Football Analysis |access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Masana ƙwallo sun yaba masa saboda ƙarfin jikinsa da kuma yadda yake iya kai hari cikin sauri. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewar sarrafa ƙwallo da bugun ƙafa biyu.<ref>{{cite web |title=How good is Moise Kean? |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/moise-kean-analysis |website=FourFourTwo |access-date=11 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Juventus === * Serie A: 2016–17, 2018–19 * Coppa Italia: 2016–17 === Paris Saint-Germain === * Coupe de France: 2020–21 * Trophée des Champions: 2020 == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Dan wasan Juventus}} {{Dan wasan Italiya}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Yan wasan Juventus FC]] [[Category:Yan wasan Everton FC]] [[Category:Yan wasan Paris Saint-Germain FC]] [[Category:Yan wasan Fiorentina]] [[Category:Yan wasan Serie A]] [[Category:Yan wasan Premier League]] [[Category:Yan wasan Ligue 1]] f2t7ddrprcuhers4aht6ocdf5nglwt8 0 150480 862333 833975 2026-06-20T18:26:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marcin Adamski''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975) shi ne babban jami'in [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Poland, manajan kuma tsohon dan wasa. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kungiyar III liga ta Flota Świnoujście . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=MKS Flota Świnoujście. Zmiana trenera |url=https://tu.swinoujscie.pl/2024/03/29/mks-flota-swinoujscie-zmiana-trenera/#:~:text=Marcin%20Adamski%20zrezygnował%20z%20pełnienia,w%20Swarzędzu%2C%2003%20września%202020. |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=tu.swinoujscie.pl |language=pl}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Kungiyar === A shekara ta 2002, ya shiga kungiyar Austrian Rapid Wien . A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, an ba da rancensa ga kulob din Faransa Angers kan yarjejeniyar rabin shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2005 |title=Adamski zadebiutował w Angers SCO |url=http://www.sport.pl/sport/1,69628,2550231.html |access-date=22 February 2012 |publisher=sport.pl |language=Polish}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2005, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Rapid Wien . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2005 |title=Adamski podpisał kontrakt z Rapidem Wiedeń |url=http://www.sport.pl/sport/1,69628,2772728.html |access-date=22 February 2012 |publisher=sport.pl |language=Polish}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2005-06. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2006 |title=Adamski odchodzi z Rapidu |url=http://sport.wp.pl/kat,32272,title,Adamski-odchodzi-z-Rapidu,wid,8280181,wiadomosc.html |access-date=22 February 2012 |publisher=wp.pl |language=Polish}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2006, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Jamus Erzgebirge Aue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2006 |title=Marcin Adamski piłkarzem Erzgebirge Aue |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news.php?id=454376 |access-date=22 February 2012 |publisher=90minut.pl |language=Polish}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2008, ya koma ŁKS Łódź.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2008 |title=Marcin Adamski coraz bliżej ŁKS |url=http://lodz.gazeta.pl/lodz/1,35137,4881337.html |access-date=22 February 2012 |publisher=lodz.gazeta.pl |language=Polish |archive-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315200654/http://lodz.gazeta.pl/lodz/1,35137,4881337.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Watanni shida bayan haka, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa na shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2008 |title=Marcin Adamski przedłużył kontrakt z ŁKS |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/75/news753455.html |access-date=22 February 2012 |publisher=90minut.pl |language=Polish}}</ref> === Kasashen Duniya === Adamski ya buga wasanni uku a tawagar kasar Poland. == Kididdigar gudanarwa == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Rubuce-rubucen manajan ta hanyar ƙungiya da kuma zama ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Daga ! rowspan="2" |Zuwa ! colspan="8" |Rubuce-rubuce |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | align="left" |Flota Świnoujście (mai kula) | align="left" |2 ga Oktoba 2020 | align="left" |9 ga Oktoba 2020{{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=2|against=1|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Jirgin ruwa na Świnoujście | align="left" |5 Yuni 2021 | align="left" |26 Maris 2024{{WDL|108|75|12|21|for=311|against=114|diff=yes}} |- ! colspan="3" |Jimillar {{WDLtot|109|76|12|21|for=313|against=115|diff=yes}} |} == Daraja == === Mai kunnawa === '''ŁKS Łódź''' * I liga: 2010-11 <ref>{{Cite web |title=I liga 2010/2011 |url=http://www.90minut.pl/liga/0/liga4992.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> === Manajan === '''Jirgin ruwa na Świnoujście''' * IV liga West Pomerania: 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite web |title=IV liga 2022/2023, grupa: zachodniopomorska |url=http://www.90minut.pl/liga/1/liga12499.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] hffyk0pz2qkzcvu4ot0c2ryc82d1469 0 150552 862338 834153 2026-06-20T18:33:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862338 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Marco Verratti 2015.png|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Marco Verratti | hoto = Marco Verratti 2021.jpg | cikakken_suna = Marco Verratti | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1992|11|5}} | wurin_haihuwa = Pescara, Italiya | tsawo = 1.65 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya | kungiyar_yanzu = Al-Arabi | lamba = 7 | kungiyar_matasa1 = Manoppello Arabona | shekaru1 = 2008–2012 | kungiya1 = Pescara | wasa1 = 74 | kwallaye1 = 2 | shekaru2 = 2012–2023 | kungiya2 = Paris Saint-Germain | wasa2 = 276 | kwallaye2 = 11 | shekaru3 = 2023– | kungiya3 = Al-Arabi | wasa3 = 0 | kwallaye3 = 0 | shekaru_tawaga1 = 2012–2023 | tawaga1 = Italiya | wasa_tawaga1 = 55 | kwallaye_tawaga1 = 3 }} '''Marco Verratti''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Italiya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. Ya shahara saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen sarrafa ƙwallo, bayar da gajerun pass masu inganci, da kuma iya riƙe ƙwallo a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiya na ƙarni na zamani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/marco-verratti/profil/spieler/102558|title=Marco Verratti Profile|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Marco Verratti a garin Pescara da ke ƙasar Italiya. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya fara taka leda a ƙungiyoyin yara na yankinsu. Salon wasansa ya samo asali ne daga irin ƙananan 'yan wasan tsakiya masu iya sarrafa wasa da rarraba ƙwallaye cikin natsuwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marco-Verratti|title=Marco Verratti Biography|website=Britannica|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Pescara === Verratti ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar [[Pescara Calcio]]. Ya fara jan hankali ne bayan rawar da ya taka wajen taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu hawa zuwa gasar Serie A a kakar 2011–12. A wannan lokacin ya nuna bajintarsa wajen sarrafa wasan tsakiya duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/marco-verratti/leistungsdatenverein/spieler/102558|title=Marco Verratti Club Statistics|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === A shekarar 2012, Verratti ya koma ƙungiyar [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] ta Faransa. A PSG ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman 'yan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar tare da taimaka musu lashe kofuna da dama na Ligue 1, Coupe de France da sauran gasa na cikin gida. Ya yi wasa tare da manyan taurari kamar [[Zlatan Ibrahimović]], [[Neymar]], [[Kylian Mbappé]] da [[Lionel Messi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/effectif/marco-verratti|title=Marco Verratti PSG Profile|website=Paris Saint-Germain Official Website|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A tsawon shekarunsa a PSG, Verratti ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi saboda iya kare ƙwallo, yin tackling, da kuma ƙwarewar rarraba wasa daga tsakiya. Duk da ƙarancin tsawonsa, yana da ƙarfin jiki da fasaha wajen kubuta daga matsin lamba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/player/marco-verratti|title=Marco Verratti Player Profile|website=Goal.com|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Al-Arabi === A shekarar 2023, Verratti ya bar PSG bayan shekaru masu yawa a ƙungiyar sannan ya koma [[Al-Arabi SC]] ta ƙasar Qatar. Canjin nasa ya jawo cece-kuce a duniyar ƙwallon ƙafa saboda matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiya na Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alarabi.qa/football/first-team|title=Al-Arabi First Team|website=Al-Arabi SC|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Verratti ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Italiya wasa a shekarar 2012. Ya wakilci ƙasar a gasanni daban-daban da suka haɗa da UEFA Euro da FIFA World Cup. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin da Italiya ta lashe gasar UEFA Euro 2020 bayan doke Ingila a wasan ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/250040927--marco-verratti/|title=Marco Verratti UEFA Profile|website=UEFA|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Duk da fama da raunuka a wasu lokuta, Verratti ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiya na Italiya saboda ƙwarewarsa da gogewarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/players/marco-verratti|title=Marco Verratti FIFA Profile|website=FIFA|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Marco Verratti ya shahara wajen riƙe ƙwallo da yin pass cikin sauri da daidaito. Sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi da fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiya irin su [[Andrea Pirlo]] da [[Xavi]]. Yana taka rawa wajen fara gina hari daga baya tare da taimakawa wajen kare ƙungiya idan an rasa ƙwallo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/31/marco-verratti-the-little-genius-of-italian-football/|title=Marco Verratti: The little genius of Italian football|website=These Football Times|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Pescara === * Serie B: 2011–12<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/italy/pescara-calcio/1245/|title=Pescara History|website=Soccerway|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === * Ligue 1 sau da dama * Coupe de France * Coupe de la Ligue * Trophée des Champions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/effectif/marco-verratti|title=Marco Verratti Honours|website=PSG Official Website|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Italiya === * UEFA Euro 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/seasons/2020/|title=UEFA Euro 2020|website=UEFA|access-date=11 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} * {{Instagram}} {{Tawagar Italiya a Gasar UEFA Euro 2020}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Verratti, Marco}} [[Category:1992 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Italian footballers]] [[Category:Italy international footballers]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Pescara Calcio players]] [[Category:Al-Arabi SC players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:People from Pescara]] lpgws491phb9wkji2oo8auznp7uidcy 0 150555 862323 834157 2026-06-20T18:12:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Spain football team in 202 (Marc Cucurella).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Marc Cucurella | hoto = Marc Cucurella 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Marc Cucurella Saseta | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1998|7|22}} | wurin_haihuwa = Alella, Spain | tsawo = 1.73 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | kulob_yanzu = Chelsea | lamba = 3 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2006–2012 | matasa_kulob1 = Espanyol | matasa_shekaru2 = 2012–2017 | matasa_kulob2 = Barcelona | shekaru1 = 2016–2018 | kulob1 = Barcelona B | wasanni1 = 54 | kwallaye1 = 1 | shekaru2 = 2018–2020 | kulob2 = Barcelona | wasanni2 = 1 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2018–2019 | kulob3 = → Eibar (aro) | wasanni3 = 31 | kwallaye3 = 1 | shekaru4 = 2019–2020 | kulob4 = → Getafe (aro) | wasanni4 = 37 | kwallaye4 = 1 | shekaru5 = 2020–2021 | kulob5 = Getafe | wasanni5 = 38 | kwallaye5 = 3 | shekaru6 = 2021–2022 | kulob6 = Brighton & Hove Albion | wasanni6 = 35 | kwallaye6 = 1 | shekaru7 = 2022– | kulob7 = Chelsea | wasanni7 = 70 | kwallaye7 = 4 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2014 | tawagar_kasa1 = Spain U16 | wasannin_kasa1 = 2 | kwallayen_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2015 | tawagar_kasa2 = Spain U17 | wasannin_kasa2 = 9 | kwallayen_kasa2 = 0 | shekarun_kasa3 = 2016 | tawagar_kasa3 = Spain U19 | wasannin_kasa3 = 2 | kwallayen_kasa3 = 0 | shekarun_kasa4 = 2019–2021 | tawagar_kasa4 = Spain U21 | wasannin_kasa4 = 7 | kwallayen_kasa4 = 0 | shekarun_kasa5 = 2021 | tawagar_kasa5 = Spain Olympics | wasannin_kasa5 = 6 | kwallayen_kasa5 = 0 | shekarun_kasa6 = 2021– | tawagar_kasa6 = Spain | wasannin_kasa6 = 20 | kwallayen_kasa6 = 1 }} '''Marc Cucurella Saseta''' (an haife shi ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Spain wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu ko kuma ɗan wasan gefe na hagu ga ƙungiyar {{ill|Chelsea F.C.|en|Chelsea F.C.}} ta ƙasar Ingila da kuma tawagar ƙasar Spain. An san shi da ƙwazo, gudu, da iya kai hari daga gefen fili tare da taimakawa wajen kare gida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/marc-cucurella|title=Marc Cucurella Profile|publisher=Chelsea FC|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> An haifi Cucurella a garin Alella da ke yankin Catalonia a ƙasar Spain. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami inda ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Espanyol kafin daga bisani ya koma fitacciyar makarantar horas da matasa ta La Masia ta kungiyar Barcelona a shekara ta 2012. A lokacin da yake Barcelona ya nuna bajinta sosai a matakin matasa wanda hakan ya sa ya samu damar bugawa Barcelona B wasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/players/703456/marc-cucurella|title=Marc Cucurella - FC Barcelona|publisher=FC Barcelona|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> Cucurella ya fara taka leda a matakin manya ne tare da Barcelona B a shekarar 2016 inda ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Segunda División. Duk da cewa ya samu damar bugawa babbar kungiyar Barcelona wasa guda daya kacal a Copa del Rey, bai samu cikakken gurbi a kungiyar ba saboda yawan taurarin da ke kungiyar a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/marc-cucurella/profil/spieler/284857|title=Marc Cucurella Player Profile|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an bayar da Cucurella aro zuwa kungiyar {{ill|SD Eibar|en|SD Eibar}} domin ya samu damar buga wasa akai-akai a gasar La Liga. A can ne ya nuna cikakkiyar kwarewarsa wajen kai hari da kuma tsaron baya. Bayan kammala aro, kungiyar Eibar ta saye shi na dindindin kafin Barcelona ta sake amfani da damar da take da ita wajen dawo da shi cikin kankanin lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/cucurella|title=Marc Cucurella Statistics|publisher=La Liga|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> Daga baya Cucurella ya koma kungiyar {{ill|Getafe CF|en|Getafe CF}} da farko aro sannan daga bisani aka kammala cinikin dindindin. A lokacin da yake Getafe ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya na hagu a gasar La Liga saboda iya kare gida da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari. Ya taimaka wa kungiyar wajen kaiwa matakai masu kyau a gasar cikin gida da kuma gasar Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getafecf.com/jugador/cucurella|title=Marc Cucurella - Getafe CF|publisher=Getafe CF|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Cucurella ya koma kungiyar {{ill|Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|en|Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.}} ta gasar Premier League ta Ingila. Ya yi fice sosai a kakarsa ta farko a Ingila inda ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi da magoya baya saboda kuzari da jajircewa. Hakan ya sa aka zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan kungiyar Brighton na kakar wasa ta 2021–22.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/teams/first-team/defender/marc-cucurella|title=Marc Cucurella Biography|publisher=Brighton & Hove Albion|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2022, Cucurella ya koma kungiyar Chelsea bayan kungiyar ta biya kudin ciniki mai yawa domin sayensa. Wannan ciniki ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan cinikin masu tsaron baya a lokacin. Ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyar Chelsea musamman wajen buga wasa a tsarin masu tsaron baya uku ko kuma a matsayin wing-back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/cucurella-signs-for-chelsea|title=Cucurella signs for Chelsea|publisher=Chelsea FC|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> A bangaren tawagar ƙasa, Cucurella ya wakilci Spain a matakan matasa daban-daban tun daga ƙasa da shekara 16 zuwa ƙasa da shekara 21. Ya kuma kasance cikin tawagar Spain da ta samu lambar azurfa a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo 2020 da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 saboda annobar COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/marc-cucurella|title=Marc Cucurella Olympic Profile|publisher=Olympics.com|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar ƙasar Spain wasa a shekarar 2021. Tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jerin 'yan wasan da ake kira zuwa manyan gasa saboda iya taka leda a wurare daban-daban na gefen hagu. Kwarewarsa wajen kai hari da kuma dawo da baya cikin sauri ya sa yake da muhimmanci ga tsarin wasan tawagar Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rfef.es/en/selecciones/jugadores/marc-cucurella|title=Marc Cucurella - Spain National Team|publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasansa == An fi sanin Marc Cucurella da kuzari, gudu, da kuma iya taka leda a wurare da dama a gefen hagu. Yana iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu, wing-back, ko kuma ɗan wasan gefe. Haka kuma yana da kwarewa wajen matsa wa abokan hamayya lamba da kuma aika kwallaye masu kyau zuwa cikin akwatin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theanalyst.com/eu/2022/08/marc-cucurella-chelsea-transfer-analysis/|title=Marc Cucurella Tactical Analysis|publisher=The Analyst|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Spain Olympics * Lambar azurfa: Tokyo 2020 === Mutum daya * Gwarzon dan wasan Brighton & Hove Albion na kakar 2021–22 == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/marc-cucurella}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} * {{Twitter}} {{Chelsea F.C.}} {{Spain squad}} [[Category:1998 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:Getafe CF players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Spain international footballers]] 21o7t58lg4rmf1cplr2l0fcj31sd98c 0 150568 862549 834177 2026-06-21T03:52:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matthijs de Ligt''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1999) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] [[Manchester United F.C.|ta Manchester United]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Netherlands . An san shi da iya ƙarfinsa na faɗa, iyawarsa ta sama, jagoranci da kuma ƙarfi. De Ligt ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar Ajax wasa a watan Satumbar 2016 a wasan cin kofin da suka fafata da Willem II . Ya zura kwallo daga kusurwa bayan mintuna 25, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya zura ƙwallo a ƙungiyar bayan [[Clarence Seedorf]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=De Ligt jongste scorende Ajacied na Seedorf |url=http://www.ajax.nl/streams/ajax-actueel/de-ligt-jongste-scorende-ajacied-na-seedorf.htm |publisher=Ajax.nl}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2017, De Ligt ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru (mai shekaru 17 da kwanaki 285) da ya buga wasa a wani babban wasan ƙarshe na Turai lokacin da ya fara fafatawa da Manchester United a wasan ƙarshe na Europa League . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Youngest player to ever play a European final: Matthijs de Ligt. |url=https://twitter.com/EuropaLeague/status/867520414821621760/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E867520414821621760&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Fuefaeuropaleague%2Fhistory%2Fseason%3D2017%2Fmatches%2Fround%3D2000797%2Fmatch%3D2019702%2Fevents%2Findex.html |access-date=12 December 2018 |via=Twitter}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2018, ya lashe kyautar Golden Boy da aka bai wa ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi kyau a Turai na shekara a ƙarƙashin shekara 21, inda ya zama ɗan wasan baya na farko da ya yi hakan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2018 |title=Ajax's Matthijs De Ligt beats Trent Alexander-Arnold to Golden Boy award |url=https://global.espn.com/football/story/_/id/37567599/ajax-matthijs-de-ligt-beats-trent-alexander-arnold-golden-boy-award |access-date=17 December 2018 |publisher=soccernet.com}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, De Ligt ya taimaka wa Ajax ta lashe kofuna biyu a gida ta kuma kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai . Kwarewar De Ligt ta sa ya koma ƙungiyar Serie A ta Juventus a shekarar 2019, jim kaɗan kafin a ba shi Kopa Trophy a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan duniya na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Zai ci gaba da taimaka wa ƙungiyar Turin ta riƙe kofin gasar a kakar wasa ta farko sannan ta sake ɗaukar Kofin Italiya a karo na biyu. Bayan shekaru uku a Italiya, De Ligt zai koma zakarun Bundesliga [[FC Bayern Munich|na Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2022, inda ya sake lashe kofin gasar a kakar wasa ta farko. A shekarar 2017, De Ligt ya fara buga wa Netherlands wasa a matakin farko yana da shekara 17, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa tun daga shekarar 1931. Ya samu fiye da wasanni 50, kuma ya buga wa ƙungiyar wasa a gasar UEFA Euro 2020 da kuma [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]] . == Aikin kulob == === Ajax === [[Fayil:Matthijs_de_Ligt.jpg|left|thumb|225x225px|De Ligt yana horo tare da Ajax a 2016]] De Ligt ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Ajax lokacin yana ɗan shekara tara daga ƙungiyar da yake zaune a Abcoude, kusa da [[Amsterdam]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=A closer look at new Juventus signing Matthijs De Ligt |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/closer-look-juventus-signing-matthijs-075301292.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Da farko, masu horarwa a makarantar horar da matasa sun yi tunanin yana da jinkiri sosai kuma ba shi da ƙoshin lafiya, amma an ba shi damar ci gaba a makarantar kuma ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=Believe the hype: De Ligt, de Jong are future stars |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37504410/matthijs-de-ligt-frenkie-de-jong-stars-radar-barcelona-manchester-city-juventus |access-date=11 December 2018 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> ==== 2016–17: Jong Ajax da ci gaba ==== Ya fara buga wasa a Jong Ajax a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2016 a wasan Eerste Divisie da Emmen, inda ya buga cikakken wasan. <ref name="soccerway2">{{Cite web |title=Jong Ajax vs. Emmen – 8 August 2016 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/08/08/netherlands/eerste-divisie/jong-ajax/fc-emmen/2240573/ |access-date=8 August 2016 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa, De Ligt ya buga wasanni 17 a kungiyar Jong Ajax. <ref>{{Cite web |title=matthijs-de-ligt career |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/matthijs-de-ligt/399768/ |access-date=11 December 2018 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, De Ligt ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar Ajax wasa a gasar cin kofin da suka fafata da Willem II . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yokhin |first=Michael |date=23 May 2017 |title=Precocious De Ligt lifts Ajax on run to final |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37474958/precocious-matthijs-de-ligt-big-reason-ajax-europa-league-run |access-date=7 April 2025 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Ya ci kwallo daga kusurwa bayan mintuna 25, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙarancin zura ƙwallo a tarihi bayan [[Clarence Seedorf]] ; Ajax ta lashe wasan da ci 5-0. <ref name=":4"/> A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, Ajax ta sanar ta shafin Twitter cewa an ɗaga De Ligt zuwa babbar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA.com's weekly wonderkid: Matthijs de Ligt |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0234-0e95ebd881ad-2765cecc765a-1000--uefa-com-s-weekly-wonderkid-matthijs-de-ligt/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> De Ligt ya yi sauri ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar farko bayan an ƙara masa matsayi, sannan ya buga wasanni 11 a gasar lig da kuma wasanni tara a gasar Europa League . <ref name="matthijs-de-ligt career">{{Cite web |title=matthijs-de-ligt career |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/matthijs-de-ligt/399768/ |access-date=11 December 2018 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Mayu, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru (shekaru 17 da kwanaki 285) da ya buga wasa a babban wasan ƙarshe na Turai lokacin da ya fara da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan ƙarshe na gasar UEFA Europa League na 2017. <ref name=":1"/> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2025)">ana buƙatar tushen da ba na asali ba</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ==== 2017–19: Nasara da kuma kyaftin ==== [[Fayil:Matthijs_de_Ligt_2018.jpg|thumb|254x254px|De Ligt yana horo tare da Ajax a cikin 2018]] Bayan sayar da Davinson Sánchez ga [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a watan Agusta na 2017, De Ligt ya zama ɗan wasan farko a ƙungiyar. An naɗa shi kyaftin mafi ƙarancin shekaru a Ajax a watan Maris na 2018 bayan raunin da kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Joël Veltman ya samu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=De Ligt als de nieuwe norm bij Ajax |url=https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/de-ligt-als-de-nieuwe-norm-bij-ajax~a3400a69/ |access-date=11 December 2018 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl}}</ref> De Ligt ya buga wasanni 37 a dukkan gasa kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=OFFICIAL {{!}} de Ligt is Bianconero! – Juventus |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/de-ligt-is-bianconero |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Juventus F.C.}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a dukkan wasanninsa 31 na gasar kuma ya buga mintuna 90 a duka banda daya daga cikinsu (an sauya shi a minti na 33 da Vitesse saboda rauni). <ref name="matthijs-de-ligt career"/> Saboda rawar da De Ligt ya taka a Ajax, an alakanta shi da manyan kungiyoyi na Turai da dama. A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2018, De Ligt ya lashe kyautar Golden Boy, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Escandell |first=Albert |date=17 December 2018 |title=De Ligt wins the Golden Boy 2018 award |url=https://www.sport.es/en/news/barca/de-ligt-wins-the-golden-boy-2018-award-7205974 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=sport |language=en}}</ref> ya zama mai tsaron baya na farko da ya lashe kyautar. <ref name=":0"/> A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2019, De Ligt ya zama kyaftin mafi ƙarancin shekaru a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai]] yana da shekaru 19 da kwana 186, a wasan da suka yi da [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=A closer look at new Juventus signing Matthijs De Ligt |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/a-closer-look-new-juventus-signing-matthijs-de-ligt |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[FourFourTwo]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2019, ya buga wasansa na 100 a hukumance ga Ajax a wasan da Klassieker ya ci 0-3 da Feyenoord a gasar cin kofin ƙasar Holland, inda ya zama ɗan wasan Ajax mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya taɓa kaiwa wannan matsayi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2023 |title=13 fun facts about Matthijs de Ligt |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/13-fun-facts-about-matthijs-de-ligt/blt55e7aca0792bbef7 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2019, De Ligt ya zura kwallon da ta ba Ajax nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai da Juventus, wanda hakan ya sa ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar a karon farko tun bayan gasar 1996-97 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=Ajax eliminate Ronaldo's Juve with scintillating display |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-champions-juv-aja-report/ajax-eliminate-ronaldos-juve-with-scintillating-display-idUKKCN1RS299 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416215652/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-champions-juv-aja-report/ajax-eliminate-ronaldos-juve-with-scintillating-display-idUKKCN1RS299 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Burin da ya ci shi ya kuma sa ya zama dan wasan Holland mafi karancin shekaru da ya zura kwallo a matakin knockout tun bayan Nordin Wooter a 1996 kuma dan wasan baya na biyu mafi karancin shekaru da ya zura kwallo bayan Joël Matip . === Juventus === [[Fayil:Deligt-juventus-2019_(cropped).jpg|thumb|De Ligt ya buga wa Juventus wasa a shekarar 2019]] A ranar 18 ga Yulin 2019, De Ligt ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar zuwa zakarun Serie A Juventus kan kudi €75.&nbsp;miliyan, <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=De Ligt joins Juventus in five-year €75m deal |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37574454/de-ligt-joins-juventus-five-year-75m-deal |access-date=7 April 2025 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> za a biya a kashi biyar cikin ɗari na shekara-shekara, tare da ƙarin kuɗin €10.5&nbsp;miliyan. <ref name=":2"/> Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Napoli da ci 4-3 a gasar Serie A a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta. A ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba, ya zura kwallo ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Torino da ci 1-0 a waje a ''wasan Derby della Mole'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2019 |title=Torino 0 - 1 Juventus |url=https://www.football-italia.net/SerieA/match/142474 |access-date=3 November 2019 |publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> === Bayern Munich === A ranar 19 ga Yulin 2022, De Ligt ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar ga zakarun Bundesliga [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] kan kudin farko da aka ruwaito na €67.&nbsp;miliyan, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Bayern Munich sign De Ligt from Juventus |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37630205/bayern-munich-complete-signing-matthijs-de-ligt-juventus |access-date=19 July 2022 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> mai yiwuwa ya tashi zuwa €77&nbsp;miliyan a cikin ƙarin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=FC Bayern complete transfer of Matthijs de Ligt |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2022/07/fc-bayern-complete-transfer-of-matthijs-de-ligt |access-date=19 July 2022 |publisher=FC Bayern Munich}}</ref> <ref name=":5" /> A ranar 21 ga Agusta, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka doke Bochum da ci 7-0 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2022 |title=Sadio Mane at the double for irresistible Bayern Munich in Bochum |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/bochum-bayern-munich-live-team-news-match-stats-mane-de-ligt-sane-muller-20934 |publisher=Bundesliga}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris 2023, a zagaye na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai na daƙiƙa 16, ya yi nasarar share fagen cin kwallo a kan Paris Saint-Germain, bayan da mai tsaron gida Yann Sommer ya rasa ƙwallon a matsin lamba, don ci gaba da samun nasara ba tare da an ci kwallo ba a jimillar kwallaye 1-0. [1] [2] Wasan ya ƙare da nasara 2-0 da kuma cancantar shiga zagaye na gaba. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, ya zura ƙwallon da ta rage daga 25 yards (23 m) a wasan da suka yi da Freiburg a waje da ci 1-0, kwanaki hudu bayan rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun abokin hamayyarsu a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal . [4] Wannan bugun an zabe shi a matsayin kwallon da Bayern ta zura a raga a gasar Bundesliga. [5] An kuma zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan wata a watan Maris da Afrilu. [6] A rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2023-24, ya samu raunuka a gwiwarsa ta dama, wanda hakan ya sa [[Dayot Upamecano]] da [[Kim Min-jae]] suka fi shi a cikin 'yan wasan farko a karkashin koci [[Thomas Tuchel]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Matthijs De Ligt is not happy with Thomas Tuchel! Dutchman furious over playing time under new manager |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/de-ligt-unhappy-bayern-tuchel/blt852ddda91a216b85 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=Major Matthijs de Ligt injury blow for Bayern Munich |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/bundesliga/articles/major-matthijs-de-ligt-injury-blow-for-bayern-munich-2023-11-02 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=en-us}}</ref> A karshen kakar wasa, De Ligt ya kulla kawance mai karfi da sabon dan wasa Eric Dier, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban kungiyar a gasar zakarun Turai . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eric Dier und Matthijs de Ligt überzeugen in der Abwehr des Bayern |url=https://sport.sky.de/fussball/artikel/eric-dier-und-matthijs-de-ligt-ueberzeugen-in-der-abwehr-des-bayern/13088302/33896 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=Sky Sport |language=de |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502100828/https://sport.sky.de/fussball/artikel/eric-dier-und-matthijs-de-ligt-ueberzeugen-in-der-abwehr-des-bayern/13088302/33896 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Manchester United === A lokacin musayar 'yan wasa na bazara na 2024, De Ligt ya jawo hankalin manyan ƙungiyoyin Turai da dama, musamman [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] . A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2024, an ruwaito cewa De Ligt ya amince da yarjejeniyar kashin kansa da ƙungiyar Manchester kuma da alama zai iya komawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Luckhurst |first=Samuel |date=9 July 2024 |title=Matthijs de Ligt agrees personal terms with Manchester United |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/matthijs-de-ligt-agrees-personal-29502564 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa cinikin ya kai darajar farko ta €45&nbsp;miliyan €5 da ƙari&nbsp;An amince da tayin miliyan ɗaya na kari tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. A ranar 13 ga Agusta, Manchester United ta tabbatar da cinikin, inda De Ligt ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Transfer news: De Ligt signs for United |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-complete-signing-of-defender-matthijs-de-ligt-from-bayern-munich |access-date=13 August 2024 |publisher=Manchester United F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Agusta, ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, da Fulham a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Match report: United 1 Fulham 0 |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/match-report-for-man-utd-v-fulham-in-the-premier-league-16-august-2024 |publisher=Manchester United F.C.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Man Utd 1–0 Fulham LIVE: Premier League score, commentary, line-ups, stats & latest updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cr40634rz5wt |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Satumba, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 da Southampton a filin wasa na St Mary's a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carney |first=Sam |date=14 September 2024 |title=Match report: Southampton 0 United 3 |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/match-report-southampton-v-man-utd-14-september-2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211004228/https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/match-report-southampton-v-man-utd-14-september-2024 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |publisher=Manchester United F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2025, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 2025-26, inda ya zura kwallo ta 96 a wasan da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] ta buga da ci 2-2. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya samu rauni a baya wanda hakan ya sa ya ajiye kwallo a sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2026 |title=Matthijs de Ligt: Promising update on defender’s injury return emerges |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/matthijs-ligt-promising-defender-injury-210500111.html |publisher=Yahoo! Sports |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-date=26 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260426095043/https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/matthijs-ligt-promising-defender-injury-210500111.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5r01zngo3vost7iebnokvr35czaethg 0 150956 862893 835131 2026-06-21T11:43:14Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 862893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paul de Lange''' (an haife shi 4 Fabrairu 1981 a Beverwijk ) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar [[Holland, Michigan|Holland]] wanda a halin yanzu yake taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] na Katwijk a cikin Tweede Divisie na Dutch .<ref>Telstar - Excelsior (19-08-2000)". Voetbal International. 19 August 2000. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</ref><ref /> == Sana'a == De Lange ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasan gida ta RK vv DEM Beverwijk, kafin ya koma sashen matasa na Telstar. Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru yana da shekaru 19, a ranar 19 ga Agusta 2000 a wasan Eerste Divisie da Excelsior, inda ya maye gurbin Melvin Holwijn a minti na 90. Wasan ya ƙare da nasara – ga White Lions . [1] SC Heerenveen ya sanya hannu a lokacin bazara na 2003, inda ya fara buga Eredivisie a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2003, ranar buɗe kakar wasa ta 2003-04 Eredivisie, a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara – a waje da FC Volendam . [2] De Lange ya sake buga wasanni 27 a gasar – sannan ya koma RBC Roosendaal a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Bayan shekaru uku a Roosendaal, ƙungiyar Super League Greece ta Veria ta ɗauke shi. [3] Bayan wasanni 15 a ƙungiyar Girka, sabuwar ƙungiyar Eredivisie FC Volendam da ta samu ci gaba ta ɗauke shi a watan Mayun 2008 [4] inda ya buga wasanni 31 a gasar kuma ya zura kwallaye 5 a wannan kakar. A watan Janairun 2011, De Lange ya tafi Almere City a matsayin aro har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] t70i4y1i7i2r5b8269z37cc4k6p273y 0 150975 862677 835198 2026-06-21T08:30:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mink Martin Peeters''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1998) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Holland wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Nijmegen, Peeters ya fara aikinsa na matasa tare da makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[PSV Eindhoven]] a shekara ta 2007. Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, ya koma Ajax . Yayin da yake ci gaba da taka leda a ƙungiyoyin C1, B2 da B1, ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen waje ciki har da [[Atlético Madrid]] da [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] . <ref name="Mink Peeters: van Real Madrid naar VVV-Venlo">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2017 |title=Mink Peeters: van Real Madrid naar VVV-Venlo [Mink Peeters: from Real Madrid to VVV-Venlo] |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/08/24/mink-peeters-van-real-madrid-naar-vvv-venlo-12661381-a1571032 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=NRC |language=Dutch}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Real Madrid ta Spain kuma aka tura shi ƙungiyar matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid is gelukkig met Mink Peeters [Real Madrid is happy with Mink Peeters] |url=http://www.goal.com/nl/nieuws/real-madrid-is-gelukkig-met-mink-peeters/11be93goi88k817lpuzxdo7pw3 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Goal |language=Dutch}}</ref> Yayin da yake bugawa ƙungiyar Juvenil A (kwallaye 10, taimakawa 16), ya ci gaba da lashe gasar Copa de Campeones ta 2017 tare da ƙungiyar, baya ga kaiwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar UEFA Youth League . Daga baya, an tsawaita kwangilarsa da shekaru uku a ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref name="Mink Peeters: van Real Madrid naar VVV-Venlo" /> A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2017, an ba Peeters aro ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Holland Eredivisie VVV-Venlo har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2017 |title=VVV-Venlo huurt Peeters van Real Madrid [VVV-Venlo rents Peeters from Real Madrid] |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2189586-vvv-venlo-huurt-peeters-van-real-madrid.html |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=NOS |language=Dutch}}</ref> Saboda matsalolin kwantiraginsa, da matsalolin jiki (cutar Pfeiffer), shigarsa a VVV-Venlo ba ta yi kyau ba. <ref name="as.com">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Mink Peeters deja el Madrid: La maldición del Guti holandés |url=https://as.com/futbol/2019/08/06/primera/1565108796_128872.html?}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, ya fara buga wasa a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda ya buga dukkan mintuna 90 na wasan Kofin KNVB da Blauw Geel '38. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Solide VVV bekert verder na ruime winst op Blauw Geel '38 [Solid VVV continues to win after a big win on Blauw Geel '38] |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/solide-vvv-bekert-verder-na-ruime-winst-op-blauw-geel-38 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=VI |language=Dutch}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, manaja Maurice Steijn ya dakatar da shi na tsawon kwanaki uku saboda ya yi atisaye a wajen ƙungiyar ba tare da izininta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=Reden van verbannen Real-huurling Peeters bekend: "Drie dagen niet welkom op club" [Reason of exiled Real-renter Peeters known: "Three days not welcome at club"] |url=https://www.voetbalprimeur.nl/nieuws/778054/steijn-geeft-reden-van-verbanning-real-huurling-breng-je-club-in-diskrediet-.html |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Voetbal Primeur |language=Dutch}}</ref> Ba tare da ya sake buga wasa a VVV-Venlo ba, Peeters ya bar ƙungiyar a ƙarshen Janairu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2018 |title=Amenyido en Peeters weg bij VVV Amenyido and Peeters leave VVV] |url=https://www.limburger.nl/cnt/dmf20180126_00054831/amenyido-en-peeters-weg-bij-vvv |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Limburger |language=Dutch}}</ref> Peeters ya koma ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta Almere City a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2018 |title=Almere City FC huurt Mink Peeters van Real Madrid [Almere City FC rents Mink Peeters from Real Madrid] |url=http://almerecity.nl/ac-1/almere-city-fc-huurt-mink-peeters-van-real-madrid |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Almere City FC |language=Dutch |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128173906/http://almerecity.nl/ac-1/almere-city-fc-huurt-mink-peeters-van-real-madrid |url-status=dead }}</ref> Saboda ciwon appendicitis mai tsanani, ya fara halartar atisayen sabuwar ƙungiyarsa bayan watanni biyu. <ref name="as.com"/> A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka doke RKC Waalwijk da ci 4-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2018 |title=Almere City FC op overtuigende wijze langs RKC Waalwijk [Almere City FC convincingly along RKC Waalwijk] |url=http://almerecity.nl/ac_content_v2/nieuws/detail_sectie/nieuws/8950/almere-city-fc-op-overtuigende-wijze-langs-rkc-waalwijk |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Almere City FC}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2018, an ba shi aro ga Lleida don kakar wasa ta 2018-19, <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2018 |title=El Lleida Esportiu i el Real Madrid tanquen la cessió de Mink Peeters] |url=http://www.lleidaesportiu.cat/node/7498 |access-date=10 August 2018 |publisher=lleidaesportiu.cat}}</ref> amma saboda matsalolin canja wurin kuɗi, bai sami damar buga wa Lleida wasa ba na tsawon watanni biyu. <ref name="as.com"/> Daga baya ya koma Real Madrid ( Real Madrid Castilla, a zahiri) a watan Janairun 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=Real Madrid: Mink Peeters in limbo after third loan ends early |url=https://en.as.com/en/2019/02/01/football/1549024610_574238.html |access-date=14 February 2019 |publisher=AS}}</ref> amma ya soke kwangilarsa da Los Blancos, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2019 |title=The story of Mink Peeters, the player who joined Real Madrid and missed out on the Ajax revolution |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/2019/05/01/5cc99cdde5fdeae71c8b4569.html |access-date=1 May 2019 |publisher=Marca}}</ref> bayan tattaunawa, saboda dokokin lamuni sun hana shi sake buga wa Real Madrid Castilla wasa. <ref name="as.com" /> A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2019, Peeters ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din FK Čukarički na Serbia. Ya isa kulob din da ke Belgrade nan da nan a farkon shirye-shiryen sabuwar kakar wasa, duk da haka, rauni ya jinkirta sanya hannu da kuma shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2019-20 . Peeters ya bar FK Čukarički bayan watanni biyar ba tare da ya buga musu wasa ba. Jim kadan bayan ya bar Čukarički, Peeters ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da FC Volendam wadanda ke fafatawa a gasar Eerste Division. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Peeters vindt na Real Madrid en FC Cukaricki weer emplooi in Nederland |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/peeters-vindt-na-real-madrid-en-fc-cukaricki-weer-emplooi-in-nederland |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Voetbal International |language=nl}}</ref> Daga nan ya buga wasa da Gulf United FC daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, [1] (wasanni 19, kwallaye 7, taimakawa 8) [2] . A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2024, Peeters ya koma kungiyar Austrian SV Lafnitz [3] . Daga nan zai koma kungiyar fadada Westchester SC a shekarar 2025. [4] Ya rasa mafi yawan kakar wasa ta 2025 saboda rauni. [5] A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2026, Peeters ya wallafa wani bidiyo [[TikTok|a TikTok]] yana sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, watanni biyar kacal bayan ya bar Westchester. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Peeters ya buga wa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15, 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16, 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17, 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 na Netherlands da kuma ' yan ƙasa da shekara 20 wasa. Ya wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA ta 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mink Peeters |url=https://www.onsoranje.nl/teams/184965/speler/5154 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Ons Oranje}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mink Peeters |url=https://www.onsoranje.nl/teams/206598/speler/5154 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Ons Oranje}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mink Peeters |url=https://www.onsoranje.nl/teams/185191/speler/5154/loopbaan |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Ons Oranje}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi {{Efn|Includes [[KNVB Cup]], [[Copa del Rey]], [[Austrian Cup]] and [[U.S. Open Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | {{Efn|Includes [[USL Cup]]}} Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | VVV-Venlo (rance) | 2017–18 | Eredivisie | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 1 | 0 |- | Birnin Almere (rance) | 2017–18 | Eerste Division | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- | Lleida (rance) | 2018–19 | Segunda Division B | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 |- | Jong Volendam | 2019–20 | Tweede Divisie | 4 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 0 |- | Ƙasar Gulf | 2022–23 | Sashe na 2 na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | 19 | 7 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 19 | 7 |- | rowspan="3" | Lafnitz | 2023–24 | rowspan="2" | Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Austria ta Biyu | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 1 | 0 |- | 2024–25 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 3 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 4 ! 0 |- | Westchester | 2025 | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (USL League One) | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 34 ! 7 ! 5 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 40 ! 7 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] ewoo46xv83j94dsgtxgd081k7vwuscw 0 151088 862587 835519 2026-06-21T06:13:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mettin Copier''' (an haife shi 4 Janairu 1989) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan asalin [[Austriya|ƙasar]] [[Holand|Holland]] wanda ke taka leda a SG Quelle Fürth a cikin Jamusanci Landesliga Bayern-Nordost . == Aikin kulob == Copier ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin matasa na [[SV Siveo'60]] da USV Elinkwijk, kafin ya shiga makarantar horar da ƙungiyar AZ Alkmaar ta ƙasar Holland a shekarar 2007. Ya buga wasa sosai a ƙungiyar Alkmaar, kuma an ƙara masa matsayi zuwa babbar ƙungiyar a shekarar 2009. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin aro a Telstar a ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie a shekarar 2010, <ref>[https://www.nhnieuws.nl/sport/17766/copier-en-schutz-naar-telstar Copier en Schutz naar Telstar]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - NH Nieuws {{In lang|nl}}</ref> inda ya buga wasanni huɗu amma ya gamu da koma baya bayan canjin manaja, Copier ya koma FC Oss a shekarar 2010, <ref>[http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/141219792/Twee+nieuwe+verdedigers+voor+FC+Oss.aspx Twee nieuwe verdedigers voor FC Oss] - Omroep Brabant {{In lang|nl}}</ref> ya buga wasanni 3 kuma ya zura kwallaye 2 a ƙungiyar. Copier ya koma Amurka a shekarar 2011 don bugawa Dayton Dutch Lions wasa a USL Professional Division a shekarar 2011. A lokacin rani 2014 ya shiga FC Breukelen daga abokan wasan RKSV Leonidas, a Rotterdam. <ref>[http://archief.fcbreukelen.nl/201405233610/nieuws/actueel/mettin-copier-van-leonidas-naar-fc-breukelen/menu-id-388.html Mettin Copier van Leonidas naar FC Breukelen]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - FC Breukelen {{In lang|nl}}</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2017, Copier ya koma Bezirksliga Mittelfranken 1 kulob na ASV Fürth na bakwai. Kafin kakar 2019-20, ya koma kulob na Landesliga na Bayern-Nordost SG Quelle Fürth na shida. === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === Copier, wanda mahaifinsa ɗan ƙasar Holland ne kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar ƙasar Austria ce, ya sanar da aniyarsa ta bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Austria wasa a shekara ta 2007. Ya samu damar buga wasa na farko a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta ƙasar Austria a ranar 25 ga Maris 2009 a wasan da suka buga da Italiya, kuma bayan kwana shida ya buga wasansa na biyu a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun Switzerland. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] eugeznwdkaqnl37weijgbbfi5v16dt1 0 151259 862632 836112 2026-06-21T07:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Mighty Jets F.C. | fullname = Mighty Jets International Football Club | nickname = The Jets | founded = 1970 | ground = [[Jos International Stadium]] | capacity = 60,000 | chairman = Mbum Ferdinand | owner = Alhaji Ismaila Mabo | league = [[Nigeria National League]] | season = 2020/21 | position = 5th | website = http://mightyjetsfcjos.com }} '''Mighty Jets F.C.''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Najeriya]] wacce ke da hedikwata a birnin [[Jos]], jihar [[Plateau State|Plateau]]. Ƙungiyar tana taka leda a gasar [[Nigeria National League]], wacce ita ce mataki na biyu a tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Ana yi wa ƙungiyar laƙabi da '''The Jets''', kuma tana buga wasannin gida a filin [[Jos International Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Jets_F.C. |title=Mighty Jets F.C. |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar Mighty Jets a shekarar 1970, kuma tana daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa masu zaman kansu a Najeriya waɗanda ba mallakin gwamnati ba ne. A farkon shekarun kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta samu gagarumar nasara a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida, inda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi ƙarfi a Najeriya a shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Jets_F.C. |title=History of Mighty Jets F.C. |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Mighty Jets ta kafa tarihi a shekarar 1972 bayan ta lashe gasar babban rukuni ta Najeriya, abin da ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin farko da suka yi nasara a gasar lig ta ƙasar. Wannan nasarar ta taimaka wajen ƙara shahara da martabar ƙungiyar a Najeriya da ma nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Jets_F.C. |title=Nigerian League Champions 1972 |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kuma yi fice a gasar kofin Najeriya, duk da cewa ta sha kaiwa wasan ƙarshe ba tare da samun nasarar lashe kofin ba. Mighty Jets na da tarihin kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi yawan zuwa wasan ƙarshe na FA Cup a Najeriya amma suka kasa ɗaukar kofin. Daya daga cikin fitattun wasannin ƙarshe da ta buga shi ne na shekarar 1972 inda ta sha kashi a hannun Bendel Insurance bayan sake buga wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Jets_F.C. |title=FA Cup record of Mighty Jets |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> A shekarar 1973, Mighty Jets ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar '''African Cup of Champions Clubs''' wacce a yau ake kira CAF Champions League. Ƙungiyar ta kai zagaye na biyu a wannan gasa, abin da ya nuna irin ƙarfin da take da shi a lokacin a matakin nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Jets_F.C. |title=CAF Competitions |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Bayan shekarun nasara, ƙungiyar ta fara fuskantar ƙalubale daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990. A shekarar 1994 an mayar da ita zuwa rukuni na uku, inda ta kwashe wasu shekaru kafin daga baya ta dawo rukuni na biyu a shekarar 1997. A shekarar 2004 ƙungiyar ta sake samun damar komawa babban rukuni na Najeriya, amma ba ta daɗe ba kafin ta sake sauka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Jets_F.C. |title=Relegation and comeback history |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Mighty Jets ta kasance muhimmiyar makaranta ga matasan 'yan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Ƙungiyar ta taimaka wajen haɓaka hazikan 'yan wasa da dama waɗanda daga baya suka taka leda a manyan kungiyoyi da kuma tawagar ƙasa ta Najeriya. Hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa a arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/club/11524/2025_1/Mighty_Jets_Jos.html |title=Mighty Jets Jos Club History |website=National Football Teams |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Filin wasan gida na ƙungiyar shi ne [[Jos International Stadium]], wanda yake daga cikin manyan filayen wasa a Najeriya. Filin yana ɗaukar dubban magoya baya kuma ana amfani da shi wajen wasannin gida na Mighty Jets da sauran manyan wasanni a jihar Plateau.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_National_League |title=Nigeria National League Stadiums |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Nigerian Premier League''' ** Zakara (1): 1972 * '''National Second Division''' ** Zakara (1): 2003 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Jets_F.C. |title=Achievements of Mighty Jets F.C. |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Gasannin CAF == * '''African Cup of Champions Clubs''' ** 1973 – Zagaye na biyu * '''CAF Cup Winners' Cup''' ** 1975 – Zagaye na farko <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Jets_F.C. |title=CAF participation |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria National League]] * [[Jos International Stadium]] * [[Plateau State]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://mightyjetsfcjos.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104002206/http://mightyjetsfcjos.com/ |date=2018-01-04 }} 10l7lt3fyuwf9xdf48cuwxnfo4lczos 0 151500 862543 836996 2026-06-21T03:16:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matthew Etim''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1989), ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] ga Akwa United a NPFL . == Aikin kulob == Etim ya fara buga wasa a gasar NPFL a kakar wasa ta 2010-11 tare da [[Kaduna United F.C.|Kaduna United]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> Ya bar Kaduna United bayan kakar wasa biyu (2010 zuwa 2012) sannan ya koma [[Enugu Rangers]], wacce ta lashe gasar NPFL sau bakwai, inda ya shafe shekaru biyar (2012 zuwa 2017). Etim ya lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ta Najeriya ta 2016 tare da Enugu Rangers. <ref name="NPFL Title">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2016 |title=Enugu Rangers wins league title in 32 years Channels TV |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/10/02/enugu-rangers-win-first-football-league-title-in-32-years/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=Channels TV}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na 2016, Etim ya buga wa ƙungiyar NPFL All-stars wasa a gasar Sipaniya. A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2016, ya ji rauni a ƙafarsa ta hagu a wasan da [[Valencia CF]] ta doke su da ci 2-1 a filin wasa na Alzira. <ref name="injury">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2016 |title=Etim out of Malaga clash - African Football |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/637237/NPFL-All-Stars-Etim-Matthew-out-of-Malaga-clash/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=African Football}}</ref> Raunin ya hana shi shiga sauran wasannin, kuma Ifeanyi Nweke ne ya maye gurbinsa a wasannin da suka biyo baya - da [[Atlético Madrid]] da Málaga CF. Matthew Etim ya koma kungiyar Akwa United da ke [[Uyo]] daga Enugu Rangers kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda a watan Disamba na 2017, tare da zabin tsawaita kwangilar. An bayyana shi a filin wasa na [[Filin wasan Godswill Akpabio na ƙasa da ƙasa|Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] a ranar 6 ga Janairun 2018. <ref name="Unveiling">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2018 |title=Akwa United unveil Matthew and other new signings - 234football |url=https://234football.com/2018/01/06/akwa-united-present-new-signings// |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=234football |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501141723/https://234football.com/2018/01/06/akwa-united-present-new-signings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Matthew Etim 2017-18 NPFL">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=Matthew Etim Akwa United NPFL Appearances - |url=https://www.scoreboard.com/en/player/etim-matthew/pxmsQMwd/ |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=Scoreboard}}</ref> Ya karɓi rigar ƙungiyar mai lamba 4 daga [[Abdullahi Ibrahim Alhassan|Alhassan Ibrahim]], bayan da tsohon ɗan wasan [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya na ƙasa da shekara 20]] ya koma FK Austria Wien . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Etim ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da suka doke Nijar da ci 4-1 a wasan rukuni na C a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2016 a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2016. Ya buga wasa tun daga farko har zuwa karshe. Mai tsaron bayan ya ci gaba da haskaka tsawon lokacin da aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Tunisia da kuma rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Guinea a wasannin rukuni na biyu da na uku bi da bi, yayin da Najeriya ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa matakin knockout. <ref name="matchday one">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2016 |title=Nigeria 4-1 Niger CHAN 2016 - CAF Online |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/chan2016/MatchDetails?MatchId=oQE4cy0yGxZRhwKLXTjy4JzhkCp39kBT2tAy4SdIGfhelKPFCjDqY%2f31A1npNy9J/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=CAF Online}}</ref> <ref name="matchday two">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2016 |title=Tunisia 1-1 Nigeria CHAN 2016 - CAF Online |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/chan2016/MatchDetails?MatchId=HfDTIhhePr8jkRnRACKiNGk4p4JSGUOH44IERPSpmcfu3BUxSTI4Z1TNVnYcfN6d/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=CAF Online}}</ref> <ref name="matchday three">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2016 |title=Guinea 1-0 Nigeria CHAN 2016 - CAF Online |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/chan2016/MatchDetails?MatchId=jdOUyHfN3ADWDwXAklYNjyo3oxSmq6v%2fZAkJgj7M3Zlm5Nd0OJtbujujZlx58NPQ/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=CAF Online}}</ref> <ref name="standings">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2016 |title=Chan 2016 Standings - CAF Online |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/chan2016/standings/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=CAF Online}}</ref> == Darajar kulob == '''Enugu Rangers''' * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ta Najeriya : 2016 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ajrutv8264fmecrx0ho4e546pxt0wow 0 151527 862823 837068 2026-06-21T10:41:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Abdulrahman''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi 16 Satumba 1989) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar {{Interlanguage link|Vårgårda IK|sw}} ta Sweden. . == Sana'a == Abdulrahman ya zura kwallaye 16 a gasar Division 2 ta Östra Götaland ga Motala AIF a kakar wasa ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Abdulrahman |url=http://www6.idrottonline.se/MotalaAIFFK-Fotboll/Varalag/A-trupp/Truppen/Spelare/Anfallare/14MohammedAbdulrahman/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110070913/http://www3.idrottonline.se/MotalaAIFFK-Fotboll/Varalag/A-trupp/Truppen/Spelare/Anfallare/14MohammedAbdulrahman/ |archive-date=10 January 2011 |access-date=6 January 2011 |website=Motala AIF FK}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2011, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da IF Elfsborg, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga GAIS . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Mohammed klar för GAIS! |url=http://www.gais.se/Fotboll/gais.nsf/0/8E2495FF79F5EB54C125780E005B6287 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109033725/http://www.gais.se/Fotboll/gais.nsf/0/8E2495FF79F5EB54C125780E005B6287 |archive-date=9 January 2011 |access-date=6 January 2011 |website=gais.se}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gais lånar av Elfsborg |url=http://www.gp.se/sport/fotboll/1.523476-gais-lanar-av-elfsborg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106222910/http://www.gp.se/sport/fotboll/1.523476-gais-lanar-av-elfsborg |archive-date=6 January 2011 |access-date=6 January 2011 |website=Göteborgsposten}}</ref> Abdulrahman ya zura kwallaye a wasanni biyu na farko da ya buga wa GAIS, inda ya yi wa Norwegian IK Start da Halmstads BK a gasar Color Line Cup a Kristiansand a watan Janairun 2011. [1] Duk da haka, ya ji rauni a jijiyarsa ta cruciate a wasan share fagen kakar wasa da Qviding FIF kuma bai buga dukkan kakar wasa ta 2011 ba. [2] A shekarar 2012 ya buga wa IFK Värnamo wasa, kuma a shekarar 2013 ya sake bugawa wa GAIS wasa. [3] Kafin kakar wasa ta 2014, Abdulrahman ya koma Motala AIF. [4] A watan Nuwamba 2016, Abdulrahman ya rattaba hannu a kulob na Division 2 {{Interlanguage link|Vårgårda IK|sw}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2016 |title=Officiellt: Vårgårda IK värvar Mohammed Abdulrahman |url=http://www.fotbolltransfers.com/site/news/72227 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=fotbolltransfers.com |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201015617/http://www.fotbolltransfers.com/site/news/72227 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] e2m2uo9zj9uzb2e0o0yhbdcsqft1tih 0 152014 862551 839124 2026-06-21T04:02:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862551 wikitext text/x-wiki   <references /> '''Maureen Magreth Hinda-Mbuende''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1964) 'yar majalisar dokokin [[Namibiya]] ce a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa kuma 'yar siyasa ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar ministan kudi da kamfanonin jama'a. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Hinda a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1964 a Tses, Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (a yau a Yankin Karas na Namibia). Ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Suiderlig a 1983 kuma ta kammala B.Com. Hons a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci a Jami'ar Western Cape a 2002. A cikin 1990 Hinda ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a makarantar Fredrick Awaseb . Daga baya ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatan sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnati don kudi.<ref name="Parliament">{{Cite web |title=Hinda, Maureen M. |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/hinda-maureen-m-2/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Namibian Parliament |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="MFPE">{{Cite web |title=Executive Profile - MFPE - Portal Ariel |url=http://mfpe.gov.na/executive-profile |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=MFPE |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216105701/http://mfpe.gov.na/executive-profile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga 1994 zuwa 1996 ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ciki a Bankin Tattalin Arziki da Zuba Jari. Ta kasance manajan yanki a Namibia Housing Enterprise (NHE) a 2002-2009. Hinda-Mbuende ta bar NHE a shekara ta 2009 don zama manajan darakta a Cibiyar HCM ta Kudu kafin a nada ta ta ta zama mataimakiyar minista a shekara ta 2015. <ref name="Parliament" /> == Ayyukan siyasa == Hinda-Mbuende ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki tun 2015. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015 Shugaba Hage Geingob ne ya fara nada Hinda-Mbuende a matsayin mataimakin ministan hulda da hadin kai na kasa da kasa. A cikin sake fasalin majalisar ministocin watan Fabrairun 2018 an tura ta zuwa Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Shige da Fice da Tsaro, kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar minista. Ta yi aiki har zuwa Maris 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zone |first=The NMH School Newspaper Project-My |last2=Nawatises |first2=Michelline |date=2021-08-13 |title=Celebrating more than 100 days in office |url=https://zone.my.na/news/celebrating-more-than-100-days-in-office2021-08-13 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=My Zone |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2021 aka sake nada Hinda-Mbuende a matsayin mataimakin minista, a wannan lokacin tare da fayil ɗin Kudi da Kasuwancin Jama'a.<ref name="MFPE" /> == Iyali == Hinda-Mbuende ta auri ɗan siyasa kuma diflomasiyya Kaire Mbuende . Suna da 'ya'ya shida. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] fitw476szfffoyw150vaz0gqb9nlwaw 0 152486 862227 842029 2026-06-20T17:25:02Z Sirjat 20447 862227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Tasirin jinsi na rashin WASH == Mata da ’yan mata suna ɗaukar nauyi sosai daga rashin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders |journal=SSM - Population Health |year=2019}}</ref> Rashin ruwa mai aminci yana rage == Manazarta == miemxnjvmufsn03o1hqhtrvz9kkni5p 862236 862227 2026-06-20T17:31:26Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tasirin jinsi na rashin WASH */ 862236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} == Manazarta == sowg6aepdjx8ck3okz5dkzrxl4uexwd 862239 862236 2026-06-20T17:32:21Z Sirjat 20447 /* Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa */ 862239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> == Manazarta == pg95oc58wll8vonfxiga30d2t3h2v5f 862242 862239 2026-06-20T17:33:04Z Sirjat 20447 /* A wuraren da ba na gida ba */ 862242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == hqf9h72a0hvydmb09oine7tj9fmzgoi 862243 862242 2026-06-20T17:33:40Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu */ 862243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> == Manazarta == q8a7p2w2nbm3kzqiw87wupax99jfgk8 862244 862243 2026-06-20T17:34:02Z Sirjat 20447 /* Wanke hannu a rukuni */ 862244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2 == Manazarta == 377j2gtix8fr8peexzvk887iuhq8zza 862255 862244 2026-06-20T17:40:26Z Sirjat 20447 /* A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya */ 862255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == kr3fvzwek8jjtd04333ut97wymdgm41 862259 862255 2026-06-20T17:41:41Z Sirjat 20447 /* A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya */ 862259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> == Manazarta == bzqz3loiiwmt9xkxozvf1w24vjxxq2g 862261 862259 2026-06-20T17:42:04Z Sirjat 20447 /* Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha */ 862261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Manazarta == mr9z7ef19ht4e4vdq26v23xqe9c19y5 862284 862261 2026-06-20T17:50:52Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta */ 862284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> == Manazarta == memureg4svb4tvm7bqwa5ysua0hi175 862286 862284 2026-06-20T17:51:30Z Sirjat 20447 /* Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) */ 862286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% == Manazarta == ewa41pecm2f4mf0qxcsgsjf3qzodtif 862287 862286 2026-06-20T17:52:17Z Sirjat 20447 /* Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) */ 862287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da aka amfani da shi don matatun sarrafa ruwan datti |3% | |<ref name=":30" /> |2020 |} ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi (Scope 3) ==== Scope 3 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi". Fitarwa ta kaikaice a karkashin Scope 3 tana da wuyar aunawa ta tsarin bai-daya. Sun hada da misali hayaki daga gina ababen more rayuwa, daga kera sinadarai da ake bukata a tsarin sarrafawa da kuma daga kula da lakar datti da aka samar azaman kayan karshe.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} ==== Rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya ==== Akwai mafita don rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":110" /> Wadannan mafita sun kasu kashi uku wadanda ke dan hadewa da juna: Na farko "rage amfani da ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci"; na biyu "rungumar tattalin arziki na rawaya (circular economy) don samar da makamashi da kayayyaki masu daraja"; da kuma na uku ta hanyar "tsara tsare-tsare don rage fitar da GHG ta hanyar shawarwari na dabara".<ref name="IWAbook2022">{{Cite book |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Ambaton ''hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci'' sun hada da misali lalubo hanyoyin rage asarar ruwa daga hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa da kuma rage kwararar ruwan sama ko ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa cikin magudanun ruwa na sewer.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|29}} Haka kuma, za a iya ba da kwarin gwiwa don karfafa gwiwar gidaje da masana'antu su rage amfani da ruwansu da kuma bukatun makamashinsu na dumama ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|31}} Akwai wata hanyar kuma ta rage bukatun makamashi don sarrafa danyen ruwa don yin ruwan sha daga gare shi: kare ingancin ruwan tushe mafi kyau.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|32}} Hanyoyin da suka shiga karkashin rukunin ''tattalin arziki na rawaya'' sun hada da: Sake amfani da ruwa, sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da kayayyaki; Samar da makamashi mai karancin carbon (misali amfani da hasken rana a saman rufin gine-ginen amfanitallahi, dawo da barnar zafi daga ruwan datti, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar girka injunan micro-turbines, samar da makamashi daga biosolids da lakar datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|33–37}} Shawarwari na dabara game da rage fitar da GHG sun hada da: wayar da kai da ilimantarwa, gudanarwa da ke goyon bayan canza dabi'un aiki, samar da kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki don adana ruwa da rage amfani da shi, kuma a karshe zabar makamashi da kayayyaki masu karancin carbon.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|38–39}} === Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change on human health}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan ayyukan tsafta da ke akwai ta hanyoyi da dama, alal misali ta hanyar lalacewa da asarar ayyuka daga ambaliyar ruwa da rage karfin daukar nauyin ruwa da ke karbar ruwan datti.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Guy |last2=Calow |first2=Roger |last3=Macdonald |first3=Alan |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |date=2016 |title=Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 |bibcode=2016ARER...41..253H |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155259589}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">WHO (2023) Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|23}} Al'amuran da suka shafi yanayi da sauyin yanayi (sauye-sauye, lokuta da matsanancin yanayi) koyaushe suna da tasiri a kan samar da ayyukan tsafta.<ref>SWA (2020) Adapting to climate change and fostering a low carbon water and sanitation sector. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)</ref>{{rp|3}} Amma yanzu, matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, gaba daya suna karuwa a yawa da tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi a yankuna da dama.<ref name=":182">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010</ref>{{rp|1157}} Suna shafar ayyukan samar da ruwa, magudanun ruwan sama da ababen more rayuwa na sewer, da matatun sarrafa ruwan datti.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinisi, L. |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events. |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-890-0259-2 |location=Geneva |oclc=870244396}}</ref> == Manazarta == 74mk12j77awp9v4rkgy2a5mihoqst0m 862290 862287 2026-06-20T17:53:31Z Sirjat 20447 /* Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi */ 862290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da aka amfani da shi don matatun sarrafa ruwan datti |3% | |<ref name=":30" /> |2020 |} ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi (Scope 3) ==== Scope 3 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi". Fitarwa ta kaikaice a karkashin Scope 3 tana da wuyar aunawa ta tsarin bai-daya. Sun hada da misali hayaki daga gina ababen more rayuwa, daga kera sinadarai da ake bukata a tsarin sarrafawa da kuma daga kula da lakar datti da aka samar azaman kayan karshe.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} ==== Rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya ==== Akwai mafita don rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":110" /> Wadannan mafita sun kasu kashi uku wadanda ke dan hadewa da juna: Na farko "rage amfani da ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci"; na biyu "rungumar tattalin arziki na rawaya (circular economy) don samar da makamashi da kayayyaki masu daraja"; da kuma na uku ta hanyar "tsara tsare-tsare don rage fitar da GHG ta hanyar shawarwari na dabara".<ref name="IWAbook2022">{{Cite book |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Ambaton ''hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci'' sun hada da misali lalubo hanyoyin rage asarar ruwa daga hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa da kuma rage kwararar ruwan sama ko ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa cikin magudanun ruwa na sewer.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|29}} Haka kuma, za a iya ba da kwarin gwiwa don karfafa gwiwar gidaje da masana'antu su rage amfani da ruwansu da kuma bukatun makamashinsu na dumama ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|31}} Akwai wata hanyar kuma ta rage bukatun makamashi don sarrafa danyen ruwa don yin ruwan sha daga gare shi: kare ingancin ruwan tushe mafi kyau.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|32}} Hanyoyin da suka shiga karkashin rukunin ''tattalin arziki na rawaya'' sun hada da: Sake amfani da ruwa, sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da kayayyaki; Samar da makamashi mai karancin carbon (misali amfani da hasken rana a saman rufin gine-ginen amfanitallahi, dawo da barnar zafi daga ruwan datti, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar girka injunan micro-turbines, samar da makamashi daga biosolids da lakar datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|33–37}} Shawarwari na dabara game da rage fitar da GHG sun hada da: wayar da kai da ilimantarwa, gudanarwa da ke goyon bayan canza dabi'un aiki, samar da kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki don adana ruwa da rage amfani da shi, kuma a karshe zabar makamashi da kayayyaki masu karancin carbon.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|38–39}} === Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change on human health}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan ayyukan tsafta da ke akwai ta hanyoyi da dama, alal misali ta hanyar lalacewa da asarar ayyuka daga ambaliyar ruwa da rage karfin daukar nauyin ruwa da ke karbar ruwan datti.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Guy |last2=Calow |first2=Roger |last3=Macdonald |first3=Alan |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |date=2016 |title=Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 |bibcode=2016ARER...41..253H |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155259589}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">WHO (2023) Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|23}} Al'amuran da suka shafi yanayi da sauyin yanayi (sauye-sauye, lokuta da matsanancin yanayi) koyaushe suna da tasiri a kan samar da ayyukan tsafta.<ref>SWA (2020) Adapting to climate change and fostering a low carbon water and sanitation sector. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)</ref>{{rp|3}} Amma yanzu, matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, gaba daya suna karuwa a yawa da tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi a yankuna da dama.<ref name=":182">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010</ref>{{rp|1157}} Suna shafar ayyukan samar da ruwa, magudanun ruwan sama da ababen more rayuwa na sewer, da matatun sarrafa ruwan datti.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinisi, L. |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events. |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-890-0259-2 |location=Geneva |oclc=870244396}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin yawa da tsananin matsanancin yanayi na iya rurrita kalubalen yanzu yayin da samun ruwa ke zama mai wuyar tabbatarwa, kuma kasadar lafiya na karuwa saboda gurbatattun madogaran ruwa. Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwa, karuwar bukatar ruwa, lalacewar wuraren WASH, da kuma karuwar gurbacewar ruwa daga abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A guidance note for Plan International Indonesia, Guidance Note |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/climate-change-response-inclusive-wash-guidance-note-plan-international-indonesia |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en |location=Indonesia}}</ref><ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Saboda wadannan tasiri, sauyin yanayi na iya "tsananta kasada da cututtuka da yawa masu alaka da WASH".<ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Sauyin yanayi yana kawo karancin aminci ga tsarin WASH, musamman a yankin Saharar Afirka inda damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta ta yau da kullum ke da karanci sosai. A wancan yankin, tsarin WASH da ba a kula da su da kyau ba, alal misali a matsugunan da ba na ka'ida ba (informal settlements), su ne ke sanya mutane kasancewa cikin kasada ga tasirin sauyin yanayi fiye da mutane a wasu wuraren. Dangane da tsarin zagayowar ruwa (water cycle), sauyin yanayi na iya shafar adadin kutsawar ruwa a cikin kasa, zurfafawar tacewa, saboda haka da kuma sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. Haka kuma, hauhawar zafin jiki yana kara bukatar tirorwar ruwa (evaporative demand) a kan kasa, wanda ke takaita adadin ruwan da zai sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. ====Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan cututtukan da ake dauka ta ruwa==== {{excerpt|Climate change and infectious diseases|paragraphs=1-3}} === Daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Climate change adaptation}} Kokarin daidaitawa a fannin WASH sun hada da misali kare albarkatun ruwa na gida (kamar yadda wadannan albarkatu ke zama tushen ruwa don samar da ruwan sha) da kuma bincika inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da dabarun adana shi. Haka kuma yana iya zama dole a daidaita tsare-tsare da ayyukan kamfanonin amfanitallahi.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|41}} Manufofin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi suna bukatar la'akari da kasadar da ke tattare da matsanancin yanayi. Matakan daidaitawa da ake bukata suna bukatar la'akari da matakai don fari da kuma wadanda na ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":26">Sinisi, L & Aertgeerts, R. (2011). Guidance on water supply and sanitation in extreme weather events. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.</ref>{{rp|61}} Matakan daidaitawa don fari sun hada da misali: rage yoyon ruwa cikin hikima, sanar da takunkumin amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani. Matakan daidaitawa don ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da misali: Bincika wuraren da aka gina matatun ruwa da na ruwan datti a wuraren da ke fuskantar ambaliya, rage tasirin ruwan ambaliya a kan kayan aiki na yau da kullum.<ref name=":26" />{{rp|61}} Mafita na dabi'a (Nature-based solutions - NbS) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga hanyoyin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta. Wannan ya hada da dawo da tsarin halitta na muhalli (wanda zai iya inganta kutsawar ruwa sannan kuma ya rage ambaliyar ruwa), injiniyan muhalli don sarrafa ruwan datti, ababen more rayuwa na kore don kula da ruwan sama, da matakai don rike ruwa na dabi'a.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|45}} Mafi yawancin Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) ta fasa gari sun hada da matakan inganta tsafta da kiyaye lafiya. Injiniyoyi da masu tsara shirye-shirye suna bukatar su daidaita mizanin tsare-tsare na tsarin ruwa da tsafta don yin bayani kan canjin yanayin yanzu. In ba haka ba, wadannan tsare-tsare na ababen more rayuwa za su kasance masu rauni sosai a nan gaba. Haka kuma lamarin yake ga sauran muhimman tsarin ababen more rayuwa kamar sufuri, makamashi da sadarwa. == Hanyoyin tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa == === Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu === UN-Water tana gudanar da shirin bincike na "Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)". Wannan aiki yana bincikar "matakin da kasashe ke haɓakawa da kuma aiwatar da manufofi da tsare-tsare na kasa don WASH, gudanar da sanya idanu na yau da kullum, daidaitawa da daukar matakan gyara kamar yadda ake bukata, da kuma daidaita wadannan tsare-tsare na parallel tare da isassun albarkatun kudi da tallafi daga manyan hukumomin kasa."<ref name=":15">{{cite web | date = 2019 | url = https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3705 | title = UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report - National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene - Global status report 2019 | publisher = World Health Organization (WHO) | location = Geneva, Switzerland }}</ref> == Manazarta == jmoa5ns3x892vbou2q565yb4xhwh2tf 862294 862290 2026-06-20T17:53:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu */ 862294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da aka amfani da shi don matatun sarrafa ruwan datti |3% | |<ref name=":30" /> |2020 |} ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi (Scope 3) ==== Scope 3 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi". Fitarwa ta kaikaice a karkashin Scope 3 tana da wuyar aunawa ta tsarin bai-daya. Sun hada da misali hayaki daga gina ababen more rayuwa, daga kera sinadarai da ake bukata a tsarin sarrafawa da kuma daga kula da lakar datti da aka samar azaman kayan karshe.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} ==== Rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya ==== Akwai mafita don rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":110" /> Wadannan mafita sun kasu kashi uku wadanda ke dan hadewa da juna: Na farko "rage amfani da ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci"; na biyu "rungumar tattalin arziki na rawaya (circular economy) don samar da makamashi da kayayyaki masu daraja"; da kuma na uku ta hanyar "tsara tsare-tsare don rage fitar da GHG ta hanyar shawarwari na dabara".<ref name="IWAbook2022">{{Cite book |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Ambaton ''hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci'' sun hada da misali lalubo hanyoyin rage asarar ruwa daga hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa da kuma rage kwararar ruwan sama ko ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa cikin magudanun ruwa na sewer.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|29}} Haka kuma, za a iya ba da kwarin gwiwa don karfafa gwiwar gidaje da masana'antu su rage amfani da ruwansu da kuma bukatun makamashinsu na dumama ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|31}} Akwai wata hanyar kuma ta rage bukatun makamashi don sarrafa danyen ruwa don yin ruwan sha daga gare shi: kare ingancin ruwan tushe mafi kyau.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|32}} Hanyoyin da suka shiga karkashin rukunin ''tattalin arziki na rawaya'' sun hada da: Sake amfani da ruwa, sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da kayayyaki; Samar da makamashi mai karancin carbon (misali amfani da hasken rana a saman rufin gine-ginen amfanitallahi, dawo da barnar zafi daga ruwan datti, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar girka injunan micro-turbines, samar da makamashi daga biosolids da lakar datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|33–37}} Shawarwari na dabara game da rage fitar da GHG sun hada da: wayar da kai da ilimantarwa, gudanarwa da ke goyon bayan canza dabi'un aiki, samar da kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki don adana ruwa da rage amfani da shi, kuma a karshe zabar makamashi da kayayyaki masu karancin carbon.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|38–39}} === Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change on human health}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan ayyukan tsafta da ke akwai ta hanyoyi da dama, alal misali ta hanyar lalacewa da asarar ayyuka daga ambaliyar ruwa da rage karfin daukar nauyin ruwa da ke karbar ruwan datti.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Guy |last2=Calow |first2=Roger |last3=Macdonald |first3=Alan |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |date=2016 |title=Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 |bibcode=2016ARER...41..253H |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155259589}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">WHO (2023) Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|23}} Al'amuran da suka shafi yanayi da sauyin yanayi (sauye-sauye, lokuta da matsanancin yanayi) koyaushe suna da tasiri a kan samar da ayyukan tsafta.<ref>SWA (2020) Adapting to climate change and fostering a low carbon water and sanitation sector. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)</ref>{{rp|3}} Amma yanzu, matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, gaba daya suna karuwa a yawa da tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi a yankuna da dama.<ref name=":182">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010</ref>{{rp|1157}} Suna shafar ayyukan samar da ruwa, magudanun ruwan sama da ababen more rayuwa na sewer, da matatun sarrafa ruwan datti.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinisi, L. |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events. |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-890-0259-2 |location=Geneva |oclc=870244396}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin yawa da tsananin matsanancin yanayi na iya rurrita kalubalen yanzu yayin da samun ruwa ke zama mai wuyar tabbatarwa, kuma kasadar lafiya na karuwa saboda gurbatattun madogaran ruwa. Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwa, karuwar bukatar ruwa, lalacewar wuraren WASH, da kuma karuwar gurbacewar ruwa daga abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A guidance note for Plan International Indonesia, Guidance Note |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/climate-change-response-inclusive-wash-guidance-note-plan-international-indonesia |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en |location=Indonesia}}</ref><ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Saboda wadannan tasiri, sauyin yanayi na iya "tsananta kasada da cututtuka da yawa masu alaka da WASH".<ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Sauyin yanayi yana kawo karancin aminci ga tsarin WASH, musamman a yankin Saharar Afirka inda damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta ta yau da kullum ke da karanci sosai. A wancan yankin, tsarin WASH da ba a kula da su da kyau ba, alal misali a matsugunan da ba na ka'ida ba (informal settlements), su ne ke sanya mutane kasancewa cikin kasada ga tasirin sauyin yanayi fiye da mutane a wasu wuraren. Dangane da tsarin zagayowar ruwa (water cycle), sauyin yanayi na iya shafar adadin kutsawar ruwa a cikin kasa, zurfafawar tacewa, saboda haka da kuma sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. Haka kuma, hauhawar zafin jiki yana kara bukatar tirorwar ruwa (evaporative demand) a kan kasa, wanda ke takaita adadin ruwan da zai sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. ====Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan cututtukan da ake dauka ta ruwa==== {{excerpt|Climate change and infectious diseases|paragraphs=1-3}} === Daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Climate change adaptation}} Kokarin daidaitawa a fannin WASH sun hada da misali kare albarkatun ruwa na gida (kamar yadda wadannan albarkatu ke zama tushen ruwa don samar da ruwan sha) da kuma bincika inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da dabarun adana shi. Haka kuma yana iya zama dole a daidaita tsare-tsare da ayyukan kamfanonin amfanitallahi.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|41}} Manufofin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi suna bukatar la'akari da kasadar da ke tattare da matsanancin yanayi. Matakan daidaitawa da ake bukata suna bukatar la'akari da matakai don fari da kuma wadanda na ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":26">Sinisi, L & Aertgeerts, R. (2011). Guidance on water supply and sanitation in extreme weather events. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.</ref>{{rp|61}} Matakan daidaitawa don fari sun hada da misali: rage yoyon ruwa cikin hikima, sanar da takunkumin amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani. Matakan daidaitawa don ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da misali: Bincika wuraren da aka gina matatun ruwa da na ruwan datti a wuraren da ke fuskantar ambaliya, rage tasirin ruwan ambaliya a kan kayan aiki na yau da kullum.<ref name=":26" />{{rp|61}} Mafita na dabi'a (Nature-based solutions - NbS) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga hanyoyin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta. Wannan ya hada da dawo da tsarin halitta na muhalli (wanda zai iya inganta kutsawar ruwa sannan kuma ya rage ambaliyar ruwa), injiniyan muhalli don sarrafa ruwan datti, ababen more rayuwa na kore don kula da ruwan sama, da matakai don rike ruwa na dabi'a.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|45}} Mafi yawancin Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) ta fasa gari sun hada da matakan inganta tsafta da kiyaye lafiya. Injiniyoyi da masu tsara shirye-shirye suna bukatar su daidaita mizanin tsare-tsare na tsarin ruwa da tsafta don yin bayani kan canjin yanayin yanzu. In ba haka ba, wadannan tsare-tsare na ababen more rayuwa za su kasance masu rauni sosai a nan gaba. Haka kuma lamarin yake ga sauran muhimman tsarin ababen more rayuwa kamar sufuri, makamashi da sadarwa. == Hanyoyin tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa == === Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu === UN-Water tana gudanar da shirin bincike na "Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)". Wannan aiki yana bincikar "matakin da kasashe ke haɓakawa da kuma aiwatar da manufofi da tsare-tsare na kasa don WASH, gudanar da sanya idanu na yau da kullum, daidaitawa da daukar matakan gyara kamar yadda ake bukata, da kuma daidaita wadannan tsare-tsare na parallel tare da isassun albarkatun kudi da tallafi daga manyan hukumomin kasa."<ref name=":15">{{cite web | date = 2019 | url = https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3705 | title = UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report - National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene - Global status report 2019 | publisher = World Health Organization (WHO) | location = Geneva, Switzerland }}</ref> Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasashe da yawa ba su da tallafin kudi da na ma'aikata da ake bukata. Wannan yana kawo cikas ga aiwatar da su da kuma sakamakon da ake tsammani don isar da ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":15" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yana zama ruwan dare ga kasashe su hada da "hanyoyin shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi" a cikin tsare-tsarensu na WASH na kasa. Shirye-shirye (Preparedness) a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin yin aiki a kan rage tasiri, daidaitawa da juriya na tsarin WASH.<ref name=":28">WHO (2022) Strong systems and sound investments: evidence on and key insights into accelerating progress on sanitation, drinking-water and hygiene. The UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2022 report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|11}} Duk da haka, mafi yawan manufofin kasa game da ayyukan WASH ba su bayyana yadda za a magance kasadar yanayi ba da kuma yadda za a kara juriyar ababen more rayuwa da gudanarwa.<ref name=":28" />{{rp|vii}} == Manazarta == 0227p8xatdgw7dn54oer5zxmsl63evz 862302 862294 2026-06-20T17:56:47Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu */ 862302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da aka amfani da shi don matatun sarrafa ruwan datti |3% | |<ref name=":30" /> |2020 |} ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi (Scope 3) ==== Scope 3 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi". Fitarwa ta kaikaice a karkashin Scope 3 tana da wuyar aunawa ta tsarin bai-daya. Sun hada da misali hayaki daga gina ababen more rayuwa, daga kera sinadarai da ake bukata a tsarin sarrafawa da kuma daga kula da lakar datti da aka samar azaman kayan karshe.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} ==== Rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya ==== Akwai mafita don rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":110" /> Wadannan mafita sun kasu kashi uku wadanda ke dan hadewa da juna: Na farko "rage amfani da ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci"; na biyu "rungumar tattalin arziki na rawaya (circular economy) don samar da makamashi da kayayyaki masu daraja"; da kuma na uku ta hanyar "tsara tsare-tsare don rage fitar da GHG ta hanyar shawarwari na dabara".<ref name="IWAbook2022">{{Cite book |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Ambaton ''hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci'' sun hada da misali lalubo hanyoyin rage asarar ruwa daga hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa da kuma rage kwararar ruwan sama ko ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa cikin magudanun ruwa na sewer.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|29}} Haka kuma, za a iya ba da kwarin gwiwa don karfafa gwiwar gidaje da masana'antu su rage amfani da ruwansu da kuma bukatun makamashinsu na dumama ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|31}} Akwai wata hanyar kuma ta rage bukatun makamashi don sarrafa danyen ruwa don yin ruwan sha daga gare shi: kare ingancin ruwan tushe mafi kyau.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|32}} Hanyoyin da suka shiga karkashin rukunin ''tattalin arziki na rawaya'' sun hada da: Sake amfani da ruwa, sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da kayayyaki; Samar da makamashi mai karancin carbon (misali amfani da hasken rana a saman rufin gine-ginen amfanitallahi, dawo da barnar zafi daga ruwan datti, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar girka injunan micro-turbines, samar da makamashi daga biosolids da lakar datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|33–37}} Shawarwari na dabara game da rage fitar da GHG sun hada da: wayar da kai da ilimantarwa, gudanarwa da ke goyon bayan canza dabi'un aiki, samar da kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki don adana ruwa da rage amfani da shi, kuma a karshe zabar makamashi da kayayyaki masu karancin carbon.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|38–39}} === Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change on human health}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan ayyukan tsafta da ke akwai ta hanyoyi da dama, alal misali ta hanyar lalacewa da asarar ayyuka daga ambaliyar ruwa da rage karfin daukar nauyin ruwa da ke karbar ruwan datti.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Guy |last2=Calow |first2=Roger |last3=Macdonald |first3=Alan |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |date=2016 |title=Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 |bibcode=2016ARER...41..253H |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155259589}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">WHO (2023) Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|23}} Al'amuran da suka shafi yanayi da sauyin yanayi (sauye-sauye, lokuta da matsanancin yanayi) koyaushe suna da tasiri a kan samar da ayyukan tsafta.<ref>SWA (2020) Adapting to climate change and fostering a low carbon water and sanitation sector. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)</ref>{{rp|3}} Amma yanzu, matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, gaba daya suna karuwa a yawa da tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi a yankuna da dama.<ref name=":182">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010</ref>{{rp|1157}} Suna shafar ayyukan samar da ruwa, magudanun ruwan sama da ababen more rayuwa na sewer, da matatun sarrafa ruwan datti.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinisi, L. |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events. |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-890-0259-2 |location=Geneva |oclc=870244396}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin yawa da tsananin matsanancin yanayi na iya rurrita kalubalen yanzu yayin da samun ruwa ke zama mai wuyar tabbatarwa, kuma kasadar lafiya na karuwa saboda gurbatattun madogaran ruwa. Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwa, karuwar bukatar ruwa, lalacewar wuraren WASH, da kuma karuwar gurbacewar ruwa daga abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A guidance note for Plan International Indonesia, Guidance Note |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/climate-change-response-inclusive-wash-guidance-note-plan-international-indonesia |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en |location=Indonesia}}</ref><ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Saboda wadannan tasiri, sauyin yanayi na iya "tsananta kasada da cututtuka da yawa masu alaka da WASH".<ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Sauyin yanayi yana kawo karancin aminci ga tsarin WASH, musamman a yankin Saharar Afirka inda damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta ta yau da kullum ke da karanci sosai. A wancan yankin, tsarin WASH da ba a kula da su da kyau ba, alal misali a matsugunan da ba na ka'ida ba (informal settlements), su ne ke sanya mutane kasancewa cikin kasada ga tasirin sauyin yanayi fiye da mutane a wasu wuraren. Dangane da tsarin zagayowar ruwa (water cycle), sauyin yanayi na iya shafar adadin kutsawar ruwa a cikin kasa, zurfafawar tacewa, saboda haka da kuma sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. Haka kuma, hauhawar zafin jiki yana kara bukatar tirorwar ruwa (evaporative demand) a kan kasa, wanda ke takaita adadin ruwan da zai sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. ====Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan cututtukan da ake dauka ta ruwa==== {{excerpt|Climate change and infectious diseases|paragraphs=1-3}} === Daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Climate change adaptation}} Kokarin daidaitawa a fannin WASH sun hada da misali kare albarkatun ruwa na gida (kamar yadda wadannan albarkatu ke zama tushen ruwa don samar da ruwan sha) da kuma bincika inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da dabarun adana shi. Haka kuma yana iya zama dole a daidaita tsare-tsare da ayyukan kamfanonin amfanitallahi.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|41}} Manufofin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi suna bukatar la'akari da kasadar da ke tattare da matsanancin yanayi. Matakan daidaitawa da ake bukata suna bukatar la'akari da matakai don fari da kuma wadanda na ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":26">Sinisi, L & Aertgeerts, R. (2011). Guidance on water supply and sanitation in extreme weather events. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.</ref>{{rp|61}} Matakan daidaitawa don fari sun hada da misali: rage yoyon ruwa cikin hikima, sanar da takunkumin amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani. Matakan daidaitawa don ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da misali: Bincika wuraren da aka gina matatun ruwa da na ruwan datti a wuraren da ke fuskantar ambaliya, rage tasirin ruwan ambaliya a kan kayan aiki na yau da kullum.<ref name=":26" />{{rp|61}} Mafita na dabi'a (Nature-based solutions - NbS) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga hanyoyin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta. Wannan ya hada da dawo da tsarin halitta na muhalli (wanda zai iya inganta kutsawar ruwa sannan kuma ya rage ambaliyar ruwa), injiniyan muhalli don sarrafa ruwan datti, ababen more rayuwa na kore don kula da ruwan sama, da matakai don rike ruwa na dabi'a.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|45}} Mafi yawancin Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) ta fasa gari sun hada da matakan inganta tsafta da kiyaye lafiya. Injiniyoyi da masu tsara shirye-shirye suna bukatar su daidaita mizanin tsare-tsare na tsarin ruwa da tsafta don yin bayani kan canjin yanayin yanzu. In ba haka ba, wadannan tsare-tsare na ababen more rayuwa za su kasance masu rauni sosai a nan gaba. Haka kuma lamarin yake ga sauran muhimman tsarin ababen more rayuwa kamar sufuri, makamashi da sadarwa. == Hanyoyin tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa == === Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu === UN-Water tana gudanar da shirin bincike na "Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)". Wannan aiki yana bincikar "matakin da kasashe ke haɓakawa da kuma aiwatar da manufofi da tsare-tsare na kasa don WASH, gudanar da sanya idanu na yau da kullum, daidaitawa da daukar matakan gyara kamar yadda ake bukata, da kuma daidaita wadannan tsare-tsare na parallel tare da isassun albarkatun kudi da tallafi daga manyan hukumomin kasa."<ref name=":15">{{cite web | date = 2019 | url = https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3705 | title = UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report - National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene - Global status report 2019 | publisher = World Health Organization (WHO) | location = Geneva, Switzerland }}</ref> Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasashe da yawa ba su da tallafin kudi da na ma'aikata da ake bukata. Wannan yana kawo cikas ga aiwatar da su da kuma sakamakon da ake tsammani don isar da ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":15" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yana zama ruwan dare ga kasashe su hada da "hanyoyin shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi" a cikin tsare-tsarensu na WASH na kasa. Shirye-shirye (Preparedness) a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin yin aiki a kan rage tasiri, daidaitawa da juriya na tsarin WASH.<ref name=":28">WHO (2022) Strong systems and sound investments: evidence on and key insights into accelerating progress on sanitation, drinking-water and hygiene. The UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2022 report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|11}} Duk da haka, mafi yawan manufofin kasa game da ayyukan WASH ba su bayyana yadda za a magance kasadar yanayi ba da kuma yadda za a kara juriyar ababen more rayuwa da gudanarwa.<ref name=":28" />{{rp|vii}} == Tarihi == Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsafta jigo ne na wani rukunin labarin daban. An fara amfani da gajertaccen sunan ''WASH'' ne daga shekarar 1988 zuwa sama a matsayin gajeruwar kalma (acronym) ga tsarin ''Water and Sanitation for Health Project'' na Hukumar Amurka don Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (USAID).<ref>{{Cite web|date=1988|title=WASH Technical Report No 37 |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaaz336.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403061318/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaaz336.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=2015-12-30|publisher=USAID}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, harafin "H" yana wakiltar ''health'' ne (wato lafiya), ba ''hygiene'' ba (wato kiyaye tsafta). Haka kuma, a kasar Zambiya an yi amfani da kalmar WASHE a cikin wani rahoto na shekarar 1987 wanda ke wakiltar ''Water Sanitation Health Education''.<ref>{{cite web | work = WASHE (Water Sanitation Health Education) | date = 1987 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=5438 | title = Participatory health education: ready for use materials: design and production WASHE programme | publisher = WASHE | location = Western Province, Zambia | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Akwai ma wani tsohon rahoton ''WASH project report'' na USAID da ya samo asali tun farkon shekarar 1981.<ref>{{cite report | id = WASH Technical Report No 7 | date = 1981 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=2360 | title = Facilitation of community organization: an approach to water and sanitation programs in developing countries (WASH Task No 94): prepared for USAID. | publisher = USAID/WASH | location = Washington DC, USA | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Daga kusan shekarar 2001 zuwa sama, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke fafutuka a fannin samar da ruwa da tsafta, kamar su Majalisar Hadin Gwiwa ta Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council) da Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsafta ta Kasa da Kasa (IRC) a kasar Netherlands sun fara amfani da ''WASH'' a matsayin babban lafazi na hadin gwiwa ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta.<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = de Jong D | date = 2003 | url = http://www.ircwash.org/resources/advocacy-water-environmental-sanitation-and-hygiene | title = Advocacy for water, environmental sanitation and hygiene - Thematic overview paper | publisher = IRC | location = The Netherlands }}</ref> Tun daga wancan lokacin, an amshi kalmar ''WASH'' ko'ina a matsayin gajertaccen lafazi mai sauki ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta a cikin mahallin ci gaban kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/sanhygpromo.pdf|access-date=2015-12-17|website=WHO.int}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar ''WatSan'' na wani lokaci, musamman a fannin ba da agajin gaggawa kamar a Hukumar Red Cross ta Duniya (IFRC) da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR),<ref>{{cite web | publisher = UNHCR Division of Operational Services | date = 2008 | url = http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=49d080df2&query=water | title = A Guidance for UNHCR Field Operations on Water and Sanitation Services. | location = Geneva, Switzerland | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> amma bai shahara sosai kamar WASH ba. == Al'umma da al'ada == === Manufofin duniya === {{Further|Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6|Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta}} [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar duniya don Manuniya 6.2.1a a shekarar 2022: Kason yawan jama'a da ke amfani da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta da ake gudanarwa cikin aminci<ref name="Ritchie_2018" />]] Tun daga shekarar 1990, Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF yake fitar da kiyasin ci gaban WASH na duniya a kai-a kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports {{!}} JMP |url=https://washdata.org/reports |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Transforming our world the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A/RES/70/1 |date=2015 |publisher=United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development |oclc=973387855}}</ref> == Manazarta == n2a35v5qlwx3t0t4757z5y67ukwzg7d 862303 862302 2026-06-20T17:57:22Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manufofin duniya */ 862303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da aka amfani da shi don matatun sarrafa ruwan datti |3% | |<ref name=":30" /> |2020 |} ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi (Scope 3) ==== Scope 3 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi". Fitarwa ta kaikaice a karkashin Scope 3 tana da wuyar aunawa ta tsarin bai-daya. Sun hada da misali hayaki daga gina ababen more rayuwa, daga kera sinadarai da ake bukata a tsarin sarrafawa da kuma daga kula da lakar datti da aka samar azaman kayan karshe.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} ==== Rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya ==== Akwai mafita don rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":110" /> Wadannan mafita sun kasu kashi uku wadanda ke dan hadewa da juna: Na farko "rage amfani da ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci"; na biyu "rungumar tattalin arziki na rawaya (circular economy) don samar da makamashi da kayayyaki masu daraja"; da kuma na uku ta hanyar "tsara tsare-tsare don rage fitar da GHG ta hanyar shawarwari na dabara".<ref name="IWAbook2022">{{Cite book |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Ambaton ''hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci'' sun hada da misali lalubo hanyoyin rage asarar ruwa daga hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa da kuma rage kwararar ruwan sama ko ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa cikin magudanun ruwa na sewer.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|29}} Haka kuma, za a iya ba da kwarin gwiwa don karfafa gwiwar gidaje da masana'antu su rage amfani da ruwansu da kuma bukatun makamashinsu na dumama ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|31}} Akwai wata hanyar kuma ta rage bukatun makamashi don sarrafa danyen ruwa don yin ruwan sha daga gare shi: kare ingancin ruwan tushe mafi kyau.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|32}} Hanyoyin da suka shiga karkashin rukunin ''tattalin arziki na rawaya'' sun hada da: Sake amfani da ruwa, sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da kayayyaki; Samar da makamashi mai karancin carbon (misali amfani da hasken rana a saman rufin gine-ginen amfanitallahi, dawo da barnar zafi daga ruwan datti, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar girka injunan micro-turbines, samar da makamashi daga biosolids da lakar datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|33–37}} Shawarwari na dabara game da rage fitar da GHG sun hada da: wayar da kai da ilimantarwa, gudanarwa da ke goyon bayan canza dabi'un aiki, samar da kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki don adana ruwa da rage amfani da shi, kuma a karshe zabar makamashi da kayayyaki masu karancin carbon.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|38–39}} === Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change on human health}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan ayyukan tsafta da ke akwai ta hanyoyi da dama, alal misali ta hanyar lalacewa da asarar ayyuka daga ambaliyar ruwa da rage karfin daukar nauyin ruwa da ke karbar ruwan datti.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Guy |last2=Calow |first2=Roger |last3=Macdonald |first3=Alan |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |date=2016 |title=Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 |bibcode=2016ARER...41..253H |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155259589}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">WHO (2023) Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|23}} Al'amuran da suka shafi yanayi da sauyin yanayi (sauye-sauye, lokuta da matsanancin yanayi) koyaushe suna da tasiri a kan samar da ayyukan tsafta.<ref>SWA (2020) Adapting to climate change and fostering a low carbon water and sanitation sector. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)</ref>{{rp|3}} Amma yanzu, matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, gaba daya suna karuwa a yawa da tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi a yankuna da dama.<ref name=":182">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010</ref>{{rp|1157}} Suna shafar ayyukan samar da ruwa, magudanun ruwan sama da ababen more rayuwa na sewer, da matatun sarrafa ruwan datti.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinisi, L. |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events. |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-890-0259-2 |location=Geneva |oclc=870244396}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin yawa da tsananin matsanancin yanayi na iya rurrita kalubalen yanzu yayin da samun ruwa ke zama mai wuyar tabbatarwa, kuma kasadar lafiya na karuwa saboda gurbatattun madogaran ruwa. Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwa, karuwar bukatar ruwa, lalacewar wuraren WASH, da kuma karuwar gurbacewar ruwa daga abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A guidance note for Plan International Indonesia, Guidance Note |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/climate-change-response-inclusive-wash-guidance-note-plan-international-indonesia |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en |location=Indonesia}}</ref><ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Saboda wadannan tasiri, sauyin yanayi na iya "tsananta kasada da cututtuka da yawa masu alaka da WASH".<ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Sauyin yanayi yana kawo karancin aminci ga tsarin WASH, musamman a yankin Saharar Afirka inda damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta ta yau da kullum ke da karanci sosai. A wancan yankin, tsarin WASH da ba a kula da su da kyau ba, alal misali a matsugunan da ba na ka'ida ba (informal settlements), su ne ke sanya mutane kasancewa cikin kasada ga tasirin sauyin yanayi fiye da mutane a wasu wuraren. Dangane da tsarin zagayowar ruwa (water cycle), sauyin yanayi na iya shafar adadin kutsawar ruwa a cikin kasa, zurfafawar tacewa, saboda haka da kuma sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. Haka kuma, hauhawar zafin jiki yana kara bukatar tirorwar ruwa (evaporative demand) a kan kasa, wanda ke takaita adadin ruwan da zai sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. ====Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan cututtukan da ake dauka ta ruwa==== {{excerpt|Climate change and infectious diseases|paragraphs=1-3}} === Daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Climate change adaptation}} Kokarin daidaitawa a fannin WASH sun hada da misali kare albarkatun ruwa na gida (kamar yadda wadannan albarkatu ke zama tushen ruwa don samar da ruwan sha) da kuma bincika inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da dabarun adana shi. Haka kuma yana iya zama dole a daidaita tsare-tsare da ayyukan kamfanonin amfanitallahi.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|41}} Manufofin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi suna bukatar la'akari da kasadar da ke tattare da matsanancin yanayi. Matakan daidaitawa da ake bukata suna bukatar la'akari da matakai don fari da kuma wadanda na ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":26">Sinisi, L & Aertgeerts, R. (2011). Guidance on water supply and sanitation in extreme weather events. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.</ref>{{rp|61}} Matakan daidaitawa don fari sun hada da misali: rage yoyon ruwa cikin hikima, sanar da takunkumin amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani. Matakan daidaitawa don ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da misali: Bincika wuraren da aka gina matatun ruwa da na ruwan datti a wuraren da ke fuskantar ambaliya, rage tasirin ruwan ambaliya a kan kayan aiki na yau da kullum.<ref name=":26" />{{rp|61}} Mafita na dabi'a (Nature-based solutions - NbS) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga hanyoyin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta. Wannan ya hada da dawo da tsarin halitta na muhalli (wanda zai iya inganta kutsawar ruwa sannan kuma ya rage ambaliyar ruwa), injiniyan muhalli don sarrafa ruwan datti, ababen more rayuwa na kore don kula da ruwan sama, da matakai don rike ruwa na dabi'a.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|45}} Mafi yawancin Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) ta fasa gari sun hada da matakan inganta tsafta da kiyaye lafiya. Injiniyoyi da masu tsara shirye-shirye suna bukatar su daidaita mizanin tsare-tsare na tsarin ruwa da tsafta don yin bayani kan canjin yanayin yanzu. In ba haka ba, wadannan tsare-tsare na ababen more rayuwa za su kasance masu rauni sosai a nan gaba. Haka kuma lamarin yake ga sauran muhimman tsarin ababen more rayuwa kamar sufuri, makamashi da sadarwa. == Hanyoyin tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa == === Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu === UN-Water tana gudanar da shirin bincike na "Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)". Wannan aiki yana bincikar "matakin da kasashe ke haɓakawa da kuma aiwatar da manufofi da tsare-tsare na kasa don WASH, gudanar da sanya idanu na yau da kullum, daidaitawa da daukar matakan gyara kamar yadda ake bukata, da kuma daidaita wadannan tsare-tsare na parallel tare da isassun albarkatun kudi da tallafi daga manyan hukumomin kasa."<ref name=":15">{{cite web | date = 2019 | url = https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3705 | title = UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report - National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene - Global status report 2019 | publisher = World Health Organization (WHO) | location = Geneva, Switzerland }}</ref> Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasashe da yawa ba su da tallafin kudi da na ma'aikata da ake bukata. Wannan yana kawo cikas ga aiwatar da su da kuma sakamakon da ake tsammani don isar da ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":15" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yana zama ruwan dare ga kasashe su hada da "hanyoyin shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi" a cikin tsare-tsarensu na WASH na kasa. Shirye-shirye (Preparedness) a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin yin aiki a kan rage tasiri, daidaitawa da juriya na tsarin WASH.<ref name=":28">WHO (2022) Strong systems and sound investments: evidence on and key insights into accelerating progress on sanitation, drinking-water and hygiene. The UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2022 report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|11}} Duk da haka, mafi yawan manufofin kasa game da ayyukan WASH ba su bayyana yadda za a magance kasadar yanayi ba da kuma yadda za a kara juriyar ababen more rayuwa da gudanarwa.<ref name=":28" />{{rp|vii}} == Tarihi == Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsafta jigo ne na wani rukunin labarin daban. An fara amfani da gajertaccen sunan ''WASH'' ne daga shekarar 1988 zuwa sama a matsayin gajeruwar kalma (acronym) ga tsarin ''Water and Sanitation for Health Project'' na Hukumar Amurka don Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (USAID).<ref>{{Cite web|date=1988|title=WASH Technical Report No 37 |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaaz336.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403061318/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaaz336.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=2015-12-30|publisher=USAID}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, harafin "H" yana wakiltar ''health'' ne (wato lafiya), ba ''hygiene'' ba (wato kiyaye tsafta). Haka kuma, a kasar Zambiya an yi amfani da kalmar WASHE a cikin wani rahoto na shekarar 1987 wanda ke wakiltar ''Water Sanitation Health Education''.<ref>{{cite web | work = WASHE (Water Sanitation Health Education) | date = 1987 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=5438 | title = Participatory health education: ready for use materials: design and production WASHE programme | publisher = WASHE | location = Western Province, Zambia | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Akwai ma wani tsohon rahoton ''WASH project report'' na USAID da ya samo asali tun farkon shekarar 1981.<ref>{{cite report | id = WASH Technical Report No 7 | date = 1981 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=2360 | title = Facilitation of community organization: an approach to water and sanitation programs in developing countries (WASH Task No 94): prepared for USAID. | publisher = USAID/WASH | location = Washington DC, USA | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Daga kusan shekarar 2001 zuwa sama, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke fafutuka a fannin samar da ruwa da tsafta, kamar su Majalisar Hadin Gwiwa ta Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council) da Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsafta ta Kasa da Kasa (IRC) a kasar Netherlands sun fara amfani da ''WASH'' a matsayin babban lafazi na hadin gwiwa ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta.<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = de Jong D | date = 2003 | url = http://www.ircwash.org/resources/advocacy-water-environmental-sanitation-and-hygiene | title = Advocacy for water, environmental sanitation and hygiene - Thematic overview paper | publisher = IRC | location = The Netherlands }}</ref> Tun daga wancan lokacin, an amshi kalmar ''WASH'' ko'ina a matsayin gajertaccen lafazi mai sauki ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta a cikin mahallin ci gaban kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/sanhygpromo.pdf|access-date=2015-12-17|website=WHO.int}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar ''WatSan'' na wani lokaci, musamman a fannin ba da agajin gaggawa kamar a Hukumar Red Cross ta Duniya (IFRC) da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR),<ref>{{cite web | publisher = UNHCR Division of Operational Services | date = 2008 | url = http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=49d080df2&query=water | title = A Guidance for UNHCR Field Operations on Water and Sanitation Services. | location = Geneva, Switzerland | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> amma bai shahara sosai kamar WASH ba. == Al'umma da al'ada == === Manufofin duniya === {{Further|Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6|Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta}} [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar duniya don Manuniya 6.2.1a a shekarar 2022: Kason yawan jama'a da ke amfani da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta da ake gudanarwa cikin aminci<ref name="Ritchie_2018" />]] Tun daga shekarar 1990, Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF yake fitar da kiyasin ci gaban WASH na duniya a kai-a kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports {{!}} JMP |url=https://washdata.org/reports |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Transforming our world the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A/RES/70/1 |date=2015 |publisher=United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development |oclc=973387855}}</ref> Shirin na JMP shi ne ke da alhakin sanya idanu kan Manufar Ci Gaban Karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDG) Target 7.C, wando ke da nufin "raba gida biyu, nan da shekarar 2015, kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da ingantacciyar tsafta mai dorewa".<ref>{{cite web |title=Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=United Nations Millennium Development Goals website}}</ref> An sauya wannan a shekarar 2015 da Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (SDG 6), wacce ita ce "tabbatar da samuwa da kuma gudanarwa mai dorewa na ruwa da tsafta ga kowa da kowa" nan da shekarar 2030.<ref name=":14" /> Don samar da masgala (reference point) da za a iya sanya idanu kan ci gaban cimma nasarar SDGs, shirin na JMP ya fitar da rahoton "Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines".<ref name=":7" /> Fadada kewayon WASH da sanya idanu a wuraren da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da wuraren aiki, yana cikin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=R. |last2=Slaymaker |first2=T. |last3=Bartram |first3=J. |year=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758|bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> Hukumar WaterAid International kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce ke aiki kan inganta samun ruwan sha mai aminci a wasu kasashen da suka fi fama da talauci a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2011 |title=Where we work |url=http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121212941/http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |archive-date=21 November 2011 |access-date=5 December 2011 |publisher=WaterAid}}</ref> Hadin gwiwar Sanitation and Water for All wata kawance ce da ke tara gwamnatocin kasashe, masu ba da taimako, hukumomin MDD, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran abokan hulda na ci gaba. Suna aiki ne don inganta damar samun tsafta da samar da ruwa mai dorewa.<ref>United Nations Children's Fund. UNICEF's engagement in Sanitation and Water for All (2012-07). [http://www.unicef.org/partners/Partnership_profile_2012_Water_and_Sanitation_for_All_V5.pdf "UNICEF's engagement in Sanitation and Water for All"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103153136/http://www.unicef.org/partners/Partnership_profile_2012_Water_and_Sanitation_for_All_V5.pdf|date=3 January 2015}}.</ref> A shekarar 2014, kasashe 77 sun riga sun cika burin tsafta na MDG, 29 suna kan hanya, yayin da 79 ba sa kan karena.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017"/> === Lambobin yabo === Muhimman lambobin yabo ga daidai-da-daiku ko kungiyoyin da ke aiki a fannin WASH sun hada da Kyautar Ruwa ta Stockholm (Stockholm Water Prize) tun daga shekarar 1991 da kuma Lambar Yabo ta Tsafta ta Sarphati (Sarphati Sanitation Awards) tun daga shekarar 2013, don harkar kasuwancin tsafta. === Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === * UNICEF - Tsarin da UNICEF ta ayyana shi ne "cimma daidaitacciyar dama ga kowa na samun ruwan sha mai aminci kuma mai saukin kudi ga kowa".<ref>{{cite report | title = UNICEF Strategy for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene 2016-2030 | date = August 2016 | location = New York | publisher = UNICEF | url = https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016-2030.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004135458/https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016-2030.pdf | archive-date = 4 October 2017 }}</ref> UNICEF ta hada da shirye-shiryen WASH a cikin ayyukansu da makarantu a kasashe sama da 30.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water, sanitation and education &#124; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene &#124; UNICEF|work=UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/index_schools.html}}</ref> * UN-Water - wata kafa ce ta hadin gwiwar hukumomi da ke "daidaita ayyukan hukumomin MDD da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke aiki kan batutuwan ruwa da tsafta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UN-Water |url=https://www.unwater.org/about-unwater/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:GHWWSD.JPG|thumb|Bikin Ranar Wanke Hannu ta Duniya (Global Handwashing Day) a kasar Indonesia]] == Manazarta == 1iiem2gpefsnb7meahxm7ckzeajz4wr 862304 862303 2026-06-20T17:57:46Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya */ 862304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a Uganda shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar Indonesiya.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da aka amfani da shi don matatun sarrafa ruwan datti |3% | |<ref name=":30" /> |2020 |} ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi (Scope 3) ==== Scope 3 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi". Fitarwa ta kaikaice a karkashin Scope 3 tana da wuyar aunawa ta tsarin bai-daya. Sun hada da misali hayaki daga gina ababen more rayuwa, daga kera sinadarai da ake bukata a tsarin sarrafawa da kuma daga kula da lakar datti da aka samar azaman kayan karshe.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} ==== Rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya ==== Akwai mafita don rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":110" /> Wadannan mafita sun kasu kashi uku wadanda ke dan hadewa da juna: Na farko "rage amfani da ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci"; na biyu "rungumar tattalin arziki na rawaya (circular economy) don samar da makamashi da kayayyaki masu daraja"; da kuma na uku ta hanyar "tsara tsare-tsare don rage fitar da GHG ta hanyar shawarwari na dabara".<ref name="IWAbook2022">{{Cite book |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Ambaton ''hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci'' sun hada da misali lalubo hanyoyin rage asarar ruwa daga hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa da kuma rage kwararar ruwan sama ko ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa cikin magudanun ruwa na sewer.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|29}} Haka kuma, za a iya ba da kwarin gwiwa don karfafa gwiwar gidaje da masana'antu su rage amfani da ruwansu da kuma bukatun makamashinsu na dumama ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|31}} Akwai wata hanyar kuma ta rage bukatun makamashi don sarrafa danyen ruwa don yin ruwan sha daga gare shi: kare ingancin ruwan tushe mafi kyau.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|32}} Hanyoyin da suka shiga karkashin rukunin ''tattalin arziki na rawaya'' sun hada da: Sake amfani da ruwa, sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da kayayyaki; Samar da makamashi mai karancin carbon (misali amfani da hasken rana a saman rufin gine-ginen amfanitallahi, dawo da barnar zafi daga ruwan datti, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar girka injunan micro-turbines, samar da makamashi daga biosolids da lakar datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|33–37}} Shawarwari na dabara game da rage fitar da GHG sun hada da: wayar da kai da ilimantarwa, gudanarwa da ke goyon bayan canza dabi'un aiki, samar da kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki don adana ruwa da rage amfani da shi, kuma a karshe zabar makamashi da kayayyaki masu karancin carbon.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|38–39}} === Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change on human health}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan ayyukan tsafta da ke akwai ta hanyoyi da dama, alal misali ta hanyar lalacewa da asarar ayyuka daga ambaliyar ruwa da rage karfin daukar nauyin ruwa da ke karbar ruwan datti.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Guy |last2=Calow |first2=Roger |last3=Macdonald |first3=Alan |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |date=2016 |title=Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 |bibcode=2016ARER...41..253H |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155259589}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">WHO (2023) Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|23}} Al'amuran da suka shafi yanayi da sauyin yanayi (sauye-sauye, lokuta da matsanancin yanayi) koyaushe suna da tasiri a kan samar da ayyukan tsafta.<ref>SWA (2020) Adapting to climate change and fostering a low carbon water and sanitation sector. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)</ref>{{rp|3}} Amma yanzu, matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, gaba daya suna karuwa a yawa da tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi a yankuna da dama.<ref name=":182">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010</ref>{{rp|1157}} Suna shafar ayyukan samar da ruwa, magudanun ruwan sama da ababen more rayuwa na sewer, da matatun sarrafa ruwan datti.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinisi, L. |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events. |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-890-0259-2 |location=Geneva |oclc=870244396}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin yawa da tsananin matsanancin yanayi na iya rurrita kalubalen yanzu yayin da samun ruwa ke zama mai wuyar tabbatarwa, kuma kasadar lafiya na karuwa saboda gurbatattun madogaran ruwa. Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwa, karuwar bukatar ruwa, lalacewar wuraren WASH, da kuma karuwar gurbacewar ruwa daga abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A guidance note for Plan International Indonesia, Guidance Note |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/climate-change-response-inclusive-wash-guidance-note-plan-international-indonesia |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en |location=Indonesia}}</ref><ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Saboda wadannan tasiri, sauyin yanayi na iya "tsananta kasada da cututtuka da yawa masu alaka da WASH".<ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Sauyin yanayi yana kawo karancin aminci ga tsarin WASH, musamman a yankin Saharar Afirka inda damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta ta yau da kullum ke da karanci sosai. A wancan yankin, tsarin WASH da ba a kula da su da kyau ba, alal misali a matsugunan da ba na ka'ida ba (informal settlements), su ne ke sanya mutane kasancewa cikin kasada ga tasirin sauyin yanayi fiye da mutane a wasu wuraren. Dangane da tsarin zagayowar ruwa (water cycle), sauyin yanayi na iya shafar adadin kutsawar ruwa a cikin kasa, zurfafawar tacewa, saboda haka da kuma sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. Haka kuma, hauhawar zafin jiki yana kara bukatar tirorwar ruwa (evaporative demand) a kan kasa, wanda ke takaita adadin ruwan da zai sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. ====Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan cututtukan da ake dauka ta ruwa==== {{excerpt|Climate change and infectious diseases|paragraphs=1-3}} === Daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Climate change adaptation}} Kokarin daidaitawa a fannin WASH sun hada da misali kare albarkatun ruwa na gida (kamar yadda wadannan albarkatu ke zama tushen ruwa don samar da ruwan sha) da kuma bincika inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da dabarun adana shi. Haka kuma yana iya zama dole a daidaita tsare-tsare da ayyukan kamfanonin amfanitallahi.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|41}} Manufofin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi suna bukatar la'akari da kasadar da ke tattare da matsanancin yanayi. Matakan daidaitawa da ake bukata suna bukatar la'akari da matakai don fari da kuma wadanda na ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":26">Sinisi, L & Aertgeerts, R. (2011). Guidance on water supply and sanitation in extreme weather events. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.</ref>{{rp|61}} Matakan daidaitawa don fari sun hada da misali: rage yoyon ruwa cikin hikima, sanar da takunkumin amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani. Matakan daidaitawa don ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da misali: Bincika wuraren da aka gina matatun ruwa da na ruwan datti a wuraren da ke fuskantar ambaliya, rage tasirin ruwan ambaliya a kan kayan aiki na yau da kullum.<ref name=":26" />{{rp|61}} Mafita na dabi'a (Nature-based solutions - NbS) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga hanyoyin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta. Wannan ya hada da dawo da tsarin halitta na muhalli (wanda zai iya inganta kutsawar ruwa sannan kuma ya rage ambaliyar ruwa), injiniyan muhalli don sarrafa ruwan datti, ababen more rayuwa na kore don kula da ruwan sama, da matakai don rike ruwa na dabi'a.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|45}} Mafi yawancin Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) ta fasa gari sun hada da matakan inganta tsafta da kiyaye lafiya. Injiniyoyi da masu tsara shirye-shirye suna bukatar su daidaita mizanin tsare-tsare na tsarin ruwa da tsafta don yin bayani kan canjin yanayin yanzu. In ba haka ba, wadannan tsare-tsare na ababen more rayuwa za su kasance masu rauni sosai a nan gaba. Haka kuma lamarin yake ga sauran muhimman tsarin ababen more rayuwa kamar sufuri, makamashi da sadarwa. == Hanyoyin tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa == === Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu === UN-Water tana gudanar da shirin bincike na "Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)". Wannan aiki yana bincikar "matakin da kasashe ke haɓakawa da kuma aiwatar da manufofi da tsare-tsare na kasa don WASH, gudanar da sanya idanu na yau da kullum, daidaitawa da daukar matakan gyara kamar yadda ake bukata, da kuma daidaita wadannan tsare-tsare na parallel tare da isassun albarkatun kudi da tallafi daga manyan hukumomin kasa."<ref name=":15">{{cite web | date = 2019 | url = https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3705 | title = UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report - National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene - Global status report 2019 | publisher = World Health Organization (WHO) | location = Geneva, Switzerland }}</ref> Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasashe da yawa ba su da tallafin kudi da na ma'aikata da ake bukata. Wannan yana kawo cikas ga aiwatar da su da kuma sakamakon da ake tsammani don isar da ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":15" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yana zama ruwan dare ga kasashe su hada da "hanyoyin shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi" a cikin tsare-tsarensu na WASH na kasa. Shirye-shirye (Preparedness) a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin yin aiki a kan rage tasiri, daidaitawa da juriya na tsarin WASH.<ref name=":28">WHO (2022) Strong systems and sound investments: evidence on and key insights into accelerating progress on sanitation, drinking-water and hygiene. The UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2022 report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|11}} Duk da haka, mafi yawan manufofin kasa game da ayyukan WASH ba su bayyana yadda za a magance kasadar yanayi ba da kuma yadda za a kara juriyar ababen more rayuwa da gudanarwa.<ref name=":28" />{{rp|vii}} == Tarihi == Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsafta jigo ne na wani rukunin labarin daban. An fara amfani da gajertaccen sunan ''WASH'' ne daga shekarar 1988 zuwa sama a matsayin gajeruwar kalma (acronym) ga tsarin ''Water and Sanitation for Health Project'' na Hukumar Amurka don Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (USAID).<ref>{{Cite web|date=1988|title=WASH Technical Report No 37 |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaaz336.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403061318/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaaz336.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=2015-12-30|publisher=USAID}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, harafin "H" yana wakiltar ''health'' ne (wato lafiya), ba ''hygiene'' ba (wato kiyaye tsafta). Haka kuma, a kasar Zambiya an yi amfani da kalmar WASHE a cikin wani rahoto na shekarar 1987 wanda ke wakiltar ''Water Sanitation Health Education''.<ref>{{cite web | work = WASHE (Water Sanitation Health Education) | date = 1987 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=5438 | title = Participatory health education: ready for use materials: design and production WASHE programme | publisher = WASHE | location = Western Province, Zambia | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Akwai ma wani tsohon rahoton ''WASH project report'' na USAID da ya samo asali tun farkon shekarar 1981.<ref>{{cite report | id = WASH Technical Report No 7 | date = 1981 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=2360 | title = Facilitation of community organization: an approach to water and sanitation programs in developing countries (WASH Task No 94): prepared for USAID. | publisher = USAID/WASH | location = Washington DC, USA | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Daga kusan shekarar 2001 zuwa sama, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke fafutuka a fannin samar da ruwa da tsafta, kamar su Majalisar Hadin Gwiwa ta Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council) da Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsafta ta Kasa da Kasa (IRC) a kasar Netherlands sun fara amfani da ''WASH'' a matsayin babban lafazi na hadin gwiwa ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta.<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = de Jong D | date = 2003 | url = http://www.ircwash.org/resources/advocacy-water-environmental-sanitation-and-hygiene | title = Advocacy for water, environmental sanitation and hygiene - Thematic overview paper | publisher = IRC | location = The Netherlands }}</ref> Tun daga wancan lokacin, an amshi kalmar ''WASH'' ko'ina a matsayin gajertaccen lafazi mai sauki ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta a cikin mahallin ci gaban kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/sanhygpromo.pdf|access-date=2015-12-17|website=WHO.int}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar ''WatSan'' na wani lokaci, musamman a fannin ba da agajin gaggawa kamar a Hukumar Red Cross ta Duniya (IFRC) da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR),<ref>{{cite web | publisher = UNHCR Division of Operational Services | date = 2008 | url = http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=49d080df2&query=water | title = A Guidance for UNHCR Field Operations on Water and Sanitation Services. | location = Geneva, Switzerland | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> amma bai shahara sosai kamar WASH ba. == Al'umma da al'ada == === Manufofin duniya === {{Further|Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6|Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta}} [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar duniya don Manuniya 6.2.1a a shekarar 2022: Kason yawan jama'a da ke amfani da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta da ake gudanarwa cikin aminci<ref name="Ritchie_2018" />]] Tun daga shekarar 1990, Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF yake fitar da kiyasin ci gaban WASH na duniya a kai-a kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports {{!}} JMP |url=https://washdata.org/reports |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Transforming our world the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A/RES/70/1 |date=2015 |publisher=United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development |oclc=973387855}}</ref> Shirin na JMP shi ne ke da alhakin sanya idanu kan Manufar Ci Gaban Karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDG) Target 7.C, wando ke da nufin "raba gida biyu, nan da shekarar 2015, kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da ingantacciyar tsafta mai dorewa".<ref>{{cite web |title=Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=United Nations Millennium Development Goals website}}</ref> An sauya wannan a shekarar 2015 da Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (SDG 6), wacce ita ce "tabbatar da samuwa da kuma gudanarwa mai dorewa na ruwa da tsafta ga kowa da kowa" nan da shekarar 2030.<ref name=":14" /> Don samar da masgala (reference point) da za a iya sanya idanu kan ci gaban cimma nasarar SDGs, shirin na JMP ya fitar da rahoton "Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines".<ref name=":7" /> Fadada kewayon WASH da sanya idanu a wuraren da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da wuraren aiki, yana cikin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=R. |last2=Slaymaker |first2=T. |last3=Bartram |first3=J. |year=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758|bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> Hukumar WaterAid International kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce ke aiki kan inganta samun ruwan sha mai aminci a wasu kasashen da suka fi fama da talauci a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2011 |title=Where we work |url=http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121212941/http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |archive-date=21 November 2011 |access-date=5 December 2011 |publisher=WaterAid}}</ref> Hadin gwiwar Sanitation and Water for All wata kawance ce da ke tara gwamnatocin kasashe, masu ba da taimako, hukumomin MDD, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran abokan hulda na ci gaba. Suna aiki ne don inganta damar samun tsafta da samar da ruwa mai dorewa.<ref>United Nations Children's Fund. UNICEF's engagement in Sanitation and Water for All (2012-07). [http://www.unicef.org/partners/Partnership_profile_2012_Water_and_Sanitation_for_All_V5.pdf "UNICEF's engagement in Sanitation and Water for All"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103153136/http://www.unicef.org/partners/Partnership_profile_2012_Water_and_Sanitation_for_All_V5.pdf|date=3 January 2015}}.</ref> A shekarar 2014, kasashe 77 sun riga sun cika burin tsafta na MDG, 29 suna kan hanya, yayin da 79 ba sa kan karena.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017"/> === Lambobin yabo === Muhimman lambobin yabo ga daidai-da-daiku ko kungiyoyin da ke aiki a fannin WASH sun hada da Kyautar Ruwa ta Stockholm (Stockholm Water Prize) tun daga shekarar 1991 da kuma Lambar Yabo ta Tsafta ta Sarphati (Sarphati Sanitation Awards) tun daga shekarar 2013, don harkar kasuwancin tsafta. === Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === * UNICEF - Tsarin da UNICEF ta ayyana shi ne "cimma daidaitacciyar dama ga kowa na samun ruwan sha mai aminci kuma mai saukin kudi ga kowa".<ref>{{cite report | title = UNICEF Strategy for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene 2016-2030 | date = August 2016 | location = New York | publisher = UNICEF | url = https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016-2030.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004135458/https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016-2030.pdf | archive-date = 4 October 2017 }}</ref> UNICEF ta hada da shirye-shiryen WASH a cikin ayyukansu da makarantu a kasashe sama da 30.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water, sanitation and education &#124; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene &#124; UNICEF|work=UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/index_schools.html}}</ref> * UN-Water - wata kafa ce ta hadin gwiwar hukumomi da ke "daidaita ayyukan hukumomin MDD da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke aiki kan batutuwan ruwa da tsafta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UN-Water |url=https://www.unwater.org/about-unwater/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:GHWWSD.JPG|thumb|Bikin Ranar Wanke Hannu ta Duniya (Global Handwashing Day) a kasar Indonesia]] === Wayar da kai ta hynar kwanakin biki === Shekarar Tsafta ta Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2008 ta taimaka wajen kara mai da hankali ga samar da kudaden tallafi na tsafta a cikin shirye-shiryen WASH na masu ba da gudunmawa da dama. Alal misali, Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta kara yawan kudaden tallafinsu ga ayyukan tsafta tun daga shekarar 2009, tare da ba da muhimmanci sosai ga sake amfani da kashi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = von Muench E, Spuhler D, Surridge T, Ekane N, Andersson K, Fidan EG, Rosemarin A | date = 2013 | url = http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-2042-ssp-17okt20134-10-about-the-gates-sanitation-grants-on-forum.pdf | title = Sustainable Sanitation Alliance members take a closer look at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's sanitation grants | journal = Sustainable Sanitation Practice Journal | issue = 17 | pages = 4–10 | archive-date = 2016-11-30 | access-date = 2015-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161130222401/http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-2042-ssp-17okt20134-10-about-the-gates-sanitation-grants-on-forum.pdf }}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan wayar da kai game da mahimmancin WASH ta hynar kwanakin biki na kasa da kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya (World Water Day), Ranar Tsaftar Haila (Menstrual Hygiene Day), Ranar Ban Daki ta Duniya (World Toilet Day), da kuma Ranar Wanke Hannu ta Duniya (Global Handwashing Day). == Manazarta == qufyx1nl57pf65coc1yq9cuuxagh13r 0 152533 862491 841016 2026-06-20T23:14:34Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kifi */ 862491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Tana''' ( Amharic ; '''Tsana''' da aka rubuta a baya {{Sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} ) ita ce [[tafki]] mafi girma a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] kuma tushen Blue Nile . Tana cikin Yankin Amhara a tsaunukan arewa maso yammacin Habasha, tafkin yana da tsawon {{Convert|84|km|mi}} da faɗin {{Convert|66|km|mi}}, tare da zurfin {{Convert|15|m|ft}}, da tsayin {{Convert|1788|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |website=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref> Kogin [[Gilgel Aba|Gilgel Abay]], [[Kogin Reb|Reb]] da [[Kogin Gumara|Gumara]] suna ciyar da tafkin Tana. Yankin samansa ya kama daga {{Convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2}}, ya danganta da yanayi da ruwan sama. An tsara matakin tafkin tun lokacin da aka gina wurin sarrafawa inda tafkin ke kwarara zuwa cikin Blue Nile. Wannan yana sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa [[Faduwar ruwan Blue Nile|Blue Nile Falls]] (Tis Abbai) da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. A cikin shekara ta 2015, an zabi yankin Lake Tana a matsayin [[Ajiyyayyen yanayi|UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] wanda ya amince da muhimmancin halitta da al'adu na kasa da kasa. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Lake_Tana,_Ethiopia.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayoyi game da Tafkin Tana]] Tafkin Tana ya samo asali ne daga aikin dutsen wuta, wanda ya toshe kwararar koguna a farkon Pleistocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata. Tafkin ya fi girma fiye da yadda yake a yau. Manyan koguna bakwai na dindindin suna ciyar da tafkin da kuma kananan koguna 40 na yanayi. Manyan hanyoyin da ke cikin tafkin sune Gilgel Abbay (Kananan Kogin Nilu), da kogin Megech, Gumara, da Rib. Tafkin Tana yana da tsibirai da yawa, wanda yawan su ya bambanta da matakin tafkin. Ya fadi kusan {{Convert|6|ft|m}} a cikin shekaru 400 da suka gabata. A cewar Manuel de Almeida, wani mishan na Portugal a farkon karni na 17, akwai tsibirai 21, bakwai ko takwas daga cikinsu suna da masallatai a kansu "tsohon babba, amma yanzu sun ragu sosai". <ref name="Beckham" /> Lokacin da James Bruce ya ziyarci yankin a 1771, ya lura cewa mazauna garin sun ƙidaya tsibirai 45, amma ya bayyana cewa "adadin na iya zama kusan goma sha ɗaya. " Anton Stecker, a 1881, ya yi cikakken bincike game da tafkin, wanda ya ba da taswirar daidai, <ref name="Beckham" /> kuma ya ƙidaya kusan tsibirai 44. Wani masanin ilimin ƙasa na ƙarni na 20 mai suna tsibirai 37, wanda ya yi imanin cewa 19 suna da ko suna da masallatai ko majami'u a kansu.{{Sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} Ana adana ragowar Sarakunan Habasha na dā da dukiyar [[Kiristanci]] na Habasha a cikin masallatai na tsibirin da aka ware (ciki har da Kebran Gabriel, Ura Kidane Mehret, Narga Selassie, Daga Estifanos, [[Medhane Alem]] na Tsibirin Rema, Kota Maryam, da Mertola Maryam). A tsibirin Tana Qirqos wani dutse ne da aka nuna wa Paul B. Henze, inda aka gaya masa [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu]] ta huta a kan tafiyarta daga Masar; an kuma gaya masa cewa Frumentius, wanda ya gabatar da Kiristanci zuwa Habasha, an "ana binne shi a Tana Cherqos. " <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul B. Henze}}</ref> An binne jikin Yekuno Amlak a gidan ibada na St. Stephen a Tsibirin Daga. Sarkin sarakuna waɗanda kabarinsu ma a Daga sun haɗa da Dawit I, Zara Yaqob, Za Dengel, da Fasilides . Sauran mahimman tsibirai a Tafkin Tana sun haɗa da Dek, Mitraha, Gelila Zakariya, [[Halimun]] da [[Briguida]] . Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tabkuna na wurare masu zafi, ruwan da ke cikin Tafkin Tana yana da sanyi, yawanci yana daga kimanin {{Cvt|20|to(-)|27|C|F}} ° C (68-81 ° F). Ruwa yana da pH wanda yake tsaka-tsaki zuwa ɗan alkaline kuma bayyanarsa tana da ƙarancin gaske. Saboda manyan bambance-bambance na yanayi a cikin shigowar mahaukacinta, ruwan sama da evaporation, matakan ruwa na Tafkin Tana yawanci sun bambanta da 2-2.5 a cikin shekara, suna ƙaruwa a watan Satumba-Oktoba bayan babban lokacin rigar. Lokacin da matakan ruwa suka yi yawa, filayen da ke kewaye da tafkin sau da yawa suna ambaliya kuma wasu maras kyau na dindindin a yankin sun haɗu da tafkin. == Dabbobi == [[Fayil:Lily_pads,_Lake_Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads da ke iyo kusa da gabar a Tafkin Tana]] Tun da yake babu wani ruwa da ke haɗa tafkin zuwa wasu manyan hanyoyin ruwa kuma babban fitowar, Blue Nile, [[Faduwar ruwan Blue Nile|Blue Nile Falls]] ne ya hana shi, tafkin yana tallafawa dabbobin ruwa na musamman, wanda gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da nau'o'in daga Kogin Nilu.<ref name="FEOW">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}</ref> Matsayin abinci mai gina jiki na tafkin yana da ƙarancin gaske. === Kifi === Akwai nau'ikan kifaye 27 a Tafkin Tana kuma 20 daga cikinsu suna da yawa . Wannan ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin garken nau'ikan cyprinid guda biyu kacal da aka sani (ɗayan, daga Tafkin Lanao a Philippines, an lalata shi ta hanyar nau'ikan da aka gabatar). Ya ƙunshi manyan kifaye 15, har zuwa {{Convert|1|m}} dogayen bishiyoyin ''Labeobarbus'' waɗanda a da aka haɗa su a cikin ''Barbus'' maimakon haka. <ref name="FEOW">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 "Lake Tana"]. ''Freshwater Ecoregions of the World''. 2008. Archived from [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 the original] on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="barbs1">{{Cite journal |last=de Graaf |first=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}</ref> Daga cikin waɗannan, ''L. acutirostris'', ''L. longissimus'', ''L. megastoma'' da ''L. truttiformis'' suna da matuƙar kama da piscivorous, kuma ''L. dainellii'', ''L. gorguari'', ''L. macrophthalmus'' da ''L. platydorsus'' galibi suna kama da piscivorous. <ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Mafi mahimmancin abincinsu shine ƙaramin nau'in ''Enteromius'' da ''Garra'' . <ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> <ref name="barbs1" /> <ref name="barbs2">{{Cite journal |last=de Graaf |first=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}</ref> Sauran ''Labeobarbus'' da ke Tafkin Tana suna da wasu halaye na musamman na ciyarwa: ''L. beso'' (wanda ba shi da alaƙa da sauran) yana ciyar da algae, ''L. surkis'' galibi yana ciyar da macrophytes, ''L. gorgorensis'' akan macrophytes da molluscs, ''L. brevicephalus'' akan zooplankton (duk da haka, ƙananan yara na dukkan membobin nau'in garken suna ciyar da zooplankton), ''L. osseensis'' akan macrophytes da kwari na manya, da ''L. crassibarbis'', ''L. intermedius'' (wanda ba shi da alaƙa da sauran), ''L. nedgia'' da ''L. tsanensis'' akan ƙananan halittu masu ƙashin baya kamar tsutsotsi na chironomid . Daga cikin ''Labeobarbus'' masu alaƙa da sauran, nau'ikan halittu takwas suna fitowa a cikin dausayin tafkin kuma sauran suna motsawa lokaci-lokaci zuwa cikin magudanar ruwa inda suke haihuwa. <ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> ===Kammala kamun kifi da barazana=== [[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Daban-daban nau'ikan kifin Labeobarbus da Tarwada da aka kama a tafkin]] Tafkin Tana yana tallafawa babban masana'antar kamun kifi, musamman dangane da kifin Labeobarbus, kifin gurguri (Nile tilapia) da kuma tarwada (sharptooth catfish). A cewar Ma'aikatar Kamun Kifi da Kiwon Kifi ta Habasha, an kwashe tan 1,454 na kifi a shekarar 2011 a Bahir Dar, wanda ma'aikatar ta yi amfani da kiyasin cewa kashi 15% ne kawai na adadin da za a iya kamawa mai dorewa.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=28 February 2008 }}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003</ref> Duk da haka, a cikin wani bita da ya kwatanta kamun kifi na shekarar 2001 da na shekaru goma da suka gabata, an gano cewa girman kifin gurguri da na tarwada ya ragu sosai, kuma yawan kifin Labeobarbus da ke hayayyafa a rassan kogunan ya ragu sosai.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Daga cikin kifin da ke wannan yankin kadai, yawancinsu ana daukar su a matsayin masu fuskantar barazana (cikin hatsari ko kuma masu rauni) ko kuma wadanda ba a da isasshen bayanai a kansu ta fannin tantance matsayinsu daga hukumar IUCN.<ref>{{cite web | year=2019 | title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ | publisher=IUCN | access-date=18 November 2019 }}<!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --></ref> A farkon shekarun 2000, gwamnatin yankin ta gabatar da dokar kamun kifi a karon farko, kuma ana fatan wannan zai yi tasiri mai kyau ga yawan kifin.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Sauran barazana masu tsanani sun hada da lalata mazaunin halittu da gurbata muhalli. Bahir Dar ya zama babban birni kuma yana bunkasa cikin sauri; gaba daya ana zuba ruwan tuka (kazanta) na birnin kai tsaye cikin tafkin.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Shuke-shuken da ke dausayin tafkin, wadanda ke da muhimmanci ga renon kifin Labeobarbus da sauran kifi, ana share su cikin sauri. Wata barazana mai tsanani ga wannan tsarin muhalli na musamman ita ce shigar da wani babban kifi mai cin nama kuma mai hazaka kamar kifin Giwan Ruwa (Nile perch), wanda ya haddasa bacewar nau'ikan halittu da dama a Tafkin Victoria. Kifin Labeobarbus mai cin kifi na Tafkin Tana ba shi da hazakar farauta sosai, inda zai iya cin kifi ne kawai wanda girmansa bai wuce kashi 15% na tsayin kansa ba.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ===Sauran dabbobi=== [[File: Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsayen gado (Pelicans) a Tafkin Tana]] Daga cikin sauran dabbobi, tafkin yana tallafawa tsuntsaye da halittu marasa kashi kalilan: Akwai nau'ikan dabbobin dake da katantanwa (mollusks) guda goma sha biyar, ciki har da nau'i daya na musamman na yankin, sannan akwai soso na ruwan dadi (sponge) na musamman na yankin.<ref name=FEOW/> Kimanin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 230, gami da tsuntsayen dausayi sama da 80 kamar tsuntsun gado (great white pelican), tsuntsun darter na Afirka, hamerkop, shamuwa (storks), tsuntsun spoonbill na Afirka, ibis, agwagi, tsuntsayen kingfisher da kuma mikiya mai cin kifi ta Afirka, an san su a Tafkin Tana.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Wuri ne mai mahimmanci na hutu da neman abinci ga tsuntsayen ruwa masu yin hijira daga yankin Palearctic.<ref name=FEOW/> Babu kada a cikinsa, amma an yi rajistar samun kunkurun ruwa mai laushi na Afirka da kuma gubbi (Nile monitor) kusa da inda kogin Blue Nile ke fita daga tafkin.<ref>Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}</ref> Dorinar ruwa kuma suna nan, galibi kusa da inda kogin Blue Nile ke fita.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> == Manazarta == pw9v3ibapc9fv98i02e99rv6x2z9ifl 0 153492 862534 843469 2026-06-21T01:40:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Masana'antar zubar da ciki''''' kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita da farko a cikin fafutukar siyasa don komawa ga masu ba da zubar da cikin ciki, kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da ke da hannu wajen isar da ayyukan zubar da zubar.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite journal |last=Weitz |first=Tracy A. |date=2024 |title=Making sense of the economics of abortion in the United States |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |publisher=Wiley/Planned Parenthood Federation of America |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/psrh.12288 |pmc=11606007 |pmid=39537337}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite journal |last=Elvins |first=Sarah |last2=Parkin |first2=Katherine |date=2025 |title=The business of abortion: referral services, cross-border consumption, and Canadian women's access to abortion in New York State, 1970–1972 |journal=Enterprise & Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=26 |pages=197–217 |doi=10.1017/eso.2023.61 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masu adawa da zubar da ciki suna amfani da kalmar a kusa da duniya. Duk da yake magoya bayan zubar da ciki gabaɗaya za su koma ga abubuwa ɗai-ɗai, ana amfani da kalmar "masana'antar zubar da cikin ciki" don ba da shawarar cewa akwai dalilin da ya dace, neman riba da aka raba tsakanin su. <ref name="auto5">{{Cite journal |last=Newsweek |date=15 February 2022 |title=The Abortion Industry, Like Big Tobacco Before It, Undermines Science |url=https://www.newsweek.com/abortion-industry-like-big-tobacco-before-it-undermines-science-opinion-1678488 |journal=Newsweek |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Martha |last2=Stolow |first2=Jeni |last3=Burdick |first3=Micki |last4=Mercieca |first4=Amy |date=2025 |title=Contested narratives: A qualitative analysis of abortion testimonies in Louisiana legislature |journal=Frontiers in Global Women's Health |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fgwh.2025.1533813 |pmc=12043522 |pmid=40313360 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kalmomin da amfani == Littattafan ilimi da lafiyar jama'a yawanci suna amfani da kalmomi masu bayyanawa kamar Masu ba da zubar da ciki, sabis na zubar da jini ko sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa yayin nazarin ƙungiya, kuɗi da isar da kulawa.[1] Sabanin haka, kalmar masana'antar zubar da ciki ta zama ruwan dare a cikin sharhin siyasa da bayar da shawarwari (musamman tsakanin kungiyoyin masu adawa da zubar da cikin ciki) don nuna masu samarwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa a cikin mahimman kalmomi.[2] == Ci gaban tarihi == Masana tarihi sun bayyana nau'o'i daban-daban na samar da zubar da ciki a duk karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, sannan ci gaban tsakiyar karni na 20 na ayyukan asibiti da kuma shirya hanyoyin sadarwar turawa a cikin hukunce-hukuncen inda zubar da cikin doka ko kuma 'yanci.<ref name="auto6"/> Bincike kan takardun samun dama ta kan iyaka ya nuna yadda hukumomin turawa da tafiye-tafiye suka kirkiro kasuwanni don ayyuka lokacin da aka ƙuntata samar da gida.<ref name="auto6" /> == Masu samarwa da tsarin ƙungiyoyi == Haɗin asibitoci masu zaman kansu, sabis na asibiti, cibiyoyin sadarwar da ba su da riba na ƙasa da masu ba da sabis na zubar da ciki; a cikin karni na 21, ƙungiyoyin telehealth da kantin magani na kan layi sun zama fitattun masu ba da zubar da jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 April 2025 |title=Abortion in the United States: Fact Sheet |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last=Brander |first=Caroline |date=1 October 2024 |title=Online medication abortion direct-to-patient fulfilment patterns before and after Dobbs |journal=JAMA Network Open |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e2434675 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34675 |pmc=11452820 |pmid=39365583}}</ref> Ya zuwa Maris 2024, akwai asibitoci 765 na tubali da ke ba da kula da zubar da ciki a Amurka, daga 807 a cikin 2020, ba tare da asibitocin a cikin jihohi 14 da ke aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a wannan lokacin ba.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |date=2024 |title=The Number of Brick-and-Mortar Abortion Clinics Drops, as Total Bans Eliminate Services in 14 States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-clinics-united-states-2020-2024 |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> Bayanan bayanai na kayan aiki kuma suna bin diddigin saurin tashi na masu samar da kiwon lafiya, wanda aka ba da damar a wasu hukunce-hukunce ta hanyar "dokokin garkuwar" da ke kare likitocin da ke ba da umarni a fadin layin jihohi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Riley |date=August 2024 |title=Trends in Abortion Services in the United States, 2017–2023 |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/2024-08/AFD%20Trends%20in%20Abortion%20Services%20in%20the%20United%20States%202017-2023_Final%20UPDATED.pdf |journal=ANSIRH Abortion Facility Database Working Paper |publisher=Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (UCSF) |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> == Samun dama, yanayin ƙasa da telemedicine == Bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta 2022 <nowiki><i id="mwcg">Dobbs da Jackson</i></nowiki>, takardun bincike da yawa sun karu a matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye zuwa wuraren zubar da ciki na mutum da kuma hauhawar samar da telemedicine (gami da magungunan jigilar kaya zuwa jihohin da aka haramta). <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Rader |first=Brooke |date=1 December 2022 |title=Estimated travel time and spatial access to abortion facilities in the US |journal=JAMA |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=328 |issue=20 |pages=2041–2047 |doi=10.1001/jama.2022.20424 |pmc=9627517 |pmid=36318194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANSIRH |date=1 November 2022 |title=Data show travel time to abortion facilities increased after Dobbs |url=https://www.ansirh.org/research/research/data-shows-travel-time-abortion-facilities-increased-after-fall-roe |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=ANSIRH |publisher=University of California, San Francisco}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka sake dubawa a kan samar da kan layi da kuma zubar da ciki na maganin kai tsaye - gami da nazarin Mata a Yanar Gizo da Taimako - yana samun tasiri da aminci a ƙarƙashin samfuran telemedicine a cikin saitunan da ke da shingen doka ko na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aiken |first=Abigail R. A. |date=17 May 2017 |title=Self-reported outcomes and adverse events after medical abortion through online telemedicine: population based study |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2011 |journal=BMJ |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j2011 |pmc=5431774 |pmid=28512085 |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norman |first=Wendy V. |date=2017 |title=Abortion by telemedicine: an equitable option for Irish women |journal=BMJ: Sexual & Reproductive Health |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j2237 |pmc=5431773 |pmid=28512132}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> Jagoran duniya daga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ya fahimci cewa za'a iya sarrafa zubar da ciki cikin aminci tare da hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar a cikin saitunan da suka dace, gami da gudanar da kai a farkon ciki a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=21 September 2022 |title=Abortion care guideline (self-management of medical abortion, 2022 update) |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-SRH-22.1 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=WHO |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> == Tsarin mulki da tasirin manufofi == Dokokin kudade, ka'idojin kayan aiki, manufofin telehealth, da hukuncin aikata laifuka suna tsara inda kuma yadda ake isar da ayyuka da kuma shafar haɗuwa da asibiti da tanadi mai nisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IWPR |date=2024 |title=The Economic and Workforce Impact of Restrictive Abortion Laws |url=https://iwpr.org/publications/economic-workforce-impact-restrictive-abortion/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Institute for Women's Policy Research |publisher=IWPR }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Binciken lambobin kayan aiki ya nuna raguwar net a asibitocin tubali da tubali bayan 2020, mai da hankali a jihohin da aka haramta, tare da ci gaba a cikin wadatar sabis na telehealth da amfani.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Riley |date=20 June 2023 |title=Availability of telehealth services for medication abortion, 2020–2022 |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/AFD%20Telehealth%20Issue%20Brief%206-14-23%20Final.pdf |journal=ANSIRH Issue Brief |publisher=UCSF |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> === Da'awar da shaidu a cikin jawabin jama'a === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Da'awar da aka saba da ita a cikin jawabin jama'a game da "masana'antar zubar da ciki" da kuma abin da manyan kafofin suka bayar da rahoto ! scope="col" style="width:22%" |Da'awar (sake gyara) ! scope="col" style="width:53%" |Abin da tushen da za a iya dogara da shi ya bayar da rahoto ! scope="col" style="width:25%" |Muhimman tushe |- !Ana amfani da kwayar tayin da aka zubar a cikin kayayyakin masu amfani (misali, abinci ko kayan shafawa) |Binciken gaskiya masu zaman kansu da FDA ta Amurka sun ce abinci masu amfani ba su da ƙwayoyin tayin. Rashin jituwa ya samo asali ne daga layin tantanin halitta na dakin gwaje-gwaje na shekarun da suka gabata da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bincike / gwaji; waɗannan ba sinadaran ba ne a cikin samfuran ƙarshe. Irin wannan da'awar game da kayan kwalliya ba su da tushe a cikin rahotanni na yau da kullun; lokacin da aka yi amfani da sunadarai da aka samo daga layin sel a cikin tallace-tallace ko R&D, ba su da nama a cikin samfurin kanta. | ; ; "Abin sha na PepsiCo ba su da 'ƙwayoyin tayin da aka zubar'". Reuters. Reuters. 15 ga Yulin 2021. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.    |- !"An sayar da ragowar mama don riba" |Dokar tarayya ta Amurka ta haramta canja wurin kwayar ɗan adam don "la'akari mai mahimmanci"; kawai an ba da izinin biyan kuɗin da ya dace (misali, sufuri, sarrafawa). Cin zarafi laifi ne. Jagoran Tarayya da taƙaitaccen bincike na Majalisa sun bayyana waɗannan ƙuntatawa. | ; ; "HHS Bayanan Manufofin Bayani §4.1.14 (Binciken Kwayar Mutum) ". NIH. Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=42 U.S.C. § 289g-2 — Prohibitions regarding human fetal tissue |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/289g-2 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 June 2021 |title=Fetal Tissue Research: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10809 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=Library of Congress}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=HHS Grants Policy Statement §4.1.14 (Human Fetal Tissue Research) |url=https://grants.nih.gov/policy/human-fetal-tissue-research.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NIH |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services}} |- !"An girbe Adrenochrome daga yara kuma an sayar da shi" |Wannan labari ne na Ka'idar makirci. Adrenochrome sanannen samfurin oxidation ne na epinephrine wanda za'a iya hada shi; babu wata shaida ta girbi daga yara. Binciken gaskiya ya danganta irin wannan da'awar zuwa QAnon da irin wannan tatsuniyoyin intanet. | ; ; {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 August 2025 |title=Adrenochrome |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/adrenochrome |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica}}   |- !"Yawancin zubar da ciki yana faruwa a ƙarshen ciki" |Kula da CDC ya nuna cewa yawancin suna faruwa da wuri: a cikin 2022, 92.8% a ≤ makonni 13 na ciki; kawai game da 1% a ≥ makonni 21 na ciki tsakanin wuraren bayar da rahoto. |{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/ss/ss7307a1.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=MMWR |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} |- !"Masu biyan haraji ne ke biyan zubar da ciki; masu ba da kuɗi suna da sha'awar kuɗi a cikin mafi girma". |Kudin Medicaid na Tarayya an ƙuntata su ta hanyar Hyde Amendment (hadarin rayuwa, fyade, dangi). Wasu jihohi (≈20) suna amfani da kudaden jihar kawai don rufe ƙarin zubar da ciki; wasu da yawa ba sa, suna barin marasa lafiya su biya kansu ko dogaro da inshora masu zaman kansu ko kudaden zubar da cikin ciki. Farashin ya bambanta ta hanyar da kuma isar da shi: KFF ta ba da rahoton matsakaicin 2023 na $ 600 a asibitocin tubali da tubali don zubar da ciki na magani vs. $ 150 ta hanyar asibitoci masu kama da juna; biyan kuɗi na Medicaid na jihar ya bambanta sosai. Wadannan manufofi suna bayyana wanda ke biyan kuɗi kuma ba tabbacin " riba daga nama ba ne". | ; ; "Tallafin Gwamnati na zubar da ciki a karkashin Medicaid". KFF State Health Facts. KFF. 5 Nuwamba 2024. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025. ; {{Cite web |last=Diep |first=Karen |date=15 July 2025 |title=Abortion Trends Before and After Dobbs |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/abortion-trends-before-and-after-dobbs/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 March 2024 |title=The Hyde Amendment and Coverage for Abortion Services under Medicaid |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/the-hyde-amendment-and-coverage-for-abortion-services-under-medicaid-in-the-post-roe-era/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 November 2024 |title=State Funding of Abortions Under Medicaid |url=https://www.kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/abortion-under-medicaid/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF State Health Facts |publisher=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024–2025 |title=Medicaid reimbursement ranges for abortion services |url=https://www.kff.org/page/67/?entry=health-status-and-outcomes-birth-risks-and-outcomes |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}} |- !"Mutane masu launin fata suna samun mafi yawan zubar da ciki saboda ayyukan da aka yi niyya daga masu samarwa" |Bayanan CDC sun nuna bambance-bambance ta launin fata / kabilanci tsakanin yankunan bayar da rahoto (misali, 2022: 39.5% Black, 31.9% White, 21.2% Hispanic). CDC ta yi gargadi cewa tseren / kabilanci alamomi ne, ba direbobi ba, kuma bambance-bambance suna nuna manyan abubuwan tsari da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma shingen samun dama. |{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/ss/ss7307a1.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=MMWR |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} |- !"Zubar da ciki yana haifar da ciwon nono ko rashin haihuwa" |Manyan hukumomin kiwon lafiya ba da rahoton cewa babu wata alaƙa da ke tsakanin zubar da ciki da ciwon nono; kula da zubar da cikin gida na doka yana da aminci tare da manyan rikitarwa. |"Abortion da Hadarin Ciwon Cutar Cutar Ciki". American Cancer Society. ACS. 7 Yuni 2024. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025. ; <nowiki>{{cite web}}</nowiki>: CS1 maint: sunaye da yawa: jerin marubuta (link); "Tarihin haifuwa da Hadarin Ciwon daji". NCI. Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa. 9 ga Nuwamba 2016. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 June 2024 |title=Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/medical-treatments/abortion-and-breast-cancer-risk.html |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=American Cancer Society |publisher=ACS}}{{Cite web |last=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |date=2018 |title=The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States (Summary) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507229/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NCBI Bookshelf |publisher=National Academies Press}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 November 2016 |title=Reproductive History and Cancer Risk |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/reproductive-history-fact-sheet |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NCI |publisher=National Cancer Institute}} |- !"Rashin zubar da ciki ba shi da tsari / ba shi da tabbas" |An amince da Mifepristone ta FDA tun daga shekara ta 2000 tare da kula da Binciken Hadari da Shirye-shiryen Ragewa (REMS); taƙaitaccen abubuwan da suka faru na FDA na 2024 da kuma sake dubawa masu zaman kansu sun sami ƙarancin rikitarwa masu tsanani da ƙarancin mutuwa. | ; <nowiki>{{cit web}}</nowiki>: CS1 maint: sunaye da yawa: jerin marubuta (link) {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 December 2024 |title=Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2024 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/185245/download |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=FDA |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}{{Cite web |last=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |date=2018 |title=The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24950/the-safety-and-quality-of-abortion-care-in-the-united-states |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=National Academies Press}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Zubar da ciki]] * Magunguna zubar da ciki * Telehealth == Manazarta == 42mme9jcdfiklys8jo8d88cgg5xx5nh 0 153733 862563 844074 2026-06-21T05:26:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mekfoula Mint Brahim''' 'yar mata ce kuma mai kare hakkin dan adam a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], tana yaki da nuna bambanci da kuma magana game da tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini. Ita ce Shugabar Pour une Mauritanie Verte et Démocratique ("For a Green and Democratic Mauritania"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania: "A sword hanging over our heads" : The repression of activists speaking out against discrimination and slavery in Mauritania |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=afr38%2f7812%2f2018&language=en |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Mekfoula a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 (ba ta san ranar haihuwarta ba saboda iyayenta ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba) a Tawaz, ƙauye a yankin Adrar kuma tana da 'yan'uwa mata 3 da' yan'uwa maza 3. Ta yi aure sau 4 kuma tana da ɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Resistencias |date=29 October 2016 |title=RESISTENCIAS: MEKFOULA BRAHIM. Ser resistencia |url=http://mariacastroserantes.blogspot.com/2016/10/mekhfoula-brahim-ser-resistencia_70.html |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=RESISTENCIAS}}</ref> Ta yi karatu don zama masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Oncology ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Mamoudou Lamine |date=December 2014 |title=Mekfoula Mint Brahim, biologiste et activiste : La Juste de l'Adrar |url=http://mozaikrim.over-blog.com/2014/12/mekhfoula-mint-brahim-biologiste-et-activiste-la-juste-de-l-adrar.html |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Mozaikrim |language=fr}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Mekfoula Mint Brahim shi ne Shugaban Pour une Mauritanie Verte et Démocratique (For a Green and Democratic [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2009 wacce ke aiki tare da matasa don karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma tana jagorantar ayyukan karfafa mata a yankunan karkara. Tana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya da na zamantakewa don yin magana game da ayyukan nuna bambanci a Mauritania, gami da mata da membobin al'ummomin [[Haratin]] da Afro-Mauritanian, da kuma ramuwar gayya ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAURITANIA: "A SWORD HANGING OVER OUR HEADS" |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=afr38%2f7812%2f2018&language=en |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=18 December 2019 |website=amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Ta sha wahala a cikin kamfen ɗin lalata a cikin kafofin sada zumunta ta ƙungiyoyin addinai kuma ta sami barazanar mutuwa da yawa. An bayar da fatwa a kan ita da abokinta kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam Aminetou Mint El-Moctar a cikin 2014 bayan sun yi kira da a soke hukuncin kisa na mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma fursunonin siyasa Mohamed Mkhaïtir. An zarge ta da ridda wanda za'a iya azabtar da ita da mutuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Mekfoula na daga cikin shugabannin kare hakkin dan adam 15 da za a ba su kyautar Franco-Jamusanci don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a wacce ta amince da "ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga karewa da inganta' yancin dan adam da mulkin doka a kasarsu da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. " Mekfoule na daga cikin 'yan Afirka biyar da aka amince da su, ciki har da [[Aminata Dramane Traoré|Aminata Traoré]], [[Mohamed Lotfy (mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam)|Mohamed Lotfy]], Vuyiseka Dubula-Majola da Alfredo Okenve Ndoho . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2018 |title=Five Africans awarded Franco-German Prize for Human Rights {{!}} Africa Times |url=https://africatimes.com/2018/11/22/five-africans-awarded-franco-german-prize-for-human-rights/ |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=africatimes.com |language=en-US |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122164841/https://africatimes.com/2018/11/22/five-africans-awarded-franco-german-prize-for-human-rights/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, jakadan Faransa a Mauritania ya sanya ta Chevalier de l'ordre de la Légion d'honneur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mekfoula Mint Brahim honorée de la médaille de Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur |url=https://mr.ambafrance.org/Mekfoula-Mint-Brahim-honoree-de-la-medaille-de-Chevalier-de-la-Legion-d-Honneur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306213748/https://mr.ambafrance.org/Mekfoula-Mint-Brahim-honoree-de-la-medaille-de-Chevalier-de-la-Legion-d-Honneur |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=La France en Mauritanie |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] td6q2dsqoaakr071mggl6md5u9z9893 0 153789 862541 844276 2026-06-21T02:56:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shirye-shiryen: Ruwa''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa, wacce ba ta gwamnati ba wacce aka sadaukar da ita don karfafa ruwa, tsaftacewa, da iyawar tsabta a yankuna masu tasowa da yankunan rikici don inganta lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=RWSN-Initiative: Eau |url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/member-organisations/details/103 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raptim |title=Raptim- 55 Water NGOs You Should Know |url=https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020123134/https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Initiative: Eau |title=Initiative: Eau Intro |url=https://www.initiativeeau.org/#ieau-intro |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 2013, Initiative: Eau yana da hedkwata a Washington, DC, Amurka tare da ofishinsa na yanki na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]]. Kungiyar tana cikin Matsayi na Musamman tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun daga shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council |title=Decision 2017/217 Applications for consultative status and requests for reclassification received from non-governmental organizations |url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.un.org.ecosoc/files/documents/2017/decision.2017.217.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council Committee on NGOs |title=Commencing 2018 Regular Session, Non-Governmental Organization Committee Recommends Status for 95 Groups, Defers Action on 37 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ecosoc6878.doc.htm |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Shirin: Ruwa memba ne na Sanitation da Ruwa ga Duka, Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya, Cibiyar Sadarwar Ruwa ta Karkara, da Cibiyar Sashen Duniya na Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a don Rage Bala'i.<ref name="telescope">{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives community development grant from U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-community-development-grant-from-u-s-embassy-ouagadougou/190715 |access-date=July 30, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Fasaha Innovation daga International Society for Neglected Tropical Diseases (ISNTD) Taron Ruwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don WASHMobile, wanda ya riga shirin H2Odata.city na yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamran Rafiq |title=ISNTD Water 2016 - Meeting report |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/isntd-water-2016-meeting-report-kamran-rafiq/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An sanya wa kungiyar suna "2019 Top-Rated Nonprofit" ta GreatNonprofits kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Platinum ta 2020 daga GuideStar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GreatNonprofits |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/initiative-eau |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GuideStar |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/46-3599128 |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin: Donald Joseph Brooks da Christina Long ne suka kafa Eau a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2013 a Bangor, Maine, Amurka. Su biyun sun kirkiro shirin ne bayan gabatarwa a makarantar sakandare da ke kwatanta [[Rashin ruwa|Rikicin Ruwa]] a Burkina Faso. Shirin: An samo ruwa daga jerin tseren hanyar sadaka na kilomita 5 wanda ya faru a Maine da arewacin Massachusetts.<ref name="MCB">{{Cite web |last=Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |title=UNDERGRADUATE INITIATIVES: I: EAU |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/education/undergraduate-initiatives-i-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2016, kungiyar tana da ma'aikata 14 a fadin nahiyoyi uku.<ref name="MCB"/> == Ayyukan da suka gabata == '''H2Odata.city''' H2OData.city wani aikin dorewar ababen more rayuwa ne na ruwa don inganta sa ido kan ababen more more rayuwa na gida da kuma iyawa ta hanyar horo da kuma alhakin hukumomin kulawa. Wani misali na aikin a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]] mai suna H2Odata.city.fada kwanan nan an ba da kuɗin ta hanyar tallafin ci gaban al'umma daga Ofishin Jakadancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] zuwa Burkina Faso a [[Ouagadougou]] da kuma wani daga Gidauniyar Duniya.<ref name="telescope"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives grant from the International Foundation for H2Odata.city.fada |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-grant-from-the-international-foundation-for-h2odata-city-fada/191059 |access-date=August 8, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana sa ran aikin zai haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin adadin lalacewar tushen ruwa da raguwar 83% a cikin yawan lokacin da tushen ruwa ya kasance ba ya aiki bayan ya fashe a cikin birni. Foire de l'Eau The Foire de la Eau wani taron shekara-shekara ne wanda Initiative: Ruwa da Gidauniyar BARKA suka shirya. An gudanar da taron na farko tsakanin 21 da 25 Maris 2018 a Fada N'gourma, kuma shi ne taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Cite web |last=African Water Association |title=COMMÉMORATION DE LA JOURNÉE MONDIALE DE L'EAU : UNE FOIRE ORGANISÉE À FADA N'GOURMA |url=https://afwa-hq.org/fichiers/afwanews/MAGAZINE-AfWA-NEWS-121avril2018.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An shirya shi tare da abokan hulɗa da yawa ciki har da Eau Vive, WaterAid, Hukumar Ruwa ta Gourma, Ofishin Ruwa da Ruwa na Kasa (ONEA), [[UNICEF]], da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya ta Burkina Faso. Wannan taron ya yi niyyar inganta hadin kai da hadin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban na Burkinabè ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta (WASH).<ref>{{Cite web |last=allAfrica |title=Burkina Faso: Foire de l'eau à Fada - "Fondation Barka" et "Initiative Eau" conjuguent leurs efforts |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201803290287.html |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eau Vive Internationale |title=Burkina Faso : 1ère édition de la Foire de l'Eau |url=http://www.eau-vive.org/fr/internationale/actus/burkina-faso-1ere-edition-de-la-foire-de-l-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=World Waternet |title=The first Foire de l'Eau in Fada n'Gourma |url=https://www.wereldwaternet.nl/en/blogs/ewoud--l-agence-de-leau-du-gourma/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == cnu96fyg3xf8gtzapymez9fsf8t9a2l 0 154195 862627 845276 2026-06-21T07:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Micheal Oladimeji Faborode''' (an haife shi a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1956) shi dan Nigeriya ne Mai Kula da illimi kuma farfesa a fannin Injiniyan Noma . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://m.dailytimes.com.ng/article/educationists-advocate-ppp-universities-infrastructural-financing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006123921/http://m.dailytimes.com.ng/article/educationists-advocate-ppp-universities-infrastructural-financing |archive-date=2014-10-06 |access-date=2014-10-02}}</ref> Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University graduates not likely to be suicide bombers –Faborode |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/08/university-graduates-not-likely-to-be-suicide-bombers-faborode/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114257/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/08/university-graduates-not-likely-to-be-suicide-bombers-faborode/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Telegraph – Ex-VC seeks intervention for varsities' funding |url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/ex-vc-seeks-intervention-for-varsities-funding/ |access-date=2 October 2014 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISSUU - Dnw wednesday 01 01 2014 e version by Daily Newswatch |url=http://issuu.com/dailynwatch/docs/dnw_wednesday_01-01-2014-e-version/55 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Issuu}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Faborode a Supare, wani gari a jihar Akoko Ondo, [[Najeriya]] ga zuri'ar marigayi Pa. S.O Faborode . Ya halarci makarantar firamare a St. John's, Oka-Akoko Ondo jihar Najeriya da kuma makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Victory, Ikare Akoko . Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.sc) da Master of Science (M.sc) a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]], sannan Jami'ar Ife. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) a [[Injinia.|Injiniya]] a Jami'ar Newcastle, [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nigeria Academy of Engineering :: promoting excellence in technology and engineering training and practice to ensure the technological growth and economic development of Nigeria |url=http://www.nae.org.ng/fellows_profiles.asp?id=134 |access-date=2 October 2014 |publisher= |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092807/http://www.nae.org.ng/fellows_profiles.asp?id=134 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == An nada Faborode a matsayin mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo na 9, a watan Yulin shekarar 2006, bayan mulkin farfesa Rogers Makanjuola (VC, tsakanin shekarar 1999 da 2006). Kafin a nada Faborode a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyoyi masu sana'a da yawa. Ya kasance tsohon mataimakin shugaban COREN, ƙungiyar injiniya a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.niaeuyo2013.com/index.php/79-featured-speaker?start=12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121627/http://www.niaeuyo2013.com/index.php/79-featured-speaker?start=12 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |access-date=2014-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faborode Oladimeji Michael |url=http://mepinetwork.org/2013speakers/item/1280-faborode-oladimeji-michael.html |access-date=2 October 2014 |publisher= |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130355/http://mepinetwork.org/2013speakers/item/1280-faborode-oladimeji-michael.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi memba ne kuma ɗan ƙungiyar ƙwararru da yawa. Shi memba ne, Ƙungiyar Commonwealth Association of Nigeria, Ƙungiyar Kayan Najeriya, Ƙungiyar Biomathematics ta Najeriya da Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Aikin Gona ta Amirka. Shi ɗan Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya ne, Ƙungiyar injiniyoyin aikin gona ta Najeriya (yanzu [https://niae.net/ Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Aikin Gona ta Najeriya]), [[Kwalejin Injiniya ta Najeriya]] kuma ɗan kungiyan ne wanda ake girmamawa, [[Nigerian Institute of Building|Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya]] (NIOB). == Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka == * An ba shi lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta [http://niobnat.org.ng/ Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya] (NIOB) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awardee- Professor Faborode |url=http://www.atlgreatifealumni.org/proffaborode |access-date=2 October 2014 |publisher= |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717153115/http://www.atlgreatifealumni.org/proffaborode |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Kungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya (NSE) a shekarar 1989 * [https://www.nuc.edu.ng/ Hukumar Jami'ar Kasa] (NUC) 40th Anniversary OAU distinguished Alumni Award * [[Association of Professional Bodies of Nigeria|Ƙungiyar Kwararrun Najeriya]] Kyautar Kwararrun == Zaɓuɓɓukan ayyukan da aka buga == * Aregbesola, O. A., Faborode, M. O., & Ezeokoli, O. I. (2016). Kayan aikin injiniya na Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyxes. ''Injiniyan Noma na Duniya: CIGR Journal'', ''18'' (3), 225-232. * Faborode, M. O. (1986). ''Halin matsawa da shakatawa na kayan aikin gona masu laushi'' (Rubuce-rubucen Dokta, Jami'ar Newcastle a kan Tyne). * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tasirin sigogi na bushewa akan halaye na bushewa da ingancin garin cassava. ''Jaridar Afirka ta Kimiyya da Fasaha'', ''6'' (7), 185-193. * Elime, A., Mpele, M., Ohandja, A., Jeremie, M., Rehman, A., Sarviya, R. M., ... & Mandal, S. Biodegradation na Wasu Bioplastic Materials a karkashin Bambancin Nau'ikan Kasa don Amfani da Biodegradable Drip Tubes Abstract PDF. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] gx44kwjns3ulbmlpp55p2v71almghlj 0 154255 862537 845454 2026-06-21T01:53:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862537 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Daga shekarar 1960 zuwa 1963, [[Taraiyar Najeriya|Najeriya]] ƙasa ce mai 'yancin kai kuma mai cin gashin kanta ta tsarin mulki. Najeriya ta raba masarautar da Ostiraliya, Kanada, Burtaniya, da wasu ƙasashe masu 'yancin kai . Matsayin masarautar a tsarin mulki galibi ana ba shi ne ga [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|gwamnan Najeriya]]. Sarauniya [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth ta Biyu]] ita ce kaɗai sarauniya da ta yi sarauta a wannan lokacin. Saboda haka, an ba ta lakabin '''Sarauniyar Najeriya''' a hukumance. An kawar da masarautar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1963, lokacin da Najeriya ta ɗauki [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. == Tarihi == [[Taraiyar Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] ta maye gurbin [[Mallakar Najeriya|Masarautar Najeriya da Kare ta]] a cikin [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1954. Da farko Tarayyar ta kasance karkashin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya na kusan tarayya. Ta zama mai ' yancin kai a cikin [[Kasashen common wealth|Tarayyar Kasashen Duniya]] a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960 a karkashin ''Dokar 'Yancin Kan Najeriya'' ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta 1960. Gimbiya Alexandra ta Kent ta wakilci Sarauniya a bikin samun 'yancin kai. Ta tashi zuwa Legas a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1960, kuma dubban mutane suka yi maraba da ita a Najeriya. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, Gimbiya ta gabatar da kayan aikin 'yancin kai na Najeriya, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci, ga [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] wanda ya zama Firayim Minista. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, Gimbiya ta bude majalisar tarayya ta farko ta 'yancin kai ta Najeriya, a madadin Sarauniya, a gaban taron jama'a da jami'an diflomasiyya. Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya kuma Gwamna Janar da aka nada, ya yi wa Gimbiya jawabi, yana roƙonta ta bude Majalisar ta hanyar karanta Jawabin Daga Kuraye . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NIGERIAN INDEPENDENCE |url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/b61d91d733724e6db074bc16fd408b19 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=AP Archive}}</ref> Gimbiya daga baya ta yi tafiya ta jihar Legas, tana yin bankwana a hukumance ga 'yan Najeriya. Sarauniya ta aika da sako ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda ya ce: == Matsayin Tsarin Mulki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:88%; float:right" ! colspan="2" |Shugabannin jihohin Najeriya (1960–1963) |- ! scope="col" | Sarki | [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth ta Biyu]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|Gwamna Janar]] | Sir James Wilson Robertson (1960) |- | [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] (1960–1963) |- ! scope="col" | [[Firayim Minista na Najeriya|firayam Minista]] | [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] |- | colspan="2" | See Jerin Shugabannin Kasashen Najeriya don ƙarin bayani game da shugabannin mulkin kasar bayan shekarar 1963 |} Najeriya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka haɗa kai da [[Kasashen common wealth|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] waɗanda suka yi tarayya a matsayin Mai Mulki da Shugaban Ƙasa. Tun daga Dokar 'Yancin Kan Najeriya ta 1960, babu wani ministan gwamnatin Birtaniya da zai iya ba wa Sarki shawara kan duk wani lamari da ya shafi Najeriya, ma'ana a kan dukkan al'amuran Najeriya, ministocin Najeriya ne kawai ke ba da shawara ga sarki. Duk kudirorin Najeriya suna buƙatar amincewar Sarki . [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|Gwamna Janar na Najeriya]] ne ya wakilci sarkin a Tarayyar, wanda sarki ya naɗa bisa shawarar Firayim Ministan Najeriya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, sarkin ya riƙe ikon mallakarta saboda "Karramanta na Najeriya", kuma ya yi aiki bisa shawarar Gwamnatin Najeriya. === Zartarwa da kuma majalisar dokoki === An san gwamnatin Najeriya a hukumance da ''gwamnatin Mai Martaba'' . Sarki, Majalisar Dattawa, da Majalisar Wakilai ne suka kafa [[Majalisar dokokin Najeriya|Majalisar Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF NIGERIA |url=https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/1960/10/Nigeria-Constitution-1960.pdf |access-date=4 September 2021 |page=28}}</ref> Duk ikon zartarwa na Najeriya ya rataya ne a wuyan mai iko. Duk dokokin Najeriya an kafa su ne kawai da amincewar Sarki, Gwamna Janar ne ya yi su a madadin Mai Mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of the Federation of Nigeria |url=https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/1960/10/Nigeria-Constitution-1960.pdf |access-date=4 September 2021 |page=37}}</ref> Gwamna Janar zai iya ajiye kudiri "don jin daɗin Sarauniya"; wato hana shi amincewa da kudirin ya gabatar da shi ga mai mulki don shawarar da ta yanke; ko kuma zai iya kin amincewa da shi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar hana shi amincewa. Gwamna Janar shi ma yana da alhakin kiran, dakatar da majalisa, da kuma rushe Majalisar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of the Federation of Nigeria |url=https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/1960/10/Nigeria-Constitution-1960.pdf |access-date=4 September 2021 |page=41}}</ref> Gwamna Janar yana da ikon zaɓar da naɗa Majalisar Ministoci kuma yana iya korar su a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Duk ministocin Najeriya suna da mukamai ne kawai da yardar Gwamna Janar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of the Federation of Nigeria |url=https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/1960/10/Nigeria-Constitution-1960.pdf |access-date=4 September 2021 |page=50}}</ref> === Harkokin Waje === Haƙƙin Sarki ya kuma shafi harkokin ƙasashen waje: mai mulki ko gwamna-janar ya gudanar da yarjejeniyoyi, ƙawance da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen waje bisa shawarar Majalisar Ministocin Najeriya. Wakilan Najeriya a ƙasashen waje sun sami izinin zuwa ƙasashen waje daga sarkin a matsayinta na Sarauniyar Najeriya. Gwamna-janar, a madadin Sarauniya, ya kuma naɗa manyan kwamishinoni na Najeriya, jakadu, da sauran manyan wakilai iri ɗaya, kuma ya karɓi irin waɗannan jami'an diflomasiyya daga ƙasashen waje. Sarki ya bayar da wasiƙun amincewa a hukumance. === Kotu === A cikin ƙasashen Commonwealth, mai mulki ita ce ke da alhakin yin adalci ga dukkan mutanenta, don haka a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ''tushen adalci'' . A Najeriya, ana ɗaukar laifukan da suka shafi shari'a a matsayin laifukan da suka shafi mai mulki kuma ana shigar da ƙarar laifukan da ake tuhuma da sunan mai mulki a cikin siffar ''Sarauniya da [Suna]'' . Saboda haka, dokar gama gari ta yanke hukuncin cewa mai mulki "ba zai iya yin laifi ba"; ba za a iya gurfanar da mai mulki a kotunanta ba saboda laifukan da suka shafi laifuka. Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara mafi girma a Najeriya ita ce Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Sirri, kuma an kafa ƙarar laifuka da sunan mai mulki. Sarkin, da kuma ta hanyar tsawaitawa, babban mai mulki, zai iya ba da kariya daga gurfanarwa, ya yi amfani da ''ikon sarauta na jinƙai'', da kuma yafe laifukan da suka shafi Mai Mulki, ko dai kafin, lokacin, ko bayan shari'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF NIGERIA |url=https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/1960/10/Nigeria-Constitution-1960.pdf |access-date=4 September 2021 |pages=54–55}}</ref> == Bangarorin Tarayya da na larduna == Masarautar Najeriya ta kasance ta tarayya, tare da ikon shari'a guda huɗu—ɗaya ta tarayya da kuma larduna uku—tare da sarkin da ke da halaye na shari'a daban-daban a kowanne. Gwamna Janar ne ya wakilci Sarauniyar Najeriya a matakin tarayya, da kuma gwamnoni a yankuna uku: [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]], [[Yankin Yammacin Najeriya|Yamma]], da [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Gabas]] . Sarki ya naɗa gwamnoni da Gwamna Janar bisa shawarar Fira Ministan Najeriya da Firayim Ministan Najeriya bi da bi. == Salon sarauta da taken sarauta == Dokar Salon Sarauta da Lakabi ta 1961 ta [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya]] ta bai wa sarauniyar salo da lakabi daban-daban a matsayinta na Sarauniyar Najeriya. Elizabeth ta biyu tana da salo da lakabi kamar haka a matsayinta na sarauniyar Najeriya: * 1 Oktoba 1960{{Spaced en dash}} 1 ga Yuni 1961: Elizabeth ta Biyu, bisa ga Alherin Allah, ta Ƙasar Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland da kuma sauran Masarautunta da Yankuna Sarauniya, Shugabar Commonwealth, Mai Kare Imani <ref name="nigeriaaa">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Heads of State: 1960-1963 |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/nigeria/00_1960_1963_s.php |access-date=22 May 2021 |publisher=archontology.org}}</ref> * 1 ga Yuni 1961{{Spaced en dash}} 1 ga Oktoba 1963: Elizabeth ta Biyu, Sarauniyar Najeriya da sauran Masarautunta da Yankuna, Shugabar Commonwealth <ref name="nigeria" /> <ref name="nigeriaaa" /> ** A taƙaice, mutanen [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] suna kiran Sarauniya da ''[[Oba|Oba Obirin]]'' ( [[Yarbanci|Yarbawa]] : Sarauniyar Mata) a lokacin mulkinta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=British Pathè |date=1956 |title=Queen Arrives In Lagos (1956) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pC_aKoUias |access-date=6 July 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Rantsuwar aminci == A Najeriya, rantsuwar amincewa ta bukaci mutum ya rantse ko ya tabbatar da cewa zai kasance "mai aminci kuma mai biyayya ga Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Biyu, Magajinta da Magajinta, bisa ga doka", yayin da kafin ya yi rantsuwar dole ne ya rantse cewa "zai yi wa Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Biyu hidima da gaske a Ofishin _______". == Matsayin al'adu == [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Nigeria_(1960–1963).svg|thumb|Tutar [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|Gwamnan Janar na Najeriya]], wacce ke dauke da Kambin St Edward]] === Sarauta da Girmamawa === A cikin ƙasashen Commonwealth, ana ɗaukar sarauniya a matsayin tushen girmamawa . Haka nan, sarauniya, a matsayinta na Mai Martaba na Najeriya, tana ba da kyaututtuka da girmamawa a Najeriya da sunanta. Yawancinsu an ba su ne bisa shawarar "Ministocin Najeriya na Mai Martaba". === Masarautar da Rundunar Tsaro === Sarkin shine babban kwamandan [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|rundunar sojin Najeriya]] . Sarautar ta kasance a saman kololuwar Rundunar Tsaron Najeriya. An nuna ta a cikin jiragen ruwan Najeriya, waɗanda ke ɗauke da prefix ''HMNS'', watau, ''Jirgin Ruwan Najeriya na Mai Martaba'' . An san Sojojin Najeriya da Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya da "Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Royal", da kuma "Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal". An cire prefix ɗin "Royal" lokacin da aka kawar da masarautar. == Rushewa == [[Fayil:Sambawa_11.jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] (hagu) tare da [[Saidu Samaila Sambawa]] a Najeriya, 2003]] Masarautar ba ta yi wa 'yan Najeriya daɗi ba, kuma dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya sun amince cewa ƙasar ta zama jamhuriya; kamar yadda Babban Kwamishinan Tarayyar Burtaniya, Lord Head, ya lura: Najeriya ta karɓi [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1963, lokacin da [[Taraiyar Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] ta zama [[Najeriya|Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Najeriya]], jamhuriya a cikin [[Kasashen common wealth|Tarayyar Ƙasashe]] . Sarauniya ta aika da sako ga sabon shugaban ƙasa Azikiwe, wanda ya ce: Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Biyu ta ziyarci Najeriya sau biyu: 28 ga Janairu zuwa 16 ga Fabrairu 1956 da kuma 3 zuwa 6 ga Disamba 2003, lokacin ƙarshe da ta halarci taron shugabannin ƙasashen Commonwealth na 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth visits since 1952 |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/RoyalVisits/Commonwealthvisitssince1952.aspx |access-date=8 November 2015 |website=Official website of the British monarchy |publisher=Royal Household |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412031035/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/RoyalVisits/Commonwealthvisitssince1952.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1a9na4rth2wg1k4csl3wbj5po00x5ag 0 154402 862539 845799 2026-06-21T01:59:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bala'i wani lamari ne da ke haifar da mummunar illa ga mutane, gine-gine, tattalin arziki, ko muhalli, kuma al'ummar da abin ya shafa ba za su iya magance shi kadai ba.  [mafi kyawun tushe bukatar] Bala'i kamar dusar ƙanƙara, ambaliya, girgizar ƙasa, da gobarar daji suna haifar da hatsarori ne bala'o'in ɗan adam kamar malalar mai, hare-haren ta'addanci da katsewar wutar lantarki mutane ne ke haddasa su.  A zamanin yau, yana da wuya a raba bala’o’in halitta da na ɗan adam domin ayyukan ɗan adam na iya sa bala’o’i su yi muni.  Canjin yanayi kuma yana shafar sau da yawa bala'o'i saboda matsanancin haɗarin yanayi. Bala'o'i yawanci suna yiwa mutane a kasashe masu tasowa wahala fiye da mutanen kasashe masu arziki. Fiye da kashi 95% na mace-mace daga bala'o'i suna faruwa ne a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, kuma waɗannan ƙasashe suna asarar kuɗi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu arziki. Misali, barnar da bala'o'i ke yi ya ninka sau 20 a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da na kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu. Wannan saboda kasashe masu karamin karfi sau da yawa ba su da gine-ginen gine-gine ko kyawawan tsare-tsare don magance matsalolin gaggawa. Don rage lalacewa daga bala'o'i, yana da mahimmanci a shirya kuma a sami dacewa da kayan aikin manufa. Rage haɗarin bala'i (DRR) yana da nufin sanya al'ummomi su kasance masu ƙarfi da kuma kyakkyawan shiri don magance bala'o'i. Yana mai da hankali kan ayyuka don rage haɗari kafin bala'i ya faru, maimakon amsawa da farfadowa bayan abin da ya faru. DRR da matakan daidaita sauyin yanayi sun yi kama da nufin rage raunin mutane da wurare zuwa hatsarori. Lokacin da bala'i ya faru, martanin ya haɗa da ayyuka kamar faɗakarwa da korar mutane, ceto waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, da ba da abinci, matsuguni, da kula da lafiya cikin sauri. Manufar ita ce a ceci rayuka da taimaka wa mutane su murmure cikin sauri. A wasu lokuta, ana iya buƙatar taimako na ƙasa ko na duniya don tallafawa murmurewa. Wannan na iya faruwa, alal misali, ta hanyar ayyukan ƙungiyoyin jin kai. [[Fayil:Turun_palo_1827.jpg|thumb|Hoton Cathedral da Ginin Kwalejin bayan Babban Wutar Turku, na Gustaf Wilhelm Finnberg, 1827]] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana bala'i a matsayin "mummunar rushewar aikin al'umma ko al'umma a kowane sikelin". : 13 Yana haifar da haɗari a wuraren da mutane ke zaune a cikin yanayin da aka fallasa ko mai rauni. Wasu gazawar mutane suna sa al'ummomi su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da Hadarin yanayi. Wadannan su ne rashin shiri ko ci gaba, ko rashin shiri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=Why natural disasters aren't all that natural |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-natural |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.preventionweb.net |language=en}}</ref> Bala'o'i sune abubuwan da ke da tasiri ga mutane. Haɗarin da ke mamayewa ko raunata al'umma ana ɗaukarsa bala'i. Bayanan bala'i na kasa da kasa EM-DAT ya bayyana bala'i a matsayin "yanayin ko abin da ya faru wanda ya mamaye iyawar gida, yana buƙatar buƙatar buƙatar buƙatar taimako na waje a matakin ƙasa ko na duniya; abin da ba a tsammani ba ne kuma sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani wanda ke haifar da babban lalacewa, lalacewa da wahalar ɗan adam. " Sakamakon bala'i sun haɗa da duk asarar ɗan adam, kayan aiki, tattalin arziki da muhalli da tasiri. : 13 {{Rp|13}} UNDRO (1984) defined a disaster in a more qualitative fashion as: "an event, concentrated in time and space, in which a community undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and physical appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfilment of all or some of the essential functions of the society is prevented." Like other definitions this looks beyond the social aspects of the disaster impacts. It also focuses on losses. This raises the need for emergency response as an aspect of the disaster. It does not set out quantitative thresholds or scales for damage, death, or injury.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1969 ya bayyana ''Manyan bala'o'i'' kamar yadda suka dace da ka'idoji masu zuwa, bisa ga adadin mutuwar ko lalacewa: Akalla mutane 100 sun mutu, akalla mutane 100 suka ji rauni, ko akalla lalacewar dala miliyan 1. Wannan ma'anar ta haɗa da asarar rayuwa ta kai tsaye bayan farkon bala'in. Wadannan na iya zama sakamakon cututtuka kamar kwalara ko dysentery da ke fitowa daga bala'in. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan ma'anar. Koyaya an iyakance shi ga yawan mutuwar, raunin, da lalacewa a cikin sharuddan kuɗi.<ref name="Smith 1992" /> Girman bala'i yana da mahimmanci. ''Ƙananan bala'o'i'' kawai suna shafar al'ummomin yankin amma suna buƙatar taimako fiye da al'ummar da abin ya shafa. ''Babban bala'o'i'' yana shafar al'umma kuma yana buƙatar taimako na ƙasa ko na duniya. Ya zama ruwan dare a raba bala'o'i zuwa na halitta ko na mutum. Kwanan nan rarrabuwar tsakanin bala'o'i na halitta, na mutum da na mutum ya zama da wuya a zana.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-26 |title=Why natural disasters aren't all that natural |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131113/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/ |archive-date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=openDemocracy}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Kevin A. |last2=Garcia |first2=M. Magdalena |last3=Remes |first3=Jacob A.C. |date=1 December 2016 |title=Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile |journal=Journal of Political Ecology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=93 |doi=10.2458/v23i1.20181 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Neil |date=2006-06-11 |title=There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster |url=https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104324/https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/ |archive-date=2021-01-22 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Items}}</ref> Wasu bala'o'i da aka ƙera kamar su smog da Ruwan sama mai zafi an danganta su da yanayi ba daidai ba. === Da ke da alaƙa da haɗarin halitta === {{excerpt|Disaster response}}Bala'o'i tare da alaƙa da haɗarin yanayi ana kiransu bala'o'in halitta. Koyaya masana sun yi tambaya game da wannan kalmar na dogon lokaci. {| class="wikitable" |+Bala'o'i tare da alaƙa da haɗarin halitta |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! style="width:8em" |Misali !Bayani |- |Ruwa mai yawa |Ba zato ba tsammani, kwararar dusar ƙanƙara a kan gangara, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da ko dai abubuwan da ke haifar da su, kamar ɗorawa daga sabon dusar ƙara ko ruwan sama, ko abubuwan da ke faruwa na wucin gadi, kamar fashewa ko masu tsere. |- |Hadari |Wani dusar ƙanƙara mai tsanani wanda ke da iska mai ƙarfi da yanayin zafi |- |Girgizar ƙasa |Girgizar farfajiyar duniya, wanda ya haifar da karfi na dutsen wuta na karkashin kasa na fashewa da canzawa a ƙarƙashin farfajilar duniya |- |[[Wuta|Wutar (da daji)]] |Wutar da ta samo asali ne a yankunan da ba a zaune ba kuma wanda ke haifar da haɗarin yaduwa zuwa yankunan da aka zauna (duba kuma Wildfire § Tasirin canjin yanayi) |- |[[Ambaliya|Ambaliyar ruwa]] |Ambaliyar ruwa: Ƙananan koguna, gullies, raƙuman ruwa masu bushewa, koguna, culverts ko ma yankunan da ke ƙasa ambaliyar ruwa da sauri (duba kuma [[Tasirin canjin yanayi]]) |- |Ruwan sanyi |Ruwan sama yana faruwa lokacin da zafin jiki na waje ya kasance ƙasa da daskarewa |- |[[Guguwar zafi|Ruwa mai zafi]] |Tsawon lokaci na yanayin zafi mai zafi dangane da yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun na wani yanki kuma dangane da yanayin zafi na yau da kullum don kakar (duba kuma Tasirin canjin yanayi § Ruwa na zafi da matsanancin zafin jiki). |- |[[Zaftarewar ƙasa|Rushewar ƙasa]] |Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayin ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da kewayon motsi na ƙasa, kamar faduwar dutse, gazawar zurfi na gangara da raguwa mai zurfi |- |[[Walƙiya mai haɗari|Hasken wuta]] |Rashin wutar lantarki da walƙiya ta haifar, yawanci a lokacin tsawa |- |Fashewar Limnic |Fashewar carbon dioxide ba zato ba tsammani daga ruwan tafkin mai zurfi |- |Guguwa mai zafi |Tsarin guguwa mai saurin juyawa wanda ke da cibiyar matsin lamba, ƙarancin yanayin yanayi, Iska mai ƙarfi, da kuma tsari mai juzu'i na tsawa wanda ke haifar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da guguwa (duba kuma guguwar zafi da canjin yanayi) |- |Tsunami |Jerin raƙuman ruwa da ke bugawa bakin teku da ƙarfi, galibi ana haifar da shi ta hanyar motsi na babban ruwa, yawanci teku ko babban tafki, yawanci ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, fashewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, ƙanƙara, tasirin ƙanƙarar ƙanƙanta, tasirin meteorite da sauran rikice-rikice a sama ko ƙasa |- |Fashewar dutsen wuta |Saki na magma mai zafi, toka na dutse da / ko iskar gas daga dutse mai fitattun wuta |} === Ba su da alaƙa da haɗarin halitta === [[Fayil:UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg|right|thumb|200x200px|Hadarin jirgin sama da [[Ta'addanci|Hare-haren ta'addanci]] misalai ne na bala'o'in da mutum ya yi: suna kashewa da raunata mutane, lalatawa da lalata dukiya, da haifar da gurɓata. Misali da aka nuna shi ne [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]] a 2001 a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a Birnin New York.]] Bala'o'in da mutane suka haifar sune manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da ayyukan mutane da hanyoyin zamantakewa. Har ila yau, haɗarin fasaha ya fada cikin wannan rukuni. Wannan shi ne saboda suna haifar da bala'o'i da mutane suka haifar. Hadarin da mutum ya yi wani lokacin ana kiransa hadarin da mutum ke haifar. : 18 Misalan sun haɗa da [[Laifi|aikata laifuka]], tashin hankali na jama'a, murkushewar jama'a، [[Wuta|gobara]], Hadarin sufuri, haɗarin masana'antu, katsewar wutar lantarki, zubar da mai, Hare-haren Ta'addanci, da fashewar nukiliya / radiation na nukiliya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cueto |first=Lavinia Javier |last2=Agaton |first2=Casper Boongaling |year=2021 |title=Pandemic and Typhoon: Positive Impacts of a Double Disaster on Mental Health of Female Students in the Philippines |journal=Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=64 |doi=10.3390/bs11050064 |pmc=8147095 |pmid=33946801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Canjin yanayi]] mai ban tsoro, Yaƙin nukiliya, da ta'addanci na halittu suma sun fada cikin wannan rukuni. Canjin yanayi da lalacewar muhalli wani lokacin ana kiransu haɗarin zamantakewa da na halitta. Wadannan haɗari ne da suka shafi haɗuwa da abubuwan halitta da na ɗan adam. : 18 Dukkanin bala'o'i za a iya ɗauka a matsayin waɗanda mutum ya yi, saboda gazawar gabatar da matakan kula da gaggawa masu kyau. Yunwa na iya haifar da gida ta hanyar fari, ambaliyar ruwa, wuta ko annoba. A zamanin yau akwai abinci mai yawa a duniya. Rashin gida na dogon lokaci gabaɗaya saboda rashin kulawar gwamnati ne, rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, ko tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ba ya rarraba abinci inda ake buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famine |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/famine |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204104940/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/famine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Bala'o'i ba tare da alaƙa da haɗarin halitta ba |'''Bala'i''' |'''Bayani''' |- |Ta'addanci |Saki da gangan ko yaduwar magungunan halittu a matsayin hanyar tilasta |- |Rikicin cikin jama'a |Wani rikici da wani rukuni na mutane ya haifar wanda zai iya haɗawa da zama da sauran nau'ikan cikas, tashin hankali, sabuntawa da sauran nauʼikan aikata laifuka, kuma wanda aka yi niyyar zama zanga-zanga ga jama'a da gwamnati, amma zai iya karuwa cikin rikici gaba ɗaya |- |[[Wuta|Wutar (birni)]] |Ko da tare da ƙa'idodin wuta na gini, mutane har yanzu suna mutuwa a cikin wuta |- |[[Abubuwa masu haɗari|Abubuwa masu haɗari sun zubo]] |Tserewa daga abubuwa masu ƙarfi, ruwa, ko iskar gas wanda zai iya cutar da mutane, wasu kwayoyin halitta, dukiya ko muhalli, daga yanayin da aka nufa kamar akwati. |- |Hadarin nukiliya da radiation |Wani taron da ya shafi fitowar rediyo zuwa mahalli ko kuma narkewar reactor kuma wanda ke haifar da manyan sakamako marasa kyau ga mutane, mahalli, ko kayan aiki |- |Rashin wutar lantarki |Ya haifar da hadari na rani ko na hunturu, walƙiya ko kayan aikin gini da ke tonowa a wurin da bai dace ba |} === Sauran === Bala'o'i masu rikitarwa, inda babu wani dalili guda, sun fi yawa a Kasashe masu tasowa. Wani takamaiman haɗari na iya haifar da bala'i na biyu wanda ke kara tasirin. Misali na musamman shine girgizar ƙasa da ke haifar da Tsunami. Wannan yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a bakin teku, wanda ya lalata tashar wutar lantarki a bakin teku. Bala'in nukiliya na Fukushima lamari ne a cikin batun. Masana suna nazarin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru don ganin yadda haɗari da tasiri zasu iya fadadawa da yaduwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda karuwar [[Hadarin sauyin|Hadarin yanayi]]. : 143–145 {{Rp|143–145}} Wasu masu bincike sun bambanta tsakanin ''abubuwan da ke faruwa akai-akai'' kamar ambaliyar yanayi da abubuwan da ba a iya hango su ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=L. Bull-Kamanga |last2=K. Diagne |last3=A. Lavell |last4=E. Leon |last5=F. Lerise |last6=H. MacGregor |last7=A. Maskrey |last8=M. Meshack |last9=M. Pelling |date=1 April 2003 |title=From everyday hazards to disasters: the accumulation of risk in urban areas |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=193–204 |bibcode=2003EnUrb..15..193B |doi=10.1177/095624780301500109 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=17439273}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke faruwa akai-akai galibi suna ɗauke da kimantawa game da sau da yawa suke faruwa. Masana suna kiran wannan Lokacin dawowa. == Tasirin == Sakamakon bala'i sun hada da duk asarar mutum, kayan aiki, tattalin arziki da muhalli. : 13 {{Rp|13}} The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) ya rubuta kididdiga game da bala'o'i da suka shafi haɗarin halitta. A shekara ta 2023, EM-DAT ta yi rikodin bala'o'i 399, wanda ya fi matsakaicin shekaru 20 na 369. === Rashin tattalin arziki === Tsakanin 2016 da 2020 jimlar asarar tattalin arziki da aka ruwaito ya kai dala biliyan 293. Wannan adadi mai yiwuwa ne rashin ƙididdiga. Yana da ƙalubale sosai don auna farashin bala'o'i daidai, kuma ƙasashe da yawa ba su da albarkatu da ikon fasaha don yin hakan. : 50 A cikin shekaru 40 daga 1980 zuwa 2020 an kiyasta asarar da aka samu a dala tiriliyan 5.2. === Tasirin Mutum === A cikin 2023, bala'o'i masu alaƙa da haɗari sun haifar da mutuwar mutane 86,473 kuma sun shafi mutane miliyan 93.1. Yayinda yawan mutuwar ya fi matsakaicin shekaru 20 na 64,148, adadin da ya shafa ya fi ƙasa da matsakaicin shekarun 20 na miliyan 175.5. A cewar rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kashi 91% na mutuwar daga haɗari daga 1970 zuwa 2019 ya faru ne a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction-2023">{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Concept Note: International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction 2023. |url=https://www.undrr.org/quick/79692 |access-date=October 17, 2023 |publisher=United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction}}</ref> Wadannan ƙasashe sun riga sun sami mafi girman rauni da ƙarancin juriya ga waɗannan abubuwan, wanda ke kara tasirin haɗarin. === Tasirin canjin yanayi === Hadari kamar fari, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], da guguwa abubuwa ne masu faruwa a yanayi. Koyaya, [[Canjin yanayi]] ya sa waɗannan haɗarin su zama marasa aminci, masu yawa da tsanani. Don haka suna taimakawa ga haɗarin bala'i. Kasashen da suka fi ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi galibi suna cikin mafi ƙarancin haɗarin jin sakamakon. Ya zuwa 2019, ƙasashen da ke da mafi girman rauni ga kowane mutum sun saki mafi ƙarancin hayaki ga kowane mutum, kuma duk da haka har yanzu suna fuskantar mafi yawan fari da matsanancin hazo.<ref name=":5" /> == Rigakafi da martani == === Rage hadarin bala'i === [[Fayil:Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png|thumb|Rage haɗarin bala'i ci gaba ga wasu ƙasashe a cikin 2011. Sakamakon 5 shine mafi kyau. Bincike ya haɗa da alamomi huɗu waɗanda ke nuna matakin da ƙasashe suka ba da fifiko ga rage haɗarin bala'i da ƙarfafa cibiyoyin da suka dace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disaster risk reduction progress score |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/disaster-risk-reduction-progress?tab=chart&time=earliest..latest&country=CAN~MNG~BRA~DEU~JPN~CHE~USA~BGD~IND~LBN~KEN~NGA~SEN~LKA~SLE~MEX~PAK~GHA~DZA~ARG |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] == Magana == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] c8mmzufpu54csd3l79u64oexaeu13it 0 154443 862532 845966 2026-06-21T01:27:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CCFFCC" |Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="nickname" lang="ar"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">Yankin السلطان المؤيد</span></span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:مسجد_المؤيد_شيخ.jpg|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CCFFCC" |Addini |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[List of religions and spiritual traditions|Kasancewa]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Sunni Islam|Musulunci na Sunni]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ecclesiastical polity|Matsayi na coci ko na ƙungiya]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Mosque|Masallaci]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matsayi | class="infobox-data" |Mai aiki |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CCFFCC" |Wurin da yake |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Al-Mu'izz Street|Hanyar Al-Mu'izz]], [[Islamic Cairo|Alkahira ta Musulunci]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Egypt|Misira]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="31.2575" latitude="30.043055555556" height="200" width="270">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[31.2575,30.043055555555558],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#919090","title":"Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad","marker-symbol":"landmark"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa na Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_of_Sultan_al-Muayyad&params=30_02_35_N_31_15_27_E_region:EG-C_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°02′35′′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°15′27′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.04306°N 31.25750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.04306; 31.25750</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_of_Sultan_al-Muayyad&params=30_02_35_N_31_15_27_E_region:EG-C_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°02′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°15′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.04306°N 31.25750°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">30.04306; 31.25750</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CCFFCC" |Gine-gine |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |Masallaci, masallaci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hanyar da ake amfani da ita | class="infobox-data" |Mamluk |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wanda ya kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |Al-Mu'ayyad Sayf ad-Din Shaykh |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kammala shi | class="infobox-data note" |1421 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CCFFCC" |Bayani na musamman |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dome | class="infobox-data" |1 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Hasumiya|Minaret]] | class="infobox-data" |2 |}  {{Reflist|33em}}{{Reflist|33em}} '''[[Masallaci]] Sultan al-Mu'ayyad''' (Arabic), masallaci na kan titin al-Mu-izz, kusa da Bab Zuwayla, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] Misira . An gina ginin ne tsakanin 1415 da 1421, a karkashin mulkin Mamluk sultan al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, wanda ya samo sunansa. Gidan ya hada da Masallacin Jumma'a da mausoleums guda biyu, wanda ke dauke da kabarin al-Mu'ayyad da danginsa. Abin tunawa ya maye gurbin kurkuku wanda da farko ya tsaya kusa da Bab Zuwayla. Lokacin da aka kammala shi, ya haɗa da [[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrasa]] wanda ke koyar da [[Mazhab|''madhhab'']] guda huɗu. An gina [[Hasumiya|minaret]] guda biyu na masallacin a saman tsofaffin hasumiyoyin zamanin [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimid]] na Bab Zuwayla, zaɓi na musamman ga wannan masallaci. == Tarihi == === Sultan al-Mu'ayyad === Dangane da al'adar Mamluk, Sultan Barquq ya sayi al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh lokacin da yake dan shekara goma ko goma sha biyu. Yayinda ya girma, ya yi aiki na shekaru goma a matsayin gwamnan Tripoli a karkashin nadin Sultan al-Nasir Faraj. : 239 {{Rp|239}} Masanin tarihin zamanin da, al-Maqrizi, ya ba da labarin cewa an tsare Sultan al-Mu'ayyad na gaba a gidan yarin da masallacin ya maye gurbinsa a lokacin da yake sarki a ƙarƙashin Sultan Faraj. Shaykh ya sha wahala sosai daga ƙuraje da ƙwarƙwara a lokacin da yake tsare, inda ya yi alƙawarin zai mayar da gidan yarin zuwa "wuri mai tsarki don ilmantar da malamai" idan ya hau mulki..<ref name="archnet1"/> Gaskiya ga maganarsa, lokacin da ya zama sultan ya ba da umurni ga masallacin. A cikin 1412, Shaykh ya taimaka wajen hambarar da Sultan Faraj, kuma a cikin watanni shida, ya karɓi iko kuma ya zama sabon sultan. Ya ɗauki taken al-Mu'ayyad kuma ya fara fadada daularsa ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe da yankunan makwabta. A matsayinsa na sultan, al-Mu'ayyad ya jagoranci kamfen din da ya yi nasara a arewacin [[Siriya]], da kuma yaƙi da maƙwabtan Turkoman a Anatolia. Ya ci gaba har zuwa [[Konya]] kafin ya koma Alkahira. Sarautar Sultan al-Mu'ayyad ta sha wahala daga matsaloli: annoba ta Bubonic, Rage darajar kuɗi, da 'yan tawaye duk sun dame mulkinsa. :{{Rp|239}} Duk da wannan, sultan har yanzu ya sami damar kula da gina babban masallacinsa. Sultan al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh ya mutu a shekara ta 1421, shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan ya hau mulki. A duk lokacin mulkinsa, ya sami suna a matsayin mutum mai tawali'u kuma a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu tallafawa gine-gine a Alkahira. A kan mutuwarsa, sultan ya bar wasu abubuwan tunawa na addini da na duniya, ciki har da Khanqah a [[Giza]], manyan gidaje a gefen Tashar Khalij da Nilu, da Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad . : 239 {{Rp|239}} === Gine-gine === An fara gina masallacin ne a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1415. Aikin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, yana kashe dinars 40,000 ga sultan tsakanin farawa da kammalawa.<ref name="archnet1"/> A cewar al-Maqrizi, masu ginin talatin da ma'aikata ɗari sun yi aiki a kan tsarin sama da shekaru bakwai. : 241 {{Rp|241}} Masallacin ya buƙaci marmara mai yawa cewa an girbe wasu daga cikinsu daga gine-ginen da suka riga sun kasance. Baya ga marmara, wasu sassa da yawa na masallacin an cinye su daga wasu gine-gine, gami da ginshiƙan masallacin da kyakkyawar ƙofar tagulla da kandelero. Ƙofar da kandalmin sune sanannun lokuta na wannan; an ce duka biyu sun fito ne daga Masallacin-Madrasa na Sultan Hasan. Cire sassan masallatai na yanzu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne yayin da ake gina Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad, don haka karɓar ƙofar da kandal ɗin suna kama da sata, duk da gudummawar da sultan ya yi wa tsohuwar masallacin. Kodayake ba a kammala sabon masallacin ba har zuwa 1422, an gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa a watan Nuwamba 1419 don bikin sabon ginin. : 241 {{Rp|241}} Ko da bayan kammala aikin masallacin, ba a taɓa gina gine-gine da yawa a cikin tsare-tsaren asali ba. Ba a kammala rufin mausoleum na biyu da ke haɗe da masallacin ba. Ba a gina wani gini daban don amfani da shi a matsayin dakunan kwana ta daliban [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] waɗanda suka yi karatu a madrasa ba nan da nan, duk da rabon dinar 20,000 a gare su. Daga baya bayanan masallacin ba su da tabbas game da ko an kammala dakunan kwana na Sufi daga baya a matsayin tsare-tsare, kodayake tabbas an ba wa ɗalibai sarari da za su zauna. : 241 {{Rp|241}} === Manufar === Masallacin an yi niyya ne a matsayin wurin jana'izar da kuma amfani da shi a cikin addu'o'in Jumma'a, amma kuma ya zama madrasa ga ɗaliban Sufi. Madrasa ta sadaukar da kanta ga nazarin makarantun [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]], [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]], [[Malikiyya|Maliki]], da [[Hanbaliya|Hanbali]] na [[Shari'a]] Shari'a. Dangane da takardun asali na masallacin, madrasa za ta ba da gida ga Hanafis hamsin, Shafi'is arba'in, Malikis goma, da Hanbalis goma, tare da malamai da Imamai. Har ila yau, akwai azuzuwan biyu na dalibai ashirin kowannensu don daliban ''[[Tafsiri|tafsir]]'' da ''[[Hadisi|hadith]]'', da wasu biyu na goma kowannensu ga daliban karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da karatun shari'a, a cewar masanin shari'a na Hanafi [[al-Tahawi]] . : 239–241 {{Rp|239-241}} A karkashin tallafin sultan, madrasa a cikin masallacin ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun cibiyoyin ilimi na Alkahira a karni na goma sha biyar. Kyautar da sultan ya bari bayan mutuwarsa ta ba da damar madrasa ta hayar manyan malamai na ranar a matsayin furofesoshi. Mashahurin masanin Alkur'ani a Misira, [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]], ya ba da lacca a shari'ar [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]] a madrasa.<ref name="archnet1"/> === Maidowa === [[Fayil:Cairo,_Egypt_(52663538335).jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na masallacin a cikin 2023 (daga ɗaya daga cikin minarets) ]] A cikin tarihinta, Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad ya sami gyare-gyare mai yawa. Ko da da farko, sake ginawa ya zama dole. A cewar al-Maqrizi, dole ne a ja minaret na gabas kuma a sake gina shi tun farkon 1418 saboda rashin tsaro na tsari daga tushe na hasumiya. Wani minaret mai hawa uku ya tsaya a ƙofar Yamma a kan titin gefe; ya rushe a cikin 1427 a lokacin mulkin Sultan Barsbay kuma nan da nan aka sake gina shi. : 241 {{Rp|241}} A ƙarni na goma sha tara, masallacin ya faɗi cikin irin wannan lalacewa cewa duk abin da ya rage shi ne bangon daya, ɗakin addu'a, da mausoleums.<ref name="archnet1"/> Ibrahim Pasha, ɗan Muhammad 'Ali, ya kula da gyare-gyare a ƙarshen shekarun 1830 da 1840, gami da shigar da allunan Turkiyya a cikin bangon [[Alƙibila|qibla]]. A ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, Kwamitin Tsaro na Monuments de l'Art Arabe ya sake gina bangon yamma kuma ya juya farfajiyar zuwa lambu. A shekara ta 2001, an sake gyara masallacin, a wannan karon bisa umarnin Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Masar. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun cire lambun daga farfajiyar kuma sun sake gina mafi yawan masallacin, gami da ɓacewar manyan gine-gine a kusa da farfajiyar..<ref name="archnet1"/> == Gine-gine == [[Fayil:Мечеть_Аль-Муайада_в_Каїрі.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi na bangon titin masallacin (bangon gabas) ]] Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad shine babban masallaci na karshe da aka gina a Alkahira. Da farko yana da bangarori huɗu da ƙofofi. A tsawon lokaci, masallacin ya lalace, kuma a yau kawai bangon gabas da zauren addu'a sune asali ga masallacin. :{{Rp|241}} Yawancin abin da za a iya gani a yau an dawo da shi a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata kuma ba lallai bane ya kasance yadda masallacin ya fara.<ref name="archnet1"/> Don gina masallacin, dole ne a rushe wani ɓangare na bangon [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimid]] wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kewaye da Alkahira; duk da haka, an gano wani tsohuwar bangare na bangon kwanan nan a cikin tsarin masallacin kuma baƙi za su iya gani a yau.<ref name="archnet1">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Sultan al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh Complex |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3451 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525060420/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3451 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |access-date=8 March 2011 |website=ArchNet Digital Library |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref> Hasumiyoyi biyu na ƙofar Bab Zuwayla da ke kusa, wanda aka saita a cikin bango na asali, an cece su daga rushewa kuma sun zama tushen sauran [[Hasumiya|minaret]] guda biyu na masallacin; wani abu mai ban mamaki da na musamman na wannan masallacin. : 241 {{Rp|241}} [[Fayil:Zewela_Gate_-Cairo.jpg|thumb|[[Hasumiya|minaret]] na masallacin, wanda aka gina a saman ƙofar zamanin [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimid]], Bab Zuwayla]] Babban ƙofar an saita ta a cikin <nowiki><i id="mw0g">pishtaq</i></nowiki>, ko tsarin rectangular, wanda ya tashi sama da bangon masallacin.<ref name="archnet1"/> Ya haɗa da rufin muqarnas ko rabin rumbun ajiya a saman ƙofar. Wannan ita ce babbar hanyar shiga ta ƙarshe da aka gina a zamanin Mamluk. An yi wa fuskar bangon ado da madaurin marmara da aka sassaka da rubutun kufic. An sassaka marmara a cikin tsarin geometric kuma an yi masa ado da duwatsu masu launin polychromatic da stucco masu launi a cikin babban sauƙi. Babban ƙofar wani kyakkyawan aikin tagulla ne da aka ɗauka daga Masallacin Sultan Hasan. Kubba misali ne na ginin dutse na Mamluk tare da tushe mai siffar silinda da kuma tsarin zig-zag da aka sassaka. Fuskokin masallacin suna da tsayi musamman a wannan lokacin, domin an tsara su ne don su dace da tsayin hasumiyoyin Fatimid da ake amfani da su a matsayin tushe ga minarets. An ƙawata fuskokin da layuka biyu na tagogi, kuma an ƙara shaguna a ƙarƙashin kowace bango na masallacin a cikin tsare-tsaren asali kuma har yanzu suna nan. 41–243  Shagunan da ke haɗe da kewaye da masallacin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da masallacin, yayin da kashi na ribar da suke samu ke zuwa don kula da ginin da ma'aikatansa.a. Da farko, an yi niyyar masallacin ya haɗa da mausoleums masu kama da juna da ke gefen zauren addu'a; wannan burin ya ɓace lokacin da ba a kammala dome na mausoleum na biyu ba. :{{Rp|243}} A kowane bangare na zauren addu'a akwai ɗakunan jana'izar, inda sultan da ɗansa ke zaune a cikin ɗakin arewa da mata na dangin sultan a cikin ɗakin kudu.<ref name="archnet1"/> Gidan sultan yana da rufin rufi, kamar yadda aka tsara shi da farko, yayin da ɗakin mata yana da rufi mai laushi. Wannan dome shine rage kwafin tagwayen Faraj; saboda girman masallacin, dome ya bayyana karami a cikin saitin sa.<ref name="doris" /> : 243 {{Rp|243}} === Cikin gida === [[Fayil:Al-Muayyad_Mosque_prayer_hall.jpg|thumb|Wuri mai tsarki (gidan addu'a) na masallacin]] Wuri mai tsarki na masallacin yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kayan ado na lokacinsa; kayan ado na bango an iyakance shi ne ga zauren addu'a, wanda aka yi wa ado da marmara mai launi mai tsawo don haɗawa da taga da wuraren [[mihrab]]. Ginshiƙan marmara sun kasance kafin Islama kuma suna da girma da siffofi daban-daban, tunda an samo su ne daga gine-gine a fadin Alkahira da yankunan da ke kewaye. An shimfiɗa bene da marmara mai launi a cikin wuri mai tsarki da farfajiyar, kodayake an shimfiɗa ƙananan riwaqs da dutse. Gidan addu'a ya haɗa da windows guda biyu da aka yi wa ado ko dai a cikin salon Andalusian ko [[Moroko|Maroko]], ɗaya a cikin tsarin lissafi ɗayan kuma a cikin furanni. : 244 {{Rp|244}} [[Fayil:Al-Muayyad_Mosque_mihrab_and_minbar.jpg|left|thumb|[[mihrab]], an rufe shi da baƙar fata da fari marmara, da kuma [[Mimbari|Minbar]] na katako (dama) ]] Mihrab da [[Mimbari|Minbar]] dukansu an yi musu ado a cikin salon zamani.<ref name="archnet1"/> An yi wa minbar ado da ƙofofin katako da bangarori, kuma sama da minbar babban rosette na marmara mai launi ne. Wannan na musamman ne saboda wannan salon yawanci ana amfani dashi a ƙasa, maimakon a kan bango. : 243–244 {{Rp|243-244}} [[Fayil:Al-Muayyad_mosque_mausoleum.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph na marmara na al-Mu'ayyad. Saboda salon gani na zane-zanen Kufic, an yi imanin cewa asalin [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimid]] ne na baya kuma ta haka ne aka sake amfani da shi don wannan kabarin.]] Gidan jana'izar galibi ba shi da kyau, kodayake akwai cenotaphs da aka sassaƙa a cikin marmara. Mafi girma daga cikin wadannan cenotaphs shine ambaton daga Alkur'ani a cikin rubutun Kufic da ke karantawa "Tabbas waɗanda ke guje wa mugunta za su kasance tsakanin lambuna da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa: shiga su cikin salama, lafiya" (Alkur'ani 15:45-46). Halin gani na rubuce-rubucen Kufic da aka sassaƙa ya nuna shi zuwa zamanin Fatimid, ma'ana al-Mu'ayyad mai yiwuwa ya cece shi daga ginin da ya gabata. :{{Rp|244}} Dukkanin ɗakunan jana'izar suna da ƙananan mihrabs a bangon su da ke fuskantar ƙananan riwaqs. Wadannan mihrabs ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da ke yin addu'a a cikin kowane riwaq, musamman ma idan akwai cikawa a lokacin addu'a.<ref name="archnet1"/> Sauran ɗakunan da ke cikin masallacin sun haɗa da ɗakin karatu, wanda aka san shi da tarin littattafai. Yawancin littattafai da ke cikin ɗakin karatu sun fito kai tsaye daga tarin sarakunan Citadel. Sakataren sirri na sarkin, Muhammad al-Barizi, ya bayar da wasu ɗari biyar. Don wannan gudummawar, an naɗa ɗan al-Barizi a matsayin mai wa'azi da ɗakin karatu na masallacin. Gudummawa makamancin wannan sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin manyan ma'aikata da fatan za su sami irin wannan tagomashi tare da sarkin.. : 241 {{Rp|241}} Masallacin yana da babban ɗakin da aka kwatanta da sauran masallatai a yankin tare da maɓuɓɓugar wanka a tsakiya. An ce asalin maɓuɓɓugar yana da ginshiƙan marmara da aka rufa da katako mai zinariya a saman awning, yana ƙara girman ginin. A yammacin masallacin akwai rushewar hammam wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na harsashin masallacin. : 244 {{Rp|244}} [[Fayil:Hammam_al-Sultan_al-Mu'ayyad_ICR0441.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ragowar ɗakin da aka rufe a cikin hammam na masallacin al-Mu'ayyad, wanda aka ɗauka a cikin 1919]] A cikin minarets akwai zane-zane da aka zana da aka sanya hannu kuma mai tsarawa ya sanya kwanan wata a kan kammala kowannensu. Wannan yana da wuya sosai; ba a saba gani ba ga mai tsara gine-gine ya bar alamar sa a kan gini a wannan zamanin.<ref name="archnet1"/> Minaret na gabas ya karanta cewa "ma'dhana" (ko minaret) Muhammad Ibn al-Qazzaz ne ya gina shi kuma an gama shi a watan Agusta 1419. Minaret na yamma ya ɗan bambanta, yana karanta cewa Sultan al-Mu'ayyad ya ba da umarnin gina "manars" biyu (minarets) kuma Muhammad Ibn al-Qazzaz ya kashe su kuma an kammala su a watan Agusta 1420. Masana ba su da tabbacin dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da kalmomi biyu daban-daban don minaret a kowane rubutun, kuma ya kasance ƙaramin asiri na ginin. Har ila yau, akwai minaret na uku a tashar Yamma zuwa titin, amma ya fada cikin lalacewa kuma ba a sake gina shi ba. : 241 {{Rp|241}} * Musulunci a Misira * Jerin madrasas a Misira * Jerin masallatai a Alkahira * Jerin Tarihin Tarihi a Alkahira * Maristan na al-Mu'ayyad == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Cite web |last=Coste, Pascal Xavier |date= |title=Lithographs of buildings |url=http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/13455 |access-date= |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |format=Coste was French, 1787-1879. |archive-date=2022-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521195448/https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/13455 |url-status=dead }} gee3dnrxg3jnlh08vsl97edv2ddkgtu 0 154529 862748 846211 2026-06-21T09:14:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355906705|Praia Harbor]]" 862748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harbour Praia''' ( Portuguese , ) tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta birnin [[Praia]] a kudancin tsibirin Santiago, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Tana cikin wani yanki na [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tun bayan sabunta zamani a shekarar 2014, tana da dogayen jiragen ruwa guda 2, gajerun jiragen ruwa guda 3, tashar jiragen ruwa ta jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kifi, wuraren shakatawa na kwantena guda 2, hanyoyin hawa biyu na birgima/birgima da kuma tashar fasinjoji. Jimillar tsawon jiragen ruwa na birgima mita 863 ne, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine mita 13.5. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Port of Praia |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mulkin mallaka na Afirka da Kudancin Amurka ta hannun 'yan Portugal. Tare da tan 817,845 na kaya da fasinjoji 85,518 da aka kula da su (2017), ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi cunkoso a Cape Verde, bayan [[Porto Grande Bay|Porto Grande]] (Mindelo). Bayar Praia tana tsakanin tuddai Ponta Temerosa da Ponta das Bicudas . Tsibirin Ilhéu de Santa Maria yana cikin bay, yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa. Kogin [[Ribeira da Trindade]] ya zubo cikin bay, tsakanin tsakiyar gari (Plateau) da tashar jiragen ruwa. Kai tsaye arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa shine yankin garin Achada Grande Frente. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:IMRAY(1884)_p0166_CAPE_VERDE,_PORTO_PRAYA_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Taswirar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia 1884]] Magana ta farko game da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ta kasance daga 1497, lokacin da mai binciken Vasco da Gama ya kafa a can a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Indiya. : 26 Akwai sulhu a bay a cikin shekara ta 1515. <ref name="gomes" /> : 94 A cikin karni na 16 tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama muhimmiyar tashar jiragen sama zuwa São Tomé da [[Brazil]], a cikin gasa da tsohuwar tashar jiragen mmiri [[Cidade Velha|Ribeira Grande (yanzu Cidade Velha)]] . <ref name="gomes" /> : 95 Tsakanin ƙarshen karni na 16 da ƙarshen karni na 18, duka Ribeira Grande da Praia sun sha wahala da hare-haren fashi da yawa, gami da na Francis Drake (1585) da Jacques Cassard (1712). <ref name="gomes" /> :{{Rp|95}} An ambaci tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin "P. Praya" a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Jacques-Nicolas Bellin]] |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> Praia a hankali ya maye gurbin Cidade Velha don zama mafi mahimmancin tashar jiragen ruwa na Cape Verde, kuma ya zama babban birnin Cape Verde a cikin 1770. Yaƙin sojan ruwa na Porto Praya, wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Anglo-Faransa na 1778-83, ya faru ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1781 a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ita ce tashar farko ta tafiyar [[Charles Darwin]] tare da {{HMS|Beagle}} a cikin 1832. Tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa ta San Januário tana a Praia Negra, kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin Plateau (Praia). An gina sabon tashar katako a cikin 1880 kusa da gidan kwastam, wanda yanzu shine National Archives of Cape Verde Building, kudu da Plateau. An maye gurbin wannan tashar jirgin ruwa da tashar jirgin sama a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. : 93-112 A cikin 1881 an gina Farol de D. Maria Pia a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa. A farkon shekarun 1960 an gina sabbin tashar jiragen ruwa a gefen gabas na bay, kilomita 1 kudu maso gabashin tsakiyar gari. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa an faɗaɗa shi kuma an sabunta shi, kwanan nan a cikin 2014. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Port of Praia |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia "Port of Praia"] (in Portuguese). </cite></ref> Porto da Praia memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH). &nbsp; == Ayyukan jirgin ruwa == Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa daga Praia Harbor zuwa tsibirin Brava, Fogo, San Nicolau, San Vicente, Mayu, Boa Vista da Sal. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == pe5an8dk3w7tsys72cjl1wcltjrdg19 862749 862748 2026-06-21T09:15:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 862749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harbour Praia''' (Portuguese,) tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta birnin [[Praia]] a kudancin tsibirin Santiago, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Tana cikin wani yanki na [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . Tun bayan sabunta zamani a shekarar 2014, tana da dogayen jiragen ruwa guda 2, gajerun jiragen ruwa guda 3, tashar jiragen ruwa ta jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kifi, wuraren shakatawa na kwantena guda 2, hanyoyin hawa biyu na birgima/birgima da kuma tashar fasinjoji. Jimillar tsawon jiragen ruwa na birgima mita 863 ne, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine mita 13.5. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Port of Praia |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a mulkin mallaka na Afirka da Kudancin Amurka ta hannun 'yan Portugal. Tare da tan 817,845 na kaya da fasinjoji 85,518 da aka kula da su (2017), ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi cunkoso a Cape Verde, bayan [[Porto Grande Bay|Porto Grande]] (Mindelo). Bayar Praia tana tsakanin tuddai Ponta Temerosa da Ponta das Bicudas . Tsibirin Ilhéu de Santa Maria yana cikin bay, yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa. Kogin [[Ribeira da Trindade]] ya zubo cikin bay, tsakanin tsakiyar gari (Plateau) da tashar jiragen ruwa. Kai tsaye arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa shine yankin garin Achada Grande Frente. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:IMRAY(1884)_p0166_CAPE_VERDE,_PORTO_PRAYA_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Taswirar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia 1884]] Magana ta farko game da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ta kasance daga 1497, lokacin da mai binciken Vasco da Gama ya kafa a can a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Indiya. : 26 Akwai sulhu a bay a cikin shekara ta 1515. <ref name="gomes" /> : 94 A cikin karni na 16 tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama muhimmiyar tashar jiragen sama zuwa São Tomé da [[Brazil]], a cikin gasa da tsohuwar tashar jiragen mmiri [[Cidade Velha|Ribeira Grande (yanzu Cidade Velha)]] . <ref name="gomes" /> : 95 Tsakanin ƙarshen karni na 16 da ƙarshen karni na 18, duka Ribeira Grande da Praia sun sha wahala da hare-haren fashi da yawa, gami da na Francis Drake (1585) da Jacques Cassard (1712). <ref name="gomes" /> :{{Rp|95}} An ambaci tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin "P. Praya" a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Jacques-Nicolas Bellin]] |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> Praia a hankali ya maye gurbin Cidade Velha don zama mafi mahimmancin tashar jiragen ruwa na Cape Verde, kuma ya zama babban birnin Cape Verde a cikin 1770. Yaƙin sojan ruwa na Porto Praya, wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Anglo-Faransa na 1778-83, ya faru ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1781 a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia ita ce tashar farko ta tafiyar [[Charles Darwin]] tare da {{HMS|Beagle}} a cikin 1832. Tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa ta San Januário tana a Praia Negra, kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin Plateau (Praia). An gina sabon tashar katako a cikin 1880 kusa da gidan kwastam, wanda yanzu shine National Archives of Cape Verde Building, kudu da Plateau. An maye gurbin wannan tashar jirgin ruwa da tashar jirgin sama a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. : 93-112 A cikin 1881 an gina Farol de D. Maria Pia a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa. A farkon shekarun 1960 an gina sabbin tashar jiragen ruwa a gefen gabas na bay, kilomita 1 kudu maso gabashin tsakiyar gari. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa an faɗaɗa shi kuma an sabunta shi, kwanan nan a cikin 2014. <ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Port of Praia |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170219012115/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-da-praia "Port of Praia"] (in Portuguese). </cite></ref> Porto da Praia memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH). &nbsp; == Ayyukan jirgin ruwa == Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa daga Praia Harbor zuwa tsibirin Brava, Fogo, San Nicolau, San Vicente, Mayu, Boa Vista da Sal. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == ojvdf2je0flob5ozy3z97btnoxl195s 0 154589 862829 846352 2026-06-21T10:45:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359886311|Ain Sokhna port]]" 862829 wikitext text/x-wiki Wani tashar jiragen ruwa da ke [[Ain Sokhna]], wani yanki na Gwamnatin Suez ta Masar . Babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa ga Masar, Tekun Farisa da [[Asiya]], tashar Ain Sokhna tana kan iyakar yammacin Tekun Suez, kilomita 43 kudu da birnin Suez kuma kusan kilomita 120 daga Alkahira, tana ba da damar shiga babban birnin, sau da yawa ana amfani da ita ta hanyar jigilar kaya ta hanyar hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project |url=https://www.investinegypt.gov.eg/english/pages/project.aspx?projectid=179}}</ref>&nbsp; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, Kwamitin Tarihin Duniya na Guinness ya amince da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna ta Masar don samun zurfin tashar jiragen sama da mutum ya yi a duniya a mita 19 (kimanin ƙafa 62.34), wanda aka gina a ƙasa. Wannan nasarar, wanda aka tabbatar da shi a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2025, ya nuna ikon tashar jiragen ruwa don karɓar bakuncin manyan jiragen ruwa na duniya, yana nuna muhimmiyar ci gaba ga hanyar dabaru ta Bahar Maliya-Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ain Sokhna Port wins Guinness World Record for deepest man-made port basin - Economy - Business |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/3/558679/Business/Ain-Sokhna-Port-wins-Guinness-World-Record-for-dee.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Ci gaba == === Ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki na RESIN === Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta ƙaddamar da sabon sabis na jigilar kayayyaki, mai suna Red Sea-India (RESIN), wanda ke aiki da layin jigilar kayayyakin Larabawa Sea Lead (Sea Lead Shipping). Sabis ɗin yana da niyyar inganta kasuwanci da haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Masar ta Ain Sokhna tare da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yanki, gami da tashar jiragen saman Jeddah Islamic a Saudi Arabia da tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Jebel Ali a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Mawani Boosts Global Trade with New Shipping Routes from Dammam and Jeddah |url=https://www.themaritimestandard.com/new-container-shipping-routes-strengthen-saudi-port-connectivity-with-asia-and-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Latest Maritime & Shipping News Online - The Maritime Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}</ref> Shirin yana daga cikin dabarun Sea Lead don fadada hanyar sadarwar ta da karfafa hadin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin Masar da kasashe da dama na Larabawa da Asiya, gami da Saudi Arabia, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Indiya, da Djibouti. Sabis ɗin yana ba da hanyoyin jigilar kaya kai tsaye waɗanda ke tallafawa fitarwa da shigo da kaya, rage lokutan wucewa, da inganta ingancin sufuri na teku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Mawani Boosts Global Trade with New Shipping Routes from Dammam and Jeddah |url=https://www.themaritimestandard.com/new-container-shipping-routes-strengthen-saudi-port-connectivity-with-asia-and-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Latest Maritime & Shipping News Online - The Maritime Standard |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin2025">admin (2 June 2025). </cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sea Lead kamfani ne na jigilar kayayyaki na UAE wanda ke aiki da sabis na jigilar kwantena a fadin tashar jiragen ruwa na yanki da na duniya. Cibiyar sadarwarsa ta haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna tare da tashar jiragen kasa da kasa da yawa, gami da Nhava Sheva a Indiya, Djibouti, da Jebel Ali a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sabis ɗin RESIN yana inganta rawar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna ke takawa a matsayin cibiyar tsakiya a taswirar teku ta Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yana ba da kamfanonin Masar sabbin dama don fadada fitarwa zuwa kasuwannin Gulf da Kudancin Asiya, musamman a cikin karuwar buƙatun saurin, sabis na kai tsaye.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Har ila yau, sabis ɗin yana haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin jerin masu zuwa: Nhava Sheva (India) - Ain Sokhna - Djibouti - Jebel Ali - Jeddah Islamic Port, tare da damar har zuwa 1,000 Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEU) a kowace tafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> === fadada tashar jiragen ruwa === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna tana fuskantar ci gaba mafi girma a tarihinta don canza Masar zuwa cibiyar yanki don cinikayya ta wucewa. Red Sea 1 Container Terminal, tare da ƙirar ƙira ta shekara-shekara ta TEU miliyan 3.5, ta fara ayyukan gwaji, tana karɓar jirgi na farko.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> Tashar tana da cikakken sarrafa kanta, ta amfani da fasahar ci gaba, gami da Terminal Operating System (TOS), GPS da Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tsarin bin diddigin, ɗakunan sarrafawa na tsakiya, manyan jiragen ruwa zuwa bakin teku (STS), da kuma kayan aikin roba na roba na roba (RTG). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx "Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna's Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Aikin sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kilomita 18 na sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da sabbin kwano 5, jimlar tashar jiragen sama na kusan kilomita 29, yadudduka masu ɗaukar miliyan 9.2, yankuna masu amfani da 5.2 km2, hanyar sadarwa ta ciki ta kilomita 17, da layin dogo da ke da nisan kilomita 30.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}</ref> Manyan ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a Ain Sokhna sun haɗa da tashoshin da aka faɗaɗa zuwa kilomita 23 tare da zurfin mita 18, da ke karɓar manyan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin kwantena da aka faɗaɗawa zuwa miliyan 8.6, yankunan dabaru tare da jimlar yanki na 6.3 km2 don ajiya da rarrabawa, da kuma sufuri Infrastructure da ke rufe kilomita 33 na layin dogo da ke da alaƙa da babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa, kilomita 17.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa za ta karɓi nau'ikan kaya da yawa, gami da kwantena, kaya na gaba ɗaya, roll-on / roll-off (Ro-Ro), busassun ruwa, ruwa mai yawa, da tashoshin da yawa, canza Ain Sokhna zuwa cikakken tashar teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hafez |first=Reham M. |year=2020 |title=Suez Canal Region as an economic hub in Egypt location analysis for the mass real estate appraisal process |journal=HBRC Journal |volume=16 |pages=59–75 |doi=10.1080/16874048.2020.1734347 |s2cid=219822586 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ain Sokhna tana aiki ne a matsayin tashar kudancin Sokhna-Alexandria Logistics Corridor, wanda ke haɗa Bahar Maliya zuwa Bahar Rum ta hanyar hanyar jirgin lantarki mai saurin gudu. Hanyar tana ba da damar jigilar kwantena daga Ain Sokhna zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria don sake fitarwa, inganta rawar da Masar ke takawa a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Ayyukan Red Sea 1 Terminal suna sanya Masar don kara rabonta na kasuwar sufuri ta duniya, jawo hankalin manyan layin sufuri, da tallafawa fitar da kayayyaki na Masar ta hanyar ayyuka kai tsaye da farashi na gasa, canza Ain Sokhna daga tashar masana'antu ta gargajiya zuwa cibiyar duniya da ke iya karɓar manyan jiragen ruwa, waɗanda aka haɗa da cibiyar sufuri ta zamani.<ref name=":2" /> === Zuba jari da haɗin gwiwa === DP World (Dubai Ports World): An yi amfani da dala biliyan 1.3 don fadada Ain Sokhna, da nufin sanya shi babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bahar Maliya. Hutchison Ports, CMA CGM, da COSCO Shipping sune ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke kula da ayyukan tashar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Kungiyar kasar Sin ta shirya sabon tashar kwantena tare da saka hannun jari na farko na dala miliyan 400, tare da damar da aka tsara na TEU miliyan 2.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab Finance - Egypt reviews $400M Ain Sokhna Port terminal proposal as Chinese firms explore new investments |url=https://www.arabfinance.com/en/news/newdetails/egypt-reviews-ain-sokhna-port-terminal-proposal-as-chinese-firms-explore-new-investments |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=ArabFinance |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan gwaji don Red Sea Container Terminal (RSCT) a hukumance sun fara ne a watan Janairun 2026. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Tashar tana da iyakar bakin teku 1,200m tare da zurfin ruwa 18m, wanda ke nuna cikakken wutar lantarki da kuma cranes masu aiki daga nesa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Ana gudanar da shi a karkashin kwangilar kwangila na shekaru 30 tare da Hutchison - CMA - COSCO kuma Babban Hukumomi na Yankin Tattalin Arziki na [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] (SCZONE) ke kula da shi. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> === Ayyukan Masana'antu da Shirye-shiryen tare da China === Kamfanin Hurricane Company ya gabatar da yanki na masana'antu a kan 100,000 m2 don sinadarai, mabukaci, da kayayyakin gida, tare da kashi 70% na samarwa don fitarwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Birnin da aka tsara da kayan aiki da kasuwanci sama da 3 miliyan m2, tare da kimanin saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 2, wanda aka tsara bayan Yiwu, China, ana sa ran samar da ayyuka 150,000.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Shirin don ɗakin ajiyar kwastam don sake fitar da kayan aiki da kayan aiki zuwa kasuwannin Afirka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Hukumomin Masar sun nuna cikakken goyon baya ga waɗannan ayyukan, da nufin ƙarfafa hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin Masar da Sin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> == Manay == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2p47qm338rrjdavsnublk5m9h8grz19 862831 862829 2026-06-21T10:46:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 862831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wani tashar jiragen ruwa da ke [[Ain Sokhna]], wani yanki na Gwamnatin Suez ta Masar . Babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa ga Masar, Tekun Farisa da [[Asiya]], tashar Ain Sokhna tana kan iyakar yammacin Tekun Suez, kilomita 43 kudu da birnin Suez kuma kusan kilomita 120 daga Alkahira, tana ba da damar shiga babban birnin, sau da yawa ana amfani da ita ta hanyar jigilar kaya ta hanyar hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project |url=https://www.investinegypt.gov.eg/english/pages/project.aspx?projectid=179}}</ref>&nbsp; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, Kwamitin Tarihin Duniya na Guinness ya amince da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna ta Masar don samun zurfin tashar jiragen sama da mutum ya yi a duniya a mita 19 (kimanin ƙafa 62.34), wanda aka gina a ƙasa. Wannan nasarar, wanda aka tabbatar da shi a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2025, ya nuna ikon tashar jiragen ruwa don karɓar bakuncin manyan jiragen ruwa na duniya, yana nuna muhimmiyar ci gaba ga hanyar dabaru ta Bahar Maliya-Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ain Sokhna Port wins Guinness World Record for deepest man-made port basin - Economy - Business |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/3/558679/Business/Ain-Sokhna-Port-wins-Guinness-World-Record-for-dee.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Ci gaba == === Ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki na RESIN === Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta ƙaddamar da sabon sabis na jigilar kayayyaki, mai suna Red Sea-India (RESIN), wanda ke aiki da layin jigilar kayayyakin Larabawa Sea Lead (Sea Lead Shipping). Sabis ɗin yana da niyyar inganta kasuwanci da haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Masar ta Ain Sokhna tare da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yanki, gami da tashar jiragen saman Jeddah Islamic a Saudi Arabia da tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Jebel Ali a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Mawani Boosts Global Trade with New Shipping Routes from Dammam and Jeddah |url=https://www.themaritimestandard.com/new-container-shipping-routes-strengthen-saudi-port-connectivity-with-asia-and-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Latest Maritime & Shipping News Online - The Maritime Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}</ref> Shirin yana daga cikin dabarun Sea Lead don fadada hanyar sadarwar ta da karfafa hadin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin Masar da kasashe da dama na Larabawa da Asiya, gami da Saudi Arabia, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Indiya, da Djibouti. Sabis ɗin yana ba da hanyoyin jigilar kaya kai tsaye waɗanda ke tallafawa fitarwa da shigo da kaya, rage lokutan wucewa, da inganta ingancin sufuri na teku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Mawani Boosts Global Trade with New Shipping Routes from Dammam and Jeddah |url=https://www.themaritimestandard.com/new-container-shipping-routes-strengthen-saudi-port-connectivity-with-asia-and-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Latest Maritime & Shipping News Online - The Maritime Standard |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin2025">admin (2 June 2025). </cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sea Lead kamfani ne na jigilar kayayyaki na UAE wanda ke aiki da sabis na jigilar kwantena a fadin tashar jiragen ruwa na yanki da na duniya. Cibiyar sadarwarsa ta haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna tare da tashar jiragen kasa da kasa da yawa, gami da Nhava Sheva a Indiya, Djibouti, da Jebel Ali a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sabis ɗin RESIN yana inganta rawar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna ke takawa a matsayin cibiyar tsakiya a taswirar teku ta Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yana ba da kamfanonin Masar sabbin dama don fadada fitarwa zuwa kasuwannin Gulf da Kudancin Asiya, musamman a cikin karuwar buƙatun saurin, sabis na kai tsaye.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Har ila yau, sabis ɗin yana haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin jerin masu zuwa: Nhava Sheva (India) - Ain Sokhna - Djibouti - Jebel Ali - Jeddah Islamic Port, tare da damar har zuwa 1,000 Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEU) a kowace tafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> === fadada tashar jiragen ruwa === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna tana fuskantar ci gaba mafi girma a tarihinta don canza Masar zuwa cibiyar yanki don cinikayya ta wucewa. Red Sea 1 Container Terminal, tare da ƙirar ƙira ta shekara-shekara ta TEU miliyan 3.5, ta fara ayyukan gwaji, tana karɓar jirgi na farko.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> Tashar tana da cikakken sarrafa kanta, ta amfani da fasahar ci gaba, gami da Terminal Operating System (TOS), GPS da Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tsarin bin diddigin, ɗakunan sarrafawa na tsakiya, manyan jiragen ruwa zuwa bakin teku (STS), da kuma kayan aikin roba na roba na roba (RTG). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx "Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna's Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Aikin sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kilomita 18 na sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da sabbin kwano 5, jimlar tashar jiragen sama na kusan kilomita 29, yadudduka masu ɗaukar miliyan 9.2, yankuna masu amfani da 5.2 km2, hanyar sadarwa ta ciki ta kilomita 17, da layin dogo da ke da nisan kilomita 30.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}</ref> Manyan ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a Ain Sokhna sun haɗa da tashoshin da aka faɗaɗa zuwa kilomita 23 tare da zurfin mita 18, da ke karɓar manyan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin kwantena da aka faɗaɗawa zuwa miliyan 8.6, yankunan dabaru tare da jimlar yanki na 6.3 km2 don ajiya da rarrabawa, da kuma sufuri Infrastructure da ke rufe kilomita 33 na layin dogo da ke da alaƙa da babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa, kilomita 17.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa za ta karɓi nau'ikan kaya da yawa, gami da kwantena, kaya na gaba ɗaya, roll-on / roll-off (Ro-Ro), busassun ruwa, ruwa mai yawa, da tashoshin da yawa, canza Ain Sokhna zuwa cikakken tashar teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hafez |first=Reham M. |year=2020 |title=Suez Canal Region as an economic hub in Egypt location analysis for the mass real estate appraisal process |journal=HBRC Journal |volume=16 |pages=59–75 |doi=10.1080/16874048.2020.1734347 |s2cid=219822586 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ain Sokhna tana aiki ne a matsayin tashar kudancin Sokhna-Alexandria Logistics Corridor, wanda ke haɗa Bahar Maliya zuwa Bahar Rum ta hanyar hanyar jirgin lantarki mai saurin gudu. Hanyar tana ba da damar jigilar kwantena daga Ain Sokhna zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria don sake fitarwa, inganta rawar da Masar ke takawa a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Ayyukan Red Sea 1 Terminal suna sanya Masar don kara rabonta na kasuwar sufuri ta duniya, jawo hankalin manyan layin sufuri, da tallafawa fitar da kayayyaki na Masar ta hanyar ayyuka kai tsaye da farashi na gasa, canza Ain Sokhna daga tashar masana'antu ta gargajiya zuwa cibiyar duniya da ke iya karɓar manyan jiragen ruwa, waɗanda aka haɗa da cibiyar sufuri ta zamani.<ref name=":2" /> === Zuba jari da haɗin gwiwa === DP World (Dubai Ports World): An yi amfani da dala biliyan 1.3 don fadada Ain Sokhna, da nufin sanya shi babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bahar Maliya. Hutchison Ports, CMA CGM, da COSCO Shipping sune ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke kula da ayyukan tashar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Kungiyar kasar Sin ta shirya sabon tashar kwantena tare da saka hannun jari na farko na dala miliyan 400, tare da damar da aka tsara na TEU miliyan 2.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab Finance - Egypt reviews $400M Ain Sokhna Port terminal proposal as Chinese firms explore new investments |url=https://www.arabfinance.com/en/news/newdetails/egypt-reviews-ain-sokhna-port-terminal-proposal-as-chinese-firms-explore-new-investments |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=ArabFinance |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan gwaji don Red Sea Container Terminal (RSCT) a hukumance sun fara ne a watan Janairun 2026. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Tashar tana da iyakar bakin teku 1,200m tare da zurfin ruwa 18m, wanda ke nuna cikakken wutar lantarki da kuma cranes masu aiki daga nesa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Ana gudanar da shi a karkashin kwangilar kwangila na shekaru 30 tare da Hutchison - CMA - COSCO kuma Babban Hukumomi na Yankin Tattalin Arziki na [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] (SCZONE) ke kula da shi. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> === Ayyukan Masana'antu da Shirye-shiryen tare da China === Kamfanin Hurricane Company ya gabatar da yanki na masana'antu a kan 100,000 m2 don sinadarai, mabukaci, da kayayyakin gida, tare da kashi 70% na samarwa don fitarwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Birnin da aka tsara da kayan aiki da kasuwanci sama da 3 miliyan m2, tare da kimanin saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 2, wanda aka tsara bayan Yiwu, China, ana sa ran samar da ayyuka 150,000.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Shirin don ɗakin ajiyar kwastam don sake fitar da kayan aiki da kayan aiki zuwa kasuwannin Afirka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Hukumomin Masar sun nuna cikakken goyon baya ga waɗannan ayyukan, da nufin ƙarfafa hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin Masar da Sin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> == Manay == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 49iicb6mcknkoilwsdxrs9cc4uxnif8 0 154703 862553 846702 2026-06-21T04:19:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babban rikicewar '''baƙin ciki''', sau da yawa ana kiranta kawai baƙin ciki, cuta ce ta hankali wacce ke nuna rashin farin ciki ko fushi. Yana tare da tarin alamomi da alamomi irin su [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]], rashin kulawa, Matsalolin bacci, asarar abinci, asarar sadaukarwa, ƙarancin kula da kai / rashin cancanta, wahalar mai da hankali ko rashin yanke shawara, ko tunanin maimaitawa na mutuwa ko [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]]. Rashin lafiya a cikin ƙuruciya da samartaka yayi kama da babban ciwon baƙin ciki na manya, kodayake matasa masu fama da su na iya nuna karuwar fushi ko Rashin kula da halayyar maimakon yawan bakin ciki, banza, ko rashin bege da ake gani tare da manya.[1] Yaran da ke cikin damuwa, fuskantar asarar ko baƙin ciki, ko kuma suna da wasu cututtukan da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma ga baƙin ciki. Mawuyacin hali a cikin matasa sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na hankali a waje da wasu rikice-rikicen yanayi, galibi rikice-rubuce na damuwa, musamman rikice-Rashin damuwa na zamantakewa, da rikicewar hali. Rashin lafiya kuma yana gudana a cikin iyalai.[2] Ƙungiyar Ƙasa kan Cututtukan Zuciya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 75 cikin 100 na cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa suna farawa da shekaru 24.[3][4] A cikin bita na Cochrane na 2016, maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), CBT na uku, da kuma maganin mutum-mutumi sun nuna ƙananan fa'idodi masu kyau a rigakafin baƙin ciki. [5][6] Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kirkiro jiyya daban-daban don taimakawa yara da matasa da ke fama da baƙin ciki, kodayake halattaccen ganewar asali na baƙin ciki na yara a matsayin rikicewar hankali, da kuma tasirin hanyoyi daban-daban na kimantawa da magani, ya kasance mai kawo rigima. == Matsakaicin ƙididdiga da yaduwa == Kimanin kashi 8% na yara da matasa suna da baƙin ciki.<ref name="Eapen">{{Cite journal |author-link=Valsamma Eapen |vauthors=Eapen V, Črnčec R |date=January 2012 |title=Strategies and challenges in the management of adolescent depression |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |doi=10.1097/yco.0b013e32834de3bd |pmid=22156932 |s2cid=6721532}}</ref> A cikin 2016, kashi 51% na dalibai (matasa) waɗanda suka ziyarci cibiyar ba da shawara sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da damuwa, sannan baƙin ciki (41%), damuwa game da dangantaka (34%) da kuma tunanin kashe kansa (20.5%). Dalibai da yawa sun ba da rahoton fuskantar yanayi da yawa a lokaci guda. Bincike ya nuna cewa yaduwar yara da ke fama da babbar matsalar baƙin ciki a al'adun Yammacin Turai ya kasance daga 1.9% zuwa 3.4% tsakanin yara na makarantar firamare.<ref name="Kovacs">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Crouse-Novak MA, Paulauskas SL, Finkelstein R |date=March 1984 |title=Depressive disorders in childhood. I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=229–237 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790140019002 |pmid=6367688}}</ref> Daga cikin matasa, har zuwa 9% sun cika ka'idojin baƙin ciki a wani lokaci kuma kusan 20% suna fuskantar baƙin ciki wani lokaci a lokacin balaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, Laraque D, Stein RE |date=March 2018 |title=Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and Ongoing Management |journal=Pediatrics |volume=141 |issue=3 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-4082 |pmid=29483201 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma gano cewa tsakanin yara da aka gano suna da damuwa, akwai kashi 70% na sake dawowa cikin shekaru biyar.<ref name="Kovacs" /> Bugu da ƙari, kashi 50% na yara masu baƙin ciki za su sake dawowa aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin da suka girma.<ref name="Kessler">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Ries Merikangas K |date=June 2001 |title=Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1002–1014 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01129-5 |pmid=11430842 |s2cid=10397930}}</ref> Duk da yake babu bambancin jinsi a cikin ƙimar baƙin ciki a cikin waɗanda ba su kai shekara 15 ba bayan wannan shekarun yawan tsakanin mata ya ninka sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da maza. Koyaya, dangane da yawan maimaitawa da tsananin alamomi, babu bambancin jinsi.<ref name="Hankin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R, Angell KE |date=February 1998 |title=Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=128–140 |doi=10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 |pmid=9505045 |s2cid=29783051}}</ref> A cikin ƙoƙari na bayyana waɗannan binciken, wata ka'ida ta tabbatar da cewa mata masu ƙuruciya a matsakaita suna da haɗarin haɗari ga baƙin ciki idan aka kwatanta da maza. Wadannan abubuwan haɗari sun haɗu tare da damuwa da ƙalubale na ci gaban matasa don haifar da farawar baƙin ciki.<ref name="Nolen-Hoeksema">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nolen-Hoeksema S, Girgus JS |date=May 1994 |title=The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=424–443 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424 |pmid=8016286}}</ref> Rashin lafiya a cikin matasa da matasa yana da alaƙa da sakamako masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya zuwa daga baya a rayuwa ga mutumin da abin ya shafa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sakamakon sun hada da rashin lafiya na jiki da na tunani, matsala ta aiki a cikin jama'a, da kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maughan B, Collishaw S, Stringaris A |date=February 2013 |title=Depression in childhood and adolescence |journal=Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |pmc=3565713 |pmid=23390431}}</ref> === Manufar kashe kansa === Kamar takwarorinsu na manya, yara da matasa da ke fama da baƙin ciki suna cikin haɗarin ƙoƙari ko kashe kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaffer D, Gould MS, Fisher P, Trautman P, Moreau D, Kleinman M, Flory M |date=April 1996 |title=Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=339–348 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040075012 |pmid=8634012}}</ref> Kisan kai shine karo na huɗu da ya haifar da mutuwa tsakanin yara masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health of adolescents |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Matasa maza na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin halayyar kashe kansa yayin da suke nuna rikicewar halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaffer D, Craft L |year=1999 |title=Methods of adolescent suicide prevention |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=70–4; discussion 75–6, 113–6 |pmid=10073391}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990s, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH) ta gano cewa har zuwa kashi 7% na matasa da ke fama da babban matsalar baƙin ciki na iya kashe kansu yayin da suke matasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Weissman MM, Wolk S, Goldstein RB, Moreau D, Adams P, Greenwald S, Klier CM, Ryan ND, Dahl RE, Wickramaratne P |date=May 1999 |title=Depressed adolescents grown up |journal=JAMA |volume=281 |issue=18 |pages=1707–1713 |doi=10.1001/jama.281.18.1707 |pmid=10328070 |s2cid=46242201 |doi-access=}}</ref> Irin waɗannan kididdigar suna nuna muhimmancin shiga tsakani ta dangi da abokai, muhimmancin ganewar asali da wuri, da kuma maganin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, don hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa masu haɗari. Koyaya, wasu bayanai sun nuna akasin haka. Yawancin alamun baƙin ciki ana bayar da rahoton su akai-akai daga mata; kamar bakin ciki (wanda 85.1% na mata da 54.3% na maza suka bayar da rahoton) da kuka (kimanin 63.4% na mata da 42.9% na maza). Mata suna da damar fuskantar baƙin ciki fiye da maza, tare da yaduwar 19.2% da 13.5% bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lopez Molina MA, Jansen K, Drews C, Pinheiro R, Silva R, Souza L |date=7 May 2013 |title=Major depressive disorder symptoms in male and female young adults |journal=Psychology, Health & Medicine |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=136–145 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2013.793369 |pmid=23651450 |s2cid=32876100}}</ref> === Dalilin haɗari === Risk factors for adolescent depression include a family history of depression, a personal history of trauma, family conflict, minority sexual orientation, or having a chronic medical illness.<ref name="Miller">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller L, Campo JV |date=July 2021 |title=Depression in Adolescents |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=385 |issue=5 |pages=445–449 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2033475 |pmid=34320289 |s2cid=236498366}}</ref> There tends to be higher prevalence rates and more severe symptoms in adolescent girls when compared to adolescent boys. These higher rates are also applicable in older adolescents when compared to younger adolescents.<ref name="Miller" /> This may be due to hormonal fluctuations that may make adolescent women more vulnerable to depression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Women and depression |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/women-and-depression |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=Harvard Health}}</ref> The fact that increased prevalence of depression correlates with hormonal changes in women, particularly during puberty, suggests that female hormones may be a trigger for depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albert PR |date=July 2015 |title=Why is depression more prevalent in women? |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=219–221 |doi=10.1503/jpn.150205 |pmc=4478054 |pmid=26107348}}</ref> The gender gap in depression between adolescent men and women has been linked to young women's lower levels of positive thinking, need for approval, and self-focusing in negative conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Calvete E, Cardeñoso O |date=April 2005 |title=Gender differences in cognitive vulnerability to depression and behavior problems in adolescents |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=179–192 |doi=10.1007/s10802-005-1826-y |pmid=15839496 |s2cid=36986016}}</ref> Frequent exposure to victimization or bullying was related to high risks of depression, ideation and suicide attempts compared to those not involved in bullying.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brunstein Klomek A, Marrocco F, Kleinman M, Schonfeld IS, Gould MS |date=January 2007 |title=Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1304&context=cc_pubs |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=40–49 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18 |pmid=17195728 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nicotine dependence is also associated with depression, anxiety, and poor dieting, mostly in young men.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Psujek JK, Martz DM, Curtin L, Michael KD, Aeschleman SR |date=February 2004 |title=Gender differences in the association among nicotine dependence, body image, depression, and anxiety within a college population |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=375–380 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.031 |pmid=14732426}}</ref> Although causal direction has not been established, involvement in any sex or drug use is cause for concern.<ref name="Adolescent depression and suicide r">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hallfors DD, Waller MW, Ford CA, Halpern CT, Brodish PH, Iritani B |date=October 2004 |title=Adolescent depression and suicide risk: association with sex and drug behavior |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=224–231 |doi=10.1016/s0749-3797(04)00124-2 |pmid=15450635}}</ref> Children who develop major depression are more likely to have a family history of the disorder (often a parent who experienced depression at an early age) than patients with adolescent- or adult-onset depression. Adolescents with depression are also likely to have a family history of depression, though the correlation is not as high as it is for children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Fact Sheet |url=http://www.about-teen-depression.com/teen-depression.html |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-22 |title=Why do Women Get Depressed More Than Men? |url=http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/09/22/why-do-women-get-depressed-more-than-men/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080927/https://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/09/22/why-do-women-get-depressed-more-than-men/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (November 2017)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Cutar da ke tattare da cutar === Rashin halayyar sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da babban matsalar baƙin ciki a cikin yara da matasa. Nazarin asibiti da cututtukan cututtuka sun rubuta muhimmiyar haɗuwa tsakanin bayyanar cututtuka da bayyanar cututtukani, kuma wannan cuta tana da alaƙa da rashin aiki na zamantakewar mutum, matsalolin ilimi, haɗarin amfani da kwayoyi, da haɓaka kashe kansa. Binciken tsarin kwanan nan ya kara nuna cewa raunin kwayar halitta na iya bayyana wannan hadin gwiwa a duk faɗin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caserini |first=C. |last2=Ferro |first2=M. |last3=Nobile |first3=M. |last4=Scaini |first4=S. |last5=Michelini |first5=G. |year=2023 |title=Shared genetic influences between depression and conduct disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=322 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaduwar cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a lokacin ƙuruciya na iya bambanta da launin fata da kabilanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weller BE, Blanford KL, Butler AM |date=June 2018 |title=Estimated Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in U.S. Adolescents With Depression by Race/Ethnicity, 2011-2012 |journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=716–721 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.020 |pmid=29784115 |s2cid=29157841}}</ref> === Dalilan zamantakewa === Matasa suna cikin neman ainihi da ma'ana a rayuwarsu. An kuma dauke su a matsayin rukuni na musamman tare da matsaloli da matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sauyawa zuwa balaga. Matsi na ilimi, matsalolin da ke tsakanin mutum da na mutum, mutuwar ƙaunatattun mutane, cututtuka, da asarar dangantaka, sun nuna cewa suna da matukar damuwa a cikin matasa. Duk da yake wani bangare ne na al'ada na ci gaba a cikin matasa don fuskantar damuwa da nakasa, akwai karuwar cututtukan hankali a duniya. Mawuyacin hali yawanci martani ne ga abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa kamar batutuwan dangantaka, matsalolin kudi, rashin lafiya na jiki, rashi, da dai sauransu. Wasu mutane na iya zama masu baƙin ciki ba tare da wani dalili ba kuma wahalarsu ta kasance daidai da waɗanda ke amsawa daga abubuwan da suka gabata. Tsarin tunani na iya taka rawa a cikin rauni ga baƙin ciki. Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin Girman kai, koyaushe suna kallon kansu da duniya tare da mummunan ra'ayi, ko kuma suna da damuwa, na iya zama masu saurin damuwa.<ref name=":2" /> Binciken al'umma ya gano cewa mata sun fi maza damar cewa suna cikin damuwa. Sauran binciken sun nuna cewa mata sun fi maza damar yin baƙin ciki saboda wani abu mai wahala. Mata kuma suna iya fuskantar wasu nau'ikan damuwa masu tsanani kamar cin zarafin yara, cin zarafin manya, da tashin hankali na gida.<ref name=":1"/> Bugu da ƙari, baƙin ciki na iya zama sakamakon mummunar gogewa, ɗaya daga cikinsu na iya faruwa a lokacin wasanni inda abubuwan zamantakewa suka wuce cikin ayyukan matsayi a cikin hanyar zalunci, wanda zai iya tushen dalilin farko.   == Dubi kuma == * Kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBT * [[Matasa sun kashe kansu]] == Manazarta == 4lybid49tq418wx29v03jnwrvax10hh 0 154828 862531 847108 2026-06-21T01:23:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Masallaci]] Qani-Bay''' (Arab<ic) masallaci ne kusa da Salah al-Din Square a [[Musulunci Alkahira|Alkahira ta Musulunci]], [[Misra|Misira]] . An sanya sunan hadaddun ne bayan Qani-Bay al-Sayfi, wanda ake kira "''al-Rammah''", wanda shine Babban Jagora na Doki a lokacin mulkin Sultan al-Ghuri . == Manazarta == An kammala ginin masallacin a shekara ta 908 bayan hijira (1502/1503 CE) kuma yana kan tudu yana kallon dutsen Hippodrome da Masallacin Sultan Hassan. An zaɓi wurin ne domin kasuwar dawaki da wuraren ajiye dawaki na Citadel suna kusa da filin. Gidan yana da babban bangon da ke amfani da ra'ayi kuma a lokaci guda yana fallasa kansa ga mutanen da ke ƙasa. An mayar da ginin a cikin 1895 sannan kuma a farkon 2000s.<ref name="archnet">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Funerary Complex of Qanibay Amir Akhur |url=http://archnet.org/sites/2233 |access-date=2015-09-29 |website=Archnet.org |archive-date=2015-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930193013/http://archnet.org/sites/2233 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna a cikin al'adun gargajiya == The mosque features on the E£200 banknote. == Dubi kuma ==   [[Fayil:EGP_200_Pounds_Apr_2007_(Front).jpg|thumb|Masallacin a kan takardar kudi ta E£]] * Musulunci a Misira * Jerin masallatai a Alkahira == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}}{{Mosques in Egypt}} 8y2p28syqapm4ka9p9ql5hw0n0qx8tr 0 155020 862530 847578 2026-06-21T01:19:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    Masallacin Keizerstraat (Yaren mutanen Holland: Moskee Keizerstraat), wanda aka fi sani da Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha’at Islam Mosque Keizerstraat, masallaci ne kuma hedikwatar Harkar Ahmadiyya ta Lahore (Surinaamse Islamitische Vereniging), dake cikin Paramaribo, Suriname.   Masallacin yana cikin Keizerstraat, kusa da majami'ar Neveh Shalom<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keizerstraat |url=https://cityofparamaribo.nl/read/keizerstraat |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=City of Paramaribo |language=nl |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021172501/https://cityofparamaribo.nl/read/keizerstraat |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa al'ummar musulmi ta Paramaribo a 1929. Masallacinsa na farko, gini na katako tare da [[Hasumiya|minaret]], an kammala shi a 1932. <ref name="keizer">{{Cite web |title=Moskee [X 1984], Keizerstraat 88 |url=https://cityofparamaribo.nl/read/keizerstraat88 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=City of Paramaribo |language=nl |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021165433/https://cityofparamaribo.nl/read/keizerstraat88 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1979 mashahurin dambe [[Muhammad Ali]] ya ziyarci masallacin. An kammala masallacin na yanzu a shekarar 1984. <ref name="keizer"/> Ginin wannan masallaci wani bangare ne na manufofin al'ummar [[Ahmadiyya]] na fadada Islama. Wanda ya kafa shi, [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], ya yi niyyar kwaikwayon ayyukan mishan da addinan Kirista suka gudanar a Indiya a lokacinsa. Saboda haka, yawancin masallatai na farko da aka gina a kasashen Yamma suna cikin wannan ƙungiyar Islama - kodayake, ga yawancin Musulmai, ba za a dauke su wani ɓangare na Islama ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ortega Sánchez |first=José María |date=2017-12-13 |title=El Islam soñado: la fe ahmadía |url=https://revistas.uva.es/index.php/socireli/article/view/1567 |journal=Journal of the Sociology and Theory of Religion |volume=6 |pages=55–83 |doi=10.24197/jstr.0.2017.55-83 |issn=2255-2715}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> * Musulunci a Suriname * Jerin masallatai a Amurka == Bayanan da aka ambata == lqo2l3g3ydyfnkwrw03iq6uagqvwsab 0 155030 862526 847626 2026-06-21T00:57:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''[[Masallaci]] Khanqah na Shaykhu''' masallaci ne da khanqah, wanda ke kan titin Saliba, a [[Musulunci Alkahira|Alkahira ta Musulunci]], [[Misra|Misira]] . An kammala shi a cikin 1349 da 1355 bi da bi, masallacin da khanqah sun kafa ta Sayf al-Din Shaykhu al-Nasiri, Babban Sarkin a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sultan an-Nasir Hasan . == Rayuwar Shaykhu == Sayf al-Din Shaykhu al-Nasiri shine babban ikon siyasa kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun amirs a jihar Sultan Hasan . Kula da jihar ya kasance a cikin ikonsa kuma ya mai da hankali kan manufofi da ke haifar da kwanciyar hankali na al'umma da zaman lafiya tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban na mutanen da ke zaune a yankin. Ya ji daɗin daraja kuma ya sami babban arziki ta hanyar samun kudin shiga na yau da kullun na dirhmans 200,000 ko dinars 10,000. An kashe Shaykhu a shekara ta 1357 AZ. Bey, amir Manjak [[vizier]], daya daga cikin Sultan's Mamluks, ya kai wa Shaykhu hari da takobi yayin da Shaykhu ke zaune a gidan shari'a. Mutanen da ke cikin Alkahira Citadel sun firgita, wanda ya haifar da rikici sosai a cikin taron har aka kashe mutane. An kama Bey a cikin Mausoleum na al-Nasir, a wajen Alkahira, da goma daga cikin manyan amirs a cikin cikakken makamai. Bey ya furta kuma ya ɗauki cikakken alhakin. {{Blockquote|“He said: ''I brought to Shaykhu a request for a transfer from salary to landed property, but he did not gratify my concern. That decision had an overpowering influence on my soul.''”<ref name=Smith>{{cite web |title=Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu |work=Maqrizi.com: Cairo Through the Eyes of Its Greatest Medieval Historian |editor=Smith, Martyn |date= |access-date=5 March 2011 |url=http://maqrizi.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207204231/http://maqrizi.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-07 }}</ref>}} Bey was imprisoned before his execution by being impaled and afterwards his corpse circulated through the streets. Shaykhu was not killed instantly by the attacked but never recovered and died on the night of Friday, the 16th day of Dhu al-Qa’da in 758 AH (1356/1357 CE). Shaykhu is buried in his own khanqah and supplied the funds so that the Qur’an would be perpetually read at his tomb. == Gine-gine == [[Fayil:Mosque_and_khanqah.jpg|thumb|Masallaci da Khanqah na Shaykhu]] "Ko da yake khanqah da masallacin Shaykhu sun rabu da shekaru shida, suna da irin wannan bangarori, ƙofofi, da minarets. Gine-gine biyu suna fuskantar juna a fadin Sharia Saliba tare da kusan bangarorin waje iri ɗaya, duk da haka ciki suna aiki daban-daban. Ta hanyar flanking - kuma ta haka ne tsarawa - titin, minarets da ƙofoti biyu masu adawa suna samar da tasirin ƙofar da ke nuna ɓangaren al-Saliba Street, wanda waɗannan bangarorin biyu masu rikitarwa, wani ɓangare na Shaykhu. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Amir Shaykhu al 'Imari Mosque-Khanqah |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3348 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165434/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3348 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |access-date=5 March 2011 |website=ArchNet.org}}</ref> === Masallaci === Al-Maqrizi ya kira wannan "masallaci yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun masallatai a Misira". Yana gaban Khanqah. An ce an gina harsashin ne ga Shaykh Akmal al-Din al-Rumi, wanda shine shugaban Sufis ashirin da ke haɗe da shi kuma an binne shi a cikin khanqah. Masallacin yana da tsari mai ban mamaki kuma maimakon ƙara kauri na bango don kula da daidaituwa na ciki, kamar yadda al'ada ta kasance, zauren addu'a yana da siffar da ba daidai ba tare da ganuwar da ba su da layi daya. Ganuwar ta rufe shimfidar titunan da ke kewaye da ita kuma "wannan shimfidar da ba ta dace ba ta ba da damar mausoleum don sadarwa tare da wuri mai tsarki ta taga". Wannan taga ya maye gurbin mihrab na mausoleum. Gidan masallacin shine farkon masallacin riwaq da za a shimfiɗa shi da marmara mai launi. Yawancin aikin asali na masallacin sun shiga cikin sabuntawa, duk da haka, mihrab ya ƙunshi ragowar marmara mai launi na zamanin. Ƙananan ɓangaren mihrab yana nuna takalma na Tunisiya na ƙarni na sha takwas. Maqrizi ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa "babu masallaci da khanqah na baya, a yankin Saliba, da suka bunƙasa har zuwa wannan matakin, kuma ba a taɓa halicci a cikin jihar Bahri Mamluk daidai da kyautarsu ta ibada da kuma ingancin kuɗin shiga ba". === Khanqah === Khanqah yana yankin al-Saliba, a wajen birnin Alkahira. Yana gaban Masallacin Shaykhu kai tsaye, wanda ake dangantawa da shi. An gina shi a shekara ta 756 bayan hijira (1355/1356 CE), shekaru shida bayan Masallacin da Shaykhu ya gina, da nufin ya zama madrasa da kuma khanqah. Shi ne masallacin khanqah na farko da aka sani a zamanin Mamluk. Yana da ikon ɗaukar gidajen jama'a. Baya ga khanqah, akwai bandakuna biyu da kuma layukan shaguna masu ƙananan gidaje a hawa na biyu a saman shagunan da Shaykhu ya gina. Ya shirya laccoci na kowane ɗayan makarantun shari'a guda huɗu ([[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]], [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]], [[Malikiyya|Maliki]], da [[Hanbaliya|Hanbali]]), lacca game da hadisi na annabi, da lacca game le karatun Kur'ani bakwai. Ya sanya malami da ƙungiyar ɗalibai zuwa kowane lacca. Shaykhu "ya nada shi a matsayin malami na malaman shari'a na Shafi'i Baha" al-Din Ahmed ibn 'Ali al-Subki; ga malaman shari'ar Maliki, Shaykh Khalil, wanda ke da hanyar soja kuma ya gudanar da ƙungiyar karatu kamar nasa fief; ga malaman Shari'ar Hanbali, babban al-Alkwaqf al-Din al-Hanbali. Ya sanya shahinmu a matsayin shugaban khan al-Din Mahmoud a duk yankin da ya zama dole. Yanayin khanqah, da zarar an kiyaye shi sosai, ya ƙi har sai ya fadi a baya a cikin biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa masu riƙe da matsayi daban-daban da ake buƙata don tallafawa khanqah. Ginin ya ɗauki watanni bakwai don kammalawa. Fadan na ƙasa yana da mita 4,200 (45,000 sq kuma Shaykhu ya sami kadan fiye da wannan don khanqah da wanka da shaguna da ke kewaye. Rubutun tushe a cikin ƙofar ƙofar ya ambaci sunan wanda ya kafa tare da halin sufi mai tawali'u 'al-'abd al-faqir' wanda aka fassara yana nufin 'bawan matalauta. " Rubutun da ke kan minaret na khanqah ya bambanta da masallacin, kamar yadda khanqah ta haɗa da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] XXII, 27 da ke nufin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] a ƙarƙashin taken "Hajji": "Ka yi shelar Hajji ga dukan mutane. Za su zo wurin da ƙafa kuma a kowane irin dutse mai zurfi, suna fitowa daga kowane dutse mai sauri, suna fitowar dutse mai tsaunuka, suna fito Wataƙila, an yi amfani da khanqah don karɓar bakuncin matafiya na ƙasashen waje da ke wucewa ta Alkahira a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]]. An gina khanqah a kusa da farfajiya, tare da zauren addu'a mai katangar bango a gefe ɗaya da kuma ɗakunan zama a hawa uku a sauran ɓangarorin uku. Maimakon ƙara kauri na bangon don daidaita siffar ginin ba daidai ba, zauren addu'ar ya wuce farfajiyar da ke kan titi, wanda yayi kama da salon masallacin, wanda ya samar da ƙarin sarari a kusurwar gabas, wanda aka rufe da kusurwoyi na katako. Wannan shine kabarin Akmal al-Din, wanda ya mutu a zamanin Sultan Barquq a shekara ta 786 bayan hijira (1384/1385 bayan hijira). Sultan ya girmama Akmal al-Din cewa ya ba da umarnin binne shi a cikin khanqah, ba abu ne da ya saba faruwa ga shaykh ba, amma Akmal al-Din shine mai kula da wa'azin kuma har ma Shaykh ya iya ƙayyade wurin binne shi. An ruwaito cewa an binne Shaykh da kansa a cikin khanqah, wanda ke nuna cewa ya canza ra'ayinsa bayan kammala kabarin da aka haɗa da masallacinsa.  Wannan gyaran zai yi daidai da ra'ayinsa na kansa a matsayin Sufi, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rubutun tushe na gidan sufi na Sufi da ya gina. == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />  * Musulunci a Misira * Jerin madrasas a Misira * Jerin masallatai a Alkahira * Jerin Tarihin Tarihi a Alkahira == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Commons category-inline}} * {{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Khanqah wa Qubbat al-Amir Shaykhu |url=https://archnet.org/sites/2210 |access-date= |website=ArchNet.org |archive-date=2025-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803154803/https://www.archnet.org/sites/2210 |url-status=dead }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shaykhu Mosque and Khanqah}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qkxe2920rnkam8v5l8lte35vv9yx95f 0 155423 861989 849298 2026-06-20T12:12:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 861989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Resusci Anne, wanda aka fi sani da Rescue Anne, Resusci Annie, '''CPR Annie''', Resuscitation Annie, '''Little Annie''', ko '''CPR Doll''' misali ne na simulator na likita da aka yi amfani da shi don koyar da ma'aikatan gaggawa da membobin jama'a gaba ɗaya. Resusci Anne ta samo asali ne daga mai yin kayan wasa na Norway Åsmund S. Lærdal, likitan likitan Austrian-Czech Peter Safar, da likitan likitocin Amurka James Elam, <ref name="Science Heroes">{{Cite web |title=Elam, James: Science Heroes |url=http://www.scienceheroes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=346&Itemid=292 |access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |last=Jeremy Grange |date=16 October 2013 |title=Resusci Anne and L'Inconnue: The Mona Lisa of the Seine |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24534069 |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark Peck |title=Annie...Annie.. Are You OK? Resusci Anne |url=http://www.emsmuseum.org/virtual-museum/Equipment/articles/399766-Annie-Annie-Are-You-OK-Resusci-Anne |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141227115243/http://www.emsmuseum.org/virtual-museum/Equipment/articles/399766-Annie-Annie-Are-You-OK-Resusci-Anne |archive-date=2014-12-27 |access-date=30 March 2018 |publisher=The Virtual EMS Museum}}</ref> kuma kamfanin Laerdal Medical ne ya samar da ita. Fuskar Resusci Anne ta samo asali ne daga L'Inconnue de la Seine (Turanci: Mace da ''Ba a sani ba na Seine''), abin rufe fuska na mutuwa wata budurwa da ba a san ta ba da aka ce ta nitse a cikin Kogin Seine a ƙarshen 1880s.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="resusci-anne">{{Cite web |title=Laerdal Medical company website: The Girl from the River Seine |url=https://laerdal.com/us/docid/1117082/The-Girl-from-the-River-Seine |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Laerdal Medical |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001175055/https://laerdal.com/us/docid/1117082/The-Girl-from-the-River-Seine |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mai yin kayan wasa Åsmund S. Lærdal ya zaɓi yin amfani da fuskar mace a kan mannequin yayin da yake tunanin maza da ke horo na iya zama masu jinkirin sumbace fuskar mutum.<ref name="ems-museum">{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Resusci-Annie |url=https://emsmuseum.org/collections/archives/education-simulation-and-training/resusci-annie/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=EMS Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> Mai zane-zane na Norwegian-Danish {{Interlanguage link|Emma Matthiasen|da||nn||no}} [da; nn; a'a] ne ya zana fuskar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Resusci Annie – LifeSaver Training |url=https://www.lifesavertraining.co.uk/facts/the-history-of-resusci-annie/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.lifesavertraining.co.uk}}</ref> Lærdal ne ya gabatar da sigar farko ta Resusci-Annie a taron farko na kasa da kasa kan tashin matattu a Stavanger, Norway, a cikin 1960. Peter Safar da James Elam sun halarci taron. Tare za su shiga Lærdal a cikin inganta ƙirar. Daga baya sassan sun haɗa da bugun jini na carotid, ɗaliban ido waɗanda zasu iya fadadawa da ƙuntatawa, da kuma tsarin yin rikodin aikin tashin hankali na mai horarwa a kan tef na takarda.<ref name="ems-museum"/> == Manazarta == 0v03e5zlf2v15sdu3482u49ux9w4z7x 0 155869 862319 851362 2026-06-20T18:09:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa suna da yawa a cikin Kurkuku da fursunoni a Amurka dangane da yawan jama'a. {{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} {{Sfn|Powell|Holt|Fondacaro|1997}}{{Sfn|Bronson|Berzofsky|2017}} Akwai sau uku da yawa daga cikin marasa lafiya a cikin [[Gidan Yari|Kurkuku]] da kurkuku fiye da [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitoci]] a Amurka.{{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} Mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya suna fuskantar tsare-tsare a cikin ƙimar da ba ta dace ba idan aka kwatanta da yawan mutanen kurkuku. {{Sfn|Metzner|Fellner|2010}}{{Sfn|Cloud|Drucker|Browne|Parsons|2015}}{{Sfn|Hafemeister|George|2012}} Akwai dalilai da yawa na wannan yawan wakilci na marasa lafiya a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku, gami da kawar da marasa lafiya a tsakiyar karni na ashirin, rashin isasshen albarkatun kula da al'umma, da kuma aikata laifuka na rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa kanta. Bincike ya nuna cewa masu laifi da ke fama da rashin hankali suna da daidaitattun nau'ikan sake aikata laifuka ga masu laifi da ba su da hankali.{{Sfn|Gagliardi|Lovell|Peterson|Jemelka|2004}} [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta tabbatar da haƙƙin fursunoni ga maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa.{{Sfn|Abram|Teplin|1991}}{{Sfn|Steadman|Cocozza|1993}} Yawancin kurkuku a Amurka suna ƙoƙari su yi amfani da masu ba da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Koyaya, akwai ƙarancin ma'aikata don cika waɗannan wuraren kuma yana da wahala a riƙe ma'aikata.<ref name="themarshallproject20181121">{{Cite web |date=21 November 2018 |title=Why So Few Federal Prisoners Get The Mental Health Care They Need |url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2018/11/21/treatment-denied-the-mental-health-crisis-in-federal-prisons |website=The Marshall Project}}</ref> == Yaduwar == Akwai yarjejeniya mai zurfi na masana cewa mutane marasa lafiya suna da yawa a cikin kurkuku da fursunoni na Amurka. {{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} {{Sfn|Bronson|Berzofsky|2017}} In a 2010 study, researchers concluded that, based on statistics from sources including the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there are currently three times more seriously mentally ill people in jails and prisons than in hospitals in the United States, with the ratio being nearly ten to one in Arizona and Nevada.{{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} "Serious mental illness" is defined here as [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], [[Cutar bipolar|bipolar disorder]], or [[Babban rashin damuwa|major depression]].{{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} Further, they found that 16% of the jail and prison population in the U.S. has a serious mental illness (compared to 6.4% in 1983),{{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} although this statistic does not reflect differences among individual states.{{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} For example, in North Dakota, they found that a person with a serious mental illness is equally likely to be in prison or jail versus a hospital. In contrast, in states such as [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]], and [[Texas]], the imbalance is much more severe.{{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} Finally, they noted that a 1991 survey by the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill concluded that jail and/or prison are part of the life experiences of forty percent of these mentally ill individuals.{{Sfn|Torrey|Kennard|Eslinger|Lamb|2010}} In addition to mood and anxiety disorders, other psychopathologies have also been found in the US prison System. Antisocial personality disorder is found in less than 6% of the general American population,<ref name="Antisocial_personality_disorder_incarcerated">{{Cite journal |last=Black |first=Donald W. |last2=Gunter |first2=Tracy |last3=Loveless |first3=Peggy |last4=Allen |first4=Jeff |last5=Sieleni |first5=Bruce |name-list-style=amp |date=2010 |title=Antisocial personality disorder in incarcerated offenders: Psychiatric comorbidity and quality of life |url=http://www.antoniocasella.eu/archipsy/Black_aspd_2010.pdf |journal=Annals of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=113–120 |doi=10.1177/104012371002200206 |pmid=20445838 |access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref> but seems to be found in anywhere between 12% and 64% of prison samples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fazel |first=Seena |last2=Danesh |first2=John |name-list-style=amp |date=2002 |title=Serious Mental Disorder in 23000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/catalog/uuid:5b300500-a8aa-49b8-b211-50dd0c4761bf/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Item&type_of_work=Record |format=PDF |journal=The Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9306 |pages=545–550 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07740-1 |pmid=11867106 |s2cid=701811 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324121726/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/catalog/uuid:5b300500-a8aa-49b8-b211-50dd0c4761bf/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Item&type_of_work=Record |url-status=dead }}</ref> Estimates of borderline personality disorder seem to make up around 1% to 2% of the general public, compared to 12% to 30% within prisons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conn |first=Courtney |last2=Warden |first2=Rebecca |last3=Stuewig |first3=Jeffrey |last4=Kim |first4=Elysha H. |last5=Hastings |first5=Mark |last6=Tangney |first6=June. P |name-list-style=amp |date=2010 |title=Borderline Personality Disorder Among Jail Inmates: How Common and How Distinct? |journal=Corrections Compendium |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=6–13 |pmc=4825675 |pmid=27065512}}</ref> Personality disorders, especially in the inmate population, are often found to be comorbid with other disorders.<ref name="Antisocial_personality_disorder_incarcerated" /> Wani bincike na daban, The Prevalence of Mental Illness among Inmates in a Rural State, ya lura cewa kididdigar kasa kamar wadanda aka ambata a baya sun fi jan bayanai daga kurkuku da kurkuku.{{Sfn|Powell|Holt|Fondacaro|1997}} Don bincika yiwuwar bambance-bambance a yankunan karkara, masu bincike sun yi hira da samfurin fursunoni a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku a cikin karkara na arewa maso gabas.{{Sfn|Powell|Holt|Fondacaro|1997}} Sun gano cewa a cikin wannan yanayin karkara, akwai ƙananan shaidu na yawan cututtukan kwakwalwa a cikin kurkuku, "yana ba da shawarar aikata laifuka na rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa bazai bayyana a cikin saitunan karkara kamar yankunan birane ba". Koyaya, an sami yawan cututsin kwakwalwa masu tsanani tsakanin fursunonin karkara. {{Sfn|Powell|Holt|Fondacaro|1997}} === Nazarin 2015 === A cikin 2015, lauya kuma mai fafutuka Bryan Stevenson ya yi iƙirarin a cikin littafinsa Just Mercy cewa sama da kashi 50% na fursunoni a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku a Amurka an gano su da rashin lafiya na hankali kuma daya cikin fursunoni biyar yana da mummunar rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa. Game da jinsi, shekaru, da ƙididdigar launin fata na masu laifi na hankali, rahoton Ofishin Shari'a na 2017 ya gano cewa fursunonin mata, idan aka kwatanta da fursunonin maza, suna da ƙididdiga mafi girma na matsanancin damuwa ta tunani (20.5% na fursunonin Mata da 32.3% na fursunoni suna da matsanancin damuwa na tunani, idan aka haɗa da 14% na fursunorin maza da 25.5% na fursunakan maza) da tarihin matsalar lafiyar hankali (65.8% na fursununonin mata da 67.9% na fursunukan mata da 34.8%). An kuma lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin launin fata da kabilanci. Fararen fursunoni da fursunonin kurkuku sun fi samun mummunar damuwa ko tarihin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da baƙar fata ko fursunonin Hispanic. Misali, a cikin kurkuku na gida, kashi 31% na fararen fursunoni suna da mummunar damuwa idan aka kwatanta da kashi 22.3% na fursunonin baƙar fata da kashi 23.2% na fursunoni na Hispanic. A ƙarshe, game da shekaru, kusan babu bambancin kididdiga tsakanin rukunin shekaru da kuma kashi na waɗanda ke da matsala mai tsanani ko tarihin matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa.{{Sfn|Bronson|Berzofsky|2017}} == Manazarta == qx0vh7j9hnshpq3rdld26ugx676wi7q 0 155877 862301 851405 2026-06-20T17:56:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa''' sune fannoni da suka shafi jagoranci, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da tsarin [[Lafiyar jama'a|kiwon lafiyar jama'a]], [[Lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]], [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], da hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti . Ana ɗaukar [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|masu kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya]] a matsayin ƙwararru a fannin kula da lafiya. == Kalmomi == [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Tsarin kula da manufofin lafiya]] da gudanarwa ko [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]] ko kula da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana bayyana jagoranci da kuma kula da asibitoci, hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti, da/ko [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] gaba ɗaya. A amfani da ƙasashen duniya, kalmar tana nufin gudanarwa a kowane mataki. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ana kuma kiran gudanar da cibiya ɗaya (misali asibiti) da "kula da ayyukan kiwon lafiya", "kula da kula da lafiya" ko "kula da lafiya Gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an cimma takamaiman sakamako, cewa sassan da ke cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya suna gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali, cewa mutanen da suka dace suna cikin ayyukan da suka dace, cewa mutane sun san abin da ake tsammani daga gare su, cewa ana amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata, kuma dukkan sassan suna aiki don cimma manufa ɗaya. == Amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa == An nuna cewa abubuwan da ke ƙayyade zamantakewa (misali wuri, gidaje, ilimi, aiki, samun kuɗi, aikata laifuka, haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a) suna da tasiri sosai ga lafiya. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, [[Lafiyar Jama'a|lafiyar jama'a]] tana karɓar kashi biyar kacal na kasafin kuɗin lafiyar ƙasa. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=McGinnis |first=JM |year=2002 |title=The case for more active policy attention to health promotion |journal=Health Affairs |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=78–93 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78 |pmid=11900188}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta, kashi 95 cikin 100 ana kashewa ne akan ayyukan kula da lafiya kai tsaye, duk da haka kula da lafiya yana wakiltar kashi 10-15 cikin 100 na mace-macen da za a iya hanawa a Amurka. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> Kwayoyin halitta, yanayin zamantakewa, fallasa muhalli, da yanayin halaye sun ƙunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar sakamakon lafiya, wanda ake ƙara la'akari da shi yayin ƙirƙirar manufofin lafiya. A matakin tarayya, masu tsara manufofi suna magance matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar tanade-tanaden Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi, inda asibitoci masu zaman kansu dole ne su gudanar da kimanta buƙatun lafiyar al'umma da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan inganta al'umma. Ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ta asibitoci ya faru a jihohi da yawa, kuma ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya kamar ilimi da gidaje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=M |title=The Role of Hospitals in Improving Non-Medical Determinants of Community Population Health |url=http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |website=NYS Health Foundation}}</ref> Gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi za su iya inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar tantance duk manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da aka tsara don tasirin kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shroeder |first=S |date=September 20, 2007 |title=We can do better--improving the health of the American people |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=357 |issue=12 |pages=1221–8 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa073350 |pmid=17881753 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙarin da za a yi nan gaba a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan ƙarfafawa da kuɗaɗen dabaru don shirye-shiryen da suka dogara da al'umma waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan gibin da aka sani a cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa. Ana iya gudanar da kimanta buƙatu don gano hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri ga kowace al'umma. Irin waɗannan kimantawa na iya gano buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin sufuri masu inganci, wanda zai ba mutane damar samun albarkatu masu ci gaba don rigakafi da kulawa mai tsanani. Haka kuma, kuɗaɗen tallafin shirye-shiryen horar da aiki a cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin aikin yi zai ba mutane damar gina ƙarfinsu ba kawai don samun kuɗi ba, har ma da shiga cikin halayen neman lafiya waɗanda galibi suna kan farashi mai tsada. == Bambance-bambance a fannin aikin likita da ingancin kulawa == Bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe a fannin likitanci na nufin bambance-bambancen da ke cikin kulawa wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar rashin lafiya/buƙatar likita ko kuma ta hanyar fifikon marasa lafiya ba. Dr. John Wennberg ne ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar "bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe" lokacin da ya lura da ƙananan bambance-bambancen yanayi (yanki) da salon aiki, waɗanda ba su dogara da dalilan asibiti ba. Kasancewar bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe yana nuna cewa wasu mutane ba sa samun isasshen kulawa ko kuma ba a amfani da albarkatun lafiya yadda ya kamata. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba su takaita ga; fasahar kiwon lafiya mai rikitarwa ba, ƙara yawan ilimin likitanci da kuma dogaro da kai fiye da kima akan hukunci na mutum. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haughom |first=John |date=2014-06-16 |title=Clinical Variation in Your Medical Organization? |url=https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=Health Catalyst |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151601/https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bambancin da ba shi da tushe yana da sakamako mai ma'ana dangane da amfani da shi fiye da kima/ƙasa da haka, ƙaruwar mace-mace, da ƙaruwar farashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Dana |last2=Kinhan |first2=Peter |last3=Savage |first3=Brandon |title=Eliminating Unwarranted Variation in Care |url=http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=GE Healthcare |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220212025/http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Misali, wani bincike na 2013 ya gano cewa dangane da farashin Medicare, ƙarin kashe kuɗi ba shi da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau ko ingantaccen kulawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newhouse |first=Joseph |last2=Garber |first2=Alan |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Geographic Variation in Health Care Spending in the United States Insights From an Institute of Medicine Report |journal=JAMA |volume=310 |issue=12 |pages=1227–1228 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.278139 |pmid=24008265}}</ref> Bambancin ayyukan likitanci muhimmin bangare ne na manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa - fahimtar musabbabi da illolin bambance-bambancen zai jagoranci masu tsara manufofi don haɓakawa da inganta manufofin da ake da su. Wajen sarrafa bambance-bambancen ayyuka, yana da mahimmanci a yi kimanta cututtuka/tsarin da ke da manyan matakan bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe; kwatantawa tsakanin kulawar da aka bayar da jagororin kulawa na yau da kullun zai nuna bambance-bambancen da kuma samar da haske game da fannoni na ci gaba. Ya kamata masu tsara manufofi su ɗauki cikakkiyar hanya don daidaita manufofi, jagoranci, da fasaha domin rage bambance-bambancen kulawa da ba su da tushe. Rage inganci yana buƙatar sa hannun marasa lafiya da kuma [[Ayyukan likita|haɗa kai da likitoci]] ta hanyar daidaita kulawar asibiti tare da mai da hankali kan bin ƙa'idodin kulawa da kuma mai da hankali kan sakamako bisa inganci. == Cibiyar masana'antu ta likita == Cibiyar likitanci da masana'antu ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta kamfanoni waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kayayyaki don samun riba. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen da Shugaba Eisenhower ya yi amfani da shi (" tarukan soja-masana'antu ") lokacin da yake gargaɗin ƙasar, yayin da yake ritaya, game da ƙaruwar tasirin masana'antun makamai akan manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=23–30}}</ref> Sannan kalmar "tarukan masana'antu na likitanci" ta fara yaɗuwa daga 1980 ta hanyar Jaridar Magunguna ta New England (Nuwamba 4, 1971, 285:1095) ta Arnold S. Relman wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar daga 1977 zuwa 1991. A cewar Dr. Relman, tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka masana'antu ne da ke da riba kuma ya zama ka'ida da aka yarda da ita sosai a kwanakin nan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Angell |first=Marcia |date=August 14, 2014 |title=On Arnold Relman (1923-2014) |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/08/14/arnold-relman-1923-2014/ |website=New York Review of Books}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kalmar shekaru 40 da suka gabata, masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta haɓaka zuwa ma masana'antu mafi girma, mafi girma da bunƙasa. Cibiyar masana'antar likitanci ta ƙunshi asibitoci na mallakar kamfanoni da gidajen kula da tsofaffi, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, ayyukan kula da gida da na gaggawa, sassan zubar jini na koda, da kuma wasu nau'ikan ayyukan likitanci iri-iri waɗanda a da cibiyoyin gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ko kuma likitoci masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa a ofisoshinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Relman |first=Arnold S |year=1980 |title=The new medical-industrial complex |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=303 |issue=17 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1056/nejm198010233031703 |pmid=7412851 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A ƙasashen da masana'antar likitanci ke da tasiri sosai, akwai ƙuntatawa ta doka ga zaɓuɓɓukan masu amfani don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban saboda ƙa'idodi a kasuwannin duniya kamar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki a Ayyuka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Maria Angelica Borges dos |last2=Passos |first2=Sonia Regina Lambert |date=August 2010 |title=International trade in health services and the medical industrial complex: implications for national health systems |journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1483–1493 |doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2010000800003 |issn=1678-4464 |pmid=21229208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A Amurka, akwai ƙa'idodi marasa tushe kan masana'antun kiwon lafiya, waɗanda galibi ke sa kamfanoni su caji farashi mai yawa da kuma ƙa'idodin kulawa. Misali, kamfanonin magunguna na iya cajin farashi mai yawa ga magunguna, kamar yadda muka gani kwanan nan tare da EpiPen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koons |first=C. |last2=Langreth |first2=R. |date=September 23, 1025 |title=How Marketing Turned the EpiPen Into a Billion-Dollar Business |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-23/how-marketing-turned-the-epipen-into-a-billion-dollar-business |access-date=December 18, 2016 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tunda masana'antun na'urorin likitanci suna ba da kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci kamar ci gaba da ilimin likitanci da likitoci da asibitoci kai tsaye don ɗaukar amfani da na'urorinsu, akwai ce-ce-ku-ce cewa irin wannan ilimin yana da son rai don haɓaka muradun masu ba da kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schofferman |first=Jerome |date=2011 |title=The Medical-Industrial Complex, Professional Medical Associations, and Continuing Medical Education |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1713–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01282.x |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=22145759 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ci gaban masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta zamani na iya zama mafita ga rarrabuwar kulawa, duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi na gwamnati ga kamfanonin kiwon lafiya ta zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dorsey |first=E. Ray |author-link=Ray Dorsey |last2=Topol |first2=Eric J. |year=2016 |title=State of Telehealth |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=375 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1056/nejmra1601705 |pmid=27410924}}</ref> A bayyane yake, gwamnati dole ne ta sanya ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan lafiyar marasa lafiya. == Rarraba abinci da kuma samun damar kulawa == Samun kulawa da Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage muhimmanci ne a fannin Manufofin Lafiya da Gudanar da Lafiya (HPAM) domin suna magance tasirin kasuwa wanda ke shafar yadda da lokacin da mutane ke samun ayyukan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bloche |first=M. Gregg |date=2012-05-24 |title=Beyond the "R Word"? Medicine's New Frugality |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=21 |pages=1951–1953 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1203521 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=22551108}}</ref> [[Rarraba kiwon lafiya|...]] Kula da rigakafi muhimmin bangare ne na HPAM saboda matakan matakan kariya da mutane ke dauka na iya taimakawa wajen tantance lafiyar jama'a. ACA ta bude kofar samun damar samun kulawa ta hanyar tilasta wa kamfanonin inshora su bayar da wadannan ayyuka ba tare da wani karin farashi ba. Idan duk Amurkawa suka yi amfani da matakin kulawa ta kariya da ya dace, "za a ceci rayuka 100,000 kowace shekara." Ko da tare da fadada damar samun ayyukan kulawa ta kariya da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya, wadanda aka yi wa inshorar har yanzu suna fuskantar karancin abinci saboda karuwar kudin shiga da hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya. Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, matsakaicin kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke biya na shekara-shekara don inshorar iyali ya ƙaru da kashi 61%. A wannan lokacin, gudummawar ma'aikata ta ƙaru da kashi 83%. Ƙaruwar kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke bayarwa da kuma kuɗin da za a cire ya sa mutane da iyalai su yi amfani da kuɗin kula da lafiya. Babban kuɗin inshorar lafiya da kuɗin da za a cire yana ƙarfafa mutane da iyalai su yi tunani sau biyu kafin su yi amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya kuma yana rage damar mutane su ci wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kaiser Family Foundation |url=http://kff.org/ |access-date=2016-12-20 |website=kff.org |language=en-US}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2019)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙasar Kanada 'yan ƙasa suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke ba su damar samun kulawar lafiya amma yana buƙatar su magance matsalolin rabon abinci. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar matakin mahimmanci, tare da kulawa ta gaggawa yana da fifiko da kuma wasu jiyya na cututtuka/cututtuka kamar yadda wasu ke faruwa a rayuwa da mutuwa. Duk da cewa Burtaniya ita ce ta farko da ta yi alfahari da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, amma tana fama da matsalolin rabon abinci. Duk da cewa tsarin raba kuɗi ba tare da tsada ba ya yi kama da mai yawa a zahiri, rashin samun dama ko zaɓuɓɓuka gabaɗaya yana haifar da manyan matsaloli ga marasa lafiya. Ka yi tunanin duniya ba tare da rabon kuɗin kula da lafiya ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu. Kafin a yi imani da akasin haka, kiwon lafiya na duniya ba shine mafita ga magance rabon kuɗin ba, a zahiri, rabon kuɗin na iya ƙaruwa idan mutane da yawa suna da damar samun kiwon lafiya ba tare da ƙarin adadin likitoci ba. Wuraren aiki kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka rabon kuɗin tsakanin ma'aikatansu saboda yawan cire kuɗi da kuɗin fansho. Suna da mahimmanci wajen faɗaɗa damar samun kuɗi ba tare da yin mummunan tasiri ga kiwon lafiya ba shine fara kallon rabon kuɗin a matsayin hanyar raba waɗannan albarkatun iyaka a tsakanin jama'a, ba hanyar sake matsar da kulawa ga wasu mutane ba. Lokacin da muka yi haka, za mu iya aiki don inganta damar samun kulawa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da yawa yadda ya kamata. == Lafiyar kwakwalwa == A matsayin wani fanni, manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa suna neman inganta hanyoyin samun dama, rage farashi, da kuma inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa . === Tarihi === Tarihin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a Amurka za a iya fahimtarsa a matsayin sauyi a hankali daga samar da kulawa ta hanyar cibiyoyi zuwa shiga tsakani da aka mayar da hankali kan al'umma. [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtukan kwakwalwa yayin da dubban sojoji suka koma gida cikin rauni sakamakon yaƙin. A wannan lokacin, haɓaka magungunan psychotropic suma sun ba da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. A shekarar 1963, John F. Kennedy ya aiwatar da Dokar Lafiyar Al'umma, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru 109 na rashin shiga cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na tarayya, wanda ya haifar da kawar da mutane masu cututtukan kwakwalwa. Tasirin kawar da hankali ya gauraye; mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su sake fuskantar mummunan yanayi a wuraren mafaka ba, duk da haka, tallafin al'umma bai isa ba don samar da magani da ayyuka ga masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani da na kullum. === Isar da ayyuka da manufofi na yanzu === Ana kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar masu ba da sabis da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar fannoni daban-daban da ke aiki a wurare daban-daban na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Bangaren kula da lafiyar tabin hankali da halayyar ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar likitocin tabin hankali. Bangaren [[kulawa na farko]] ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin lafiya kamar masu aikin tiyata da masu aikin iyali. Wannan ɓangaren galibi shine wurin farko da marasa lafiya ke haɗuwa da shi. Bangaren ayyukan ɗan adam ya ƙunshi hukumomin kula da jin daɗin jama'a da ayyukan shari'a/ayyukan gidan yari, da sauransu. Bangaren ƙarshe shine ɓangaren cibiyar tallafawa masu sa kai, wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barry, Huskamp, & Goldman |year=2010 |title=A Political History of Federal Mental Health and Addiction Insurance Parity |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=404–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00605.x |pmc=2950754 |pmid=20860577}}</ref> Dokar da aka yi kwanan nan ta ci gaba da inganta samun kulawar lafiya ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton farashi. Dokar Daidaito da Daidaito ta Lafiya ta 2008 ta buƙaci wasu tsare-tsare don samar da inshorar cututtukan kwakwalwa daidai da inshorar lafiya gabaɗaya, tana buƙatar masu samar da kulawa su samar da kulawa a farashi iri ɗaya da aljihunsu da kuma fa'idodi iri ɗaya ga nau'ikan kulawa guda biyu. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 2010 (ACA) ta faɗaɗa wannan ci gaban ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton ƙarin tsare-tsare, ta faɗaɗa kariyar daidaito zuwa ƙarin mutane miliyan 62. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance and Mental Health Services |url=https://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/health-insurance/ |website=MentalHealth.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services}}</ref> Dukansu suna rage farashi sosai a matsayin shinge ga kulawa, amma har yanzu akwai fannoni da za a ci gaba. Wannan doka ta yi nasara wajen inganta yawan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a fadin al'umma baki daya. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai babban bambanci a cikin waɗannan ƙimar tsakanin fararen fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. Wannan yana iya zama saboda jihohin da suka zaɓi ficewa daga faɗaɗa Medicaid a ƙarƙashin ACA suna da yawan jama'a manya masu launin fata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Creedon & LeCook |year=2016 |title=Access to Mental Health Care Increased But Not For Substance Abuse, While Disparities Remain |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1017–1021 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0098 |pmc=7033262 |pmid=27269017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Damammaki don ingantawa === Wani ci gaba da ake samu a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a nan gaba shine hadewar kulawa . Kwanan nan, hadewar kulawa ta kasance babban fifiko a manufofin gwamnati, kuma hukumomi da dama na tarayya sun dauki matakai don inganta hadewar ayyukan kula da lafiya na farko da na kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mechanic |year=2012 |title=Seizing Opportunities Under The Affordable Care Act For Transforming The Mental And Behavioral Health System |journal=Health Affairs |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=376–382 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0623 |pmid=22323168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lvebjdogxychym6f3qtpzgappotsakf 0 155916 862707 851562 2026-06-21T08:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kiba da abinci ke haifarwa''' ( '''samfurin DIO''' ) samfurin dabba ne da ake amfani da shi don nazarin [[kiba]] ta amfani da dabbobin da ke da kiba sakamakon cin abinci mai yawan kitse ko abinci mai yawan kitse. <ref name="shuyu">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Shuyu |last2=Zhang |first2=Hong-Yan |last3=Hu |first3=Charlie C. |last4=Lawrence |first4=Frank |last5=Gallagher |first5=Kelly E. |last6=Surapaneni |first6=Anupama |last7=Estrem |first7=Shawn T. |last8=Calley |first8=John N. |last9=Varga |first9=Gabor |date=2008-04-01 |title=Assessment of Diet-induced Obese Rats as an Obesity Model by Comparative Functional Genomics |journal=Obesity |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=811–818 |doi=10.1038/oby.2007.116 |issn=1930-739X |pmid=18239588 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi nufin yin kwaikwayon abin da ya fi haifar da kiba a cikin mutane. Yawanci ana amfani da beraye, beraye, karnuka, ko birai marasa ɗan adam a cikin waɗannan samfuran. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan dabbobin don yin nazarin kiba ''a cikin jiki'', cututtukan kiba, da sauran cututtuka masu alaƙa. Masu amfani da irin waɗannan samfuran dole ne su yi la'akari da tsawon lokaci da nau'in abincin da ake ci (misali gels masu ruwa da ruwa da ƙuraje busassu) da kuma [[Yanayi na halitta|yanayin muhalli]] da shekarun dabbobin, domin kowannensu na iya haɓaka nauyin jiki daban-daban, k'''Tsarin'''aso mai yawa, ko halaye . <ref name="Reuter 3–8">{{Cite journal |last=Reuter |first=Tanja Y. |date=2007-01-01 |title=Diet-induced models for obesity and type 2 diabetes |journal=Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models |series=Metabolic disorders |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.09.004}}</ref> Saboda annobar kiba a duniya, musamman a ƙasashen Yamma, tsarin DIO ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci wajen fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin abinci mai yawan kiba/mai yawan kiba da kuma kiba, gami da gano Akt da mTOR, sigina a cikin jiki da ke da alaƙa da kiba da juriyar insulin . Duk da haka, yayin da fahimta da yawa game da sarrafa kiba ta fito ne daga gwaje-gwaje tun lokacin da aka gabatar da ita a 1949, amfani da samfuran dabbobi yana iyakance ikonmu na bayyana abubuwan da aka gano ga mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hariri |first=Niloofar |last2=Thibault |first2=Louise |year=2010 |title=High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=270–99 |doi=10.1017/S0954422410000168 |pmid=20977819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ƙirƙiro samfurin DIO ne saboda damuwar da ake da ita game da illolin kiba a lafiya, da kuma saurin karuwar kiba a ƙasashe a faɗin duniya. Saboda haka, an ƙirƙiro samfurin ne domin ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau don nazarin yadda kiba ke tasowa, da kuma tasirinsa. An yi amfani da samfurin tun farkon 1949, kuma ya faɗaɗa sosai a amfani da shi da manufofinsa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Hariri |first=Niloofar |last2=Thibault |first2=Louise |year=2010 |title=High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=270–299 |doi=10.1017/s0954422410000168 |pmid=20977819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Taron |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | Satumba 1978 | style="vertical-align: top;" | An gwada bincike na farko don gano alaƙa tsakanin kiba da abinci mai daɗi mai yawan kitse da lipids, amma ba a cimma matsaya ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faust |first=I. M. |last2=Johnson |first2=P. R. |last3=Stern |first3=J. S. |last4=Hirsch |first4=J. |year=1978 |title=Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats: a new model of obesity. |journal=The American Journal of Physiology |volume=235 |issue=3 |pages=E279–86 |doi=10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.3.E279 |pmid=696822 |s2cid=7744250}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 1982 | An yi nazari kan tasirin kiba a kan tsarin juyayi na beraye, wato hawan jini. An gano cewa kiba tana da tasiri mai motsa jiki, tana ƙara hawan jini da kuma ƙara haɗarin hawan jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=James B. |last2=Landsberg |first2=Lewis |year=1982 |title=Diet-induced changes in sympathetic nervous system activity: Possible implications for obesity and hypertension |journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases. Hypertension and Obesity: Epidemiologic, Physiologic and Therapeutic Considerations |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=879–886 |doi=10.1016/0021-9681(82)90118-7 |pmid=6816809}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 1995 | An gudanar da wani bincike domin nazarin yadda kwayar halittar beraye ke bayyana a cikin kyallen beraye ta hanyar sarrafa abincinsu. Binciken ya kuma duba tasirin ciwon suga a kan yadda kwayar halittar ke bayyana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Dominique J. |last2=Ongemba |first2=Lumbe N. |last3=Brichard |first3=Vincent |last4=Henquin |first4=Jean-Claude |last5=Brichard |first5=Sonia M. |year=1995 |title=Diet- and diabetes-induced changes of ob gene expression in rat adipose tissue |journal=FEBS Letters |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=324–328 |bibcode=1995FEBSL.371..324B |doi=10.1016/0014-5793(95)00943-4 |pmid=7556621 |s2cid=32625237}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | Yuni 2002 | Nazarin "matukin jirgi" na Göttingen minipig : takarda da aka buga akan gwaji na tsawon watanni uku wanda aka gwada samfurin da ba na beraye ba don ganin ko za a iya karɓar sakamako a cikin binciken DIO ko kuma a kwatanta shi da sakamakon waɗannan nazarin inda aka gwada beraye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olholm Larsen |first=Marriane |last2=Rolin |first2=Bidda |last3=Wilkin |first3=Michael |last4=Carr |first4=Richard David |last5=Svendsen |first5=Ove |date=June 2002 |title=High-Fat High-Energy Feeding Impairs Fasting Glucose and Increases Fasting Insulin Levels in the Göttingen Minipig |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=967 |issue=1 |pages=414–423 |bibcode=2002NYASA.967..414L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04297.x |pmid=12079869 |s2cid=538440}}</ref> |- |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 2007 | Ci gaba da binciken kiba da abinci ke haifarwa ya haifar da nazarin beraye a matsayin abin da za a iya amfani da shi a matsayin samfurin da za a iya amfani da shi. Wannan binciken da aka yi bisa ga kwayoyin halitta ya haifar da kiba a cikin beraye sannan daga baya ya yi nazarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin RNA don gano martanin metabolism na beraye da kuma tasirin insulin a jiki. <ref name="shuyu"/> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 2009 | Ana amfani da wannan samfurin don ƙalubalantar imani game da abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba a cikin al'umma, yayin da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta yanke shawarar gwada ra'ayin cewa kiba sakamakon yawan abinci mai gina jiki ne kuma ana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar iyakance girman abinci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Furnes |first=M. W. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. M. |last3=Chen |first3=D. |year=2009 |title=Development of obesity is associated with increased calories per meal rather than per day. A study of high-fat diet-induced obesity in young rats. |journal=Obesity Surgery |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1430–1438 |doi=10.1007/s11695-009-9863-1 |pmid=19506986 |s2cid=10986098}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 2010 | Ta hanyar ci gaba da amfani da samfurin wajen tantance musabbabin kiba, ƙungiyar masu bincike ta lura da canje-canje a cikin abincin da wasu Amurkawa ke ci, kuma ta gudanar da gwaji don fahimtar dalilin da yasa kiba ta ƙaru lokacin da aka rage yawan shan kiba. Don haka, suna bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan kitse, lokutan cin abinci da girma, da ƙaruwar nauyi da kuma yadda kiba ke shafar abincin da aka ci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Niloofar |first=Hariri |last2=Thibault |first2=Louise |title=High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |volume=23}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | Yuli 2011 | Abubuwan da ke ƙara wa beraye kuzari: An gwada abincin da ya bambanta daga abincin da ke ɗauke da sinadarin lipoic, mai yawan kalori, mai yawan cholesterol, da kuma abincin da ke cikin cafeteria a kan beraye don ganin wanne ne ya fi tasiri ga girman jiki da kuma tantance bambance-bambance tsakanin martanin metabolism a cikin beraye da mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campos Rosini |first=Tiago |last2=Sanchez Ramos de Silva |first2=Adelino |last3=de Moraes |first3=Camila |date=February 10, 2012 |title=Diet-induced obesity: rodent model for the study of obesity-related disorders |journal=Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=383–7 |doi=10.1016/S0104-4230(12)70211-7 |pmid=22735233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 2012 | Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012 ya ƙara bincika yuwuwar tsarin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa ta hanyar gwada beraye da dama don sake amsawa ga abincin da ke ɗauke da yawan kalori. Bayanan da aka samu sun nuna cewa wasu beraye (linzamin B6) sun mayar da martani ga kiba da abinci ke haifarwa kamar yadda yake ga mutane dangane da sigogi da dama, ciki har da yawan kitse, girman gabobi, da kuma tsarin jiki gaba ɗaya. |- |} == Wasu dalilai na kiba == === Ma'aunin zamantakewa === Abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba a zamantakewa da muhalli suma na iya haifar da fara kiba. Matsayin zamantakewa na iya shafar damar mutum ya sami ingantaccen ilimin abinci mai gina jiki kuma yana iya hana ikon mutum na yin zaɓin rayuwa mai kyau. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna cewa samfuran mata da yara masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna da yawan kiba saboda damuwa. Fuskantar gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar hayaki da hayakin da aka yi amfani da shi na hannu suma sun nuna alaƙa kai tsaye da kiba. === Bacteria na hanji === Nazarin da aka yi kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu kamuwa da cuta da kuma ƙaruwar nauyi ya nuna cewa wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji na iya shafar hanyoyin rayuwa. Wannan alaƙar tana haɗa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji da rashin iya narke polysaccharides masu rikitarwa. An nuna cewa wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman adenovirus na AD-36, suna ƙara kitse a jiki a cikin dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje. === Rayuwa mai natsuwa === [[Fayil:Cushing's_syndrome.png|thumb|Alamomin Ciwon Cushing]] Rayuwar zaman kashe wando na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, sama da kashi 30% na mutanen duniya ba sa samun isasshen motsa jiki. === Kiba bisa ga kwayoyin halitta === Sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta zuwa kwayoyin halitta da ke lura da metabolism da sha'awar abinci suna sa mutane su kamu da kiba. Matsaloli daban-daban da ke haifar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna haifar da kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poirier |first=P |last2=Giles |first2=TD |last3=Bray |first3=GA |last4=Hong |first4=Y |last5=Stern |first5=JS |last6=Pi-Sunyer |first6=FX |last7=Eckel |first7=RH |year=2006 |title=Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=968–76 |citeseerx=10.1.1.508.7066 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3 |pmid=16627822 |s2cid=6052584}}</ref> Misalan da aka saba gani sune: Ciwon Prader-Willi, Ciwon Bardet-Biedl, Ciwon Cohen, da Ciwon MOMO . === Wasu cututtuka === Cututtukan kwakwalwa da na jiki da yawa, tare da wasu magungunan da ke magance irin waɗannan cututtuka na iya ƙara haɗarin kiba ga wani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosén |first=T |last2=Bosaeus |first2=I |last3=Tölli |first3=J |last4=Lindstedt |first4=G |last5=Bengtsson |first5=BA |year=1993 |title=Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00974.x |pmid=8435887 |s2cid=25725625}}</ref> Wasu misalan wasu cututtuka sun haɗa da hypothyroidism, [[Ciwon Cushing|Cushing's syndrome]], da rashin sinadarin hormone na girma . == Iyakoki == [[Fayil:Integ_bio_Diagram_2.jpg|thumb|263x263px|Iyakoki daban-daban na tsarin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa. An samo daga M Lai, PC Chandrasekera da ND Barnard siffa ta 1. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Nutrition & Diabetes – Figure 1 for article: You are what you eat, or are you[quest] The challenges of translating high-fat-fed rodents to human obesity and diabetes |url=http://www.nature.com/nutd/journal/v4/n9/fig_tab/nutd201430f1.html#figure-title |volume=4 |access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>]] Kiba tana shafar "matsin muhalli, yanayin halitta, da kuma yanayin zamantakewa ", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giles |first=Erin D. |last2=Jackman |first2=Matthew R. |last3=MacLean |first3=Paul S. |date=2016-01-01 |title=Modeling Diet-Induced Obesity with Obesity-Prone Rats: Implications for Studies in Females |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |volume=3 |page=50 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2016.00050 |pmc=5121240 |pmid=27933296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> saboda haka ana iya fahimtar cewa an kafa iyakoki da dama lokacin fassara sakamako tsakanin sakamakon samfurin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa a dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mutane. Duk da cewa samfura hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta bincika tasirin kiba da gwajin magunguna, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci iyakokin ikon samfurin gaba ɗaya na kama da ilimin cututtukan obesogenic na ɗan adam. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=M. |last2=Chandrasekera |first2=P. C. |last3=Barnard |first3=N. D. |date=2014-09-08 |title=You are what you eat, or are you? The challenges of translating high-fat-fed rodents to human obesity and diabetes |journal=Nutrition & Diabetes |language=en |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=e135 |doi=10.1038/nutd.2014.30 |pmc=4183971 |pmid=25198237}}</ref> Irin waɗannan iyakoki za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukuni uku - bambance-bambancen halittu, abinci da gwaji - abubuwan da suka haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, tsarin kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko nau'in, yanayin da aka riƙe samfurin (zafin jiki, haske, adadin dabbobi), shekaru, [[Jima'i|jinsi]], tsawon lokacin gwajin, da kuma yanayin ko nau'in abincin da aka ciyar wa dabbobi. <ref name="Reuter 3–8"/> === Halitta === Ana ma la'akari da hanyoyi da dama na bambancin halittu a cikin beraye kafin a fassara sakamakon ga mutane. Misali, shekarun da beraye suka fara cin abinci mai yawan kitse suna da tasiri sosai ga tasirin metabolism. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Castro |first=Uberdan Guilherme Mendes |last2=dos Santos |first2=Robson Augusto Souza Augusto Souza |last3=Silva |first3=Marcelo Eustáquio |last4=de Lima |first4=Wanderson Geraldo |last5=Campagnole-Santos |first5=Maria José |last6=Alzamora |first6=Andréia Carvalho |date=2013-01-01 |title=Age-dependent effect of high-fructose and high-fat diets on lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney of rats |journal=Lipids in Health and Disease |volume=12 |doi=10.1186/1476-511X-12-136 |issn=1476-511X |pmc=3849586 |pmid=24044579 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin nau'in beraye da aka fi amfani da su don samfuran DIO, C57BL/6J, beraye waɗanda suka fara cin abinci suna da makonni 10 sun nuna ƙarancin ƙaruwa a cikin nauyin jiki da cholesterol fiye da beraye waɗanda suka fara a makonni 54, duk da irin abincin da tsawon lokacin da aka ci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Korou |first=Laskarina-Maria A. |last2=Doulamis |first2=Ilias P. |last3=Tzanetakou |first3=Irene P. |last4=Mikhailidis |first4=Dimitri P. |last5=Perrea |first5=Despina N. |date=2013-10-01 |title=The effect of biological age on the metabolic responsiveness of mice fed a high-fat diet |journal=Laboratory Animals |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=241–244 |doi=10.1177/0023677213480768 |issn=0023-6772 |pmid=23760563 |doi-access=}}</ref> Hakazalika, beraye masu makonni 6 ba su kamu da ciwon suga na nau'in ba, yayin da beraye masu watanni 7-8 suka kamu da ciwon suga saboda bambance-bambance a cikin ayyukan β-cell . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tschen |first=Shuen-Ing |last2=Dhawan |first2=Sangeeta |last3=Gurlo |first3=Tatyana |last4=Bhushan |first4=Anil |date=2009-06-01 |title=Age-Dependent Decline in β-Cell Proliferation Restricts the Capacity of β-Cell Regeneration in Mice |url=http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/58/6/1312 |journal=Diabetes |language=en |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1312–1320 |doi=10.2337/db08-1651 |issn=0012-1797 |pmc=2682690 |pmid=19228811}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, nau'in beraye da jinsinsu suna shafar martanin samfurin. Wasu nau'in beraye da aka saba gani suna nuna manyan bambance-bambance a matakin juriyarsu ga kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=D. B. |last2=Boozer |first2=C. N. |last3=Moody |first3=D. L. |last4=Atkinson |first4=R. L. |date=1992-06-01 |title=Dietary obesity in nine inbred mouse strains |journal=The American Journal of Physiology |volume=262 |issue=6 Pt 2 |pages=R1025–1032 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.6.R1025 |issn=0002-9513 |pmid=1621856 |s2cid=21973667}}</ref> Ana ganin ƙarin bambanci lokacin da aka haɗa jinsi; mazan nau'in S5B/P1 sun nuna ƙaruwar nauyi da kashi 12%, yayin da mata ba su sami nauyi kwata-kwata ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schemmel |first=R. |last2=Mickelsen |first2=O. |last3=Gill |first3=J. L. |date=1970-09-01 |title=Dietary obesity in rats: Body weight and body fat accretion in seven strains of rats |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=100 |issue=9 |pages=1041–1048 |doi=10.1093/jn/100.9.1041 |issn=0022-3166 |pmid=5456549}}</ref> Ko da a cikin nau'in beraye guda ɗaya, ana iya ganin bambancin da yawa a cikin yanayin, duk da cewa kowane beraye yana da asalin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya, wanda ke hana sake haihuwa sosai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=M. |last2=Chandrasekera |first2=P. C. |last3=Barnard |first3=N. D. |date=2014-09-08 |title=You are what you eat, or are you? The challenges of translating high-fat-fed rodents to human obesity and diabetes |journal=Nutrition & Diabetes |language=en |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=e135 |doi=10.1038/nutd.2014.30 |pmc=4183971 |pmid=25198237}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da wasu bincike da aka yi amfani da nau'in beraye iri ɗaya da aka kammala da cewa nau'in yana iya zama mai kiba a wani bincike kuma yana da juriya a ɗayan binciken. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrikopoulos |first=Sofianos |last2=Massa |first2=Christine M. |last3=Aston-Mourney |first3=Kathryn |last4=Funkat |first4=Alexandra |last5=Fam |first5=Barbara C. |last6=Hull |first6=Rebecca L. |last7=Kahn |first7=Steven E. |last8=Proietto |first8=Joseph |date=2005-10-01 |title=Differential effect of inbred mouse strain (C57BL/6, DBA/2, 129T2) on insulin secretory function in response to a high fat diet |journal=Journal of Endocrinology |language=en |volume=187 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.1677/joe.1.06333 |issn=0022-0795 |pmid=16214940 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fearnside |first=Jane F. |last2=Dumas |first2=Marc-Emmanuel |last3=Rothwell |first3=Alice R. |last4=Wilder |first4=Steven P. |last5=Cloarec |first5=Olivier |last6=Toye |first6=Ayo |last7=Blancher |first7=Christine |last8=Holmes |first8=Elaine |last9=Tatoud |first9=Roger |date=2008-02-27 |title=Phylometabonomic Patterns of Adaptation to High Fat Diet Feeding in Inbred Mice |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=2 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1668F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001668 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2244706 |pmid=18301746 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Don haka, duk da cewa bambancin yana bayyana a fili a cikin mutane, bambancin beraye yana sake yin illa ga sake haifar da sakamakon da aka samu daga samfurin kiba da abinci ya haifar. <ref name=":0"/> Idan aka yi amfani da tsarin kwayoyin halitta masu aiki, akwai ƙarancin abubuwan da suka yi kama da juna tsakanin bayyanar kwayar halittar DIO da beraye masu iko da kuma mutanen da ba su da kiba. <ref name="shuyu"/> <ref name=":0"/> Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a yanayin daidaita glucose, wanda ke kawo cikas ga ikon amfani da sakamakon samfurin DIO ga mutane, musamman don haɓaka magunguna . <ref name="shuyu" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandrasekera |first=P. Charukeshi |last2=Pippin |first2=John J. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Of rodents and men: species-specific glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes research |journal=ALTEX |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=157–176 |doi=10.14573/altex.1309231 |issn=1868-596X |pmid=24270692 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai gwaje-gwajen abinci mai yawan kitse da aka yi wa beraye waɗanda suka fahimci wahalar fassara abubuwan da ke cikin wallafe-wallafen abincin mai yawan kitse zuwa ainihin gwaji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gajda |first=Angela M. |title=Obesity |url=http://www.researchdiets.com/opensource-diets/diet-induced-disease-models/obesity |access-date=14 November 2016 |website=www.researchgate.net |publisher=Research Diets inc.}}</ref> Tare da hanyoyi daban-daban da nau'ikan kitse, bincike ya nuna sarkakiyar fayyace samfurin abinci mai yawan kitse wanda zai iya kama da abincin ɗan adam kuma ya auna abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai daidai. A gaskiya ma, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya fi son amfani da sinadaran da aka tsarkake don gwada tasirin kowace abinci akan metabolism na beraye da yanayin su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gadja |first=Angela M. |last2=Pellizzon |first2=Michael A. |last3=Ricci |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Ulman |first4=Edward A |date=30 April 2008 |title=Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rodent Models |url=https://www.alnmag.com/article/2008/04/diet-induced-metabolic-syndrome-rodent-models |access-date=14 November 2016 |website=ALN |publisher=Advantage Business Media}}</ref> Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a sakamakon da ke bayyana a cikin beraye na gwaji waɗanda aka ciyar da su da abinci mai yawan kitse da aka yi daga sinadarai daban-daban da kuma daga sinadaran da aka tsarkake. Bugu da ƙari, tushen kitse ya bambanta daga man shanu, naman sa, da man alade, zuwa man kayan lambu da kifi. <ref name=":3"/> Tasirin ƙaruwar nauyi ga beraye lokacin ciyar da waɗanda ke da yawan kitse ya ninka sau 1.38 fiye da ciyar da su da man canola . <ref name=":3" /> Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun su duka a cikin abincin beraye da na mutane. Masu bincike sun ƙirƙiri samfuran binciken yawan carbohydrates da furotin mai yawa. Duk da haka, bambancin sakamakon waɗannan samfuran ya haifar da wahalar fassara da gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin yanayin ɗan adam. A cewar wani bita kan Gina Jiki & Abinci, akwai bincike da yawa da suka yi watsi da bambance-bambancen abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai tsakanin abinci mai sarrafawa da yawan mai, amma kwatanta yanayin bayyanar waɗannan ƙungiyoyin biyu don kammala tasirin abincin da ke ɗauke da kalori mai yawa wajen haifar da kiba. <ref name=":3"/> Kamar kitse ( lipid ), tushen furotin da carbohydrate suma suna da matukar muhimmanci ga sakamakon abinci mai yawan kitse da kuma rukunin beraye masu rage kiba. Misali, casein yana haifar da karin nauyi idan aka kwatanta da waken soya. <ref name=":3"/> Bugu da ƙari, nau'ikan beraye daban-daban na iya bayyana sakamako masu karo da juna, duk da cewa dukkansu ana ciyar da su da rabon furotin da carbohydrate iri ɗaya. <ref name=":3" /> Baya ga furotin, Fructose, carbohydrate, yana da tasiri akan ajiyar kitse, insulin plasma, leptin, thyroid, estradiol, da corticosterone, lipogenesis, da lipolysis a cikin kyallen adipose na bera. <ref name=":3" /> Duk da haka, "Abincin da aka yi da sukari da sukari," bai haifar da tasiri mai mahimmanci kamar "abincin da aka yi da sukari da fructose" wajen haɓaka adipose na visceral, ƙara nauyi, katse haɗin lipid, da lalata tsarin sake gina lipoprotein. <ref name=":3" /> Ganin bambancin abincin ɗan adam da kuma ƙarfin metabolism na kowane mutum, sakamakon gwajin abincin da ke haifar da [[kiba]] a cikin beraye yana da iyaka dangane da yadda za a iya fassara shi . Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke cikin abinci za su samar da sakamako iri-iri domin nau'ikan abinci guda biyu, ɗaya da aka haɗa da sinadaran - "abincin cafeteria" da kuma ɗaya da aka riga aka ƙayyade, za su canza tasirin metabolism na jiki daban-daban. <ref name=":3"/> === Gwaji === Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen ciki da na ciki na iya bambanta saboda bambancin abubuwan gwaji kamar tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi, wurin zama, zafin jiki, zagayowar haske/duhu da tsawon lokacin binciken. <ref name=":3"/> Zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda yawanci yakan kasance (18-22)&nbsp;°C) sun yi ƙasa da yanayin zafi na ƙwayoyin halitta kamar beraye waɗanda suke kusan 30&nbsp;°C. Wannan zai iya haifar da hyperphagia a cikin kwayoyin halitta don ƙoƙarin haɓaka metabolism ɗinsu don samar da makamashin zafi ga jiki. Wannan matakin damuwa na zafi kuma yana iya yin tasiri mara ƙima akan sauran hanyoyin metabolism na kwayoyin halitta. <ref name=":3"/> [[Fayil:Limitation_factors.jpg|thumb|Iyakokin da ke akwai yayin gudanar da abinci suna haifar da samfurin kiba ga dabbobi daban-daban. An daidaita daga Tanja Y. Reuter Tebur 1. <ref name="Reuter 3–8">{{Cite journal |last=Reuter |first=Tanja Y. |date=2007-01-01 |title=Diet-induced models for obesity and type 2 diabetes |journal=Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models |series=Metabolic disorders |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.09.004}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReuter2007">Reuter, Tanja Y. (2007-01-01). "Diet-induced models for obesity and type 2 diabetes". ''Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models''. Metabolic disorders. '''4''' (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>8. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.09.004|10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.09.004]].</cite></ref> Bayanin Nematode. Bayanin Primate. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harwood |first=H James |last2=Listrani |first2=Paul |last3=Wagner |first3=Janice D |date=2012-05-01 |title=Nonhuman Primates and Other Animal Models in Diabetes Research |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=503–514 |doi=10.1177/193229681200600304 |issn=1932-2968 |pmc=3440045 |pmid=22768880}}</ref>]] Bugu da ƙari, tsarewar sarari a cikin halittun gidaje na iya shafar sinadaran kwakwalwa a cikin halittun zamantakewa kamar beraye da beraye, wanda hakan ke sa su zama masu saurin kamuwa da ci gaban kwakwalwa da kuma rashin daidaituwa saboda rashin mu'amala ta zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balcombe |first=J. P. |date=2006-07-01 |title=Laboratory environments and rodents' behavioural needs: a review |journal=Laboratory Animals |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=217–235 |doi=10.1258/002367706777611488 |issn=0023-6772 |pmid=16803640 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tasirin tunani na iya haifar da ƙarin rashin daidaituwa a cikin binciken da ke sa ya yi wuya a samar da bayanai masu dacewa kuma yana ƙara hana yiwuwar sake maimaita irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen a cikin mutane. Beraye suna cin abinci da daddare kuma galibi suna cin abinci da daddare, a wurin da suke zama na halitta. Canje-canje a cikin zagayowar haske/duhu na dakunan gwaje-gwaje na iya canza yanayin circadian ɗinsu wanda zai iya shafar metabolism ɗinsu. Bayan haka, bincike da yawa sun yi amfani da samfuran beraye da aka gyara ta hanyar halitta waɗanda suka rage kwayar halittar circadian rhythmicity. Waɗannan lamuran sun haifar da ƙaruwar ciwon metabolism a cikin samfuran beraye da kuma haifar da [[kiba]] . <ref name=":5" /> Canjin yanayin na iya zama sakamakon sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na circadian clock gene, cin abinci mai yawan kitse, rushewar zagayowar circadian ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin zagayowar haske da duhu, ko haɗuwa da dukkan abubuwan. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Eckel-Mahan |first=Kristin |last2=Sassone-Corsi |first2=Paolo |date=2016-11-13 |title=Metabolism and the Circadian Clock Converge |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=107–135 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00016.2012 |issn=0031-9333 |pmc=3781773 |pmid=23303907}}</ref> Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don gano ainihin dalilin. Dalilin [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]] a cikin mutane ya fi rikitarwa fiye da cin abinci mai yawan kitse kawai. Abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani, motsin rai da al'adu tare da juriyar insulin da hyperphagia suna ƙara yawan kamuwa da ciwon suga na nau'in 2 a cikin mutane. <ref name=":3"/> Duk da haka, ana shigar da ciwon suga na nau'in 2 a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar tiyatar pancreas na ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya, ko amfani da sinadarai kamar streptozotocin . Streptozotocin yana hana ikon ƙwayoyin β na pancreas don samar da insulin, kuma dangane da adadin da aka yi amfani da shi, sakamakon na iya zama na ɗan lokaci ko na cikakken tsari. Hakanan yana iya tsoma baki tare da sauran hanyoyin siginar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma shafar abubuwan da ke cikin wasu isozymes a cikin gabobin jiki kamar hanta, kwakwalwa da koda. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Aileen JF |date=2016-11-13 |title=The use of animal models in diabetes research |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=166 |issue=3 |pages=877–894 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01911.x |issn=0007-1188 |pmc=3417415 |pmid=22352879}}</ref> Rashin wakilcin da ya dace na aikin gwajin na iya haifar da ciwon suga na nau'in 2, amma ya kasa nuna hanyar da waɗannan cututtukan ke faruwa a cikin mutane. == Nau'in samfura == === Beraye === [[Fayil:Fatmouse.jpg|thumb|Linzamin kiba da linzamin kwamfuta mai nauyin yau da kullun]] Masana kimiyya suna amfani da [[Bera|beraye]] a matsayin samfuran kiba da abinci ke haifarwa a gwaje-gwaje saboda suna da tsarin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa irin na [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] . Haka kuma ana iya kiwo su ko kuma a ƙera su ta hanyar halitta don su iya jure wa wasu cututtuka, waɗanda za su iya zama mahimmanci ga nazarin waɗannan cututtuka da/ko tasirinsu akan wasu tsarin halittu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Geoff |title=Background on Mouse as a Model Organism |url=https://www.genome.gov/10005834/background-on-mouse-as-a-model-organism/ |access-date=November 13, 2016 |website=Genome.gov |publisher=National Human Genome Research Institute}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da [[Bera|beraye]] don nazarin tasirin lymphotoxins akan metabolism . [[Bera|Beraye]] marasa lymphotoxin alpha, lymphotoxin beta, ko lymphotoxin beta receptor ba su da kyau a cikin microbiota, wanda hakan ya sa suka zama masu juriya ga [[kiba]] . [[Bera|Beraye]] marasa lymphotoxin alpha, lymphotoxin beta, ko lymphotoxin beta receptor sun sami ƙarancin nauyi akan abinci mai yawan kiba fiye da [[Bera|berayen]] daji, koda bayan sun ci gaba da cin abinci mai yawan kiba na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Upadhyay |first=Vaibhav |last2=Poroyko |first2=Valeriy |last3=Kim |first3=Tae-jin |last4=Devkota |first4=Suzanne |last5=Fu |first5=Sherry |last6=Liu |first6=Donald |last7=Tumanov |first7=Alexei |last8=Koroleva |first8=Ekaterina |last9=Deng |first9=Liufu |date=26 August 2012 |title=Lymphotoxin regulates commensal responses to enable diet-induced obesity |journal=Nature Immunology |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=947–953 |doi=10.1038/ni.2403 |pmc=3718316 |pmid=22922363}}</ref> Ana amfani da [[Bera|beraye]] don nazarin mahimmancin wasu sinadarai akan [[kiba]] . Misali, an sanya [[Bera|beraye]] a cikin abinci mai yawan kiba, amma an ba su ruwan famfo, shayin kore, ko shayin Goishi don sha. [[Bera|Berayen]] da suka sha shayin Goishi sun sami ƙarancin nauyi kuma suna da ƙarancin sukari a cikin jininsu fiye da [[Bera|beraye]] waɗanda suka sha ruwan famfo da [[Green tea (Shayi)|shayin kore]] . Masu binciken sun gano cewa shayin Goishi ya hana haɓakar adipocytes kuma ya hana canje-canje da tumor necrosis factor alpha da interleukin 6 ke haifarwa lokacin da [[Bera|beraye]] ke cin abinci mai yawan kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohei |first=Jobu |last2=Junko |first2=Yokota |last3=Saburo |first3=Yoshioka |last4=Hironori |first4=Moriyama |last5=Shuzo |first5=Murata |last6=Masao |first6=Ohishi |last7=Hiroyuki |first7=Ukeda |last8=Mitsuhiko |first8=Miyamura |date=November 2013 |title=Effects of Goishi tea on diet-induced obesity in mice |journal=Food Research International |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=324–329 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.037}}</ref> Wani sinadari da aka yi nazari a kansa don gano tasirin [[kiba]] shine propolis . Domin nazarin tasirin naman gwari, masana kimiyya sun yi masa allurar a cikin [[Bera|beraye]] yayin da suke cin abinci mai yawan kitse ba tare da iyakancewa ba . Masu binciken sun gano cewa [[Bera|beraye]] da aka yi wa allurar propolis ba su da sinadarin kitse mai yawa, glucose, da cholesterol fiye da [[Bera|beraye]] da ba a ba su propolis ba. An ga irin wannan tasirin a cikin [[Bera|beraye]] da aka saka musu propolis a hankali yayin da suke cin abinci mai yawan kitse. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koya-Miyata |first=Satomi |last2=Arai |first2=Norie |last3=Mizote |first3=Akiko |last4=Taniguchi |first4=Yoshifumi |last5=Ushio |first5=Shimpei |last6=Iwaki |first6=Kanso |last7=Fukuda |first7=Shigeharu |date=December 2009 |title=Propolis Prevents Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia and Mitigates Weight Gain in Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/32/12/32_12_2022/_pdf |journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=32 |issue=12 |pages=2022–2028 |doi=10.1248/bpb.32.2022 |pmid=19952422 |access-date=November 7, 2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Karnuka === Ana amfani da karnuka don bincike saboda ana iya kula da su a gida, kuma saboda an yi amfani da su a cikin bincike game da ciwon suga a baya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogs |url=https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/dog.htm |access-date=Nov 14, 2016 |website=Office of Research Integrity |archive-date=November 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107035214/http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/dog.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Misali, an yi amfani da karnuka a matsayin mutane a cikin wani bincike kan tasirin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa kan yaduwar insulin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kolka |first=C. M |last2=Harrison |first2=L. N |last3=Lottati |first3=M |last4=Chiu |first4=J. D |last5=Kirkman |first5=E. L |last6=Bergman |first6=R. N |year=2009 |title=Diet-Induced Obesity Prevents Interstitial Dispersion of Insulin in Skeletal Muscle |url=http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/59/3/619 |journal=Diabetes |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=619–26 |doi=10.2337/db09-0839 |pmc=2827487 |pmid=19959760}}</ref> A cikin wannan gwajin, an gano cewa cin abinci mai yawan kitse yana haifar da juriya ga insulin, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, ciwon daji, da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. == An gudanar da bincike tare da samfurin == [[Fayil:Methodology_of_a_study_on_diet_induced_obesity_in_mice.png|thumb|Takaitaccen bayani game da yadda aka gudanar da wani bincike kan abinci da ke haifar da kiba a cikin beraye ]] [[Fayil:The_effects_of_high-fat_diet_on_weight_loss.png|thumb|Sakamakon wani bincike kan tasirin abinci mai gina jiki ga kiba a cikin mutane <ref name="Bray 549–555">{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=George A. |last2=Paeratakul |first2=Sahasporn |last3=Popkin |first3=Barry M. |date=2004-12-30 |title=Dietary fat and obesity: a review of animal, clinical and epidemiological studies |journal=Physiology & Behavior |series=Dietary Fat and Energy Balance-Myths and Facts |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=549–555 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039 |pmid=15621059 |s2cid=16321725}}</ref>]] === Hanyar === ==== Hanyar gabaɗaya ==== Kamar yadda yake a yawancin gwaje-gwajen kimiyya, kyakkyawan gwaji ta amfani da samfurin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa yana da ƙungiyar gwaji da kuma ƙungiyar kulawa. Ana ba wa ƙungiyar kulawa abinci mai ƙarancin kashi na jimlar kuzari daga mai (misali 10%), yayin da ƙungiyar gwaji ake ba wa abinci mai yawan kashi na jimlar kuzari daga mai (misali 60%). Ana ƙididdige tasirin abincin ta amfani da matakan da aka bayyana a ƙasa . Sau da yawa, gwajin yana nufin ganin yadda kiba ke shafar wasu sakamako na jiki ko na ɗabi'a, don haka ana iya ɗaukar wasu matakai. Irin waɗannan matakan da aka saba ɗauka sun haɗa da damuwa (duka na jiki da na tunani ), canje-canje a cikin hormones, da insulin . ==== Matakan kiba ==== Ma'aunin sakamakon kiba yawanci shine ko dai karuwar nauyin jiki ko kitsen jiki. Ana auna karuwar nauyin jiki ta amfani da bambancin da ke cikin nauyin dabbar ko kuma a cikin ma'aunin Lee (ma'aunin da yayi kama da BMI a cikin mutane). Ana auna karuwar kitsen jiki ko dai a kaikaice ta hanyar karuwar nauyi, ko kuma kai tsaye ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoton X-ray mai amfani da makamashi biyu . Lokacin nazarin tasirin kiba akan ciwon suga, ana kuma yin gwajin sukari na jini na azumi kafin da kuma bayan cin abinci. ==== Abinci ==== Masana kimiyya sun yi nasarar haifar da kiba ga dabbobi ta amfani da nau'ikan abinci iri-iri. Duk da cewa galibi ana ɗaukar abincin da ke ɗauke da fiye da kashi 30% na jimlar kuzari daga mai a matsayin sanadin kiba, masana kimiyya sun haifar da kiba tare da abinci mai ɗauke da kashi 13% zuwa 85% na jimlar kuzari daga mai. Abincin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin abincin ya bambanta a cikin bincike, tun daga Crisco zuwa man shanu zuwa [[Manja|man dabino]] . Wasu masu bincike sun nuna cewa abincin dabbobi ya fi kama da abincin Yammacin duniya (watau abinci mai yawan kitse, sukari mai yawa, gishiri mai yawa, da ƙarancin fiber) ya fi tasiri wajen haifar da kiba da cututtukan da suka shafi kiba fiye da abincin gargajiya mai yawan kitse. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bortolin |first=R C |last2=Vargas |first2=A R |last3=Gasparotto |first3=J |last4=Chaves |first4=P R |last5=Schnorr |first5=C E |last6=Martinello |first6=Kd B |last7=Silveira |first7=A K |last8=Rabelo |first8=T K |last9=Gelain |first9=D P |last10=Moreira |first10=J C F |date=3 October 2017 |title=A new animal diet based on human Western diet is a robust diet-induced obesity model: comparison to high-fat and cafeteria diets in term of metabolic and gut microbiota disruption |journal=International Journal of Obesity |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=525–534 |doi=10.1038/ijo.2017.225 |pmid=28895587 |s2cid=4380085 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Canje-canje a Halayya === Ƙarfafa ji daga abinci mai yawan kitse yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ɗabi'a a cikin tsarin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa—haɓakar jijiyoyin ɗan adam da beraye don yanayin abinci mai yawan kitse yana ƙarfafa "zaɓi, cin abinci, narkewa da sha" <ref name=":4"/> na waɗannan abincin. A cewar wasu bincike, lokaci, mita, da adadin ciyarwa wasu abubuwa ne na ɗabi'a a cikin tsarin DIO. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa cin abinci da dare, ƙarancin yawan cin abinci, da kuma yawan abinci mai yawa na iya taimakawa wajen haifar da kiba da abinci ke haifarwa. Baƙin ciki da damuwa na dogon lokaci suma an ruwaito hanyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen kiba ta hanyar ƙara yawan cin abinci. <ref name=":4" /> === Canje-canje a fannin jiki === Karin nauyi shine babban tasirin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa, amma akwai wasu ƙarin illolin jiki daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan illa shine jiki yana samun ƙarin ƙwayoyin mai . Ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin mai yana ci gaba ko da bayan abincin ya zama ƙasa da kitse. Ana ƙara nauyi yayin cin abinci mai yawan mai shi ma yana ci gaba da dorewa. <ref name="Bray 549–555">{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=George A. |last2=Paeratakul |first2=Sahasporn |last3=Popkin |first3=Barry M. |date=2004-12-30 |title=Dietary fat and obesity: a review of animal, clinical and epidemiological studies |journal=Physiology & Behavior |series=Dietary Fat and Energy Balance-Myths and Facts |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=549–555 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039 |pmid=15621059 |s2cid=16321725}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrayPaeratakulPopkin2004">Bray, George A.; Paeratakul, Sahasporn; Popkin, Barry M. (2004-12-30). "Dietary fat and obesity: a review of animal, clinical and epidemiological studies". ''Physiology & Behavior''. Dietary Fat and Energy Balance-Myths and Facts. '''83''' (4): <span class="nowrap">549–</span>555. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039|10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15621059 15621059]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16321725 16321725].</cite></ref> Canje-canje a cikin abun da ke cikin jiki yana tare da canje-canjen hormonal. Ana samar da yawan leptin da insulin ; a lokaci guda, jiki yana zama mai juriya ga duka biyun. Musamman juriyar insulin ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin ƙwayoyin mai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9oytohmg8ssj3iud116bfwiga7leyag 0 156235 862564 857889 2026-06-21T05:26:47Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot summary" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351269265|Lisabi: A Legend Is Born]]" 862564 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] * [[Adebimpe Oyebade]] * [[Odunlade Adekola]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |[[Tolu Obanro]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Al Notions StudiosAnthill Studios<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Netflix]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 10 Janairu 2025 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2025-01-10</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 107 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |[[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] |} '''''Lisabi: An haifi Labari''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin wani fim na [[lisabi: Tashin hankali|kashi biyu]] na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi mai daraja na Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18. Fim din ya binciki gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa na mutanen Egba a karkashin mulkin zalunci kuma ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar juriya ta Egba game da mamayewa. Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. An kafa shi ne a kan tarihin Abeokuta da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a Jihar Ogun, fim din yana da niyyar kama ainihin [[Tarihin Yarabawa|Tarihin Yoruba]] da al'adu. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Plot summary == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kuma kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara ko mulkin san kai. lfdabk1phdlfpsyuaq3mkwujc6rtic5 862565 862564 2026-06-21T05:30:28Z Mahuta 11340 An kirkira ta fassara "__LEAD_SECTION__" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351269265|Lisabi: A Legend Is Born]]" 862565 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] * [[Adebimpe Oyebade]] * [[Odunlade Adekola]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |[[Tolu Obanro]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Al Notions StudiosAnthill Studios<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Netflix]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 10 Janairu 2025 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2025-01-10</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 107 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |[[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] |} '''''Lisabi: An haifi Labari''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin wani fim na [[lisabi: Tashin hankali|kashi biyu]] na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi mai daraja na Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18. Fim din ya binciki gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa na mutanen Egba a karkashin mulkin zalunci kuma ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar juriya ta Egba game da mamayewa. Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. An kafa shi ne a kan tarihin Abeokuta da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a Jihar Ogun, fim din yana da niyyar kama ainihin [[Tarihin Yarabawa|Tarihin Yoruba]] da al'adu. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. Fim ɗin ya yi nazari kan gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa ta mutanen Egba a ƙarƙashin mulkin zalunci, sannan ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar gwagwarmayar Egba a kan mulkin mallaka. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Plot summary == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kuma kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara ko mulkin san kai. 3502qce05iyroco4s0jw9p6vk66251y 862567 862565 2026-06-21T05:32:17Z Mahuta 11340 862567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''{| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] * [[Adebimpe Oyebade]] * [[Odunlade Adekola]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |[[Tolu Obanro]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Al Notions StudiosAnthill Studios<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Netflix]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 10 Janairu 2025 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2025-01-10</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 107 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |[[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] |} '''''Lisabi: An haifi Labari''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin wani fim na [[lisabi: Tashin hankali|kashi biyu]] na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi mai daraja na Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18. Fim din ya binciki gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa na mutanen Egba a karkashin mulkin zalunci kuma ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar juriya ta Egba game da mamayewa. Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. An kafa shi ne a kan tarihin Abeokuta da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a Jihar Ogun, fim din yana da niyyar kama ainihin [[Tarihin Yarabawa|Tarihin Yoruba]] da al'adu. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. Fim ɗin ya yi nazari kan gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa ta mutanen Egba a ƙarƙashin mulkin zalunci, sannan ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar gwagwarmayar Egba a kan mulkin mallaka. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Plot summary == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kuma kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara ko mulkin san kai. qvanrp8y4fei9a5pae7kuy6nnflgjc0 862568 862567 2026-06-21T05:32:55Z Mahuta 11340 862568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] * [[Adebimpe Oyebade]] * [[Odunlade Adekola]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |[[Tolu Obanro]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Al Notions StudiosAnthill Studios<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Netflix]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 10 Janairu 2025 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2025-01-10</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 107 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |[[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] |} '''''Lisabi: An haifi Labari''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin wani fim na [[lisabi: Tashin hankali|kashi biyu]] na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi mai daraja na Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18. Fim din ya binciki gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa na mutanen Egba a karkashin mulkin zalunci kuma ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar juriya ta Egba game da mamayewa. Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. An kafa shi ne a kan tarihin Abeokuta da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a Jihar Ogun, fim din yana da niyyar kama ainihin [[Tarihin Yarabawa|Tarihin Yoruba]] da al'adu. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. Fim ɗin ya yi nazari kan gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa ta mutanen Egba a ƙarƙashin mulkin zalunci, sannan ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar gwagwarmayar Egba a kan mulkin mallaka. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Plot summary == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kuma kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara ko mulkin san kai. oenzzpdatfwru17fpppct2g7a4in26b 862569 862568 2026-06-21T05:33:21Z Mahuta 11340 862569 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] * [[Adebimpe Oyebade]] * [[Odunlade Adekola]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |[[Tolu Obanro]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Al Notions StudiosAnthill Studios<br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Netflix]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 10 Janairu 2025 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2025-01-10</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 107 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |[[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] |} '''''Lisabi: An haifi Labari''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin wani fim na [[lisabi: Tashin hankali|kashi biyu]] na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi mai daraja na Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18. Fim din ya binciki gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa na mutanen Egba a karkashin mulkin zalunci kuma ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar juriya ta Egba game da mamayewa. Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. An kafa shi ne a kan tarihin Abeokuta da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a Jihar Ogun, fim din yana da niyyar kama ainihin [[Tarihin Yarabawa|Tarihin Yoruba]] da al'adu. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. Fim ɗin ya yi nazari kan gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa ta mutanen Egba a ƙarƙashin mulkin zalunci, sannan ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar gwagwarmayar Egba a kan mulkin mallaka. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Plot summary == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kuma kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara ko mulkin san kai. 3502qce05iyroco4s0jw9p6vk66251y 0 156315 862274 852880 2026-06-20T17:47:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862274 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{Databox}} '''Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa''' ( {{Small|{{abbr.}}}} '''SDGs''' ) dukkan membobin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) ne suka amince da su a shekarar 2015 don Ajandar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 2030. Manufar manufofi 17 na duniya ita ce "zaman lafiya da wadata ga mutane da duniya", <ref name="the17SDGs">{{Cite web |title=The 17 Goals |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Sustainable Development Goals |publisher=UN}}</ref> magance [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], da kuma yin aiki don kiyaye tekuna da dazuzzuka. SDGs suna nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin fannoni na muhalli, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki na ci gaba mai dorewa . Dorewa tana tsakiyar SDGs, kamar yadda kalmar ''dorewa'' take nufi, amma cimma burin ya kasance ƙalubale. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alcamo |first=Joseph |last2=Thompson |first2=John |last3=Alexander |first3=Anthony |last4=Antoniades |first4=Andreas |last5=Delabre |first5=Izabela |last6=Dolley |first6=Jonathan |last7=Marshall |first7=Fiona |last8=Menton |first8=Mary |last9=Middleton |first9=Jo |last10=Scharlemann |first10=Jörn P. W. |date=2020-11-01 |title=Analysing interactions among the sustainable development goals: findings and emerging issues from local and global studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00875-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1561–1572 |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1561A |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00875-x |issn=1862-4057 |pmc=7592180 |pmid=33133296}}</ref> A cikin sabon Rahoton Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 2025, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira da mu "yi aiki da kyau kuma mu yi aiki yanzu" domin ci gaba da cimma burin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=— SDG Indicators |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2025/?_gl=1*1byt89p*_ga*MTMzOTI1MjQzMS4xNzY3NzUzMzMy*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*czE3NzY3ODcxNTAkbzIkZzEkdDE3NzY3ODg1NDEkajU3JGwwJGgw |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> Ƙara rashin daidaito, sauyin yanayi, da [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar bambancin halittu]] batutuwa ne da ke barazana ga ci gaba. [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Annobar COVID-19]] daga 2020 zuwa 2023 ta ƙara ta'azzara ƙalubalen, kuma wasu yankuna, kamar Asiya, sun fuskanci manyan koma-baya a wannan lokacin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Akwai matsaloli masu sarkakiya da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manufofi daban-daban <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alcamo |first=Joseph |last2=Thompson |first2=John |last3=Alexander |first3=Anthony |last4=Antoniades |first4=Andreas |last5=Delabre |first5=Izabela |last6=Dolley |first6=Jonathan |last7=Marshall |first7=Fiona |last8=Menton |first8=Mary |last9=Middleton |first9=Jo |last10=Scharlemann |first10=Jörn P. W. |date=2020-11-01 |title=Analysing interactions among the sustainable development goals: findings and emerging issues from local and global studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00875-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1561–1572 |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1561A |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00875-x |issn=1862-4057 |pmc=7592180 |pmid=33133296}}</ref> ; misali, ga SDG 13 akan ayyukan sauyin yanayi, [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] ta ga haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tare da SDGs 3 (lafiya), 7 (makamashi mai tsabta), 11 (birane da al'ummomi), 12 (amfani da samarwa mai alhaki) da 14 (teku). {{Rp|70}}A gefe guda kuma, masu suka da masu lura sun kuma gano bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin manufofin, <ref name="Berg-2020" /> {{Rp|67}}kamar tsakanin kawo ƙarshen yunwa da kuma inganta dorewar muhalli. <ref name="Machingura-2017">{{Cite web |last=Machingura |first=Fortunate |date=2017-02-27 |title=The Sustainable Development Goals and their trade-offs |url=https://odi.org/en/publications/the-sustainable-development-goals-and-their-trade-offs/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=ODI: Think change |language=en-gb}}</ref> {{Rp|26}}Bugu da ƙari, an sami damuwa game da yawan manufofi (idan aka kwatanta da [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu|Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium]] guda takwas), wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen ciniki, raunin mayar da hankali kan dorewar muhalli, da kuma wahalhalun bin diddigin ma'aunin inganci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tasirin siyasa na SDGs ya kasance kaɗan, kuma SDGs sun yi fama don cimma canje-canje masu canzawa a cikin manufofi da tsarin hukumomi. Haka kuma, kuɗi har yanzu muhimmin batu ne don cimma SDGs. Za a buƙaci manyan albarkatun kuɗi a duk duniya. Matsayin saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu da kuma sauyi zuwa ga kuɗaɗen tallafi masu dorewa suma suna da mahimmanci don cimma SDGs. Misalan ci gaba daga wasu ƙasashe sun nuna cewa cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ayyukan duniya yana yiwuwa. Ƙoƙarin duniya na SDGs yana buƙatar fifita dorewar muhalli, fahimtar yanayin manufofin da ba za a iya raba su ba, da kuma neman haɗin gwiwa a fannoni daban-daban. Gajerun taken SDGs guda 17 sune: # Babu talauci # Babu yunwa # Lafiya mai kyau da walwala # [[Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 4|Ingancin ilimi]] # Daidaiton jinsi # [[Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaba na 6|Ruwa mai tsafta da tsafta]] # Makamashi mai araha kuma mai tsabta # Aiki mai kyau da ci gaban tattalin arziki # Masana'antu, kirkire-kirkire da kayayyakin more rayuwa # Rage rashin daidaito # Birane da al'ummomi masu dorewa # Amfani da alhaki da samarwa # [[Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 13|Ayyukan yanayi]] # Rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa # Rayuwa a ƙasa # [[Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 16|Zaman lafiya, adalci, da kuma cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi]] # Haɗin gwiwa don manufofin == Duba kuma ==   * SDG Publishers Compact – Non-binding United Nations pact * List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators * [[Wakilin siyasa na yanayi|Political representation of nature]] * Egypt Vision 2030 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Ana iya duba labaran kiwon lafiya na Wikipedia ba tare da intanet ba ta hanyar amfani da '''[[m:Wiki Project Med/App|manhajar Medical Wikipedia]]''' .</div></div></div> * [http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs Dandalin Ilimi Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya – SDGs] * Yaƙin [http://www.globalgoals.org neman zaɓen "Manufofin Duniya"] akan SDGs wanda Project Everyone ya buga * [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/ Bayanan Manufofin SDG na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya] * [https://sdg-tracker.org/ SDG-Tracker.org] – Bin diddigin ci gaba zuwa ga SDGs da aka gani * [https://sdg-pathfinder.org/ SDG Pathfinder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605094157/https://sdg-pathfinder.org/ |date=2023-06-05 }} – Bincika abubuwan da ke kan SDGs daga ƙungiyoyi shida na duniya (wanda OECD ke tallafawa) {{United Nations}}{{Sustainable Development Goals}}{{Sustainability}}{{Poverty}}{{Authority control}} 04lq3yyi1oomnae58dp4yj5ddgzy8cd 0 157317 862544 856573 2026-06-21T03:22:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 862544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsalar damuwa da sinadarin Caffeine ke haifarwa''' ita ce matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa inda alamun [[Anxiety|damuwa]] ke bayyana sakamakon shan maganin kafeyin. Waɗannan alamun na iya bayyana a lokacin ko jim kaɗan bayan shan ko daina shan maganin kafeyin. Wannan matsalar tana bayyana ta hanyar tsoro mai yawa, tsoro, damuwa, da kuma alamun jiki na ƙaruwar aikin kai. <ref name="c871">{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics:6C48.40 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/en#1115271910 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutane na iya nuna halayen gujewa saboda damuwa. An rarraba wannan cuta a matsayin wani nau'in matsalar damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa a cikin DSM-5 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Addicott |first=MA |year=2014 |title=Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications |journal=Current Addiction Reports |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=186–192 |doi=10.1007/s40429-014-0024-9 |pmc=4115451 |pmid=25089257}}</ref> Haka kuma an san shi a matsayin ganewar asibiti a cikin ICD-11 . An daɗe ana danganta shan maganin kafeyin da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=R.N. |date=June 1996 |title=Drugs Which Induce Anxiety: Caffeine |url=http://www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZJP-Vol251-1996-7-Hughes.pdf |journal=New Zealand Journal of Psychology |volume=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090750/https://www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZJP-Vol251-1996-7-Hughes.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> Tasirin maganin kafeyin da alamun damuwa suna ƙara yawan aiki a cikin tsarin juyayi mai tausayi . An danganta maganin kafeyin da ta'azzara da kuma kula da matsalolin damuwa, da kuma fara tashin hankali ko hare-haren damuwa ga waɗanda suka riga suka kamu da irin wannan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winston |first=Anthony P. |last2=Hardwick |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Jaberi |first3=Neema |date=October 2005 |title=Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=432–439 |doi=10.1192/apt.11.6.432 |issn=2056-4678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan amfani da maganin kafeyin ya wuce 400&nbsp;An nuna cewa mg yana ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da tashin hankali da tsoro a cikin al'umma. Mutanen da ke fama da matsalar tashin hankali suna da haɗarin kamuwa da tashin hankali lokacin shan maganin kafeyin fiye da lokacin da ba sa shansa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klevebrant |first=Lisa |last2=Frick |first2=Andreas |date=2022-01-01 |title=Effects of caffeine on anxiety and panic attacks in patients with panic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |language=en |volume=74 |pages=22–31 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.11.005 |issn=0163-8343 |pmid=34871964 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan shan maganin kafeyin na iya haifar da alamu daga damuwa gabaɗaya zuwa alamun damuwa da tsoro. == Ganewar Ganewa == === DSM-5 === ==== Ka'idojin ganewar asali ==== Ciwon damuwa da Caffeine ke haifarwa wani rukuni ne na binciken DSM-5 na matsalar damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa. Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali, Bugu na Biyar, ko DSM-5, shine ikon da ake da shi a yanzu don gano cutar tabin hankali a Amurka. Ciwon damuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi/magani ke haifarwa yana ƙarƙashin rukunin [[Matsalar damuwa|cututtukan damuwa]] a cikin DSM-5, ba nau'in cututtukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da jaraba ba, duk da cewa alamun sun faru ne saboda tasirin wani abu. Ganewar asali bisa ga DSM-5 ya dogara ne akan sharuɗɗa daban-daban. Dole ne marasa lafiya su nuna alamun ko dai harin tsoro ko damuwa. Dole ne kuma a sami shaida cewa alamun tsoro ko damuwa sakamakon amfani da abu mai maye ne kai tsaye. A cikin matsalar damuwa da caffeine ke haifarwa, irin waɗannan alamun za su kasance ne saboda shan maganin kafeyin. DSM-5 ya bambanta cewa abu dole ne ya kasance yana da ikon haifar da alamun damuwa da tsoro a fannin jiki. Wannan yana tabbatar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin sinadarin da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma tasirin asibiti da aka lura. An tabbatar da cewa maganin kafeyin yana aiki a matsayin mai hana masu karɓar adenosine, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai motsa jiki don haka ya cika wannan ƙa'ida. Hakanan alamun ba dole ba ne su sami wata hanyar asibiti mafi yuwuwa, kamar wani nau'in matsalar damuwa, ya zo kafin shan maganin mai maye, ko kuma ya daɗe na tsawon lokaci bayan dakatar da amfani da maganin. Ganewar asali kuma yana buƙatar cewa hare-haren tsoro ko damuwa saboda amfani da abu mai maye yana haifar da wani adadin tashin hankali a cikin majiyyaci ko kuma ya haifar da ƙarancin nau'ikan ayyukan yau da kullun daban-daban. ==== Siffofin Bincike ==== Baya ga sharuɗɗan da ke sama, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa ba a cika sharuɗɗan ganewar cutar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarai/magani ba idan alamun firgici sun zo kafin maye da sinadarin. A cikin matsalar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarin caffeine, ba za a yi ganewar asali ba idan alamun damuwa ko firgici suka riga sun fara shan maganin kafeyin. Haka kuma, idan alamun suka ci gaba fiye da wata ɗaya bayan maye da sinadarai, ba za a iya gano cutar ba. Nacewa da ci gaba da alamun bayan shan maganin kafeyin na farko suna ba da shawarar wani ganewar daban wanda zai fi bayyana alamun da ke daɗewa. Alamomin damuwa da maganin kafeyin ke haifarwa galibi ana kuskuren ɗauka su ne da manyan cututtukan kwakwalwa ciki har da [[cutar bipolar]] da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], suna barin marasa lafiya su sami magani don matsalar da ba ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Francis M. |date=April 2009 |title=Caffeine - Induced Psychiatric Disorders |url=http://www.americanmedtech.org/files/STEP_Online_articles/353.pdf |journal=Journal of Continuing Education Topics & Issues |access-date=22 February 2016 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405060514/http://www.americanmedtech.org/files/STEP_Online_articles/353.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kamata a yi gwajin cutar damuwa da ke haifar da sinadarin kafeyin, maimakon amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ko kuma shan giya, lokacin da alamun hare-haren tsoro ko damuwa suka fi yawa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Amy |last2=Palmer |first2=Abraham A. |last3=de Wit |first3=Harriet |date=June 9, 2010 |title=Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=211 |issue=3 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1007/s00213-010-1900-1 |pmc=4242593 |pmid=20532872}}</ref> ==== Yaɗuwa ==== Duk da cewa ba a samu ainihin adadin kamuwa da cutar ba, bayanai game da yawan jama'a sun nuna cewa kamuwa da cutar ya kai kashi 0.002% a tsawon shekara guda, kuma ya fi yawa a cikin al'ummomin da ke fama da cutar. <ref name=":2"/> == Caffeine == [[Fayil:Koffein_-_Caffeine.svg|thumb|180x180px|Tsarin maganin kafeyin]] Caffeine methylxanthine ne, kuma yana da illa ga ruwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=B. B. |last2=Bättig |first2=K. |last3=Holmén |first3=J. |last4=Nehlig |first4=A. |last5=Zvartau |first5=E. E. |date=1999-03-01 |title=Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long |journal=Pharmacological Reviews |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=83–133 |doi=10.1016/S0031-6997(24)01396-6 |issn=0031-6997 |pmid=10049999 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsarin maganin kafeyin yana bawa kwayoyin halittar damar wucewa ta cikin membranes na halitta, gami da shingen jini da kwakwalwa . Shaye-shayen abinci a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci yana kusan kammalawa da kusan kashi 99% bayan mintuna 45 kacal.&nbsp;mintuna. Rabin rayuwar kafeyin ga yawancin manya yana tsakanin 2.5 da 4.5&nbsp;awanni lokacin da amfani ya iyakance ga ƙasa da 10&nbsp;mg/kg. Duk da haka, a lokacin ci gaban jarirai, rabin rayuwar tayin yana da tsayi sosai kuma yana raguwa sosai bayan haihuwa don isa ga ƙimar al'ada a kimanin watanni 6. <ref name=":3" /> Cytochrome P-450, wani nau'in hemeprotein, yana aiki a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin hanta don haɓaka caffeine zuwa dimethylxanthines, monomethylxanthines, dimethyl uric acid, monomethyl uric acid, trimethylallantoin, dimethylallantoin, da abubuwan da suka samo asali daga uracil . Yawancin caffeine ana metabolize su ta hanyar 3-methyl demethylation, suna samar da metabolite na paraxanthine . Yawancin metabolites, ban da caffeine, suna aiki a cikin jiki kuma suna da alhakin wani ɓangare na amsawar jiki ga caffeine. <ref name=":3" /> == Tsarin aikin maganin kafeyin == Caffeine yana aiki ta hanyoyi da yawa a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran jiki. Duk da haka, saboda yawan sinadarin caffeine da ake buƙata, ƙin karɓar masu karɓar adenosine shine babban hanyar aiki. <ref name="NehligEtal1992">{{Cite journal |last=Nehlig |first=Astrid |last2=Daval |first2=Jean-Luc |last3=Debry |first3=Gérard |date=June 2, 1992 |title=Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–170 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B |pmid=1356551 |s2cid=14277779}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin sune hanyoyin da maganin kafeyin zai iya aiki a cikin jiki, amma dangane da yawan sinadarin kafeyin da ake buƙata da sauran abubuwa bazai zama sanadin tasirin maganin ba. === Haɗakar ƙwayoyin calcium na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta === A yawan sinadarin caffeine mai yawa na kimanin 1-2 mM, yana rage matakin kuzari a cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka, wanda ke haifar da tsawaitar matsewa. Gabatar da irin wannan yawan sinadarin caffeine yana ba da damar calcium ya shiga cikin ƙwayar tsoka ta hanyar membrane na plasma da sarcoplasmic reticulum cikin sauƙi. Yawan sinadarin calcium ta cikin membranes a cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka yana buƙatar aƙalla 250 μM na maganin kafeyin. Yawanci, wasu tasirin guba na maganin kafeyin suna fara faruwa a cikin yawan sinadarin da ya wuce 200.&nbsp;μM, duk da haka matsakaicin amfani yana haifar da yawan amfani da ƙasa da 100&nbsp;μM. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwararar sinadarin calcium da kuma motsa jiki ba su ne sanadin tasirin maganin kafeyin a kan tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya ba, don haka ba su ne sanadin matsalar damuwa da kafeyin ke haifarwa ba. <ref name="NehligEtal1992"/> === Hana phosphodiesterases === Methylxanthines kamar caffeine suna hana aikin cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, wanda yawanci yana aiki don rushe cAMP . cyclic adenosine monophosphate, ko cAMP, shine manzo na biyu mai mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa kuma muhimmin abu ne a cikin watsa sigina . Hana phosphodiesterase zai haifar da tarin cAMP, yana ƙara ayyukan manzo na biyu a cikin tantanin halitta. Kodayake wannan tsari yana yiwuwa, yana faruwa ne kawai bayan matakan caffeine sun kai matakin guba, don haka da wuya a bayyana tsarin maganin kafeyin a cikin kwakwalwa. <ref name="NehligEtal1992"/> === Hamayya tsakanin masu karɓar adenosine === Akwai sanannun masu karɓar adenosine guda huɗu da aka samu a jiki, A <nowiki><sub id="mwhQ">1</sub></nowiki>, A <nowiki><sub id="mwhw">2A</sub></nowiki>, A <nowiki><sub id="mwiQ">2B</sub></nowiki>, da A <nowiki><sub id="mwiw">3.</sub></nowiki> Mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta na waɗannan masu karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta shine adenosine, wanda shine nucleoside na purine wanda yake da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin kamar canja wurin makamashi a cikin nau'in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) da adenosine monophosphate (AMP) da kuma canja wurin sigina a cikin nau'in adenosine monophosphate na cyclic (cAMP). Masu karɓar A _2B da A ₃ suna buƙatar yawan maganin kafeyin da ba ya faruwa a matakan ilimin halittar jiki na yau da kullun ko tare da matakan shan maganin kafeyin na yau da kullun don a iya hana shi, don haka ba za a ɗauke shi a matsayin wata hanya ta damuwa da caffeine ke haifarwa ba. <ref name=":3"/> Caffeine yana aiki a matsayin mai hana masu karɓar adenosine A ₁ da A _2A . Adenosine wani sinadari ne na yau da kullun wanda ke kunna masu karɓar adenosine g-protein masu haɗin gwiwa . Ayyukan masu karɓar A ₁ da A _2A suna adawa da juna amma duka suna da alaƙa da maganin kafeyin saboda aikinsa a matsayin mai hana. <ref name=":3"/> Ana haɗa masu karɓar _2A zuwa sunadaran G _s waɗanda ke kunna adenylate cyclase da wasu tashoshin Ca <nowiki><sup id="mwpw">2+</sup></nowiki> masu ƙarfin lantarki . Masu karɓar _2A suna cikin yankunan kwakwalwa masu arzikin [[dopamine]] . An sami mRNA mai karɓar _2A a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi iri ɗaya kamar mai karɓar dopamine D <nowiki><sub id="mwrA">2</sub></nowiki> a cikin dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens da tuberculum olfactorium . Ba a samun masu karɓar _2A a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi waɗanda ke bayyana masu karɓar dopamine D <nowiki><sub id="mwsg">1</sub></nowiki> da Substance P. A cikin striatum, wani ɓangare na basal ganglia, kunna masu karɓar A _2A ta hanyar adenosine yana ƙara sakin GABA, wani mai ba da amsa ga neurotransmitter. Lokacin da caffeine ya haɗu da mai karɓar, ana fitar da ƙarancin mai hana amsawa ga neurotransmitter, wanda ke tallafawa rawar caffeine a matsayin mai motsa tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. <ref name=":3"/> An haɗa masu karɓar A 1 da furotin G-na G i-1, G i-2, G i-3, G o1, da G o2 . Sunadaran g-na masu karɓar A 1 suna ci gaba da hana adenylate cyclase, wasu tashoshin Ca 2+ masu ƙarfin lantarki, da kuma kunna wasu tashoshin K +, da phospholipase C da D. Masu karɓar A 1 galibi suna cikin hippocampus, cerebral da cerebellar cortex, da kuma musamman thalamic nucleus . Adenosine yana aiki akan masu karɓar A 1 don rage buɗe tashoshin Ca 2+ na N-type a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin hippocampal, don haka yana rage yawan harbi tunda Ca 2+ ya zama dole don sakin neurotransmitter. Ayyukan adawa na Caffeine akan mai karɓar A 1 don haka yana rage aikin adenosine, yana ba da damar ƙaruwar shigarwar Ca 2+ ta hanyar tashoshin N-type da kuma yawan sakin neurotransmitter. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r1kbmyd9mfan8ephqmx56i5r4s6gexk 1 157617 862388 857588 2026-06-20T19:47:33Z Icodense 6022 Requesting deletion ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1b) 862388 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|Spam <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu shekara ta 2000), wanda aka fi sani da sunan aiki BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY mawakin rap ne na Indiya, marubucin wakoki, mai shirya kida, kuma mai tsara kida. An san shi da ayyukansa a fagen Hindi hip-hop da kidan trap. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-35075-18|&#126;2026-35075-18]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-35075-18|talk]]) 16:10, 14 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 3fxb6da3uy37yyd17e3zsg8pize8aaa 862441 862388 2026-06-20T20:30:35Z ~2026-36002-77 46185 /* इंडिया rapper */ sabon sashe 862441 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|Spam <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu shekara ta 2000), wanda aka fi sani da sunan aiki BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY mawakin rap ne na Indiya, marubucin wakoki, mai shirya kida, kuma mai tsara kida. An san shi da ayyukansa a fagen Hindi hip-hop da kidan trap. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-35075-18|&#126;2026-35075-18]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-35075-18|talk]]) 16:10, 14 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == इंडिया rapper == He is an Indian rapper [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36002-77|&#126;2026-36002-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36002-77|talk]]) 20:30, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 9uivqtf9rydaiuvqlcxrflmgv333usn 0 158646 862052 861438 2026-06-20T15:27:55Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 862052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa</ref> wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa "dokar" an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari". Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin "mulki; ƙirƙira", wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian. A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari", a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin "mulki". Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu. === Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu === A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai. Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin "wurin Zasag", wato "wurin tsari". == Tarihi == === Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu === A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: '''"Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci."''' Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji): '''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;''' An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma. A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan). == Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan == Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu. Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu. === Tasirin yau === A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar "doka" ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta "doka" ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa ("uwa-suru"). == Bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki == == Manazarta == 89r6flah0l7mp8h1pmqw7p98t79ker3 862053 862052 2026-06-20T15:32:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa</ref> wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa "dokar" an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari". Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin "mulki; ƙirƙira", wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian. A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari", a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin "mulki". Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu. === Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu === A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai. Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin "wurin Zasag", wato "wurin tsari". == Tarihi == === Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu === A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: '''"Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci."''' Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji): '''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;''' An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma. A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan). == Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan == Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu. Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu. === Tasirin yau === A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar "doka" ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta "doka" ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa ("uwa-suru"). == Bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki == Ba a san abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Yassa daga takarda ɗaya ba, amma masana sun sake gina abubuwan da ke cikinsa daga tushe da dama da suka shafi su. Daga cikin waɗannan, abin sha'awa musamman akwai Tarihin Sirri, amma kuma Tarikh-i Jahangushay na Juvyani, da sauran ayyukan da mutanen zamaninsa suka yi. Mafi yawan bayanai daga majiyoyin da ba na Mongolian ba ba sa bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (yassa) da na al'adu (yosun). == Manazarta == ke8dm4wt2enzcyajgruudeqiry1h18n 862056 862053 2026-06-20T15:34:34Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa</ref> wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa "dokar" an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari". Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin "mulki; ƙirƙira", wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian. A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari", a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin "mulki". Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu. === Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu === A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai. Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin "wurin Zasag", wato "wurin tsari". == Tarihi == === Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu === A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: '''"Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci."''' Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji): '''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;''' An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma. A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan). == Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan == Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu. Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu. === Tasirin yau === A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar "doka" ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta "doka" ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa ("uwa-suru"). == Bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki == Ba a san abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Yassa daga takarda ɗaya ba, amma masana sun sake gina abubuwan da ke cikinsa daga tushe da dama da suka shafi su. Daga cikin waɗannan, abin sha'awa musamman akwai Tarihin Sirri, amma kuma Tarikh-i Jahangushay na Juvyani, da sauran ayyukan da mutanen zamaninsa suka yi. Mafi yawan bayanai daga majiyoyin da ba na Mongolian ba ba sa bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (yassa) da na al'adu (yosun). === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarihin Sirri === A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ɗansa da aka ɗauke shi, ya ƙirƙiri littafi mai launin shuɗi, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kafa tushen abin da daga baya aka fahimta a matsayin Yassa. A cikin wannan littafin, kamar yadda Genghis ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ya kamata a tattara waɗannan abubuwa: ''"[duk] shawarwari game da rarrabawa da kuma game da al'amuran shari'a na dukkan al'umma"'' A cewar David Morgan, wannan ya kai ga: (1) "Abubuwan da suka shafi [raba] ganima da kadarori"; da kuma (2) "Abubuwan da suka shafi shari'o'i". A wani wuri a cikin Tarihin Sirri, an ambaci umarnin Genghis Khan daban-daban, amma har zuwa wane mataki ya kamata a fahimci waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na dindindin ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. == Manazarta == 28xurobllpfrzxuq3esavg8c5yig46h 862057 862056 2026-06-20T15:35:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa</ref> wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa "dokar" an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari". Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin "mulki; ƙirƙira", wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian. A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari", a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin "mulki". Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu. === Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu === A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai. Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin "wurin Zasag", wato "wurin tsari". == Tarihi == === Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu === A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: '''"Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci."''' Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji): '''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;''' An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma. A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan). == Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan == Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu. Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu. === Tasirin yau === A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar "doka" ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta "doka" ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa ("uwa-suru"). == Bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki == Ba a san abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Yassa daga takarda ɗaya ba, amma masana sun sake gina abubuwan da ke cikinsa daga tushe da dama da suka shafi su. Daga cikin waɗannan, abin sha'awa musamman akwai Tarihin Sirri, amma kuma Tarikh-i Jahangushay na Juvyani, da sauran ayyukan da mutanen zamaninsa suka yi. Mafi yawan bayanai daga majiyoyin da ba na Mongolian ba ba sa bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (yassa) da na al'adu (yosun). === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarihin Sirri === A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ɗansa da aka ɗauke shi, ya ƙirƙiri littafi mai launin shuɗi, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kafa tushen abin da daga baya aka fahimta a matsayin Yassa. A cikin wannan littafin, kamar yadda Genghis ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ya kamata a tattara waɗannan abubuwa: ''"[duk] shawarwari game da rarrabawa da kuma game da al'amuran shari'a na dukkan al'umma"'' A cewar David Morgan, wannan ya kai ga: (1) "Abubuwan da suka shafi [raba] ganima da kadarori"; da kuma (2) "Abubuwan da suka shafi shari'o'i". A wani wuri a cikin Tarihin Sirri, an ambaci umarnin Genghis Khan daban-daban, amma har zuwa wane mataki ya kamata a fahimci waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na dindindin ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarikh-i Jahangushay === A cikin littafin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, wani aiki na jami'in Ilkhanate, Ata-Malik Juvyani, akwai wani babi da aka keɓe don yin tsokaci kan yassas. Wannan babi ba cikakke ba ne, kamar yadda marubucin da kansa ya faɗa: Akwai wasu [yassas] da yawa da za a rubuta kowannensu wanda zai jinkirta mu da yawa; saboda haka mun takaita kanmu ga ambaton abin da ke sama. == Manazarta == dj46xew6riw2bo2zrqo16royg6gom92 862060 862057 2026-06-20T15:37:11Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa</ref> wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa "dokar" an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari". Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin "mulki; ƙirƙira", wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian. A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari", a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin "mulki". Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu. === Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu === A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai. Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin "wurin Zasag", wato "wurin tsari". == Tarihi == === Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu === A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: '''"Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci."''' Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji): '''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;''' An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma. A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan). == Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan == Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu. Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu. === Tasirin yau === A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar "doka" ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta "doka" ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa ("uwa-suru"). == Bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki == Ba a san abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Yassa daga takarda ɗaya ba, amma masana sun sake gina abubuwan da ke cikinsa daga tushe da dama da suka shafi su. Daga cikin waɗannan, abin sha'awa musamman akwai Tarihin Sirri, amma kuma Tarikh-i Jahangushay na Juvyani, da sauran ayyukan da mutanen zamaninsa suka yi. Mafi yawan bayanai daga majiyoyin da ba na Mongolian ba ba sa bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (yassa) da na al'adu (yosun). === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarihin Sirri === A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ɗansa da aka ɗauke shi, ya ƙirƙiri littafi mai launin shuɗi, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kafa tushen abin da daga baya aka fahimta a matsayin Yassa. A cikin wannan littafin, kamar yadda Genghis ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ya kamata a tattara waɗannan abubuwa: ''"[duk] shawarwari game da rarrabawa da kuma game da al'amuran shari'a na dukkan al'umma"'' A cewar David Morgan, wannan ya kai ga: (1) "Abubuwan da suka shafi [raba] ganima da kadarori"; da kuma (2) "Abubuwan da suka shafi shari'o'i". A wani wuri a cikin Tarihin Sirri, an ambaci umarnin Genghis Khan daban-daban, amma har zuwa wane mataki ya kamata a fahimci waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na dindindin ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarikh-i Jahangushay === A cikin littafin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, wani aiki na jami'in Ilkhanate, Ata-Malik Juvyani, akwai wani babi da aka keɓe don yin tsokaci kan yassas. Wannan babi ba cikakke ba ne, kamar yadda marubucin da kansa ya faɗa: ''Akwai wasu [yassas] da yawa da za a rubuta kowannensu wanda zai jinkirta mu da yawa; saboda haka mun takaita kanmu ga ambaton abin da ke sama.'' Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin batutuwan da Juvyani ya tattauna sun yi daidai da taƙaitaccen bayanin da ke cikin littafin Sirrin Tarihi game da abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Shigi Qutuqu mai launin shuɗi. Ya ambaci batutuwa biyu na haraji, tanadi da raba ganima, da kuma laifukan da za a iya hukunta su, waɗanda galibinsu sun shafi manoman da suka ƙunshi rundunar. Misali, a gefe guda, ya bayyana cewa akwai buƙatar raba abinci tare da matafiya, ƙa'idar sayar da mata daga wasu iyalai, da kuma wajibin kula da tanadin ǰamči (wuraren aika saƙonni). A gefe guda kuma, ya zana hoton tsauraran matakan dakaru, yana ambaton haramcin barin sojoji su yi hijira, tare da zargin hukuncin da ake yi shi ne a kashe wanda ya fice a bainar jama'a, da kuma hukunci mai tsanani ga duk wanda ya ba da mafaka ga wanda ya fice. A cikin sauran ayyukan, Juvyani ya kuma ambaci yassas na mutum ɗaya, wani lokacin yana danganta su da Genghis Khan ko magajinsa, wani lokacin kuma ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba. == Manazarta == a4y9rve958gral79ujtg6cdp01yop12 862062 862060 2026-06-20T15:38:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa</ref> wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa "dokar" an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari". Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin "mulki; ƙirƙira", wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian. A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari", a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin "mulki". Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu. === Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu === A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai. Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin "wurin Zasag", wato "wurin tsari". == Tarihi == === Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu === A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: '''"Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci."''' Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji): '''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;''' An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma. A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan). == Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan == Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu. Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu. === Tasirin yau === A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar "doka" ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta "doka" ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa ("uwa-suru"). == Bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki == Ba a san abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Yassa daga takarda ɗaya ba, amma masana sun sake gina abubuwan da ke cikinsa daga tushe da dama da suka shafi su. Daga cikin waɗannan, abin sha'awa musamman akwai Tarihin Sirri, amma kuma Tarikh-i Jahangushay na Juvyani, da sauran ayyukan da mutanen zamaninsa suka yi. Mafi yawan bayanai daga majiyoyin da ba na Mongolian ba ba sa bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (yassa) da na al'adu (yosun). === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarihin Sirri === A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ɗansa da aka ɗauke shi, ya ƙirƙiri littafi mai launin shuɗi, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kafa tushen abin da daga baya aka fahimta a matsayin Yassa. A cikin wannan littafin, kamar yadda Genghis ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ya kamata a tattara waɗannan abubuwa: ''"[duk] shawarwari game da rarrabawa da kuma game da al'amuran shari'a na dukkan al'umma"'' A cewar David Morgan, wannan ya kai ga: (1) "Abubuwan da suka shafi [raba] ganima da kadarori"; da kuma (2) "Abubuwan da suka shafi shari'o'i". A wani wuri a cikin Tarihin Sirri, an ambaci umarnin Genghis Khan daban-daban, amma har zuwa wane mataki ya kamata a fahimci waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na dindindin ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarikh-i Jahangushay === A cikin littafin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, wani aiki na jami'in Ilkhanate, Ata-Malik Juvyani, akwai wani babi da aka keɓe don yin tsokaci kan yassas. Wannan babi ba cikakke ba ne, kamar yadda marubucin da kansa ya faɗa: ''Akwai wasu [yassas] da yawa da za a rubuta kowannensu wanda zai jinkirta mu da yawa; saboda haka mun takaita kanmu ga ambaton abin da ke sama.'' Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin batutuwan da Juvyani ya tattauna sun yi daidai da taƙaitaccen bayanin da ke cikin littafin Sirrin Tarihi game da abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Shigi Qutuqu mai launin shuɗi. Ya ambaci batutuwa biyu na haraji, tanadi da raba ganima, da kuma laifukan da za a iya hukunta su, waɗanda galibinsu sun shafi manoman da suka ƙunshi rundunar. Misali, a gefe guda, ya bayyana cewa akwai buƙatar raba abinci tare da matafiya, ƙa'idar sayar da mata daga wasu iyalai, da kuma wajibin kula da tanadin ǰamči (wuraren aika saƙonni). A gefe guda kuma, ya zana hoton tsauraran matakan dakaru, yana ambaton haramcin barin sojoji su yi hijira, tare da zargin hukuncin da ake yi shi ne a kashe wanda ya fice a bainar jama'a, da kuma hukunci mai tsanani ga duk wanda ya ba da mafaka ga wanda ya fice. A cikin sauran ayyukan, Juvyani ya kuma ambaci yassas na mutum ɗaya, wani lokacin yana danganta su da Genghis Khan ko magajinsa, wani lokacin kuma ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba. === Ƙarin dokokin da aka zato === Bangaren Yassa na waje ya tsara dokoki ga wasu membobin al'ummar Mongol kamar sojoji, jami'ai da likitoci. Yassa ya yi nufin abubuwa uku: biyayya ga Genghis Khan, haɗin kan kabilun makiyaya da kuma hukunci mara tausayi na aikata laifi. Ya shafi mutane, ba dukiya ba. Sai dai idan mutum ya amsa laifinsa, ba a yanke masa hukunci mai laifi ba. Manufar dokoki da yawa wataƙila ita ce kawar da takaddamar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsakanin Mongol da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi nan gaba. Daga cikin dokokin akwai haramcin kai hari kan shanu. Ya wakilci tsarin dokoki na yau da kullun ga mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Mongol waɗanda aka aiwatar da su sosai. Yassa kuma ya yi magana kuma ya nuna ƙa'idodin al'adu da salon rayuwa na Mongol. Mutuwa ta hanyar yanke kai ita ce hukunci mafi yawan lokuta sai dai idan mai laifin yana da jinin daraja, lokacin da za a kashe mai laifin ta hanyar karya doka, ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Ko da ƙananan laifuka ana iya hukunta shi da kisa. Misali, za a kashe soja idan bai ɗauki wani abu da ya faɗo daga mutumin da ke gabansa ba. Waɗanda Khan ya fifita galibi ana fifita su a cikin tsarin doka kuma ana ba su damammaki da yawa kafin a hukunta su. Yayin da Genghis Khan ya kafa wata cibiya da ke tabbatar da cikakken 'yancin addini, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin mulkinsa suna da 'yancin yin ibada yadda suka ga dama idan an bi dokokin Yassa. == Manazarta == kowoyoa6oy0oy8tevzhftuvrqk9435o 862063 862062 2026-06-20T15:41:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa</ref> wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa "dokar" an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari". Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin "mulki; ƙirƙira", wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari", a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin "mulki".<ref>https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_ANNA_595_0971--mongolian-law-versus-islamic-law.htm</ref> Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.<ref>https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047406334/B9789047406334_s015.xml</ref> === Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu === A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni</ref> Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin "wurin Zasag", wato "wurin tsari".<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595029</ref> == Tarihi == === Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu === A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: '''"Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci."''' Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji): '''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''<ref>http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/mongols-sup.htm</ref> An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma.<ref>https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-annales-2004-5-page-971.htm</ref> A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan). == Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan == Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu. Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu. === Tasirin yau === A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar "doka" ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta "doka" ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa ("uwa-suru"). == Bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki == Ba a san abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Yassa daga takarda ɗaya ba, amma masana sun sake gina abubuwan da ke cikinsa daga tushe da dama da suka shafi su. Daga cikin waɗannan, abin sha'awa musamman akwai Tarihin Sirri, amma kuma Tarikh-i Jahangushay na Juvyani, da sauran ayyukan da mutanen zamaninsa suka yi. Mafi yawan bayanai daga majiyoyin da ba na Mongolian ba ba sa bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (yassa) da na al'adu (yosun). === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarihin Sirri === A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ɗansa da aka ɗauke shi, ya ƙirƙiri littafi mai launin shuɗi, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kafa tushen abin da daga baya aka fahimta a matsayin Yassa. A cikin wannan littafin, kamar yadda Genghis ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ya kamata a tattara waɗannan abubuwa: ''"[duk] shawarwari game da rarrabawa da kuma game da al'amuran shari'a na dukkan al'umma"'' A cewar David Morgan, wannan ya kai ga: (1) "Abubuwan da suka shafi [raba] ganima da kadarori"; da kuma (2) "Abubuwan da suka shafi shari'o'i". A wani wuri a cikin Tarihin Sirri, an ambaci umarnin Genghis Khan daban-daban, amma har zuwa wane mataki ya kamata a fahimci waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na dindindin ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarikh-i Jahangushay === A cikin littafin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, wani aiki na jami'in Ilkhanate, Ata-Malik Juvyani, akwai wani babi da aka keɓe don yin tsokaci kan yassas. Wannan babi ba cikakke ba ne, kamar yadda marubucin da kansa ya faɗa: ''Akwai wasu [yassas] da yawa da za a rubuta kowannensu wanda zai jinkirta mu da yawa; saboda haka mun takaita kanmu ga ambaton abin da ke sama.'' Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin batutuwan da Juvyani ya tattauna sun yi daidai da taƙaitaccen bayanin da ke cikin littafin Sirrin Tarihi game da abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Shigi Qutuqu mai launin shuɗi. Ya ambaci batutuwa biyu na haraji, tanadi da raba ganima, da kuma laifukan da za a iya hukunta su, waɗanda galibinsu sun shafi manoman da suka ƙunshi rundunar. Misali, a gefe guda, ya bayyana cewa akwai buƙatar raba abinci tare da matafiya, ƙa'idar sayar da mata daga wasu iyalai, da kuma wajibin kula da tanadin ǰamči (wuraren aika saƙonni). A gefe guda kuma, ya zana hoton tsauraran matakan dakaru, yana ambaton haramcin barin sojoji su yi hijira, tare da zargin hukuncin da ake yi shi ne a kashe wanda ya fice a bainar jama'a, da kuma hukunci mai tsanani ga duk wanda ya ba da mafaka ga wanda ya fice. A cikin sauran ayyukan, Juvyani ya kuma ambaci yassas na mutum ɗaya, wani lokacin yana danganta su da Genghis Khan ko magajinsa, wani lokacin kuma ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba. === Ƙarin dokokin da aka zato === Bangaren Yassa na waje ya tsara dokoki ga wasu membobin al'ummar Mongol kamar sojoji, jami'ai da likitoci. Yassa ya yi nufin abubuwa uku: biyayya ga Genghis Khan, haɗin kan kabilun makiyaya da kuma hukunci mara tausayi na aikata laifi. Ya shafi mutane, ba dukiya ba. Sai dai idan mutum ya amsa laifinsa, ba a yanke masa hukunci mai laifi ba. Manufar dokoki da yawa wataƙila ita ce kawar da takaddamar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsakanin Mongol da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi nan gaba. Daga cikin dokokin akwai haramcin kai hari kan shanu. Ya wakilci tsarin dokoki na yau da kullun ga mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Mongol waɗanda aka aiwatar da su sosai. Yassa kuma ya yi magana kuma ya nuna ƙa'idodin al'adu da salon rayuwa na Mongol. Mutuwa ta hanyar yanke kai ita ce hukunci mafi yawan lokuta sai dai idan mai laifin yana da jinin daraja, lokacin da za a kashe mai laifin ta hanyar karya doka, ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Ko da ƙananan laifuka ana iya hukunta shi da kisa. Misali, za a kashe soja idan bai ɗauki wani abu da ya faɗo daga mutumin da ke gabansa ba. Waɗanda Khan ya fifita galibi ana fifita su a cikin tsarin doka kuma ana ba su damammaki da yawa kafin a hukunta su. Yayin da Genghis Khan ya kafa wata cibiya da ke tabbatar da cikakken 'yancin addini, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin mulkinsa suna da 'yancin yin ibada yadda suka ga dama idan an bi dokokin Yassa. == Manazarta == hvz96rrro2lliwdfv0c16betcdlhy7h 862065 862063 2026-06-20T15:42:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 862065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yassa'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa</ref> wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa "dokar" an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari". Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin "mulki; ƙirƙira", wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.<ref>http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/</ref> A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin "tsayawa cikin tsari", a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin "mulki".<ref>https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_ANNA_595_0971--mongolian-law-versus-islamic-law.htm</ref> Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.<ref>https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047406334/B9789047406334_s015.xml</ref> === Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu === A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni</ref> Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin "wurin Zasag", wato "wurin tsari".<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595029</ref> == Tarihi == === Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu === A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: '''"Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci."''' Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji): '''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''<ref>http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/mongols-sup.htm</ref> An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma.<ref>https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-annales-2004-5-page-971.htm</ref> A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan). == Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan == Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu. Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu. === Tasirin yau === A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar "doka" ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta "doka" ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa ("uwa-suru"). == Bayani game da abubuwan da ke ciki == Ba a san abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Yassa daga takarda ɗaya ba, amma masana sun sake gina abubuwan da ke cikinsa daga tushe da dama da suka shafi su. Daga cikin waɗannan, abin sha'awa musamman akwai Tarihin Sirri, amma kuma Tarikh-i Jahangushay na Juvyani, da sauran ayyukan da mutanen zamaninsa suka yi. Mafi yawan bayanai daga majiyoyin da ba na Mongolian ba ba sa bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (yassa) da na al'adu (yosun). === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarihin Sirri === A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ɗansa da aka ɗauke shi, ya ƙirƙiri littafi mai launin shuɗi, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kafa tushen abin da daga baya aka fahimta a matsayin Yassa. A cikin wannan littafin, kamar yadda Genghis ya gaya wa Shigi Qutuqu, ya kamata a tattara waɗannan abubuwa: ''"[duk] shawarwari game da rarrabawa da kuma game da al'amuran shari'a na dukkan al'umma"'' A cewar David Morgan, wannan ya kai ga: (1) "Abubuwan da suka shafi [raba] ganima da kadarori"; da kuma (2) "Abubuwan da suka shafi shari'o'i". A wani wuri a cikin Tarihin Sirri, an ambaci umarnin Genghis Khan daban-daban, amma har zuwa wane mataki ya kamata a fahimci waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na dindindin ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. === Abubuwan da ke ciki bisa ga Tarikh-i Jahangushay === A cikin littafin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, wani aiki na jami'in Ilkhanate, Ata-Malik Juvyani, akwai wani babi da aka keɓe don yin tsokaci kan yassas. Wannan babi ba cikakke ba ne, kamar yadda marubucin da kansa ya faɗa: ''Akwai wasu [yassas] da yawa da za a rubuta kowannensu wanda zai jinkirta mu da yawa; saboda haka mun takaita kanmu ga ambaton abin da ke sama.'' Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin batutuwan da Juvyani ya tattauna sun yi daidai da taƙaitaccen bayanin da ke cikin littafin Sirrin Tarihi game da abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Shigi Qutuqu mai launin shuɗi. Ya ambaci batutuwa biyu na haraji, tanadi da raba ganima, da kuma laifukan da za a iya hukunta su, waɗanda galibinsu sun shafi manoman da suka ƙunshi rundunar. Misali, a gefe guda, ya bayyana cewa akwai buƙatar raba abinci tare da matafiya, ƙa'idar sayar da mata daga wasu iyalai, da kuma wajibin kula da tanadin ǰamči (wuraren aika saƙonni). A gefe guda kuma, ya zana hoton tsauraran matakan dakaru, yana ambaton haramcin barin sojoji su yi hijira, tare da zargin hukuncin da ake yi shi ne a kashe wanda ya fice a bainar jama'a, da kuma hukunci mai tsanani ga duk wanda ya ba da mafaka ga wanda ya fice. A cikin sauran ayyukan, Juvyani ya kuma ambaci yassas na mutum ɗaya, wani lokacin yana danganta su da Genghis Khan ko magajinsa, wani lokacin kuma ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba. === Ƙarin dokokin da aka zato === Bangaren Yassa na waje ya tsara dokoki ga wasu membobin al'ummar Mongol kamar sojoji, jami'ai da likitoci. Yassa ya yi nufin abubuwa uku: biyayya ga Genghis Khan, haɗin kan kabilun makiyaya da kuma hukunci mara tausayi na aikata laifi. Ya shafi mutane, ba dukiya ba. Sai dai idan mutum ya amsa laifinsa, ba a yanke masa hukunci mai laifi ba. Manufar dokoki da yawa wataƙila ita ce kawar da takaddamar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsakanin Mongol da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi nan gaba. Daga cikin dokokin akwai haramcin kai hari kan shanu. Ya wakilci tsarin dokoki na yau da kullun ga mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Mongol waɗanda aka aiwatar da su sosai. Yassa kuma ya yi magana kuma ya nuna ƙa'idodin al'adu da salon rayuwa na Mongol. Mutuwa ta hanyar yanke kai ita ce hukunci mafi yawan lokuta sai dai idan mai laifin yana da jinin daraja, lokacin da za a kashe mai laifin ta hanyar karya doka, ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Ko da ƙananan laifuka ana iya hukunta shi da kisa. Misali, za a kashe soja idan bai ɗauki wani abu da ya faɗo daga mutumin da ke gabansa ba. Waɗanda Khan ya fifita galibi ana fifita su a cikin tsarin doka kuma ana ba su damammaki da yawa kafin a hukunta su. Yayin da Genghis Khan ya kafa wata cibiya da ke tabbatar da cikakken 'yancin addini, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin mulkinsa suna da 'yancin yin ibada yadda suka ga dama idan an bi dokokin Yassa. == Littattafan tarihi == === Ancient sources === * {{cite journal |last1=Blake |first1=Robert P. |author-link=Robert Pierpont Blake |last2=Frye |first2=Richard N. |author-link2=Richard N. Frye |date=1949 |title=History of the Nation of the Archers (The Mongols) by Grigor of Akancʻ; Hitherto Ascribed to Matakʻia The Monk: The Armenian Text Edited with an English Translation and Notes. |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=12 |issue=3–4 |pages=269–443|doi=10.2307/2718096 |jstor=2718096 }} * [[Bar Hebraeus]] (Abul-Faraj) [13th century AD]. ''Makhtbhanuth Zabhne (Chronicon)'' (vol. 2: ''Chronicon Ecclesiasticum'') - The current edition of the Chronicon Ecclesiasticum is by Jean Baptiste Abbeloos and Thomas Joseph Lamy, Syriac text, Latin translation. * {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 1) |year=1958 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H.A.R. |place=London |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-I/page/ii/mode/2up }}. * {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2) |year=1962 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H.A.R. |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-II/page/ii/mode/2up }}. * {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 3) |year=1971 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H.A.R. |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-III/page/iii/mode/2up }}. * {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4) |year=1994 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H.A.R. |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |isbn=978-0-904180-37-4 |editor-last2=Beckingham |editor-first2=C.F. |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/ii/mode/2up }}. This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. A separate index was published in 2000. * [[Vardan Areveltsi]] [13th century AD]. ''Havakumn Patmutyun'' (''Historical Compilation''). Currently preserved at the [[Matenadaran]] in [[Yerevan]], Armenia. * [[Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb]] [{{Circa}} 1306-1311 AD]. ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]] (Compendium of Chronicles).'' * [[Ata-Malik Juvayni]] [13th century AD]. ''[[Tarikh-i Jahangushay]] (History of the World Conqueror).'' * [[Mirkhvand]] [{{Circa}}1497 AD]. ''[[Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ]] (The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliphs)''. Eng. trans. begun as History of the Early Kings of Persia, 1832. * [[al-Maqrizi]] [{{Circa}} 1442 AD]. ''Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk (The History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers)''. Translated (into French) by E. Quatremére (2 vols. Paris, 1837–1845) == Manazarta == nt14fnqx9p43kfb9n98auuwpokfd87l 0 158848 861993 861955 2026-06-20T12:15:01Z Fateema777 31445 /* Tarihi */ saka bayanai 861993 wikitext text/x-wiki Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria <ref>https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkira gidan Jaridar Katsina post a shekarar 2014. == Ayyukansu == == Maaikatansu == == Manazarta == ijsp0vj83z2ynr7u8swbf7ioa1tcuce 861997 861993 2026-06-20T12:17:05Z Fateema777 31445 /* Maaikatansu */ saka bayanai 861997 wikitext text/x-wiki Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria <ref>https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkira gidan Jaridar Katsina post a shekarar 2014. == Ayyukansu == == Maaikatansu == Kasina post na gudana a Karkashin jagorancin Mustapha Sadiq dakuma Sadiq Mustapha. == Manazarta == fkz00bqnh01eds6ouw55v3em3rk1h8o 862004 861997 2026-06-20T12:22:23Z Fateema777 31445 /* Maaikatansu */ saka bayanai 862004 wikitext text/x-wiki Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria <ref>https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkira gidan Jaridar Katsina post a shekarar 2014. == Ayyukansu == == Maaikatansu == Kasina post na gudana a Karkashin jagorancin Mustapha Sadiq dakuma Sadiq Mustapha.<ref>https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/</ref> == Manazarta == gn71w1jbpn56palr70s8o05t6uf0je5 0 158853 861966 2026-06-20T11:59:12Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352880660|HMT Rohna]]" 861966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Jirgin''''' ruwan fasinja na kamfanin jiragen sama na Birtaniya na Steam Navigation Company ne wanda aka gina a Tyneside a shekarar 1926 a matsayin '''SS ''Rohna''''' kuma an nemi a ba shi izinin zama jirgin ruwa a shekarar 1940. ("HMT" yana nufin His Majesty's Transport.) An nutsar da ''Rohna'' a cikin [[Bahar Rum]] a watan Nuwamba na 1943 ta hanyar wani bam mai jagora na Henschel Hs 293 wanda jirgin ''Luftwaffe'' ya harba. An kashe mutane sama da 1,100, yawancinsu sojojin Amurka ne. == Gine-gine == A shekarar 1925, kamfanin British India Line ya yi odar sabbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu don hidimar Madras - Nagapatam - Singapore . Jiragen ruwa ne 'yan'uwa amma an gina su ta hanyar tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban kuma suna da injuna daban-daban. Kamfanin Hawthorn Leslie da Kamfanin sun gina ''Rohna'' a tashar jiragen ruwansu da ke Hebburn a Tyneside . Barclay, Curle da Kamfanin sun gina Rajula a [[Glasgow]] a Clydeside . An ƙaddamar da jiragen biyu kuma an kammala su a shekarar 1926. An ƙaddamar da ''Rohna'' a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1926 kuma an kammala ta a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba. An sanya mata suna ne saboda wani ƙauye a Sonipat, Punjab, Indiya. <ref name="Troopships">{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=David |title=The Troopships 1923 to End |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=merchantnavyofficers.com}}</ref> Tana da murhu 15 na corrugated waɗanda ke dumama tukunyar ruwa guda biyar masu ƙarshen wuta tare da saman dumama mai {{Convert|14080|sqft|0}} . Waɗannan suna ciyar da tururi a 215 lb <nowiki><sub id="mwMw">f</sub></nowiki> /a <nowiki><sup id="mwNA">cikin</sup></nowiki> injunan tururi masu faɗaɗa silinda huɗu zuwa silinda huɗu, suna haɓaka jimillar NHP 984. Kowane injin ya tuka ɗaya daga cikin sukurori biyu na jirgin, wanda ya ba ''Rohna'' 984 NHP ko 5,000 ihp . <ref name="Troopships" /> Ta cimma {{Convert|14.3|kn|km/h}} a gwajin teku kuma tana da saurin tafiya na {{Convert|12.5|kn|km/h}} . <ref name="RohnaMNO">{{Cite web |last=Wills |first=J.E. |last2=Frolich |first2=Alexander |title=Rohna, (British India Steam Navigation Co Ltd), 1926–1943 |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/rohna2.html |access-date=8 December 2010 |website=merchantnavyofficers.com}}</ref> == Aikin farar hula == Maimakon ta ɗauki hanyarta ta Madras-Nagapatam-Singapore nan take, ''Rohna'' ta yi watanni shida na farko na aikinta tana ɗaukar sojojin ƙarfafa sojoji zuwa Shanghai. Sakamakon haka, ba ta fara aikinta da aka nufa ba sai a watan Yunin 1927. <ref name="Troopships">{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=David |title=The Troopships 1923 to End |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=merchantnavyofficers.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMilligan">Milligan, David. [http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html "The Troopships 1923 to End"]. ''merchantnavyofficers.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Guguwar Iska a Madras === A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1927, an daure ''Rohna'' a kan wani jirgin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Madras da ke Indiya lokacin da wata alama ta yanayi da kuma raguwar matsin lamba daga sama suka yi gargadin cewa guguwar za ta iya zuwa. Shugabanta, EG Carré, ya sanya anga ta a kan jirgin sama da {{Convert|90|fathom|m}} na kebul, kuma ya sa injiniyoyin su ɗaga tururi don a iya kunna manyan injunan ta idan ana buƙata. {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} Da ƙarfe 7:00 na safe a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, wani babban ambaliya ya fara gudana a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa, wani lokacin kuma ya ɗaga sandar jirgin ruwa mai nauyin tan huɗu gaba ɗaya daga cikin ruwa. Da ƙarfe 11:00 na safe kuma aka yi ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kuma gadar ''Rohna'' {{'}} umarci injunan su "tsaya". {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} Bayan mintuna 10, kebul ɗin anga ya rabu, yana girgiza jirgin. Yanzu tana jan anga ta tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda Kyaftin Carré ya yanke shawarar ja. {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} Auna anga zai ɗauki kimanin mintuna 20, don haka a halin yanzu Carré ta sa ''Rohna'' ta fara tafiya don gujewa a bi ta kan magudanar ruwa ta tashar jiragen ruwa. An sanya wasu jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma matukin jirgin Carré ya yi tafiya ta cikin wani ƙaramin sarari tsakanin su biyu a cikin wani babban teku mai nauyi. {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} Daga ƙarshe ''Rohna'' ta sami damar isa bakin tashar jiragen ruwa ta nufi teku ta nufi mil 20 kudu zuwa inda guguwar ba ta yi tsanani ba. Washegari guguwar ta wuce kuma ''Rohna'' ta koma tashar jiragen ruwa. {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} == Aikin yaƙi == Lokacin da Birtaniya ta shiga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a watan Satumba na 1939, ''Rohna'' tana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Baya ga tafiya daga Karachi zuwa Suez tare da Convoy K 4, ''Rohna'' ta yi tafiya ba tare da rakiya ba tsakanin Rangoon da Madras har zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba. A ranar 10 ga Disamba ta bar Bombay zuwa Bahar Rum, ta ratsa ta [[Suez canal|Madarar Suez]] daga 20-21 ga Disamba ta kuma isa Marseille a ranar 26 ga Disamba. Daga 3 ga Janairu na 1940 zuwa 10 ga Maris ta yi tafiya ba tare da rakiya ba tsakanin Marseille da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Haifa a Falasdinu ta Dole, da farko a cikin ayarin motoci amma bayan 29 ga Janairu daban-daban. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Rohna |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris 1940, ''Rohna'' ta dawo ta hanyar Suez Canal zuwa Tekun Indiya, inda ta yi tafiya ba tare da rakiya ba tsakanin Bombay, [[Yangon|Rangoon]], da Colombo har zuwa watan Yuni. A watan Mayu aka tilasta mata ta zama jirgin ruwa na sojoji <ref name="Troopships">{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=David |title=The Troopships 1923 to End |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=merchantnavyofficers.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMilligan">Milligan, David. [http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html "The Troopships 1923 to End"]. ''merchantnavyofficers.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> kuma a ranar 6 ga Yuni ta bar Bombay zuwa [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban|Durban]] . Daga nan ta yi tafiya tsakanin Durban, Mombasa, da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] har zuwa ranar 28 ga Yuli lokacin da ta bar Mombasa zuwa Bombay. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Rohna |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHague">Hague, Arnold. [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain "Rohna"]. ''Ship Movements''. Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> ''Rohna'' ta ɗauki sojoji daga Bombay zuwa Suez a watan Agusta na 1940 a Convoy BN 3 da kuma daga Bombay zuwa [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sudan|Port Sudan]] a watan Satumba/Oktoba 1940 a Convoy BN 6. Ta yi ƙarin tafiye-tafiye daga Bombay zuwa Suez a watan Nuwamba na 1940 a Convoy BN 8A, daga Colombo zuwa Suez a watan Fabrairu na 1941 a Convoy US 8/1 da kuma daga Bombay zuwa Singapore a watan Maris na 1941 a Convoy BM 4. Washegari bayan <nowiki><i id="mwrA">juyin mulkin</i></nowiki> Iraqi a watan Afrilu na 1941, an umarci ''Rohna'' zuwa Karachi, inda ta ɗauki wasu daga cikin sojojin Iraqi na farko zuwa Basra a Convoy BP 2. A lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Iraqi a watan Mayu, jirgin ya yi tafiya ta biyu daga Karachi zuwa Basra a Convoy BP 5. Bayan nasarar da ƙungiyar kawance ta samu a Iraki a ƙarshen watan Mayu, ta shafe sauran shekarar tana gudana tsakanin Basra da Bombay, kowane lokaci tana zuwa Basra a cikin jerin motocin BP kuma tana dawowa da kanta. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Rohna |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHague">Hague, Arnold. [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain "Rohna"]. ''Ship Movements''. Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1941, Japan ta mamaye Malaya . Wata guda bayan haka, ''Rohna'' ta bar Bombay zuwa Singapore a Convoy BM 10, ta isa a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1942. Ta tafi a ranar 28 ga Janairu a Convoy NB 1, makonni biyu kafin a mika Singapore ga Japan . Daga Maris 1942, ''Rohna'' ta shafe shekara guda tana ratsa Tekun Indiya tsakanin Bombay, Karachi, Colombo, Basra, Aden, [[Suez]], Khorramshahr, Bandar Abbas, [[Baharen|Bahrain]], da Abâdân ; wani lokacin a cikin ayarin motoci, amma mafi yawan lokacin ba tare da rakiya ba. A watan Maris na 1943, ta yi tafiya daga Bombay a Convoy BA 40 zuwa Aden sannan ta yi zaman kanta zuwa Suez inda ta ratsa ta magudanar ruwa a ranar 6-7 ga Afrilu. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Rohna |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHague">Hague, Arnold. [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain "Rohna"]. ''Ship Movements''. Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] acut1tjnkuwvz3m1dh6pljp898175q0 861967 861966 2026-06-20T12:00:03Z Engineer014 44591 861967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jirgin''''' ruwan fasinja na kamfanin jiragen sama na Birtaniya na Steam Navigation Company ne wanda aka gina a Tyneside a shekarar 1926 a matsayin '''SS ''Rohna''''' kuma an nemi a ba shi izinin zama jirgin ruwa a shekarar 1940. ("HMT" yana nufin His Majesty's Transport.) An nutsar da ''Rohna'' a cikin [[Bahar Rum]] a watan Nuwamba na 1943 ta hanyar wani bam mai jagora na Henschel Hs 293 wanda jirgin ''Luftwaffe'' ya harba. An kashe mutane sama da 1,100, yawancinsu sojojin Amurka ne. == Gine-gine == A shekarar 1925, kamfanin British India Line ya yi odar sabbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu don hidimar Madras - Nagapatam - Singapore . Jiragen ruwa ne 'yan'uwa amma an gina su ta hanyar tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban kuma suna da injuna daban-daban. Kamfanin Hawthorn Leslie da Kamfanin sun gina ''Rohna'' a tashar jiragen ruwansu da ke Hebburn a Tyneside . Barclay, Curle da Kamfanin sun gina Rajula a [[Glasgow]] a Clydeside . An ƙaddamar da jiragen biyu kuma an kammala su a shekarar 1926. An ƙaddamar da ''Rohna'' a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1926 kuma an kammala ta a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba. An sanya mata suna ne saboda wani ƙauye a Sonipat, Punjab, Indiya. <ref name="Troopships">{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=David |title=The Troopships 1923 to End |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=merchantnavyofficers.com}}</ref> Tana da murhu 15 na corrugated waɗanda ke dumama tukunyar ruwa guda biyar masu ƙarshen wuta tare da saman dumama mai {{Convert|14080|sqft|0}} . Waɗannan suna ciyar da tururi a 215 lb <nowiki><sub id="mwMw">f</sub></nowiki> /a <nowiki><sup id="mwNA">cikin</sup></nowiki> injunan tururi masu faɗaɗa silinda huɗu zuwa silinda huɗu, suna haɓaka jimillar NHP 984. Kowane injin ya tuka ɗaya daga cikin sukurori biyu na jirgin, wanda ya ba ''Rohna'' 984 NHP ko 5,000 ihp . <ref name="Troopships" /> Ta cimma {{Convert|14.3|kn|km/h}} a gwajin teku kuma tana da saurin tafiya na {{Convert|12.5|kn|km/h}} . <ref name="RohnaMNO">{{Cite web |last=Wills |first=J.E. |last2=Frolich |first2=Alexander |title=Rohna, (British India Steam Navigation Co Ltd), 1926–1943 |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/rohna2.html |access-date=8 December 2010 |website=merchantnavyofficers.com}}</ref> == Aikin farar hula == Maimakon ta ɗauki hanyarta ta Madras-Nagapatam-Singapore nan take, ''Rohna'' ta yi watanni shida na farko na aikinta tana ɗaukar sojojin ƙarfafa sojoji zuwa Shanghai. Sakamakon haka, ba ta fara aikinta da aka nufa ba sai a watan Yunin 1927. <ref name="Troopships">{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=David |title=The Troopships 1923 to End |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=merchantnavyofficers.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMilligan">Milligan, David. [http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html "The Troopships 1923 to End"]. ''merchantnavyofficers.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Guguwar Iska a Madras === A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1927, an daure ''Rohna'' a kan wani jirgin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Madras da ke Indiya lokacin da wata alama ta yanayi da kuma raguwar matsin lamba daga sama suka yi gargadin cewa guguwar za ta iya zuwa. Shugabanta, EG Carré, ya sanya anga ta a kan jirgin sama da {{Convert|90|fathom|m}} na kebul, kuma ya sa injiniyoyin su ɗaga tururi don a iya kunna manyan injunan ta idan ana buƙata. {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} Da ƙarfe 7:00 na safe a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, wani babban ambaliya ya fara gudana a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa, wani lokacin kuma ya ɗaga sandar jirgin ruwa mai nauyin tan huɗu gaba ɗaya daga cikin ruwa. Da ƙarfe 11:00 na safe kuma aka yi ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kuma gadar ''Rohna'' {{'}} umarci injunan su "tsaya". {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} Bayan mintuna 10, kebul ɗin anga ya rabu, yana girgiza jirgin. Yanzu tana jan anga ta tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda Kyaftin Carré ya yanke shawarar ja. {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} Auna anga zai ɗauki kimanin mintuna 20, don haka a halin yanzu Carré ta sa ''Rohna'' ta fara tafiya don gujewa a bi ta kan magudanar ruwa ta tashar jiragen ruwa. An sanya wasu jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma matukin jirgin Carré ya yi tafiya ta cikin wani ƙaramin sarari tsakanin su biyu a cikin wani babban teku mai nauyi. {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} Daga ƙarshe ''Rohna'' ta sami damar isa bakin tashar jiragen ruwa ta nufi teku ta nufi mil 20 kudu zuwa inda guguwar ba ta yi tsanani ba. Washegari guguwar ta wuce kuma ''Rohna'' ta koma tashar jiragen ruwa. {{Sfn|Carré|1936}} == Aikin yaƙi == Lokacin da Birtaniya ta shiga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a watan Satumba na 1939, ''Rohna'' tana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Baya ga tafiya daga Karachi zuwa Suez tare da Convoy K 4, ''Rohna'' ta yi tafiya ba tare da rakiya ba tsakanin Rangoon da Madras har zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba. A ranar 10 ga Disamba ta bar Bombay zuwa Bahar Rum, ta ratsa ta [[Suez canal|Madarar Suez]] daga 20-21 ga Disamba ta kuma isa Marseille a ranar 26 ga Disamba. Daga 3 ga Janairu na 1940 zuwa 10 ga Maris ta yi tafiya ba tare da rakiya ba tsakanin Marseille da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Haifa a Falasdinu ta Dole, da farko a cikin ayarin motoci amma bayan 29 ga Janairu daban-daban. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Rohna |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris 1940, ''Rohna'' ta dawo ta hanyar Suez Canal zuwa Tekun Indiya, inda ta yi tafiya ba tare da rakiya ba tsakanin Bombay, [[Yangon|Rangoon]], da Colombo har zuwa watan Yuni. A watan Mayu aka tilasta mata ta zama jirgin ruwa na sojoji <ref name="Troopships">{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=David |title=The Troopships 1923 to End |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=merchantnavyofficers.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMilligan">Milligan, David. [http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships2.html "The Troopships 1923 to End"]. ''merchantnavyofficers.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> kuma a ranar 6 ga Yuni ta bar Bombay zuwa [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban|Durban]] . Daga nan ta yi tafiya tsakanin Durban, Mombasa, da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] har zuwa ranar 28 ga Yuli lokacin da ta bar Mombasa zuwa Bombay. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Rohna |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHague">Hague, Arnold. [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain "Rohna"]. ''Ship Movements''. Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> ''Rohna'' ta ɗauki sojoji daga Bombay zuwa Suez a watan Agusta na 1940 a Convoy BN 3 da kuma daga Bombay zuwa [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sudan|Port Sudan]] a watan Satumba/Oktoba 1940 a Convoy BN 6. Ta yi ƙarin tafiye-tafiye daga Bombay zuwa Suez a watan Nuwamba na 1940 a Convoy BN 8A, daga Colombo zuwa Suez a watan Fabrairu na 1941 a Convoy US 8/1 da kuma daga Bombay zuwa Singapore a watan Maris na 1941 a Convoy BM 4. Washegari bayan <nowiki><i id="mwrA">juyin mulkin</i></nowiki> Iraqi a watan Afrilu na 1941, an umarci ''Rohna'' zuwa Karachi, inda ta ɗauki wasu daga cikin sojojin Iraqi na farko zuwa Basra a Convoy BP 2. A lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Iraqi a watan Mayu, jirgin ya yi tafiya ta biyu daga Karachi zuwa Basra a Convoy BP 5. Bayan nasarar da ƙungiyar kawance ta samu a Iraki a ƙarshen watan Mayu, ta shafe sauran shekarar tana gudana tsakanin Basra da Bombay, kowane lokaci tana zuwa Basra a cikin jerin motocin BP kuma tana dawowa da kanta. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Rohna |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHague">Hague, Arnold. [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain "Rohna"]. ''Ship Movements''. Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1941, Japan ta mamaye Malaya . Wata guda bayan haka, ''Rohna'' ta bar Bombay zuwa Singapore a Convoy BM 10, ta isa a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1942. Ta tafi a ranar 28 ga Janairu a Convoy NB 1, makonni biyu kafin a mika Singapore ga Japan . Daga Maris 1942, ''Rohna'' ta shafe shekara guda tana ratsa Tekun Indiya tsakanin Bombay, Karachi, Colombo, Basra, Aden, [[Suez]], Khorramshahr, Bandar Abbas, [[Baharen|Bahrain]], da Abâdân ; wani lokacin a cikin ayarin motoci, amma mafi yawan lokacin ba tare da rakiya ba. A watan Maris na 1943, ta yi tafiya daga Bombay a Convoy BA 40 zuwa Aden sannan ta yi zaman kanta zuwa Suez inda ta ratsa ta magudanar ruwa a ranar 6-7 ga Afrilu. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Rohna |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHague">Hague, Arnold. [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ROHNA~armain "Rohna"]. ''Ship Movements''. Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pplkmjllr2losjanilndmxnu6d60t03 0 158854 861976 2026-06-20T12:04:23Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327308453|USCGC Pontchartrain (1928)]]" 861976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''USCGC ''Pontchartrain''''' aji ne na Lake An ƙaddamar da na rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Amurka a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1928 kuma aka fara aiki da shi a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1928. <ref name="uboat-Pontchartrain">{{Cite web |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=USCGC Pontchartrain |url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/11114.html |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=uboat.net}}</ref> Bayan shekaru 13 na aiki a rundunar tsaron gabar tekun, an mayar da ita zuwa rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Lend-Lease . An nutsar da ita a shekarar 1942 a kusa da [[Oran|tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oran]] . == Sana'a == === Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Amurka - Pontchartrain === Bayan an ba shi aiki a watan Nuwamba na 1928, an mayar da ''Pontchartrain'' gida a Norfolk, Virginia kuma aka tura shi zuwa Bering Sea Patrol . <ref name="USGC">{{Cite web |title=Pontchartrain (1928) |url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Pontchartrain_1928.pdf |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=USCG |publisher=US Coast Guard}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1940, ''Pontchartrain'' ta ceto dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan mai ɗaukar kaya mai ƙafa 70 '', Edwin Duke'', wanda ke cikin haɗarin nutsewa a cikin guguwa a kudancin Long Island . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Henjes v. Ætna Ins |url=https://casetext.com/case/henjes-v-tna-ins-co-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218004314/https://casetext.com/case/henjes-v-tna-ins-co-3 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=29 April 2020 |website=casetext}}</ref> === Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal - ''Hartland'' === A matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Hayar Lend-Lease, an mayar da ita zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Navy inda aka sake mata suna HMS ''Hartland'' (Y00) kuma aka ba ta aiki a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1941. <ref name="uboat-HMS">{{Cite web |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=HMS Hartland (Y 00) |url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/44.html |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=uboat.net}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 1942, yayin da take cikin rundunar Operation Reservist da ke ɗauke da sojojin Amurka don kwace tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Oran]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], an nutsar da ita da bindiga daga jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Faransa ''Typhon'' a cikin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Oran tare da ma'aikatan jirgin 34. == Manazarta == qxr31otc3qjf5w4qmyr0x1tq4d8b0bw 861978 861976 2026-06-20T12:04:50Z Engineer014 44591 861978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''USCGC ''Pontchartrain''''' aji ne na Lake An ƙaddamar da na rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Amurka a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1928 kuma aka fara aiki da shi a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1928. <ref name="uboat-Pontchartrain">{{Cite web |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=USCGC Pontchartrain |url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/11114.html |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=uboat.net}}</ref> Bayan shekaru 13 na aiki a rundunar tsaron gabar tekun, an mayar da ita zuwa rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Lend-Lease . An nutsar da ita a shekarar 1942 a kusa da [[Oran|tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oran]] . == Sana'a == === Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Amurka - Pontchartrain === Bayan an ba shi aiki a watan Nuwamba na 1928, an mayar da ''Pontchartrain'' gida a Norfolk, Virginia kuma aka tura shi zuwa Bering Sea Patrol . <ref name="USGC">{{Cite web |title=Pontchartrain (1928) |url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Pontchartrain_1928.pdf |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=USCG |publisher=US Coast Guard}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1940, ''Pontchartrain'' ta ceto dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan mai ɗaukar kaya mai ƙafa 70 '', Edwin Duke'', wanda ke cikin haɗarin nutsewa a cikin guguwa a kudancin Long Island . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Henjes v. Ætna Ins |url=https://casetext.com/case/henjes-v-tna-ins-co-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218004314/https://casetext.com/case/henjes-v-tna-ins-co-3 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=29 April 2020 |website=casetext}}</ref> === Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal - ''Hartland'' === A matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Hayar Lend-Lease, an mayar da ita zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Navy inda aka sake mata suna HMS ''Hartland'' (Y00) kuma aka ba ta aiki a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1941. <ref name="uboat-HMS">{{Cite web |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=HMS Hartland (Y 00) |url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/44.html |access-date=24 July 2015 |website=uboat.net}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 1942, yayin da take cikin rundunar Operation Reservist da ke ɗauke da sojojin Amurka don kwace tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Oran]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], an nutsar da ita da bindiga daga jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Faransa ''Typhon'' a cikin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Oran tare da ma'aikatan jirgin 34. == Manazarta == nvo68s5hgzszstwpood8oid2jtjb432 0 158855 861981 2026-06-20T12:06:06Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345234660|HMS Samphire]]" 861981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Samphire''''' aji ne na {{Sclass2|Flower|corvette}} wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal . Kamfanin Smiths Dock ne ya gina ta, a South Bank-on-Tees, kuma aka tura ta cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1941. == Sabis na lokacin yaƙi == An tura ''Samphire'' zuwa Rukunin Rakiya na 36 kuma an ba ta aikin rakiyar ayarin motoci tsakanin Liverpool da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1941, ta yi nasarar sakin jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya {{HMS|Deptford|U53|2}} wanda ya haifar da nutsewar jirgin ruwan Jamus U-567 a Arewacin Atlantika arewa maso gabashin Azores . Duk maza 47 da ke cikin jirgin ''U-567'' sun mutu. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1942, ta raka USS Leedstown (AP-73) daga Bahar Rum bayan da jiragen saman Jamus suka kai mata hari, wanda ya afkawa ''Leedstown'' da wani torpedo a cikin jirgin a ranar da ta gabata. Da ƙarfe 12:55 na rana a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, jiragen saman Jamus sun sake kai hari, duk da haka ''Samphire'' ta harbo wani mahari sannan ta raka ''Leedstown'' zuwa inda za ta tsaya kusa da Cape Matifu, kimanin {{Convert|12|mi|km}} daga Algiers. A ranar 14 ga Disamba 1942, ''Samphire'' ya taimaka wajen ceto mutane tara da suka tsira daga jirgin ruwan kasuwanci na Birtaniya ''Edencrag'', wanda jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Jamus U-443 ya nutsar da shi a yammacin Algiers. === Nitsewa === An harba ''Samphire'' da bindiga mai linzami sannan aka nutsar da shi a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1943 a gefen [[Béjaïa|Bougie]], Algeria ta hannun jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Italiya Platino . ''Samphire'' yana rakiyar ayarin motocin TE-14 wanda ke cikin yakin Arewacin Afirka. Kyaftin ɗin, jami'ai biyu da ma'aikatan jirgin 42 sun mutu. == Manazarta == miqytfoiksxeg7ef3pjov2p2xlbqjkf 861982 861981 2026-06-20T12:06:27Z Engineer014 44591 861982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Samphire''''' aji ne na {{Sclass2|Flower|corvette}} wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal . Kamfanin Smiths Dock ne ya gina ta, a South Bank-on-Tees, kuma aka tura ta cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1941. == Sabis na lokacin yaƙi == An tura ''Samphire'' zuwa Rukunin Rakiya na 36 kuma an ba ta aikin rakiyar ayarin motoci tsakanin Liverpool da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1941, ta yi nasarar sakin jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya {{HMS|Deptford|U53|2}} wanda ya haifar da nutsewar jirgin ruwan Jamus U-567 a Arewacin Atlantika arewa maso gabashin Azores . Duk maza 47 da ke cikin jirgin ''U-567'' sun mutu. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1942, ta raka USS Leedstown (AP-73) daga Bahar Rum bayan da jiragen saman Jamus suka kai mata hari, wanda ya afkawa ''Leedstown'' da wani torpedo a cikin jirgin a ranar da ta gabata. Da ƙarfe 12:55 na rana a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, jiragen saman Jamus sun sake kai hari, duk da haka ''Samphire'' ta harbo wani mahari sannan ta raka ''Leedstown'' zuwa inda za ta tsaya kusa da Cape Matifu, kimanin {{Convert|12|mi|km}} daga Algiers. A ranar 14 ga Disamba 1942, ''Samphire'' ya taimaka wajen ceto mutane tara da suka tsira daga jirgin ruwan kasuwanci na Birtaniya ''Edencrag'', wanda jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Jamus U-443 ya nutsar da shi a yammacin Algiers. === Nitsewa === An harba ''Samphire'' da bindiga mai linzami sannan aka nutsar da shi a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1943 a gefen [[Béjaïa|Bougie]], Algeria ta hannun jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Italiya Platino . ''Samphire'' yana rakiyar ayarin motocin TE-14 wanda ke cikin yakin Arewacin Afirka. Kyaftin ɗin, jami'ai biyu da ma'aikatan jirgin 42 sun mutu. == Manazarta == 045abzg31hj28bn94q5nl47ve47ulg4 0 158856 861984 2026-06-20T12:11:16Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330457368|USCGC Sebago (1930)]]" 861984 wikitext text/x-wiki '''USCGC ''Sebago''''' aji ne na {{Sclass2|Lake|cutter||USCG}}An ƙaddamar da ta rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Amurka a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1930 kuma aka fara aiki da ita a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1930. Bayan shekaru 11 na aiki tare da rundunar tsaron gabar tekun, an mayar da ita zuwa rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lend-Lease ga ƙawayenta kuma ta zama '''HMS ''Walney''''' . Bayan wani lokaci yana aikin rakiyar ayarin motoci, an zaɓi ''Walney'' a matsayin Operation Reservist a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Aikin Torch|mamayar da ƙawancen ƙasashen waje suka yi wa arewacin Afirka ta Faransa]] . ''Walney'', tare da ''Hartland'' za su shiga tashar jiragen ruwa [[Oran|ta Oran]] su kuma su ba da sojojin ƙasa waɗanda za su mallaki manyan wurare kafin a lalata su. Ta shiga tashar jiragen ruwa amma bindigogin Faransa sun yi ta dukanta akai-akai. Ta sami damar isa tashar jiragen ruwa ta kuma kai 'yan tsirarun da suka tsira, amma daga baya aka kama su; daga nan ''Walney'' ya nutse. An ba kyaftin ɗinta, Frederick Thornton Peters lambar yabo ta Victoria Cross "saboda jarumtakar da ta nuna wajen kai HMS Walney, cikin wani mummunan yanayi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oran...", da kuma Rundunar Sojin Amurka ta Musamman don irin waɗannan ayyukan. == Sana'a == === Kwamiti da canja wurin aiki === Asalinta ita ce mai tsaron gabar tekun Amurka, ''Sebago'', wani {{Sclass2|Lake|cutter||United States Coast Guard Cutter}} tsawon ƙafa 250 a cikin tafkin.An ba ta aikin rundunar tsaron gabar teku a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1930, wadda ta fara aiki a New York kuma ta halarci wasu jiragen ruwa na kadet na Kwalejin Tsaron Teku kafin a sake tura ta zuwa Norfolk, Virginia . An sake suna zuwa HMS ''Walney'' lokacin da aka ba ta aikin soja a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1941 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Hayar Lend-Lease . <ref>U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935, Donald L. Canney, 1995, U.S. Naval Institute, {{ISBN|1-55750-101-7}}</ref> [[Fayil:HMS_Walney.jpg|right|thumb|''Sebago'' yana aiki a matsayin HMS ''Walney'' .]] ''Walney'' ta shiga Sashen Londonderry Sloop a watan Yuni, kuma an ba ta aikin rakiyar hanyar da jiragen ruwan Atlantika ke bi. A watan Yuli an tura ta cikin Western Approaches kuma a ranar 24 ga Yuli aka tura ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na rakiyar jerin gwanon motoci daga St. John's, Newfoundland zuwa Burtaniya. A ranar 14 ga Agusta, ''Walney'' ta shiga wani kamfanin jiragen ruwa [[Liverpool|na Liverpool]] don yin gyare-gyare don dacewa da ita a matsayin mai rakiya. Ta koma Western Approaches a ranar 9 ga Satumba kuma aka mayar da ita zuwa 41st Escort Group don taimakawa wajen kare jerin gwanon motoci tsakanin Burtaniya da Yammacin Afirka. An tura ta ta farko kwanaki bayan haka a ranar 12 ga Satumba, lokacin da aka tura ta a matsayin mai rakiya ga Convoy OS-6, wanda ya ƙunshi 'yan kasuwa 29 da ke kan hanyar zuwa [[Banjul|Bathurst, Gambia]] . An ware ''Walney'' a lokacin da jerin gwanon motocin ke rakiya ta cikin Atlantic, kuma ta haɗu da [[USCGC Pontchartrain (1928)|HMS ''Hartland'']] wajen rakiyar jerin gwanon motoci kirar SL-88 da aka haɗa daga [[Freetown]] da HG-74 daga [[Gibraltar]] zuwa Liverpool. Wannan jerin gwanon jiragen ruwa na haɗin gwiwa ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 37. An ware ta daga wannan ayarin motocin a ranar 18 ga Oktoba kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Belfast . Ta isa ranar 20 ga Oktoba kuma an sake gyara ta. Bayan kammala aikin a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ''Walney'' ta sake shiga Rukunin 41. ''Walney'' ta sake tura jiragen ruwa zuwa ''Hartland'' a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, lokacin da suka raka 'yan kasuwa 41 na jerin gwanon motoci na OS-11 a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Bathurst. An ware su da isowa suka yi tafiya zuwa Freetown. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, sun yi rakiyar 'yan kasuwa 29 na jerin gwanon motoci na SL-94 daga Freetown zuwa Liverpool. Bayan isowa Birtaniya a ranar 20 ga Disamba, ''Walney'' ta yi tafiya zuwa Belfast. Ta isa bayan kwana biyu a ranar 22 ga Disamba kuma an sake gyara ta, a wannan karon ta haɗa da sanya kayan aikin Huff-Duff . Ta sake tura jiragen ruwa a ranar 4 ga Janairu, ta sake komawa Rundunar Yamma . Washegari ta tafi Bathurst a matsayin mai rakiya ga 'yan kasuwa 56 na jerin gwanon motoci na OS-16, kuma da isowa ta yi tafiya zuwa Freetown kuma tare da ''Hartland'' suka tashi a ranar 27 ga Janairu suna rakiyar 'yan kasuwa 26 na jerin gwanon motoci na SL-99 zuwa Burtaniya. Ta isa ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, tana kan gyara a Belfast daga ranar 17 ga Fabrairu kuma ta ci gaba da aikin rakiyar jiragen ruwa a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu. == Manazarta == 77gpzhezoejj77e3mn9grx6o88ado81 861987 861984 2026-06-20T12:12:40Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330457368|USCGC Sebago (1930)]]" 861987 wikitext text/x-wiki '''USCGC ''Sebago''''' aji ne na {{Sclass2|Lake|cutter||USCG}}An ƙaddamar da ta rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Amurka a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1930 kuma aka fara aiki da ita a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1930. Bayan shekaru 11 na aiki tare da rundunar tsaron gabar tekun, an mayar da ita zuwa rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lend-Lease ga ƙawayenta kuma ta zama '''HMS ''Walney''''' . Bayan wani lokaci yana aikin rakiyar ayarin motoci, an zaɓi ''Walney'' a matsayin Operation Reservist a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Aikin Torch|mamayar da ƙawancen ƙasashen waje suka yi wa arewacin Afirka ta Faransa]] . ''Walney'', tare da ''[[USCGC Pontchartrain (1928)|Hartland]]'' za su shiga tashar jiragen ruwa [[Oran|ta Oran]] su kuma su ba da sojojin ƙasa waɗanda za su mallaki manyan wurare kafin a lalata su. Ta shiga tashar jiragen ruwa amma bindigogin Faransa sun yi ta dukanta akai-akai. Ta sami damar isa tashar jiragen ruwa ta kuma kai 'yan tsirarun da suka tsira, amma daga baya aka kama su; daga nan ''Walney'' ya nutse. An ba kyaftin ɗinta, Frederick Thornton Peters lambar yabo ta Victoria Cross <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36019|date=14 May 1943}}</ref> "saboda jarumtakar da ta nuna wajen kai HMS Walney, cikin wani mummunan yanayi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oran...", da kuma Rundunar Sojin Amurka ta Musamman don irin waɗannan ayyukan. == Sana'a == === Kwamiti da canja wurin aiki === Asalinta ita ce mai tsaron gabar tekun Amurka, ''Sebago'', wani {{Sclass2|Lake|cutter||United States Coast Guard Cutter}} tsawon ƙafa 250 a cikin tafkin.An ba ta aikin rundunar tsaron gabar teku a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1930, wadda ta fara aiki a New York kuma ta halarci wasu jiragen ruwa na kadet na Kwalejin Tsaron Teku kafin a sake tura ta zuwa Norfolk, Virginia . An sake suna zuwa HMS ''Walney'' lokacin da aka ba ta aikin soja a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1941 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Hayar Lend-Lease . <ref>U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935, Donald L. Canney, 1995, U.S. Naval Institute, {{ISBN|1-55750-101-7}}</ref> === Tare da jerin gwanon === [[Fayil:HMS_Walney.jpg|right|thumb|''Sebago'' yana aiki a matsayin HMS ''Walney'' .]] ''Walney'' ta shiga Sashen Londonderry Sloop a watan Yuni, kuma an ba ta aikin rakiyar hanyar da jiragen ruwan Atlantika ke bi. A watan Yuli an tura ta cikin Western Approaches kuma a ranar 24 ga Yuli aka tura ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na rakiyar jerin gwanon motoci daga St. John's, Newfoundland zuwa Burtaniya. A ranar 14 ga Agusta, ''Walney'' ta shiga wani kamfanin jiragen ruwa [[Liverpool|na Liverpool]] don yin gyare-gyare don dacewa da ita a matsayin mai rakiya. Ta koma Western Approaches a ranar 9 ga Satumba kuma aka mayar da ita zuwa 41st Escort Group don taimakawa wajen kare jerin gwanon motoci tsakanin Burtaniya da Yammacin Afirka. An tura ta ta farko kwanaki bayan haka a ranar 12 ga Satumba, lokacin da aka tura ta a matsayin mai rakiya ga Convoy OS-6, wanda ya ƙunshi 'yan kasuwa 29 da ke kan hanyar zuwa [[Banjul|Bathurst, Gambia]] . An ware ''Walney'' a lokacin da jerin gwanon motocin ke rakiya ta cikin Atlantic, kuma ta haɗu da [[USCGC Pontchartrain (1928)|HMS ''Hartland'']] wajen rakiyar jerin gwanon motoci kirar SL-88 da aka haɗa daga [[Freetown]] da HG-74 daga [[Gibraltar]] zuwa Liverpool. Wannan jerin gwanon jiragen ruwa na haɗin gwiwa ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 37. An ware ta daga wannan ayarin motocin a ranar 18 ga Oktoba kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Belfast . Ta isa ranar 20 ga Oktoba kuma an sake gyara ta. Bayan kammala aikin a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ''Walney'' ta sake shiga Rukunin 41. ov9nx6f5lm97uo3ate20kv6as7hr798 861991 861987 2026-06-20T12:13:15Z Engineer014 44591 861991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''USCGC ''Sebago''''' aji ne na {{Sclass2|Lake|cutter||USCG}}An ƙaddamar da ta rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Amurka a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1930 kuma aka fara aiki da ita a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1930. Bayan shekaru 11 na aiki tare da rundunar tsaron gabar tekun, an mayar da ita zuwa rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lend-Lease ga ƙawayenta kuma ta zama '''HMS ''Walney''''' . Bayan wani lokaci yana aikin rakiyar ayarin motoci, an zaɓi ''Walney'' a matsayin Operation Reservist a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Aikin Torch|mamayar da ƙawancen ƙasashen waje suka yi wa arewacin Afirka ta Faransa]] . ''Walney'', tare da ''[[USCGC Pontchartrain (1928)|Hartland]]'' za su shiga tashar jiragen ruwa [[Oran|ta Oran]] su kuma su ba da sojojin ƙasa waɗanda za su mallaki manyan wurare kafin a lalata su. Ta shiga tashar jiragen ruwa amma bindigogin Faransa sun yi ta dukanta akai-akai. Ta sami damar isa tashar jiragen ruwa ta kuma kai 'yan tsirarun da suka tsira, amma daga baya aka kama su; daga nan ''Walney'' ya nutse. An ba kyaftin ɗinta, Frederick Thornton Peters lambar yabo ta Victoria Cross <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36019|date=14 May 1943}}</ref> "saboda jarumtakar da ta nuna wajen kai HMS Walney, cikin wani mummunan yanayi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oran...", da kuma Rundunar Sojin Amurka ta Musamman don irin waɗannan ayyukan. == Sana'a == === Kwamiti da canja wurin aiki === Asalinta ita ce mai tsaron gabar tekun Amurka, ''Sebago'', wani {{Sclass2|Lake|cutter||United States Coast Guard Cutter}} tsawon ƙafa 250 a cikin tafkin.An ba ta aikin rundunar tsaron gabar teku a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1930, wadda ta fara aiki a New York kuma ta halarci wasu jiragen ruwa na kadet na Kwalejin Tsaron Teku kafin a sake tura ta zuwa Norfolk, Virginia . An sake suna zuwa HMS ''Walney'' lokacin da aka ba ta aikin soja a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1941 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Hayar Lend-Lease . <ref>U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935, Donald L. Canney, 1995, U.S. Naval Institute, {{ISBN|1-55750-101-7}}</ref> === Tare da jerin gwanon === [[Fayil:HMS_Walney.jpg|right|thumb|''Sebago'' yana aiki a matsayin HMS ''Walney'' .]] ''Walney'' ta shiga Sashen Londonderry Sloop a watan Yuni, kuma an ba ta aikin rakiyar hanyar da jiragen ruwan Atlantika ke bi. A watan Yuli an tura ta cikin Western Approaches kuma a ranar 24 ga Yuli aka tura ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na rakiyar jerin gwanon motoci daga St. John's, Newfoundland zuwa Burtaniya. A ranar 14 ga Agusta, ''Walney'' ta shiga wani kamfanin jiragen ruwa [[Liverpool|na Liverpool]] don yin gyare-gyare don dacewa da ita a matsayin mai rakiya. Ta koma Western Approaches a ranar 9 ga Satumba kuma aka mayar da ita zuwa 41st Escort Group don taimakawa wajen kare jerin gwanon motoci tsakanin Burtaniya da Yammacin Afirka. An tura ta ta farko kwanaki bayan haka a ranar 12 ga Satumba, lokacin da aka tura ta a matsayin mai rakiya ga Convoy OS-6, wanda ya ƙunshi 'yan kasuwa 29 da ke kan hanyar zuwa [[Banjul|Bathurst, Gambia]] . An ware ''Walney'' a lokacin da jerin gwanon motocin ke rakiya ta cikin Atlantic, kuma ta haɗu da [[USCGC Pontchartrain (1928)|HMS ''Hartland'']] wajen rakiyar jerin gwanon motoci kirar SL-88 da aka haɗa daga [[Freetown]] da HG-74 daga [[Gibraltar]] zuwa Liverpool. Wannan jerin gwanon jiragen ruwa na haɗin gwiwa ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 37. An ware ta daga wannan ayarin motocin a ranar 18 ga Oktoba kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Belfast . Ta isa ranar 20 ga Oktoba kuma an sake gyara ta. Bayan kammala aikin a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ''Walney'' ta sake shiga Rukunin 41. rzlulu4csj0wv7m0h75kgdo93x0m6iq 0 158857 861985 2026-06-20T12:11:25Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309779326|Galactorrhea]]" 861985 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ga'''lactorrhea'''''' (kuma an rubuta '''galactorrhoea''') ([[wiktionary:lacto-|lacto-]]" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="wikt:galacto-">galacto- + [[wiktionary:-rrhea|-rrhea]]" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="wikt:-rrhea">-rrhea) ko lactorrhea, kwararar [[madara]] ce daga [[nono]], ba tare da [[Jego|haihuwa]] ko jinya ba. An bayar da rahoton cewa Galactorrhea yana faruwa a cikin 5-32% na mata. Yawancin bambancin da aka ruwaito za a iya danganta shi da ma'anoni daban-daban na galactorrhea.<ref name="Sakiyama_1983">{{Cite journal |last=Sakiyama |first=R. |last2=Quan |first2=M. |year=1983 |title=Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia |journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1097/00006254-198312000-00001 |pmid=6361641 |s2cid=2846310}}</ref> Kodayake sau da yawa ba shi da lahani, yana iya haifar da mummunan yanayi kuma ya kamata a bincika shi yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitman-Elia |first=G. F. |last2=Windham |first2=N. Q. |year=2000 |title=Galactorrhea may be clue to serious problems. Patients deserve a thorough workup |journal=Postgraduate Medicine |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=165–168, 171 |doi=10.3810/pgm.2000.06.1129 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |pmid=10887453}}</ref> Galactorrhea kuma yana faruwa a cikin maza, jarirai da matasa na maza da mata.<ref name="Rohn_1984">{{Cite journal |last=Rohn |first=R. D. |year=1984 |title=Galactorrhea in the adolescent |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.1016/s0197-0070(84)80244-2 |pmid=6420385}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Galactorrhea na iya faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwa na wasu hormones. Abubuwan da ke haifar da hormone da ke da alaƙa da galactorrhea sune hyperprolactinemia da yanayin thyroid tare da matakan da suka fi girma na thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ko thyotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).{{Efn|which may also suggest [[Pituitary disease]]}} Babu wani dalili da aka samu a cikin kusan kashi 50% na shari'o'in.<ref name="Sakiyama_1983">{{Cite journal |last=Sakiyama |first=R. |last2=Quan |first2=M. |year=1983 |title=Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia |journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1097/00006254-198312000-00001 |pmid=6361641 |s2cid=2846310}}</ref> Lactation yana buƙatar kasancewar prolactin, kuma kimantawa na galactorrhea ya haɗa da haifar da tarihi don magunguna ko abinci daban-daban (methyldopa, opioids, antipsychotics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karimi |first=H |last2=Nourizad |first2=S |last3=Momeni |first3=M |last4=Rahbar |first4=H |last5=Momeni |first5=M |last6=Farhadi |first6=K |year=2013 |title=Burns, hypertrophic scar and galactorrhea |journal=Journal of Injury and Violence Research |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=117–9 |doi=10.5249/jivr.v5i2.314 |pmc=3683415 |pmid=23456048}}</ref>) da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da halayyar (matsi, nono, da motsawar bango na kirji), da kuma kimanta don daukar ciki, pituitary adenomas (tare da yawan samar da prolactin ko matsawa na pituitary stalk), da hypothyroidism. Adenomas na pituitary na baya galibi suna da prolactinomas. Yawan samar da prolactin yana haifar da dakatar da lokacin haila da rashin haihuwa, wanda zai iya zama alamar bincike. Galactorrhea na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na hormonal saboda magungunan hana haihuwa. Galactorrhea kuma sakamako ne na gefe wanda ke da alaƙa da amfani da ƙarni na biyu na H2 mai karɓar antagonist cimetidine (Tagamet). Galactorrhea kuma na iya haifar da maganin rigakafi wanda ke haifar da hyperprolactinemia ta hanyar toshe masu karɓar dopamine da ke da alhakin sarrafa sakin prolactin. Daga cikin wadannan, risperidone shine mafi sananne don haifar da wannan rikitarwa.[1] Rahotanni na shari'a sun nuna cewa an nuna masu hana proton-pump don haifar da galactorrhea. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Madara ta jarirai == [[madara]] jarirai ko '''madarar maƙaryaci''' madara ce da aka fitar daga [[Nono|ƙirji]] kusan 5% na jarirai. An dauke shi bambancin al'ada kuma babu magani ko gwaji da ya zama dole. A cikin al'adun gargajiya, an yi imanin cewa madarar maƙaryaci ita ce tushen abinci ga ruhohin maƙaryaciya.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Malcolm Potts}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Galactagogue * Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis * Rashin shayarwa (disambiguation) * Mammoplasia == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gy63p8tos2nrdzf1mc65awzi3to18p8 861986 861985 2026-06-20T12:11:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 861986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ga'''lactorrhea'''''' (kuma an rubuta '''galactorrhoea''') ([[wiktionary:lacto-|lacto-]]" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="wikt:galacto-">galacto- + [[wiktionary:-rrhea|-rrhea]]" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="wikt:-rrhea">-rrhea) ko lactorrhea, kwararar [[madara]] ce daga [[nono]], ba tare da [[Jego|haihuwa]] ko jinya ba. An bayar da rahoton cewa Galactorrhea yana faruwa a cikin 5-32% na mata. Yawancin bambancin da aka ruwaito za a iya danganta shi da ma'anoni daban-daban na galactorrhea.<ref name="Sakiyama_1983">{{Cite journal |last=Sakiyama |first=R. |last2=Quan |first2=M. |year=1983 |title=Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia |journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1097/00006254-198312000-00001 |pmid=6361641 |s2cid=2846310}}</ref> Kodayake sau da yawa ba shi da lahani, yana iya haifar da mummunan yanayi kuma ya kamata a bincika shi yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitman-Elia |first=G. F. |last2=Windham |first2=N. Q. |year=2000 |title=Galactorrhea may be clue to serious problems. Patients deserve a thorough workup |journal=Postgraduate Medicine |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=165–168, 171 |doi=10.3810/pgm.2000.06.1129 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |pmid=10887453}}</ref> Galactorrhea kuma yana faruwa a cikin maza, jarirai da matasa na maza da mata.<ref name="Rohn_1984">{{Cite journal |last=Rohn |first=R. D. |year=1984 |title=Galactorrhea in the adolescent |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.1016/s0197-0070(84)80244-2 |pmid=6420385}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Galactorrhea na iya faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwa na wasu hormones. Abubuwan da ke haifar da hormone da ke da alaƙa da galactorrhea sune hyperprolactinemia da yanayin thyroid tare da matakan da suka fi girma na thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ko thyotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).{{Efn|which may also suggest [[Pituitary disease]]}} Babu wani dalili da aka samu a cikin kusan kashi 50% na shari'o'in.<ref name="Sakiyama_1983">{{Cite journal |last=Sakiyama |first=R. |last2=Quan |first2=M. |year=1983 |title=Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia |journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1097/00006254-198312000-00001 |pmid=6361641 |s2cid=2846310}}</ref> Lactation yana buƙatar kasancewar prolactin, kuma kimantawa na galactorrhea ya haɗa da haifar da tarihi don magunguna ko abinci daban-daban (methyldopa, opioids, antipsychotics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karimi |first=H |last2=Nourizad |first2=S |last3=Momeni |first3=M |last4=Rahbar |first4=H |last5=Momeni |first5=M |last6=Farhadi |first6=K |year=2013 |title=Burns, hypertrophic scar and galactorrhea |journal=Journal of Injury and Violence Research |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=117–9 |doi=10.5249/jivr.v5i2.314 |pmc=3683415 |pmid=23456048}}</ref>) da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da halayyar (matsi, nono, da motsawar bango na kirji), da kuma kimanta don daukar ciki, pituitary adenomas (tare da yawan samar da prolactin ko matsawa na pituitary stalk), da hypothyroidism. Adenomas na pituitary na baya galibi suna da prolactinomas. Yawan samar da prolactin yana haifar da dakatar da lokacin haila da rashin haihuwa, wanda zai iya zama alamar bincike. Galactorrhea na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na hormonal saboda magungunan hana haihuwa. Galactorrhea kuma sakamako ne na gefe wanda ke da alaƙa da amfani da ƙarni na biyu na H2 mai karɓar antagonist cimetidine (Tagamet). Galactorrhea kuma na iya haifar da maganin rigakafi wanda ke haifar da hyperprolactinemia ta hanyar toshe masu karɓar dopamine da ke da alhakin sarrafa sakin prolactin. Daga cikin wadannan, risperidone shine mafi sananne don haifar da wannan rikitarwa.[1] Rahotanni na shari'a sun nuna cewa an nuna masu hana proton-pump don haifar da galactorrhea. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Madara ta jarirai == [[madara]] jarirai ko '''madarar maƙaryaci''' madara ce da aka fitar daga [[Nono|ƙirji]] kusan 5% na jarirai. An dauke shi bambancin al'ada kuma babu magani ko gwaji da ya zama dole. A cikin al'adun gargajiya, an yi imanin cewa madarar maƙaryaci ita ce tushen abinci ga ruhohin maƙaryaciya.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Malcolm Potts}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Galactagogue * Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis * Rashin shayarwa (disambiguation) * Mammoplasia == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> fkoc2q2u288qgwrhnsqtqr6aam9cn5b 0 158858 861988 2026-06-20T12:12:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314369370|Granulomatous mastitis]]" 861988 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Granulomatous mastitis''' za a iya raba shi zuwa idiopathic granulomatous masticitis (wanda aka fi sani da granular lobular mastitis <ref name="biomedcentral-2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia-Rodiguez JA, Pattullo A |date=2013 |title=Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a mimicking disease in a pregnant woman: a case report |url= |journal=BMC Research Notes |volume=6 |issue=95 |page=95 |doi=10.1186/1756-0500-6-95 |pmc=3606122 |pmid=23497626 |doi-access=free}}</ref>) da granulomatoous masticitis da ke faruwa a matsayin rikitarwa na biyu na wasu yanayi iri-iri kamar [[tarin fuka]] da sauran cututtuka, sarcoidosis da granulomatosis tare da polyangiitis. Hanyoyi na musamman na granulomatous mastitis suna faruwa ne a matsayin rikitarwa na [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]]. Wasu lokuta suna faruwa ne saboda allurar silicone (Silicone-induced granulomatous inflammation) ko wasu halayen jikin kasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=El-Charnoubi |first=W. A. |last2=Foged Henriksen |first2=T |last3=Joergen Elberg |first3=J |year=2011 |title=Cutaneous silicone granuloma mimicking breast cancer after ruptured breast implant |journal=Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine |volume=2011 |doi=10.1155/2011/129138 |pmc=3505939 |pmid=23198167 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Symmers |first=W. S. |year=1968 |title=Silicone mastitis in "topless" waitresses and some other varieties of foreign-body mastitis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=3 |issue=5609 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5609.8-a |pmc=1989508 |pmid=5690841}}</ref> Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) an bayyana shi azaman granulomatoous mastitis ba tare da wani dalili ba kamar waɗanda aka ambata a sama. Yana faruwa a matsakaita shekaru biyu kuma, kusan kawai, har zuwa shekaru shida bayan ciki, yawan shekarun da aka saba da shi shine shekaru 17 zuwa 42. An bayar da rahoton wasu shari'o'in da ke da alaƙa da hyperprolactinemia da ke haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref name="Lin_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lin CH, Hsu CW, Tsao TY, Chou J |year=2012 |title=Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis associated with risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia |journal=Diagnostic Pathology |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.1186/1746-1596-7-2 |pmc=3261802 |pmid=22221904 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bellavia_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Bellavia |first=M. |last2=Damiano |first2=G. |last3=Palumbo |first3=V. D. |last4=Spinelli |first4=G. |last5=Tomasello |first5=G. |last6=Marrazzo |first6=A. |last7=Ficarella |first7=S. |last8=Bruno |first8=A. |last9=Sammartano |first9=A. |last10=Fiorentini |first10=T. |last11=Scio |first11=A. |last12=Maione |first12=C. |last13=Lo Monte |first13=A. I. |year=2012 |title=Granulomatous Mastitis during Chronic Antidepressant Therapy: Is It Possible a Conservative Therapeutic Approach? |journal=Journal of Breast Cancer |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=371–372 |doi=10.4048/jbc.2012.15.3.371 |pmc=3468794 |pmid=23091553}}</ref> An gano shi da wuya a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma a cikin maza.<ref name="Reddy_2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reddy KM, Meyer CE, Nakdjevani A, Shrotria S |year=2005 |title=Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis in the Male Breast |journal=The Breast Journal |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=73 |doi=10.1111/j.1075-122X.2005.21404.x |pmid=15647084 |s2cid=46709562 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Goldberg_2000">{{Cite journal |last=Goldberg |first=J. |last2=Baute |first2=L. |last3=Storey |first3=L. |last4=Park |first4=P. |year=2000 |title=Granulomatous mastitis in pregnancy |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=96 |issue=5 Pt 2 |pages=813–815 |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01051-6 |pmid=11094217 |s2cid=22262969}}</ref> Gabatarwa ta farko na kowane ɗayan waɗannan yanayi kamar yadda mastitis yake da wuya sosai kuma a lokuta da yawa mai yiwuwa wasu nono ko yanayin tsarin ne ke haifar da shi. Kodayake ana iya rikitar da mastitis mai laushi tare da ciwon daji, yanayin da ba shi da lahani. Magani ya bambanta sosai ga idiopathic granulomatous mastitis da sauran cututtukan granulomatoum na nono. Saboda haka, ainihin ganewar asali yana da mahimmanci. == Alamomi == Galibi marasa lafiya suna da tauri a nono ɗaya ba tare da wata alama ta wata cuta ta jiki ba. Sauran alamun da za a iya gani sun haɗa da ja da baya a kan nono, ciwo, kumburin fatar da ke saman nono, fitar nono, fistula, girman ƙwayoyin lymph, da kuma, a lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun su ba, canje-canje kamar na peau d'orange. Gabaɗaya, bayyanar tana faruwa ne a gefe ɗaya, kodayake akwai adadi mai yawa na shari'o'in da suka shafi ɓangarorin biyu. A lokuta da yawa, an rubuta sake dawowar da suka shafi juna ko kuma na biyu. An rubuta wasu shari'o'i da dama da suka faru tare da zazzabi, polyarthralgia da erythema nodosum. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Binciken ganewa == Halin idiopathic granulomatous mastitis sune manyan sel masu yawa da epithelioid histiocytes waɗanda ke samar da granulomas marasa lalacewa a kusa da lobule. Sau da yawa ƙananan kumburi na ductal da periductal suna nan. A wasu lokuta, raunin yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga ciwon nono da sauran dalilai kamar kamuwa da cuta (tuberculosis, syphilis, kamuwa da kwayar cuta, kamuwa na mycotic), cututtukan rigakafi (sarcoidosis, granulomatosis tare da polyangiitis), halayen jiki na waje da granulomatous. Dole ne a cire amsawa a cikin cutar kansa.[1][2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bpg87pflc5w5r07hqp1rtm5k24vq8k4 861990 861988 2026-06-20T12:13:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 861990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Granulomatous mastitis''' za a iya raba shi zuwa idiopathic granulomatous masticitis (wanda aka fi sani da granular lobular mastitis <ref name="biomedcentral-2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia-Rodiguez JA, Pattullo A |date=2013 |title=Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a mimicking disease in a pregnant woman: a case report |url= |journal=BMC Research Notes |volume=6 |issue=95 |page=95 |doi=10.1186/1756-0500-6-95 |pmc=3606122 |pmid=23497626 |doi-access=free}}</ref>) da granulomatoous masticitis da ke faruwa a matsayin rikitarwa na biyu na wasu yanayi iri-iri kamar [[tarin fuka]] da sauran cututtuka, sarcoidosis da granulomatosis tare da polyangiitis. Hanyoyi na musamman na granulomatous mastitis suna faruwa ne a matsayin rikitarwa na [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]]. Wasu lokuta suna faruwa ne saboda allurar silicone (Silicone-induced granulomatous inflammation) ko wasu halayen jikin kasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=El-Charnoubi |first=W. A. |last2=Foged Henriksen |first2=T |last3=Joergen Elberg |first3=J |year=2011 |title=Cutaneous silicone granuloma mimicking breast cancer after ruptured breast implant |journal=Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine |volume=2011 |doi=10.1155/2011/129138 |pmc=3505939 |pmid=23198167 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Symmers |first=W. S. |year=1968 |title=Silicone mastitis in "topless" waitresses and some other varieties of foreign-body mastitis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=3 |issue=5609 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5609.8-a |pmc=1989508 |pmid=5690841}}</ref> Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) an bayyana shi azaman granulomatoous mastitis ba tare da wani dalili ba kamar waɗanda aka ambata a sama. Yana faruwa a matsakaita shekaru biyu kuma, kusan kawai, har zuwa shekaru shida bayan ciki, yawan shekarun da aka saba da shi shine shekaru 17 zuwa 42. An bayar da rahoton wasu shari'o'in da ke da alaƙa da hyperprolactinemia da ke haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref name="Lin_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lin CH, Hsu CW, Tsao TY, Chou J |year=2012 |title=Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis associated with risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia |journal=Diagnostic Pathology |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.1186/1746-1596-7-2 |pmc=3261802 |pmid=22221904 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bellavia_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Bellavia |first=M. |last2=Damiano |first2=G. |last3=Palumbo |first3=V. D. |last4=Spinelli |first4=G. |last5=Tomasello |first5=G. |last6=Marrazzo |first6=A. |last7=Ficarella |first7=S. |last8=Bruno |first8=A. |last9=Sammartano |first9=A. |last10=Fiorentini |first10=T. |last11=Scio |first11=A. |last12=Maione |first12=C. |last13=Lo Monte |first13=A. I. |year=2012 |title=Granulomatous Mastitis during Chronic Antidepressant Therapy: Is It Possible a Conservative Therapeutic Approach? |journal=Journal of Breast Cancer |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=371–372 |doi=10.4048/jbc.2012.15.3.371 |pmc=3468794 |pmid=23091553}}</ref> An gano shi da wuya a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma a cikin maza.<ref name="Reddy_2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reddy KM, Meyer CE, Nakdjevani A, Shrotria S |year=2005 |title=Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis in the Male Breast |journal=The Breast Journal |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=73 |doi=10.1111/j.1075-122X.2005.21404.x |pmid=15647084 |s2cid=46709562 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Goldberg_2000">{{Cite journal |last=Goldberg |first=J. |last2=Baute |first2=L. |last3=Storey |first3=L. |last4=Park |first4=P. |year=2000 |title=Granulomatous mastitis in pregnancy |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=96 |issue=5 Pt 2 |pages=813–815 |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01051-6 |pmid=11094217 |s2cid=22262969}}</ref> Gabatarwa ta farko na kowane ɗayan waɗannan yanayi kamar yadda mastitis yake da wuya sosai kuma a lokuta da yawa mai yiwuwa wasu nono ko yanayin tsarin ne ke haifar da shi. Kodayake ana iya rikitar da mastitis mai laushi tare da ciwon daji, yanayin da ba shi da lahani. Magani ya bambanta sosai ga idiopathic granulomatous mastitis da sauran cututtukan granulomatoum na nono. Saboda haka, ainihin ganewar asali yana da mahimmanci. == Alamomi == Galibi marasa lafiya suna da tauri a nono ɗaya ba tare da wata alama ta wata cuta ta jiki ba. Sauran alamun da za a iya gani sun haɗa da ja da baya a kan nono, ciwo, kumburin fatar da ke saman nono, fitar nono, fistula, girman ƙwayoyin lymph, da kuma, a lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun su ba, canje-canje kamar na peau d'orange. Gabaɗaya, bayyanar tana faruwa ne a gefe ɗaya, kodayake akwai adadi mai yawa na shari'o'in da suka shafi ɓangarorin biyu. A lokuta da yawa, an rubuta sake dawowar da suka shafi juna ko kuma na biyu. An rubuta wasu shari'o'i da dama da suka faru tare da zazzabi, polyarthralgia da erythema nodosum. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Binciken ganewa == Halin idiopathic granulomatous mastitis sune manyan sel masu yawa da epithelioid histiocytes waɗanda ke samar da granulomas marasa lalacewa a kusa da lobule. Sau da yawa ƙananan kumburi na ductal da periductal suna nan. A wasu lokuta, raunin yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga ciwon nono da sauran dalilai kamar kamuwa da cuta (tuberculosis, syphilis, kamuwa da kwayar cuta, kamuwa na mycotic), cututtukan rigakafi (sarcoidosis, granulomatosis tare da polyangiitis), halayen jiki na waje da granulomatous. Dole ne a cire amsawa a cikin cutar kansa.[1][2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] snwhnt5bqec2ptenvpvwdwhj978wwib 0 158859 861992 2026-06-20T12:13:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300015784|Hyperlactation syndrome]]" 861992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ciwon Hyperlactation''' wani yanayi ne inda yawan madara ke faruwa saboda karuwar samar da madara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Mahak |date=2018-07-12 |title=Oversupply of Breast Milk: Causes, Signs and Treatment |url=https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/hyperlactation-causessigns-and-treatment/ |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=[[FirstCry]] Parenting |language=en-GB}}</ref> Madara na iya fitowa da sauri da tilastawa, yana sa jaririn ya yi shayarwa sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Veldhuizen-Staas |first=Caroline GA |date=2007-08-29 |title=Overabundant milk supply: an alternative way to intervene by full drainage and block feeding |journal=International Breastfeeding Journal |volume=2 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/1746-4358-2-11 |issn=1746-4358 |pmc=2075483 |pmid=17727711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomi ga mahaifiyar sun haɗa da nono da ba su taɓa jin ta da jin daɗi ba, koda bayan ciyarwa, mastitis, bututun da aka toshe da ciwo. Elisabeth Anderson Sierra ta karya Guinness World Record don mafi girman gudummawar madara ta mutum, wanda aka rubuta ya zama 1,599.68 l (422.59 US gal) US . [1] === Alamun jariri === Yawancin jarirai ba sa amsawa ga yawan madara saboda suna iya buƙatar wannan yawa kuma yawanci suna rikicewa yayin [[shayarwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Mahak |date=2018-07-12 |title=Oversupply of Breast Milk: Causes, Signs and Treatment |url=https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/hyperlactation-causessigns-and-treatment/ |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=FirstCry Parenting |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Wasu uwaye suna yin madara da yawa yayin da wasu ke yin kadan, kuma ga mafi yawansu batun daidaitawa ne da bukatun jaririnsu. A wasu lokuta duk da haka, mahaifiyar za ta ci gaba da samar da madara da yawa ko da bayan an kafa wadatarta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c549jq98g7ck61szbnw8nbmj22p6gyq 861994 861992 2026-06-20T12:15:02Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 861994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciwon Hyperlactation''' wani yanayi ne inda yawan madara ke faruwa saboda karuwar samar da madara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Mahak |date=2018-07-12 |title=Oversupply of Breast Milk: Causes, Signs and Treatment |url=https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/hyperlactation-causessigns-and-treatment/ |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=[[FirstCry]] Parenting |language=en-GB}}</ref> Madara na iya fitowa da sauri da tilastawa, yana sa jaririn ya yi shayarwa sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Veldhuizen-Staas |first=Caroline GA |date=2007-08-29 |title=Overabundant milk supply: an alternative way to intervene by full drainage and block feeding |journal=International Breastfeeding Journal |volume=2 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/1746-4358-2-11 |issn=1746-4358 |pmc=2075483 |pmid=17727711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomi ga mahaifiyar sun haɗa da nono da ba su taɓa jin ta da jin daɗi ba, koda bayan ciyarwa, mastitis, bututun da aka toshe da ciwo. Elisabeth Anderson Sierra ta karya Guinness World Record don mafi girman gudummawar madara ta mutum, wanda aka rubuta ya zama 1,599.68 l (422.59 US gal) US . [1] === Alamun jariri === Yawancin jarirai ba sa amsawa ga yawan madara saboda suna iya buƙatar wannan yawa kuma yawanci suna rikicewa yayin [[shayarwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Mahak |date=2018-07-12 |title=Oversupply of Breast Milk: Causes, Signs and Treatment |url=https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/hyperlactation-causessigns-and-treatment/ |access-date=2019-01-10 |website=FirstCry Parenting |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Wasu uwaye suna yin madara da yawa yayin da wasu ke yin kadan, kuma ga mafi yawansu batun daidaitawa ne da bukatun jaririnsu. A wasu lokuta duk da haka, mahaifiyar za ta ci gaba da samar da madara da yawa ko da bayan an kafa wadatarta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q72l7kmqolid1ohgnkm46j8m2l7uicd 0 158860 861995 2026-06-20T12:15:38Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359659914|Inverted nipple]]" 861995 wikitext text/x-wiki An juya ma'auni (wani lokaci ma'aunin ma'aikatar) wani yanayi ne inda ma'aunyar, maimakon nunawa waje, an janye shi cikin [[nono]]. A wasu lokuta, za a fitar da maƙarƙashiya na ɗan lokaci idan aka motsa shi. Mata da maza na iya samun maɓallin maɓallin da aka juya. Dangane da ko bakin ciki na maɓallin da aka juya yana buɗewa ko rufewa, ana kiransa Papilla circumvallata aperta ko ''Papilla circumvallata obtecta'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Correction of inverted nipples in women is beneficial to infants. |url=https://www.bustle.com/wellness/momcozy-unveils-the-wellness-1-breast-pump-a-new-horizon-in-feeding-comfort |website=}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Abubuwan da ke haifar da juyawa sun hada da: * An haife shi * Rashin rauni da ke haifar da yanayi kamar fat necrosis, scars, ko tiyata * Rashin nono, raguwa ko Ptosis * Ciwon nono Ciwon nono Cutar nono Cutar Paget Ciwon nono mai kumburi ** Ciwon nonociwon daji ** Cutar Paget ** Ciwon daji na nono * Cutar nono ko kumburi Duct na nono ectasia Absen nono Mastitis ** Ectasia na mashi ** Abun ciki na nonoabscess ** Mastitis * Bambancin kwayar halitta, kamar: Ciwon Weaver Ciwon haihuwa na glycosylation nau'in 1A da 1 L Kennerknecht-Sorgo-Oberhoffer ** Cutar Weaver ** Rashin haihuwa na glycosylation nau'in 1A da 1 L ** [[Kennerknecht-Sorgo-Oberhoffer syndrome|Ciwon Kennerknecht-Sorgo-Oberhoffer]] * Gynecomastia * Cutar da ke faruwa akai-akai * [[Tarin fuka|Cutar tarin fuka]] Mafi yawan bambance-bambance na maƙarƙashiya da aka haifa ana haifar da su ta hanyar gajerun bututu ko kuma babban ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa. Har ila yau, maɓallin da aka juya na iya faruwa bayan asarar nauyi ba zato ba tsammani. An bayyana maki uku na maɓallin da aka juya akan yadda za'a iya tsawaita maɓallin kuma matakin Fibrosis da ke cikin nono, da kuma lalacewar da ya haifar a kan bututun madara. Inverted nipple grade 2 shine nipple wanda za'a iya cirewa, kodayake ba sauƙin kamar aji na 1, amma wanda ke janyewa bayan an saki matsin lamba. Sau da yawa ana iya ciyar da nono, kodayake yana da wuyar samun jaririn ya kulle shi cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin makonni na farko bayan haihuwa; ana iya buƙatar ƙarin taimako. Matsayi na 2 yana da matsakaiciyar digiri na fibrosis. Ana janye bututun lactiferous a hankali, amma ba lallai ba ne a yanke su don sakin fibrosis. A kan binciken histological, waɗannan nipples suna da wadataccen collagenous stromata tare da nau'ikan tsoka masu santsi. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 16fmo9q1y3da2n2s34g9zjcqn7pe00j 861996 861995 2026-06-20T12:16:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 861996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An juya ma'auni (wani lokaci ma'aunin ma'aikatar) wani yanayi ne inda ma'aunyar, maimakon nunawa waje, an janye shi cikin [[nono]]. A wasu lokuta, za a fitar da maƙarƙashiya na ɗan lokaci idan aka motsa shi. Mata da maza na iya samun maɓallin maɓallin da aka juya. Dangane da ko bakin ciki na maɓallin da aka juya yana buɗewa ko rufewa, ana kiransa Papilla circumvallata aperta ko ''Papilla circumvallata obtecta'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Correction of inverted nipples in women is beneficial to infants. |url=https://www.bustle.com/wellness/momcozy-unveils-the-wellness-1-breast-pump-a-new-horizon-in-feeding-comfort |website=}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Abubuwan da ke haifar da juyawa sun hada da: * An haife shi * Rashin rauni da ke haifar da yanayi kamar fat necrosis, scars, ko tiyata * Rashin nono, raguwa ko Ptosis * Ciwon nono Ciwon nono Cutar nono Cutar Paget Ciwon nono mai kumburi ** Ciwon nonociwon daji ** Cutar Paget ** Ciwon daji na nono * Cutar nono ko kumburi Duct na nono ectasia Absen nono Mastitis ** Ectasia na mashi ** Abun ciki na nonoabscess ** Mastitis * Bambancin kwayar halitta, kamar: Ciwon Weaver Ciwon haihuwa na glycosylation nau'in 1A da 1 L Kennerknecht-Sorgo-Oberhoffer ** Cutar Weaver ** Rashin haihuwa na glycosylation nau'in 1A da 1 L ** [[Kennerknecht-Sorgo-Oberhoffer syndrome|Ciwon Kennerknecht-Sorgo-Oberhoffer]] * Gynecomastia * Cutar da ke faruwa akai-akai * [[Tarin fuka|Cutar tarin fuka]] Mafi yawan bambance-bambance na maƙarƙashiya da aka haifa ana haifar da su ta hanyar gajerun bututu ko kuma babban ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa. Har ila yau, maɓallin da aka juya na iya faruwa bayan asarar nauyi ba zato ba tsammani. An bayyana maki uku na maɓallin da aka juya akan yadda za'a iya tsawaita maɓallin kuma matakin Fibrosis da ke cikin nono, da kuma lalacewar da ya haifar a kan bututun madara. Inverted nipple grade 2 shine nipple wanda za'a iya cirewa, kodayake ba sauƙin kamar aji na 1, amma wanda ke janyewa bayan an saki matsin lamba. Sau da yawa ana iya ciyar da nono, kodayake yana da wuyar samun jaririn ya kulle shi cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin makonni na farko bayan haihuwa; ana iya buƙatar ƙarin taimako. Matsayi na 2 yana da matsakaiciyar digiri na fibrosis. Ana janye bututun lactiferous a hankali, amma ba lallai ba ne a yanke su don sakin fibrosis. A kan binciken histological, waɗannan nipples suna da wadataccen collagenous stromata tare da nau'ikan tsoka masu santsi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fj29t8u6bs9zmxkdz83f8uzeq4zggf2 0 158861 861998 2026-06-20T12:17:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344916228|Low milk supply]]" 861998 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin mata masu [[shayarwa]], '''karancin madara''', wanda aka fi sani da rashin isasshen madara, rashin isassuwar madara, '''Agalactia''', '''Agalactorrhea''', '''hypogalactia''' ko '''hypogalactorrhea'''. Ana karuwar samar da madara a cikin martani ga bukatar jariri na madara, kuma yana raguwa lokacin da aka ba da izinin madara ta kasance a cikin nono.{{Sfn|Lawrence|2016}} Rashin samar da madara yawanci ana haifar da shi ta hanyar barin madara ta kasance a cikin nono na dogon lokaci, ko kuma rashin isasshen zubar da nono yayin ciyarwa. Yawancin lokaci ana iya hana shi, sai dai idan yanayin kiwon lafiya ne ya haifar da shi wanda aka kiyasta ya shafi kashi biyar zuwa goma sha biyar na mata.<ref name="neifert">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neifert MR |date=April 2001 |title=Prevention of breastfeeding tragedies |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=273–97 |doi=10.1016/S0031-3955(08)70026-9 |pmid=11339153}}</ref> Yawancin kuskuren da aka saba da su sau da yawa suna haifar da uwaye suyi imani cewa ba su da isasshen madara lokacin da suke samar da isassu.[1] Gaskiyar karancin madara mai yiwuwa ne idan jaririn yana kulle da haɗiyewa sosai a nono, duk da haka ba ya girma da kyau ko yana nuna alamun rashin ruwa ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki, kuma ba shi da yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda zai bayyana rashin girma.[2] Babban hanyar da za a kara samar da madara ita ce inganta ayyukan shayarwa da / ko bayyana madara ta hanyar famfo ko nuna hannu.[3] Magungunan domperidone suna kara yawan madara ga wasu mata.[3] Ga uwaye da ba za su iya shayar da nono ba, shayarwa kamar yadda zai yiwu, tare da ƙarin tsari kamar yadda ya cancanta, yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa akan tsari kadai.[4] == Dalilan da suka haifar == [[Fayil:Premature_infant_with_ventilator.jpg|thumb|Yawancin jarirai da ba su da haihuwa ba za su iya shanyewa yadda ya kamata ba, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwar samar da madara a cikin uwa.]] Rashin samar da madara na iya zama ko dai ''na farko'' (wanda ya haifar da yanayin kiwon lafiya ko matsalolin jikin mutum a cikin uwa), na biyu (wanda ya faru da rashin cire madara daga nono a kai a kai) ko duka biyun. Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun fi yawa fiye da na farko. Wani binciken ya gano cewa kashi 15% na uwaye masu lafiya na farko suna da karancin madara makonni 2-3 bayan haihuwa, tare da dalilai na biyu da suka kai akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗannan lokuta.<ref name="neifert">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neifert MR |date=April 2001 |title=Prevention of breastfeeding tragedies |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=273–97 |doi=10.1016/S0031-3955(08)70026-9 |pmid=11339153}}</ref> Batutuwan kula da shayarwa waɗanda zasu iya tsoma baki tare da zubar da madara na yau da kullun daga nono sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwa mara kyau, amfani da ƙarin [[Madarar Jarirai|tsari]], lokaci ko tsarin ciyarwa (kamar yadda ya saba da ciyarwar da ake buƙata), da kuma yawan amfani da pacifiers.<ref name="hurst">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hurst NM |date=2007 |title=Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II |journal=J Midwifery Womens Health |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=588–94 |doi=10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005 |issn=1526-9523 |pmid=17983996}}</ref> Yanayin kiwon lafiya a cikin jariri wanda ke haifar da rauni ko rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da karancin madara ta hanyar hana canja wurin madara ga jariri.<ref name="hurst">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hurst NM |date=2007 |title=Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II |journal=J Midwifery Womens Health |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=588–94 |doi=10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005 |issn=1526-9523 |pmid=17983996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHurst2007">Hurst NM (2007). "Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II". ''J Midwifery Womens Health''. '''52''' (6): <span class="nowrap">588–</span>94. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005|10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1526-9523 1526-9523]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17983996 17983996].</cite></ref> Wadannan yanayi sun hada da harshe-haɗe, <ref name="hurst" /> lahani na zuciya, rashin haihuwa, da kuma Down syndrome.{{Sfn|Lawrence|2016}} Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin madara sun hada da: Shan sigari fiye da 15 a kowace rana yana da albasa da rage samar da madara.<ref name="amir">{{Cite journal |last=Amir |first=LH |year=2006 |title=Breastfeeding—managing 'supply' difficulties. |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=686–9 |issn=0300-8495 |pmid=16969436}}</ref> An san magunguna da yawa don hana samar da madara, gami da pseudoephedrine, diuretics, da maganin hana daukar ciki wanda ke dauke da Estrogen.{{Sfn|Lawrence|2016}} Ana zargin cewa wasu ganye, musamman sage da peppermint, suna hana samar da madara.{{Sfn|Lawrence|2016}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q62tyysx9zt8xi2wglz64gvwzpsu0aj 861999 861998 2026-06-20T12:19:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 861999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin mata masu [[shayarwa]], '''karancin madara''', wanda aka fi sani da rashin isasshen madara, rashin isassuwar madara, '''Agalactia''', '''Agalactorrhea''', '''hypogalactia''' ko '''hypogalactorrhea'''. Ana karuwar samar da madara a cikin martani ga bukatar jariri na madara, kuma yana raguwa lokacin da aka ba da izinin madara ta kasance a cikin nono.{{Sfn|Lawrence|2016}} Rashin samar da madara yawanci ana haifar da shi ta hanyar barin madara ta kasance a cikin nono na dogon lokaci, ko kuma rashin isasshen zubar da nono yayin ciyarwa. Yawancin lokaci ana iya hana shi, sai dai idan yanayin kiwon lafiya ne ya haifar da shi wanda aka kiyasta ya shafi kashi biyar zuwa goma sha biyar na mata.<ref name="neifert">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neifert MR |date=April 2001 |title=Prevention of breastfeeding tragedies |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=273–97 |doi=10.1016/S0031-3955(08)70026-9 |pmid=11339153}}</ref> Yawancin kuskuren da aka saba da su sau da yawa suna haifar da uwaye suyi imani cewa ba su da isasshen madara lokacin da suke samar da isassu.[1] Gaskiyar karancin madara mai yiwuwa ne idan jaririn yana kulle da haɗiyewa sosai a nono, duk da haka ba ya girma da kyau ko yana nuna alamun rashin ruwa ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki, kuma ba shi da yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda zai bayyana rashin girma.[2] Babban hanyar da za a kara samar da madara ita ce inganta ayyukan shayarwa da / ko bayyana madara ta hanyar famfo ko nuna hannu.[3] Magungunan domperidone suna kara yawan madara ga wasu mata.[3] Ga uwaye da ba za su iya shayar da nono ba, shayarwa kamar yadda zai yiwu, tare da ƙarin tsari kamar yadda ya cancanta, yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa akan tsari kadai.[4] == Dalilan da suka haifar == [[Fayil:Premature_infant_with_ventilator.jpg|thumb|Yawancin jarirai da ba su da haihuwa ba za su iya shanyewa yadda ya kamata ba, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwar samar da madara a cikin uwa.]] Rashin samar da madara na iya zama ko dai ''na farko'' (wanda ya haifar da yanayin kiwon lafiya ko matsalolin jikin mutum a cikin uwa), na biyu (wanda ya faru da rashin cire madara daga nono a kai a kai) ko duka biyun. Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun fi yawa fiye da na farko. Wani binciken ya gano cewa kashi 15% na uwaye masu lafiya na farko suna da karancin madara makonni 2-3 bayan haihuwa, tare da dalilai na biyu da suka kai akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗannan lokuta.<ref name="neifert">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neifert MR |date=April 2001 |title=Prevention of breastfeeding tragedies |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=273–97 |doi=10.1016/S0031-3955(08)70026-9 |pmid=11339153}}</ref> Batutuwan kula da shayarwa waɗanda zasu iya tsoma baki tare da zubar da madara na yau da kullun daga nono sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwa mara kyau, amfani da ƙarin [[Madarar Jarirai|tsari]], lokaci ko tsarin ciyarwa (kamar yadda ya saba da ciyarwar da ake buƙata), da kuma yawan amfani da pacifiers.<ref name="hurst">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hurst NM |date=2007 |title=Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II |journal=J Midwifery Womens Health |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=588–94 |doi=10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005 |issn=1526-9523 |pmid=17983996}}</ref> Yanayin kiwon lafiya a cikin jariri wanda ke haifar da rauni ko rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da karancin madara ta hanyar hana canja wurin madara ga jariri.<ref name="hurst">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hurst NM |date=2007 |title=Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II |journal=J Midwifery Womens Health |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=588–94 |doi=10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005 |issn=1526-9523 |pmid=17983996}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHurst2007">Hurst NM (2007). "Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II". ''J Midwifery Womens Health''. '''52''' (6): <span class="nowrap">588–</span>94. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005|10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1526-9523 1526-9523]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17983996 17983996].</cite></ref> Wadannan yanayi sun hada da harshe-haɗe, <ref name="hurst" /> lahani na zuciya, rashin haihuwa, da kuma Down syndrome.{{Sfn|Lawrence|2016}} Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin madara sun hada da: Shan sigari fiye da 15 a kowace rana yana da albasa da rage samar da madara.<ref name="amir">{{Cite journal |last=Amir |first=LH |year=2006 |title=Breastfeeding—managing 'supply' difficulties. |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=686–9 |issn=0300-8495 |pmid=16969436}}</ref> An san magunguna da yawa don hana samar da madara, gami da pseudoephedrine, diuretics, da maganin hana daukar ciki wanda ke dauke da Estrogen.{{Sfn|Lawrence|2016}} Ana zargin cewa wasu ganye, musamman sage da peppermint, suna hana samar da madara.{{Sfn|Lawrence|2016}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gaf7t2ureanep1xqcmjzcoxlrjdc6d2 0 158862 862000 2026-06-20T12:19:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344177638|Mammary myofibroblastoma]]" 862000 wikitext text/x-wiki Mammary myofibroblastoma ('''MFB'''), <ref name="pmid33332985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wickre M, Valencia E, Solanki M, Glazebrook K |date=April 2021 |title=Mammary and extramammary myofibroblastoma: multimodality imaging features with clinicopathologic correlation, management and outcomes in a series of 23 patients |url= |journal=The British Journal of Radiology |volume=94 |issue=1120 |doi=10.1259/bjr.20201019 |pmc=8010555 |pmid=33332985}}</ref> wanda kuma ake kira mammary da extramammary myo fibroblastoma, <ref name="pmid32809291">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Den Hartog T, Ness C, Strand D, Aasen G |date=August 2020 |title=Mammary-type Myofibroblastoma of the Pre-sacral Space: A Rare Neoplasm |url= |journal=South Dakota Medicine |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=342–345 |doi= |pmid=32809291}}</ref> an fara kiranta myofib Roblastoma na nono, <ref name="pmid3037930">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wargotz ES, Weiss SW, Norris HJ |date=July 1987 |title=Myofibroblastoma of the breast. Sixteen cases of a distinctive benign mesenchymal tumor |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=493–502 |doi=10.1097/00000478-198707000-00001 |pmid=3037930 |s2cid=43691738}}</ref> ko, mafi sauki, ko dai myofibrom na nono ko kawai myofibrovlastoma. <ref name="pmid31244537">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Allahverdi TD, Allahverdi E |date=April 2017 |title=Myofibroblastoma |url= |journal=The Journal of Breast Health |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=100–102 |doi=10.5152/tjbh.2017.3232 |pmc=5381673 |pmid=31244537}}</ref> <ref name="pmid26523539">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howitt BE, Fletcher CD |date=March 2016 |title=Mammary-type Myofibroblastoma: Clinicopathologic Characterization in a Series of 143 Cases |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=361–7 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000540 |pmid=26523539 |s2cid=45911598}}</ref> Canjin a cikin wannan ƙamus ya faru ne saboda binciken farko na 1987 <ref name="pmid33332985" /> da kuma yawancin binciken da suka biyo baya sun sami wannan kumburi ne kawai a cikin kwayar nono.<ref name="pmid3037930" /> Koyaya, binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2001 <ref name="pmid33332985" /> wanda rahotanni da yawa suka biyo baya <ref name="pmid33332985" /> sun sami kumburi tare da ilmin microscopic histopathology da sauran mahimman fasalulluka na MFB na mama a cikin gabobin da kyallen takarda.<ref name="pmid11474286">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McMenamin ME, Fletcher CD |date=August 2001 |title=Mammary-type myofibroblastoma of soft tissue: a tumor closely related to spindle cell lipoma |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1022–9 |doi=10.1097/00000478-200108000-00006 |pmid=11474286 |s2cid=31522598}}</ref> Ƙarin rikitar da batun, binciken farko akan MFB ya rarraba shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan kumburi na spindle cell wanda, ban da MFB, ba a bayyana shi ba. Wadannan sauran kumburi, wadanda galibi ana kiransu da suna a cikin rahotanni daban-daban, sune: myelofibroblastoma, benign spindle cell tumor, fibroma, spindle cell lipoma, myogenic stromal tumor, da kuma solitary stromal tumor. A ƙarshe, binciken ya nuna cewa spindle cell lipoma da cellular angiofibroma sune bambance-bambance na MFB.<ref name="pmid26523539" /><ref name="pmid29940288">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Magro G, Angelico G, Righi A, Benini S, Salvatorelli L, Palazzo J |date=November 2018 |title=Utility of STAT6 and 13q14 deletion in the classification of the benign spindle cell stromal tumors of the breast |journal=Human Pathology |volume=81 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2018.06.015 |pmid=29940288 |s2cid=49410824}}</ref> A nan, an rarraba ciwon daji guda biyu a matsayin bambance-bambance na MFB amma in ba haka ba an bayyana MFB kamar yadda aka bayyana shi sosai a cikin mafi yawan wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan.<ref name="pmid33332985" /> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a cikin 2020 ta rarraba kumburi na '''Myofibroblastoma na mama''' da kumburi na Myofibroblastic (watau kumburi na extramammary myofib Roblastic) a matsayin nau'ikan kumburi daban-daban a cikin rukunin kumburi na fibroblastic da myofibloblastic. <ref name="pmid33179614">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sbaraglia M, Bellan E, Dei Tos AP |date=April 2021 |title=The 2020 WHO Classification of Soft Tissue Tumours: news and perspectives |url= |journal=Pathologica |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=70–84 |doi=10.32074/1591-951X-213 |pmc=8167394 |pmid=33179614}}</ref> MFB na mama mai yiwuwa yana wakiltar kasa da 1% na dukkan kumburi na mama.<ref name="pmid33927867">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scardina L, Franceschini G, Biondi E, Di Leone A, Sanchez AM, D'Archi S, Mason EJ, Angelico G, Santoro A, Mulè A, Masetti R |date=April 2021 |title=Myofibroblastoma of the breast: two case reports and literature review |url= |journal=Journal of Surgical Case Reports |volume=2021 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjab133 |pmc=8062129 |pmid=33927867}}</ref> Extramammary MFB, duk da haka, a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan an gano cewa yana faruwa akai-akai fiye da MFB na nono: binciken da aka gudanar na marasa lafiya 143 ya ba da rahoton cewa MFB ya fi yawan MFB 10 zuwa 1.<ref name="pmid26523539">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howitt BE, Fletcher CD |date=March 2016 |title=Mammary-type Myofibroblastoma: Clinicopathologic Characterization in a Series of 143 Cases |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=361–7 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000540 |pmid=26523539 |s2cid=45911598}}</ref> Saboda haka, cutar gabaɗaya na iya zama gama gari fiye da yadda aka yi la'akari da ita a baya. Extramammary MFB yana faruwa daidai a cikin maza da mata na maza da mata kuma yana da rarraba shekaru da yawa wanda ya haɗa da yara. Mammary MFB iri ɗaya yana faruwa daidai a cikin maza da mata amma yana da rinjaye a cikin manya masu matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi.<ref name="pmid33927867" /> MFB na nono taro ne wanda a cikin mata za a iya gano shi da farko a kan jarrabawar kai ta nono <ref name="pmid33927867">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scardina L, Franceschini G, Biondi E, Di Leone A, Sanchez AM, D'Archi S, Mason EJ, Angelico G, Santoro A, Mulè A, Masetti R |date=April 2021 |title=Myofibroblastoma of the breast: two case reports and literature review |url= |journal=Journal of Surgical Case Reports |volume=2021 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjab133 |pmc=8062129 |pmid=33927867}}</ref> ko wasu hanyoyin tantancewa kamar mammography. <ref name="pmid28573464">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kuyumcu G, Rubin BP, Winalski C |date=September 2017 |title=Imaging features of mammary-type myofibroblastoma of soft tissue: a case series with literature review |url= |journal=Skeletal Radiology |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=1283–1291 |doi=10.1007/s00256-017-2678-6 |pmid=28573464 |s2cid=3032408}}</ref> Maza da ke da nono MFB gabaɗaya suna tare da nauyin nono.<ref name="pmid32454973">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Venturelli M, Toss A, Cortesi L, Gambini A, Andreotti A, Cascinu S, Tazzioli G, Moscetti L |date=July 2020 |title=Male mammary myofibroblastoma: Two case reports and brief review of literature |url= |journal=Molecular and Clinical Oncology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=33–37 |doi=10.3892/mco.2020.2038 |pmc=7241234 |pmid=32454973}}</ref> Duk da yake an gano shi a cikin mutane masu shekaru 25 zuwa 87, <ref name="pmid33927867" /> MFB na nono ya fi yawa a cikin mata bayan haila da tsofaffi (shekaru 60-70) maza. <ref name="pmid32454973" /><ref name="pmid33332985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wickre M, Valencia E, Solanki M, Glazebrook K |date=April 2021 |title=Mammary and extramammary myofibroblastoma: multimodality imaging features with clinicopathologic correlation, management and outcomes in a series of 23 patients |url= |journal=The British Journal of Radiology |volume=94 |issue=1120 |doi=10.1259/bjr.20201019 |pmc=8010555 |pmid=33332985}}</ref> An haɗa shi da shan estrogen kuma, a cikin maza, gynecomastia.<ref name="pmid28751104">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krings G, McIntire P, Shin SJ |date=September 2017 |title=Myofibroblastic, fibroblastic and myoid lesions of the breast |url= |journal=Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=427–437 |doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2017.05.010 |pmid=28751104}}</ref> MFB sau da yawa yana tasowa a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka samo daga Layin madara na embryonic, watau layin biyu na ƙwayoyin embryonic waɗanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin post-embryonic waɗanda suka shimfiɗa daga tsakiyar axillae zuwa tsakiya na tsakiya.<ref name="pmid11474286">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McMenamin ME, Fletcher CD |date=August 2001 |title=Mammary-type myofibroblastoma of soft tissue: a tumor closely related to spindle cell lipoma |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1022–9 |doi=10.1097/00000478-200108000-00006 |pmid=11474286 |s2cid=31522598}}</ref> Ciwon daji na MLB na madara yana faruwa a yankunan da ke kusa da rami na hannu, anus, vulva, da testicles.<ref name="pmid32454973" /> Duk da yake ciwon daji na MFB a cikin waɗannan shafuka ba su da ƙwayoyin nono, kamar ƙwayoyin mama na yau da kullun, suna da ƙwayoyi na fibroblastic da / ko myofibroblastic waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ciwon daji ya MFB.<ref name="pmid11474286" /> Ciwon daji na layin madara da ke waje da wuraren nono da ke kusa da su da kuma lymph nodes da ke zubar da waɗannan yankuna (gami da axillary lymph nodes) ana ɗaukar su a matsayin MFB na waje. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa MFB na nono ya bunkasa a wani rauni na tiyata da aka bari bayan magani don ciwon nono da kuma a cikin marasa lafiya tare da tarihin prostate, koda, da ciwon daji na pancreatic.<ref name="pmid32454973" /> Wannan ciwon yana nunawa a matsayin guda, mai ƙarfi, mai motsi, marar zafi; gabatarwar a matsayin taro mai yawa yana da matukar wuya.<ref name="pmid32454973" /> Ba shi da capsule kuma gabaɗaya ya fi karami fiye da 4 cm kodayake an rubuta wasu su da girma kamar 35.2 cm. <ref name="pmid32454973" /><ref name="pmid32829069">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yan M, Bomeisl P, Gilmore H, Sieck L, Kuchta Z, Harbhajanka A |date=October 2020 |title=Clinicopathological and radiological characterization of myofibroblastoma of breast: A single institutional case review |url= |journal=Annals of Diagnostic Pathology |volume=48 |issue= |doi=10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151591 |pmid=32829069 |s2cid=221278334}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Bambancin spindle cell na extramammary MFB yawanci yana gabatar da shi azaman ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadyadaddun ƙananan fata a cikin maza (10:1 namiji zuwa mace) masu shekaru 45-70 (ma'auni shekaru 54) tare da son tashi a kafada, wuyansa na baya, da kuma baya. Koyaya, wani bita na baya-bayan nan na marasa lafiya 27 tare da wannan cuta ya gano cewa ya faru galibi a cikin maza (2:1 rabo daga namiji zuwa mace), shekaru 18 zuwa 80 (tsakiyar shekaru 56.5), ya kasance daga 2 zuwa 10 cm a girman, kuma an fi samun shi ko dai a gefen / paraspinal (24% na shari'o'i), wuyansa (20%), kafada (16%), ko wasu wurare (28%).[1] Bambancin angiofibroma na MFB wanda aka rarraba a cikin kwayoyin halitta yawanci yana faruwa a cikin manya (mata masu shekaru 40-50, maza masu shekaru 60-70 tare da lokuta masu ban sha'awa a cikin yara), yawanci karamin kumburi ne amma yana iya zama babba kamar 25 cm, kuma yana tasowa akai-akai a cikin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ko yankunan vulva-vaginal.[2][3][4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7u1u13ede1y8glhif21cgzapz7hmja6 862001 862000 2026-06-20T12:20:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mammary myofibroblastoma ('''MFB'''), <ref name="pmid33332985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wickre M, Valencia E, Solanki M, Glazebrook K |date=April 2021 |title=Mammary and extramammary myofibroblastoma: multimodality imaging features with clinicopathologic correlation, management and outcomes in a series of 23 patients |url= |journal=The British Journal of Radiology |volume=94 |issue=1120 |doi=10.1259/bjr.20201019 |pmc=8010555 |pmid=33332985}}</ref> wanda kuma ake kira mammary da extramammary myo fibroblastoma, <ref name="pmid32809291">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Den Hartog T, Ness C, Strand D, Aasen G |date=August 2020 |title=Mammary-type Myofibroblastoma of the Pre-sacral Space: A Rare Neoplasm |url= |journal=South Dakota Medicine |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=342–345 |doi= |pmid=32809291}}</ref> an fara kiranta myofib Roblastoma na nono, <ref name="pmid3037930">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wargotz ES, Weiss SW, Norris HJ |date=July 1987 |title=Myofibroblastoma of the breast. Sixteen cases of a distinctive benign mesenchymal tumor |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=493–502 |doi=10.1097/00000478-198707000-00001 |pmid=3037930 |s2cid=43691738}}</ref> ko, mafi sauki, ko dai myofibrom na nono ko kawai myofibrovlastoma. <ref name="pmid31244537">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Allahverdi TD, Allahverdi E |date=April 2017 |title=Myofibroblastoma |url= |journal=The Journal of Breast Health |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=100–102 |doi=10.5152/tjbh.2017.3232 |pmc=5381673 |pmid=31244537}}</ref> <ref name="pmid26523539">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howitt BE, Fletcher CD |date=March 2016 |title=Mammary-type Myofibroblastoma: Clinicopathologic Characterization in a Series of 143 Cases |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=361–7 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000540 |pmid=26523539 |s2cid=45911598}}</ref> Canjin a cikin wannan ƙamus ya faru ne saboda binciken farko na 1987 <ref name="pmid33332985" /> da kuma yawancin binciken da suka biyo baya sun sami wannan kumburi ne kawai a cikin kwayar nono.<ref name="pmid3037930" /> Koyaya, binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2001 <ref name="pmid33332985" /> wanda rahotanni da yawa suka biyo baya <ref name="pmid33332985" /> sun sami kumburi tare da ilmin microscopic histopathology da sauran mahimman fasalulluka na MFB na mama a cikin gabobin da kyallen takarda.<ref name="pmid11474286">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McMenamin ME, Fletcher CD |date=August 2001 |title=Mammary-type myofibroblastoma of soft tissue: a tumor closely related to spindle cell lipoma |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1022–9 |doi=10.1097/00000478-200108000-00006 |pmid=11474286 |s2cid=31522598}}</ref> Ƙarin rikitar da batun, binciken farko akan MFB ya rarraba shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan kumburi na spindle cell wanda, ban da MFB, ba a bayyana shi ba. Wadannan sauran kumburi, wadanda galibi ana kiransu da suna a cikin rahotanni daban-daban, sune: myelofibroblastoma, benign spindle cell tumor, fibroma, spindle cell lipoma, myogenic stromal tumor, da kuma solitary stromal tumor. A ƙarshe, binciken ya nuna cewa spindle cell lipoma da cellular angiofibroma sune bambance-bambance na MFB.<ref name="pmid26523539" /><ref name="pmid29940288">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Magro G, Angelico G, Righi A, Benini S, Salvatorelli L, Palazzo J |date=November 2018 |title=Utility of STAT6 and 13q14 deletion in the classification of the benign spindle cell stromal tumors of the breast |journal=Human Pathology |volume=81 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2018.06.015 |pmid=29940288 |s2cid=49410824}}</ref> A nan, an rarraba ciwon daji guda biyu a matsayin bambance-bambance na MFB amma in ba haka ba an bayyana MFB kamar yadda aka bayyana shi sosai a cikin mafi yawan wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan.<ref name="pmid33332985" /> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a cikin 2020 ta rarraba kumburi na '''Myofibroblastoma na mama''' da kumburi na Myofibroblastic (watau kumburi na extramammary myofib Roblastic) a matsayin nau'ikan kumburi daban-daban a cikin rukunin kumburi na fibroblastic da myofibloblastic. <ref name="pmid33179614">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sbaraglia M, Bellan E, Dei Tos AP |date=April 2021 |title=The 2020 WHO Classification of Soft Tissue Tumours: news and perspectives |url= |journal=Pathologica |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=70–84 |doi=10.32074/1591-951X-213 |pmc=8167394 |pmid=33179614}}</ref> MFB na mama mai yiwuwa yana wakiltar kasa da 1% na dukkan kumburi na mama.<ref name="pmid33927867">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scardina L, Franceschini G, Biondi E, Di Leone A, Sanchez AM, D'Archi S, Mason EJ, Angelico G, Santoro A, Mulè A, Masetti R |date=April 2021 |title=Myofibroblastoma of the breast: two case reports and literature review |url= |journal=Journal of Surgical Case Reports |volume=2021 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjab133 |pmc=8062129 |pmid=33927867}}</ref> Extramammary MFB, duk da haka, a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan an gano cewa yana faruwa akai-akai fiye da MFB na nono: binciken da aka gudanar na marasa lafiya 143 ya ba da rahoton cewa MFB ya fi yawan MFB 10 zuwa 1.<ref name="pmid26523539">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howitt BE, Fletcher CD |date=March 2016 |title=Mammary-type Myofibroblastoma: Clinicopathologic Characterization in a Series of 143 Cases |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=361–7 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000540 |pmid=26523539 |s2cid=45911598}}</ref> Saboda haka, cutar gabaɗaya na iya zama gama gari fiye da yadda aka yi la'akari da ita a baya. Extramammary MFB yana faruwa daidai a cikin maza da mata na maza da mata kuma yana da rarraba shekaru da yawa wanda ya haɗa da yara. Mammary MFB iri ɗaya yana faruwa daidai a cikin maza da mata amma yana da rinjaye a cikin manya masu matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi.<ref name="pmid33927867" /> MFB na nono taro ne wanda a cikin mata za a iya gano shi da farko a kan jarrabawar kai ta nono <ref name="pmid33927867">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scardina L, Franceschini G, Biondi E, Di Leone A, Sanchez AM, D'Archi S, Mason EJ, Angelico G, Santoro A, Mulè A, Masetti R |date=April 2021 |title=Myofibroblastoma of the breast: two case reports and literature review |url= |journal=Journal of Surgical Case Reports |volume=2021 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjab133 |pmc=8062129 |pmid=33927867}}</ref> ko wasu hanyoyin tantancewa kamar mammography. <ref name="pmid28573464">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kuyumcu G, Rubin BP, Winalski C |date=September 2017 |title=Imaging features of mammary-type myofibroblastoma of soft tissue: a case series with literature review |url= |journal=Skeletal Radiology |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=1283–1291 |doi=10.1007/s00256-017-2678-6 |pmid=28573464 |s2cid=3032408}}</ref> Maza da ke da nono MFB gabaɗaya suna tare da nauyin nono.<ref name="pmid32454973">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Venturelli M, Toss A, Cortesi L, Gambini A, Andreotti A, Cascinu S, Tazzioli G, Moscetti L |date=July 2020 |title=Male mammary myofibroblastoma: Two case reports and brief review of literature |url= |journal=Molecular and Clinical Oncology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=33–37 |doi=10.3892/mco.2020.2038 |pmc=7241234 |pmid=32454973}}</ref> Duk da yake an gano shi a cikin mutane masu shekaru 25 zuwa 87, <ref name="pmid33927867" /> MFB na nono ya fi yawa a cikin mata bayan haila da tsofaffi (shekaru 60-70) maza. <ref name="pmid32454973" /><ref name="pmid33332985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wickre M, Valencia E, Solanki M, Glazebrook K |date=April 2021 |title=Mammary and extramammary myofibroblastoma: multimodality imaging features with clinicopathologic correlation, management and outcomes in a series of 23 patients |url= |journal=The British Journal of Radiology |volume=94 |issue=1120 |doi=10.1259/bjr.20201019 |pmc=8010555 |pmid=33332985}}</ref> An haɗa shi da shan estrogen kuma, a cikin maza, gynecomastia.<ref name="pmid28751104">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krings G, McIntire P, Shin SJ |date=September 2017 |title=Myofibroblastic, fibroblastic and myoid lesions of the breast |url= |journal=Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=427–437 |doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2017.05.010 |pmid=28751104}}</ref> MFB sau da yawa yana tasowa a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka samo daga Layin madara na embryonic, watau layin biyu na ƙwayoyin embryonic waɗanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin post-embryonic waɗanda suka shimfiɗa daga tsakiyar axillae zuwa tsakiya na tsakiya.<ref name="pmid11474286">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McMenamin ME, Fletcher CD |date=August 2001 |title=Mammary-type myofibroblastoma of soft tissue: a tumor closely related to spindle cell lipoma |url= |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1022–9 |doi=10.1097/00000478-200108000-00006 |pmid=11474286 |s2cid=31522598}}</ref> Ciwon daji na MLB na madara yana faruwa a yankunan da ke kusa da rami na hannu, anus, vulva, da testicles.<ref name="pmid32454973" /> Duk da yake ciwon daji na MFB a cikin waɗannan shafuka ba su da ƙwayoyin nono, kamar ƙwayoyin mama na yau da kullun, suna da ƙwayoyi na fibroblastic da / ko myofibroblastic waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ciwon daji ya MFB.<ref name="pmid11474286" /> Ciwon daji na layin madara da ke waje da wuraren nono da ke kusa da su da kuma lymph nodes da ke zubar da waɗannan yankuna (gami da axillary lymph nodes) ana ɗaukar su a matsayin MFB na waje. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa MFB na nono ya bunkasa a wani rauni na tiyata da aka bari bayan magani don ciwon nono da kuma a cikin marasa lafiya tare da tarihin prostate, koda, da ciwon daji na pancreatic.<ref name="pmid32454973" /> Wannan ciwon yana nunawa a matsayin guda, mai ƙarfi, mai motsi, marar zafi; gabatarwar a matsayin taro mai yawa yana da matukar wuya.<ref name="pmid32454973" /> Ba shi da capsule kuma gabaɗaya ya fi karami fiye da 4 cm kodayake an rubuta wasu su da girma kamar 35.2 cm. <ref name="pmid32454973" /><ref name="pmid32829069">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yan M, Bomeisl P, Gilmore H, Sieck L, Kuchta Z, Harbhajanka A |date=October 2020 |title=Clinicopathological and radiological characterization of myofibroblastoma of breast: A single institutional case review |url= |journal=Annals of Diagnostic Pathology |volume=48 |issue= |doi=10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151591 |pmid=32829069 |s2cid=221278334}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Bambancin spindle cell na extramammary MFB yawanci yana gabatar da shi azaman ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadyadaddun ƙananan fata a cikin maza (10:1 namiji zuwa mace) masu shekaru 45-70 (ma'auni shekaru 54) tare da son tashi a kafada, wuyansa na baya, da kuma baya. Koyaya, wani bita na baya-bayan nan na marasa lafiya 27 tare da wannan cuta ya gano cewa ya faru galibi a cikin maza (2:1 rabo daga namiji zuwa mace), shekaru 18 zuwa 80 (tsakiyar shekaru 56.5), ya kasance daga 2 zuwa 10 cm a girman, kuma an fi samun shi ko dai a gefen / paraspinal (24% na shari'o'i), wuyansa (20%), kafada (16%), ko wasu wurare (28%).[1] Bambancin angiofibroma na MFB wanda aka rarraba a cikin kwayoyin halitta yawanci yana faruwa a cikin manya (mata masu shekaru 40-50, maza masu shekaru 60-70 tare da lokuta masu ban sha'awa a cikin yara), yawanci karamin kumburi ne amma yana iya zama babba kamar 25 cm, kuma yana tasowa akai-akai a cikin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ko yankunan vulva-vaginal.[2][3][4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rw42ez3jamfbm8wg2k7dryjmsq1rypl 0 158863 862002 2026-06-20T12:20:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307238194|Mammoplasia]]" 862002 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mammoplasia''' shine al'ada ko fadada [[nono]] na mutum.<ref name="Nathanson1946">{{Cite journal |last=Nathanson |first=Ira T. |year=1946 |title=Present Concepts of Benign Breast Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=235 |issue=15 |pages=548–553 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194610102351505 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=20998969}}</ref> Mammoplasia yana faruwa ne a lokacin [[balaga]] da [[Juna biyu|ciki]] a cikin mata, da kuma wasu lokutan [[Tsarin Haila|sake zagayowar haila]]. Lokacin da ya faru a cikin maza, ana kiransa gynecomastia kuma ana ɗaukarsa cututtuka ne.<ref name="PescovitzEugster2004" /> Lokacin da ya faru a cikin mata kuma ya wuce gona da iri, ana kiransa [[Hawan nono|macromastia]] (wanda aka fi sani da gigantomastia ko hypertrophy na nono) kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cututtuka. Mammoplasia na iya zama saboda ƙonewar nono, wanda shine fadada nono na wucin gadi wanda ya haifar da [[Yin shayarwa|shayarwa]] da adana madara nono tare da lactation da / ko galactorrhea (mai yawa ko samar da madara mara kyau). [[Ciwon nono|Mastodynia]] (ƙanƙara / ciwo) sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da mammoplasia. A Lokacin luteal phase (ƙarshe rabin) na [[Tsarin Haila|sake zagayowar haila]], saboda karuwar jinin nono da / ko riƙewar ruwa na pre-menstrual wanda ya haifar da babban yaduwar Estrogen da / ko progesterone, nono na ɗan lokaci yana ƙaruwa a girman, kuma wannan mata suna fuskantar shi azaman cikawa, nauyi, kumbura, da jin dadi.<ref name="pmid1192144">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Milligan D, Drife JO, Short RV |year=1975 |title=Changes in breast volume during normal menstrual cycle and after oral contraceptives |journal=Br Med J |volume=4 |issue=5995 |pages=494–6 |doi=10.1136/bmj.4.5995.494 |pmc=1675650 |pmid=1192144 |quote=[M]any women report breast changes during the normal menstrual cycle, with a feeling of fullness and a tingling sensation immediately before menstruation.1 Women taking oral contraceptives also seem to experience similar breast symptoms.2 It has been claimed that there are also pronounced changes in breast volume during the normal menstrual cycle, with maximum values occurring in the week before menstruation.3}}</ref> Mammoplasia na iya zama sakamako ko sakamako na gefe na magunguna daban-daban, gami da estrogen, [1] [2] antiandrogens kamar spironolactone, [3] Cyproterone acetate, [4] bicalutamide, [5] [6] da finasteride, [5] [7] hormone na girma, [4] da magungunan da ke ɗaga matakan prolactin kamar Mai karɓar D2 antagonists kamar antipsychotics (misali, risperidone), metoclopramide, da domperidone [4] da wasu antidepressants kamar masu hana serotonin reuptake (As RTC).[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Hadarin ya bayyana ya zama ƙasa da Masu hana sake dawo da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRIs) kamar venlafaxine.[15] Magungunan antidepressants "atypical" mirtazapine da bupropion ba sa ƙara matakan prolactin (bupropion na iya rage matakan prolaptin), sabili da haka bazai sami haɗari tare da waɗannan wakilai ba.[11] Sauran magungunan da aka haɗa da mammoplasia sun haɗa da D-penicillamine, bucillamine, neothetazone, ciclosporin, indinavir, wiwi, da cimetidine.[16][17] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4xceoqa1zdvtgivg1ie6srjj3ne16hl 862003 862002 2026-06-20T12:20:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mammoplasia''' shine al'ada ko fadada [[nono]] na mutum.<ref name="Nathanson1946">{{Cite journal |last=Nathanson |first=Ira T. |year=1946 |title=Present Concepts of Benign Breast Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=235 |issue=15 |pages=548–553 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194610102351505 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=20998969}}</ref> Mammoplasia yana faruwa ne a lokacin [[balaga]] da [[Juna biyu|ciki]] a cikin mata, da kuma wasu lokutan [[Tsarin Haila|sake zagayowar haila]]. Lokacin da ya faru a cikin maza, ana kiransa gynecomastia kuma ana ɗaukarsa cututtuka ne.<ref name="PescovitzEugster2004" /> Lokacin da ya faru a cikin mata kuma ya wuce gona da iri, ana kiransa [[Hawan nono|macromastia]] (wanda aka fi sani da gigantomastia ko hypertrophy na nono) kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cututtuka. Mammoplasia na iya zama saboda ƙonewar nono, wanda shine fadada nono na wucin gadi wanda ya haifar da [[Yin shayarwa|shayarwa]] da adana madara nono tare da lactation da / ko galactorrhea (mai yawa ko samar da madara mara kyau). [[Ciwon nono|Mastodynia]] (ƙanƙara / ciwo) sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da mammoplasia. A Lokacin luteal phase (ƙarshe rabin) na [[Tsarin Haila|sake zagayowar haila]], saboda karuwar jinin nono da / ko riƙewar ruwa na pre-menstrual wanda ya haifar da babban yaduwar Estrogen da / ko progesterone, nono na ɗan lokaci yana ƙaruwa a girman, kuma wannan mata suna fuskantar shi azaman cikawa, nauyi, kumbura, da jin dadi.<ref name="pmid1192144">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Milligan D, Drife JO, Short RV |year=1975 |title=Changes in breast volume during normal menstrual cycle and after oral contraceptives |journal=Br Med J |volume=4 |issue=5995 |pages=494–6 |doi=10.1136/bmj.4.5995.494 |pmc=1675650 |pmid=1192144 |quote=[M]any women report breast changes during the normal menstrual cycle, with a feeling of fullness and a tingling sensation immediately before menstruation.1 Women taking oral contraceptives also seem to experience similar breast symptoms.2 It has been claimed that there are also pronounced changes in breast volume during the normal menstrual cycle, with maximum values occurring in the week before menstruation.3}}</ref> Mammoplasia na iya zama sakamako ko sakamako na gefe na magunguna daban-daban, gami da estrogen, [1] [2] antiandrogens kamar spironolactone, [3] Cyproterone acetate, [4] bicalutamide, [5] [6] da finasteride, [5] [7] hormone na girma, [4] da magungunan da ke ɗaga matakan prolactin kamar Mai karɓar D2 antagonists kamar antipsychotics (misali, risperidone), metoclopramide, da domperidone [4] da wasu antidepressants kamar masu hana serotonin reuptake (As RTC).[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Hadarin ya bayyana ya zama ƙasa da Masu hana sake dawo da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRIs) kamar venlafaxine.[15] Magungunan antidepressants "atypical" mirtazapine da bupropion ba sa ƙara matakan prolactin (bupropion na iya rage matakan prolaptin), sabili da haka bazai sami haɗari tare da waɗannan wakilai ba.[11] Sauran magungunan da aka haɗa da mammoplasia sun haɗa da D-penicillamine, bucillamine, neothetazone, ciclosporin, indinavir, wiwi, da cimetidine.[16][17] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4889c5iiva1363bitnidkyr2w8kikxl 0 158864 862005 2026-06-20T12:23:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359687820|Mastitis]]" 862005 wikitext text/x-wiki Mastitis kumburi ne na nono ko udder, yawanci yana da alaƙa da shayarwa.[1][2][3] Alamomin yawanci sun haɗa da ciwo da ja.[1] Sau da yawa akwai zazzabi da ke tattare da shi da kuma ciwo gaba ɗaya.[1] Farawa yawanci yana da sauri sosai kuma yawanci yana faruwa a cikin 'yan watanni na farko na isar da shi.[1] Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da samar da abscess.[4] Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwa mara kyau, maɗaura da aka fashe, da yayewa.[1] Amfani da famfo na nono a tarihi an haɗa shi da mastitis, amma an ƙaddara shi azaman haɗin kai tsaye.[2] Kwayar cuta da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce Staphylococcus aureus . [1] Binciken yawanci ya dogara ne akan alamun bayyanar cututtuka.[3] Ultrasound na iya zama da amfani don gano yiwuwar abscess.[1] == Nau'o'in == Lokacin da ya faru a cikin uwaye masu shayarwa, an san shi da puerperal mastitis, lactation mastitis, ko lactational mastitis. Lokacin da ya faru a cikin mata marasa shayarwa an san shi da ba-puerperal ko ba-lactational mastitis. Mastitis na iya faruwa, a lokuta masu wuya, a cikin maza. Ciwon daji na nono yana da alamun da suka yi kama da mastitis kuma dole ne a cire shi. Alamomin suna kama da puerperal da nonpuerperal mastitis amma abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar da magani na iya zama daban-daban. === Da ke da alaƙa da ciki === [[Fayil:Ultrasound_Scan_ND_115254_1204420_cr.png|thumb|Hoton ultrasound na puerperal mastitis]] Puerperal mastitis shine kumburi na nono dangane da ciki, shayarwa ko yayewa. Tun da yake daya daga cikin manyan alamun shine tashin hankali da kumburi na nono, ana zaton yana haifar da bututun madara da aka toshe ko yawan madara. Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari; kimantawa ya dogara da hanyar tsakanin 5-33%. Koyaya, kusan 0.4-0.5% ne kawai na uwaye masu shayarwa suna samun ciwo.[1] An san wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan amma darajarsu ta tsinkaya kadan ne. Ya bayyana cewa dabarar shayarwa mai kyau, shayarwa akai-akai da guje wa damuwa sune mahimman abubuwan da za a iya rinjayar su. Sau da yawa ana kiran ƙananan lokuta na mastitis; bambancin yana da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa ne ko kuma yana ƙarƙashin bambancin yanki. === Ba tare da ciki ba === Kalmar nonpuerperal mastitis tana bayyana cututtukan kumburi na nono wanda ke faruwa ba tare da alaƙa da ciki da shayarwa ba. Wannan labarin ya haɗa da bayanin mastitis da kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan nono daban-daban. Yanayin da ke da alaƙa da fata kamar dermatitis da foliculitis wani bangare ne daban. Ba a amfani da sunayen da ba na puerperal mastitis ba kuma sun haɗa da mastitis, subareolar abscess, duct ectasia, kumburi na periductal, Cutar Zuska da sauransu. == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:Mastitis_in_breast.jpg|thumb|Mastitis da ke ƙasa da nono, tare da babban yanki na kumburi]] Matsakaicin nono yawanci yana shafar nono ɗaya kawai kuma alamun na iya tasowa da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symptoms of mastitis |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Mastitis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521070738/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Mastitis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |archive-date=2014-05-21 |access-date=2010-04-20}}</ref> Yana tasowa zuwa matakai uku, daga matakin farko, matakin samar da pus, zuwa matakin sabuntawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Sun X, Li K, Wang X, Cai L, Li X, Zhou M |date=2018-05-02 |title="The Therapy of Elimination First" for Early Acute Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2018 |doi=10.1155/2018/8059256 |pmc=5954910 |pmid=29853971 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomi da alamun yawanci suna bayyana ba zato ba tsammani kuma sun haɗa da: * [[Ciwon nono|Jin tausayi na nono]] ko dumi ga taɓawa * Rashin lafiya ko rashin lafiya <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mitoulas LR, Davanzo R |date=2022 |title=Breast Pumps and Mastitis in Breastfeeding Women: Clarifying the Relationship |journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fped.2022.856353 |pmc=9226559 |pmid=35757121 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Rashin nono * Ciwo ko jin ƙonewa a kai a kai ko yayin shayarwa * Rashin fata, sau da yawa a cikin siffar wedge * [[Zazzaɓi|Zafin jiki]] na 101 F (38.3 C) ko mafi girma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Symptoms |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mastitis/DS00678/DSECTION=symptoms |access-date=2010-04-20}}</ref> * Mafarki da ya shafa na iya fara bayyana a matsayin mai laushi da ja. [[Fayil:Pecho_enrojecido.jpg|right|thumb|Breast tare da kamuwa da cuta da kumburi, kafin aikin tiyata don ciwon nono]] [[Fayil:Mama_con_drenaje.jpg|right|thumb|Breast dama bayan aikin tiyata don ciwon nono]] A breast abscess ne tarin pus wanda ke tasowa a cikin nono tare da dalilai da yawa.[1] A lokacin shayarwa, ƙwayoyin nono suna tasowa da wuya, yawancin kafofin sun ambaci kusan 0.4-0.5% na mata masu shayarwa.[2] Abubuwan da aka sani da haɗari sune shekaru sama da 30, primiparous (haihuwar farko) da haihuwa mai tsawo. Ba a sami alaƙa da matsayin shan sigari ba; duk da haka, wannan na iya zama a wani ɓangare saboda ƙananan mata masu shan sigari sun zaɓi shayarwa.[3] Ba a nuna maganin rigakafi mai tasiri a rigakafin cututtukan nono ba amma suna da amfani don magance kamuwa da cuta ta biyu (duba sashi game da maganin cututtuken nono a cikin wannan labarin). Keratinizing squamous metaplasia na lactiferous ducts na iya taka irin wannan rawar [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] a cikin pathogenesis na abscess na subareolar nonpuerperal.  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] btonlnpzat7wbrqimy5l7k8jz8xiky3 862006 862005 2026-06-20T12:23:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mastitis kumburi ne na nono ko udder, yawanci yana da alaƙa da shayarwa.[1][2][3] Alamomin yawanci sun haɗa da ciwo da ja.[1] Sau da yawa akwai zazzabi da ke tattare da shi da kuma ciwo gaba ɗaya.[1] Farawa yawanci yana da sauri sosai kuma yawanci yana faruwa a cikin 'yan watanni na farko na isar da shi.[1] Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da samar da abscess.[4] Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da ƙuƙwalwa mara kyau, maɗaura da aka fashe, da yayewa.[1] Amfani da famfo na nono a tarihi an haɗa shi da mastitis, amma an ƙaddara shi azaman haɗin kai tsaye.[2] Kwayar cuta da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce Staphylococcus aureus . [1] Binciken yawanci ya dogara ne akan alamun bayyanar cututtuka.[3] Ultrasound na iya zama da amfani don gano yiwuwar abscess.[1] == Nau'o'in == Lokacin da ya faru a cikin uwaye masu shayarwa, an san shi da puerperal mastitis, lactation mastitis, ko lactational mastitis. Lokacin da ya faru a cikin mata marasa shayarwa an san shi da ba-puerperal ko ba-lactational mastitis. Mastitis na iya faruwa, a lokuta masu wuya, a cikin maza. Ciwon daji na nono yana da alamun da suka yi kama da mastitis kuma dole ne a cire shi. Alamomin suna kama da puerperal da nonpuerperal mastitis amma abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar da magani na iya zama daban-daban. === Da ke da alaƙa da ciki === [[Fayil:Ultrasound_Scan_ND_115254_1204420_cr.png|thumb|Hoton ultrasound na puerperal mastitis]] Puerperal mastitis shine kumburi na nono dangane da ciki, shayarwa ko yayewa. Tun da yake daya daga cikin manyan alamun shine tashin hankali da kumburi na nono, ana zaton yana haifar da bututun madara da aka toshe ko yawan madara. Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari; kimantawa ya dogara da hanyar tsakanin 5-33%. Koyaya, kusan 0.4-0.5% ne kawai na uwaye masu shayarwa suna samun ciwo.[1] An san wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan amma darajarsu ta tsinkaya kadan ne. Ya bayyana cewa dabarar shayarwa mai kyau, shayarwa akai-akai da guje wa damuwa sune mahimman abubuwan da za a iya rinjayar su. Sau da yawa ana kiran ƙananan lokuta na mastitis; bambancin yana da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa ne ko kuma yana ƙarƙashin bambancin yanki. === Ba tare da ciki ba === Kalmar nonpuerperal mastitis tana bayyana cututtukan kumburi na nono wanda ke faruwa ba tare da alaƙa da ciki da shayarwa ba. Wannan labarin ya haɗa da bayanin mastitis da kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan nono daban-daban. Yanayin da ke da alaƙa da fata kamar dermatitis da foliculitis wani bangare ne daban. Ba a amfani da sunayen da ba na puerperal mastitis ba kuma sun haɗa da mastitis, subareolar abscess, duct ectasia, kumburi na periductal, Cutar Zuska da sauransu. == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:Mastitis_in_breast.jpg|thumb|Mastitis da ke ƙasa da nono, tare da babban yanki na kumburi]] Matsakaicin nono yawanci yana shafar nono ɗaya kawai kuma alamun na iya tasowa da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symptoms of mastitis |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Mastitis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521070738/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Mastitis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |archive-date=2014-05-21 |access-date=2010-04-20}}</ref> Yana tasowa zuwa matakai uku, daga matakin farko, matakin samar da pus, zuwa matakin sabuntawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Sun X, Li K, Wang X, Cai L, Li X, Zhou M |date=2018-05-02 |title="The Therapy of Elimination First" for Early Acute Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2018 |doi=10.1155/2018/8059256 |pmc=5954910 |pmid=29853971 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alamomi da alamun yawanci suna bayyana ba zato ba tsammani kuma sun haɗa da: * [[Ciwon nono|Jin tausayi na nono]] ko dumi ga taɓawa * Rashin lafiya ko rashin lafiya <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mitoulas LR, Davanzo R |date=2022 |title=Breast Pumps and Mastitis in Breastfeeding Women: Clarifying the Relationship |journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fped.2022.856353 |pmc=9226559 |pmid=35757121 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Rashin nono * Ciwo ko jin ƙonewa a kai a kai ko yayin shayarwa * Rashin fata, sau da yawa a cikin siffar wedge * [[Zazzaɓi|Zafin jiki]] na 101 F (38.3 C) ko mafi girma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Symptoms |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mastitis/DS00678/DSECTION=symptoms |access-date=2010-04-20}}</ref> * Mafarki da ya shafa na iya fara bayyana a matsayin mai laushi da ja. [[Fayil:Pecho_enrojecido.jpg|right|thumb|Breast tare da kamuwa da cuta da kumburi, kafin aikin tiyata don ciwon nono]] [[Fayil:Mama_con_drenaje.jpg|right|thumb|Breast dama bayan aikin tiyata don ciwon nono]] A breast abscess ne tarin pus wanda ke tasowa a cikin nono tare da dalilai da yawa.[1] A lokacin shayarwa, ƙwayoyin nono suna tasowa da wuya, yawancin kafofin sun ambaci kusan 0.4-0.5% na mata masu shayarwa.[2] Abubuwan da aka sani da haɗari sune shekaru sama da 30, primiparous (haihuwar farko) da haihuwa mai tsawo. Ba a sami alaƙa da matsayin shan sigari ba; duk da haka, wannan na iya zama a wani ɓangare saboda ƙananan mata masu shan sigari sun zaɓi shayarwa.[3] Ba a nuna maganin rigakafi mai tasiri a rigakafin cututtukan nono ba amma suna da amfani don magance kamuwa da cuta ta biyu (duba sashi game da maganin cututtuken nono a cikin wannan labarin). Keratinizing squamous metaplasia na lactiferous ducts na iya taka irin wannan rawar [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] a cikin pathogenesis na abscess na subareolar nonpuerperal.  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sb4dtgdrxmd73ggducl8utlmnysf8hv 0 158865 862009 2026-06-20T12:55:14Z Sadiq maikano 45961 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348150190|Tony Peña (pitcher)]]" 862009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramon Antonio Peña''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982), tsohon dan wasan kwallon kwando ne na Dominican. Ya taka leda a Major League Baseball (MLB) tare da [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] da [[Chicago White Sox]], kuma a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kwando ta China (CPBL) don [[Chinatrust Brothers]] Ya jefa ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauri na 4 da 2, mai laushi, da canji. Ana ɗaukar slider na Pena yana da sama da matsakaicin hutu, kuma ƙwallon ƙafa na saurin sa na 4 ya fi kyau fiye da yadda ƙididdigarsa za ta nuna, yin hukunci ta hanyar sauri da iko. == Ayyukan sana'a == === Arizona Diamondbacks === Peña ta sanya hannu ne daga Arizona Diamondbacks a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2002. Peña ya taka leda a karkashin sunan dan uwansa Adriano Rosario wanda ya girme shi da shekaru uku a cikin lokutan farko na baseball na Double-A . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrey, Tom |date=May 18, 2004 |title=Boras confirms player used false identity |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=1803614 |access-date=September 17, 2008 |website=[[ESPN]].com}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa MLB a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2006. A matsayinsa na rookie, ya tafi 3-4 tare da 5.58 ERA a kan 30+2⁄3 innings. Ya buga 21, yayin da yake tafiya takwas kuma ya ba da gida shida. Bayan ya yi alfaharin 1.04 ERA a watan Yuli, Peña ya yi gwagwarmaya a watan Agusta tare da 6.59 ERA da Satumba tare da 9.82 ERA. A cikin watan karshe na kakar, ya buga wasanni biyu ba tare da ci ba a wasanni shida.  Peña ya shiga cikin jerin sunayen Major League daga horo na bazara a karo na farko a cikin aikinsa a 2007. Ya fara kakar wasa ta farko a ranar 3 ga Afrilu a kan Colorado Rockies, inda ya jefa wasanni biyu ba tare da samun nasara ba. Ya sami nasararsa ta farko a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, inda ya yi nasara sosai. Ya gama watan Mayu yana tafiya 2-1 tare da 1.88 ERA tare da riƙewa uku. Peña ya karbi cetonsa na farko na kakar a ranar 8 ga Mayu a kan Philadelphia Phillies, na biyu na aiki. Ya zira kwallaye 12 ba tare da samun nasara ba daga Yuni 5 zuwa 28, mafi tsawo a kakar ta hanyar D-backs reliever. Ya kasance na huɗu a tarihin franchise tare da 32 aiki kuma yana da na biyu a cikin jerin rikodin rikodin lokaci guda tare da 30 holds, 5 a bayan Brandon Lyon. Peña ya karbi babban wasansa na farko a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu a kan Houston Astros, RBI guda zuwa filin dama. Ya gudanar da wasanni 23 ya jagoranci tawagar kuma ya zama na huɗu a gasar National League a shekara ta 2008. Ayyukansa 55 sune na biyu kawai bayan Brandon Lyon na 62 a tarihin tawagar. Ya yi rikodin 5 a jere a karo na biyu a cikin aikinsa daga Afrilu 21 zuwa 30. Peña ya sami nasararsa ta farko a kakar a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu a kan Detroit Tigers . === Chicago White Sox === A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, an sayar da Peña zuwa Chicago White Sox don musayar dan wasan Brandon Allen. Ya tafi 1-2 tare da Sox a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya haɗu da 6-5 tare da ceto biyu, 55 strikeouts da 3.99 ERA a wasanni 72. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2011, an sanya Peña a cikin jerin nakasassu na kwanaki 15 tare da tendinitis na hannun dama wanda ya koma baya zuwa ranar 28 ga Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantasy Baseball Breaking News - Rotoworld.com |url=http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/playerbreakingnews.asp?sport=MLB&id=1121&line=325896&spln=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009162228/http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/playerbreakingnews.asp?sport=MLB&id=1121&line=325896&spln=1 |archive-date=2012-10-09 |website=www.rotoworld.com}}</ref> Daga baya za a sauya shi zuwa jerin nakasassu na kwanaki 60, inda ya kwashe sauran kakar. White Sox ne suka saki Peña a ranar 14 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2011 |title=White Sox Outright Four, Release Pena |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2011/10/white-sox-outright-four-release-pena.html |access-date=January 30, 2025 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> === Mala'iku na Los Angeles === A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, 2012, Peña ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kananan kungiyoyi tare da Los Angeles Angels . An sake shi a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2013. === Sultanes na Monterrey === A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2014, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da Sultanes na Monterrey na Ƙungiyar Mexico. A wasanni 14 na Monterrey, ya yi rikodin 2-1 da 8.56 ERA tare da 21 strikeouts a fadin innings. Sultanes ne suka saki Peña a ranar 27 ga Afrilu.  === Chinatrust Brothers === A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2014, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da Chinatrust Brothers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta China. Ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar. === Juyin Juya Halin York === A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2015, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da York Revolution na Atlantic League of Professional Baseball . A wasanni 36 da ya buga wa York, ya buga rikodin 2-2 da 2.75 ERA tare da 31 strikeouts a fadin 39+1⁄3 innings. Peña ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar.  A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2016, Peña ya sake sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da juyin juya halin. Ya buga wasanni 28 (23 farawa) ga tawagar, ya tara rikodin 7-10 da 5.58 ERA tare da 82 strikeouts a fadin 138 + 2⁄3 innings na aiki. Peña ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar.  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nrgbizrobtuuycx0z2cuyuhdtdntiq9 862010 862009 2026-06-20T12:56:27Z Sadiq maikano 45961 862010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ramon Antonio Peña''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982), tsohon dan wasan kwallon kwando ne na Dominican. Ya taka leda a Major League Baseball (MLB) tare da [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] da [[Chicago White Sox]], kuma a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kwando ta China (CPBL) don [[Chinatrust Brothers]] Ya jefa ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauri na 4 da 2, mai laushi, da canji. Ana ɗaukar slider na Pena yana da sama da matsakaicin hutu, kuma ƙwallon ƙafa na saurin sa na 4 ya fi kyau fiye da yadda ƙididdigarsa za ta nuna, yin hukunci ta hanyar sauri da iko. == Ayyukan sana'a == === Arizona Diamondbacks === Peña ta sanya hannu ne daga Arizona Diamondbacks a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2002. Peña ya taka leda a karkashin sunan dan uwansa Adriano Rosario wanda ya girme shi da shekaru uku a cikin lokutan farko na baseball na Double-A . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrey, Tom |date=May 18, 2004 |title=Boras confirms player used false identity |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=1803614 |access-date=September 17, 2008 |website=[[ESPN]].com}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa MLB a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2006. A matsayinsa na rookie, ya tafi 3-4 tare da 5.58 ERA a kan 30+2⁄3 innings. Ya buga 21, yayin da yake tafiya takwas kuma ya ba da gida shida. Bayan ya yi alfaharin 1.04 ERA a watan Yuli, Peña ya yi gwagwarmaya a watan Agusta tare da 6.59 ERA da Satumba tare da 9.82 ERA. A cikin watan karshe na kakar, ya buga wasanni biyu ba tare da ci ba a wasanni shida.  Peña ya shiga cikin jerin sunayen Major League daga horo na bazara a karo na farko a cikin aikinsa a 2007. Ya fara kakar wasa ta farko a ranar 3 ga Afrilu a kan Colorado Rockies, inda ya jefa wasanni biyu ba tare da samun nasara ba. Ya sami nasararsa ta farko a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, inda ya yi nasara sosai. Ya gama watan Mayu yana tafiya 2-1 tare da 1.88 ERA tare da riƙewa uku. Peña ya karbi cetonsa na farko na kakar a ranar 8 ga Mayu a kan Philadelphia Phillies, na biyu na aiki. Ya zira kwallaye 12 ba tare da samun nasara ba daga Yuni 5 zuwa 28, mafi tsawo a kakar ta hanyar D-backs reliever. Ya kasance na huɗu a tarihin franchise tare da 32 aiki kuma yana da na biyu a cikin jerin rikodin rikodin lokaci guda tare da 30 holds, 5 a bayan Brandon Lyon. Peña ya karbi babban wasansa na farko a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu a kan Houston Astros, RBI guda zuwa filin dama. Ya gudanar da wasanni 23 ya jagoranci tawagar kuma ya zama na huɗu a gasar National League a shekara ta 2008. Ayyukansa 55 sune na biyu kawai bayan Brandon Lyon na 62 a tarihin tawagar. Ya yi rikodin 5 a jere a karo na biyu a cikin aikinsa daga Afrilu 21 zuwa 30. Peña ya sami nasararsa ta farko a kakar a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu a kan Detroit Tigers . === Chicago White Sox === A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, an sayar da Peña zuwa Chicago White Sox don musayar dan wasan Brandon Allen. Ya tafi 1-2 tare da Sox a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya haɗu da 6-5 tare da ceto biyu, 55 strikeouts da 3.99 ERA a wasanni 72. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2011, an sanya Peña a cikin jerin nakasassu na kwanaki 15 tare da tendinitis na hannun dama wanda ya koma baya zuwa ranar 28 ga Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantasy Baseball Breaking News - Rotoworld.com |url=http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/playerbreakingnews.asp?sport=MLB&id=1121&line=325896&spln=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009162228/http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/playerbreakingnews.asp?sport=MLB&id=1121&line=325896&spln=1 |archive-date=2012-10-09 |website=www.rotoworld.com}}</ref> Daga baya za a sauya shi zuwa jerin nakasassu na kwanaki 60, inda ya kwashe sauran kakar. White Sox ne suka saki Peña a ranar 14 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2011 |title=White Sox Outright Four, Release Pena |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2011/10/white-sox-outright-four-release-pena.html |access-date=January 30, 2025 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> === Mala'iku na Los Angeles === A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, 2012, Peña ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kananan kungiyoyi tare da Los Angeles Angels . An sake shi a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2013. === Sultanes na Monterrey === A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2014, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da Sultanes na Monterrey na Ƙungiyar Mexico. A wasanni 14 na Monterrey, ya yi rikodin 2-1 da 8.56 ERA tare da 21 strikeouts a fadin innings. Sultanes ne suka saki Peña a ranar 27 ga Afrilu.  === Chinatrust Brothers === A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2014, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da Chinatrust Brothers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta China. Ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar. === Juyin Juya Halin York === A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2015, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da York Revolution na Atlantic League of Professional Baseball . A wasanni 36 da ya buga wa York, ya buga rikodin 2-2 da 2.75 ERA tare da 31 strikeouts a fadin 39+1⁄3 innings. Peña ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar.  A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2016, Peña ya sake sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da juyin juya halin. Ya buga wasanni 28 (23 farawa) ga tawagar, ya tara rikodin 7-10 da 5.58 ERA tare da 82 strikeouts a fadin 138 + 2⁄3 innings na aiki. Peña ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar.  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7tuvl007n86qnd77bjvo9pkupk6bypz 0 158866 862012 2026-06-20T13:10:53Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325837463|Bathybates]]" 862012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Bathybates''''' wani nau'i ne na cichlids Masu cin kifi wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Gabashin Afirka. Halitta ya haɗa da nau'ikan Pelagic waɗanda galibi suna ciyar da sardines na Tanganyika da nau'in benthic waɗanda galibi ke ciyar da wasu cichlids.<ref name="Kirchberger2012">{{Cite journal |last=Paul C Kirchberger |last2=Kristina M Sefc |last3=Christian Sturmbauer |last4=Stephan Koblmüller |year=2012 |title=Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |doi=10.1155/2012/716209 |pmc=3362839 |pmid=22675652 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Su ne wasu daga cikin cichlids masu zurfi, suna faruwa a kai a kai har zuwa {{Convert|200|m|ft}} . <ref name="Kirchberger2012" /> Suna da tsawo a siffar tare da launi mai launin azurfa da duhu mai duhu ko layi. Dangane da nau'in da ke ciki, suna kaiwa tsawon har zuwa {{Convert|20.5|to(-)|42|cm|in}} in). Kodayake ba su da alaƙa da juna, wani lokacin ana kwatanta su da ''[[Rhamphochromis]]'' cichlids masu cin kifi na [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]. == Manazarta == scr0f2dcfq06aapjutio7m4cvdjozyn 862014 862012 2026-06-20T13:11:13Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Bathybates''''' wani nau'i ne na cichlids Masu cin kifi wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Gabashin Afirka. Halitta ya haɗa da nau'ikan Pelagic waɗanda galibi suna ciyar da sardines na Tanganyika da nau'in benthic waɗanda galibi ke ciyar da wasu cichlids.<ref name="Kirchberger2012">{{Cite journal |last=Paul C Kirchberger |last2=Kristina M Sefc |last3=Christian Sturmbauer |last4=Stephan Koblmüller |year=2012 |title=Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |doi=10.1155/2012/716209 |pmc=3362839 |pmid=22675652 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Su ne wasu daga cikin cichlids masu zurfi, suna faruwa a kai a kai har zuwa {{Convert|200|m|ft}} . <ref name="Kirchberger2012" /> Suna da tsawo a siffar tare da launi mai launin azurfa da duhu mai duhu ko layi. Dangane da nau'in da ke ciki, suna kaiwa tsawon har zuwa {{Convert|20.5|to(-)|42|cm|in}} in). Kodayake ba su da alaƙa da juna, wani lokacin ana kwatanta su da ''[[Rhamphochromis]]'' cichlids masu cin kifi na [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]. == Manazarta == kpl221hhwq34ci7442e8u7rx90yj9gp 0 158867 862015 2026-06-20T13:12:11Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1022545090|Chalinochromis]]" 862015 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Chalinochromis''''' karamin nau'in cichlid ne dangi subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae . Wadannan kifaye masu fuka-fuki suna cikin Lake Tanganyika a Gabashin Afirka Rift. [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] yana nufin alamun da ke kama da [[Linzami|igiya]] a kan kawunan mambobin wannan nau'in. Suna da ƙuƙwalwa na musamman wanda ke ba su damar cin abinci a kan soso. Wannan nau'in yana da dangantaka mai rikitarwa tare da irin wannan nau'in da aka sanya a cikin ''Julidochromis''. A cikin jerin mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase na 2, ''Chalinochromis'' suna kusa da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Julidochromis]''_dickfeldi" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="''Julidochromis'' dickfeldi">J. dickfeldi, ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Julidochromis]''_ornatus" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Julidochromis ornatus">J. ornatus da ''J. transcriptus'' - musamman biyun na ƙarshe - fiye da kowane kifi mai rai, yayin da ''<nowiki><i id="mwNA">J. marlieri</i></nowiki>'' da ''<nowiki><i id="mwNQ">J. regani</i></nowiki>'' suna kusa da ''[[Telmatochromis]]''">Telmatochromis. Julidochromis don haka yana iya buƙatar raba shi kashi biyu, tare da ''Chalinochromis'' da aka haɗa a cikin zuriya ɗaya. A madadin haka, sau biyu an sami nasarar Haɗuwa tsakanin wasu zuriyar maza na Julidochromis da mata na ''Chalinochromis'' (maza gabaɗaya ba sa wucewa akan mtDNA ga zuriyarsu). Duk da haka wani yiwuwar shi ne cewa Julidochromis ne monophyletic kuma ya haɗa da ''Chalinochromis''; a cikin wannan labarin maza na kakannin J. marlieri da J. regani za su haɗu da mata na kakannin Telmatochromis. ''Chalinochromis'' sanannun kifi ne na [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]], kuma suna buƙatar irin wannan kulawa ga ''Julidochromis''. Kamar yawancin nau'ikan lamprologin, ''Chalinochromis'' suna ɓoye a lokacin spawning, sau da yawa suna zaɓar ƙaramin kogo ko rami don haifar a ciki. A cikin akwatin kifaye jinsin sau da yawa suna fitowa a ƙarƙashin shimfidar shimfiɗa. == Manazarta == 9p3wc99aat8r65hjg3e4hqg9oflrbm4 862016 862015 2026-06-20T13:12:32Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Chalinochromis''''' karamin nau'in cichlid ne dangi subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae . Wadannan kifaye masu fuka-fuki suna cikin Lake Tanganyika a Gabashin Afirka Rift. [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] yana nufin alamun da ke kama da [[Linzami|igiya]] a kan kawunan mambobin wannan nau'in. Suna da ƙuƙwalwa na musamman wanda ke ba su damar cin abinci a kan soso. Wannan nau'in yana da dangantaka mai rikitarwa tare da irin wannan nau'in da aka sanya a cikin ''Julidochromis''. A cikin jerin mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase na 2, ''Chalinochromis'' suna kusa da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Julidochromis]''_dickfeldi" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="''Julidochromis'' dickfeldi">J. dickfeldi, ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Julidochromis]''_ornatus" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Julidochromis ornatus">J. ornatus da ''J. transcriptus'' - musamman biyun na ƙarshe - fiye da kowane kifi mai rai, yayin da ''<nowiki><i id="mwNA">J. marlieri</i></nowiki>'' da ''<nowiki><i id="mwNQ">J. regani</i></nowiki>'' suna kusa da ''[[Telmatochromis]]''">Telmatochromis. Julidochromis don haka yana iya buƙatar raba shi kashi biyu, tare da ''Chalinochromis'' da aka haɗa a cikin zuriya ɗaya. A madadin haka, sau biyu an sami nasarar Haɗuwa tsakanin wasu zuriyar maza na Julidochromis da mata na ''Chalinochromis'' (maza gabaɗaya ba sa wucewa akan mtDNA ga zuriyarsu). Duk da haka wani yiwuwar shi ne cewa Julidochromis ne monophyletic kuma ya haɗa da ''Chalinochromis''; a cikin wannan labarin maza na kakannin J. marlieri da J. regani za su haɗu da mata na kakannin Telmatochromis. ''Chalinochromis'' sanannun kifi ne na [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]], kuma suna buƙatar irin wannan kulawa ga ''Julidochromis''. Kamar yawancin nau'ikan lamprologin, ''Chalinochromis'' suna ɓoye a lokacin spawning, sau da yawa suna zaɓar ƙaramin kogo ko rami don haifar a ciki. A cikin akwatin kifaye jinsin sau da yawa suna fitowa a ƙarƙashin shimfidar shimfiɗa. == Manazarta == r7cpwmlleudi2im3bsxzoeulu41r2uc 0 158868 862018 2026-06-20T13:13:35Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321414775|Ectodini]]" 862018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ectodini''' wata kabila ce ta cichlids da ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. Suna zaune a cikin Yankin benthic. Yawancin jinsuna a cikin wannan kabilar suna da nau'i ɗaya. Wadannan kifaye suna nuna nau'o'i daban-daban da halayyar kuma kabilar ta haɗa da taxa waɗanda ke zaune a cikin yashi, laka da wuraren dutse.<ref name="Andersen">{{Cite web |last=Thomas Andersen |year=2007 |title=Tribe Ectodini |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/section.php?id=6 |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Room Companion}}</ref> == Yanayi == Wadannan jinsuna an rarraba su a cikin kabilar Ectodini: <ref name="Andersen">{{Cite web |last=Thomas Andersen |year=2007 |title=Tribe Ectodini |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/section.php?id=6 |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Room Companion}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThomas_Andersen2007">Thomas Andersen (2007). [https://www.cichlidae.com/section.php?id=6 "Tribe Ectodini"]. The Cichlid Room Companion<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Asprotilapia'' <small>Boulenger, 1901</small> * ''Aulonocranus'' <small>Regan, 1920</small> * ''Callochromis'' <small>Regan, 1920</small> * Zaben zuciya, 1942<small>Zaben shekara ta 1942</small> * ''Cunningtonia'' <small>Boulenger, 1906</small> * ''Cyathopharynx'' <small>Regan, 1920</small> * ''Ectodus'' Boulenger, 1898<small>Boulenger, shekara ta 1898</small> * Harshen magana na <small>Boulenger, 1899</small> * Zaben ''Lestradea'', 1943<small>Zaben shekara ta 1943</small> * Zaben ''Microdontochromis'', 1986<small>Zaben shekara ta 1986</small> * ''Ophthalmotilapia'' Pellegrin, 1904<small>Rashin jin daɗi, 1904</small> * ''Xenochromis'' <small>Boulenger, 1899</small> * ''Xenotilapia'' <small>Boulenger, 1899</small> == Manazarta == 4na4q7dobz7jm5oyua1avn6aixzi983 862019 862018 2026-06-20T13:13:48Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ectodini''' wata kabila ce ta cichlids da ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. Suna zaune a cikin Yankin benthic. Yawancin jinsuna a cikin wannan kabilar suna da nau'i ɗaya. Wadannan kifaye suna nuna nau'o'i daban-daban da halayyar kuma kabilar ta haɗa da taxa waɗanda ke zaune a cikin yashi, laka da wuraren dutse.<ref name="Andersen">{{Cite web |last=Thomas Andersen |year=2007 |title=Tribe Ectodini |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/section.php?id=6 |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Room Companion}}</ref> == Yanayi == Wadannan jinsuna an rarraba su a cikin kabilar Ectodini: <ref name="Andersen">{{Cite web |last=Thomas Andersen |year=2007 |title=Tribe Ectodini |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/section.php?id=6 |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Room Companion}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThomas_Andersen2007">Thomas Andersen (2007). [https://www.cichlidae.com/section.php?id=6 "Tribe Ectodini"]. The Cichlid Room Companion<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Asprotilapia'' <small>Boulenger, 1901</small> * ''Aulonocranus'' <small>Regan, 1920</small> * ''Callochromis'' <small>Regan, 1920</small> * Zaben zuciya, 1942<small>Zaben shekara ta 1942</small> * ''Cunningtonia'' <small>Boulenger, 1906</small> * ''Cyathopharynx'' <small>Regan, 1920</small> * ''Ectodus'' Boulenger, 1898<small>Boulenger, shekara ta 1898</small> * Harshen magana na <small>Boulenger, 1899</small> * Zaben ''Lestradea'', 1943<small>Zaben shekara ta 1943</small> * Zaben ''Microdontochromis'', 1986<small>Zaben shekara ta 1986</small> * ''Ophthalmotilapia'' Pellegrin, 1904<small>Rashin jin daɗi, 1904</small> * ''Xenochromis'' <small>Boulenger, 1899</small> * ''Xenotilapia'' <small>Boulenger, 1899</small> == Manazarta == cjl4hbvfljwu4gix08vqwm3knhd3qbz 0 158869 862020 2026-06-20T13:14:52Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285384771|Eretmodini]]" 862020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eretmodini''' wata kabilar ce ta cichlids ta [[Afirka]] . Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kifi guda biyar na ruwa mai laushi wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. Su ƙananan kifaye ne tare da raguwar bututun ruwa waɗanda ake samu kusa da kasa a cikin turbulent, yankin bakin teku.<ref name="Smith1998">Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, p. 10. {{ISBN|0-7641-0615-5}}</ref> Su ne masu ba da baki.<ref name="Smith1998" /> == Yanayi == Akwai nau'o'i uku, wanda ya kunshi nau'o-nau'i biyar a cikin kabilar: <ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |title=Pseudocrenilabrinae |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=318546&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=NCBI}}</ref> * ''Eretmodus'' Boulenger, 1898<small>Boulenger, shekara ta 1898</small> * ''Spathodus'' Boulenger, 1900<small>Boulenger, shekara ta 1900</small> * Tambayar ''Tanganicodus'', 1950<small>Zaben, 1950</small> == Manazarata == 4xlcvlezuzr1vs4fduzrwgsud368onp 862021 862020 2026-06-20T13:15:11Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eretmodini''' wata kabilar ce ta cichlids ta [[Afirka]] . Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kifi guda biyar na ruwa mai laushi wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. Su ƙananan kifaye ne tare da raguwar bututun ruwa waɗanda ake samu kusa da kasa a cikin turbulent, yankin bakin teku.<ref name="Smith1998">Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, p. 10. {{ISBN|0-7641-0615-5}}</ref> Su ne masu ba da baki.<ref name="Smith1998" /> == Yanayi == Akwai nau'o'i uku, wanda ya kunshi nau'o-nau'i biyar a cikin kabilar: <ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |title=Pseudocrenilabrinae |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=318546&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=NCBI}}</ref> * ''Eretmodus'' Boulenger, 1898<small>Boulenger, shekara ta 1898</small> * ''Spathodus'' Boulenger, 1900<small>Boulenger, shekara ta 1900</small> * Tambayar ''Tanganicodus'', 1950<small>Zaben, 1950</small> == Manazarata == gw0y573yqtgv23w5q1vp2l8bmrhor8u 0 158870 862022 2026-06-20T13:16:26Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233180873|Julidochromis]]" 862022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Julidochromis''''' dangi nau'in cichlids ne a cikin subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae . Ana kiran su '''julies''' kuma suna cikin Lake Tanganyika a gabashin Afirka. Wannan nau'in ya haɗa da nau'o'in da aka bayyana a hukumance, wasu tare da bambance-bambance na gida da yawa na matsayin da ba a tabbatar da su ba.<ref name="konings1998" /> Ana buƙatar ƙarin aikin lissafi don ƙayyade yawan nau'o'in da ke akwai; ''Chalinochromis'' mai alaƙa da wasu nau'o-in da ke nan wani lokaci kuma wannan na iya zama daidai. Haɗuwa yana yin ƙoƙari don ƙayyade dangantaka tare da hanyoyin phylogenetic na kwayoyin da wuya.<ref name="dayetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Julia J. Day, Simona Santini & Jaime Garcia-Moreno |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |bibcode=2007MolPE..45..629D |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025 |pmid=17416538}}</ref> Wadannan kifaye masu fuka-fuki suna da ƙananan zuwa matsakaicin girman (kimanin 7-15 centimeters ko 2.8-5.9 inci) kuma suna da launi mai launin rawaya tare da layin baki mai tsayi ko tsarin allon. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'in 6 da aka bayyana a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Julidochromis dickfeldi'' Staeck, 1975<small>A shekara ta 1975</small> * ''Julidochromis marksmithi'' W. E. Burgess, 2014 * ''Julidochromis marlieri'' Poll, 1956<small>Zaben shekara ta 1956</small> * Julidochromis ornatus Boulenger, 1898 (Golden julie) * ''Julidochromis regani'' Poll, 1942 (Juliya mai laifi) * ''Julidochromis transcriptus'' <small>[[Hubert Matthes|Matthes]], 1959</small> (Masked julie) <gallery> Fayil:Julidochromis_dickfeldi.jpg|''Julidochromis dickfeldi'' Fayil:Julidochromis-regani-kel-b.2.jpg|''Julidochromis marksmithi'' Fayil:Julidochromis_marlieri_(Worclaw_zoo).JPG|''Julidochromis marlieri'' Fayil:Julidochromis_regani_fry.jpg|''Julidochromis regani'' female and young Fayil:Julidochromis_transcriptus.jpg|''Julidochromis transcriptus'' </gallery>Dangantaka da tsarin ''Julidochromis'' suna da wuyar warwarewa da tabbaci. ''[[Chalinochromis]]'' yayi kama da waɗannan kifaye sai dai wasu gyare-gyare don cin abinci a kan sponges. A cikin jerin mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase na 2, ''Chalinochromis'' suna kusa da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Julidochromis]''_dickfeldi" id="mwiw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="''Julidochromis'' dickfeldi">J. dickfeldi, Golden Julie (''J. ornatus'') da Masked Julie (J''J. transcriptus'') - musamman ma biyun na ƙarshe - fiye da kowane kifi mai rai, yayin da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Julidochromis]''_marlieri" id="mwkQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Julidochromis marlieri">''J. marlieri'' da Convict Julie (J". regani) suna kusa da ''''''[[Telmatochromis]]''''''. Julidochromis don haka yana iya buƙatar raba shi kashi biyu, tare da ''Chalinochromis'' da aka haɗa a cikin zuriya ɗaya. A madadin haka, sau biyu an sami nasarar Haɗuwa tsakanin wasu zuriyar mazajen Julidochromis da mata na ''''Chalinochromis'''' (maza gabaɗaya ba sa wucewa akan mtDNA ga 'ya'yansu), julies suna kusa da Telmatochromis a wannan yanayin. Duk da haka wani yiwuwar shi ne cewa Julidochromis ne monophyletic kuma ya haɗa da Chalinochromis; a cikin wannan labarin maza na kakannin J. marlieri da ''''J. regani'''' za su haɗu da mata na kakannin Telmatochromis.<ref name="dayetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Julia J. Day, Simona Santini & Jaime Garcia-Moreno |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |bibcode=2007MolPE..45..629D |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025 |pmid=17416538}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulia_J._Day,_Simona_Santini_&_Jaime_Garcia-Moreno2007">Julia J. Day, Simona Santini & Jaime Garcia-Moreno (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA". ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]]''. '''45''' (2): <span class="nowrap">629–</span>642. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MolPE..45..629D 2007MolPE..45..629D]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17416538 17416538].</cite></ref> fjkyv4ngjfp31w8lmutabyrlbvlp6c6 862023 862022 2026-06-20T13:16:50Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Julidochromis''''' dangi nau'in cichlids ne a cikin subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae . Ana kiran su '''julies''' kuma suna cikin Lake Tanganyika a gabashin Afirka. Wannan nau'in ya haɗa da nau'o'in da aka bayyana a hukumance, wasu tare da bambance-bambance na gida da yawa na matsayin da ba a tabbatar da su ba.<ref name="konings1998" /> Ana buƙatar ƙarin aikin lissafi don ƙayyade yawan nau'o'in da ke akwai; ''Chalinochromis'' mai alaƙa da wasu nau'o-in da ke nan wani lokaci kuma wannan na iya zama daidai. Haɗuwa yana yin ƙoƙari don ƙayyade dangantaka tare da hanyoyin phylogenetic na kwayoyin da wuya.<ref name="dayetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Julia J. Day, Simona Santini & Jaime Garcia-Moreno |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |bibcode=2007MolPE..45..629D |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025 |pmid=17416538}}</ref> Wadannan kifaye masu fuka-fuki suna da ƙananan zuwa matsakaicin girman (kimanin 7-15 centimeters ko 2.8-5.9 inci) kuma suna da launi mai launin rawaya tare da layin baki mai tsayi ko tsarin allon. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'in 6 da aka bayyana a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Julidochromis dickfeldi'' Staeck, 1975<small>A shekara ta 1975</small> * ''Julidochromis marksmithi'' W. E. Burgess, 2014 * ''Julidochromis marlieri'' Poll, 1956<small>Zaben shekara ta 1956</small> * Julidochromis ornatus Boulenger, 1898 (Golden julie) * ''Julidochromis regani'' Poll, 1942 (Juliya mai laifi) * ''Julidochromis transcriptus'' <small>[[Hubert Matthes|Matthes]], 1959</small> (Masked julie) <gallery> Fayil:Julidochromis_dickfeldi.jpg|''Julidochromis dickfeldi'' Fayil:Julidochromis-regani-kel-b.2.jpg|''Julidochromis marksmithi'' Fayil:Julidochromis_marlieri_(Worclaw_zoo).JPG|''Julidochromis marlieri'' Fayil:Julidochromis_regani_fry.jpg|''Julidochromis regani'' female and young Fayil:Julidochromis_transcriptus.jpg|''Julidochromis transcriptus'' </gallery>Dangantaka da tsarin ''Julidochromis'' suna da wuyar warwarewa da tabbaci. ''[[Chalinochromis]]'' yayi kama da waɗannan kifaye sai dai wasu gyare-gyare don cin abinci a kan sponges. A cikin jerin mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase na 2, ''Chalinochromis'' suna kusa da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Julidochromis]''_dickfeldi" id="mwiw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="''Julidochromis'' dickfeldi">J. dickfeldi, Golden Julie (''J. ornatus'') da Masked Julie (J''J. transcriptus'') - musamman ma biyun na ƙarshe - fiye da kowane kifi mai rai, yayin da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Julidochromis]''_marlieri" id="mwkQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Julidochromis marlieri">''J. marlieri'' da Convict Julie (J". regani) suna kusa da ''''''[[Telmatochromis]]''''''. Julidochromis don haka yana iya buƙatar raba shi kashi biyu, tare da ''Chalinochromis'' da aka haɗa a cikin zuriya ɗaya. A madadin haka, sau biyu an sami nasarar Haɗuwa tsakanin wasu zuriyar mazajen Julidochromis da mata na ''''Chalinochromis'''' (maza gabaɗaya ba sa wucewa akan mtDNA ga 'ya'yansu), julies suna kusa da Telmatochromis a wannan yanayin. Duk da haka wani yiwuwar shi ne cewa Julidochromis ne monophyletic kuma ya haɗa da Chalinochromis; a cikin wannan labarin maza na kakannin J. marlieri da ''''J. regani'''' za su haɗu da mata na kakannin Telmatochromis.<ref name="dayetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Julia J. Day, Simona Santini & Jaime Garcia-Moreno |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |bibcode=2007MolPE..45..629D |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025 |pmid=17416538}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulia_J._Day,_Simona_Santini_&_Jaime_Garcia-Moreno2007">Julia J. Day, Simona Santini & Jaime Garcia-Moreno (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA". ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]]''. '''45''' (2): <span class="nowrap">629–</span>642. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MolPE..45..629D 2007MolPE..45..629D]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17416538 17416538].</cite></ref> ==manazarta== 8lio5rjzvsy0yfaefk8bls7xun6i5a3 0 158871 862024 2026-06-20T13:17:52Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345140177|Lepidiolamprologus]]" 862024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lepidiolamprologus''''' ƙaramin nau'in cichlids ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a gabashin [[Afirka]]. Yana da alaƙa da ''Altolamprologus.'' . kuma akwai yiwuwar cewa sake fasalin jinsin zai iya ganin ƙarin nau'in da aka kara.<ref name="Day">{{Cite journal |last=Day, Julia J. |last2=Santini, Simona |last3=Garcia-Moreno, Jaime |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025}}</ref> An yi tambaya game da sanya ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Lepidiolamprologus]''_cunningtoni" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lepidiolamprologus cunningtoni">L. cunningtoni, saboda yana da alaƙa da ''N. modestus'' da Fourspine Cichlid (''N. tetracanthus''), kodayake tare da Haɗuwa da ke gudana a cikin Lamprologini, mutum ba zai iya tabbatar da alakarsa ba a halin yanzu. Koyaya ya bambanta sosai daga sauran nau'o'in a cikin Lepidiolamprologus don kammala cewa bazai kasance cikin wannan nau'in ba.<ref name="Day">{{Cite journal |last=Day, Julia J. |last2=Santini, Simona |last3=Garcia-Moreno, Jaime |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDay,_Julia_J.Santini,_SimonaGarcia-Moreno,_Jaime2007">Day, Julia J.; Santini, Simona; Garcia-Moreno, Jaime (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA". ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''45''' (2): <span class="nowrap">629–</span>642. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schelly, Robert |last2=Takahashi, Tetsumi |last3=Bills, Roger |last4=Hori, Michio |year=2007 |title=The first case of aggressive mimicry among lamprologines in a new species of ''Lepidiolamprologus'' (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01638p049f.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1638 |pages=39–49}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'in da aka sani goma a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus'' <small> (Steindachner, 1909) </small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus boulengeri'' <small> (Steindachner, 1909) </small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus elongatus'' <small> (Boulenger, 1898) </small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus hecqui'' <small> (Boulenger, 1899) </small> * [Hasiya] Karlsson da Mi. Karlsson, 2012<small>[[Magnus Karlsson (naturalist)|Karlsson]] da [[Mikael Karlsson (naturalist)|Karlsson]]<nowiki> (naturalist)"]}}' href="./Mikael_Karlsson_(naturalist)" id="mwRA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mikael Karlsson (naturalist)" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs">Mi. Karlsson, 2012</nowiki></small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus kendalli'' <small> (Poll & D. J. Stewart, 1977) </small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus meeli'' <small> (Poll, 1948) </small> * <small>[Hotuna a shafi na 9]</small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus pleuromaculatus'' <small>Trewavas & Poll, 1952</small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus profundicola'' <small> (Poll, 1949) </small> == Manazarta == 6t7b1t8xz0cy86pz7jn80pi17nvisn6 862025 862024 2026-06-20T13:18:05Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lepidiolamprologus''''' ƙaramin nau'in cichlids ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a gabashin [[Afirka]]. Yana da alaƙa da ''Altolamprologus.'' . kuma akwai yiwuwar cewa sake fasalin jinsin zai iya ganin ƙarin nau'in da aka kara.<ref name="Day">{{Cite journal |last=Day, Julia J. |last2=Santini, Simona |last3=Garcia-Moreno, Jaime |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025}}</ref> An yi tambaya game da sanya ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Lepidiolamprologus]''_cunningtoni" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lepidiolamprologus cunningtoni">L. cunningtoni, saboda yana da alaƙa da ''N. modestus'' da Fourspine Cichlid (''N. tetracanthus''), kodayake tare da Haɗuwa da ke gudana a cikin Lamprologini, mutum ba zai iya tabbatar da alakarsa ba a halin yanzu. Koyaya ya bambanta sosai daga sauran nau'o'in a cikin Lepidiolamprologus don kammala cewa bazai kasance cikin wannan nau'in ba.<ref name="Day">{{Cite journal |last=Day, Julia J. |last2=Santini, Simona |last3=Garcia-Moreno, Jaime |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDay,_Julia_J.Santini,_SimonaGarcia-Moreno,_Jaime2007">Day, Julia J.; Santini, Simona; Garcia-Moreno, Jaime (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA". ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''45''' (2): <span class="nowrap">629–</span>642. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schelly, Robert |last2=Takahashi, Tetsumi |last3=Bills, Roger |last4=Hori, Michio |year=2007 |title=The first case of aggressive mimicry among lamprologines in a new species of ''Lepidiolamprologus'' (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01638p049f.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1638 |pages=39–49}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'in da aka sani goma a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus'' <small> (Steindachner, 1909) </small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus boulengeri'' <small> (Steindachner, 1909) </small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus elongatus'' <small> (Boulenger, 1898) </small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus hecqui'' <small> (Boulenger, 1899) </small> * [Hasiya] Karlsson da Mi. Karlsson, 2012<small>[[Magnus Karlsson (naturalist)|Karlsson]] da [[Mikael Karlsson (naturalist)|Karlsson]]<nowiki> (naturalist)"]}}' href="./Mikael_Karlsson_(naturalist)" id="mwRA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mikael Karlsson (naturalist)" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs">Mi. Karlsson, 2012</nowiki></small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus kendalli'' <small> (Poll & D. J. Stewart, 1977) </small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus meeli'' <small> (Poll, 1948) </small> * <small>[Hotuna a shafi na 9]</small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus pleuromaculatus'' <small>Trewavas & Poll, 1952</small> * ''Lepidiolamprologus profundicola'' <small> (Poll, 1949) </small> == Manazarta == 54hinzvzov3a1lck91jfkoc1o93dgkc 0 158872 862026 2026-06-20T13:19:02Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345140193|Limnochromis]]" 862026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Limnochromis''''' ƙaramin nau'in kifi ne na cichlid wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Limnochromis abeelei'' Poll, 1949<small>Zaben shekara ta 1949</small> * ''Limnochromis auritus'' <small>Boulenger, 1901</small> (Spangled cichlid) * ''Limnochromis staneri'' Poll, 1949<small>Zaben shekara ta 1949</small> == Manazarta == iogn5c2p41jhm6thd18zmqkg16czjq1 862027 862026 2026-06-20T13:19:14Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Limnochromis''''' ƙaramin nau'in kifi ne na cichlid wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Limnochromis abeelei'' Poll, 1949<small>Zaben shekara ta 1949</small> * ''Limnochromis auritus'' <small>Boulenger, 1901</small> (Spangled cichlid) * ''Limnochromis staneri'' Poll, 1949<small>Zaben shekara ta 1949</small> == Manazarta == fjjoonxbdvniyzkuo2wjjof7r1pjw0y 0 158873 862028 2026-06-20T13:20:34Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1010519563|Lophiobagrus]]" 862028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lophiobagrus''''' wani nau'in Kifi ne a cikin dangin Claroteidae . Suna da iyaka a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i hudu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Lophiobagrus aquilus'' <small>R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1984</small> * ''[[Lophiobagrus asperispinis]]'' <small>R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1984</small> * ''Lophiobagrus brevispinis'' <small>R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1984</small> * ''Lophiobagrus cyclurus'' <small> (Worthington & Ricardo, 1937) </small> - shugaban Afirka == Manaxarta == o7ttk42aoxe7s4e4khqn93t44kjttlo 862029 862028 2026-06-20T13:20:51Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lophiobagrus''''' wani nau'in Kifi ne a cikin dangin Claroteidae . Suna da iyaka a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i hudu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Lophiobagrus aquilus'' <small>R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1984</small> * ''[[Lophiobagrus asperispinis]]'' <small>R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1984</small> * ''Lophiobagrus brevispinis'' <small>R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1984</small> * ''Lophiobagrus cyclurus'' <small> (Worthington & Ricardo, 1937) </small> - shugaban Afirka == Manaxarta == lazsqswk4n9afz6bvid8fzd7qbs14rp 0 158874 862030 2026-06-20T13:20:56Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330504104|TSS City of Belfast]]" 862030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''TSS ''City of Belfast''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai amfani da tururi wanda aka gina a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1893, aka sake masa suna '''''Nicolaos Togias''''' a shekarar 1925, aka sake masa suna '''''Kephallinia''''' a shekarar 1933 sannan aka nutse a shekarar 1941. An mallake ta kuma an yi mata rijista a Birtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1925, lokacin da ta koma hannun masu mallakar Girka . A matsayinta ''na Birnin Belfast'', jirgin ruwan yana amfani da makamai a yawancin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . A matsayinta na ''Kephallinia'', ta kafu a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a kan hanyarta daga Alexandria zuwa Tobruk . == Gine-gine == Laird Brothers ne suka gina jirgin a Birkenhead a kan Kogin Mersey a matsayin filin jirgin sama mai lamba 590. An harba shi a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1893 ta hannun Mrs Little, Magajiyar Garin Barrow-in-Furness . An kammala aikin jirgin a watan Afrilu. Tsawonsa ya kai {{Cvt|280.6|ft}}, haskenta ya kai {{Cvt|32.1|ft}} kuma zurfinta ya kai {{Cvt|13.4|ft}} . Harinta ya kai 1,055 GRT da 320 NRT . <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=City of Belfast |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=201872 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> ''Birnin Belfast'' yana da sukurori biyu, kowannensu yana amfani da injin faɗaɗa silinda uku mai silinda uku. Tsakanin su, injunan tagwayen nata an ƙiyasta su a 193 NHP <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=City of Belfast |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=201872 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=201872 "City of Belfast"]. ''Shipping and Shipbuilding''. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> kuma sun ba ta gudun {{Convert|17|kn|km/h}} . == Sabis na Burtaniya == ''Kamfanin farko da ya mallaki birnin Belfast'' {{'}} J Little & Co, kuma kamfanin Barrow Steam Navigation Company ne ke gudanar da ita. An yi mata rijista a Barrow . Lambar ofishinta na Burtaniya ita ce 99938 kuma haruffan lambarta NCTD ne. Kamfanin Barrow Steam Navigation ne ke gudanar da ita, wanda J Little & Co ya kasance mai mallakar wani ɓangare. A shekarar 1906, Midland Railway ta mallaki ''Birnin Belfast'' . Midland ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu Barrow SN Co, kuma a shekarar 1907 Midland ta mamaye Barrow SN Co gaba ɗaya. == Sabis na Girka == Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Togias ya sayi jirgin, ya sake masa suna ''Nicolaos Togias'', sannan ya naɗa EK Togias don ya kula da shi. An yi wa ''Nicolaos Togias'' rijista a tsibirin Syra a Tekun Aegean . Haruffan lambar Girkanta sune JFQP. A shekarar 1930, mallakar jirgin ruwan Hellenic Coast Lines ya koma hannun Hellenic Coast Lines, wanda ya sake mata suna zuwa ''Kephallinia'' kuma ya yi mata rijista a Piraeus . Zuwa shekarar 1934, alamar kiran SVDK ta maye gurbin haruffan lambar Girka. == Manazarta == 1tidebw145p9tgyk3effcfrw3deogv5 862032 862030 2026-06-20T13:21:30Z Engineer014 44591 862032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TSS ''City of Belfast''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai amfani da tururi wanda aka gina a [[Ingila]] a shekarar 1893, aka sake masa suna '''''Nicolaos Togias''''' a shekarar 1925, aka sake masa suna '''''Kephallinia''''' a shekarar 1933 sannan aka nutse a shekarar 1941. An mallake ta kuma an yi mata rijista a Birtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1925, lokacin da ta koma hannun masu mallakar Girka . A matsayinta ''na Birnin Belfast'', jirgin ruwan yana amfani da makamai a yawancin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . A matsayinta na ''Kephallinia'', ta kafu a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a kan hanyarta daga Alexandria zuwa Tobruk . == Gine-gine == Laird Brothers ne suka gina jirgin a Birkenhead a kan Kogin Mersey a matsayin filin jirgin sama mai lamba 590. An harba shi a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1893 ta hannun Mrs Little, Magajiyar Garin Barrow-in-Furness . An kammala aikin jirgin a watan Afrilu. Tsawonsa ya kai {{Cvt|280.6|ft}}, haskenta ya kai {{Cvt|32.1|ft}} kuma zurfinta ya kai {{Cvt|13.4|ft}} . Harinta ya kai 1,055 GRT da 320 NRT . <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=City of Belfast |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=201872 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> ''Birnin Belfast'' yana da sukurori biyu, kowannensu yana amfani da injin faɗaɗa silinda uku mai silinda uku. Tsakanin su, injunan tagwayen nata an ƙiyasta su a 193 NHP <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=City of Belfast |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=201872 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=201872 "City of Belfast"]. ''Shipping and Shipbuilding''. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> kuma sun ba ta gudun {{Convert|17|kn|km/h}} . == Sabis na Burtaniya == ''Kamfanin farko da ya mallaki birnin Belfast'' {{'}} J Little & Co, kuma kamfanin Barrow Steam Navigation Company ne ke gudanar da ita. An yi mata rijista a Barrow . Lambar ofishinta na Burtaniya ita ce 99938 kuma haruffan lambarta NCTD ne. Kamfanin Barrow Steam Navigation ne ke gudanar da ita, wanda J Little & Co ya kasance mai mallakar wani ɓangare. A shekarar 1906, Midland Railway ta mallaki ''Birnin Belfast'' . Midland ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu Barrow SN Co, kuma a shekarar 1907 Midland ta mamaye Barrow SN Co gaba ɗaya. == Sabis na Girka == Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Togias ya sayi jirgin, ya sake masa suna ''Nicolaos Togias'', sannan ya naɗa EK Togias don ya kula da shi. An yi wa ''Nicolaos Togias'' rijista a tsibirin Syra a Tekun Aegean . Haruffan lambar Girkanta sune JFQP. A shekarar 1930, mallakar jirgin ruwan Hellenic Coast Lines ya koma hannun Hellenic Coast Lines, wanda ya sake mata suna zuwa ''Kephallinia'' kuma ya yi mata rijista a Piraeus . Zuwa shekarar 1934, alamar kiran SVDK ta maye gurbin haruffan lambar Girka. == Manazarta == puczkjpcdnoips3kzw11d56rcupb97t 0 158875 862033 2026-06-20T13:22:29Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345140375|Neolamprologus]]" 862033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Neo''Lamprologus''''''' wani nau'in cichlids ne wanda ke faruwa a gabashin Afirka tare da dukkan nau'o'in da ke faruwa a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . Ita ce mafi girman nau'in cichlids a cikin Tafkin Tanganyika kuma mafi girma a cikin kabilar Lamprologini, wanda ya haɗa da ''Altolamprologus'', ''Chalinochromis'', ''Julidochromis'', Lamprologus (''Lepidiolamprologus''), ''[[Telmatochromis]]'' da Variabilichromis. Wannan na ƙarshe shine nau'in jinsin da ba a san shi da ''Neolamprologus''. An riga an san shi na ɗan lokaci cewa bisa ga nazarin jerin mtDNA, wannan nau'in mai yiwuwa ne polyphyletic. Wataƙila za a sake fasalinsa a ƙarshe; idan aka raba Variabilichromis, aƙalla wasu daga cikin tsoffin layin da aka sanya a halin yanzu a cikin ''Neolamprologus'' tabbas sun cancanci rabuwa. Koyaya, kamanceceniyar yanayin da nau'ikan da ba a bayyana su ba su sauƙaƙa bincike ba, kuma kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin cichlids, ƙwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan da ƙwayoyin Haɗuwa da yawa sun rikita nazarin kwayoyin har zuwa inda nazarin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya ko waɗanda ke amfani da mtDNA ko nDNA kawai ba su da amfani don warware phylogeny na Lamprologini. Duk da yake zuriya sun bambanta a cikin yanayin su, halaye da muhalli, yaduwar kwayar halitta tsakanin jinsuna da jinsuna ya zama ruwan dare saboda ƙarancin keɓewar postzygotic. Maza na ''Neolamprologus'' a bayyane suke koyaushe da sauƙi kuma sun sami nasarar yin jima'i da mata na wasu Lamprologini da suka samu a shirye don haifuwa: layin mtDNA masu kama da sauran jinsunan Lamprologani suna haɗuwa da yawa a cikin jinsunan da aka sanya a ''Neolamprologus''. Kuma ba wai kawai yin irin waɗannan nau'ikan suna da kyau aƙalla zuwa iyakantaccen matsayi a lokuta da yawa ba, sababbin nau'o'in sau da yawa suna bayyana sun samo asali ne daga irin wannan haɗuwa. [[Fayil:Neolamprologus_cylindricus.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|''Neolamprologus cylindricus'']] == Mqnqzartata == r4h4kiemm3z0dsyv61gfzqpmdzvyl3v 862034 862033 2026-06-20T13:23:10Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Neo''Lamprologus''''''' wani nau'in cichlids ne wanda ke faruwa a gabashin Afirka tare da dukkan nau'o'in da ke faruwa a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . Ita ce mafi girman nau'in cichlids a cikin Tafkin Tanganyika kuma mafi girma a cikin kabilar Lamprologini, wanda ya haɗa da ''Altolamprologus'', ''Chalinochromis'', ''Julidochromis'', Lamprologus (''Lepidiolamprologus''), ''[[Telmatochromis]]'' da Variabilichromis. Wannan na ƙarshe shine nau'in jinsin da ba a san shi da ''Neolamprologus''. An riga an san shi na ɗan lokaci cewa bisa ga nazarin jerin mtDNA, wannan nau'in mai yiwuwa ne polyphyletic. Wataƙila za a sake fasalinsa a ƙarshe; idan aka raba Variabilichromis, aƙalla wasu daga cikin tsoffin layin da aka sanya a halin yanzu a cikin ''Neolamprologus'' tabbas sun cancanci rabuwa. Koyaya, kamanceceniyar yanayin da nau'ikan da ba a bayyana su ba su sauƙaƙa bincike ba, kuma kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin cichlids, ƙwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan da ƙwayoyin Haɗuwa da yawa sun rikita nazarin kwayoyin har zuwa inda nazarin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya ko waɗanda ke amfani da mtDNA ko nDNA kawai ba su da amfani don warware phylogeny na Lamprologini. Duk da yake zuriya sun bambanta a cikin yanayin su, halaye da muhalli, yaduwar kwayar halitta tsakanin jinsuna da jinsuna ya zama ruwan dare saboda ƙarancin keɓewar postzygotic. Maza na ''Neolamprologus'' a bayyane suke koyaushe da sauƙi kuma sun sami nasarar yin jima'i da mata na wasu Lamprologini da suka samu a shirye don haifuwa: layin mtDNA masu kama da sauran jinsunan Lamprologani suna haɗuwa da yawa a cikin jinsunan da aka sanya a ''Neolamprologus''. Kuma ba wai kawai yin irin waɗannan nau'ikan suna da kyau aƙalla zuwa iyakantaccen matsayi a lokuta da yawa ba, sababbin nau'o'in sau da yawa suna bayyana sun samo asali ne daga irin wannan haɗuwa. [[Fayil:Neolamprologus_cylindricus.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|''Neolamprologus cylindricus'']] == Mqnqzartata == 6ti6o5we0w7ro2jjc5xdldzu2ysnei9 0 158876 862035 2026-06-20T13:24:12Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1010544475|Phyllonemus]]" 862035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Phyllonemus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na claroteid wanda aka samo shi ne kawai a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . == Nau'o'in == Wannan nau'in a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi nau'o'in da aka sani guda uku: * ''[[Phyllonemus brichardi]]'' <small>Risch, 1987</small> * ''[[Phyllonemus filinemus]]'' Worthington & Ricardo, 1937<small>Worthington da Ricardo, 1937</small> * ''Phyllonemus typus'' <small>Boulenger, 1906</small> (Spatula-barbeled catfish) == Manazarta == ih6u61ciy5pmmv0omm7j7j54lq8upsf 862036 862035 2026-06-20T13:24:29Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Phyllonemus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na claroteid wanda aka samo shi ne kawai a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . == Nau'o'in == Wannan nau'in a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi nau'o'in da aka sani guda uku: * ''[[Phyllonemus brichardi]]'' <small>Risch, 1987</small> * ''[[Phyllonemus filinemus]]'' Worthington & Ricardo, 1937<small>Worthington da Ricardo, 1937</small> * ''Phyllonemus typus'' <small>Boulenger, 1906</small> (Spatula-barbeled catfish) == Manazarta == gh9rxbma7ydlypbiso71z34sebbw9im 0 158877 862037 2026-06-20T13:26:17Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285386114|Spathodus]]" 862037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''''Spathodus''''' ƙaramin nau'in cichlids ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''Spathodus erythrodon'' Boulenger, 1900<small>Boulenger, shekara ta 1900</small> * Zaben ''Spathodus marlieri'', 1950<small>Zaben, 1950</small> == Bayanan da aka ambata == erdyuc6nud09ktbyio54qi3irztbypr 0 158878 862042 2026-06-20T14:05:09Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''Warka Water''' wata hasumiya ce da aka yi ta da gora da kuma raga ta polyester wacce masanin gine-gine na kasar Italiya Arturo Vittori ya kera domin tara raɓa, hazo, da ruwan sama daga sararin samaniya. Vittori ya ɓullo da ita ne domin samar da ruwan sha a yankunan karkara na kasar Habasha (Ethiopia) da sauran kasashen da ke fama da karancin tsaftataccen ruwa, kuma ya fara baje kolin aikin ne a bikin Venice Biennale of Architecture a shekarar 2012. Kayan kwalliyar ya lashe... 862042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warka Water''' wata hasumiya ce da aka yi ta da gora da kuma raga ta polyester wacce masanin gine-gine na kasar Italiya Arturo Vittori ya kera domin tara raɓa, hazo, da ruwan sama daga sararin samaniya. Vittori ya ɓullo da ita ne domin samar da ruwan sha a yankunan karkara na kasar Habasha (Ethiopia) da sauran kasashen da ke fama da karancin tsaftataccen ruwa, kuma ya fara baje kolin aikin ne a bikin Venice Biennale of Architecture a shekarar 2012. Kayan kwalliyar ya lashe lambar yabo ta World Design Impact Prize a shekarar 2016. == Tarihi == Daruruwan miliyoyin mutane a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara ba sa samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> A karkaran kasar Habasha, al'ummomi da dama har yanzu sun dogara ne ga koguna, magudanan ruwa da ba su da kariya, ko kuma madatsun ruwa, wadanda galibi suke gurbatacce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Vittori ya bayyana cewa ra'ayin ya zo masa ne yayin da ya ziyarci tuddai na kasar Habasha a shekarar 2012, inda ya ga mata da yara suna tafiya mai nisa domin neman ruwa.<ref name="dezeen">{{cite web |last=Pallister |first=James |date=2016-11-10 |title=Arturo Vittori's Warka Water towers harvest clean drinking water from the air |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2016/11/10/video-interview-arturo-vittori-warka-water-tower-ethiopia-sustainable-clean-drinking-water-movie/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=Dezeen}}</ref> An sanya wa hasumiyar suna ne bayan bishiyar warka (Ficus vasta), wata koton bishiyar ɓaure ce ta asalin kasar Habasha wacce galibi ake amfani da ita a matsayin gurin taron jama'a a kauyuka.<ref name="designboom2019">{{cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=Warka water towers collect clean drinking water from the 'lakes in the air' |url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/warka-water-tower-bamboo-sustainable-clean-drinking-water-air-02-15-2019/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=Designboom}}</ref> == Tsari da Aiki == Hasumiyar tana da tsayin mita 9.5 kuma tana da nauyin kilo 80. Siffar gora mai kusurwa uku ce ke samar da tsarin waje, wanda aka hada shi da igiya da waya maimakon sukurori ko kusoshi. Raga ta polyester tana rataye a ciki, kuma a nan ne raɓa ke taruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Warka Water Tower |url=https://www.engineeringforchange.org/solutions/product/warka-water-tower/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Engineering For Change |language=en-US}}</ref> Cikin dare da kuma sassafe, yayin da yanayi ke yin sanyi kuma damshi ke karuwa, ruwa na taruwa a jikin ragar sannan ya rika digowa zuwa cikin wani kwano da ke gindin hasumiyar.<ref name="dezeen" /> Tsarin kuma yana kama ruwan sama da hazo lokacin da yanayi ya bada dama. Wata rumfa ta yadi tana kare wani sashi na kwanon domin rage saurin kafeewar ruwa.<ref name="BFI">{{cite web |title=Warka Water |url=https://www.bfi.org/challenge/2015/warka-water/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Buckminster Fuller Institute}}</ref> Tsarin ragar yana yin koyi da tsarin halitta (biomimetics), inda aka aro fasalin daga jikin wasu kwari, gizo-gizo, da kaktus wadanda ke tara ruwa daga iska mai damshi.<ref name="designboom2019" /> Hasumiyar tana aiki ne ba tare da wutar lantarki ko wasu sassa masu motsi ba.<ref name=":0" /> Hasumiya guda daya tana iya tara lita 100 na ruwa a kowace rana, kodayake adadin da ake samu ya dogara da yanayin gurin.<ref name="dezeen" /><ref name="IJSER">{{cite journal |year=2019 |title=Warka Water Tower: A Detailed Study |url=https://www.ijser.in/archives/v7i1/IJSER18578.pdf |journal=International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> == Habaka Aiki == Vittori da masanin gine-gine na kasar Switzerland Andreas Vogler sun fara aiki a kan wannan ra'ayin ne a shekarar 2012 ta hanyar kamfaninsu na hadin gwiwa, Architecture and Vision ad7uhp1w7ptzs8rcjqomcil03xjdjwh 862043 862042 2026-06-20T14:06:02Z Sirjat 20447 /* Habaka Aiki */ 862043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warka Water''' wata hasumiya ce da aka yi ta da gora da kuma raga ta polyester wacce masanin gine-gine na kasar Italiya Arturo Vittori ya kera domin tara raɓa, hazo, da ruwan sama daga sararin samaniya. Vittori ya ɓullo da ita ne domin samar da ruwan sha a yankunan karkara na kasar Habasha (Ethiopia) da sauran kasashen da ke fama da karancin tsaftataccen ruwa, kuma ya fara baje kolin aikin ne a bikin Venice Biennale of Architecture a shekarar 2012. Kayan kwalliyar ya lashe lambar yabo ta World Design Impact Prize a shekarar 2016. == Tarihi == Daruruwan miliyoyin mutane a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara ba sa samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> A karkaran kasar Habasha, al'ummomi da dama har yanzu sun dogara ne ga koguna, magudanan ruwa da ba su da kariya, ko kuma madatsun ruwa, wadanda galibi suke gurbatacce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Vittori ya bayyana cewa ra'ayin ya zo masa ne yayin da ya ziyarci tuddai na kasar Habasha a shekarar 2012, inda ya ga mata da yara suna tafiya mai nisa domin neman ruwa.<ref name="dezeen">{{cite web |last=Pallister |first=James |date=2016-11-10 |title=Arturo Vittori's Warka Water towers harvest clean drinking water from the air |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2016/11/10/video-interview-arturo-vittori-warka-water-tower-ethiopia-sustainable-clean-drinking-water-movie/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=Dezeen}}</ref> An sanya wa hasumiyar suna ne bayan bishiyar warka (Ficus vasta), wata koton bishiyar ɓaure ce ta asalin kasar Habasha wacce galibi ake amfani da ita a matsayin gurin taron jama'a a kauyuka.<ref name="designboom2019">{{cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=Warka water towers collect clean drinking water from the 'lakes in the air' |url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/warka-water-tower-bamboo-sustainable-clean-drinking-water-air-02-15-2019/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=Designboom}}</ref> == Tsari da Aiki == Hasumiyar tana da tsayin mita 9.5 kuma tana da nauyin kilo 80. Siffar gora mai kusurwa uku ce ke samar da tsarin waje, wanda aka hada shi da igiya da waya maimakon sukurori ko kusoshi. Raga ta polyester tana rataye a ciki, kuma a nan ne raɓa ke taruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Warka Water Tower |url=https://www.engineeringforchange.org/solutions/product/warka-water-tower/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Engineering For Change |language=en-US}}</ref> Cikin dare da kuma sassafe, yayin da yanayi ke yin sanyi kuma damshi ke karuwa, ruwa na taruwa a jikin ragar sannan ya rika digowa zuwa cikin wani kwano da ke gindin hasumiyar.<ref name="dezeen" /> Tsarin kuma yana kama ruwan sama da hazo lokacin da yanayi ya bada dama. Wata rumfa ta yadi tana kare wani sashi na kwanon domin rage saurin kafeewar ruwa.<ref name="BFI">{{cite web |title=Warka Water |url=https://www.bfi.org/challenge/2015/warka-water/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Buckminster Fuller Institute}}</ref> Tsarin ragar yana yin koyi da tsarin halitta (biomimetics), inda aka aro fasalin daga jikin wasu kwari, gizo-gizo, da kaktus wadanda ke tara ruwa daga iska mai damshi.<ref name="designboom2019" /> Hasumiyar tana aiki ne ba tare da wutar lantarki ko wasu sassa masu motsi ba.<ref name=":0" /> Hasumiya guda daya tana iya tara lita 100 na ruwa a kowace rana, kodayake adadin da ake samu ya dogara da yanayin gurin.<ref name="dezeen" /><ref name="IJSER">{{cite journal |year=2019 |title=Warka Water Tower: A Detailed Study |url=https://www.ijser.in/archives/v7i1/IJSER18578.pdf |journal=International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> == Habaka Aiki == Vittori da masanin gine-gine na kasar Switzerland Andreas Vogler sun fara aiki a kan wannan ra'ayin ne a shekarar 2012 ta hanyar kamfaninsu na hadin gwiwa, Architecture and Vision.<ref name="archidatum">{{cite web |title=Warka Water / Architecture and Vision – Arturo Vittori |url=https://www.archidatum.com/projects/warka-water-architecture-and-vision-arturo-vittori/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Archidatum}}</ref> Sun gina samfura da yawa a kasar Italiya kafin su kafa hasumiyar gwaji ta farko a Dorze, wani kauye a Tuddan Gamo na kudancin Habasha, a shekarar 2015.<ref name="dezeen" /> A shekarar 2016, Vittori ya kafa kungiyar Warka Water Inc. a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Amurka domin samar da kudaden ci gaba da kuma kafa hasumiyoyi.<ref name="designboominterview">{{cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Harvesting water from the air: an interview with Warka Water founder Arturo Vittori |url=https://www.designboom.com/design/warka-water-arturo-vittori-interview-08-21-2020/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=Designboom}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2020, kungiyar ta dauki wani babban aiki a Mvoumagomi, kusa da Kribi a kudancin Kamaru. An sanya wa aikin suna "Warka Village," an gina shi ne don al'ummar Baka na gurin kuma ya hada hasumiyoyin ruwa guda uku tare da gidaje, makaranta, da gonaki, ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin da aka samo daga yankin.<ref name="archdaily">{{cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title=Warka Water and Arturo Vittori Create Integrated Village for the Rainforest Community in Cameroon |url=https://www.archdaily.com/946669/warka-water-and-arturo-vittori-create-integrated-village-for-the-rainforest-community-in-cameroon |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=ArchDaily}}</ref><ref name="metropolis">{{cite web |date=2021 |title=Arturo Vittori's Warka Village Nears Completion In Cameroon |url=https://metropolismag.com/projects/we-need-to-integrate-everything-arturo-vittoris-warka-village-nears-completion-in-cameroon/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=Metropolis}}</ref> An kuma kafa kararin hasumiyoyi a kasashen Togo da Haiti.<ref name="designboom2019" /> == Karbuwa == Warka Water ta lashe lambar yabo ta World Design Impact Prize 2015-2016, wanda Hukumar Rukunin Zane na Duniya (WDO) ta gabatar a taron World Design Capital Taipei 2016 a ranar 18 ga Maris 2016.<ref name="WDO">{{cite web |date=2016-03-18 |title=Social Design Award Presented at WDC Taipei 2016 Design Gala |url=https://wdo.org/press-release/social-design-award-presented-at-wdc-taipei-2016-design-gala/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=World Design Organization}}</ref><ref name="PRnewswire">{{cite press release |title=Sculptural Water Catchment System Warka Water Wins World Design Impact Prize 2015–2016 |date=2016-03-18 |publisher=PR Newswire |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sculptural-water-catchment-system-warka-water-wins-world-design-impact-prize-2015-2016-at-world-design-capitalr-taipei-2016-gala-300238691.html |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> An kuma zabi aikin a cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance don lambar yabo ta Aga Khan Award for Architecture a shekarar 2019.<ref name="AKDN">{{cite web |title=Warka Water |url=https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-trust-culture/akaa/warka-water |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Aga Khan Development Network}}</ref> Domin hasumiyoyin suna amfani da kayan da ba su da tsada kuma ba sa bukatar wutar lantarki, gudanar da su ya fi sauki fiye da tsarin samar da ruwa na zamani a yankuna masu nisa.<ref name="BFI" /> Suna bukatar kulawa akai-akai: raga tana tsufa, sassan gora suna bukatar canzawa, kuma tsawon rayuwar hasumiyar kusan shekaru goma ne.<ref name="newatlas">{{cite web |title=Warka Water promises to harness safe drinking water from the air |url=https://newatlas.com/warka-water-from-air/35721/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=New Atlas}}</ref> Ruwan da ake samu kuma ya dogara da yanayin gurin. Ruwan da aka tara yana iya bukatar tafasawa ko tacewa, domin kwari da sauran abubuwa na iya barin kwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a wuraren da ruwan ke taruwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Injin samar da ruwa daga iska * Taran hazo * Samar da ruwa da tsafta a Habasha == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Appropriate technology]] [[Category:Water supply]] [[Category:Sustainable design]] [[Category:Water in Ethiopia]] t4hy0hem3ar8xvdy19ulvr7z0tfnxm3 862046 862043 2026-06-20T14:07:18Z Sirjat 20447 862046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Warka Water''' wata hasumiya ce da aka yi ta da gora da kuma raga ta polyester wacce masanin gine-gine na kasar Italiya Arturo Vittori ya kera domin tara raɓa, hazo, da ruwan sama daga sararin samaniya. Vittori ya ɓullo da ita ne domin samar da ruwan sha a yankunan karkara na kasar Habasha (Ethiopia) da sauran kasashen da ke fama da karancin tsaftataccen ruwa, kuma ya fara baje kolin aikin ne a bikin Venice Biennale of Architecture a shekarar 2012. Kayan kwalliyar ya lashe lambar yabo ta World Design Impact Prize a shekarar 2016. == Tarihi == Daruruwan miliyoyin mutane a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara ba sa samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> A karkaran kasar Habasha, al'ummomi da dama har yanzu sun dogara ne ga koguna, magudanan ruwa da ba su da kariya, ko kuma madatsun ruwa, wadanda galibi suke gurbatacce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Vittori ya bayyana cewa ra'ayin ya zo masa ne yayin da ya ziyarci tuddai na kasar Habasha a shekarar 2012, inda ya ga mata da yara suna tafiya mai nisa domin neman ruwa.<ref name="dezeen">{{cite web |last=Pallister |first=James |date=2016-11-10 |title=Arturo Vittori's Warka Water towers harvest clean drinking water from the air |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2016/11/10/video-interview-arturo-vittori-warka-water-tower-ethiopia-sustainable-clean-drinking-water-movie/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=Dezeen}}</ref> An sanya wa hasumiyar suna ne bayan bishiyar warka (Ficus vasta), wata koton bishiyar ɓaure ce ta asalin kasar Habasha wacce galibi ake amfani da ita a matsayin gurin taron jama'a a kauyuka.<ref name="designboom2019">{{cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=Warka water towers collect clean drinking water from the 'lakes in the air' |url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/warka-water-tower-bamboo-sustainable-clean-drinking-water-air-02-15-2019/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=Designboom}}</ref> == Tsari da Aiki == Hasumiyar tana da tsayin mita 9.5 kuma tana da nauyin kilo 80. Siffar gora mai kusurwa uku ce ke samar da tsarin waje, wanda aka hada shi da igiya da waya maimakon sukurori ko kusoshi. Raga ta polyester tana rataye a ciki, kuma a nan ne raɓa ke taruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Warka Water Tower |url=https://www.engineeringforchange.org/solutions/product/warka-water-tower/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Engineering For Change |language=en-US}}</ref> Cikin dare da kuma sassafe, yayin da yanayi ke yin sanyi kuma damshi ke karuwa, ruwa na taruwa a jikin ragar sannan ya rika digowa zuwa cikin wani kwano da ke gindin hasumiyar.<ref name="dezeen" /> Tsarin kuma yana kama ruwan sama da hazo lokacin da yanayi ya bada dama. Wata rumfa ta yadi tana kare wani sashi na kwanon domin rage saurin kafeewar ruwa.<ref name="BFI">{{cite web |title=Warka Water |url=https://www.bfi.org/challenge/2015/warka-water/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Buckminster Fuller Institute}}</ref> Tsarin ragar yana yin koyi da tsarin halitta (biomimetics), inda aka aro fasalin daga jikin wasu kwari, gizo-gizo, da kaktus wadanda ke tara ruwa daga iska mai damshi.<ref name="designboom2019" /> Hasumiyar tana aiki ne ba tare da wutar lantarki ko wasu sassa masu motsi ba.<ref name=":0" /> Hasumiya guda daya tana iya tara lita 100 na ruwa a kowace rana, kodayake adadin da ake samu ya dogara da yanayin gurin.<ref name="dezeen" /><ref name="IJSER">{{cite journal |year=2019 |title=Warka Water Tower: A Detailed Study |url=https://www.ijser.in/archives/v7i1/IJSER18578.pdf |journal=International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> == Habaka Aiki == Vittori da masanin gine-gine na kasar Switzerland Andreas Vogler sun fara aiki a kan wannan ra'ayin ne a shekarar 2012 ta hanyar kamfaninsu na hadin gwiwa, Architecture and Vision.<ref name="archidatum">{{cite web |title=Warka Water / Architecture and Vision – Arturo Vittori |url=https://www.archidatum.com/projects/warka-water-architecture-and-vision-arturo-vittori/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Archidatum}}</ref> Sun gina samfura da yawa a kasar Italiya kafin su kafa hasumiyar gwaji ta farko a Dorze, wani kauye a Tuddan Gamo na kudancin Habasha, a shekarar 2015.<ref name="dezeen" /> A shekarar 2016, Vittori ya kafa kungiyar Warka Water Inc. a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Amurka domin samar da kudaden ci gaba da kuma kafa hasumiyoyi.<ref name="designboominterview">{{cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Harvesting water from the air: an interview with Warka Water founder Arturo Vittori |url=https://www.designboom.com/design/warka-water-arturo-vittori-interview-08-21-2020/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=Designboom}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2020, kungiyar ta dauki wani babban aiki a Mvoumagomi, kusa da Kribi a kudancin Kamaru. An sanya wa aikin suna "Warka Village," an gina shi ne don al'ummar Baka na gurin kuma ya hada hasumiyoyin ruwa guda uku tare da gidaje, makaranta, da gonaki, ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin da aka samo daga yankin.<ref name="archdaily">{{cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title=Warka Water and Arturo Vittori Create Integrated Village for the Rainforest Community in Cameroon |url=https://www.archdaily.com/946669/warka-water-and-arturo-vittori-create-integrated-village-for-the-rainforest-community-in-cameroon |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=ArchDaily}}</ref><ref name="metropolis">{{cite web |date=2021 |title=Arturo Vittori's Warka Village Nears Completion In Cameroon |url=https://metropolismag.com/projects/we-need-to-integrate-everything-arturo-vittoris-warka-village-nears-completion-in-cameroon/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=Metropolis}}</ref> An kuma kafa kararin hasumiyoyi a kasashen Togo da Haiti.<ref name="designboom2019" /> == Karbuwa == Warka Water ta lashe lambar yabo ta World Design Impact Prize 2015-2016, wanda Hukumar Rukunin Zane na Duniya (WDO) ta gabatar a taron World Design Capital Taipei 2016 a ranar 18 ga Maris 2016.<ref name="WDO">{{cite web |date=2016-03-18 |title=Social Design Award Presented at WDC Taipei 2016 Design Gala |url=https://wdo.org/press-release/social-design-award-presented-at-wdc-taipei-2016-design-gala/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=World Design Organization}}</ref><ref name="PRnewswire">{{cite press release |title=Sculptural Water Catchment System Warka Water Wins World Design Impact Prize 2015–2016 |date=2016-03-18 |publisher=PR Newswire |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sculptural-water-catchment-system-warka-water-wins-world-design-impact-prize-2015-2016-at-world-design-capitalr-taipei-2016-gala-300238691.html |access-date=2026-04-14}}</ref> An kuma zabi aikin a cikin jerin wadanda aka tantance don lambar yabo ta Aga Khan Award for Architecture a shekarar 2019.<ref name="AKDN">{{cite web |title=Warka Water |url=https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-trust-culture/akaa/warka-water |access-date=2026-04-14 |publisher=Aga Khan Development Network}}</ref> Domin hasumiyoyin suna amfani da kayan da ba su da tsada kuma ba sa bukatar wutar lantarki, gudanar da su ya fi sauki fiye da tsarin samar da ruwa na zamani a yankuna masu nisa.<ref name="BFI" /> Suna bukatar kulawa akai-akai: raga tana tsufa, sassan gora suna bukatar canzawa, kuma tsawon rayuwar hasumiyar kusan shekaru goma ne.<ref name="newatlas">{{cite web |title=Warka Water promises to harness safe drinking water from the air |url=https://newatlas.com/warka-water-from-air/35721/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=New Atlas}}</ref> Ruwan da ake samu kuma ya dogara da yanayin gurin. Ruwan da aka tara yana iya bukatar tafasawa ko tacewa, domin kwari da sauran abubuwa na iya barin kwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a wuraren da ruwan ke taruwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Injin samar da ruwa daga iska * Taran hazo * Samar da ruwa da tsafta a Habasha == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Appropriate technology]] [[Category:Water supply]] [[Category:Sustainable design]] [[Category:Water in Ethiopia]] h508sba5ev4ni15d4rmbt04y6pezg8i 1 158879 862044 2026-06-20T14:06:15Z Michaelmills293 46174 /* Dr Abel Damina Origin */ sabon sashe 862044 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dr Abel Damina Origin == Couples of questions are asked, Where is pastor Abel Damina from? Some are saying he's from Akwa Ibom State, others Kaduna. So where exactly is Abel Damina hails from?  [[User:Michaelmills293|Michaelmills293]] ([[User talk:Michaelmills293|talk]]) 14:06, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) e0a8693w9bwmuxqd95rpgqn6eliowvt 0 158880 862059 2026-06-20T15:36:43Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 862059 wikitext text/x-wiki zubar da jini a cikin farji duk wani fitar da jini ne daga farji. Wannan zubar da jini na iya samo asali ne daga mahaifa, bango na farji, ko cervix.[1] Gabaɗaya, ko dai wani ɓangare ne na sake zagayowar haila na yau da kullun ko kuma ya haifar da hormonal ko wasu matsalolin tsarin haihuwa, kamar zubar da jini na mahaifa. zubar da jini na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru na haihuwa, haila, tsari ne na al'ada. A lokacin haihuwa, zubar da jini wanda yake da nauyi sosai (menorrhagia ko zubar da ciki mai tsanani), yana faruwa tsakanin lokutan haila na kowane wata (zubar da jinin tsakanin haila), yana faruwa akai-akai fiye da kowane kwanaki 21 (zubar jini na mahaifa), yana faruwa sau da yawa (oligomenorrhea), ko yana faruwa bayan jima'i na al'i (jinin bayan jima'a) ya kamata a kimanta shi.[1][2] Abubuwan da ke haifar da zubar da jini na al'aura sun bambanta da shekaru, [1] kuma irin wannan zubar da ciki na iya zama alamar takamaiman yanayin kiwon lafiya daga Rashin daidaituwa na hormone ko anovulation zuwa mummunar cuta (ciwon daji na ciki, ciwon daji na al'ada ko ciwon daji. [2] A cikin yara ƙanana, ko tsofaffi tare da raunin fahimta, tushen zubar da jini bazai bayyane ba, kuma yana iya kasancewa daga hanyar fitsari (hematuria) ko rectum maimakon farji, kodayake yawancin mata masu girma na iya gano wurin zubar da jinin.[3] Lokacin da zubar da jini a cikin farjiyar ya faru a cikin yara masu tasowa ko a cikin mata masu tasowa, koyaushe yana buƙatar kulawar likita.[4][5][3] zubar da jini a lokacin daukar ciki na iya zama na al'ada, musamman a farkon ciki.[1] Koyaya, zubar da jini na iya nuna rikitarwa na ciki wanda ke buƙatar magance shi ta hanyar likita.[1] A lokacin daukar ciki zubar da jini yawanci, amma ba koyaushe ba, yana da alaƙa da ciki kanta. tspq7ubxwqiyz3lrksz997pt9ehpp8e 862064 862059 2026-06-20T15:42:15Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 862064 wikitext text/x-wiki zubar da jini a cikin farji duk wani fitar da jini ne daga farji. Wannan zubar da jini na iya samo asali ne daga mahaifa, bango na farji, ko cervix.<ref>https://medlineplus.gov/vaginalbleeding.html</ref> Gabaɗaya, ko dai wani ɓangare ne na sake zagayowar haila na yau da kullun ko kuma ya haifar da hormonal ko wasu matsalolin tsarin haihuwa, kamar zubar da jini na mahaifa. zubar da jini na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru na haihuwa, haila, tsari ne na al'ada. A lokacin haihuwa, zubar da jini wanda yake da nauyi sosai (menorrhagia ko zubar da ciki mai tsanani), yana faruwa tsakanin lokutan haila na kowane wata (zubar da jinin tsakanin haila), yana faruwa akai-akai fiye da kowane kwanaki 21 (zubar jini na mahaifa), yana faruwa sau da yawa (oligomenorrhea), ko yana faruwa bayan jima'i na al'i (jinin bayan jima'a) ya kamata a kimanta shi.<ref>https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/abnormal-uterine-bleeding</ref> <ref>https://www.acog.org/en/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2013/04/management-of-acute-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-in-nonpregnant-reproductive-aged-women</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da zubar da jini na al'aura sun bambanta da shekaru, kuma irin wannan zubar da ciki na iya zama alamar takamaiman yanayin kiwon lafiya daga Rashin daidaituwa na hormone ko anovulation zuwa mummunar cuta (ciwon daji na ciki, ciwon daji na al'ada ko ciwon daji. A cikin yara ƙanana, ko tsofaffi tare da raunin fahimta, tushen zubar da jini bazai bayyane ba, kuma yana iya kasancewa daga hanyar fitsari (hematuria) ko rectum maimakon farji, kodayake yawancin mata masu girma na iya gano wurin zubar da jinin. Lokacin da zubar da jini a cikin farjiyar ya faru a cikin yara masu tasowa ko a cikin mata masu tasowa, koyaushe yana buƙatar kulawar likita.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951032</ref> zubar da jini a lokacin daukar ciki na iya zama na al'ada, musamman a farkon ciki.[1] Koyaya, zubar da jini na iya nuna rikitarwa na ciki wanda ke buƙatar magance shi ta hanyar likita. A lokacin daukar ciki zubar da jini yawanci, amma ba koyaushe ba, yana da alaƙa da ciki kanta. ==Manazarta== 83hgr17e3kwor1v4ghtsgb4r11wtqoc 862075 862064 2026-06-20T15:54:55Z Mustysummy 21281 SAKA DATABOX 862075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}zubar da jini a cikin farji duk wani fitar da jini ne daga farji. Wannan zubar da jini na iya samo asali ne daga mahaifa, bango na farji, ko cervix.<ref>https://medlineplus.gov/vaginalbleeding.html</ref> Gabaɗaya, ko dai wani ɓangare ne na sake zagayowar haila na yau da kullun ko kuma ya haifar da hormonal ko wasu matsalolin tsarin haihuwa, kamar zubar da jini na mahaifa. zubar da jini na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru na haihuwa, haila, tsari ne na al'ada. A lokacin haihuwa, zubar da jini wanda yake da nauyi sosai (menorrhagia ko zubar da ciki mai tsanani), yana faruwa tsakanin lokutan haila na kowane wata (zubar da jinin tsakanin haila), yana faruwa akai-akai fiye da kowane kwanaki 21 (zubar jini na mahaifa), yana faruwa sau da yawa (oligomenorrhea), ko yana faruwa bayan jima'i na al'i (jinin bayan jima'a) ya kamata a kimanta shi.<ref>https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/abnormal-uterine-bleeding</ref> <ref>https://www.acog.org/en/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2013/04/management-of-acute-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-in-nonpregnant-reproductive-aged-women</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da zubar da jini na al'aura sun bambanta da shekaru, kuma irin wannan zubar da ciki na iya zama alamar takamaiman yanayin kiwon lafiya daga Rashin daidaituwa na hormone ko anovulation zuwa mummunar cuta (ciwon daji na ciki, ciwon daji na al'ada ko ciwon daji. A cikin yara ƙanana, ko tsofaffi tare da raunin fahimta, tushen zubar da jini bazai bayyane ba, kuma yana iya kasancewa daga hanyar fitsari (hematuria) ko rectum maimakon farji, kodayake yawancin mata masu girma na iya gano wurin zubar da jinin. Lokacin da zubar da jini a cikin farjiyar ya faru a cikin yara masu tasowa ko a cikin mata masu tasowa, koyaushe yana buƙatar kulawar likita.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951032</ref> zubar da jini a lokacin daukar ciki na iya zama na al'ada, musamman a farkon ciki.[1] Koyaya, zubar da jini na iya nuna rikitarwa na ciki wanda ke buƙatar magance shi ta hanyar likita. A lokacin daukar ciki zubar da jini yawanci, amma ba koyaushe ba, yana da alaƙa da ciki kanta. ==Manazarta== 6b8bflbd6iverlsgfn6l3syfgf6tq3k 0 158881 862081 2026-06-20T16:00:37Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 862081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Edward John Thornewill''' == Manazarta == rrg970sco8al63kyiknsyly48tbrpf1 862082 862081 2026-06-20T16:02:41Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Edward John Thornewill'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thornewill</ref> (3 Afrilu 1836 - 22 Maris 1901) mallakin dawakin tsere ne na Ingila kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ɗan wasan kurket ne wanda ya buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya na farko ga Jami'ar Cambridge a 1856. An yi jayayya game da wurin haihuwarsa: a wata majiya, an haife shi a "Newton, Derbyshire", wanda kuma yana iya nufin Newton Solney; a wata majiya kuma, an haife shi a gidan iyali, Dovecliff Hall, a Stretton, Staffordshire. Ya mutu a Algiers, Algeria. == Manazarta == puifc3r100zn51pvzthglow7m6q6oto 862084 862082 2026-06-20T16:06:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Edward John Thornewill'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thornewill</ref> (3 Afrilu 1836 - 22 Maris 1901) mallakin dawakin tsere ne na Ingila kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ɗan wasan kurket ne wanda ya buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya na farko ga Jami'ar Cambridge a 1856. An yi jayayya game da wurin haihuwarsa: a wata majiya, an haife shi a "Newton, Derbyshire", wanda kuma yana iya nufin Newton Solney; a wata majiya kuma, an haife shi a gidan iyali, Dovecliff Hall, a Stretton, Staffordshire. Ya mutu a Algiers, Algeria. Thornewill ɗa ne ga wani Edward Thornewill kuma jikan malamin ƙarfe na Staffordshire Thomas Thornewill; ya yi karatu a Harrow School da kuma Trinity College, Cambridge. Babu wani tarihi da ya nuna cewa ya buga wasan kurket a Harrow, kuma wasansa ɗaya da ya buga wa Jami'ar Cambridge shine Wasan Jami'a na 1856 da Jami'ar Oxford, lokacin da ya yi bugun daga lamba 11 a zagayen farko na Cambridge, ya ci 1, sannan ya buɗe bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a zagaye na biyu kuma bai ci ƙwallo ba. Duk da haka, ya buga ƙananan wasanni bayan ya bar Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket na tsakiya, kodayake bai sake buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya ba. Thonewill ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1858 da digirin farko na Fasaha. Ya shiga kasuwanci a matsayin mai sayar da masara a Liverpool kuma ya shahara a matsayin mai mallakar dawakin tsere. Shi ne mamallakin == Manazarta == ad5lusk6k5mi6zdj9mnqsschu3ntg66 862085 862084 2026-06-20T16:06:59Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 862085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Edward John Thornewill'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thornewill</ref> (3 Afrilu 1836 - 22 Maris 1901) mallakin dawakin tsere ne na Ingila kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ɗan wasan kurket ne wanda ya buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya na farko ga Jami'ar Cambridge a 1856. An yi jayayya game da wurin haihuwarsa: a wata majiya, an haife shi a "Newton, Derbyshire", wanda kuma yana iya nufin Newton Solney; a wata majiya kuma, an haife shi a gidan iyali, Dovecliff Hall, a Stretton, Staffordshire. Ya mutu a Algiers, Algeria. Thornewill ɗa ne ga wani Edward Thornewill kuma jikan malamin ƙarfe na Staffordshire Thomas Thornewill; ya yi karatu a Harrow School da kuma Trinity College, Cambridge. Babu wani tarihi da ya nuna cewa ya buga wasan kurket a Harrow, kuma wasansa ɗaya da ya buga wa Jami'ar Cambridge shine Wasan Jami'a na 1856 da Jami'ar Oxford, lokacin da ya yi bugun daga lamba 11 a zagayen farko na Cambridge, ya ci 1, sannan ya buɗe bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a zagaye na biyu kuma bai ci ƙwallo ba. Duk da haka, ya buga ƙananan wasanni bayan ya bar Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket na tsakiya, kodayake bai sake buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya ba. Thornewill ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1858 da digirin farko na Fasaha. Ya fara kasuwanci a matsayin dillalin masara a Liverpool kuma ya shahara a matsayin mai dawakin tsere. Shi ne mamallakin Gamecock, dokin da ya lashe gasar Grand National ta 1887, kodayake rahotanni na zamani sun danganta mamallakin ga "Mr E. Jay". == Manazarta == 5iw4ip329h6ez9q62omw868l1lh3o1z 862087 862085 2026-06-20T16:07:56Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Edward John Thornewill'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thornewill</ref> (3 Afrilu 1836 - 22 Maris 1901) mallakin dawakin tsere ne na Ingila kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ɗan wasan kurket ne wanda ya buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya na farko ga Jami'ar Cambridge a 1856. An yi jayayya game da wurin haihuwarsa: a wata majiya, an haife shi a "Newton, Derbyshire", wanda kuma yana iya nufin Newton Solney; a wata majiya kuma, an haife shi a gidan iyali, Dovecliff Hall, a Stretton, Staffordshire. Ya mutu a Algiers, Algeria. Thornewill ɗa ne ga wani Edward Thornewill kuma jikan malamin ƙarfe na Staffordshire Thomas Thornewill; ya yi karatu a Harrow School da kuma Trinity College, Cambridge. Babu wani tarihi da ya nuna cewa ya buga wasan kurket a Harrow, kuma wasansa ɗaya da ya buga wa Jami'ar Cambridge shine Wasan Jami'a na 1856 da Jami'ar Oxford, lokacin da ya yi bugun daga lamba 11 a zagayen farko na Cambridge, ya ci 1, sannan ya buɗe bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a zagaye na biyu kuma bai ci ƙwallo ba. Duk da haka, ya buga ƙananan wasanni bayan ya bar Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket na tsakiya, kodayake bai sake buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya ba. Thornewill ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1858 da digirin farko na Fasaha. Ya fara kasuwanci a matsayin dillalin masara a Liverpool kuma ya shahara a matsayin mai dawakin tsere. Shi ne mamallakin Gamecock, dokin da ya lashe gasar Grand National ta 1887, kodayake rahotanni na zamani sun danganta mamallakin ga "Mr E. Jay". == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 8gd3z0ighu3jemcmlwobw1itlhsjllz 862089 862087 2026-06-20T16:12:23Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Edward John Thornewill'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thornewill</ref> (3 Afrilu 1836 - 22 Maris 1901) mallakin dawakin tsere ne na Ingila kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ɗan wasan kurket ne wanda ya buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya na farko ga Jami'ar Cambridge a 1856. An yi jayayya game da wurin haihuwarsa: a wata majiya, an haife shi a "Newton, Derbyshire", wanda kuma yana iya nufin Newton Solney; a wata majiya kuma, an haife shi a gidan iyali, Dovecliff Hall, a Stretton, Staffordshire. Ya mutu a Algiers, Algeria.<ref> name="ca">{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/37/37799/37799.html| title = Edward Thornewill| publisher = CricketArchive |url-access=subscription | access-date = 9 July 2017}}</ref> Thornewill ɗa ne ga wani Edward Thornewill kuma jikan malamin ƙarfe na Staffordshire Thomas Thornewill; ya yi karatu a Harrow School da kuma Trinity College, Cambridge. Babu wani tarihi da ya nuna cewa ya buga wasan kurket a Harrow, kuma wasansa ɗaya da ya buga wa Jami'ar Cambridge shine Wasan Jami'a na 1856 da Jami'ar Oxford, lokacin da ya yi bugun daga lamba 11 a zagayen farko na Cambridge, ya ci 1, sannan ya buɗe bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a zagaye na biyu kuma bai ci ƙwallo ba. Duk da haka, ya buga ƙananan wasanni bayan ya bar Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket na tsakiya, kodayake bai sake buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya ba.<ref>https://archive.org/stream/p2alumnicantabri06univuoft#page/172/mode/2up</ref> Thornewill ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1858 da digirin farko na Fasaha. Ya fara kasuwanci a matsayin dillalin masara a Liverpool kuma ya shahara a matsayin mai dawakin tsere. Shi ne mamallakin Gamecock, dokin da ya lashe gasar Grand National ta 1887, kodayake rahotanni na zamani sun danganta mamallakin ga "Mr E. Jay".<ref>https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1/1052.html</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} r9i5i880hgz3asq9394qmy5s7wo4un8 0 158882 862083 2026-06-20T16:03:05Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 862083 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin magani, balaga mai saurin balaga shine balaga da ke faruwa a farkon shekaru. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsari na al'ada ne a kowane bangare sai dai farkon shekarun da ba a saba gani ba kuma kawai yana wakiltar bambancin ci gaba na al'adu. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.[1] Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.[1][2] Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, "farkon balaga" wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da "precocity" na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar), [1] akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.[2] 4ndohsykvdap0ov4gkfjhtqfzswutog 862086 862083 2026-06-20T16:07:41Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 862086 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin magani, balaga mai saurin balaga shine balaga da ke faruwa a farkon shekaru. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsari na al'ada ne a kowane bangare sai dai farkon shekarun da ba a saba gani ba kuma kawai yana wakiltar bambancin ci gaba na al'adu. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.<ref>https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html#</ref> Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.<ref>https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf</ref> <ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29094880</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, "farkon balaga" wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da "precocity" na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar), akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.<ref>https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973</ref> hhq4c79ezbkixnfyuy2wk6wzq36e4rz 862088 862086 2026-06-20T16:09:03Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 862088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A cikin magani, balaga mai saurin balaga shine balaga da ke faruwa a farkon shekaru. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsari na al'ada ne a kowane bangare sai dai farkon shekarun da ba a saba gani ba kuma kawai yana wakiltar bambancin ci gaba na al'adu. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.<ref>https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html#</ref> Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.<ref>https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf</ref> <ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29094880</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, "farkon balaga" wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da "precocity" na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar), akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.<ref>https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973</ref> 4fdf3x7haoxoinfccrnr8r8qa9xh7hg 0 158883 862090 2026-06-20T16:12:40Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 862090 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwayoyin jima'i, wanda aka fi sani da Steroids na jima'i (sex steroids), gonadocorticoids da gonadal steroids, sune hormones na steroid waɗanda ke hulɗa tare da Masu karɓar hormone na steroid.[1] Kwayoyin jima'i sun hada da androgens, estrogen, da progestogens. Sakamakon su yana da matsakaici ta hanyar jinkirin hanyoyin genomic ta hanyar masu karɓar nukiliya da kuma hanyoyin da ba su da sauri ta hanyar masu masu karɓar membrane-associated da siginar sigina.[2] Wasu hormones na polypeptide ciki har da hormone na luteinizing, hormone mai motsawa, da hormone mai saki gonadotropin - kowannensu yana da alaƙa da gonadotropine axis - yawanci ba a ɗauka a matsayin hormones na jima'i ba, kodayake suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ta jima'i. Kwayoyin jima'i na halitta ana yin su ne ta hanyar gonads (ovaries ko testicles), [1] ta hanyar glandin adrenal, ko ta hanyar juyawa daga wasu steroids na jima'i a wasu nama kamar hanta ko kitse. [2] reu214bnb3gsgc3obn0gbz9f0fv6x9u 862092 862090 2026-06-20T16:15:34Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 862092 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwayoyin jima'i, wanda aka fi sani da Steroids na jima'i (sex steroids), gonadocorticoids da gonadal steroids, sune hormones na steroid waɗanda ke hulɗa tare da Masu karɓar hormone na steroid.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04460.x</ref> Kwayoyin jima'i sun hada da androgens, estrogen, da progestogens. Sakamakon su yana da matsakaici ta hanyar jinkirin hanyoyin genomic ta hanyar masu karɓar nukiliya da kuma hanyoyin da ba su da sauri ta hanyar masu masu karɓar membrane-associated da siginar sigina.<ref>http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/201107</ref> Wasu hormones na polypeptide ciki har da hormone na luteinizing, hormone mai motsawa, da hormone mai saki gonadotropin - kowannensu yana da alaƙa da gonadotropine axis - yawanci ba a ɗauka a matsayin hormones na jima'i ba, kodayake suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ta jima'i. Kwayoyin jima'i na halitta ana yin su ne ta hanyar gonads (ovaries ko testicles), [1] ta hanyar glandin adrenal, ko ta hanyar juyawa daga wasu steroids na jima'i a wasu nama kamar hanta ko kitse. hv1k7xu8rmrq7u2nuv5r2dddyt9b1s8 862093 862092 2026-06-20T16:17:07Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 862093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Kwayoyin jima'i, wanda aka fi sani da Steroids na jima'i (sex steroids), gonadocorticoids da gonadal steroids, sune hormones na steroid waɗanda ke hulɗa tare da Masu karɓar hormone na steroid.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04460.x</ref> Kwayoyin jima'i sun hada da androgens, estrogen, da progestogens. Sakamakon su yana da matsakaici ta hanyar jinkirin hanyoyin genomic ta hanyar masu karɓar nukiliya da kuma hanyoyin da ba su da sauri ta hanyar masu masu karɓar membrane-associated da siginar sigina.<ref>http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/201107</ref> Wasu hormones na polypeptide ciki har da hormone na luteinizing, hormone mai motsawa, da hormone mai saki gonadotropin - kowannensu yana da alaƙa da gonadotropine axis - yawanci ba a ɗauka a matsayin hormones na jima'i ba, kodayake suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ta jima'i. Kwayoyin jima'i na halitta ana yin su ne ta hanyar gonads (ovaries ko testicles), [1] ta hanyar glandin adrenal, ko ta hanyar juyawa daga wasu steroids na jima'i a wasu nama kamar hanta ko kitse. hz4esw3ngn6d4u6zndzh8m47ei40s2w 0 158884 862094 2026-06-20T16:19:52Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 Sabon shafi: An haifi Radeeya Jibril a jihar legas dake Kudancin nigeria daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar kannywood tana da Ya mace guda daya 862094 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Radeeya Jibril a jihar legas dake Kudancin nigeria daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar kannywood tana da Ya mace guda daya aj573m65nt3jcbwctu47ja2x1pnrles 862095 862094 2026-06-20T16:22:22Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862095 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Radeeya Jibril a jihar legas dake Kudancin nigeria daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya e9zjnsygnk8r3t9xkrs7cpvd1pzoobr 862098 862095 2026-06-20T16:28:32Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862098 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Radeeya Jibril a jihar legas dake Kudancin nigeria daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna 6gjkzcp1h3snsksnqzzpqv5i2wl62js 862100 862098 2026-06-20T16:31:23Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862100 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Radeeya Jibril a jihar legas dake Kudancin nigeria daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba dade sauransu. sqzvv0ixp6nhfsvj6q7gm7848vujy63 862112 862100 2026-06-20T16:41:12Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifa ta a jihar legas dake Kudancin nigeria daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba dade sauransu. lto1rhglup7n4cqpyp2zkauo8ubt2ts 862125 862112 2026-06-20T16:45:18Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifa ta a jihar [[legas]] dake Kudancin nigeria daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba dade sauransu. 6urt8702153tl531oav0diepv2qaowj 862129 862125 2026-06-20T16:46:53Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifa ta a jihar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]]daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba dade sauransu. iv6a0bj87j5tz3lw0bdglsgegkxhrhd 862132 862129 2026-06-20T16:47:18Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifa ta a jihar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba dade sauransu. 3m0dxm83zkwso87l1r15xeb32macv4s 862134 862132 2026-06-20T16:48:18Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haife ta a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba dade sauransu. 1t1p29wymgqlw1elog2evee04xwt9ft 862138 862134 2026-06-20T16:49:29Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haife ta a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. s0b42n13k16j3r5qzso3j69zmmnbn7o 862143 862138 2026-06-20T16:50:59Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haife ta a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] daga baya takoma kaduna da zama harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. 0scxkhqah0am6s0alczfsxon4mi462p 862161 862143 2026-06-20T16:58:46Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haife ta a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] amm daga baya takoma kaduna da zama, harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) ta tabayin aure tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. 49z4spbjtpz85yzttc18f99jxd5fe88 862175 862161 2026-06-20T17:03:33Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] amm daga baya takoma kaduna da zama, harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) ta tabayin aure tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. 41pyvpcdpqfplekay7r7zp32zs7oatm 862182 862175 2026-06-20T17:05:59Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril a jahar December 7,1993.[[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] amm daga baya takoma kaduna da zama, harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) ta tabayin aure tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. nt2a1rme920000wyyh3b6gx5o2mqvh3 862189 862182 2026-06-20T17:08:01Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril December 7,1993. a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] amm daga baya takoma kaduna da zama, harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) ta tabayin aure tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. htf5tr93x96ywm64tc2s2u30tb77epq 862203 862189 2026-06-20T17:14:42Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril December 7,1993. a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama,acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) ta tabayin aure tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. dqq6n0nrz9vf210xenll3dqido4hg4u 862208 862203 2026-06-20T17:17:58Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril December 7,1993. a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Nigeria]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama,acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. kt82v8mktr0z9ogjoowmrtvuaucvnwi 862226 862208 2026-06-20T17:25:02Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril December 7,1993. a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama,acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. poskasolv21qrj83gasrew8hxsb1alu 862231 862226 2026-06-20T17:25:51Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril December 7,1993. a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. 1a7ul3orm5xaq85uizt1vzjjtmtcv5l 862234 862231 2026-06-20T17:30:56Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne a ranar December (7) "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. qdjm56j22zipbmj6qhma970h39djtg4 862241 862234 2026-06-20T17:32:34Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne a watan December (7) "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. h47sb0czu63y5uuebowf41vkl3caojo 862245 862241 2026-06-20T17:35:19Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. ptlnyvkl51fl0youyulovcipc9sqicv 862265 862245 2026-06-20T17:43:07Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya == Fina finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. 2dt4qrpo2y0qwbftxrf64m4k5s17fiz 862268 862265 2026-06-20T17:43:38Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. se1ijj0nchu76xu5x2zqusw3e58mklh 862282 862268 2026-06-20T17:50:33Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- Uku Sau Uku,Lulu da Andalu,Dan Jarida,Madafar Kauna,Fatake,Wani Dare, Saheeba, dade sauransu. d91estlzwb4dcexpojfy85hs49iteb1 862288 862282 2026-06-20T17:52:37Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- qab7xy4dqcdf3mh013sz7p2l9s9bubu 862289 862288 2026-06-20T17:53:07Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin kaduna da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- 1uom5klzjazzrw7gy7fny276wpq1sgv 862297 862289 2026-06-20T17:55:04Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- a6ntgljelfjc2ljxrqmaryisuwpov5y 862875 862297 2026-06-21T11:32:09Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 45pxlgviu882w4775jkl2schg649yrp 862876 862875 2026-06-21T11:32:52Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | nbykd5v8ribpwmq5hi9byec6cfngr2y 862878 862876 2026-06-21T11:34:08Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | "Dan jarida 4ud8qddhfbpwkh2wizdluivdm2qb51w 862879 862878 2026-06-21T11:35:22Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' euwmszy0r3er7dno02clz18tj3ynavt 862880 862879 2026-06-21T11:36:37Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | h7mei1lloye5g70kecuysdse1lknfo6 862881 862880 2026-06-21T11:37:24Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai rrlwr8klmssc6lagzis2jbih2fehskn 862882 862881 2026-06-21T11:37:49Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan mfm1x9ovhigqs15ygz2mmgaw4q3czb9 862883 862882 2026-06-21T11:38:31Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwai fy4pyeuw0ar46tlvu760dglg81xrjws 862885 862883 2026-06-21T11:38:56Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo bobwsoyyrc8un2jhgamat1rtpndwz2u 862886 862885 2026-06-21T11:39:28Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | 93h7jdsj9jzw3qhltlgd3wtbd2vcoyg 862887 862886 2026-06-21T11:40:15Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan qhnsk4ujpkdgba2w0it0bl7e79ymqgm 862888 862887 2026-06-21T11:41:36Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwai jd56wbz8f7pjreq60k1b1dage5gvo6w 862889 862888 2026-06-21T11:41:54Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwa 45d5dru2wiagunue12gaqxuzxo73sv3 862890 862889 2026-06-21T11:42:14Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo 44xzf993z9cgufo9ce0e2zlj15ejyda 862891 862890 2026-06-21T11:42:40Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862891 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | l4x61t4j2v9i2fx7t9eqtw878n3ed0t 862892 862891 2026-06-21T11:43:13Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar rwpm9fbxk60me34os6yz16cjx3j7uwg 862894 862892 2026-06-21T11:43:34Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina jrx3lhlusz0aarqhopkj375utb4tom1 862895 862894 2026-06-21T11:43:53Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina- fd2l0whhixr8xnjzfzpdzxzf6x9jkp7 862896 862895 2026-06-21T11:44:12Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finai c52mwbial48ffgdxl995tfx9xbjkt1w 862897 862896 2026-06-21T11:45:21Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 862897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Radeeya Jibril''''' An haifi Radeeya Jibril ne (7) ga watan December "1993") a jahar [[Legas]] dake Kudancin [[Najeriya]] amma daga baya sun koma garin [[Kaduna]] da zama, acan ta girma harma tayi karatun ta acan, jaruma ce a masana’antar (kannywood) tayi aure tarabu da mijinta tana da Ya mace guda daya. == Fina Finai== Ta fito a finafinai da dama daga cikin su akwai: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Nau’i ! Kamfanin Samarwa |- | 2022 | ''Dan jarida'' | Mai wasan kwaikwayo | Wasan kwaikwayo | Duniyar Fina-Finai | 4sb1xny6pqwu1n55u38z7keb07b2xvt 0 158885 862096 2026-06-20T16:23:41Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 862096 wikitext text/x-wiki Rashin jini mai tsanani (HMB), wanda a baya aka sani da menorrhagia ko haematomunia, lokaci ne na haila tare da yawan gaske. Wani nau'i ne na zubar da jini a cikin mahaifa (AUB).<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijgo.2010.11.011</ref> <ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28499529</ref> Rashin zubar da jini na mahaifa na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na tsari a cikin hanyar haihuwa, tsallake ovulation (anovulation), cututtukan zubar da ciki, matsalolin hormonal (kamar hypothyroidism) ko ciwon daji na hanyar haihuwa.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6246024</ref> Binciken farko yayin ganewar asali yana da niyyar tantance yanayin ciki, yanayin menopausal, da kuma tushen zubar da jini. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar gano yanayin shine zubar da jini wanda ya wuce kwanaki 7 ko asarar fiye da 80 mL na jini. ==Manzarta== qp0wcrx0ungrun7cl3b7o1ldj8o5s8z 862097 862096 2026-06-20T16:24:47Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 862097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Rashin jini mai tsanani (HMB), wanda a baya aka sani da menorrhagia ko haematomunia, lokaci ne na haila tare da yawan gaske. Wani nau'i ne na zubar da jini a cikin mahaifa (AUB).<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijgo.2010.11.011</ref> <ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28499529</ref> Rashin zubar da jini na mahaifa na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na tsari a cikin hanyar haihuwa, tsallake ovulation (anovulation), cututtukan zubar da ciki, matsalolin hormonal (kamar hypothyroidism) ko ciwon daji na hanyar haihuwa.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6246024</ref> Binciken farko yayin ganewar asali yana da niyyar tantance yanayin ciki, yanayin menopausal, da kuma tushen zubar da jini. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar gano yanayin shine zubar da jini wanda ya wuce kwanaki 7 ko asarar fiye da 80 mL na jini. ==Manzarta== 0mgewh2e33zbduncvqkl07wj6ix146u 0 158886 862099 2026-06-20T16:31:03Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manzarta 862099 wikitext text/x-wiki zubar da jini na farko (wanda ake kira zubar da ciki na farko) zubar da jinin farji ne kafin makonni 13 na shekarun haihuwa.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=54_pNDdevZ8C&pg=PA423</ref> zubar da jini da wuri na ciki ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin kashi 25% na ciki. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da zubar da jini na farko ba su da ƙarin rikitarwa. Koyaya, kashi 50% na ciki tare da zubar da jini na farko ya ƙare a cikin zubar da ciki.<ref>https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/bleeding-during-pregnancy</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da zubar da jini a farkon ciki sun haɗa da zubar ciki, ciki na ectopic, da kuma haematomas na subchorionic. Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da shi sun haɗa da zubar da jini, cututtukan ciki, canje-canje na mahaifa, ko kamuwa da cuta. Binciken zubar da jini na farko ya haɗa da tarihi da jarrabawar jiki (ciki har da jarraba ta speculum), hotuna ta amfani da ultrasound, da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kamar gwajin jini na beta-hCG da ABO / Rh. Magani ya dogara da ainihin dalilin. Ana nuna gudanarwa ta gaggawa ga marasa lafiya tare da asarar jini mai yawa ko rashin daidaituwa na jini. Ana ba da shawarar globulin na rigakafin D a cikin waɗanda ba su da Rh-negative. Za'a iya magance asarar ciki da wuri tare da kula da tsammanin, magani, ko shiga tsakani. Ana iya kula da ciki na Ectopic tare da magani ko gudanar da tiyata, kodayake ana buƙatar shiga tsakani na gaggawa idan ciki ya fashe.<ref>https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html</ref> dm446nqo10btsda5thjl7zdrb2098f0 862101 862099 2026-06-20T16:32:44Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 862101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}zubar da jini na farko (wanda ake kira zubar da ciki na farko) zubar da jinin farji ne kafin makonni 13 na shekarun haihuwa.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=54_pNDdevZ8C&pg=PA423</ref> zubar da jini da wuri na ciki ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin kashi 25% na ciki. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da zubar da jini na farko ba su da ƙarin rikitarwa. Koyaya, kashi 50% na ciki tare da zubar da jini na farko ya ƙare a cikin zubar da ciki.<ref>https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/bleeding-during-pregnancy</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da zubar da jini a farkon ciki sun haɗa da zubar ciki, ciki na ectopic, da kuma haematomas na subchorionic. Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da shi sun haɗa da zubar da jini, cututtukan ciki, canje-canje na mahaifa, ko kamuwa da cuta. Binciken zubar da jini na farko ya haɗa da tarihi da jarrabawar jiki (ciki har da jarraba ta speculum), hotuna ta amfani da ultrasound, da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kamar gwajin jini na beta-hCG da ABO / Rh. Magani ya dogara da ainihin dalilin. Ana nuna gudanarwa ta gaggawa ga marasa lafiya tare da asarar jini mai yawa ko rashin daidaituwa na jini. Ana ba da shawarar globulin na rigakafin D a cikin waɗanda ba su da Rh-negative. Za'a iya magance asarar ciki da wuri tare da kula da tsammanin, magani, ko shiga tsakani. Ana iya kula da ciki na Ectopic tare da magani ko gudanar da tiyata, kodayake ana buƙatar shiga tsakani na gaggawa idan ciki ya fashe.<ref>https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html</ref> rj6xe9syhdsu14jwqpnacj1iywvvyrd 0 158887 862103 2026-06-20T16:35:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360258260|MS Oujda]]" 862103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MS ''Oujda''''' jirgin ruwa ne wanda aka gina a matsayin Viking Venturer ta Aalborg Værft AS a 1974 don Townsend Thoresen . == Tarihi == An fara amfani da Viking Venturer a kan hanyar daga [[Southampton]] zuwa [[Le Havre]] sannan daga baya [[Portsmouth]] zuwa Cherbourg. An sayar da ita ga P&O European Ferries kuma an sake masa suna Pride of Hampshire . Tare da karɓar Townsend Thoresen ta P&O, da nutsewar Herald of Free Enterprise a 1987, P&O na so ya sauke sunan Townsend thoresen da sunayen jirgin da ke da alaƙa da kamfanin. An sake fentin ta daga orange da fari na Townsend Thoresen zuwa sabon P & O shuɗi da fari, alamar TT a kan bututun ta ta ta maye gurbin tutar gidan P & O.<ref name="simplon">{{Cite web |title=Viking Venturer - Pride of Hampshire - Pride of El Salam 2 - Townsend Thoresen Ferry Photographs - Ferry Postcards |url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/V_Venturer.html |access-date=2 January 2015 |publisher=Simplonpc.co.uk}}</ref> Townsend Thoresen ya zama P&O European Ferries kuma a cikin 1989 Viking Venturer ya zama Pride of Hampshire . Ta ci gaba da tafiya a karkashin wannan sunan har zuwa shekara ta 2002. An canja ta zuwa hanyar Portsmouth-Cherbourg a cikin 1994 sakamakon manyan jiragen ruwa Pride of [[Le Havre]] & Pride of Portsmouth da aka hayar don hanyar Le Havre. A shekara ta 1986, an kai jirgin zuwa Bremerhaven don "jumboisation", wanda ya kara wani karin bene ga jirgin, yana sa ya bayyana a saman nauyi. An sayar da ita a shekarar 2002 bayan ta yi aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ingila tsawon shekaru 27. A lokacin ita ce jirgin ruwa mafi tsufa da aka yi jigilarsa daga Burtaniya. Sabon mai shi, [[Jirgin Ruwa na El Salam|El Salam Maritime]], ya sake masa suna Pride of Al Salam 2 sannan kuma Oujda yana tafiya tsakanin Sète da Nador a kwanakin karshe tare da tutar [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]]. An sayar da ita don rushewa a Indiya a shekara ta 2010. == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == Viking Venturer na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwa huɗu da Townsend Thoresen ya ba da umarni. Sauran uku sune: * Viking Valiant - later the ''Pride of Cherbourg'' ², then ''Mogador'' and was scrapped in May 2010. * Viking Voyager - later ''Pride of Cherbourg'' ¹, now ''Samothraki''. * <nowiki><i id="mwkQ">Viking Viscount</i></nowiki> - later ''Pride of Winchester'', now ''Vitsentzos Kornaros''. == Manazarta == 28wnube5vdtpk7poitmzv4rzxmlnfy7 862105 862103 2026-06-20T16:36:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 862105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{''' {{Databox}} '''MS ''Oujda''''' jirgin ruwa ne wanda aka gina a matsayin Viking Venturer ta Aalborg Værft AS a 1974 don Townsend Thoresen . == Tarihi == An fara amfani da Viking Venturer a kan hanyar daga [[Southampton]] zuwa [[Le Havre]] sannan daga baya [[Portsmouth]] zuwa Cherbourg. An sayar da ita ga P&O European Ferries kuma an sake masa suna Pride of Hampshire . Tare da karɓar Townsend Thoresen ta P&O, da nutsewar Herald of Free Enterprise a 1987, P&O na so ya sauke sunan Townsend thoresen da sunayen jirgin da ke da alaƙa da kamfanin. An sake fentin ta daga orange da fari na Townsend Thoresen zuwa sabon P & O shuɗi da fari, alamar TT a kan bututun ta ta ta maye gurbin tutar gidan P & O.<ref name="simplon">{{Cite web |title=Viking Venturer - Pride of Hampshire - Pride of El Salam 2 - Townsend Thoresen Ferry Photographs - Ferry Postcards |url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/V_Venturer.html |access-date=2 January 2015 |publisher=Simplonpc.co.uk}}</ref> Townsend Thoresen ya zama P&O European Ferries kuma a cikin 1989 Viking Venturer ya zama Pride of Hampshire . Ta ci gaba da tafiya a karkashin wannan sunan har zuwa shekara ta 2002. An canja ta zuwa hanyar Portsmouth-Cherbourg a cikin 1994 sakamakon manyan jiragen ruwa Pride of [[Le Havre]] & Pride of Portsmouth da aka hayar don hanyar Le Havre. A shekara ta 1986, an kai jirgin zuwa Bremerhaven don "jumboisation", wanda ya kara wani karin bene ga jirgin, yana sa ya bayyana a saman nauyi. An sayar da ita a shekarar 2002 bayan ta yi aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ingila tsawon shekaru 27. A lokacin ita ce jirgin ruwa mafi tsufa da aka yi jigilarsa daga Burtaniya. Sabon mai shi, [[Jirgin Ruwa na El Salam|El Salam Maritime]], ya sake masa suna Pride of Al Salam 2 sannan kuma Oujda yana tafiya tsakanin Sète da Nador a kwanakin karshe tare da tutar [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]]. An sayar da ita don rushewa a Indiya a shekara ta 2010. == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == Viking Venturer na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwa huɗu da Townsend Thoresen ya ba da umarni. Sauran uku sune: * Viking Valiant - later the ''Pride of Cherbourg'' ², then ''Mogador'' and was scrapped in May 2010. * Viking Voyager - later ''Pride of Cherbourg'' ¹, now ''Samothraki''. * <nowiki><i id="mwkQ">Viking Viscount</i></nowiki> - later ''Pride of Winchester'', now ''Vitsentzos Kornaros''. == Manazarta == 7ud0r1erzvk336xl4x3nqymf76aozeo 862107 862105 2026-06-20T16:36:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 862107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MS ''Oujda''''' jirgin ruwa ne wanda aka gina a matsayin Viking Venturer ta Aalborg Værft AS a 1974 don Townsend Thoresen . == Tarihi == An fara amfani da Viking Venturer a kan hanyar daga [[Southampton]] zuwa [[Le Havre]] sannan daga baya [[Portsmouth]] zuwa Cherbourg. An sayar da ita ga P&O European Ferries kuma an sake masa suna Pride of Hampshire . Tare da karɓar Townsend Thoresen ta P&O, da nutsewar Herald of Free Enterprise a 1987, P&O na so ya sauke sunan Townsend thoresen da sunayen jirgin da ke da alaƙa da kamfanin. An sake fentin ta daga orange da fari na Townsend Thoresen zuwa sabon P & O shuɗi da fari, alamar TT a kan bututun ta ta ta maye gurbin tutar gidan P & O.<ref name="simplon">{{Cite web |title=Viking Venturer - Pride of Hampshire - Pride of El Salam 2 - Townsend Thoresen Ferry Photographs - Ferry Postcards |url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/V_Venturer.html |access-date=2 January 2015 |publisher=Simplonpc.co.uk}}</ref> Townsend Thoresen ya zama P&O European Ferries kuma a cikin 1989 Viking Venturer ya zama Pride of Hampshire . Ta ci gaba da tafiya a karkashin wannan sunan har zuwa shekara ta 2002. An canja ta zuwa hanyar Portsmouth-Cherbourg a cikin 1994 sakamakon manyan jiragen ruwa Pride of [[Le Havre]] & Pride of Portsmouth da aka hayar don hanyar Le Havre. A shekara ta 1986, an kai jirgin zuwa Bremerhaven don "jumboisation", wanda ya kara wani karin bene ga jirgin, yana sa ya bayyana a saman nauyi. An sayar da ita a shekarar 2002 bayan ta yi aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ingila tsawon shekaru 27. A lokacin ita ce jirgin ruwa mafi tsufa da aka yi jigilarsa daga Burtaniya. Sabon mai shi, [[Jirgin Ruwa na El Salam|El Salam Maritime]], ya sake masa suna Pride of Al Salam 2 sannan kuma Oujda yana tafiya tsakanin Sète da Nador a kwanakin karshe tare da tutar [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]]. An sayar da ita don rushewa a Indiya a shekara ta 2010. == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == Viking Venturer na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwa huɗu da Townsend Thoresen ya ba da umarni. Sauran uku sune: * Viking Valiant - later the ''Pride of Cherbourg'' ², then ''Mogador'' and was scrapped in May 2010. * Viking Voyager - later ''Pride of Cherbourg'' ¹, now ''Samothraki''. * <nowiki><i id="mwkQ">Viking Viscount</i></nowiki> - later ''Pride of Winchester'', now ''Vitsentzos Kornaros''. == Manazarta == 6cpk08krrfqsm8xvpgvm67ydttiyost 0 158888 862104 2026-06-20T16:35:56Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338753032|SS City of Bradford]]" 862104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Birnin SS na Bradford''''' jirgin ruwa ne na fasinjoji da kaya na Birtaniya wanda aka gina a Yorkshire a shekarar 1903, aka sake masa suna '''''Donau''''' a shekarar 1916, aka mayar da shi ''Birnin Bradford'' a shekarar 1919 sannan aka mayar da shi '''''Hanne''''' a shekarar 1936. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jamus ta kama ta kuma ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwa na taimako . A [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] wani hari ta sama ya nutsar da ita a [[Bahar Rum]] a shekarar 1942. == Gine-gine == A shekarar 1903, Kamfanin Earle's Shipbuilding and Engineering na Hull, Yorkshire ya gina jiragen ruwa guda biyu don Babban Jirgin Ƙasa na Tsakiya . An ƙaddamar da ''Birnin Leeds'' a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1903. <ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Leeds |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202252&vessel=CITY+OF+LEEDS |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> Jane Robinson, matar babban injiniyan injiniya na Babban Tsakiyar Amurka John G. Robinson, ta ƙaddamar da jirgin ruwan {{'}} yar'uwar ''birnin Leeds'' ''na Birnin Bradford'' a ranar 23 ga Yuli. <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=City of Bradford |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202251&vessel=CITY+OF+BRADFORD |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> == Aikin GCR da LNER == ''Birnin Leeds'' da ''Birnin Bradford'' sun gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Grimsby da Hamburg . A shekarar 1913, an sake fasalin adadin tan {{'}} ''Birnin Bradford'' zuwa 1,349 GRT da 739 NRT . Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ya fara a ƙarshen watan Yuli na shekarar 1914, an kama ''birnin Leeds'' ba zato ba tsammani. Sojojin ruwan Jamus sun kama ta a [[Heligoland|Heligoland.]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2021}} kuma aka kai ta Hamburg a matsayin kyauta . An mayar da ita jirgin ruwan gyaran jiragen ruwa, sannan jirgin ruwa mai laushi, daga ƙarshe kuma jirgin rakiya. A shekarar 1916 aka sake mata suna ''Donau'' . A shekarar 1919 aka mayar da ita Grimsby kuma aka mayar da sunanta ''Birnin Bradford'' . <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=City of Bradford |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202251&vessel=CITY+OF+BRADFORD |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> A shekarar 1923, an sake gyara tan {{'}} ''birnin Bradford'' zuwa 1,360 GRT da 677 NRT . A wannan shekarar Babban Tsakiya ya zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta London da North Eastern Railway (LNER), kuma ''Birnin Bradford'' ya zama wani ɓangare na rundunarsa. {{Sfn|Harnack|1930}} == Kamfanin jigilar kaya kusa da gabas == A shekarar 1936, kamfanin LNER ya sayar da ''birnin Bradford'' ga Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Near East, wanda aka sarrafa daga Haifa a Falasdinu . Sabon mai shi ya sake wa jirgin suna ''Hanne'' kuma ya yi mata rijista a Landan . A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ''Hanne'' tana cikin Tekun [[Bahar Rum]] . A watan Nuwamba na 1940 ta kasance ɓangare na Convoy AS 5 daga Piraeus zuwa [[Port Said]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy AS.5 |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=AS.5/1!~miscmain |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, Convoyweb}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu na 1942 ta kasance ɓangare na Convoy AT 29 daga Alexandria zuwa Tobruk . <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy AT.29 |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/at/index.html?at.php?convoy=29/M!~atmain |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=AT Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, Convoyweb}}</ref> Jirgin ruwan AT 29 ya ƙunshi jiragen kasuwanci guda uku kacal: Bafalasdine ''Alisa'', Daniyel ''Bintang'', da ''Hanne'' . Ba su da rakiyar sojojin ruwa. Jiragen ruwan guda uku sun bar Alexandria a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1942. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy AT.29 |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/at/index.html?at.php?convoy=29/M!~atmain |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=AT Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, Convoyweb}}</ref> Bayan kwana biyu, jiragen saman Jamus sun kai hari kan ayarin motocin, inda suka nutsar {{'}} ''Hanne'' a gabar tekun Masar da ''Bintang'' a gabar tekun Libya . An kashe ma'aikatan ''Hanne'' guda huɗu da {{'}} ''Bintang'' 19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vleggeert |first=Nico |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |title=MV Bintang [+1942] |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?131886 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Wrecksite.eu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vleggeert |first=Nico |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |title=SS Hanne (+1942) |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?132079 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Wrecksite.eu}}</ref> == Manazarta == pyfei6a2fnj2e1vv025asshyzo5johe 862106 862104 2026-06-20T16:36:26Z Engineer014 44591 862106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Birnin SS na Bradford''''' jirgin ruwa ne na fasinjoji da kaya na Birtaniya wanda aka gina a Yorkshire a shekarar 1903, aka sake masa suna '''''Donau''''' a shekarar 1916, aka mayar da shi ''Birnin Bradford'' a shekarar 1919 sannan aka mayar da shi '''''Hanne''''' a shekarar 1936. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jamus ta kama ta kuma ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwa na taimako . A [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] wani hari ta sama ya nutsar da ita a [[Bahar Rum]] a shekarar 1942. == Gine-gine == A shekarar 1903, Kamfanin Earle's Shipbuilding and Engineering na Hull, Yorkshire ya gina jiragen ruwa guda biyu don Babban Jirgin Ƙasa na Tsakiya . An ƙaddamar da ''Birnin Leeds'' a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1903. <ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Leeds |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202252&vessel=CITY+OF+LEEDS |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> Jane Robinson, matar babban injiniyan injiniya na Babban Tsakiyar Amurka John G. Robinson, ta ƙaddamar da jirgin ruwan {{'}} yar'uwar ''birnin Leeds'' ''na Birnin Bradford'' a ranar 23 ga Yuli. <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=City of Bradford |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202251&vessel=CITY+OF+BRADFORD |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> == Aikin GCR da LNER == ''Birnin Leeds'' da ''Birnin Bradford'' sun gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Grimsby da Hamburg . A shekarar 1913, an sake fasalin adadin tan {{'}} ''Birnin Bradford'' zuwa 1,349 GRT da 739 NRT . Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ya fara a ƙarshen watan Yuli na shekarar 1914, an kama ''birnin Leeds'' ba zato ba tsammani. Sojojin ruwan Jamus sun kama ta a [[Heligoland|Heligoland.]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2021}} kuma aka kai ta Hamburg a matsayin kyauta . An mayar da ita jirgin ruwan gyaran jiragen ruwa, sannan jirgin ruwa mai laushi, daga ƙarshe kuma jirgin rakiya. A shekarar 1916 aka sake mata suna ''Donau'' . A shekarar 1919 aka mayar da ita Grimsby kuma aka mayar da sunanta ''Birnin Bradford'' . <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=City of Bradford |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202251&vessel=CITY+OF+BRADFORD |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> A shekarar 1923, an sake gyara tan {{'}} ''birnin Bradford'' zuwa 1,360 GRT da 677 NRT . A wannan shekarar Babban Tsakiya ya zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta London da North Eastern Railway (LNER), kuma ''Birnin Bradford'' ya zama wani ɓangare na rundunarsa. {{Sfn|Harnack|1930}} == Kamfanin jigilar kaya kusa da gabas == A shekarar 1936, kamfanin LNER ya sayar da ''birnin Bradford'' ga Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Near East, wanda aka sarrafa daga Haifa a Falasdinu . Sabon mai shi ya sake wa jirgin suna ''Hanne'' kuma ya yi mata rijista a Landan . A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ''Hanne'' tana cikin Tekun [[Bahar Rum]] . A watan Nuwamba na 1940 ta kasance ɓangare na Convoy AS 5 daga Piraeus zuwa [[Port Said]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy AS.5 |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=AS.5/1!~miscmain |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, Convoyweb}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu na 1942 ta kasance ɓangare na Convoy AT 29 daga Alexandria zuwa Tobruk . <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy AT.29 |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/at/index.html?at.php?convoy=29/M!~atmain |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=AT Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, Convoyweb}}</ref> Jirgin ruwan AT 29 ya ƙunshi jiragen kasuwanci guda uku kacal: Bafalasdine ''Alisa'', Daniyel ''Bintang'', da ''Hanne'' . Ba su da rakiyar sojojin ruwa. Jiragen ruwan guda uku sun bar Alexandria a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1942. <ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=Convoy AT.29 |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/at/index.html?at.php?convoy=29/M!~atmain |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=AT Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, Convoyweb}}</ref> Bayan kwana biyu, jiragen saman Jamus sun kai hari kan ayarin motocin, inda suka nutsar {{'}} ''Hanne'' a gabar tekun Masar da ''Bintang'' a gabar tekun Libya . An kashe ma'aikatan ''Hanne'' guda huɗu da {{'}} ''Bintang'' 19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vleggeert |first=Nico |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |title=MV Bintang [+1942] |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?131886 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Wrecksite.eu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vleggeert |first=Nico |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |title=SS Hanne (+1942) |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?132079 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=Wrecksite.eu}}</ref> == Manazarta == b3mmvu85tpll35soglglxknx4fph9pi 0 158889 862108 2026-06-20T16:37:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314676428|Neobola bottegoi]]" 862108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Neobola bottegoi''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Danionidae . Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Turkana]] da [[Kogin Omo]] na [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Zai iya kaiwa matsakaicin tsawon 7.3 cm.&nbsp; == Magana == An sanya masa suna ne don girmama jami'in Sojojin Italiya Vittorio Bottego (1860-1897), wanda ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa [[Somaliya]] (1895-1897), a lokacin da aka tattara nau'in samfurin.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family SUNDADANIONIDAE and DANIONIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes12/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215164517/http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes12/ |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=27 February 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == bd1ln2xjgqnhikn60wqkeiq4qdavpks 862111 862108 2026-06-20T16:39:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 862111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Neobola bottegoi''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Danionidae . Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Turkana]] da [[Kogin Omo]] na [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Zai iya kaiwa matsakaicin tsawon 7.3 cm.&nbsp; == Magana == An sanya masa suna ne don girmama jami'in Sojojin Italiya Vittorio Bottego (1860-1897), wanda ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa [[Somaliya]] (1895-1897), a lokacin da aka tattara nau'in samfurin.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family SUNDADANIONIDAE and DANIONIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes12/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215164517/http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes12/ |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=27 February 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3r5d8t732vf8vnvwtvo2jk5lyx5a3pv 0 158890 862109 2026-06-20T16:38:10Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327374439|HMS Fulminante (1798)]]" 862109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Fulminate''''' wani mai yanka kaya ne na rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa da Birtaniya ta kama a shekarar 1798, Faransawa kuma suka sake kwace shi a shekarar 1800, sannan Birtaniyawa kuma suka sake kwace shi bayan watanni uku. An lalata shi a farkon shekarar 1801. == Kama == A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1798, ''Fulminate'', ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Monier, ta kama rundunar sojojin ''ruwan'' Amurka kuma ta kai ta cikin Algeciras. [ 4 ] A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1798, tsakanin Tarifa da [[Tanja|Tangiers]], {{HMS|Espoir|1797|2}}, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Loftus Otway Bland, suka kama ''Fulminante'', [ 3 ] wanda ya sami "rashin kunya" (a cikin kalmomin Bland) don kai hari ''ga Espoir'' . Admiral Jervis, Earl na St Vincent, yana buƙatar jirgin ruwa mai ba da shawara, ya kai ta aiki washegari a matsayin HMS ''Fulminante'' . A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ''Fulminante'' tana tare da Commodore John Thomas Duckworth a lokacin da aka kama tsibirin Minorca . Sakamakon haka, ta raba kyautar kamawar. Laftanar William Robinson ne ya jagorance ta a watan Janairun 1800, kuma wataƙila a baya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Laftanar Edward Morris ya maye gurbin Robinson. [ 3 ] == Sake ɗauka kuma sake ɗauka == Jirgin ruwan Faransa mai zaman kansa ''Deux Frères'' ya kama ''Fulminante'' a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1800. Tana cikin jirgin ruwa daga Cadiz lokacin da ta haɗu da jirgin ruwan Faransa mai zaman kansa. Bayan fafatawa na mintuna 40, Faransawa sun sami damar shiga ''Fulminante'', wanda hakan ya tilasta mata kai hari . [ 7 ] A watan Satumba, Turawan Birtaniya suka kwace ''Fulminate'' . [ 7 ] Zuwa watan Janairun 1801, tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Robert Corbet . == Asara == ''Fulminante'' ta raka mamayar Lord Keith a Masar. A nan ta goyi bayan Janar Sir Ralph Abercromby yayin da yake motsa sojojinsa daga [[Battle of Abukir (1801)|Abukir]] zuwa [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Alexandria]] . An ajiye ta kusa da bakin teku don yin harbi a wuraren da ke gabar tekun Faransa amma harsasanta ba su da nisa, don haka harbinta ya yi kasa. A ranar 23 ga Maris, Corbet ya kai ta cikin tsawon kebul - {{Convert|240|yd|m|0}} — na bakin teku kuma ya makale ta a can. Da daddare iska ta tashi, ta sa ɗaya daga cikin wayoyinta ya yi karo da duwatsu, ya raba ta. Kebul na biyu bai tsaya ba kuma cikin 'yan mintuna ''Fulmiante'' ya yi shawagi a bakin teku kuma ya lalace. [ 8 ] Babu asarar rai. An ruwaito cewa wurin da jirgin ya faɗi yana "La Cruelle", kusa da Damietta, [ 9 ] wanda ke gabashin Abu Qir . Kotun soji don asarar ta faru ne a ranar 1 ga Afrilu kuma da alama ta wanke Corbet. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, Corbet ta isar da saƙonni daga Keith ga Admiralty. == Manazarta == 59yrcihtnb7az9zja3jctrrdcduat4p 862110 862109 2026-06-20T16:38:49Z Engineer014 44591 862110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Fulminate''''' wani mai yanka kaya ne na rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa da Birtaniya ta kama a shekarar 1798, Faransawa kuma suka sake kwace shi a shekarar 1800, sannan Birtaniyawa kuma suka sake kwace shi bayan watanni uku. An lalata shi a farkon shekarar 1801. == Kama == A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1798, ''Fulminate'', ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Monier, ta kama rundunar sojojin ''ruwan'' Amurka kuma ta kai ta cikin Algeciras. [ 4 ] A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1798, tsakanin Tarifa da [[Tanja|Tangiers]], {{HMS|Espoir|1797|2}}, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Loftus Otway Bland, suka kama ''Fulminante'', [ 3 ] wanda ya sami "rashin kunya" (a cikin kalmomin Bland) don kai hari ''ga Espoir'' . Admiral Jervis, Earl na St Vincent, yana buƙatar jirgin ruwa mai ba da shawara, ya kai ta aiki washegari a matsayin HMS ''Fulminante'' . A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ''Fulminante'' tana tare da Commodore John Thomas Duckworth a lokacin da aka kama tsibirin Minorca . Sakamakon haka, ta raba kyautar kamawar. Laftanar William Robinson ne ya jagorance ta a watan Janairun 1800, kuma wataƙila a baya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Laftanar Edward Morris ya maye gurbin Robinson. [ 3 ] == Sake ɗauka kuma sake ɗauka == Jirgin ruwan Faransa mai zaman kansa ''Deux Frères'' ya kama ''Fulminante'' a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1800. Tana cikin jirgin ruwa daga Cadiz lokacin da ta haɗu da jirgin ruwan Faransa mai zaman kansa. Bayan fafatawa na mintuna 40, Faransawa sun sami damar shiga ''Fulminante'', wanda hakan ya tilasta mata kai hari . [ 7 ] A watan Satumba, Turawan Birtaniya suka kwace ''Fulminate'' . [ 7 ] Zuwa watan Janairun 1801, tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Robert Corbet . == Asara == ''Fulminante'' ta raka mamayar Lord Keith a Masar. A nan ta goyi bayan Janar Sir Ralph Abercromby yayin da yake motsa sojojinsa daga [[Battle of Abukir (1801)|Abukir]] zuwa [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Alexandria]] . An ajiye ta kusa da bakin teku don yin harbi a wuraren da ke gabar tekun Faransa amma harsasanta ba su da nisa, don haka harbinta ya yi kasa. A ranar 23 ga Maris, Corbet ya kai ta cikin tsawon kebul - {{Convert|240|yd|m|0}} — na bakin teku kuma ya makale ta a can. Da daddare iska ta tashi, ta sa ɗaya daga cikin wayoyinta ya yi karo da duwatsu, ya raba ta. Kebul na biyu bai tsaya ba kuma cikin 'yan mintuna ''Fulmiante'' ya yi shawagi a bakin teku kuma ya lalace. [ 8 ] Babu asarar rai. An ruwaito cewa wurin da jirgin ya faɗi yana "La Cruelle", kusa da Damietta, [ 9 ] wanda ke gabashin Abu Qir . Kotun soji don asarar ta faru ne a ranar 1 ga Afrilu kuma da alama ta wanke Corbet. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, Corbet ta isar da saƙonni daga Keith ga Admiralty. == Manazarta == bt0jd7xk3drcxdveoci78i3d1v04433 0 158891 862113 2026-06-20T16:41:21Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 862113 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar da ta riga ta kasance kafin ciki cuta ce da ba ta haifar da ciki kai tsaye ba, sabanin matsaloli daban-daban na ciki, amma wanda zai iya zama mafi muni ko yiwuwar haɗari ga ciki (kamar haifar da Matsalolin ciki). Babban bangare na wannan haɗarin na iya haifar da amfani da magunguna a cikin ciki don sarrafa cutar A irin wannan yanayi, mata da ke son ci gaba da ciki suna buƙatar ƙarin kulawa ta likita, sau da yawa daga ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa. Irin wannan ƙungiyar na iya haɗawa da (ba tare da likitan haihuwa ba) ƙwararre a cikin rikice-rikice da sauran likitoci (alal misali, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun uwa ko Likitocin haihuwa, likitocin abinci, da sauransu). 5iw3byk59ocx70fo4hf62rgktmz87wp 862116 862113 2026-06-20T16:42:40Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 862116 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar da ta riga ta kasance kafin ciki cuta ce da ba ta haifar da ciki kai tsaye ba, sabanin matsaloli daban-daban na ciki, amma wanda zai iya zama mafi muni ko yiwuwar haɗari ga ciki (kamar haifar da Matsalolin ciki). Babban bangare na wannan haɗarin na iya haifar da amfani da magunguna a cikin ciki don sarrafa cutar A irin wannan yanayi, mata da ke son ci gaba da ciki suna buƙatar ƙarin kulawa ta likita, sau da yawa daga ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa. Irin wannan ƙungiyar na iya haɗawa da (ba tare da likitan haihuwa ba) ƙwararre a cikin rikice-rikice da sauran likitoci (alal misali, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun uwa ko Likitocin haihuwa, likitocin abinci, da sauransu).<ref>http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/womens_health_issues/pregnancy_complicated_by_disease/overview_of_disease_during_pregnancy.html</ref> ==Manzarta== lzgxupzz2p6lpg7rqi4ilodramgsz4f 862120 862116 2026-06-20T16:43:43Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 862120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Cutar da ta riga ta kasance kafin ciki cuta ce da ba ta haifar da ciki kai tsaye ba, sabanin matsaloli daban-daban na ciki, amma wanda zai iya zama mafi muni ko yiwuwar haɗari ga ciki (kamar haifar da Matsalolin ciki). Babban bangare na wannan haɗarin na iya haifar da amfani da magunguna a cikin ciki don sarrafa cutar A irin wannan yanayi, mata da ke son ci gaba da ciki suna buƙatar ƙarin kulawa ta likita, sau da yawa daga ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa. Irin wannan ƙungiyar na iya haɗawa da (ba tare da likitan haihuwa ba) ƙwararre a cikin rikice-rikice da sauran likitoci (alal misali, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun uwa ko Likitocin haihuwa, likitocin abinci, da sauransu).<ref>http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/womens_health_issues/pregnancy_complicated_by_disease/overview_of_disease_during_pregnancy.html</ref> ==Manzarta== 746883egyckg27n21n14vtc0bgobyjx 0 158892 862114 2026-06-20T16:41:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334349778|French ship Guerrier (1753)]]" 862114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Guerrier''''' jirgin ruwa ne Magnifique bindigogi 74 na rukunin sojojin ruwan Faransa . Ta shiga Yaƙin Minorca (1756) da kuma Yaƙin Lagos . Ta kasance cikin rundunar sojojin Bougainville don ayyukan sojojin ruwa a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan kafin Yaƙin Tsibirin Rhode, Yaƙin Grenada, da kuma yaƙin Savannah . A watan Yulin 1781, ta shiga cikin mamayar Minorca . A lokacin mamayar Masar, ya kamata a dakatar da ''Guerrier'' na tsawon shekaru biyu, amma duk da haka an haɗa ta cikin rundunar mamaya. Ta shiga Yaƙin Nilu, inda Turawan Birtaniya suka kama ta. Ta lalace sosai har ta ƙone ta. == Manazarta == 7aewjnks6c6ivhbn3dep3l2w6o944q0 862115 862114 2026-06-20T16:42:04Z Engineer014 44591 862115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Guerrier''''' jirgin ruwa ne Magnifique bindigogi 74 na rukunin sojojin ruwan Faransa . Ta shiga Yaƙin Minorca (1756) da kuma Yaƙin Lagos . Ta kasance cikin rundunar sojojin Bougainville don ayyukan sojojin ruwa a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan kafin Yaƙin Tsibirin Rhode, Yaƙin Grenada, da kuma yaƙin Savannah . A watan Yulin 1781, ta shiga cikin mamayar Minorca . A lokacin mamayar Masar, ya kamata a dakatar da ''Guerrier'' na tsawon shekaru biyu, amma duk da haka an haɗa ta cikin rundunar mamaya. Ta shiga Yaƙin Nilu, inda Turawan Birtaniya suka kama ta. Ta lalace sosai har ta ƙone ta. == Manazarta == rw0unfydb3iatdss9ctvislivnjavbs 0 158893 862118 2026-06-20T16:43:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327274481|Likoni Ferry]]" 862118 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin Likoni sabis ne na jirgin ruwa a fadin Kilindini Harbour, yana aiki da birnin Kenya na [[Mombasa]] tsakanin Tsibirin Mombasa da yankin Likoni. Jiragen ruwa masu iyaka biyu suna sauyawa a fadin tashar jiragen ruwa, suna ɗaukar hanya da zirga-zirgar ƙafa. Kamfanin Kenya Ferry Services (KFS) ne ke sarrafa jiragen ruwa, kuma shine kawai sauran sabis na jirgin ruwa ta KFS. Jirgin Likoni ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1937. <ref>{{Cite web |title=KFS History |url=https://www.kenyaferry.co.ke/index.php/about-us/about-kfs-ltd/kfs-history |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=www.kenyaferry.co.ke}}</ref> Ayyukan fasinja kyauta ne; motoci (ciki har da tuktuks, babura, da manyan motoci) suna biyan kuɗi. Hanyar tana da kimanin mita 500 (1,600 . == Hidima == [[Fayil:Hamburg_Dradenau_MV_Kwale_MV_Likoni_3735.jpg|left|thumb|Sabbin jiragen ruwa na MV ''Kwale'' da MV ''Likoni'' an rataye su a tashar Dradenau a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hamburg, Jamus.]] Akwai jiragen ruwa guda bakwai da ke aiki. An sayi MV ''Mvita'' da MV ''Pwani'' a cikin 1969 da 1974, bi da bi; An sayiMV ''Nyayo'', MV ''Harambee'', da MV ''Kilindini'' a hannun biyu a cikin 1990. An sayi MV ''Kwale'' da MV ''Likoni'' a watan Yunin 2010. An sayi MV ''Jambo'' daga Türkiye a shekarar 2020. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an cire ''Harambee'', ''Nyayo'', da ''Kilindini'' daga Lloyd's Register saboda rashin cancanta. Har zuwa watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, MV ''Nyayo'' har yanzu ana amfani da shi azaman jirgin ruwa na taimako. An shirya Hanyar wucewa ta Dongo Kundu don sauƙaƙe jirgin ruwa mai cike da mutane ta hanyar haɗi. Hanyar za ta gudana daga [[Bakin tekun Diani|Diani]] zuwa Miritini, ta wuce Mombasa kanta. An kuma ba da shawarar gada kai tsaye ko rami daga Likoni zuwa tsibirin Mombasa, amma tsadar gina su ya sa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka ba su yiwuwa ba. A cikin 2018, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta gargadi matafiya game da amfani da jirgin ruwa saboda damuwa game da tsaro.<ref name="KTA">{{Cite web |title=Kenya Travel Advisory |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/kenya-travel-advisory.html |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=travel.state.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Bala'in ''Mtongwe'' (1994) === A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1994, jirgin ruwa na ''Mtongwe'' da ke kan hanyar zuwa babban yankin ya rushe mita 40 (130 daga tashar jiragen ruwa, inda ya kashe 272 daga cikin mutane 400 da ke cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/2560-246764-uuyore/index.html |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> Bayan bala'in, an ba da rahoton cewa ƙarfin jirgin ya kai 300. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, KFS ta biya iyalai 81 jimlar [[Shilling na Kenya|KSh]] 36,902,472 (US $ 486,840). === Abin da ya faru a ''Harambee'' (2019) === A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar 2019, Mariam Kighenda mai shekaru 35 da 'yarta mai shekaru 4 Amanda Wambua sun mutu bayan sun shiga ''Harambee'' lokacin da Toyota Isis ta sauka daga baya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Search and rescue underway in Kenya after car plunges into ocean |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Car-plunges-into-Indian-Ocean/4552908-5292398-view-asAMP-59w0n4z/index.html |website=The East African}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Mother and daughters identified as victims of Likoni Ferry tragedy |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001343853/mother-and-daughters-identified-as-victims-of-likoni-ferry-tragedy |website=Standard Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2019 |title=Body of woman and daughter still trapped 60m underwater |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001343916/body-of-woman-and-daughter-still-trapped-60m-underwater |website=Standard Media}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, ƙungiyar ceto ta yi amfani da robots don gano gawarwakin wadanda abin ya shafa da aka makale a cikin mota. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title=State using robots to locate Likoni Ferry tragedy victims |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001344131/state-use-robots-to-locate-likoni-ferry-tragedy-victims |website=Standard Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title=Search for Sunday ferry tragedy victims widened to 9 probable locations |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2019/10/search-for-sunday-0ferry-tragedy-victims-widened-to-9-probable-locations/ |website=Capital FM Kenya}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, motar da gawarwaki sun kasance a zurfin mita 58 (190 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Divers locate car that slid off Kenyan ferry |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Divers-locate-car-that-slid-off-Kenya-ferry/4552908-5305000-view-asAMP-770qj0z/index.html |website=The East African}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Family of Likoni victims left frustrated as retrieval of bodies is delayed |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001345166/family-of-likoni-victims-left-frustrated-as-retrieval-of-bodies-is-delayed |website=Standard Media}}</ref> An dawo da su bayan kwana biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Likoni Ferry Tragedy, Bodies Finally Retrieved [Video] |url=https://www.kahawatungu.com/2019/10/11/breaking-ill-fated-vehicle-in-likoni-ferry-tragedy-finally-retrieved/amp/#aoh=15708157660462&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s |website=Kahawa Tungu}}</ref> == Kudin == Motoci suna biyan KSh 50, motocin sedan suna biyan Ksh 120, ƙananan bas suna biyan K Sh 600, kuma bas suna biyan kSh 1,100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KFS toll charges |url=http://www.kenyaferry.co.ke/index.php/bonus-pages/about-us |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> Masu tafiya da masu tuka keke suna hawa kyauta. == Manazarta == pim9oz71f7qqum51jr43gz55s6nn7za 862121 862118 2026-06-20T16:43:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 862121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin Likoni sabis ne na jirgin ruwa a fadin Kilindini Harbour, yana aiki da birnin Kenya na [[Mombasa]] tsakanin Tsibirin Mombasa da yankin Likoni. Jiragen ruwa masu iyaka biyu suna sauyawa a fadin tashar jiragen ruwa, suna ɗaukar hanya da zirga-zirgar ƙafa. Kamfanin Kenya Ferry Services (KFS) ne ke sarrafa jiragen ruwa, kuma shine kawai sauran sabis na jirgin ruwa ta KFS. Jirgin Likoni ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1937. <ref>{{Cite web |title=KFS History |url=https://www.kenyaferry.co.ke/index.php/about-us/about-kfs-ltd/kfs-history |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=www.kenyaferry.co.ke}}</ref> Ayyukan fasinja kyauta ne; motoci (ciki har da tuktuks, babura, da manyan motoci) suna biyan kuɗi. Hanyar tana da kimanin mita 500 (1,600 . == Hidima == [[Fayil:Hamburg_Dradenau_MV_Kwale_MV_Likoni_3735.jpg|left|thumb|Sabbin jiragen ruwa na MV ''Kwale'' da MV ''Likoni'' an rataye su a tashar Dradenau a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hamburg, Jamus.]] Akwai jiragen ruwa guda bakwai da ke aiki. An sayi MV ''Mvita'' da MV ''Pwani'' a cikin 1969 da 1974, bi da bi; An sayiMV ''Nyayo'', MV ''Harambee'', da MV ''Kilindini'' a hannun biyu a cikin 1990. An sayi MV ''Kwale'' da MV ''Likoni'' a watan Yunin 2010. An sayi MV ''Jambo'' daga Türkiye a shekarar 2020. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an cire ''Harambee'', ''Nyayo'', da ''Kilindini'' daga Lloyd's Register saboda rashin cancanta. Har zuwa watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, MV ''Nyayo'' har yanzu ana amfani da shi azaman jirgin ruwa na taimako. An shirya Hanyar wucewa ta Dongo Kundu don sauƙaƙe jirgin ruwa mai cike da mutane ta hanyar haɗi. Hanyar za ta gudana daga [[Bakin tekun Diani|Diani]] zuwa Miritini, ta wuce Mombasa kanta. An kuma ba da shawarar gada kai tsaye ko rami daga Likoni zuwa tsibirin Mombasa, amma tsadar gina su ya sa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka ba su yiwuwa ba. A cikin 2018, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta gargadi matafiya game da amfani da jirgin ruwa saboda damuwa game da tsaro.<ref name="KTA">{{Cite web |title=Kenya Travel Advisory |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/kenya-travel-advisory.html |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=travel.state.gov}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Bala'in ''Mtongwe'' (1994) === A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1994, jirgin ruwa na ''Mtongwe'' da ke kan hanyar zuwa babban yankin ya rushe mita 40 (130 daga tashar jiragen ruwa, inda ya kashe 272 daga cikin mutane 400 da ke cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/2560-246764-uuyore/index.html |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> Bayan bala'in, an ba da rahoton cewa ƙarfin jirgin ya kai 300. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, KFS ta biya iyalai 81 jimlar [[Shilling na Kenya|KSh]] 36,902,472 (US $ 486,840). === Abin da ya faru a ''Harambee'' (2019) === A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar 2019, Mariam Kighenda mai shekaru 35 da 'yarta mai shekaru 4 Amanda Wambua sun mutu bayan sun shiga ''Harambee'' lokacin da Toyota Isis ta sauka daga baya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Search and rescue underway in Kenya after car plunges into ocean |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Car-plunges-into-Indian-Ocean/4552908-5292398-view-asAMP-59w0n4z/index.html |website=The East African}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Mother and daughters identified as victims of Likoni Ferry tragedy |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001343853/mother-and-daughters-identified-as-victims-of-likoni-ferry-tragedy |website=Standard Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2019 |title=Body of woman and daughter still trapped 60m underwater |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001343916/body-of-woman-and-daughter-still-trapped-60m-underwater |website=Standard Media}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, ƙungiyar ceto ta yi amfani da robots don gano gawarwakin wadanda abin ya shafa da aka makale a cikin mota. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title=State using robots to locate Likoni Ferry tragedy victims |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001344131/state-use-robots-to-locate-likoni-ferry-tragedy-victims |website=Standard Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title=Search for Sunday ferry tragedy victims widened to 9 probable locations |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2019/10/search-for-sunday-0ferry-tragedy-victims-widened-to-9-probable-locations/ |website=Capital FM Kenya}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, motar da gawarwaki sun kasance a zurfin mita 58 (190 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Divers locate car that slid off Kenyan ferry |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Divers-locate-car-that-slid-off-Kenya-ferry/4552908-5305000-view-asAMP-770qj0z/index.html |website=The East African}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Family of Likoni victims left frustrated as retrieval of bodies is delayed |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001345166/family-of-likoni-victims-left-frustrated-as-retrieval-of-bodies-is-delayed |website=Standard Media}}</ref> An dawo da su bayan kwana biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Likoni Ferry Tragedy, Bodies Finally Retrieved [Video] |url=https://www.kahawatungu.com/2019/10/11/breaking-ill-fated-vehicle-in-likoni-ferry-tragedy-finally-retrieved/amp/#aoh=15708157660462&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s |website=Kahawa Tungu}}</ref> == Kudin == Motoci suna biyan KSh 50, motocin sedan suna biyan Ksh 120, ƙananan bas suna biyan K Sh 600, kuma bas suna biyan kSh 1,100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KFS toll charges |url=http://www.kenyaferry.co.ke/index.php/bonus-pages/about-us |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> Masu tafiya da masu tuka keke suna hawa kyauta. == Manazarta == gncy7wry5g3yy0hkh0f06a0ayecgrpd 0 158894 862119 2026-06-20T16:43:34Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332217371|HMS Tobago (K585)]]" 862119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Tobago'' ta huɗu (K585)''', wacce ta kasance tsohuwar '''''Hong Kong''''', ta kasance {{Sclass2|Colony|frigate}} Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Da farko Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta ba ta umarnin zama jirgin ruwan sintiri na aji na <nowiki><i id="mwHw">Tacoma</i></nowiki> '''USS ''Holmes'' (PF-81)''' kuma an mayar da ita ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal kafin a kammala aikinta. == Gine-gine da saye == Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Amurka ce ta ba da umarnin a sanya mata jirgin ruwan, wanda aka sanya mata suna " jirgin ruwan masu sintiri," '''PG-189''', a ƙarƙashin kwangilar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a matsayin jirgin ruwan farko na USS ''Holmes'' . An sake sanya mata suna a matsayin " jirgin ruwan sintiri ," PF-81, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1943 kuma Kamfanin Walsh-Kaiser ya shimfida shi a Providence, [[Rhode Island]], a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1943. An yi niyyar canja wurin jirgin zuwa Burtaniya, an fara sanya masa suna ''Hong Kong'' sannan ''Tobago'' ta hannun Birtaniya kafin a harba shi kuma aka harba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1943, wanda Mrs. DW Ambridge ta Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada ta dauki nauyinsa. == Tarihin sabis == An mayar da jirgin zuwa Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Lend-Lease a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1944, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal a matsayin HMS ''Tobago'' (K585) a kan aikin sintiri da rakiya har zuwa 1945. == Zubar da Kaya == Burtaniya ta mayar da ''Tobago'' ga rundunar sojin ruwan Amurka a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1946. Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga [[Boston Metals Company|kamfanin Boston Metals Company]] na Baltimore, Maryland, saboda an lalata ta, amma an soke aikinta, kuma a shekarar 1950 aka sake sayar da ita ga [[Khedivial Mail Lines]] na Alexandria, Masar, don amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin fasinja na farar hula. An nutsar da ita a matsayin wani jirgin ruwa mai toshewa a [[Suez canal|magudanar ruwa ta Suez]] a shekarar 1956. == Manazarta == pym7qkey43vt0fldg98sj50n5j81ewl 862122 862119 2026-06-20T16:44:03Z Engineer014 44591 862122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Tobago'' ta huɗu (K585)''', wacce ta kasance tsohuwar '''''Hong Kong''''', ta kasance {{Sclass2|Colony|frigate}} Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Da farko Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta ba ta umarnin zama jirgin ruwan sintiri na aji na <nowiki><i id="mwHw">Tacoma</i></nowiki> '''USS ''Holmes'' (PF-81)''' kuma an mayar da ita ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal kafin a kammala aikinta. == Gine-gine da saye == Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Amurka ce ta ba da umarnin a sanya mata jirgin ruwan, wanda aka sanya mata suna " jirgin ruwan masu sintiri," '''PG-189''', a ƙarƙashin kwangilar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a matsayin jirgin ruwan farko na USS ''Holmes'' . An sake sanya mata suna a matsayin " jirgin ruwan sintiri ," PF-81, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1943 kuma Kamfanin Walsh-Kaiser ya shimfida shi a Providence, [[Rhode Island]], a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1943. An yi niyyar canja wurin jirgin zuwa Burtaniya, an fara sanya masa suna ''Hong Kong'' sannan ''Tobago'' ta hannun Birtaniya kafin a harba shi kuma aka harba shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1943, wanda Mrs. DW Ambridge ta Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada ta dauki nauyinsa. == Tarihin sabis == An mayar da jirgin zuwa Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Lend-Lease a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1944, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal a matsayin HMS ''Tobago'' (K585) a kan aikin sintiri da rakiya har zuwa 1945. == Zubar da Kaya == Burtaniya ta mayar da ''Tobago'' ga rundunar sojin ruwan Amurka a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1946. Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga [[Boston Metals Company|kamfanin Boston Metals Company]] na Baltimore, Maryland, saboda an lalata ta, amma an soke aikinta, kuma a shekarar 1950 aka sake sayar da ita ga [[Khedivial Mail Lines]] na Alexandria, Masar, don amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin fasinja na farar hula. An nutsar da ita a matsayin wani jirgin ruwa mai toshewa a [[Suez canal|magudanar ruwa ta Suez]] a shekarar 1956. == Manazarta == 0ebbgmqmd9cw2bl2azwwasygayhj1p2 0 158895 862123 2026-06-20T16:44:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327328369|MV Uhuru]]" 862123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''''Uhuru''''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Lake Victoria a Gabashin Afirka . Ita Jirgin kasa ne na Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Kenya wanda ke aiki tsakanin Jinja, [[Mwanza]], Musoma da [[Kisumu]] . <ref name="Clyde">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |title=Uhuru (1965) |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database}}</ref> Uhuru yana nufin "yanci" a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]. ''Uhuru'' da 'yar uwarta MV Umoja an gina su ne a shekarar 1965 ta Yarrow Shipbuilders a Scotstoun, [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], <ref name="Clyde" /> <ref name="ClydeUmoja">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Umoja |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=Clyde-built Database}}</ref> kuma sun shiga aiki a shekarar 1966. A sama da {{Convert|300|ft|m|0}} , su ne jiragen ruwa mafi tsawo a kowane tabkuna na Gabashin Afirka. Jiragen biyu sun kasance mallakar kamfanin East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EARH) har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka raba EARH tsakanin Kenya, Tanzania da [[Uganda]]. An canja ''Uhuru'' zuwa sabuwar Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Kenya <ref name="Clyde">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |title=Uhuru (1965) |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCameron">Cameron, Stuart. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 "Uhuru (1965)"]. ''Clyde-built Database''. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> kuma an canja ''Umoja'' zuwa sabuwar Kamfani na Jirgin Sama ta Tanzania. <ref name="ClydeUmoja">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Umoja |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=Clyde-built Database}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCameron2004">Cameron, Stuart (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 "Umoja"]. ''Clyde-built Database''. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> An dakatar da ''Uhuru'' daga aiki a shekara ta 2007 bayan an kafa shi a shekarar da ta gabata. Jirgin ya koma aiki a cikin 2019, bayan gyare-gyare. == Manazarta == nkqcqmuli232ye6buk9n9ltjuda9qu0 862124 862123 2026-06-20T16:45:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 862124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''''Uhuru''''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Lake Victoria a Gabashin Afirka . Ita Jirgin kasa ne na Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Kenya wanda ke aiki tsakanin Jinja, [[Mwanza]], Musoma da [[Kisumu]] . <ref name="Clyde">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |title=Uhuru (1965) |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database}}</ref> Uhuru yana nufin "yanci" a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]. ''Uhuru'' da 'yar uwarta MV Umoja an gina su ne a shekarar 1965 ta Yarrow Shipbuilders a Scotstoun, [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], <ref name="Clyde" /> <ref name="ClydeUmoja">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Umoja |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=Clyde-built Database}}</ref> kuma sun shiga aiki a shekarar 1966. A sama da {{Convert|300|ft|m|0}} , su ne jiragen ruwa mafi tsawo a kowane tabkuna na Gabashin Afirka. Jiragen biyu sun kasance mallakar kamfanin East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EARH) har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka raba EARH tsakanin Kenya, Tanzania da [[Uganda]]. An canja ''Uhuru'' zuwa sabuwar Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Kenya <ref name="Clyde">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |title=Uhuru (1965) |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCameron">Cameron, Stuart. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 "Uhuru (1965)"]. ''Clyde-built Database''. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> kuma an canja ''Umoja'' zuwa sabuwar Kamfani na Jirgin Sama ta Tanzania. <ref name="ClydeUmoja">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Umoja |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=Clyde-built Database}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCameron2004">Cameron, Stuart (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 "Umoja"]. ''Clyde-built Database''. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> An dakatar da ''Uhuru'' daga aiki a shekara ta 2007 bayan an kafa shi a shekarar da ta gabata. Jirgin ya koma aiki a cikin 2019, bayan gyare-gyare. == Manazarta == dratcflbwt94x16s4qnuhidkj13s8jv 0 158896 862126 2026-06-20T16:45:28Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334739984|French ship Mercure (1783)]]" 862126 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin '''''ruwa na Mercure''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne Séduisant bindigogi 74 na rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa . An kama shi a hannun Turawan Ingila a Toulon a watan Agusta na shekarar 1793, amma sojojin Faransa suka sake kwace shi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1793. Ta shiga yakin Nilu a karkashin Kyaftin Cambon. Ta yi yaƙi da {{HMS|Majestic|1785|6}} kuma {{HMS|Alexander|1778|6}} ta kama shi{{HMS|Alexander|1778|6}} . Ta lalace ba tare da gyara ba kuma ta faɗi ƙasa, ta ƙone. == Manazarta == 8xhq8vii2gr0lhc0xv71yk8yhpyk3fa 862127 862126 2026-06-20T16:45:56Z Engineer014 44591 862127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin '''''ruwa na Mercure''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne Séduisant bindigogi 74 na rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa . An kama shi a hannun Turawan Ingila a Toulon a watan Agusta na shekarar 1793, amma sojojin Faransa suka sake kwace shi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1793. Ta shiga yakin Nilu a karkashin Kyaftin Cambon. Ta yi yaƙi da {{HMS|Majestic|1785|6}} kuma {{HMS|Alexander|1778|6}} ta kama shi{{HMS|Alexander|1778|6}} . Ta lalace ba tare da gyara ba kuma ta faɗi ƙasa, ta ƙone. == Manazarta == odbzmf8sene0ut1k3xoo8hcnymgob14 0 158897 862128 2026-06-20T16:46:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327487155|MV Umoja]]" 862128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''''Umoja''''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Lake Victoria a Gabashin Afirka . Ita Jirgin kasa ne wanda Kamfanin Marine Services Company Limited na [[Mwanza]], Tanzania ke aiki tsakanin Jinja, [[Mwanza]], Musoma da [[Kisumu]]. Umoja na nufin "haɗin kai" a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]. Ta shiga cikin hatsarori da yawa kuma an nuna ta a cikin littafin Paul Theroux . == Tarihi == ''Umoja'' da 'yar uwarta MV Uhuru an gina su ne a shekarar 1965 ta Yarrow Shipbuilders a Scotstoun, [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], <ref name="ClydeUhuru">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Uhuru (1965) |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=Clyde-built Database |publisher=}}</ref> kuma sun shiga aiki a shekarar 1966. A sama da {{Convert|300|ft|m|0}} , su ne jiragen ruwa mafi tsawo a kowane tabkuna na Gabashin Afirka. Jiragen biyu sun kasance mallakar kamfanin East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EARH) har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka raba EARH tsakanin Kenya, Tanzania da [[Uganda]]. An canja ''Uhuru'' zuwa sabuwar Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Kenya kuma an canja Umoja zuwa sabuwar Kamfani na Jirgin Sama ta Tanzania. <ref name="ClydeUhuru" /> ''Umoja'' ya bugi duwatsu a 1990, 1996, da 2002. Hatsarin 2002 ya jawo asarar da ta kai dala $160,000. A cikin 1997 sashen jigilar kayayyaki na TRC ya zama kamfani daban, Kamfanin Ayyukan Ruwa Ltd . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Home |url=http://mscltz.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910031156/http://www.mscltz.com/ |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=26 June 2011 |publisher=Marine Services Company Limited}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa ''Dark Star Safari'', Paul Theroux ya ba da labarin tafiya a kan Tafkin Victoria a cikin ''Umoja'', yana ba da cikakken bayani game da haɗarin daga sigogi na zamani da kuma jaddada abokantaka da ƙwarewar ma'aikatan.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Theroux}}</ref> == Manazarta == cg8rq8uabnls9zcqsm79reetq5x24e2 862130 862128 2026-06-20T16:46:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 862130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''''Umoja''''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Lake Victoria a Gabashin Afirka . Ita Jirgin kasa ne wanda Kamfanin Marine Services Company Limited na [[Mwanza]], Tanzania ke aiki tsakanin Jinja, [[Mwanza]], Musoma da [[Kisumu]]. Umoja na nufin "haɗin kai" a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]. Ta shiga cikin hatsarori da yawa kuma an nuna ta a cikin littafin Paul Theroux . == Tarihi == ''Umoja'' da 'yar uwarta MV Uhuru an gina su ne a shekarar 1965 ta Yarrow Shipbuilders a Scotstoun, [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], <ref name="ClydeUhuru">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Uhuru (1965) |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=Clyde-built Database |publisher=}}</ref> kuma sun shiga aiki a shekarar 1966. A sama da {{Convert|300|ft|m|0}} , su ne jiragen ruwa mafi tsawo a kowane tabkuna na Gabashin Afirka. Jiragen biyu sun kasance mallakar kamfanin East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EARH) har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka raba EARH tsakanin Kenya, Tanzania da [[Uganda]]. An canja ''Uhuru'' zuwa sabuwar Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Kenya kuma an canja Umoja zuwa sabuwar Kamfani na Jirgin Sama ta Tanzania. <ref name="ClydeUhuru" /> ''Umoja'' ya bugi duwatsu a 1990, 1996, da 2002. Hatsarin 2002 ya jawo asarar da ta kai dala $160,000. A cikin 1997 sashen jigilar kayayyaki na TRC ya zama kamfani daban, Kamfanin Ayyukan Ruwa Ltd . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Home |url=http://mscltz.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910031156/http://www.mscltz.com/ |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=26 June 2011 |publisher=Marine Services Company Limited}}</ref> A cikin littafinsa ''Dark Star Safari'', Paul Theroux ya ba da labarin tafiya a kan Tafkin Victoria a cikin ''Umoja'', yana ba da cikakken bayani game da haɗarin daga sigogi na zamani da kuma jaddada abokantaka da ƙwarewar ma'aikatan.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Theroux}}</ref> == Manazarta == sr3ayf9de2n5gv83tdxkktcgf20lcnq 0 158898 862131 2026-06-20T16:47:12Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328468385|French ship Commerce de Bordeaux (1785)]]" 862131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Commerce de Bordeaux''''' ya kasance gun Téméraire -class 74 aka gina wa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa a shekarun 1780. An ba ta kuɗin jirgin ne ta hanyar gudummawar ''don des vaisseaux'' daga [[Bordeaux]] . An kammala ta a shekarar 1786, ta yi aiki a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa da Yaƙin Napoleon . Ma'aikatan jirgin sun ƙone ''Commerce de Bordeaux'' a lokacin Yaƙin Nilu a shekarar 1798 don hana Birtaniya kama ta. == Bayani == Jiragen ruwan ''Téméraire'' suna da tsawon {{Convert|55.87|m|ftin}}, katako mai tsawon {{Convert|14.46|m|ftin}} da kuma zurfin riƙewa na {{Convert|7.15|m|ftin}}Jiragen ruwan sun yi watsi da tan 3,069 kuma sun sami matsakaicin iskar da ta kai {{Convert|7.15|m|ftin}} . Suna da tan na tan 1,537 na tashar jiragen ruwa . Ma'aikatan jirgin sun kai jami'ai 705 da kuma ƙima a lokacin yaƙi. An sanya musu masts uku da kuma injinan jiragen ruwa . Makamai masu ɗauke da bindiga mai santsi da kuma santsi na aji ''Téméraire'' sun ƙunshi bindigogi masu tsawon fam ashirin da takwas masu tsawon fam talatin da shida a ƙasan benen bindigogi, bindigogi masu tsawon fam talatin da takwas da kuma bindigogi masu tsawon fam talatin da takwas a saman benen bindigogi. A kan benen kwata da kuma filin jirgin sama akwai jimillar bindigogi masu tsawon fam goma sha biyu masu tsawon fam takwas da kuma manyan bindigogi 10 masu tsawon fam talatin da shida. == Gine-gine da aiki == An yi odar ''Commerce de Bordeaux'' a shekarar 1784 kuma an ajiye shi a [[Gidan ajiye makamai na Toulon|Arsenal de Toulon]] a watan Mayu. Jirgin ya tashi a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1785 kuma an sanya masa suna a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1786 saboda 'yan kasuwa daga [[Bordeaux]] ne suka ba ta kuɗin. An kammala ta daga baya a shekarar. ''Commerce de Bordeaux'' ta shiga cikin balaguron Faransa zuwa Sardinia a shekarar 1792–1793. <ref name="r2">Roche, p. 122</ref> An sake wa jirgin suna ''Bonnet Rouge'' a watan Disamba, 1793 sannan ''aka sake masa suna Timoléon'' a watan Fabrairu, 1794. <ref name="wr0" /> Ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Nilu a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Louis-Léonce Trullet ; ma'aikatan jirginta sun tilasta mata ƙone ta don hana Birtaniya kama ta. == Manazarta == ny9nef9f04lx1k9t4fzj5162thaxoso 862137 862131 2026-06-20T16:48:56Z Engineer014 44591 862137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Commerce de Bordeaux''''' ya kasance gun Téméraire -class 74 aka gina wa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa a shekarun 1780. An ba ta kuɗin jirgin ne ta hanyar gudummawar ''don des vaisseaux'' daga [[Bordeaux]] . An kammala ta a shekarar 1786, ta yi aiki a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa da Yaƙin Napoleon . Ma'aikatan jirgin sun ƙone ''Commerce de Bordeaux'' a lokacin Yaƙin Nilu a shekarar 1798 don hana Birtaniya kama ta. == Bayani == Jiragen ruwan ''Téméraire'' suna da tsawon {{Convert|55.87|m|ftin}}, katako mai tsawon {{Convert|14.46|m|ftin}} da kuma zurfin riƙewa na {{Convert|7.15|m|ftin}}Jiragen ruwan sun yi watsi da tan 3,069 kuma sun sami matsakaicin iskar da ta kai {{Convert|7.15|m|ftin}} . Suna da tan na tan 1,537 na tashar jiragen ruwa . Ma'aikatan jirgin sun kai jami'ai 705 da kuma ƙima a lokacin yaƙi. An sanya musu masts uku da kuma injinan jiragen ruwa . Makamai masu ɗauke da bindiga mai santsi da kuma santsi na aji ''Téméraire'' sun ƙunshi bindigogi masu tsawon fam ashirin da takwas masu tsawon fam talatin da shida a ƙasan benen bindigogi, bindigogi masu tsawon fam talatin da takwas da kuma bindigogi masu tsawon fam talatin da takwas a saman benen bindigogi. A kan benen kwata da kuma filin jirgin sama akwai jimillar bindigogi masu tsawon fam goma sha biyu masu tsawon fam takwas da kuma manyan bindigogi 10 masu tsawon fam talatin da shida. == Gine-gine da aiki == An yi odar ''Commerce de Bordeaux'' a shekarar 1784 kuma an ajiye shi a [[Gidan ajiye makamai na Toulon|Arsenal de Toulon]] a watan Mayu. Jirgin ya tashi a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1785 kuma an sanya masa suna a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1786 saboda 'yan kasuwa daga [[Bordeaux]] ne suka ba ta kuɗin. An kammala ta daga baya a shekarar. ''Commerce de Bordeaux'' ta shiga cikin balaguron Faransa zuwa Sardinia a shekarar 1792–1793. <ref name="r2">Roche, p. 122</ref> An sake wa jirgin suna ''Bonnet Rouge'' a watan Disamba, 1793 sannan ''aka sake masa suna Timoléon'' a watan Fabrairu, 1794. <ref name="wr0" /> Ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Nilu a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Louis-Léonce Trullet ; ma'aikatan jirginta sun tilasta mata ƙone ta don hana Birtaniya kama ta. == Manazarta == dnnohqsrxzezsqhryptuj778993o0d0 0 158899 862135 2026-06-20T16:48:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336479407|MV Victoria (1959)]]" 862135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''Victoria''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Lake Victoria wanda Kamfanin Marine Services Company Limited na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ke sarrafawa. Har zuwa samun 'yancin Kenya daga [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] a 1963 ta kasance Royal Mail Ship '''RMS ''Victoria''''' . <ref name="McCrow">{{Cite web |last=McCrow |first=Malcolm |date= |title=Marine Services |url=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=[[East African Railways and Harbours]] |publisher=Malcolm McCrow}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi aiki a karkashin tutar Kenya har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka tura ta zuwa Tanzania. == Gine-gine == An gina ''Victoria'' a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai suna "knock-down". Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited ta gina ta a Scotstoun, Glasgow, sannan ta rushe ta a watan Yunin 1959. Daga nan aka fitar da ita a cikin akwatuna 1,500 ta hanyar Mombasa zuwa [[Kisumu]] a kan [[Tafkin Victoria]], inda aka fara sake tarawa a watan Disamba na 1959 kuma an kaddamar da ita a ranar 5 ga Satumba. An mika ta ga Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Harbours na Gabashin Afirka (EAR&H) a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1961 kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 22 ga Yuli. Lokacin da aka ba da umarnin jirgin Elizabeth II ta ba ta sunan Royal Mail Ship (RMS): jirgin EAR&H ne kawai ya sami wannan bambancin.<ref name="McCrow">{{Cite web |last=McCrow |first=Malcolm |date= |title=Marine Services |url=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=[[East African Railways and Harbours]] |publisher=Malcolm McCrow}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCrow">McCrow, Malcolm. </cite></ref> == Hidima == Lokacin da aka ba da izini a 1961, ''Victoria'' tana da damar daukar fasinjoji 230 da tan 200 na kaya kuma tana da firiji don kayan da za su lalace. Ta karɓi sabis na zagaye na EAR&H a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Tafkin Victoria, ta raba rabin jimlar lokacin tafiye-tafiye zuwa kwana biyu da rabi wanda ya ba ta damar yin hidima ga duk tashar jiragen sama a kan tafkin sau biyu a mako. EAR&H daidai da haka ta gabatar da sabbin farashi ga fasinjoji da farashi don nau'ikan kaya daban-daban a kanta.<ref name="Gazette" /> A shekara ta 1977 aka raba EAR&H tsakanin [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] kuma an canja ''Victoria'' zuwa sabuwar hanyar Jirgin kasa na Tanzania. A cikin 1997 sashen jigilar kayayyaki na TRC ya zama kamfani daban, Kamfanin Ayyukan Ruwa Ltd . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://mscltz.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910031156/http://www.mscltz.com/ |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=2011-06-26 |publisher=Marine Services Company Limited}}</ref> An sake gyara ''Victoria'' kuma saboda dawowa zuwa sabis tsakanin Bukoba da [[Mwanza]] a watan Yunin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulisa |first=Meddy |last2=Sanga |first2=Alex |date=29 June 2020 |title=It's all smile as MV Victoria bounces back to business |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2020-06-295ef97cc01adfb.aspx |website=Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamagi |first=Deogratius |date=10 August 2020 |title=PM demands swift licensing of MV Victoria |url=https://www.habarileo.co.tz/habari/2020-08-105f30dc1a3a08f.aspx |website=Habari Leo}}</ref> Jirgin ya fara aiki da hanyar Mwanza-Bukoba kamar yadda aka tsara a watan Agustan 2020 a karkashin sunan "New Victoria".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamala |first=James |date=29 August 2020 |title=Break of dawn as New Victoria swings into action |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2020-08-285f491d6dbc5e5 |website=Daily News}}</ref> Bayan wani shiri na shekara-shekara binciken a watan Satumbar 2021 jirgin ya ci gaba da aiki wata daya bayan haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaitira |first=Mgongo |date=14 October 2021 |title=Relief as MV Victoria starts services again |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/-relief-as-mv-victoria-starts-services-again-3582930 |website=The Citizen}}</ref> == Manazarta == p0h6fdqwpa3hjijujumhy6ndniqdvei 862136 862135 2026-06-20T16:48:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 862136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''Victoria''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Lake Victoria wanda Kamfanin Marine Services Company Limited na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ke sarrafawa. Har zuwa samun 'yancin Kenya daga [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] a 1963 ta kasance Royal Mail Ship '''RMS ''Victoria''''' . <ref name="McCrow">{{Cite web |last=McCrow |first=Malcolm |date= |title=Marine Services |url=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=[[East African Railways and Harbours]] |publisher=Malcolm McCrow}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi aiki a karkashin tutar Kenya har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka tura ta zuwa Tanzania. == Gine-gine == An gina ''Victoria'' a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai suna "knock-down". Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited ta gina ta a Scotstoun, Glasgow, sannan ta rushe ta a watan Yunin 1959. Daga nan aka fitar da ita a cikin akwatuna 1,500 ta hanyar Mombasa zuwa [[Kisumu]] a kan [[Tafkin Victoria]], inda aka fara sake tarawa a watan Disamba na 1959 kuma an kaddamar da ita a ranar 5 ga Satumba. An mika ta ga Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Harbours na Gabashin Afirka (EAR&H) a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1961 kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 22 ga Yuli. Lokacin da aka ba da umarnin jirgin Elizabeth II ta ba ta sunan Royal Mail Ship (RMS): jirgin EAR&H ne kawai ya sami wannan bambancin.<ref name="McCrow">{{Cite web |last=McCrow |first=Malcolm |date= |title=Marine Services |url=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm |access-date=2011-05-17 |website=[[East African Railways and Harbours]] |publisher=Malcolm McCrow}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCrow">McCrow, Malcolm. </cite></ref> == Hidima == Lokacin da aka ba da izini a 1961, ''Victoria'' tana da damar daukar fasinjoji 230 da tan 200 na kaya kuma tana da firiji don kayan da za su lalace. Ta karɓi sabis na zagaye na EAR&H a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Tafkin Victoria, ta raba rabin jimlar lokacin tafiye-tafiye zuwa kwana biyu da rabi wanda ya ba ta damar yin hidima ga duk tashar jiragen sama a kan tafkin sau biyu a mako. EAR&H daidai da haka ta gabatar da sabbin farashi ga fasinjoji da farashi don nau'ikan kaya daban-daban a kanta.<ref name="Gazette" /> A shekara ta 1977 aka raba EAR&H tsakanin [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Uganda]] kuma an canja ''Victoria'' zuwa sabuwar hanyar Jirgin kasa na Tanzania. A cikin 1997 sashen jigilar kayayyaki na TRC ya zama kamfani daban, Kamfanin Ayyukan Ruwa Ltd . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://mscltz.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910031156/http://www.mscltz.com/ |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=2011-06-26 |publisher=Marine Services Company Limited}}</ref> An sake gyara ''Victoria'' kuma saboda dawowa zuwa sabis tsakanin Bukoba da [[Mwanza]] a watan Yunin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulisa |first=Meddy |last2=Sanga |first2=Alex |date=29 June 2020 |title=It's all smile as MV Victoria bounces back to business |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2020-06-295ef97cc01adfb.aspx |website=Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamagi |first=Deogratius |date=10 August 2020 |title=PM demands swift licensing of MV Victoria |url=https://www.habarileo.co.tz/habari/2020-08-105f30dc1a3a08f.aspx |website=Habari Leo}}</ref> Jirgin ya fara aiki da hanyar Mwanza-Bukoba kamar yadda aka tsara a watan Agustan 2020 a karkashin sunan "New Victoria".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamala |first=James |date=29 August 2020 |title=Break of dawn as New Victoria swings into action |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2020-08-285f491d6dbc5e5 |website=Daily News}}</ref> Bayan wani shiri na shekara-shekara binciken a watan Satumbar 2021 jirgin ya ci gaba da aiki wata daya bayan haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaitira |first=Mgongo |date=14 October 2021 |title=Relief as MV Victoria starts services again |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/-relief-as-mv-victoria-starts-services-again-3582930 |website=The Citizen}}</ref> == Manazarta == b9e7p1t76gtrco1xr4qnxca5xivl6kp 0 158900 862140 2026-06-20T16:50:01Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 862140 wikitext text/x-wiki Magunguna, gami da magunguna da magunguna na nishaɗi, na iya samun tasiri a lokacin daukar ciki a kan mace mai ciki da tayin wanda ya bambanta da tasirin maganin ga mutanen da ba su da ciki. Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA) a Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai ciki miliyan shida tare da akalla kashi 50% na mata suna shan akalla magani daya.[1] Bugu da kari an ruwaito 5-10% na mata masu shekaru masu haihuwa suna amfani da barasa ko wasu abubuwan jaraba.[2] Daga cikin wadanda ke haihuwar yara, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako ga lafiyar mahaifiyar ba kawai ba, har ma da tayin kamar yadda magunguna da yawa zasu iya tsallaka placenta kuma su kai ga tayin. Wasu daga cikin sakamakon da aka samu a kan jarirai sun hada da cututtukan jiki da na tunani, haɗarin haihuwa mai tsanani, ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwan ƙwaƙwalwa (NAS), ciwon mutuwar jarirai kwatsam (SIDS), ƙarancin haihuwa, da sauransu.[3] Magunguna da aka ɗauka a cikin ciki ciki har da magunguna masu yawa, magunguna masu ba da magani, kari na abinci mai gina jiki, magunguna na nishaɗi, da magunguna na haramtacciyar cuta na iya haifar da lahani ga uwa ko jaririn da ba a haifa ba. Taba sigari, barasa, wiwi, da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba yayin da suke da juna biyu na iya zama haɗari ga jaririn da ba a haifa ba kuma yana iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya da / ko lahani na haihuwa.[1] Ko da ƙananan barasa, taba, da wiwi ba a tabbatar da su lafiya ba lokacin da aka sha su yayin da suke da ciki.[2] A wasu lokuta, alal misali, idan mahaifiyar tana da farfajiya ko ciwon sukari, haɗarin dakatar da magani na iya zama mafi muni fiye da haɗarin da ke tattare da shan magani yayin da yake da ciki. Ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya na uwa zai taimaka wajen yanke waɗannan yanke shawara game da hanyar da ta fi aminci don kare lafiyar mahaifiyar da jaririn da ba a haifa ba.[3] Baya ga magunguna da abubuwan nishaɗi, wasu kayan abinci suna da mahimmanci ga ciki mai lafiya, duk da haka, wasu na iya haifar da lahani ga yaron da ba a haifa ba.[4] ta3vlppyhetz3yrslrwkvdpjtvoas2i 862148 862140 2026-06-20T16:53:23Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manzarta 862148 wikitext text/x-wiki Magunguna, gami da magunguna da magunguna na nishaɗi, na iya samun tasiri a lokacin daukar ciki a kan mace mai ciki da tayin wanda ya bambanta da tasirin maganin ga mutanen da ba su da ciki. Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA) a Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai ciki miliyan shida tare da akalla kashi 50% na mata suna shan akalla magani daya.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200810141705/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/medicine-and-pregnancy</ref> Bugu da kari an ruwaito 5-10% na mata masu shekaru masu haihuwa suna amfani da barasa ko wasu abubuwan jaraba.<ref>https://www.ncemch.org/NCEMCH-publications/SubAbuse.pdf</ref> Daga cikin wadanda ke haihuwar yara, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako ga lafiyar mahaifiyar ba kawai ba, har ma da tayin kamar yadda magunguna da yawa zasu iya tsallaka placenta kuma su kai ga tayin. Wasu daga cikin sakamakon da aka samu a kan jarirai sun hada da cututtukan jiki da na tunani, haɗarin haihuwa mai tsanani, ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwan ƙwaƙwalwa (NAS), ciwon mutuwar jarirai kwatsam (SIDS), ƙarancin haihuwa, da sauransu.<ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/substance-use-in-women/substance-use-while-pregnant-breastfeeding</ref> Magunguna da aka ɗauka a cikin ciki ciki har da magunguna masu yawa, magunguna masu ba da magani, kari na abinci mai gina jiki, magunguna na nishaɗi, da magunguna na haramtacciyar cuta na iya haifar da lahani ga uwa ko jaririn da ba a haifa ba. Taba sigari, barasa, wiwi, da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba yayin da suke da juna biyu na iya zama haɗari ga jaririn da ba a haifa ba kuma yana iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya da / ko lahani na haihuwa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201020005948/https://www.acog.org/en/Patient%20Resources/FAQs/Pregnancy/Tobacco%20Alcohol%20Drugs%20and%20Pregnancy</ref> Ko da ƙananan barasa, taba, da wiwi ba a tabbatar da su lafiya ba lokacin da aka sha su yayin da suke da ciki.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9732381</ref> A wasu lokuta, alal misali, idan mahaifiyar tana da farfajiya ko ciwon sukari, haɗarin dakatar da magani na iya zama mafi muni fiye da haɗarin da ke tattare da shan magani yayin da yake da ciki. Ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya na uwa zai taimaka wajen yanke waɗannan yanke shawara game da hanyar da ta fi aminci don kare lafiyar mahaifiyar da jaririn da ba a haifa ba.[3] Baya ga magunguna da abubuwan nishaɗi, wasu kayan abinci suna da mahimmanci ga ciki mai lafiya, duk da haka, wasu na iya haifar da lahani ga yaron da ba a haifa ba.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200808133614/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/women/dietary-supplements-tips-women</ref> ==Manzarta== 6i9fq8fispwq0k0lbknxkarb9n02k2p 862152 862148 2026-06-20T16:54:28Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 862152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Magunguna, gami da magunguna da magunguna na nishaɗi, na iya samun tasiri a lokacin daukar ciki a kan mace mai ciki da tayin wanda ya bambanta da tasirin maganin ga mutanen da ba su da ciki. Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA) a Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai ciki miliyan shida tare da akalla kashi 50% na mata suna shan akalla magani daya.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200810141705/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/medicine-and-pregnancy</ref> Bugu da kari an ruwaito 5-10% na mata masu shekaru masu haihuwa suna amfani da barasa ko wasu abubuwan jaraba.<ref>https://www.ncemch.org/NCEMCH-publications/SubAbuse.pdf</ref> Daga cikin wadanda ke haihuwar yara, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako ga lafiyar mahaifiyar ba kawai ba, har ma da tayin kamar yadda magunguna da yawa zasu iya tsallaka placenta kuma su kai ga tayin. Wasu daga cikin sakamakon da aka samu a kan jarirai sun hada da cututtukan jiki da na tunani, haɗarin haihuwa mai tsanani, ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwan ƙwaƙwalwa (NAS), ciwon mutuwar jarirai kwatsam (SIDS), ƙarancin haihuwa, da sauransu.<ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/substance-use-in-women/substance-use-while-pregnant-breastfeeding</ref> Magunguna da aka ɗauka a cikin ciki ciki har da magunguna masu yawa, magunguna masu ba da magani, kari na abinci mai gina jiki, magunguna na nishaɗi, da magunguna na haramtacciyar cuta na iya haifar da lahani ga uwa ko jaririn da ba a haifa ba. Taba sigari, barasa, wiwi, da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba yayin da suke da juna biyu na iya zama haɗari ga jaririn da ba a haifa ba kuma yana iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya da / ko lahani na haihuwa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201020005948/https://www.acog.org/en/Patient%20Resources/FAQs/Pregnancy/Tobacco%20Alcohol%20Drugs%20and%20Pregnancy</ref> Ko da ƙananan barasa, taba, da wiwi ba a tabbatar da su lafiya ba lokacin da aka sha su yayin da suke da ciki.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9732381</ref> A wasu lokuta, alal misali, idan mahaifiyar tana da farfajiya ko ciwon sukari, haɗarin dakatar da magani na iya zama mafi muni fiye da haɗarin da ke tattare da shan magani yayin da yake da ciki. Ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya na uwa zai taimaka wajen yanke waɗannan yanke shawara game da hanyar da ta fi aminci don kare lafiyar mahaifiyar da jaririn da ba a haifa ba.[3] Baya ga magunguna da abubuwan nishaɗi, wasu kayan abinci suna da mahimmanci ga ciki mai lafiya, duk da haka, wasu na iya haifar da lahani ga yaron da ba a haifa ba.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200808133614/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/women/dietary-supplements-tips-women</ref> ==Manzarta== 3gd68kferl36b3zfx43jcujj07lo1ng 0 158901 862141 2026-06-20T16:50:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359327957|Africa Morocco Link]]" 862141 wikitext text/x-wiki Africa Morocco Link ('''AML''') kamfani ne na jirgin ruwa wanda ke zaune a [[Moroko|Maroko]], wanda aka kafa a cikin 2016. Yana aiki da haɗin teku tsakanin Maroko da [[Ispaniya|Spain]], tare da ƙetare na yau da kullun tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa na [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]] da Algeciras, da kuma tsakanin Tanger Ville da Tarifa . <ref name="MWN2024">{{Cite web |last=Naim |first=Firdaous |date=2024-07-22 |title=AML Boosts Summer Transport As Marhaba 2024 Operation Commences |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/07/16885/aml-boosts-summer-transport-as-marhaba-2024-operation-commences/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == AML ta fara aiki a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2016 tare da ƙaddamar da layin Tanger Med - Algeciras. An fara tashi ne daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Algeciras kuma jirgin ruwa na ''Diagoras'' ne ke sarrafa shi.<ref name="Yabiladi2016">{{Cite web |title=Maritime : Africa Morocco Links entre en service ce vendredi |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/45279/maritime-africa-morocco-links-entre.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Yabiladi |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2024, ƙungiyar Sweden Stena Line ta sami kashi 49% na hannun jari da Attica Group ke riƙewa a AML. <ref name="StenaAcquisition2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe |url=https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Stena Line |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yuni 2024, AML ta kaddamar da sabuwar hanya tsakanin Tangier Ville da Tarifa. Fitowa ta farko ta faru ne da karfe 9 na safe daga Tangier Ville kuma jirgin ''Morocco Express 1'' ne ke sarrafa shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Vicente |date=2024-05-28 |title=AML Stena inicia sus operaciones entre Tarifa y Tánger Ville – FERRYBALEAR |url=https://ferrybalear.com/aml-stena-inicia-sus-operaciones-entre-tarifa-y-tanger-ville |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=FERRYBALEAR |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Information au Passager |url=https://www.apba.es/fr/informacion-pasajero |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=APBA}}</ref> == Mallaka == Da farko, babban birnin AML ya kasance mafi rinjaye mallakar Bankin Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Détenue majoritairement par BOA, Africa Morocco Link boostée de 140 MDH |url=https://ledesk.ma/enoff/detenue-majoritairement-par-boa-africa-morocco-link-boostee-de-140-mdh/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Le Desk |language=fr}}</ref> kuma 'yan tsiraru mallakar kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Girka Attica Group. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Markhouss |first=Wiam |date=2017-05-30 |title=Africa Morocco Link renforce sa flotte et inaugure son siège à Tanger |url=https://www.lavieeco.com/affaires/africa-morocco-link-renforce-sa-flotte-et-inaugure-son-siege-a-tanger/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=La Vie Éco |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Bankin Afirka ya sayar da kashi 51% ga CTM, dukansu biyu suna cikin kamfanin O Capital Group na Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Compagnie de Transports au Maroc completes the acquisition of 51% of the share capital of Africa Morocco Links |url=https://boursenews.ma/article/marches/CTM-finalise-le-rachat-AML-aupres-de-BOA |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=inforMARE |language=uk}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, Attica Group ta sayar da kashi 49% ga kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Sweden Stena Line.<ref name="StenaAcquisition2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe |url=https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Stena Line |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ "Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe"]. ''Stena Line''. 2024-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hanyoyi == * [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]] - Algeciras (an kaddamar da shi a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2016) <ref name="Yabiladi2016">{{Cite web |title=Maritime : Africa Morocco Links entre en service ce vendredi |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/45279/maritime-africa-morocco-links-entre.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Yabiladi |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/45279/maritime-africa-morocco-links-entre.html "Maritime : Africa Morocco Links entre en service ce vendredi"]. ''Yabiladi'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * Tanger Ville - Tarifa (an kaddamar da shi a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2024) <ref name="MWN20243">{{Cite web |last=Naim |first=Firdaous |date=2024-07-22 |title=AML Boosts Summer Transport As Marhaba 2024 Operation Commences |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/07/16885/aml-boosts-summer-transport-as-marhaba-2024-operation-commences/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nador - Almería (15 ga Oktoba 2017 - 26 ga Disamba 2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Morocco Link’s Almeria-Nador route inaugurated |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/africa-morocco-links-almeria-nador-route-inaugurated.aspx |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Shippax |language=en}}</ref> == Jirgin Ruwa == === Jirgin ruwa na yanzu === {| class="wikitable" !Jirgin ruwa !IMO !An gina shi !Shigar da sabis !Tsawon !Fasinjoji !Saurin gudu !Fadar !Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita !Bayani !Hoton |- |''Tauraron Morocco'' |7803190 |1980 | align="Center" |2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco Star being prepared for AML debut |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/morocco-star-being-prepared-for-aml-debut.aspx |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Shippax}}</ref> |152.2 m |935 |22 kn |{{Flag|Morocco|civil}} |Tanger Med - Algeciras |Da farko ana kiransa ''Yarima Joachim'' . | |- |''Maroko Sun'' |7719430 |1980 | align="Center" |2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco Sun to enter service soon |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/morocco-sun-to-enter-service-soon.aspx |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Shippax}}</ref> |129.65 m |1,000 |19 kn |{{Flag|Morocco|civil}} |Tanger Med - Algeciras |Tsohon Le ''Rif''. | |- |''Stena Turai''<ref>{{Cite web |title=STENA EUROPE - Cruise - Maritime Optima |url=https://maritimeoptima.com/public/vessels/pages/imo%3A7901760/mmsi%3A209649000/STENA_EUROPE.html |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Maritime Optima}}</ref> |7901760 |1981 | align="Center" |Lokacin bazara na 2024 <ref name="StenaAcquisition2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe |url=https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Stena Line |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ "Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe"]. ''Stena Line''. 2024-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> |174 m |1,400 |19 kn |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Tanger Med - Algeciras |Yarjejeniya |[[Fayil:Stena_EUROPE.jpg|center|thumb|Stena Turai]] |- |''Morocco Express 1'' |9216171 |2000 |31 ga Mayu 2024 <ref name="moroccoexpress">{{Cite web |title=Tanger Med-Algeciras Timetables {{!}} Experience on Board |url=https://aml.ma/fr/timetables-tarifa-tangier-ville |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=AML |language=fr}}</ref> |72 m |680 |34 kn |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Birnin Tangier - Tarifa |Tsohon ''Boraq'' (Intershipping). An samo shi ta hanyar gwanjo a cikin 2023. | |- |''HSC Maria Dolores'' |9333448 |2006 |Yuni 2024 <ref name="MWN2024">{{Cite web |last=Naim |first=Firdaous |date=2024-07-22 |title=AML Boosts Summer Transport As Marhaba 2024 Operation Commences |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/07/16885/aml-boosts-summer-transport-as-marhaba-2024-operation-commences/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNaim2024">Naim, Firdaous (2024-07-22). [https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/07/16885/aml-boosts-summer-transport-as-marhaba-2024-operation-commences/ "AML Boosts Summer Transport As Marhaba 2024 Operation Commences"]. ''Morocco World News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> |68.4 m |600 |35 kn |{{Flag|Malta}} |Birnin Tangier - Tarifa |An ba da hayar don maye gurbin Caldera Vista. | |} === Tsohon jirgin ruwa === {| class="wikitable" !Jirgin ruwa !IMO !An gina shi !Shigar da sabis !Jirgin ruwa na hagu !Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita !Bayani |- |''El Venizelos'' |7907673 |1984 | align="Center" |2016 |2016 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar don yakin neman zabe na Marhaba na lokacin rani na 2016. |- |''Aylah'' |9097331 |2009 | align="Center" |2016 & 2017 |2017 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar aiki na rani. |- |''Sarauniya Nefertiti'' |9130925 |1997 | align="Center" |2017 |2017 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar don lokacin rani na 2017. |- |''Diagoras'' |8916126 |1990 |2016 |2017 |Tanger Med - Algeciras / Nador - Almería |An yi aiki a cikin shekara ta farko ta AML. |- |''Galaxy'' |7516773 |1979 |2018 |2018 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar don lokacin rani na 2018. |- |''Nissos Chios'' |9215555 |2007 |2019 |2019 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |Canjin na ɗan lokaci na Morocco Star. |- |''Amman'' |9079999 |1995 |2019 |2019 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar don lokacin rani na 2019. |- |''Hoton Caldera'' |8900012 |1991 |2024 |2024 |Birnin Tangier - Tarifa |An janye shi saboda rashin daidaituwa na ramuka. |- |''Hellenic Highspeed'' |9141845 |1997 |2022, 2023 & 2024 |2024 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar yanayi uku na Marhaba. |} == Manazarta == 6uzykg3c49wpouu04xi89l9gim0971n 862144 862141 2026-06-20T16:51:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 862144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Africa Morocco Link ('''AML''') kamfani ne na jirgin ruwa wanda ke zaune a [[Moroko|Maroko]], wanda aka kafa a cikin 2016. Yana aiki da haɗin teku tsakanin Maroko da [[Ispaniya|Spain]], tare da ƙetare na yau da kullun tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa na [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]] da Algeciras, da kuma tsakanin Tanger Ville da Tarifa . <ref name="MWN2024">{{Cite web |last=Naim |first=Firdaous |date=2024-07-22 |title=AML Boosts Summer Transport As Marhaba 2024 Operation Commences |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/07/16885/aml-boosts-summer-transport-as-marhaba-2024-operation-commences/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == AML ta fara aiki a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2016 tare da ƙaddamar da layin Tanger Med - Algeciras. An fara tashi ne daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Algeciras kuma jirgin ruwa na ''Diagoras'' ne ke sarrafa shi.<ref name="Yabiladi2016">{{Cite web |title=Maritime : Africa Morocco Links entre en service ce vendredi |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/45279/maritime-africa-morocco-links-entre.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Yabiladi |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2024, ƙungiyar Sweden Stena Line ta sami kashi 49% na hannun jari da Attica Group ke riƙewa a AML. <ref name="StenaAcquisition2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe |url=https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Stena Line |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yuni 2024, AML ta kaddamar da sabuwar hanya tsakanin Tangier Ville da Tarifa. Fitowa ta farko ta faru ne da karfe 9 na safe daga Tangier Ville kuma jirgin ''Morocco Express 1'' ne ke sarrafa shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Vicente |date=2024-05-28 |title=AML Stena inicia sus operaciones entre Tarifa y Tánger Ville – FERRYBALEAR |url=https://ferrybalear.com/aml-stena-inicia-sus-operaciones-entre-tarifa-y-tanger-ville |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=FERRYBALEAR |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Information au Passager |url=https://www.apba.es/fr/informacion-pasajero |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=APBA}}</ref> == Mallaka == Da farko, babban birnin AML ya kasance mafi rinjaye mallakar Bankin Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Détenue majoritairement par BOA, Africa Morocco Link boostée de 140 MDH |url=https://ledesk.ma/enoff/detenue-majoritairement-par-boa-africa-morocco-link-boostee-de-140-mdh/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Le Desk |language=fr}}</ref> kuma 'yan tsiraru mallakar kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Girka Attica Group. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Markhouss |first=Wiam |date=2017-05-30 |title=Africa Morocco Link renforce sa flotte et inaugure son siège à Tanger |url=https://www.lavieeco.com/affaires/africa-morocco-link-renforce-sa-flotte-et-inaugure-son-siege-a-tanger/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=La Vie Éco |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Bankin Afirka ya sayar da kashi 51% ga CTM, dukansu biyu suna cikin kamfanin O Capital Group na Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Compagnie de Transports au Maroc completes the acquisition of 51% of the share capital of Africa Morocco Links |url=https://boursenews.ma/article/marches/CTM-finalise-le-rachat-AML-aupres-de-BOA |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=inforMARE |language=uk}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, Attica Group ta sayar da kashi 49% ga kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Sweden Stena Line.<ref name="StenaAcquisition2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe |url=https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Stena Line |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ "Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe"]. ''Stena Line''. 2024-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hanyoyi == * [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]] - Algeciras (an kaddamar da shi a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2016) <ref name="Yabiladi2016">{{Cite web |title=Maritime : Africa Morocco Links entre en service ce vendredi |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/45279/maritime-africa-morocco-links-entre.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Yabiladi |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/45279/maritime-africa-morocco-links-entre.html "Maritime : Africa Morocco Links entre en service ce vendredi"]. ''Yabiladi'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> * Tanger Ville - Tarifa (an kaddamar da shi a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2024) <ref name="MWN20243">{{Cite web |last=Naim |first=Firdaous |date=2024-07-22 |title=AML Boosts Summer Transport As Marhaba 2024 Operation Commences |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/07/16885/aml-boosts-summer-transport-as-marhaba-2024-operation-commences/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nador - Almería (15 ga Oktoba 2017 - 26 ga Disamba 2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Morocco Link’s Almeria-Nador route inaugurated |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/africa-morocco-links-almeria-nador-route-inaugurated.aspx |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Shippax |language=en}}</ref> == Jirgin Ruwa == === Jirgin ruwa na yanzu === {| class="wikitable" !Jirgin ruwa !IMO !An gina shi !Shigar da sabis !Tsawon !Fasinjoji !Saurin gudu !Fadar !Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita !Bayani !Hoton |- |''Tauraron Morocco'' |7803190 |1980 | align="Center" |2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco Star being prepared for AML debut |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/morocco-star-being-prepared-for-aml-debut.aspx |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Shippax}}</ref> |152.2 m |935 |22 kn |{{Flag|Morocco|civil}} |Tanger Med - Algeciras |Da farko ana kiransa ''Yarima Joachim'' . | |- |''Maroko Sun'' |7719430 |1980 | align="Center" |2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco Sun to enter service soon |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/morocco-sun-to-enter-service-soon.aspx |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Shippax}}</ref> |129.65 m |1,000 |19 kn |{{Flag|Morocco|civil}} |Tanger Med - Algeciras |Tsohon Le ''Rif''. | |- |''Stena Turai''<ref>{{Cite web |title=STENA EUROPE - Cruise - Maritime Optima |url=https://maritimeoptima.com/public/vessels/pages/imo%3A7901760/mmsi%3A209649000/STENA_EUROPE.html |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Maritime Optima}}</ref> |7901760 |1981 | align="Center" |Lokacin bazara na 2024 <ref name="StenaAcquisition2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe |url=https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Stena Line |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://stenaline.com/media/stories/stena-line-acquires-shares-in-africa-morocco-link-to-expand-outside-of-europe/ "Stena Line acquires shares in Africa Morocco Link to expand outside of Europe"]. ''Stena Line''. 2024-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> |174 m |1,400 |19 kn |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Tanger Med - Algeciras |Yarjejeniya |[[Fayil:Stena_EUROPE.jpg|center|thumb|Stena Turai]] |- |''Morocco Express 1'' |9216171 |2000 |31 ga Mayu 2024 <ref name="moroccoexpress">{{Cite web |title=Tanger Med-Algeciras Timetables {{!}} Experience on Board |url=https://aml.ma/fr/timetables-tarifa-tangier-ville |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=AML |language=fr}}</ref> |72 m |680 |34 kn |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Birnin Tangier - Tarifa |Tsohon ''Boraq'' (Intershipping). An samo shi ta hanyar gwanjo a cikin 2023. | |- |''HSC Maria Dolores'' |9333448 |2006 |Yuni 2024 <ref name="MWN2024">{{Cite web |last=Naim |first=Firdaous |date=2024-07-22 |title=AML Boosts Summer Transport As Marhaba 2024 Operation Commences |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/07/16885/aml-boosts-summer-transport-as-marhaba-2024-operation-commences/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNaim2024">Naim, Firdaous (2024-07-22). [https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/07/16885/aml-boosts-summer-transport-as-marhaba-2024-operation-commences/ "AML Boosts Summer Transport As Marhaba 2024 Operation Commences"]. ''Morocco World News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> |68.4 m |600 |35 kn |{{Flag|Malta}} |Birnin Tangier - Tarifa |An ba da hayar don maye gurbin Caldera Vista. | |} === Tsohon jirgin ruwa === {| class="wikitable" !Jirgin ruwa !IMO !An gina shi !Shigar da sabis !Jirgin ruwa na hagu !Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita !Bayani |- |''El Venizelos'' |7907673 |1984 | align="Center" |2016 |2016 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar don yakin neman zabe na Marhaba na lokacin rani na 2016. |- |''Aylah'' |9097331 |2009 | align="Center" |2016 & 2017 |2017 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar aiki na rani. |- |''Sarauniya Nefertiti'' |9130925 |1997 | align="Center" |2017 |2017 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar don lokacin rani na 2017. |- |''Diagoras'' |8916126 |1990 |2016 |2017 |Tanger Med - Algeciras / Nador - Almería |An yi aiki a cikin shekara ta farko ta AML. |- |''Galaxy'' |7516773 |1979 |2018 |2018 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar don lokacin rani na 2018. |- |''Nissos Chios'' |9215555 |2007 |2019 |2019 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |Canjin na ɗan lokaci na Morocco Star. |- |''Amman'' |9079999 |1995 |2019 |2019 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar don lokacin rani na 2019. |- |''Hoton Caldera'' |8900012 |1991 |2024 |2024 |Birnin Tangier - Tarifa |An janye shi saboda rashin daidaituwa na ramuka. |- |''Hellenic Highspeed'' |9141845 |1997 |2022, 2023 & 2024 |2024 |Tanger Med - Algeciras |An ba da hayar yanayi uku na Marhaba. |} == Manazarta == 649tybnuxgfk0iqn0xj5yvj9qqvlvhc 0 158902 862146 2026-06-20T16:52:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327650315|MV Maria Dolores]]" 862146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV''' ko '''HSC''' '''''Maria Dolores''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai saurin gudu mallakar Virtu Ferries. Austal ne ya gina shi a cikin 2005-06, ya shiga aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa tsakanin [[Malta]] da [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006. Ba da daɗewa ba jirgin ya zama karami don ba da damar karuwar fasinjoji da jigilar kaya a kan wannan hanyar, kuma a watan Oktoba na 2010 an maye gurbinsa da babbar catamaran MV Jean de La Valette. A shekara ta 2011, jirgin ya shiga cikin kwashe mutane daga [[Tripoli]] a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya . Tsakanin 2012 da 2020, an ba da hayar shi ga Inter Shipping SRA a matsayin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Tarifa da [[Tanja|Tangier]]. == Bayyanawa == [[Fayil:Malta_298.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin kamar yadda aka gani daga baka]] ''Maria Dolores'' tana da tsawon {{Convert|68.4|m}} da tsawon Ruwa na {{Convert|58.8|m}}.<ref name="virtu-spec">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores |url=http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803034828/http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=Virtu Ferries}}</ref> Gininsa yana da {{Convert|18.2|m}} m (60 , kuma jikin yana da zurfin {{Convert|6.3|m}} da kuma kusan {{Convert|2.6|m}} ft 6 in). <ref name="virtu-spec" /> Jirgin yana da Matsakaicin nauyi nauyin {{Convert|260|tonnes}} t (tsawon tan 260) <ref name="virtu-spec" /> Jirgin ruwan yana da injunan dizal guda shida na MTU 16V 4000 M73L, waɗanda ke tuƙa jiragen ruwa guda shida na Rolls-Royce Kamewa (huɗu 80 SII da biyu 80 BII) ta cikin akwatunan gear guda shida na ZF, waɗanda ke ba da damar jan hankalin jirgin.<ref name="virtu-spec">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores |url=http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803034828/http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=Virtu Ferries}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 "Maria Dolores"]. </cite></ref><ref name="ship-technology">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores – Vehicle and Passenger Ferry |url=https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203175227/https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ |archive-date=3 February 2020 |website=ship-technology.com}}</ref> Shi ne jirgin ruwa na farko da aka taɓa sanyawa da sauri tare da jiragen ruwa na sextuple.<ref name="ship-technology" /> Yana da ƙarfin ɗaukar fasinjoji {{Convert|111,000|litres}} na mai. <ref name="virtu-spec" /> Saurin aikin jirgin ruwan yana da kimanin {{Convert|36|knots}}.<ref name="virtu-spec" /> Jirgin zai iya ɗaukar ma'aikatan 16 <ref name="ship-technology" /> da fasinjoji 600. <ref name="virtu-spec" /> Yana da dakuna uku: daya don kulob din da biyu don masu yawon bude ido. Jirgin yana da damar motoci 65, ko mita 95 da motoci 35.<ref name="virtu-spec">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores |url=http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803034828/http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=Virtu Ferries}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 "Maria Dolores"]. </cite></ref> Wani ramuka na baya da ramuka na gefe suna ba da damar ɗora motoci da saukewa.<ref name="ship-technology">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores – Vehicle and Passenger Ferry |url=https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203175227/https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ |archive-date=3 February 2020 |website=ship-technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200203175227/https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ "Maria Dolores – Vehicle and Passenger Ferry"]. </cite></ref> == Gine-gine == Austal ne ya gina ''Maria Dolores'' a Yammacin Ostiraliya. An gina shi daidai da lambobin IMO, buƙatun doka na Malta Flag da buƙatun Port State na Italiya.<ref name="independent2005-09-29" /> Rashin ma'aikata ya haifar da ginin da ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo fiye da yadda ake tsammani, yana jinkirta ranar isar da aka shirya a tsakiyar shekara ta 2005.<ref name="independent2005-09-29" /> Jirgin ya fi cikawa a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, tare da gwajin teku da ya fara a watan Nuwamba. An mika jirgin ga Virtu Ferries a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2006, kuma ya tashi daga Fremantle a kan tafiya zuwa Malta a ranar 7 ga Fabraira. <ref name="times2006-02-09" /> A kan tafiyar isar da shi, jirgin ya kira a Tsibirin Cocos (Keeling) , [[Maldives]], Aden da [[Suez]], sannan ya wuce ta hanyar [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] tare da ƙarin tsayawa a [[Port Said]], Pozzallo kuma a ƙarshe Malta. == Manazarta == mnpmuo70rv8vuoafy9i9n0oaytapfi5 862147 862146 2026-06-20T16:53:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 862147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV''' ko '''HSC''' '''''Maria Dolores''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai saurin gudu mallakar Virtu Ferries. Austal ne ya gina shi a cikin 2005-06, ya shiga aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa tsakanin [[Malta]] da [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006. Ba da daɗewa ba jirgin ya zama karami don ba da damar karuwar fasinjoji da jigilar kaya a kan wannan hanyar, kuma a watan Oktoba na 2010 an maye gurbinsa da babbar catamaran MV Jean de La Valette. A shekara ta 2011, jirgin ya shiga cikin kwashe mutane daga [[Tripoli]] a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya . Tsakanin 2012 da 2020, an ba da hayar shi ga Inter Shipping SRA a matsayin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Tarifa da [[Tanja|Tangier]]. == Bayyanawa == [[Fayil:Malta_298.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin kamar yadda aka gani daga baka]] ''Maria Dolores'' tana da tsawon {{Convert|68.4|m}} da tsawon Ruwa na {{Convert|58.8|m}}.<ref name="virtu-spec">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores |url=http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803034828/http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=Virtu Ferries}}</ref> Gininsa yana da {{Convert|18.2|m}} m (60 , kuma jikin yana da zurfin {{Convert|6.3|m}} da kuma kusan {{Convert|2.6|m}} ft 6 in). <ref name="virtu-spec" /> Jirgin yana da Matsakaicin nauyi nauyin {{Convert|260|tonnes}} t (tsawon tan 260) <ref name="virtu-spec" /> Jirgin ruwan yana da injunan dizal guda shida na MTU 16V 4000 M73L, waɗanda ke tuƙa jiragen ruwa guda shida na Rolls-Royce Kamewa (huɗu 80 SII da biyu 80 BII) ta cikin akwatunan gear guda shida na ZF, waɗanda ke ba da damar jan hankalin jirgin.<ref name="virtu-spec">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores |url=http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803034828/http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=Virtu Ferries}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 "Maria Dolores"]. </cite></ref><ref name="ship-technology">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores – Vehicle and Passenger Ferry |url=https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203175227/https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ |archive-date=3 February 2020 |website=ship-technology.com}}</ref> Shi ne jirgin ruwa na farko da aka taɓa sanyawa da sauri tare da jiragen ruwa na sextuple.<ref name="ship-technology" /> Yana da ƙarfin ɗaukar fasinjoji {{Convert|111,000|litres}} na mai. <ref name="virtu-spec" /> Saurin aikin jirgin ruwan yana da kimanin {{Convert|36|knots}}.<ref name="virtu-spec" /> Jirgin zai iya ɗaukar ma'aikatan 16 <ref name="ship-technology" /> da fasinjoji 600. <ref name="virtu-spec" /> Yana da dakuna uku: daya don kulob din da biyu don masu yawon bude ido. Jirgin yana da damar motoci 65, ko mita 95 da motoci 35.<ref name="virtu-spec">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores |url=http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803034828/http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=Virtu Ferries}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.virtuferries.com/?page_id=563 "Maria Dolores"]. </cite></ref> Wani ramuka na baya da ramuka na gefe suna ba da damar ɗora motoci da saukewa.<ref name="ship-technology">{{Cite web |title=Maria Dolores – Vehicle and Passenger Ferry |url=https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203175227/https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ |archive-date=3 February 2020 |website=ship-technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200203175227/https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/maria-dolores/ "Maria Dolores – Vehicle and Passenger Ferry"]. </cite></ref> == Gine-gine == Austal ne ya gina ''Maria Dolores'' a Yammacin Ostiraliya. An gina shi daidai da lambobin IMO, buƙatun doka na Malta Flag da buƙatun Port State na Italiya.<ref name="independent2005-09-29" /> Rashin ma'aikata ya haifar da ginin da ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo fiye da yadda ake tsammani, yana jinkirta ranar isar da aka shirya a tsakiyar shekara ta 2005.<ref name="independent2005-09-29" /> Jirgin ya fi cikawa a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, tare da gwajin teku da ya fara a watan Nuwamba. An mika jirgin ga Virtu Ferries a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2006, kuma ya tashi daga Fremantle a kan tafiya zuwa Malta a ranar 7 ga Fabraira. <ref name="times2006-02-09" /> A kan tafiyar isar da shi, jirgin ya kira a Tsibirin Cocos (Keeling) , [[Maldives]], Aden da [[Suez]], sannan ya wuce ta hanyar [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] tare da ƙarin tsayawa a [[Port Said]], Pozzallo kuma a ƙarshe Malta. == Manazarta == lr95feykibeidktfglqxdd07jy4clyh 0 158903 862151 2026-06-20T16:54:02Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 862151 wikitext text/x-wiki Péter Marót (27 ga Mayu 1945 – 7 ga Yuni 2020) ɗan ƙasar Hungary ne mai wasan zorro. Ya lashe lambar azurfa a wasan saber na mutum ɗaya da tagulla a gasar ƙungiyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1972. Ya kuma fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1976. Marót ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2020 a wani hatsarin ababen hawa. 1y78n7znnouvwuchlkm1nkpasjvy7rc 862186 862151 2026-06-20T17:07:33Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 862186 wikitext text/x-wiki Péter Marót (27 ga Mayu 1945 – 7 ga Yuni 2020) ɗan ƙasar Hungary ne mai wasan zorro. Ya lashe lambar azurfa a wasan saber na mutum ɗaya da tagulla a gasar ƙungiyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1972. Ya kuma fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1976. Marót ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2020 a wani hatsarin ababen hawa. == Manazarta == 547dbyekemszcqn84c8m5wxkthm5aws 862198 862186 2026-06-20T17:11:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 862198 wikitext text/x-wiki Péter Marót 27 ga Mayu 1945 – 7 ga Yuni 2020 ɗan ƙasar Hungary ne mai wasan zorro. Ya lashe lambar azurfa a wasan saber na mutum ɗaya da tagulla a gasar ƙungiyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1972. Ya kuma fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1976. Marót ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2020 a wani hatsarin ababen hawa. == Manazarta == 0m4fsyyico3usf9acqy3s6lc4lc62t3 862202 862198 2026-06-20T17:13:28Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Péter Marót'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Mar%C3%B3t</ref> 27 ga Mayu 1945 – 7 ga Yuni 2020 ɗan ƙasar Hungary ne mai wasan zorro. Ya lashe lambar azurfa a wasan saber na mutum ɗaya da tagulla a gasar ƙungiyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1972. Ya kuma fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1976.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200417115641/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/peter-marot-1.html</ref><ref>https://www.olympic.org/peter-marot</ref> Marót ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2020 a wani hatsarin ababen hawa.<ref>http://nemzetisport.hu/egyeb_egyeni/gyasz-elhunyt-vb-aranyermes-kardvivonk-marot-peter-2766163</ref> == Manazarta == 8fevzhlfh9bb5zkkjyq45wqqohpdceb 0 158904 862154 2026-06-20T16:54:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352288283|MV Massalia]]" 862154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Massalia''''' jirgin ruwa ne wanda La Méridionale ke sarrafawa tsakanin [[Marseille]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]], Morocco . An gina shi a 1992 a matsayin '''''Normandy''''' don Brittany Ferries, yana aiki tsakanin Portsmouth da [[Caen]] har zuwa 2025.<ref>Fantastic Brittany Ferries ship MV Normandie has new life and role after 33 years of Portsmouth service The News 2 May 2025</ref> == Tarihi == An gina ''Normandy'' a cikin 1992 a Kværner Masa-Yards Turku New Shipyard a Finland don Brittany Ferries, shiga sabis a kan sabis na Portsmouth zuwa [[Caen]] a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1992 . A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2025, Brittany Ferries ta yi ritaya daga ''Normandy'' inda aka maye gurbinsa da Guillaume de Normandie . An sayar da shi ga La Méridionale kuma an sake masa suna ''Massalia'' kuma yana aiki tsakanin [[Marseille]] da [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]]. == Manazarta == rvjbvezajw0bk6ai1qi2mdrqtytzyc6 862155 862154 2026-06-20T16:55:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 862155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Massalia''''' jirgin ruwa ne wanda La Méridionale ke sarrafawa tsakanin [[Marseille]], [[Faransa]] da [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]], Morocco . An gina shi a 1992 a matsayin '''''Normandy''''' don Brittany Ferries, yana aiki tsakanin Portsmouth da [[Caen]] har zuwa 2025.<ref>Fantastic Brittany Ferries ship MV Normandie has new life and role after 33 years of Portsmouth service The News 2 May 2025</ref> == Tarihi == An gina ''Normandy'' a cikin 1992 a Kværner Masa-Yards Turku New Shipyard a Finland don Brittany Ferries, shiga sabis a kan sabis na Portsmouth zuwa [[Caen]] a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1992 . A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2025, Brittany Ferries ta yi ritaya daga ''Normandy'' inda aka maye gurbinsa da Guillaume de Normandie . An sayar da shi ga La Méridionale kuma an sake masa suna ''Massalia'' kuma yana aiki tsakanin [[Marseille]] da [[Tanger-Med|Tanger Med]]. == Manazarta == lvcggmguha5lqeclubotazxhkuq3fao 0 158905 862164 2026-06-20T17:00:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359921393|Stena Vinga]]" 862164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Stena Vinga''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai juyawa / juyawa wanda Stena Line ke mallakar shi kuma an hayar shi zuwa DFDS Seaways da ke aiki tsakanin [[Jersey]] a cikin Channel Islands da [[Portsmouth]], [[Ingila]]. An gina ta a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin '''''Hammerode''''' don Bornholmstrafikken (daga baya BornholmerFærgen), tana aiki a kan ayyukan [[Tekun Baltic]]. A cikin 2017, Stena Line ta sayi ta, wanda ya ba da hayar ta zuwa BornholmerFærgen, kafin ta shiga aiki tare da kamfanin a cikin 2018 a matsayin ''Stena Vinga'' . Tun daga shekara ta 2025, an hayar ta zuwa DFDS, wanda ya kamata a saya kuma a sake masa suna a watan Nuwamba 2026. == Tarihi == === Bornholmstrafikken/BornholmerFærgen === [[Fayil:BornholmerFærgen_MS_Hammerodde.jpg|left|thumb|''Hammerode'' a cikin 2005]] ''Hammerode'' ya shiga aiki tare da Bornholmstrafikken a cikin 2005. Ta gudanar da hanyoyin da ke haɗa Køge, Rønne da Ystad, kuma ta kammala wasu ayyuka tsakanin Rønne le Sassnitz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stena Vinga past & present |url=https://www.doverferryphotosforums.co.uk/mv-stena-vinga-past-and-present/ |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> Bayan wannan, a cikin 2010 an sake gyara ta kuma an sake gina ta a STX Turai, [[Helsinki]] ta ƙara ƙarin filin jigilar kaya a bayan ginin ta, da kuma mai tallafawa ducktail mai tsawon mita 5, sabbin rudders da propellers.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Stena Vinga details |url=https://www.niferry.co.uk/stena-vinga-stena-line/ |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> === Layin Stena === A cikin 2017, an sayar da ''Hammerode'' ga Stena Line kuma an sake shi zuwa Danske Færger har zuwa kaka 2018, inda ta shiga aiki tare da Stena Line a matsayin ''Stena Vinga'' a kan hanyar Gothenburg zuwa Frederikshavn . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stena Line buys Hammerodde |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/stena-roro-acquires-hammerodde-from-danske-farger-as.aspx |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=STENA VINGA introduced on the Gothenburg-Frederikshavn service |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/stena-vinga-introduced-on-the-gothenburg-frederikshavn-service.aspx |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Shippax}}</ref> A cikin 2020 ta rufe ''Stena Horizon'' wanda aka saki don rufewa a kan hanyar Holyhead zuwa [[Dublin]]. A ranar 21 ga Maris 2021 ta dawo don yin hidima a hanyar Gothenburg zuwa Frederikshavn kuma tana da sabis na ƙarshe a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. Ta yi aiki da Travemünde da Liepāja na watanni 4 kafin ta sauya zuwa hanyoyi daban-daban kowane 'yan watanni. Daga 18 ga Disamba 2022 zuwa 26 ga Janairu 2023, ta rufe ''Stena Danica'' yayin da ake sake gyara shi. A ranar 1 ga Maris 2023 ta rufe ''Stena Germanica'' har zuwa 17 ga Maris 2023. === Yarjejeniyar Intershipping === A lokacin rani na 2023, an yi hayar ''Stena Vinga'' zuwa Intershipping don ayyuka a fadin Strait of Gibraltar . === DFDS === A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, biyo bayan shawarar da [[Jersey]] ta yanke na nada DFDS Seaways a matsayin mai gudanar da jirgin ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=DFDS wins Jersey ferry services contract |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2024/12/03/dfds-wins-jersey-ferry-services-contract/ |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> sun sanar da cewa za su yi hayar ''Stena Vinga''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DFDS charters Stena Vinga for Jersey |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/dfds-charters-stena-vinga-for-its-upcoming-jersey-service.aspx |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> A farkon watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ta tashi zuwa Portsmouth don gwaji. A ranar 18 ga Maris 2025, an gwada ta a St Helier Harbour . Ta shiga aiki ga DFDS kwanaki 10 bayan haka tsakanin Portsmouth da Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DFDS begins Jersey contract |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvge2n2jvq3o |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2026, an ba da sanarwar cewa DFDS za ta sayi ''Stena Vinga'', tare da shirye-shiryen sake masa suna da sake sanya shi. == Yanayi == Jirgin ruwa mai juyawa / juyawa yana da tsawon mita 129.9, katako na 23.4 m da kuma rubutun 5.6 m, jimlar tonnage ya kai 14,551 GT. Injin ya kunshi biyu MaK 9M32 diesel 8640 kW (38,500 HP) yana ba da izinin matsakaicin saurin sabis na {{Convert|18.5|kn}} km / h; 21.3 . Ana iya saukar da fasinjoji 400 da motoci 200 a cikin jirgin.<ref name="auto1" />&nbsp; == Manazarta == ad8mejlyh8qh2ui8k2kwyio1m7g7qzr 862166 862164 2026-06-20T17:00:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 862166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Stena Vinga''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai juyawa / juyawa wanda Stena Line ke mallakar shi kuma an hayar shi zuwa DFDS Seaways da ke aiki tsakanin [[Jersey]] a cikin Channel Islands da [[Portsmouth]], [[Ingila]]. An gina ta a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin '''''Hammerode''''' don Bornholmstrafikken (daga baya BornholmerFærgen), tana aiki a kan ayyukan [[Tekun Baltic]]. A cikin 2017, Stena Line ta sayi ta, wanda ya ba da hayar ta zuwa BornholmerFærgen, kafin ta shiga aiki tare da kamfanin a cikin 2018 a matsayin ''Stena Vinga'' . Tun daga shekara ta 2025, an hayar ta zuwa DFDS, wanda ya kamata a saya kuma a sake masa suna a watan Nuwamba 2026. == Tarihi == === Bornholmstrafikken/BornholmerFærgen === [[Fayil:BornholmerFærgen_MS_Hammerodde.jpg|left|thumb|''Hammerode'' a cikin 2005]] ''Hammerode'' ya shiga aiki tare da Bornholmstrafikken a cikin 2005. Ta gudanar da hanyoyin da ke haɗa Køge, Rønne da Ystad, kuma ta kammala wasu ayyuka tsakanin Rønne le Sassnitz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stena Vinga past & present |url=https://www.doverferryphotosforums.co.uk/mv-stena-vinga-past-and-present/ |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> Bayan wannan, a cikin 2010 an sake gyara ta kuma an sake gina ta a STX Turai, [[Helsinki]] ta ƙara ƙarin filin jigilar kaya a bayan ginin ta, da kuma mai tallafawa ducktail mai tsawon mita 5, sabbin rudders da propellers.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Stena Vinga details |url=https://www.niferry.co.uk/stena-vinga-stena-line/ |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> === Layin Stena === A cikin 2017, an sayar da ''Hammerode'' ga Stena Line kuma an sake shi zuwa Danske Færger har zuwa kaka 2018, inda ta shiga aiki tare da Stena Line a matsayin ''Stena Vinga'' a kan hanyar Gothenburg zuwa Frederikshavn . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stena Line buys Hammerodde |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/stena-roro-acquires-hammerodde-from-danske-farger-as.aspx |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=STENA VINGA introduced on the Gothenburg-Frederikshavn service |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/stena-vinga-introduced-on-the-gothenburg-frederikshavn-service.aspx |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Shippax}}</ref> A cikin 2020 ta rufe ''Stena Horizon'' wanda aka saki don rufewa a kan hanyar Holyhead zuwa [[Dublin]]. A ranar 21 ga Maris 2021 ta dawo don yin hidima a hanyar Gothenburg zuwa Frederikshavn kuma tana da sabis na ƙarshe a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. Ta yi aiki da Travemünde da Liepāja na watanni 4 kafin ta sauya zuwa hanyoyi daban-daban kowane 'yan watanni. Daga 18 ga Disamba 2022 zuwa 26 ga Janairu 2023, ta rufe ''Stena Danica'' yayin da ake sake gyara shi. A ranar 1 ga Maris 2023 ta rufe ''Stena Germanica'' har zuwa 17 ga Maris 2023. === Yarjejeniyar Intershipping === A lokacin rani na 2023, an yi hayar ''Stena Vinga'' zuwa Intershipping don ayyuka a fadin Strait of Gibraltar . === DFDS === A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, biyo bayan shawarar da [[Jersey]] ta yanke na nada DFDS Seaways a matsayin mai gudanar da jirgin ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=DFDS wins Jersey ferry services contract |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2024/12/03/dfds-wins-jersey-ferry-services-contract/ |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> sun sanar da cewa za su yi hayar ''Stena Vinga''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DFDS charters Stena Vinga for Jersey |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/dfds-charters-stena-vinga-for-its-upcoming-jersey-service.aspx |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> A farkon watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ta tashi zuwa Portsmouth don gwaji. A ranar 18 ga Maris 2025, an gwada ta a St Helier Harbour . Ta shiga aiki ga DFDS kwanaki 10 bayan haka tsakanin Portsmouth da Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DFDS begins Jersey contract |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvge2n2jvq3o |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2026, an ba da sanarwar cewa DFDS za ta sayi ''Stena Vinga'', tare da shirye-shiryen sake masa suna da sake sanya shi. == Yanayi == Jirgin ruwa mai juyawa / juyawa yana da tsawon mita 129.9, katako na 23.4 m da kuma rubutun 5.6 m, jimlar tonnage ya kai 14,551 GT. Injin ya kunshi biyu MaK 9M32 diesel 8640 kW (38,500 HP) yana ba da izinin matsakaicin saurin sabis na {{Convert|18.5|kn}} km / h; 21.3 . Ana iya saukar da fasinjoji 400 da motoci 200 a cikin jirgin.<ref name="auto1" />&nbsp; == Manazarta == 9b7uw56y2p6bv0q790prkol9be7uhy2 0 158906 862167 2026-06-20T17:00:42Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347117630|TSS Hibernia (1899)]]" 862167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''TSS ''Hibernia''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai fasinja biyu [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|na Burtaniya]] . An harba ta a Scotland a shekarar 1899 don layin dogo na London da North Western Railway (LNWR). <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Duckworth|Langmuir|1968}}{{Page needed|date=February 2015}}</ref> A shekarar 1914, Admiralty ta tilasta mata, ta mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai dauke da makamai, sannan ta ba ta aikin '''HMS ''Tara''''' . Wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu ya nutsar da ita ta hanyar torpedo a cikin Bahar Rum a watan Nuwamba na 1915. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun tsira, amma sun yi watanni hudu a matsayin fursunonin [[Sanusiyya|Senussi]] a Cyrenaica (wanda yanzu wani bangare ne na Libya), har sai da rundunar sojojin Burtaniya ta ceto su a shekarar 1916. == Bayani == A tsakanin 1899 zuwa 1900, William Denny da 'Yan'uwan Dumbarton sun gina jiragen ruwa guda biyu na fasinjoji don LNWR. An ƙaddamar da lambar yadi 618 a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1899 a matsayin ''Hibernia'', an ƙaddamar da lambar yadi 619 a ranar 20 ga Disamba a matsayin Anglia, kuma an kammala dukkan jiragen biyu a shekarar 1900. <ref name="SBS">{{Cite web |title=Hibernia |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15174 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglia |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15175 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> Dukansu jiragen ruwa ne na Cambria, waɗanda Denny Brothers ya gina a shekarar 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambria |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15142 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> Tsawon {{'}} aka yi wa rijistar ''Hibernia'' shine {{Cvt|329.0|ft}}, ƙarfinta ya kai {{Cvt|39.1|ft}}, kuma zurfinta ya kai {{Cvt|15.7|ft}} . Harsunanta sun kasance 1,862 GRT da 783 NRT . Tana da sukurori biyu, kowannensu yana amfani da injin faɗaɗa silinda huɗu mai silinda uku . An ƙididdige ƙarfinsu gaba ɗaya a 425 NHP, <ref name="LR10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910}}</ref> kuma ya ba ta gudun {{Convert|22|kn|km/h}} . Hukumar LNWR ta yi mata rijista a Dublin . Lambar hukuma ta Burtaniya ita ce 111027, kuma haruffan lambarta RLWT ne. {{Sfn|''Mercantile Navy List'' 1901}} ''Hibernia'' ta fara aiki a watan Janairun 1900, a kan hanyar LNWR tsakanin Dublin da Holyhead . An sanya mata siginar jirgin ruwa a shekarar 1910, <ref name="LR10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910}}</ref> da kuma wayar tarho mara waya a shekarar 1912. {{Sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1912}} A shekarar 1914, alamar kiranta ita ce GRW. {{Sfn|The Marconi Press Agency Ltd|1914}} == HMS ''Tara'' == A shekara ta 1914, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta nemi ''Hibernia'', ta kuma mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai dauke da makamai . Tana dauke da bindigogi uku masu nauyin kilo 6. <ref name="SBS">{{Cite web |title=Hibernia |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15174 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> Rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ta riga ta mallaki {{HMS|Hibernia|1905|6}}, don haka aka ba ta izinin jirgin ruwan da aka canza zuwa HMS ''Tara'' . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> U-35 torpedoed her in [[Sollum]] Bay on the Egyptian coast on 5 November 1915. The [[U-boat]] saved ''Hibernia''{{'}}s crew, and handed them over to Senussi tribesmen as prisoners of war (POWs). On 14 March 1916 they were being held at [[Bir Hakeim]] along with the crew of HMT ''Moorina'', a horse transport. They were rescued by the [[Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster|Duke of Westminster's]] [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] brigade, part of the [[Western Frontier Force]]. ''Tara''{{'}}s commanding officer at this time was [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] R Gwatkin-Williams, RN.{{Sfn|Rolls|1937}} Bayan ya sami wasiƙa daga Kyaftin Gwatkin-Williams zuwa ga wani jami'in Turkiyya da ba shi da masaniya game da halin da ake ciki a Bir Hakeim, Duke ya tafi neman sojojin . Tare da wani jagora wanda ya taɓa zuwa wurin Bir Hakeim tun yana yaro kimanin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, ya tashi ya ratsa hamada yana kiyasta cewa yana da {{Convert|70|mi}} nesa. Bayan ya wuce kimar mil 70 kuma yana ƙarancin mai, ya ci gaba da tafiya muddin akwai bege, yana neman sansanin bayan ya yi tafiyar {{Convert|115|mi}} . Kyaftin Gwatkin-Williams ya kiyasta cewa fursunonin 'yan kwanaki ne kawai bayan sun mutu, saboda yunwa lokacin da Duke na Westminster ya cece su. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gwatkin-Williams|1919}}{{Page needed|date=February 2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1349ba3h6wpgzj4b9ywa4f89l85bc7w 862169 862167 2026-06-20T17:01:08Z Engineer014 44591 862169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TSS ''Hibernia''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai fasinja biyu [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|na Burtaniya]] . An harba ta a Scotland a shekarar 1899 don layin dogo na London da North Western Railway (LNWR). <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Duckworth|Langmuir|1968}}{{Page needed|date=February 2015}}</ref> A shekarar 1914, Admiralty ta tilasta mata, ta mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai dauke da makamai, sannan ta ba ta aikin '''HMS ''Tara''''' . Wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu ya nutsar da ita ta hanyar torpedo a cikin Bahar Rum a watan Nuwamba na 1915. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun tsira, amma sun yi watanni hudu a matsayin fursunonin [[Sanusiyya|Senussi]] a Cyrenaica (wanda yanzu wani bangare ne na Libya), har sai da rundunar sojojin Burtaniya ta ceto su a shekarar 1916. == Bayani == A tsakanin 1899 zuwa 1900, William Denny da 'Yan'uwan Dumbarton sun gina jiragen ruwa guda biyu na fasinjoji don LNWR. An ƙaddamar da lambar yadi 618 a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1899 a matsayin ''Hibernia'', an ƙaddamar da lambar yadi 619 a ranar 20 ga Disamba a matsayin Anglia, kuma an kammala dukkan jiragen biyu a shekarar 1900. <ref name="SBS">{{Cite web |title=Hibernia |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15174 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglia |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15175 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> Dukansu jiragen ruwa ne na Cambria, waɗanda Denny Brothers ya gina a shekarar 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambria |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15142 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> Tsawon {{'}} aka yi wa rijistar ''Hibernia'' shine {{Cvt|329.0|ft}}, ƙarfinta ya kai {{Cvt|39.1|ft}}, kuma zurfinta ya kai {{Cvt|15.7|ft}} . Harsunanta sun kasance 1,862 GRT da 783 NRT . Tana da sukurori biyu, kowannensu yana amfani da injin faɗaɗa silinda huɗu mai silinda uku . An ƙididdige ƙarfinsu gaba ɗaya a 425 NHP, <ref name="LR10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910}}</ref> kuma ya ba ta gudun {{Convert|22|kn|km/h}} . Hukumar LNWR ta yi mata rijista a Dublin . Lambar hukuma ta Burtaniya ita ce 111027, kuma haruffan lambarta RLWT ne. {{Sfn|''Mercantile Navy List'' 1901}} ''Hibernia'' ta fara aiki a watan Janairun 1900, a kan hanyar LNWR tsakanin Dublin da Holyhead . An sanya mata siginar jirgin ruwa a shekarar 1910, <ref name="LR10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910}}</ref> da kuma wayar tarho mara waya a shekarar 1912. {{Sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1912}} A shekarar 1914, alamar kiranta ita ce GRW. {{Sfn|The Marconi Press Agency Ltd|1914}} == HMS ''Tara'' == A shekara ta 1914, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta nemi ''Hibernia'', ta kuma mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai dauke da makamai . Tana dauke da bindigogi uku masu nauyin kilo 6. <ref name="SBS">{{Cite web |title=Hibernia |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=15174 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}</ref> Rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ta riga ta mallaki {{HMS|Hibernia|1905|6}}, don haka aka ba ta izinin jirgin ruwan da aka canza zuwa HMS ''Tara'' . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> U-35 torpedoed her in [[Sollum]] Bay on the Egyptian coast on 5 November 1915. The [[U-boat]] saved ''Hibernia''{{'}}s crew, and handed them over to Senussi tribesmen as prisoners of war (POWs). On 14 March 1916 they were being held at [[Bir Hakeim]] along with the crew of HMT ''Moorina'', a horse transport. They were rescued by the [[Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster|Duke of Westminster's]] [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] brigade, part of the [[Western Frontier Force]]. ''Tara''{{'}}s commanding officer at this time was [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] R Gwatkin-Williams, RN.{{Sfn|Rolls|1937}} Bayan ya sami wasiƙa daga Kyaftin Gwatkin-Williams zuwa ga wani jami'in Turkiyya da ba shi da masaniya game da halin da ake ciki a Bir Hakeim, Duke ya tafi neman sojojin . Tare da wani jagora wanda ya taɓa zuwa wurin Bir Hakeim tun yana yaro kimanin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, ya tashi ya ratsa hamada yana kiyasta cewa yana da {{Convert|70|mi}} nesa. Bayan ya wuce kimar mil 70 kuma yana ƙarancin mai, ya ci gaba da tafiya muddin akwai bege, yana neman sansanin bayan ya yi tafiyar {{Convert|115|mi}} . Kyaftin Gwatkin-Williams ya kiyasta cewa fursunonin 'yan kwanaki ne kawai bayan sun mutu, saboda yunwa lokacin da Duke na Westminster ya cece su. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gwatkin-Williams|1919}}{{Page needed|date=February 2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == cfvc8oml84n20gp7k5auvng63vr5ave 0 158907 862168 2026-06-20T17:00:58Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 862168 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwanakin Juna biyu shine ma'auni na kwanakin ciki da aka ɗauka daga farkon Lokacin haila na ƙarshe (LMP), <ref>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002367.htm</ref> ko kuma shekarun da suka dace na ciki kamar yadda aka kiyasta ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa, idan akwai. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da ƙara kwanaki 14 zuwa sanannen lokacin tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi (kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin in vitro fertilization), ko ta hanyar ultrasonography na haihuwa. Shahararren yin amfani da wannan ma'auni na ciki yafi yawa saboda saukakawa: yawanci ana lura da haila, yayin da gabaɗaya babu wata hanya mai dacewa don gane lokacin da haihuwa ko dasa ya faru. Kwanakin ciki ta bambanta da Shekarar haihuwa, wanda ke ɗaukar ranar haihuwa a matsayin ranar farawa. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana farkon ciki. Ma'anar ciki da lissafin shekarun haihuwa suma sun dace a cikin mahallin muhawara ta zubar da ciki da muhawara na falsafa game da farkon mutum ==Manzarta== rfuih761wnmuj2vnf5f2ur8pym0hrwj 862171 862168 2026-06-20T17:02:11Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 862171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Kwanakin Juna biyu shine ma'auni na kwanakin ciki da aka ɗauka daga farkon Lokacin haila na ƙarshe (LMP), <ref>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002367.htm</ref> ko kuma shekarun da suka dace na ciki kamar yadda aka kiyasta ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa, idan akwai. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da ƙara kwanaki 14 zuwa sanannen lokacin tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi (kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin in vitro fertilization), ko ta hanyar ultrasonography na haihuwa. Shahararren yin amfani da wannan ma'auni na ciki yafi yawa saboda saukakawa: yawanci ana lura da haila, yayin da gabaɗaya babu wata hanya mai dacewa don gane lokacin da haihuwa ko dasa ya faru. Kwanakin ciki ta bambanta da Shekarar haihuwa, wanda ke ɗaukar ranar haihuwa a matsayin ranar farawa. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana farkon ciki. Ma'anar ciki da lissafin shekarun haihuwa suma sun dace a cikin mahallin muhawara ta zubar da ciki da muhawara na falsafa game da farkon mutum ==Manzarta== qye0xcdvm53v9r3ngtlx1hdkmywryrn 0 158908 862172 2026-06-20T17:02:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359920256|HSC Tarifa Jet]]" 862172 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarifa Jet jirgin ruwa ne mai saurin gudu wanda DFDS Seaways ke sarrafawa. An gina ta a shekara ta 1997, da farko ta yi aiki a Kudancin Turai tare da SNAV a ƙarƙashin sunaye uku, kuma daga baya FRS Iberia / Morocco a ƙarƙashin sunanta na yanzu. A halin yanzu tana aiki tsakanin St Malo, [[Faransa]] da [[Jersey]] a cikin Channel Islands. == Tarihi == An gina shi a cikin 1997 ta Incat a Tasmania, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Incat 043'', an fara isar da jirgin ne a watan Mayu 1997. === SNAV === An sayar da ''Incat 043'' a cikin 1997 ga mai ba da sabis na Italiya SNAV a matsayin Sicilia Jet . A cikin shekarun da suka gabata tare da SNAV, an sake sunan jirgin sau biyu, na farko a matsayin Sardinia Jet kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin Pescara Jet . <ref>{{Cite web |title=HSC Tarifa Jet (Ex Incat 043) Past and Present |url=https://www.doverferryphotosforums.co.uk/hsc-tarifa-jet-ex-incat-043-past-and-present/ |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> === FRS === A shekara ta 2006, an sayar da jirgin ga FRS Iberia / Morocco kuma an sake masa suna Tarifa Jet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HSC Tarifa Jet (Ex Incat 043) Past and Present |url=https://www.doverferryphotosforums.co.uk/hsc-tarifa-jet-ex-incat-043-past-and-present/ |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> === DFDS Seaways === A cikin 2024, DFDS Seaways ta sami FRS Iberia / Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Jan 2024 |title=DFDS’ acquisition of FRS Iberia/Maroc completed |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/dfds-acquisition-of-frs-iberiamaroc-completed.aspx |access-date=21 April 2025 |publisher=Shippax}}</ref> Following the decision in [[Jersey]] to appoint DFDS as their new operator,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=DFDS Jersey-St Malo schedule shows daily ferries in peak season but slower sailings than Condor |url=https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2025-01-23/dfds-jersey-st-malo-schedule-revealed-with-slower-sailings-than-condor |access-date=14 February 2025 |publisher=ITV}}</ref> ''Tarifa Jet'' was redeployed on St Malo to Jersey sailings from spring 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=DFDS fast ferry arrives in Jersey |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2025/04/11/dfds-fast-ferry-arrives-in-jersey/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |publisher=Jersey Evening Post}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, DFDS ta fara sabis na mako-mako tsakanin tsibirin Litinin tsakanin Jersey da Guernsey ta amfani da Tarifa Jet . Sau da yawa ana soke ayyuka, kuma daga baya, jadawalin da aka buga bayan Oktoba ya watsar da sabis ɗin, kuma bai ci gaba ba. == Yanayi == Catamaran yana da tsawon mita 86.62, katako na 26.00 m da kuma rubutun 3.62 m, jimlar tonnage ya kai 4.995 GT. Injin ya kunshi injuna huɗu na Ruston 20RK270 tare da jimlar fitarwa na 28320 kW (38,500 HP) yana ba da damar matsakaicin saurin sabis na {{Convert|42|kn}} km / h; 48 . Ana iya saukar da fasinjoji 800 da motoci 185 a cikin jirgin; ana samun damar hawa ta hanyar ramuka biyu na baya.&nbsp;L == Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru == A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, Tarifa Jet ya kai hari kan tashar jiragen ruwa ta gabas a St Helier Harbour, [[Jersey]]. Jirgin ya rasa wutar lantarki ba da daɗewa ba, kuma bayan ta ya lalace. Babu wanda ya ji rauni. == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == * <nowiki><i id="mwbw">Champion Jet 1</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwcg">Champion Jet 2</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwdQ">Champion Jet 3</i></nowiki> == Manazarta == 1bz1n5vrgfisr9uodg8efj1f6xokpcm 862173 862172 2026-06-20T17:03:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 862173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tarifa Jet jirgin ruwa ne mai saurin gudu wanda DFDS Seaways ke sarrafawa. An gina ta a shekara ta 1997, da farko ta yi aiki a Kudancin Turai tare da SNAV a ƙarƙashin sunaye uku, kuma daga baya FRS Iberia / Morocco a ƙarƙashin sunanta na yanzu. A halin yanzu tana aiki tsakanin St Malo, [[Faransa]] da [[Jersey]] a cikin Channel Islands. == Tarihi == An gina shi a cikin 1997 ta Incat a Tasmania, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Incat 043'', an fara isar da jirgin ne a watan Mayu 1997. === SNAV === An sayar da ''Incat 043'' a cikin 1997 ga mai ba da sabis na Italiya SNAV a matsayin Sicilia Jet . A cikin shekarun da suka gabata tare da SNAV, an sake sunan jirgin sau biyu, na farko a matsayin Sardinia Jet kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin Pescara Jet . <ref>{{Cite web |title=HSC Tarifa Jet (Ex Incat 043) Past and Present |url=https://www.doverferryphotosforums.co.uk/hsc-tarifa-jet-ex-incat-043-past-and-present/ |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> === FRS === A shekara ta 2006, an sayar da jirgin ga FRS Iberia / Morocco kuma an sake masa suna Tarifa Jet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HSC Tarifa Jet (Ex Incat 043) Past and Present |url=https://www.doverferryphotosforums.co.uk/hsc-tarifa-jet-ex-incat-043-past-and-present/ |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> === DFDS Seaways === A cikin 2024, DFDS Seaways ta sami FRS Iberia / Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Jan 2024 |title=DFDS’ acquisition of FRS Iberia/Maroc completed |url=https://www.shippax.com/en/news/dfds-acquisition-of-frs-iberiamaroc-completed.aspx |access-date=21 April 2025 |publisher=Shippax}}</ref> Following the decision in [[Jersey]] to appoint DFDS as their new operator,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=DFDS Jersey-St Malo schedule shows daily ferries in peak season but slower sailings than Condor |url=https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2025-01-23/dfds-jersey-st-malo-schedule-revealed-with-slower-sailings-than-condor |access-date=14 February 2025 |publisher=ITV}}</ref> ''Tarifa Jet'' was redeployed on St Malo to Jersey sailings from spring 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=DFDS fast ferry arrives in Jersey |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2025/04/11/dfds-fast-ferry-arrives-in-jersey/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |publisher=Jersey Evening Post}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, DFDS ta fara sabis na mako-mako tsakanin tsibirin Litinin tsakanin Jersey da Guernsey ta amfani da Tarifa Jet . Sau da yawa ana soke ayyuka, kuma daga baya, jadawalin da aka buga bayan Oktoba ya watsar da sabis ɗin, kuma bai ci gaba ba. == Yanayi == Catamaran yana da tsawon mita 86.62, katako na 26.00 m da kuma rubutun 3.62 m, jimlar tonnage ya kai 4.995 GT. Injin ya kunshi injuna huɗu na Ruston 20RK270 tare da jimlar fitarwa na 28320 kW (38,500 HP) yana ba da damar matsakaicin saurin sabis na {{Convert|42|kn}} km / h; 48 . Ana iya saukar da fasinjoji 800 da motoci 185 a cikin jirgin; ana samun damar hawa ta hanyar ramuka biyu na baya.&nbsp;L == Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru == A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, Tarifa Jet ya kai hari kan tashar jiragen ruwa ta gabas a St Helier Harbour, [[Jersey]]. Jirgin ya rasa wutar lantarki ba da daɗewa ba, kuma bayan ta ya lalace. Babu wanda ya ji rauni. == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == * <nowiki><i id="mwbw">Champion Jet 1</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwcg">Champion Jet 2</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwdQ">Champion Jet 3</i></nowiki> == Manazarta == hplm2cjrkze0bcnrclq1skwzyiegqga 0 158909 862177 2026-06-20T17:04:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329162511|HSC Virgen de Coromoto]]" 862177 wikitext text/x-wiki HSC Virgen de Coromoto jirgin ruwa ne mai saurin gudu {{Convert|86|m|ft}} wanda Consolidada de Ferrys CA ke sarrafawa a [[Venezuela]]. An gina shi a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a shekara ta 2004 don sabis na jirgin ruwa mai sauri a Tafkin Ontario tsakanin [[Toronto]], Ontario, Kanada da Rochester, New York, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Bayan aikin jirgin ruwa ya gaza, an sayar da jirgin a 2007 kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Strait of Gibraltar a kan sabis na [[Ispaniya|Spain]]-Morocco har zuwa 2012. A cikin 2012-13, jirgin ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Kattegatruten ta [[Aarhus]]-Kalundborg a [[Denmark]] har zuwa Oktoba 2013 lokacin da aka soke hanyar. == Bayanan jirgin ruwa == An gina jirgin ne a shekara ta 2004 a Austal a [[Perth]], Australia. Catamaran yana da tsawon mita 86.60 da katako na 23.80 m. Babban nauyinsa ya kai 6,242 GT. Injin ya kunshi injuna huɗu na MTU tare da jimlar fitarwa na 4 x 8,200 kW (44,595 HP) yana ba da damar matsakaicin saurin sabis na {{Convert|45|kn|km/h}} km / h). Jirgin yana da damar daukar fasinjoji 774 ana iya saukar da nau'ikan mota 238 (ko matsakaicin motoci 10 da motoci 150) a cikin jirgin.&nbsp; == Tarihin sabis na jirgin ruwa na Rochester-Toronto == [[Fayil:The_Breeze_Fast_Ferry_2004-08-08.JPG|right|thumb|''Ruhun Ontario I'' isa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rochester]] [[Fayil:Spirit_of_Ontario_I_-_arriving_in_Toronto.jpg|right|thumb|''Ruhun Ontario I'' isa Toronto]] Austal ne ya kawo jirgin a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya yi masa baftisma da ''Ruhun Ontario I'' ga mai ba da sabis na Canadian American Transportation Systems (CATS) a kan hanyar nautical miles 82 (94 a fadin Tafkin Ontario, wanda ke haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa na Rochester, New York, da [[Toronto]], Ontario. An tattauna sabis na jirgin ruwa mai saurin gudu tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa biyu kuma 'yan siyasa da shugabannin kasuwanci ne suka jagoranci, da farko a arewacin New York, tun daga shekarun 1990 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon shekarun 2000.{{Sfn|Filey|2008}} Birnin Rochester ya gina tashar jirgin ruwa a cikin hasashe na irin wannan sabis ɗin da ake aiwatarwa. === Shekarar 2004 === Wani rukuni na masu saka hannun jari sun kafa kamfanin Amurka mai suna Canadian American Transportation Systems (CATS) wanda daga nan ya shiga kwangila don gina ''Ruhun Ontario I'' tare da Austal a cikin 2003. Jirgin ya bar [[Perth]] a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2004, ya haye [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]] kuma ya wuce Canal na Panama, ya isa [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2004. Jirgin aluminum na jirgin ya ɗan lalace yayin da yake tsayawa don taron hulɗa da jama'a a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kudu, wanda ya tilasta Austal yin gyare-gyare na gaggawa kafin ya ci gaba ta hanyar Gulf of St. Lawrence da St. Lawrence Seaway, ya isa Rochester a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2004. CATS ta inganta sabon sabis ɗin, da nufin fara aiki a farkon Mayu 2004. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan gabatarwa a cikin watanni da suka kai ga Ruhun Ontario na isa Tafkin Ontario, 'yan kasuwa na CATS sun kirkiro gasa don shiga kyauta inda membobin jama'a za su iya gabatar da shawarwari don "sunan lakabi" na hukuma. Shigar da ta lashe ita ce "The Breeze", amma sunan rajista ya kasance ''Ruhun Ontario I''. "The Bryze" an yi amfani da shi ne kawai a matsayin dabarun tallace-tallace na CATS kuma a matsayin alamar kasuwanci mai rijista don sabis ɗin kanta. ==== Matsalolin farawa ==== Farkon watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004 ba zai yiwu ba saboda dalilai da yawa: * Ana gyara Hull a Birnin New York a watan Afrilu, yana tura ranar isar da ita. * Gyaran injiniya ba zato ba tsammani a watan Mayu da farkon watan Yunin 2004 bayan ya isa Tafkin Ontario. * Rikici game da biyan kuɗi don sabis na kwastam na Kanada a Toronto. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Kanada ta zartar da doka a cikin shekarun 1990 inda duk wani sabon wurin ƙetare iyaka mai zaman kansa (kamar sabis na jirgin ruwa ko gadar haraji mai zaman kansa) dole ne ya biya ayyukan kwastam ba tare da farashi ba ga masu biyan haraji na Kanada. * Ci gaba da gina tashar jirgin ruwa a Toronto. An yi gaggawar gina tashar tashar wucin gadi da filin ajiye motoci don kammala aikin bazara yayin da aka fara gina tashar fasinja ta dindindin. == Venezuela == Conferry ya yi amfani da Virgen de Coromoto don sabis na jirgin ruwa zuwa Margarita. Kamfanin ya kasa kula da jirgin, kuma a tsakiyar shekara ta 2015 ya rushe. A cikin 2017 gwamnatin Venezuela ta yi ƙoƙari ta sayar da jirgin ruwa ta hanyar dillalin Unlimited Maritime Solutions, amma ta kasa cimma yarjejeniya tare da duk masu sayarwa. Bayan wannan, an ja jirgin zuwa Puerto Cabello don gyarawa, inda ya kasance har zuwa 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orr |first=Steve |date=2019-03-29 |title=Rochester's fast ferry is a political issue again. This time it could topple a government. |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2019/03/29/rochester-ny-fast-ferry-guiado-overthrow-maduro-venezuela-government/3302273002/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Democrat and Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == hhbzt4th260l1yijt293g1opooj5uq5 862179 862177 2026-06-20T17:05:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 862179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} HSC Virgen de Coromoto jirgin ruwa ne mai saurin gudu {{Convert|86|m|ft}} wanda Consolidada de Ferrys CA ke sarrafawa a [[Venezuela]]. An gina shi a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a shekara ta 2004 don sabis na jirgin ruwa mai sauri a Tafkin Ontario tsakanin [[Toronto]], Ontario, Kanada da Rochester, New York, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Bayan aikin jirgin ruwa ya gaza, an sayar da jirgin a 2007 kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Strait of Gibraltar a kan sabis na [[Ispaniya|Spain]]-Morocco har zuwa 2012. A cikin 2012-13, jirgin ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Kattegatruten ta [[Aarhus]]-Kalundborg a [[Denmark]] har zuwa Oktoba 2013 lokacin da aka soke hanyar. == Bayanan jirgin ruwa == An gina jirgin ne a shekara ta 2004 a Austal a [[Perth]], Australia. Catamaran yana da tsawon mita 86.60 da katako na 23.80 m. Babban nauyinsa ya kai 6,242 GT. Injin ya kunshi injuna huɗu na MTU tare da jimlar fitarwa na 4 x 8,200 kW (44,595 HP) yana ba da damar matsakaicin saurin sabis na {{Convert|45|kn|km/h}} km / h). Jirgin yana da damar daukar fasinjoji 774 ana iya saukar da nau'ikan mota 238 (ko matsakaicin motoci 10 da motoci 150) a cikin jirgin.&nbsp; == Tarihin sabis na jirgin ruwa na Rochester-Toronto == [[Fayil:The_Breeze_Fast_Ferry_2004-08-08.JPG|right|thumb|''Ruhun Ontario I'' isa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rochester]] [[Fayil:Spirit_of_Ontario_I_-_arriving_in_Toronto.jpg|right|thumb|''Ruhun Ontario I'' isa Toronto]] Austal ne ya kawo jirgin a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya yi masa baftisma da ''Ruhun Ontario I'' ga mai ba da sabis na Canadian American Transportation Systems (CATS) a kan hanyar nautical miles 82 (94 a fadin Tafkin Ontario, wanda ke haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa na Rochester, New York, da [[Toronto]], Ontario. An tattauna sabis na jirgin ruwa mai saurin gudu tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa biyu kuma 'yan siyasa da shugabannin kasuwanci ne suka jagoranci, da farko a arewacin New York, tun daga shekarun 1990 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon shekarun 2000.{{Sfn|Filey|2008}} Birnin Rochester ya gina tashar jirgin ruwa a cikin hasashe na irin wannan sabis ɗin da ake aiwatarwa. === Shekarar 2004 === Wani rukuni na masu saka hannun jari sun kafa kamfanin Amurka mai suna Canadian American Transportation Systems (CATS) wanda daga nan ya shiga kwangila don gina ''Ruhun Ontario I'' tare da Austal a cikin 2003. Jirgin ya bar [[Perth]] a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2004, ya haye [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]] kuma ya wuce Canal na Panama, ya isa [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2004. Jirgin aluminum na jirgin ya ɗan lalace yayin da yake tsayawa don taron hulɗa da jama'a a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kudu, wanda ya tilasta Austal yin gyare-gyare na gaggawa kafin ya ci gaba ta hanyar Gulf of St. Lawrence da St. Lawrence Seaway, ya isa Rochester a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2004. CATS ta inganta sabon sabis ɗin, da nufin fara aiki a farkon Mayu 2004. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan gabatarwa a cikin watanni da suka kai ga Ruhun Ontario na isa Tafkin Ontario, 'yan kasuwa na CATS sun kirkiro gasa don shiga kyauta inda membobin jama'a za su iya gabatar da shawarwari don "sunan lakabi" na hukuma. Shigar da ta lashe ita ce "The Breeze", amma sunan rajista ya kasance ''Ruhun Ontario I''. "The Bryze" an yi amfani da shi ne kawai a matsayin dabarun tallace-tallace na CATS kuma a matsayin alamar kasuwanci mai rijista don sabis ɗin kanta. ==== Matsalolin farawa ==== Farkon watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004 ba zai yiwu ba saboda dalilai da yawa: * Ana gyara Hull a Birnin New York a watan Afrilu, yana tura ranar isar da ita. * Gyaran injiniya ba zato ba tsammani a watan Mayu da farkon watan Yunin 2004 bayan ya isa Tafkin Ontario. * Rikici game da biyan kuɗi don sabis na kwastam na Kanada a Toronto. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Kanada ta zartar da doka a cikin shekarun 1990 inda duk wani sabon wurin ƙetare iyaka mai zaman kansa (kamar sabis na jirgin ruwa ko gadar haraji mai zaman kansa) dole ne ya biya ayyukan kwastam ba tare da farashi ba ga masu biyan haraji na Kanada. * Ci gaba da gina tashar jirgin ruwa a Toronto. An yi gaggawar gina tashar tashar wucin gadi da filin ajiye motoci don kammala aikin bazara yayin da aka fara gina tashar fasinja ta dindindin. == Venezuela == Conferry ya yi amfani da Virgen de Coromoto don sabis na jirgin ruwa zuwa Margarita. Kamfanin ya kasa kula da jirgin, kuma a tsakiyar shekara ta 2015 ya rushe. A cikin 2017 gwamnatin Venezuela ta yi ƙoƙari ta sayar da jirgin ruwa ta hanyar dillalin Unlimited Maritime Solutions, amma ta kasa cimma yarjejeniya tare da duk masu sayarwa. Bayan wannan, an ja jirgin zuwa Puerto Cabello don gyarawa, inda ya kasance har zuwa 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orr |first=Steve |date=2019-03-29 |title=Rochester's fast ferry is a political issue again. This time it could topple a government. |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2019/03/29/rochester-ny-fast-ferry-guiado-overthrow-maduro-venezuela-government/3302273002/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Democrat and Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4jkglnufgzaq2ummnw10n31bstkcdza 0 158910 862178 2026-06-20T17:05:08Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326890337|HMS Gurkha (G63)]]" 862178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Gurkha''''' matukin jirgin ruwa ne mai rukunin L a cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Burtaniya a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Da farko an sanya mata suna ''Larne'' bisa ga wasiƙar ajinta. Duk da haka, bayan da aka nutsar da {{HMS|Gurkha|F20|2}} {{Sclass2|Tribal|destroyer (1936)|0}} a watan Afrilun 1940, jami'ai da ma'aikatan rundunar Gurkha kowannensu ya amince da albashin kwana ɗaya don maye gurbinta, kuma aka sake mata suna ''Larne'' kafin a ƙaddamar da ita. Babban kwamandanta guda ɗaya tilo ( Kwamandan Charles Nugent Lentaigne ) ɗan'uwan Joe Lentaigne ne wanda jami'i ne a rundunar Gurkhas ta 4 (Yariman Wales) . == Gine-gine da ƙira == A ranar 31 ga Maris 1938 aka ba Cammell Laird umarni kan ''Larne'', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa takwas masu lalata jirgin L-class da aka ba da umarnin a wannan ranar kuma aka kafa su a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1938, ajin farko na ta. A watan Afrilun 1940, jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Gurkha|F20|2}} mai lalata ƙabila ya nutse a gabar tekun Norway, kuma a watan Yuni aka yanke shawarar sake suna ''Larne'' zuwa ''Gurkha'' don ci gaba da alaƙar da ke tsakanin jirgin da Rundunar Gurkha . <ref name="navhist">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey |date=5 August 2011 |title=HMS GURKHA (ii) (G 63, ex-Larne) – L-class Destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-41L-HMS_Gurkha2-ex-Larne.htm |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2 |publisher=naval.history.net}}</ref> [[Mary Soames|Mary Churchill]], ƙaramar ɗa ga [[Winston Churchill|Firayim Minista]] da matarsa Clementine, ta harba ta a ranar 8 ga Yulin 1940 . Tana da shekaru 17 kacal a lokacin, daga baya ta tuna da "ji da motsin rai" na harba ta, tana mai bayyana taron a matsayin "abin sha'awa":<blockquote>"Ranar ta kasance mai kyau kuma na yi wa sabuwar jirgin ruwan tafi da ita cikin alfahari. A wancan lokacin al'ada ce ga masu gina jiragen ruwa su ba wa mai daukar nauyin jirgin kyauta: 'kyautar' dina kyakkyawar sarka ce ta lu'u-lu'u ta Victorian."</blockquote>Iyayenta ba su halarci bikin ƙaddamar da shi ba, amma Soames ta ce lokacin da ta isa gida "... lu'ulu'u na sun yi musu kaca-kaca." Ko da kusan ƙarshen rayuwarta, ta tuna cewa bikin ƙaddamar da shi kamar "tatsuniyoyi ne." An yi niyyar rukunin L su sami manyan bindigogi guda shida na QF 4.7 inci Mark XI a cikin tagwayen motocin Mark XX guda uku da aka rufe, amma jinkiri wajen samar da sabbin bindigogin ya haifar da shawarar Yuli 1940 na kammala hudu daga cikin ajin, ciki har da ''Gurkha'', tare da sake fasalin manyan bindigogi guda takwas na QF <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Convert&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Convert&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;in&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" id="mwQw"></span></nowiki> Bindigogi na sojojin ruwa na Mk XVI a cikin tagwayen mashina guda huɗu. Makaman yaƙi na kusa da su sun ƙunshi "pom-pom" guda huɗu mai nauyin fam 2 (40 mm), guda biyu masu nauyin fam 20&nbsp;bindigogin mm da kuma na'urorin harbin bindiga guda huɗu na Vickers .50 . Inci takwas {{Convert|21|in|mm|0}} an ɗauki bututun torpedo a cikin madaukai huɗu biyu. An ɗauki nauyin zurfin 110. <ref name="English p100" /> == Tarihin sabis == Da aka tura ''Gurkha'', ta shiga ƙungiyar Rakiya ta 11. A ranar 25 ga Maris 1941, jiragen ruwan Jamus sun nutsar da jirgin ruwan ''Beaverbrae'' mai saukar ungulu, kuma ''Gurkha'', tare da jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Tartar|F43|2}} sun ceto {{'}} ''Beaverbrae'' . Yayin da take dawowa Scapa Flow washegari, ''Gurkha'' ta yi karo da wani jirgin ruwa mai kamun kifi, inda ya nutsar da jirgin ruwan kamun kifi kuma ya yi mummunan lahani. Tana ƙarƙashin gyara a Rosyth har zuwa watan Yuni 1941. <ref name="English p104" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kindell |first=Don |date=7 April 2012 |title=Naval Events, March 1941 (Part 2 of 2): Saturday 15th – Monday 31st |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4103-30MAR02.htm |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=naval-history.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == isxyi0uedqpud10e7a5pmqpieqldspt 862180 862178 2026-06-20T17:05:39Z Engineer014 44591 862180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Gurkha''''' matukin jirgin ruwa ne mai rukunin L a cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Burtaniya a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Da farko an sanya mata suna ''Larne'' bisa ga wasiƙar ajinta. Duk da haka, bayan da aka nutsar da {{HMS|Gurkha|F20|2}} {{Sclass2|Tribal|destroyer (1936)|0}} a watan Afrilun 1940, jami'ai da ma'aikatan rundunar Gurkha kowannensu ya amince da albashin kwana ɗaya don maye gurbinta, kuma aka sake mata suna ''Larne'' kafin a ƙaddamar da ita. Babban kwamandanta guda ɗaya tilo ( Kwamandan Charles Nugent Lentaigne ) ɗan'uwan Joe Lentaigne ne wanda jami'i ne a rundunar Gurkhas ta 4 (Yariman Wales) . == Gine-gine da ƙira == A ranar 31 ga Maris 1938 aka ba Cammell Laird umarni kan ''Larne'', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa takwas masu lalata jirgin L-class da aka ba da umarnin a wannan ranar kuma aka kafa su a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1938, ajin farko na ta. A watan Afrilun 1940, jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Gurkha|F20|2}} mai lalata ƙabila ya nutse a gabar tekun Norway, kuma a watan Yuni aka yanke shawarar sake suna ''Larne'' zuwa ''Gurkha'' don ci gaba da alaƙar da ke tsakanin jirgin da Rundunar Gurkha . <ref name="navhist">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey |date=5 August 2011 |title=HMS GURKHA (ii) (G 63, ex-Larne) – L-class Destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-41L-HMS_Gurkha2-ex-Larne.htm |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2 |publisher=naval.history.net}}</ref> [[Mary Soames|Mary Churchill]], ƙaramar ɗa ga [[Winston Churchill|Firayim Minista]] da matarsa Clementine, ta harba ta a ranar 8 ga Yulin 1940 . Tana da shekaru 17 kacal a lokacin, daga baya ta tuna da "ji da motsin rai" na harba ta, tana mai bayyana taron a matsayin "abin sha'awa":<blockquote>"Ranar ta kasance mai kyau kuma na yi wa sabuwar jirgin ruwan tafi da ita cikin alfahari. A wancan lokacin al'ada ce ga masu gina jiragen ruwa su ba wa mai daukar nauyin jirgin kyauta: 'kyautar' dina kyakkyawar sarka ce ta lu'u-lu'u ta Victorian."</blockquote>Iyayenta ba su halarci bikin ƙaddamar da shi ba, amma Soames ta ce lokacin da ta isa gida "... lu'ulu'u na sun yi musu kaca-kaca." Ko da kusan ƙarshen rayuwarta, ta tuna cewa bikin ƙaddamar da shi kamar "tatsuniyoyi ne." An yi niyyar rukunin L su sami manyan bindigogi guda shida na QF 4.7 inci Mark XI a cikin tagwayen motocin Mark XX guda uku da aka rufe, amma jinkiri wajen samar da sabbin bindigogin ya haifar da shawarar Yuli 1940 na kammala hudu daga cikin ajin, ciki har da ''Gurkha'', tare da sake fasalin manyan bindigogi guda takwas na QF <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Convert&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Convert&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;in&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" id="mwQw"></span></nowiki> Bindigogi na sojojin ruwa na Mk XVI a cikin tagwayen mashina guda huɗu. Makaman yaƙi na kusa da su sun ƙunshi "pom-pom" guda huɗu mai nauyin fam 2 (40 mm), guda biyu masu nauyin fam 20&nbsp;bindigogin mm da kuma na'urorin harbin bindiga guda huɗu na Vickers .50 . Inci takwas {{Convert|21|in|mm|0}} an ɗauki bututun torpedo a cikin madaukai huɗu biyu. An ɗauki nauyin zurfin 110. <ref name="English p100" /> == Tarihin sabis == Da aka tura ''Gurkha'', ta shiga ƙungiyar Rakiya ta 11. A ranar 25 ga Maris 1941, jiragen ruwan Jamus sun nutsar da jirgin ruwan ''Beaverbrae'' mai saukar ungulu, kuma ''Gurkha'', tare da jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Tartar|F43|2}} sun ceto {{'}} ''Beaverbrae'' . Yayin da take dawowa Scapa Flow washegari, ''Gurkha'' ta yi karo da wani jirgin ruwa mai kamun kifi, inda ya nutsar da jirgin ruwan kamun kifi kuma ya yi mummunan lahani. Tana ƙarƙashin gyara a Rosyth har zuwa watan Yuni 1941. <ref name="English p104" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kindell |first=Don |date=7 April 2012 |title=Naval Events, March 1941 (Part 2 of 2): Saturday 15th – Monday 31st |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4103-30MAR02.htm |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=naval-history.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6qoo08c4urn5ett1yavwgckj54hgn7n 862218 862180 2026-06-20T17:22:04Z Sirjat 20447 862218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Gurkha''''' matukin jirgin ruwa ne mai rukunin L a cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Burtaniya a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Da farko an sanya mata suna ''Larne'' bisa ga wasiƙar ajinta. Duk da haka, bayan da aka nutsar da {{HMS|Gurkha|F20|2}} {{Sclass2|Tribal|destroyer (1936)|0}} a watan Afrilun 1940, jami'ai da ma'aikatan rundunar Gurkha kowannensu ya amince da albashin kwana ɗaya don maye gurbinta, kuma aka sake mata suna ''Larne'' kafin a ƙaddamar da ita. Babban kwamandanta guda ɗaya tilo ( Kwamandan Charles Nugent Lentaigne ) ɗan'uwan Joe Lentaigne ne wanda jami'i ne a rundunar Gurkhas ta 4 (Yariman Wales) . == Gine-gine da ƙira == A ranar 31 ga Maris 1938 aka ba Cammell Laird umarni kan ''Larne'', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa takwas masu lalata jirgin L-class da aka ba da umarnin a wannan ranar kuma aka kafa su a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1938, ajin farko na ta. A watan Afrilun 1940, jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Gurkha|F20|2}} mai lalata ƙabila ya nutse a gabar tekun Norway, kuma a watan Yuni aka yanke shawarar sake suna ''Larne'' zuwa ''Gurkha'' don ci gaba da alaƙar da ke tsakanin jirgin da Rundunar Gurkha . <ref name="navhist">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey |date=5 August 2011 |title=HMS GURKHA (ii) (G 63, ex-Larne) – L-class Destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-41L-HMS_Gurkha2-ex-Larne.htm |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2 |publisher=naval.history.net}}</ref> [[Mary Soames|Mary Churchill]], ƙaramar ɗa ga [[Winston Churchill|Firayim Minista]] da matarsa Clementine, ta harba ta a ranar 8 ga Yulin 1940 . Tana da shekaru 17 kacal a lokacin, daga baya ta tuna da "ji da motsin rai" na harba ta, tana mai bayyana taron a matsayin "abin sha'awa":<blockquote>"Ranar ta kasance mai kyau kuma na yi wa sabuwar jirgin ruwan tafi da ita cikin alfahari. A wancan lokacin al'ada ce ga masu gina jiragen ruwa su ba wa mai daukar nauyin jirgin kyauta: 'kyautar' dina kyakkyawar sarka ce ta lu'u-lu'u ta Victorian."</blockquote>Iyayenta ba su halarci bikin ƙaddamar da shi ba, amma Soames ta ce lokacin da ta isa gida "... lu'ulu'u na sun yi musu kaca-kaca." Ko da kusan ƙarshen rayuwarta, ta tuna cewa bikin ƙaddamar da shi kamar "tatsuniyoyi ne." An yi niyyar rukunin L su sami manyan bindigogi guda shida na QF 4.7 inci Mark XI a cikin tagwayen motocin Mark XX guda uku da aka rufe, amma jinkiri wajen samar da sabbin bindigogin ya haifar da shawarar Yuli 1940 na kammala hudu daga cikin ajin, ciki har da ''Gurkha'', tare da sake fasalin manyan bindigogi guda takwas na Bindigogi na sojojin ruwa na Mk XVI a cikin tagwayen mashina guda huɗu. Makaman yaƙi na kusa da su sun ƙunshi "pom-pom" guda huɗu mai nauyin fam 2 (40 mm), guda biyu masu nauyin fam 20&nbsp;bindigogin mm da kuma na'urorin harbin bindiga guda huɗu na Vickers .50 . Inci takwas {{Convert|21|in|mm|0}} an ɗauki bututun torpedo a cikin madaukai huɗu biyu. An ɗauki nauyin zurfin 110. <ref name="English p100" /> == Tarihin sabis == Da aka tura ''Gurkha'', ta shiga ƙungiyar Rakiya ta 11. A ranar 25 ga Maris 1941, jiragen ruwan Jamus sun nutsar da jirgin ruwan ''Beaverbrae'' mai saukar ungulu, kuma ''Gurkha'', tare da jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Tartar|F43|2}} sun ceto {{'}} ''Beaverbrae'' . Yayin da take dawowa Scapa Flow washegari, ''Gurkha'' ta yi karo da wani jirgin ruwa mai kamun kifi, inda ya nutsar da jirgin ruwan kamun kifi kuma ya yi mummunan lahani. Tana ƙarƙashin gyara a Rosyth har zuwa watan Yuni 1941. <ref name="English p104" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kindell |first=Don |date=7 April 2012 |title=Naval Events, March 1941 (Part 2 of 2): Saturday 15th – Monday 31st |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4103-30MAR02.htm |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=naval-history.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == eq0y14ixp2bgx5v96v0ucxlpzpzeov8 0 158911 862183 2026-06-20T17:06:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327302558|MV Aline Sitoe Diatta]]" 862183 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''MV ''Aline Sitoe Diatta''''' (mai suna bayan [[Aline Sitoe Diatta|Mai fafutukar 'yanci na Senegal]]) jirgin ruwa ne da ke aiki tun watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 tsakanin [[Ziguinchor]] da [[Dakar]] a kan Tekun Atlantika . Jirgin ya wuce bakin [[Kogin Gambiya]]. Akwai tafiye-tafiye biyu a kowane mako a kowane bangare. Tafiyar tana ɗaukar kimanin awanni 15, gami da shiga da sauka. Tun lokacin da MV Le Joola ya nutse kuma ya nutse a watan Satumbar 2002, an ba da ƙarin hankali ga lafiyar fasinjoji. == Dubi kuma == * [[Sufuri a Senegal]] * MV Le Joola (an rushe shi a watan Satumbar 2002) == Manazarta == 2fa9uerq9g1gj8cyzfkvfua0ymjqd5x 862185 862183 2026-06-20T17:07:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 862185 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''MV ''Aline Sitoe Diatta''''' (mai suna bayan [[Aline Sitoe Diatta|Mai fafutukar 'yanci na Senegal]]) jirgin ruwa ne da ke aiki tun watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 tsakanin [[Ziguinchor]] da [[Dakar]] a kan Tekun Atlantika . Jirgin ya wuce bakin [[Kogin Gambiya]]. Akwai tafiye-tafiye biyu a kowane mako a kowane bangare. Tafiyar tana ɗaukar kimanin awanni 15, gami da shiga da sauka. Tun lokacin da MV Le Joola ya nutse kuma ya nutse a watan Satumbar 2002, an ba da ƙarin hankali ga lafiyar fasinjoji. == Dubi kuma == * [[Sufuri a Senegal]] * MV Le Joola (an rushe shi a watan Satumbar 2002) == Manazarta == 4qw2mjme2g7o23za2zf2kw77zfjw8tq 0 158912 862184 2026-06-20T17:07:15Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355347904|French frigate Sérieuse]]" 862184 wikitext text/x-wiki A shekara ta 1781, ''Sérieuse'' ya yi jigilar sojoji bayan mamayar Minorca . Tana Toulon lokacin da ƙungiyar kawancen ta kwace birnin. Da suka tafi, a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1793, sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙone ta. Duk da haka, Faransawa sun sami nasarar kashe wutar suka kuma ceci jirgin. A ranar 9 ga Yuni 1794, ''Sérieuse'' ya kama {{HMS|Speedy|1782|6}} fita [[Nice]] . A shekarar 1798, ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Masar, da kuma Yaƙin Kogin Nilu . Ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ma'aikatan {{HMS|Tonnant|1798|2}} ta hanyar aika ma'aikata 150 daga cikin ma'aikatanta. Dare na gaba, 1 ga Agusta 1798, {{HMS|Orion|1787|6}} ya nutse ''Sérieuse'' . == Manazarta == 7frn7yxunrm4r3hgianxuzj35o7wyz4 862187 862184 2026-06-20T17:07:38Z Engineer014 44591 862187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekara ta 1781, ''Sérieuse'' ya yi jigilar sojoji bayan mamayar Minorca . Tana Toulon lokacin da ƙungiyar kawancen ta kwace birnin. Da suka tafi, a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1793, sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙone ta. Duk da haka, Faransawa sun sami nasarar kashe wutar suka kuma ceci jirgin. A ranar 9 ga Yuni 1794, ''Sérieuse'' ya kama {{HMS|Speedy|1782|6}} fita [[Nice]] . A shekarar 1798, ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Masar, da kuma Yaƙin Kogin Nilu . Ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ma'aikatan {{HMS|Tonnant|1798|2}} ta hanyar aika ma'aikata 150 daga cikin ma'aikatanta. Dare na gaba, 1 ga Agusta 1798, {{HMS|Orion|1787|6}} ya nutse ''Sérieuse'' . == Manazarta == r34zuqjlikyc5fbwi0dosd6jqims626 0 158913 862190 2026-06-20T17:08:16Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Gada local government ce a jahar sokoto,tana daya daga cikin manya local government a jahar sokoto,wannan lokal government tana da Yan majalisa guda biyu wato state house of Assemble, wannan lokal government tana da Yan Boko da manoama se dai fi yawan jama'a wannan lokal government sun fi Maida hankali ga noma rani da mana,suna noma Albasa da tataisai,da tafarnuwa .tana yankin sokoto ta gabasa . 862190 wikitext text/x-wiki Gada local government ce a jahar sokoto,tana daya daga cikin manya local government a jahar sokoto,wannan lokal government tana da Yan majalisa guda biyu wato state house of Assemble, wannan lokal government tana da Yan Boko da manoama se dai fi yawan jama'a wannan lokal government sun fi Maida hankali ga noma rani da mana,suna noma Albasa da tataisai,da tafarnuwa .tana yankin sokoto ta gabasa . 853l4czomh9mgfkapbq1bbnh1pkkanb 0 158914 862191 2026-06-20T17:09:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348777923|MV Le Joola]]" 862191 wikitext text/x-wiki MV Le Joola jirgin ruwa ne na gwamnatin Senegal wanda ya rushe a bakin tekun [[Gambiya]] a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2002, tare da mutuwar 1,863 da 64 da suka tsira. Yawancin fasinjoji 'yan Senegal ne, ciki har da 854 zuwa 923 'yan kasar Senegal da ke cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Naufrage du Joola : bilan estimé à plus de 854 à 923 Franco-Senegalais tués dans le naufrage |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/naufrage-du-joola-non-lieu-dans-l-enquete-francaise-266163 |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2008 |title=Senegal: Country And France in Legal Battle Over Ferry Disaster |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200809300211.html |url-access=subscription |website=The Nation |publisher=allafrica.com}}</ref> An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin bala'i na uku mafi muni a lokacin zaman lafiya a tarihin teku, kuma mafi muni a karni na 21. Jirgin yana tafiya daga [[Ziguinchor]] a yankin Casamance zuwa babban birnin Senegal, [[Dakar]], lokacin da ya shiga cikin guguwa mai tsanani, ya fi zuwa teku fiye da yadda aka ba shi lasisi don tafiya. Kimanin fasinjoji 2,000 da ke cikin jirgin (kimanin rabin su ba su da tikiti) sun kai kusan sau hudu na ƙirar jirgin. Yawancin lambobi da ke barci a kan bene (kuma saboda haka sama da cibiyar tsalle-tsalle) sun kara rashin kwanciyar hankali. Ayyukan ceto ba su fara ba har tsawon sa'o'i da yawa. Binciken gwamnati ya zargi rashin kulawa, kuma an yi zargin shugaban kasa Senegal Abdoulaye Wade da Firayim Minista Mame Madior Boye. == MV Le Joola''Kogin Joola'' == [[Fayil:MVjoola_Locator.png|right|thumb|193x193px|Hanyar da kuma kimanin wurin da Le Joola ya nutse.]] An sanya sunan jirgin Le Joola bayan Mutanen Jola na kudancin Senegal. An gina shi a Jamus kuma an kawo shi 1990, yana da tsawon mita {{Convert|79|m|ftin}} (259 in) da faɗin mita {{Convert|12|m|ftin}} (39 in), auna tan 1,400, yana da motoci biyu, kuma an sanye shi da wasu sabbin kayan aikin tsaro a lokacin bala'in. Le Joola yawanci yakan yi tafiya sau biyu a mako kuma sau da yawa yakan ɗauki mata waɗanda ke sayar da mango da [[Manja|Man dabino]] a Dakar. A lokacin bala'in, jirgin ya kasance ba ya aiki kusan shekara guda yana fuskantar gyare-gyare, wanda ya haɗa da maye gurbin injin tashar jiragen ruwa. An gabatar da jirgin ne a matsayin mafita ga ƙalubalen ƙasa na Senegal, wanda ke haɗa yankin Casamance da aka raba zuwa sauran ƙasar. Saboda kasancewar [[Gambiya]] tsakanin Casamance da tsakiya / arewacin Senegal, zaɓuɓɓukan tafiye-tafiye sun iyakance ga hanyar gabas da ta lalace ko hanyar teku ta yamma. Koyaya, hare-haren hanya a lokacin tawaye na rabuwa sun sa tafiyar jirgin ruwa ta fi aminci. A shekara ta 1995, sojoji sun mallaki Joola don tabbatar da asalin fasinjoji, duk da haka yawan jama'a ya kasance batun ci gaba. == Tafiye-tafiye da abin da ya faru == Da misalin karfe 1:30 na yamma a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2002, Le Joola ya fara daga [[Ziguinchor]] a yankin Casamance a daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen da yake yi tsakanin kudancin Senegal da Dakar. Fiye da mutane 1,928 a hukumance sun taru a kan jirgin ruwa, wanda ke da damar fasinjoji 536.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2022-09-26 |title=Senegal ferry disaster town remembers 20 years after 1,900 drowned |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/26/senegal-ferry-disaster-town-remembers-20-years-after-1900-drowned/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=[[Africanews]] |language=en}}</ref> Mutane 185 sun shiga jirgin daga Carabane, tsibirin da babu tashar shiga ko fita ga fasinjoji. Ba a san ainihin adadin fasinjoji ba (wasu kungiyoyin Senegal sun sanya lambar a sama da 2,000), amma akwai matafiya 1,034 tare da tikiti. Sauran fasinjojin ko dai ba a buƙatar su riƙe tikiti (yara da ba su kai shekara 5) ko kuma an ba su izinin tafiya kyauta, kamar yadda sau da yawa ke faruwa. Wani ma'aikacin jigilar kayayyaki da ya tsira ya lura cewa daga yawan tikiti da aka sayar, zai iya ganin cewa za a sami babban yanayin yawan jama'a a cikin jirgin. An ruwaito cewa, yayin da ya tashi daga Ziguinchor, Le Joola ya riga ya karkata. An watsa kiran karshe daga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa zuwa cibiyar tsaro ta teku a Dakar da karfe 10 na yamma kuma ta ba da rahoton yanayin tafiya mai kyau. Da misalin karfe 11 na yamma, jirgin ya shiga cikin guguwa a bakin tekun Gambiya. A sakamakon mummunan teku da iska, jirgin ya rushe, ya jefa fasinjoji da kaya cikin teku, duk cikin minti biyar.&nbsp; Wadanda suka tsira sun tuna jirgin ruwa yana juyawa da sauri a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, tare da daya yana kwatanta jirgin ruwa yana karkata kafin ya rushe, yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Wani wanda ya tsira ya ba da labarin manne wa jirgin ruwa bayan ya yi iyo ta hanyar bude taga, yayin da wani ya bayyana cewa iska da raƙuman ruwa sun jefa shi har sai ya sami mafaka a wani ɓangare na jirgin da aka juyawa. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Duk da binciken da gwamnatin Senegal da hukumomin Faransa suka yi wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan 'yan ƙasar Faransa, ainihin abubuwan da suka haifar da lamarin ba a san su ba har zuwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Commission d'enquête technique sur les causes du naufrage du Joola |url=https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/madani-sy-report/5c6521d1347c303d/full.pdf}}</ref> A cikin 2022, kotun Paris ta sake duba kimanin adadin mutanen Faransa da ke cikin jirgin, ta ba da rahoton 854 da 923 Franco-Senegalese da aka kashe a cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Naufrage du Joola : bilan estimé à plus de 854 à 923 Franco-Senegalais tués dans le naufrage |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/naufrage-du-joola-non-lieu-dans-l-enquete-francaise-266163 |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref> Yawancin kuskuren da suka ba da gudummawa ga bala'in an rubuta su sosai: Le Joola ba ta da lasisin jirgin ruwa; ma'aikatanta sun yi watsi da tuntuɓar mai hasashen yanayi kafin tashi; kuma kyaftin din sau da yawa ya kasa tabbatar da daidaitattun jirgin ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> Abubuwan da za su iya haifar da su kamar gazawar injiniya, kurakurai na kewayawa, yanayin yanayi mara kyau, rashin isasshen kulawa, da yawan jama'a - ko haɗuwa da su - an ba da shawarar su a matsayin yiwuwar haifar da hakan.<ref name=":1" /> Rahotanni sun nuna cewa daya daga cikin injunan jirgin guda biyu ne kawai ke aiki.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == evuwg968esgcqkd1yieq7ulkiyt3ypz 862194 862191 2026-06-20T17:09:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 862194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV Le Joola''' jirgin ruwa ne na gwamnatin Senegal wanda ya rushe a bakin tekun [[Gambiya]] a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2002, tare da mutuwar 1,863 da 64 da suka tsira. Yawancin fasinjoji 'yan Senegal ne, ciki har da 854 zuwa 923 'yan kasar Senegal da ke cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Naufrage du Joola : bilan estimé à plus de 854 à 923 Franco-Senegalais tués dans le naufrage |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/naufrage-du-joola-non-lieu-dans-l-enquete-francaise-266163 |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2008 |title=Senegal: Country And France in Legal Battle Over Ferry Disaster |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200809300211.html |url-access=subscription |website=The Nation |publisher=allafrica.com}}</ref> An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin bala'i na uku mafi muni a lokacin zaman lafiya a tarihin teku, kuma mafi muni a karni na 21. Jirgin yana tafiya daga [[Ziguinchor]] a yankin Casamance zuwa babban birnin Senegal, [[Dakar]], lokacin da ya shiga cikin guguwa mai tsanani, ya fi zuwa teku fiye da yadda aka ba shi lasisi don tafiya. Kimanin fasinjoji 2,000 da ke cikin jirgin (kimanin rabin su ba su da tikiti) sun kai kusan sau hudu na ƙirar jirgin. Yawancin lambobi da ke barci a kan bene (kuma saboda haka sama da cibiyar tsalle-tsalle) sun kara rashin kwanciyar hankali. Ayyukan ceto ba su fara ba har tsawon sa'o'i da yawa. Binciken gwamnati ya zargi rashin kulawa, kuma an yi zargin shugaban kasa Senegal Abdoulaye Wade da Firayim Minista Mame Madior Boye. == MV Le Joola''Kogin Joola'' == [[Fayil:MVjoola_Locator.png|right|thumb|193x193px|Hanyar da kuma kimanin wurin da Le Joola ya nutse.]] An sanya sunan jirgin Le Joola bayan Mutanen Jola na kudancin Senegal. An gina shi a Jamus kuma an kawo shi 1990, yana da tsawon mita {{Convert|79|m|ftin}} (259 in) da faɗin mita {{Convert|12|m|ftin}} (39 in), auna tan 1,400, yana da motoci biyu, kuma an sanye shi da wasu sabbin kayan aikin tsaro a lokacin bala'in. Le Joola yawanci yakan yi tafiya sau biyu a mako kuma sau da yawa yakan ɗauki mata waɗanda ke sayar da mango da [[Manja|Man dabino]] a Dakar. A lokacin bala'in, jirgin ya kasance ba ya aiki kusan shekara guda yana fuskantar gyare-gyare, wanda ya haɗa da maye gurbin injin tashar jiragen ruwa. An gabatar da jirgin ne a matsayin mafita ga ƙalubalen ƙasa na Senegal, wanda ke haɗa yankin Casamance da aka raba zuwa sauran ƙasar. Saboda kasancewar [[Gambiya]] tsakanin Casamance da tsakiya / arewacin Senegal, zaɓuɓɓukan tafiye-tafiye sun iyakance ga hanyar gabas da ta lalace ko hanyar teku ta yamma. Koyaya, hare-haren hanya a lokacin tawaye na rabuwa sun sa tafiyar jirgin ruwa ta fi aminci. A shekara ta 1995, sojoji sun mallaki Joola don tabbatar da asalin fasinjoji, duk da haka yawan jama'a ya kasance batun ci gaba. == Tafiye-tafiye da abin da ya faru == Da misalin karfe 1:30 na yamma a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2002, Le Joola ya fara daga [[Ziguinchor]] a yankin Casamance a daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen da yake yi tsakanin kudancin Senegal da Dakar. Fiye da mutane 1,928 a hukumance sun taru a kan jirgin ruwa, wanda ke da damar fasinjoji 536.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2022-09-26 |title=Senegal ferry disaster town remembers 20 years after 1,900 drowned |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/26/senegal-ferry-disaster-town-remembers-20-years-after-1900-drowned/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=[[Africanews]] |language=en}}</ref> Mutane 185 sun shiga jirgin daga Carabane, tsibirin da babu tashar shiga ko fita ga fasinjoji. Ba a san ainihin adadin fasinjoji ba (wasu kungiyoyin Senegal sun sanya lambar a sama da 2,000), amma akwai matafiya 1,034 tare da tikiti. Sauran fasinjojin ko dai ba a buƙatar su riƙe tikiti (yara da ba su kai shekara 5) ko kuma an ba su izinin tafiya kyauta, kamar yadda sau da yawa ke faruwa. Wani ma'aikacin jigilar kayayyaki da ya tsira ya lura cewa daga yawan tikiti da aka sayar, zai iya ganin cewa za a sami babban yanayin yawan jama'a a cikin jirgin. An ruwaito cewa, yayin da ya tashi daga Ziguinchor, Le Joola ya riga ya karkata. An watsa kiran karshe daga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa zuwa cibiyar tsaro ta teku a Dakar da karfe 10 na yamma kuma ta ba da rahoton yanayin tafiya mai kyau. Da misalin karfe 11 na yamma, jirgin ya shiga cikin guguwa a bakin tekun Gambiya. A sakamakon mummunan teku da iska, jirgin ya rushe, ya jefa fasinjoji da kaya cikin teku, duk cikin minti biyar.&nbsp; Wadanda suka tsira sun tuna jirgin ruwa yana juyawa da sauri a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, tare da daya yana kwatanta jirgin ruwa yana karkata kafin ya rushe, yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Wani wanda ya tsira ya ba da labarin manne wa jirgin ruwa bayan ya yi iyo ta hanyar bude taga, yayin da wani ya bayyana cewa iska da raƙuman ruwa sun jefa shi har sai ya sami mafaka a wani ɓangare na jirgin da aka juyawa. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Duk da binciken da gwamnatin Senegal da hukumomin Faransa suka yi wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan 'yan ƙasar Faransa, ainihin abubuwan da suka haifar da lamarin ba a san su ba har zuwa 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Commission d'enquête technique sur les causes du naufrage du Joola |url=https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/madani-sy-report/5c6521d1347c303d/full.pdf}}</ref> A cikin 2022, kotun Paris ta sake duba kimanin adadin mutanen Faransa da ke cikin jirgin, ta ba da rahoton 854 da 923 Franco-Senegalese da aka kashe a cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Naufrage du Joola : bilan estimé à plus de 854 à 923 Franco-Senegalais tués dans le naufrage |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/naufrage-du-joola-non-lieu-dans-l-enquete-francaise-266163 |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref> Yawancin kuskuren da suka ba da gudummawa ga bala'in an rubuta su sosai: Le Joola ba ta da lasisin jirgin ruwa; ma'aikatanta sun yi watsi da tuntuɓar mai hasashen yanayi kafin tashi; kuma kyaftin din sau da yawa ya kasa tabbatar da daidaitattun jirgin ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> Abubuwan da za su iya haifar da su kamar gazawar injiniya, kurakurai na kewayawa, yanayin yanayi mara kyau, rashin isasshen kulawa, da yawan jama'a - ko haɗuwa da su - an ba da shawarar su a matsayin yiwuwar haifar da hakan.<ref name=":1" /> Rahotanni sun nuna cewa daya daga cikin injunan jirgin guda biyu ne kawai ke aiki.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == 4o1flsqsghn8ftg0zfj1eqyqb0q69bq 0 158915 862193 2026-06-20T17:09:18Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332668347|HMS Algerine (J213)]]" 862193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Algerine''''' ita ce babbar jirgin ruwanta mai suna HMS Algerine wanda aka gina wa rundunar sojojin ruwan Royal Navy a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda AlgerineAlgerine. Masu aikin hakar ma'adinai . Da farko an tura ta zuwa Tekun Arewa, an tura ta ta jagoranci Flotilla ta 12. An tura jiragen ruwan Flotilla zuwa [[Bahar Rum]] don taimakawa da [[Aikin Torch|Torch na Operation]] . A shekarar 1942, bayan nasarar aikin share ma'adinai a gefen [[Béjaïa|Bougie]], Ascianghi ta yi mata luguden wuta, lamarin da ya sa ''Algerine'' ya nitse, wanda ya bar mutane takwas kacal da suka tsira. == Bayani == ''Algarine'' {{Convert|850|LT|t|0}} ya kone a kan nauyin da aka saba da shi da kuma {{Convert|1125|LT|t|0}} mai nauyi mai yawa . Jimillar tsawon jirgin yana da {{Convert|225|ft|m|1}}, katako mai girman {{Convert|35|ft|6|in|m|1}} da kuma zane na {{Convert|8|ft|6|in|m|1}} . Tana da injinan injinan Parsons masu amfani da tururi, suna tuƙa shafts biyu, waɗanda ke ba da matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|16.5|kn}} . [ 2 ] Jirgin ya hau guda ɗaya mai inci 4 (102)<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwOQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>mm) Bindiga mai suna Mk V. ''Algerine'' yana da madaukai guda huɗu na tsawon {{Convert|20|mm|1}} Bindigar Oerlikon mai tsawon mm 20, kuma an sanya mata layukan caji mai zurfi guda biyu, da kuma injin jefa caji mai zurfi guda huɗu. [ 2 ] == Sana'a == An ajiye ''Algerine'' a ranar 15 ga Maris 1941, <ref name="UB">{{Cite web |title=HMS Algerine (J 213) |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3751.html |access-date=29 March 2014 |website=UBoat.net}}</ref> ta Harland &amp;amp; Wolff, Belfast, kuma aka harba ta a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1941. Ita ce jirgin ruwa na takwas na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy da aka sanya wa suna {{HMS|Algerine||2}} . <ref name="NH">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey |title=HMS Algerine (J 213) – Algerine-class Fleet Minesweeper |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-22MS-Algerine-Algerine.htm |access-date=29 March 2014 |website=Naval History}}</ref> Bayan kammala aikin, an fara aikin jirgin a ranar 24 ga Maris 1942, kuma Sittingbourne ta karɓe shi saboda yaƙin Makon Jiragen Ruwa . <ref name="NH" /> ''Algerine'' ta shiga rundunar sojin ruwa ta 9 Minesweeping Flotilla a watan Mayun 1942 kuma ta fara aikin share ma'adinan, rakiya, da kuma sintiri a gabashin Ingila. <ref name="NH">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey |title=HMS Algerine (J 213) – Algerine-class Fleet Minesweeper |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-22MS-Algerine-Algerine.htm |access-date=29 March 2014 |website=Naval History}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMason">Mason, Geoffrey. </cite></ref> An gabatar da ita a matsayin shugabar rundunar sojin ruwa ta 12 Minesweeping Flotilla, wacce za ta shiga aikin a kasashen waje. <ref name="NH" /> ' Yar uwarta ta yi jigilar jiragen ruwa daga jirgin ruwa na 9 Flotilla, {{HMS|Alarm|J140|2}} da {{HMS|Albacore|J101|2}}, tare da ita, kamar yadda {{HMS|Acute|J106|2}}, da {{HMS|Cadmus|J230|2}} suka yi. <ref name="NH" /> A watan Oktoba, an tura ta zuwa Bahar Rum don taimakawa [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], amma an jinkirta tafiyarta saboda aikin gyara. Sauran jiragen ruwa hudu da ke cikin jiragen ruwanta sun tafi [[Gibraltar]] a matsayin masu rakiya zuwa ga ayarin jiragen ruwa. <ref name="NH" /> Kwanaki hudu bayan sauran jiragen sun tafi, ''Algerine'' ta raka ayarin jiragen ruwa na KMF1 zuwa [[Oran]] . <ref name="NH" /> == Manazarta == 0b9g6be4gphnoqzj0oabrsr2q1i9oxu 862195 862193 2026-06-20T17:09:50Z Engineer014 44591 862195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Algerine''''' ita ce babbar jirgin ruwanta mai suna HMS Algerine wanda aka gina wa rundunar sojojin ruwan Royal Navy a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda AlgerineAlgerine. Masu aikin hakar ma'adinai . Da farko an tura ta zuwa Tekun Arewa, an tura ta ta jagoranci Flotilla ta 12. An tura jiragen ruwan Flotilla zuwa [[Bahar Rum]] don taimakawa da [[Aikin Torch|Torch na Operation]] . A shekarar 1942, bayan nasarar aikin share ma'adinai a gefen [[Béjaïa|Bougie]], Ascianghi ta yi mata luguden wuta, lamarin da ya sa ''Algerine'' ya nitse, wanda ya bar mutane takwas kacal da suka tsira. == Bayani == ''Algarine'' {{Convert|850|LT|t|0}} ya kone a kan nauyin da aka saba da shi da kuma {{Convert|1125|LT|t|0}} mai nauyi mai yawa . Jimillar tsawon jirgin yana da {{Convert|225|ft|m|1}}, katako mai girman {{Convert|35|ft|6|in|m|1}} da kuma zane na {{Convert|8|ft|6|in|m|1}} . Tana da injinan injinan Parsons masu amfani da tururi, suna tuƙa shafts biyu, waɗanda ke ba da matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|16.5|kn}} . [ 2 ] Jirgin ya hau guda ɗaya mai inci 4 (102)<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwOQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>mm) Bindiga mai suna Mk V. ''Algerine'' yana da madaukai guda huɗu na tsawon {{Convert|20|mm|1}} Bindigar Oerlikon mai tsawon mm 20, kuma an sanya mata layukan caji mai zurfi guda biyu, da kuma injin jefa caji mai zurfi guda huɗu. [ 2 ] == Sana'a == An ajiye ''Algerine'' a ranar 15 ga Maris 1941, <ref name="UB">{{Cite web |title=HMS Algerine (J 213) |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3751.html |access-date=29 March 2014 |website=UBoat.net}}</ref> ta Harland &amp;amp; Wolff, Belfast, kuma aka harba ta a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1941. Ita ce jirgin ruwa na takwas na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy da aka sanya wa suna {{HMS|Algerine||2}} . <ref name="NH">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey |title=HMS Algerine (J 213) – Algerine-class Fleet Minesweeper |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-22MS-Algerine-Algerine.htm |access-date=29 March 2014 |website=Naval History}}</ref> Bayan kammala aikin, an fara aikin jirgin a ranar 24 ga Maris 1942, kuma Sittingbourne ta karɓe shi saboda yaƙin Makon Jiragen Ruwa . <ref name="NH" /> ''Algerine'' ta shiga rundunar sojin ruwa ta 9 Minesweeping Flotilla a watan Mayun 1942 kuma ta fara aikin share ma'adinan, rakiya, da kuma sintiri a gabashin Ingila. <ref name="NH">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey |title=HMS Algerine (J 213) – Algerine-class Fleet Minesweeper |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-22MS-Algerine-Algerine.htm |access-date=29 March 2014 |website=Naval History}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMason">Mason, Geoffrey. </cite></ref> An gabatar da ita a matsayin shugabar rundunar sojin ruwa ta 12 Minesweeping Flotilla, wacce za ta shiga aikin a kasashen waje. <ref name="NH" /> ' Yar uwarta ta yi jigilar jiragen ruwa daga jirgin ruwa na 9 Flotilla, {{HMS|Alarm|J140|2}} da {{HMS|Albacore|J101|2}}, tare da ita, kamar yadda {{HMS|Acute|J106|2}}, da {{HMS|Cadmus|J230|2}} suka yi. <ref name="NH" /> A watan Oktoba, an tura ta zuwa Bahar Rum don taimakawa [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], amma an jinkirta tafiyarta saboda aikin gyara. Sauran jiragen ruwa hudu da ke cikin jiragen ruwanta sun tafi [[Gibraltar]] a matsayin masu rakiya zuwa ga ayarin jiragen ruwa. <ref name="NH" /> Kwanaki hudu bayan sauran jiragen sun tafi, ''Algerine'' ta raka ayarin jiragen ruwa na KMF1 zuwa [[Oran]] . <ref name="NH" /> == Manazarta == inrvkp83e7g3vd3r6u6sg6njoduf8w8 0 158916 862197 2026-06-20T17:11:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314739296|Haplochromis cyaneus]]" 862197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haplochromis sp. "Blue Rockpicker"''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda yankin Tanzaniya na [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Gidansa na halitta [[Tafki|tabkuna]] ne na ruwa mai laushi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 10.7 centimeters (4.2 in) SL. Wannan nau'in yana da matsakaici kuma yana da tsayi, dan kadan a kan dorsal tare da karamin baki wanda ke da forceps kamar hakora. Yana da a bayyane tsari na layi mai tsawo da sanduna masu tsaye. Yana da jima'i dimorphic tare da jinsi daban-daban akan launi da tsawon kai. Wannan nau'in ana samunsa ne kawai a kan dutsen dutse, inda yake rayuwa da cin abinci a saman gadajen tafkin dutse ko bakin teku waɗanda ke fallasa aikin raƙuman ruwa kuma ba a taɓa lura da shi ba ko tattara shi a cikin ramuka, kuma ba a tattara shi da wuya a cikin bays masu kariya. Babban abincinsa shine tsutsotsi na larvae na chironomid wanda yake cin abinci a tsakanin algal filaments da ke girma a saman duwatsu. Wannan nau'in shine polygynous motherbrooder. Sunan ''''Haplochromis'' cyanues'' an yi amfani da shi ga wannan nau'in ta Seehausen, Bouton & Zwennes amma a cewar Eschmeyer wannan sunan ba shi da inganci. Ethelwynn Trewavas ya yi amfani da wannan sunan don bayyana cichlid daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], ''Haplochromis cyaneus'' Trewavas, 1935, sunan da ba shi da inganci, sunan da ya dace ga wannan nau'in yanzu shine ''Copadichromis cyaneus''. Koyaya, nau'in wannan labarin game da shine nau'in da Seehausen, Bouton & Zwennes suka bayyana, wanda ba shi da sunan da ya dace a halin yanzu. Koyaya, FishBase ya bayyana yana jayayya cewa bisa ga Dokar Kasa da Kasa ta Nomenclature sunan maye gurbin ba lallai ba ne kuma ana iya amfani da Haplochromis cyaneus don wannan nau'in. Wani karin gargadi shi ne cewa Katalog of Fishes ya bayyana cewa wannan nau'in bazai kasance a cikin jinsin Haplochromis ba.<ref name="CoF" /> == Manazarta == rj4tlgadk8l5adqoyaia782ixa7a0fq 862199 862197 2026-06-20T17:12:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 862199 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haplochromis sp. "Blue Rockpicker"''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda yankin Tanzaniya na [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Gidansa na halitta [[Tafki|tabkuna]] ne na ruwa mai laushi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 10.7 centimeters (4.2 in) SL. Wannan nau'in yana da matsakaici kuma yana da tsayi, dan kadan a kan dorsal tare da karamin baki wanda ke da forceps kamar hakora. Yana da a bayyane tsari na layi mai tsawo da sanduna masu tsaye. Yana da jima'i dimorphic tare da jinsi daban-daban akan launi da tsawon kai. Wannan nau'in ana samunsa ne kawai a kan dutsen dutse, inda yake rayuwa da cin abinci a saman gadajen tafkin dutse ko bakin teku waɗanda ke fallasa aikin raƙuman ruwa kuma ba a taɓa lura da shi ba ko tattara shi a cikin ramuka, kuma ba a tattara shi da wuya a cikin bays masu kariya. Babban abincinsa shine tsutsotsi na larvae na chironomid wanda yake cin abinci a tsakanin algal filaments da ke girma a saman duwatsu. Wannan nau'in shine polygynous motherbrooder.<ref>Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Haplochromis cyaneus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 December 2018.</ref> Sunan 'Haplochromis cyanues an yi amfani da shi ga wannan nau'in ta Seehausen, Bouton & Zwennes amma a cewar Eschmeyer wannan sunan ba shi da inganci. Ethelwynn Trewavas ya yi amfani da wannan sunan don bayyana cichlid daga Tafkin Malawi, Haplochromis cyaneus Trewavas, 1935, sunan da ba shi da inganci, sunan da ya dace ga wannan nau'in yanzu shine Copadichromis cyaneus. Koyaya, nau'in wannan labarin game da shine nau'in da Seehausen, Bouton & Zwennes suka bayyana, wanda ba shi da sunan da ya dace a halin yanzu. Koyaya, FishBase ya bayyana yana jayayya cewa bisa ga Dokar Kasa da Kasa ta Nomenclature sunan maye gurbin ba lallai ba ne kuma ana iya amfani da Haplochromis cyaneus don wannan nau'in. Wani karin gargadi shi ne cewa Katalog of Fishes ya bayyana cewa wannan nau'in bazai kasance a cikin jinsin Haplochromis ba.<ref name="CoF" /> == Manazarta == nzoizvuwzf6iitjiis9ua5iti5ihja2 862200 862199 2026-06-20T17:12:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 862200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haplochromis sp. "Blue Rockpicker"''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda yankin Tanzaniya na [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Gidansa na halitta [[Tafki|tabkuna]] ne na ruwa mai laushi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 10.7 centimeters (4.2 in) SL. Wannan nau'in yana da matsakaici kuma yana da tsayi, dan kadan a kan dorsal tare da karamin baki wanda ke da forceps kamar hakora. Yana da a bayyane tsari na layi mai tsawo da sanduna masu tsaye. Yana da jima'i dimorphic tare da jinsi daban-daban akan launi da tsawon kai. Wannan nau'in ana samunsa ne kawai a kan dutsen dutse, inda yake rayuwa da cin abinci a saman gadajen tafkin dutse ko bakin teku waɗanda ke fallasa aikin raƙuman ruwa kuma ba a taɓa lura da shi ba ko tattara shi a cikin ramuka, kuma ba a tattara shi da wuya a cikin bays masu kariya. Babban abincinsa shine tsutsotsi na larvae na chironomid wanda yake cin abinci a tsakanin algal filaments da ke girma a saman duwatsu. Wannan nau'in shine polygynous motherbrooder.<ref>Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Haplochromis cyaneus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 December 2018.</ref> Sunan 'Haplochromis cyanues an yi amfani da shi ga wannan nau'in ta Seehausen, Bouton & Zwennes amma a cewar Eschmeyer wannan sunan ba shi da inganci. Ethelwynn Trewavas ya yi amfani da wannan sunan don bayyana cichlid daga Tafkin Malawi, Haplochromis cyaneus Trewavas, 1935, sunan da ba shi da inganci, sunan da ya dace ga wannan nau'in yanzu shine Copadichromis cyaneus. Koyaya, nau'in wannan labarin game da shine nau'in da Seehausen, Bouton & Zwennes suka bayyana, wanda ba shi da sunan da ya dace a halin yanzu. Koyaya, FishBase ya bayyana yana jayayya cewa bisa ga Dokar Kasa da Kasa ta Nomenclature sunan maye gurbin ba lallai ba ne kuma ana iya amfani da Haplochromis cyaneus don wannan nau'in. Wani karin gargadi shi ne cewa Katalog of Fishes ya bayyana cewa wannan nau'in bazai kasance a cikin jinsin Haplochromis ba.<ref name="CoF" /> == Manazarta == 4pnxw7zdowtp8mwhik8ycyvfbt7r4ip 0 158917 862204 2026-06-20T17:16:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 862204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michaela Balcová''' k7pab080s1ypz8hkjd2zailg2dnzm09 862209 862204 2026-06-20T17:18:16Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michaela Balcová''' Michaela Balcová (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1995) 'yar wasan Boccia ta Slovak Paralympic ce wadda ke fafatawa a rukunin BC4. A gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2016 ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da Robert Durkovic da Samuel Andrejčík. Balcová da Andrejčík suma sun lashe lambar zinare a gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2020 tare da Martin Streharsky. ivjlsyz2vp5aborxcbd8k5ktk7w7vnl 862210 862209 2026-06-20T17:18:43Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 862210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michaela Balcová''' Michaela Balcová (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1995) 'yar wasan Boccia ta Slovak Paralympic ce wadda ke fafatawa a rukunin BC4. A gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2016 ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da Robert Durkovic da Samuel Andrejčík. Balcová da Andrejčík suma sun lashe lambar zinare a gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2020 tare da Martin Streharsky. == Manazarta == 64679k5hcpcpef8h8r3yuthb9ji85gx 862211 862210 2026-06-20T17:19:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michaela Balcová''' Michaela Balcová (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1995) 'yar wasan Boccia ta Slovak Paralympic ce wadda ke fafatawa a rukunin BC4. A gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2016 ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da Robert Durkovic da Samuel Andrejčík. Balcová da Andrejčík suma sun lashe lambar zinare a gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2020 tare da Martin Streharsky.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161026070224/https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/athlete/michaela-balcova</ref><ref>https://www.scmp.com/sport/hong-kong/article/3147579/tokyo-paralympics-hong-kong-boccia-bowlers-settle-silver-against</ref> == Manazarta == gkdqu219rzcuayks3rl6rs3oq54wzse 862213 862211 2026-06-20T17:20:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michaela Balcová'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Balcov%C3%A1</ref> Michaela Balcová (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1995) 'yar wasan Boccia ta Slovak Paralympic ce wadda ke fafatawa a rukunin BC4. A gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2016 ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da Robert Durkovic da Samuel Andrejčík. Balcová da Andrejčík suma sun lashe lambar zinare a gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2020 tare da Martin Streharsky.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161026070224/https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/athlete/michaela-balcova</ref><ref>https://www.scmp.com/sport/hong-kong/article/3147579/tokyo-paralympics-hong-kong-boccia-bowlers-settle-silver-against</ref> == Manazarta == pd1r2mkn0skc36hcvy3ptmrpand7eub 862216 862213 2026-06-20T17:20:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 862216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michaela Balcová'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Balcov%C3%A1</ref> Michaela Balcová (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1995) 'yar wasan Boccia ta Slovak Paralympic ce wadda ke fafatawa a rukunin BC4. A gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2016 ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da Robert Durkovic da Samuel Andrejčík. Balcová da Andrejčík suma sun lashe lambar zinare a gasar Paralympic ta bazara ta 2020 tare da Martin Streharsky.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161026070224/https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/athlete/michaela-balcova</ref><ref>https://www.scmp.com/sport/hong-kong/article/3147579/tokyo-paralympics-hong-kong-boccia-bowlers-settle-silver-against</ref> == Manazarta == 4gpkusupre0w9jtd7w1dsoc67ary907 0 158918 862206 2026-06-20T17:17:25Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356407623|French ship Orient (1791)]]" 862206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Orient''''' jirgin ruwa ne Océan bindigogi 118 na rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin tutar rundunar Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers a Yaƙin Nilu a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1798, da kuma mummunan barna da ta yi a ranar da mujallarta ta fashe. An yi bikin tunawa da taron da waƙoƙi da zane-zane da dama. Kafin halaka shi, ''Orient'' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwan yaƙi a duniya. == Sana'a == An ajiye jirgin a [[Toulon]], kuma an harba shi a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1791 da sunan ''Dauphin Royal'' . A watan Satumba na 1792, bayan zuwan Jamhuriyar Farko ta Faransa, kuma ba a ba ta izini ba tukuna, an sake mata suna ''Sans-Culotte'', don girmama Sans-culottes . A ranar 14 ga Maris 1795, ta shiga Yaƙin Genoa a matsayin tutar Rear Admiral Martin . Ta rufe bayan layin Faransa, tana musayar wuta da {{HMS|Bedford|1775|6}} da {{HMS|Egmont|1768|6}}, amma ta rasa hulɗa da rundunarta da daddare, don haka aka hana ta shiga cikin lamarin. A watan Mayu na 1795, an sake canza mata suna ''Sans-Culotte'' sakamakon Thermidorian Reaction . [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] ya sake mata suna ''Orient'' a safiyar tafiyarsa daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Toulon]] don balaguronsa a Masar. An ɓoye sabon sunan har zuwa lokacin ƙarshe don ɓoye manufar babbar rundunar 'yan yawon buɗe ido da aka taru a Toulon, wanda mutane kaɗan ne suka san an ƙaddara za su mamaye Masar . A shekarar 1798, an naɗa ''Orient'' a matsayin tutar rundunar da aka ɗora wa alhakin mamaye Masar, wadda ke ƙarƙashin Mataimakin Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers tare da Kyaftin Luc-Julien-Joseph Casabianca a matsayin jami'in tuta . <ref name="british">{{Cite web |title=Admiral Nelson's stunning victory over the French fleet in 1798 |url=http://www.britishbattles.com/waterloo/battle-nile.htm |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=www.britishbattles.com}}</ref> ''Orient'' kuma ta yi jigilar shugabannin Armée d'Égypte, musamman Janar Bonaparte. Rundunar ta kauce wa shingen da Birtaniya ta yi kuma ta kama [[Malta]] kafin ta sauka da sojoji a Masar. Bayan da Faransa ta wawure duk wani taskar da ta mallaka da kuma zinare da kuma bullion na sansanin soja na [[Valletta|Valetta]], an ɗora da yawa daga cikinsu a ''Gabas'' (ƙimar da aka kiyasta ita ce Franc miliyan 9.3, wanda Bonaparte ya yi fatan zai yi amfani da ita wajen ba da kuɗin tafiyarsa, amma mafi yawansu sun ɓace tare da ''Gabas'' daga baya). Bayan haka, rundunar ta yi sansani a wani wuri da ke gabashin [[Alexandria]], a wani wuri da ake zargin yana da ƙarfi a fannin tsaro. Rundunar sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nelson ta gano rundunar a ranar 1 ga Agusta, kuma Nelson ta kai hari da ƙarfe 5:40 na yamma a wannan ranar , suna fara Yaƙin Nilu . Nelson ya sa rundunoninsa su yi tafiya tsakanin gabar teku da jiragen ruwan Faransa a kan anga, suna ɗaukar su ɗaya bayan ɗaya a cikin wani harin ramummuka. Jirgin ruwan Birtaniya ''Bellerophon'' ya makale a makare kuma ya sami kansa kai tsaye a gefen ''Gabashin'' . Jirgin mai hawa biyu, mai faɗin bindigogi talatin, bai yi daidai da ''Gabashin'' ba, kuma an wargaza shi gaba ɗaya kuma an yi masa mummunan faɗa da jiragen ''ruwan Gabas'' . ''Bellerophon'' ya yanke anga ɗinta ya kuma kauce daga yaƙin. Daga baya jiragen ruwan Birtaniya guda biyu waɗanda suka isa makare daga aikin leƙen asiri ( <nowiki><i id="mwTA">Alexander</i></nowiki> da <nowiki><i id="mwTg">Swiftsure</i></nowiki> ) suka iso suka kai hari kan ''Gabashin'' da ke ƙonewa daga baka da bayanta. Bayan ƙonewa na tsawon awa ɗaya, Gabashin ya fashe da mamaki da ƙarfe 22:30. <ref name="napoleon">{{Cite web |last=Millar |first=Stephen |title=French naval order of battle at Aboukir bay (battle of the Nile): 1–2 August 1798 |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/Egypt/Nile/c_nile.html |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=www.napoleon-series.org}}</ref> Ana jayayya kan adadin wadanda suka mutu: Turawan Birtaniya sun ba da rahoton cewa an ceto mutane 70, wanda ke nuna adadin da suka ceto a cikin jiragen ruwansu, kuma sun yi hasashen asarar da aka samu a kan wadanda suka taimaka musu 1,130; duk da haka, ma'aikatan jirgin ba su kammala ba a lokacin yakin (da yawa sun tafi hutu a bakin teku, kuma an tura wasu da yawa zuwa Alexandria don siyan kayayyaki) kuma jiragen ruwan Faransa sun dauki wasu da suka tsira. Contre-amiral Decrès ya ruwaito cewa mutane 760 ne suka tsira. <ref name="troisponts">{{Cite web |last=Mioque |first=Nicolas |title=La perte des 118 canons L'Orient (1798) et L'Impérial (1806) |url=http://troisponts.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/la-perte-des-118-canons-lorient-1798-et-limperial-1806/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510110630/http://troisponts.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/la-perte-des-118-canons-lorient-1798-et-limperial-1806/ |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=19 March 2012 |publisher=troisponts}}</ref> == Ilimin kayan tarihi == Tsakanin 1998 da 1999, masanin ilmin kayan tarihi na ƙasar Faransa Franck Goddio ya jagoranci wani bincike na kayan tarihi a ƙarƙashin ruwa game da wurin da {{'}} ''Gabas'' ya faɗi. Abubuwan tarihi da aka gano sun haɗa da tsabar kuɗi, ƙananan makamai, nau'in bugawa daga injin bugawa da kuma mallakar ma'aikatan jirgin da ke cikin jirgin. Rarraba tarkace da kayan tarihi a ƙasan teku ya sa Goddio ya nuna cewa ba a lalata ''Gabas'' ta hanyar fashewa ɗaya ba, amma ta hanyar fashewa biyu a lokaci guda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet |url=http://www.franckgoddio.org/projects/others/napoleon-bonapartes-fleet.html |access-date=29 September 2014 |website=www.franckgoddio.org |language=en}}</ref>  {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == grhyf867k3tok5rdq9vfg4dl3xqwlxk 862207 862206 2026-06-20T17:17:52Z Engineer014 44591 862207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Orient''''' jirgin ruwa ne Océan bindigogi 118 na rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin tutar rundunar Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers a Yaƙin Nilu a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1798, da kuma mummunan barna da ta yi a ranar da mujallarta ta fashe. An yi bikin tunawa da taron da waƙoƙi da zane-zane da dama. Kafin halaka shi, ''Orient'' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwan yaƙi a duniya. == Sana'a == An ajiye jirgin a [[Toulon]], kuma an harba shi a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1791 da sunan ''Dauphin Royal'' . A watan Satumba na 1792, bayan zuwan Jamhuriyar Farko ta Faransa, kuma ba a ba ta izini ba tukuna, an sake mata suna ''Sans-Culotte'', don girmama Sans-culottes . A ranar 14 ga Maris 1795, ta shiga Yaƙin Genoa a matsayin tutar Rear Admiral Martin . Ta rufe bayan layin Faransa, tana musayar wuta da {{HMS|Bedford|1775|6}} da {{HMS|Egmont|1768|6}}, amma ta rasa hulɗa da rundunarta da daddare, don haka aka hana ta shiga cikin lamarin. A watan Mayu na 1795, an sake canza mata suna ''Sans-Culotte'' sakamakon Thermidorian Reaction . [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] ya sake mata suna ''Orient'' a safiyar tafiyarsa daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Toulon]] don balaguronsa a Masar. An ɓoye sabon sunan har zuwa lokacin ƙarshe don ɓoye manufar babbar rundunar 'yan yawon buɗe ido da aka taru a Toulon, wanda mutane kaɗan ne suka san an ƙaddara za su mamaye Masar . A shekarar 1798, an naɗa ''Orient'' a matsayin tutar rundunar da aka ɗora wa alhakin mamaye Masar, wadda ke ƙarƙashin Mataimakin Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers tare da Kyaftin Luc-Julien-Joseph Casabianca a matsayin jami'in tuta . <ref name="british">{{Cite web |title=Admiral Nelson's stunning victory over the French fleet in 1798 |url=http://www.britishbattles.com/waterloo/battle-nile.htm |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=www.britishbattles.com}}</ref> ''Orient'' kuma ta yi jigilar shugabannin Armée d'Égypte, musamman Janar Bonaparte. Rundunar ta kauce wa shingen da Birtaniya ta yi kuma ta kama [[Malta]] kafin ta sauka da sojoji a Masar. Bayan da Faransa ta wawure duk wani taskar da ta mallaka da kuma zinare da kuma bullion na sansanin soja na [[Valletta|Valetta]], an ɗora da yawa daga cikinsu a ''Gabas'' (ƙimar da aka kiyasta ita ce Franc miliyan 9.3, wanda Bonaparte ya yi fatan zai yi amfani da ita wajen ba da kuɗin tafiyarsa, amma mafi yawansu sun ɓace tare da ''Gabas'' daga baya). Bayan haka, rundunar ta yi sansani a wani wuri da ke gabashin [[Alexandria]], a wani wuri da ake zargin yana da ƙarfi a fannin tsaro. Rundunar sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nelson ta gano rundunar a ranar 1 ga Agusta, kuma Nelson ta kai hari da ƙarfe 5:40 na yamma a wannan ranar , suna fara Yaƙin Nilu . Nelson ya sa rundunoninsa su yi tafiya tsakanin gabar teku da jiragen ruwan Faransa a kan anga, suna ɗaukar su ɗaya bayan ɗaya a cikin wani harin ramummuka. Jirgin ruwan Birtaniya ''Bellerophon'' ya makale a makare kuma ya sami kansa kai tsaye a gefen ''Gabashin'' . Jirgin mai hawa biyu, mai faɗin bindigogi talatin, bai yi daidai da ''Gabashin'' ba, kuma an wargaza shi gaba ɗaya kuma an yi masa mummunan faɗa da jiragen ''ruwan Gabas'' . ''Bellerophon'' ya yanke anga ɗinta ya kuma kauce daga yaƙin. Daga baya jiragen ruwan Birtaniya guda biyu waɗanda suka isa makare daga aikin leƙen asiri ( <nowiki><i id="mwTA">Alexander</i></nowiki> da <nowiki><i id="mwTg">Swiftsure</i></nowiki> ) suka iso suka kai hari kan ''Gabashin'' da ke ƙonewa daga baka da bayanta. Bayan ƙonewa na tsawon awa ɗaya, Gabashin ya fashe da mamaki da ƙarfe 22:30. <ref name="napoleon">{{Cite web |last=Millar |first=Stephen |title=French naval order of battle at Aboukir bay (battle of the Nile): 1–2 August 1798 |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/Egypt/Nile/c_nile.html |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=www.napoleon-series.org}}</ref> Ana jayayya kan adadin wadanda suka mutu: Turawan Birtaniya sun ba da rahoton cewa an ceto mutane 70, wanda ke nuna adadin da suka ceto a cikin jiragen ruwansu, kuma sun yi hasashen asarar da aka samu a kan wadanda suka taimaka musu 1,130; duk da haka, ma'aikatan jirgin ba su kammala ba a lokacin yakin (da yawa sun tafi hutu a bakin teku, kuma an tura wasu da yawa zuwa Alexandria don siyan kayayyaki) kuma jiragen ruwan Faransa sun dauki wasu da suka tsira. Contre-amiral Decrès ya ruwaito cewa mutane 760 ne suka tsira. <ref name="troisponts">{{Cite web |last=Mioque |first=Nicolas |title=La perte des 118 canons L'Orient (1798) et L'Impérial (1806) |url=http://troisponts.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/la-perte-des-118-canons-lorient-1798-et-limperial-1806/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510110630/http://troisponts.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/la-perte-des-118-canons-lorient-1798-et-limperial-1806/ |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=19 March 2012 |publisher=troisponts}}</ref> == Ilimin kayan tarihi == Tsakanin 1998 da 1999, masanin ilmin kayan tarihi na ƙasar Faransa Franck Goddio ya jagoranci wani bincike na kayan tarihi a ƙarƙashin ruwa game da wurin da {{'}} ''Gabas'' ya faɗi. Abubuwan tarihi da aka gano sun haɗa da tsabar kuɗi, ƙananan makamai, nau'in bugawa daga injin bugawa da kuma mallakar ma'aikatan jirgin da ke cikin jirgin. Rarraba tarkace da kayan tarihi a ƙasan teku ya sa Goddio ya nuna cewa ba a lalata ''Gabas'' ta hanyar fashewa ɗaya ba, amma ta hanyar fashewa biyu a lokaci guda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet |url=http://www.franckgoddio.org/projects/others/napoleon-bonapartes-fleet.html |access-date=29 September 2014 |website=www.franckgoddio.org |language=en}}</ref>  {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == l0s0hekl22c4xk6kaakr4bx4vi0y9rj 0 158919 862212 2026-06-20T17:20:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315097308|Haplochromis dentex]]" 862212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis dentex''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]], amma ba a gan shi ba tun 1987. Yana iya zama ya ƙare, amma IUCN ta kiyaye shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai a cikin ƙaramin damar da ƙaramin - amma a halin yanzu ba a sani ba - yawan jama'a ya tsira. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 15.9 centimeters (6.3 in) SL. == Manazarta == m4p3tgmmn8rhqz8vnnp0b0s3wh5d764 862214 862212 2026-06-20T17:20:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 862214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Haplochromis dentex''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]], amma ba a gan shi ba tun 1987. Yana iya zama ya ƙare, amma IUCN ta kiyaye shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai a cikin ƙaramin damar da ƙaramin - amma a halin yanzu ba a sani ba - yawan jama'a ya tsira. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 15.9 centimeters (6.3 in) SL. == Manazarta == rpnaw4lkyt8jf8apv59tn0j3o14ntgk 0 158920 862215 2026-06-20T17:20:38Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326570168|HMS Papua]]" 862215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Papua'' (K588)''' wani {{Sclass2|Colony|frigate}} Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Da farko rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka ce ta ba ta umarnin zama jirgin ruwan sintiri na aji na <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Tacoma</i></nowiki> '''USS ''Howett'' (PF-84)''' kuma aka mayar da ita ga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy kafin a kammala aikin. == Gine-gine da saye == Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Amurka ce ta ba da umarnin a sanya mata jirgin ruwan, wanda aka sanya mata suna " jirgin ruwan masu sintiri," '''PG-192''', a ƙarƙashin kwangilar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a matsayin USS ''Howett'' . An sake sanya mata suna a matsayin " jirgin ruwan sintiri ," PF-84, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1943 kuma Kamfanin Walsh-Kaiser ya shimfida shi a Providence, [[Rhode Island]], a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1943. An yi niyyar mayar da jirgin zuwa Burtaniya, Birtaniya ta sake masa suna zuwa ''Papua'' kafin a harba shi kuma aka harba shi a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1943, wanda Mrs. William Eastham ta dauki nauyinsa. == Tarihin sabis == An mayar da jirgin zuwa Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Lend-Lease a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1944, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Navy a matsayin HMS ''Papua'' (K588) a kan aikin sintiri da rakiya. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1945, ta yi wa jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Burtaniya {{HMS|Loch Scavaig|K648|2}}, {{HMS|Nyasaland|K587|2}}, da {{HMS|Loch Shin|K421|2}} godiya saboda nutsar da jirgin ruwan Jamus mai suna U-1014 a wani hari mai zurfi a kan North Channel kusa da Malin Head, Ireland, a lokacin da jirgin ya nutse. == Rarraba ƙarshe == Burtaniya ta mayar da ''Papua'' ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1946. An sayar da ita ga [[Boston Metals Company|Kamfanin Boston Metals]] na Baltimore, Maryland, saboda an lalata ta, amma an soke cire ta daga aiki kuma aka sake sayar da ita a shekarar 1950 ga Khedivial Mail Line na Alexandria, Masar, don amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin fasinja na farar hula SS ''Malrouk'' . Bayan haka gwamnatin Masar ta saya ta, ta sake mayar da ita ga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta ''Misr'' . == Manazarta == i9amvsabf41lfidg5ztp9wc7xr0vpm4 862217 862215 2026-06-20T17:21:18Z Engineer014 44591 862217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Papua'' (K588)''' wani {{Sclass2|Colony|frigate}} Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Da farko rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka ce ta ba ta umarnin zama jirgin ruwan sintiri na aji na <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Tacoma</i></nowiki> '''USS ''Howett'' (PF-84)''' kuma aka mayar da ita ga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy kafin a kammala aikin. == Gine-gine da saye == Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Amurka ce ta ba da umarnin a sanya mata jirgin ruwan, wanda aka sanya mata suna " jirgin ruwan masu sintiri," '''PG-192''', a ƙarƙashin kwangilar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a matsayin USS ''Howett'' . An sake sanya mata suna a matsayin " jirgin ruwan sintiri ," PF-84, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1943 kuma Kamfanin Walsh-Kaiser ya shimfida shi a Providence, [[Rhode Island]], a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1943. An yi niyyar mayar da jirgin zuwa Burtaniya, Birtaniya ta sake masa suna zuwa ''Papua'' kafin a harba shi kuma aka harba shi a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1943, wanda Mrs. William Eastham ta dauki nauyinsa. == Tarihin sabis == An mayar da jirgin zuwa Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Lend-Lease a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1944, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Navy a matsayin HMS ''Papua'' (K588) a kan aikin sintiri da rakiya. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1945, ta yi wa jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Burtaniya {{HMS|Loch Scavaig|K648|2}}, {{HMS|Nyasaland|K587|2}}, da {{HMS|Loch Shin|K421|2}} godiya saboda nutsar da jirgin ruwan Jamus mai suna U-1014 a wani hari mai zurfi a kan North Channel kusa da Malin Head, Ireland, a lokacin da jirgin ya nutse. == Rarraba ƙarshe == Burtaniya ta mayar da ''Papua'' ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1946. An sayar da ita ga [[Boston Metals Company|Kamfanin Boston Metals]] na Baltimore, Maryland, saboda an lalata ta, amma an soke cire ta daga aiki kuma aka sake sayar da ita a shekarar 1950 ga Khedivial Mail Line na Alexandria, Masar, don amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin fasinja na farar hula SS ''Malrouk'' . Bayan haka gwamnatin Masar ta saya ta, ta sake mayar da ita ga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta ''Misr'' . == Manazarta == 6luyuqbm622in90tkpdgzh8gnm6lcnt 0 158921 862219 2026-06-20T17:22:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314801969|Haplochromis estor]]" 862219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis estor''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne mai cin kifi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haplochromis radiation |url=https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Haplochromis_radiation.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.mun.ca}}</ref> wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 17 centimeters (6.7 in) SL. Charles Tate Regan ne ya fara rubuta wannan cichlid. == Manazarta == lf3g5kug378erlm40tguszt4vb97rx3 862221 862219 2026-06-20T17:22:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 862221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis estor''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne mai cin kifi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haplochromis radiation |url=https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Haplochromis_radiation.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.mun.ca}}</ref> wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]]. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 17 centimeters (6.7 in) SL. Charles Tate Regan ne ya fara rubuta wannan cichlid.<ref> Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Haplochromis estor". FishBase. February 2013 version</ref> == Manazarta == r47b2ziww5skucd28fcqwz0wk54v81r 0 158922 862220 2026-06-20T17:22:28Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 862220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald William Arrigo''' == Manazarta == s0ub9m6pkhuxhk1zd1ahz39k7ezskbo 862222 862220 2026-06-20T17:23:26Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald William Arrigo''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1941) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni 194 a gasar Major League Baseball (MLB) ga Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets da Chicago White Sox tsakanin 1961 da 1970. Arrigo ɗan wasan hagu ne wanda aka lissafa a matsayin tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 1 (mita 1.85) kuma yana da nauyin fam 185 (kilogiram 84). Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Harrison a birninsa na Chicago. == Manazarta == bag52r1if4t465lrnqclq7wkk8hut50 862225 862222 2026-06-20T17:24:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald William Arrigo''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1941) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni 194 a gasar Major League Baseball (MLB) ga Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets da Chicago White Sox tsakanin 1961 da 1970. Arrigo ɗan wasan hagu ne wanda aka lissafa a matsayin tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 1 (mita 1.85) kuma yana da nauyin fam 185 (kilogiram 84). Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Harrison a birninsa na Chicago. Aikinsa na ƙwararru ya fara ne a shekarar 1960 a ƙungiyar White Sox. Amma bayan kakar wasa ɗaya kacal a Class D Midwest League, Twins suka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da aka zaɓa a shekarar farko da ya fara aiki a lokacin. Wasansa na farko a manyan ƙungiyoyi ya faru ne a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1961, lokacin da ya fara fafatawa da Boston Red Sox a Fenway Park. Bayan ya jefa ƙwallon farko ba tare da ƙwallo ba, ya ba da damar samun maki uku a bugun uku, tafiya ɗaya, da kuma bugun batsman a zagaye na biyu. An tuhume shi da rashin nasara a hannun Twins da ci 10-8. Ya yi aiki a wasanni bakwai a Twins na 1961, sannan jimillar wasanni shida na MLB a 1962 da 1963, waɗanda ya yi amfani da su musamman a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball. == Manazarta == amfpxsnld1lfyqrqj12p3uaaiekxmxm 862229 862225 2026-06-20T17:25:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald William Arrigo''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1941) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni 194 a gasar Major League Baseball (MLB) ga Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets da Chicago White Sox tsakanin 1961 da 1970. Arrigo ɗan wasan hagu ne wanda aka lissafa a matsayin tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 1 (mita 1.85) kuma yana da nauyin fam 185 (kilogiram 84). Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Harrison a birninsa na Chicago. Aikinsa na ƙwararru ya fara ne a shekarar 1960 a ƙungiyar White Sox. Amma bayan kakar wasa ɗaya kacal a Class D Midwest League, Twins suka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da aka zaɓa a shekarar farko da ya fara aiki a lokacin. Wasansa na farko a manyan ƙungiyoyi ya faru ne a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1961, lokacin da ya fara fafatawa da Boston Red Sox a Fenway Park. Bayan ya jefa ƙwallon farko ba tare da ƙwallo ba, ya ba da damar samun maki uku a bugun uku, tafiya ɗaya, da kuma bugun batsman a zagaye na biyu. An tuhume shi da rashin nasara a hannun Twins da ci 10-8. Ya yi aiki a wasanni bakwai a Twins na 1961, sannan jimillar wasanni shida na MLB a 1962 da 1963, waɗanda ya yi amfani da su musamman a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball. Arrigo ya jefa wasanni biyu da bugun daya a rayuwarsa. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1964, bai buga kwallo ba a kan White Sox har sai da Mike Hershberger ya buga kwallo daya a tsakiya a zagaye na tara. Mai bugun daya a karo na biyu, wanda ya zo a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1967, bai yi wani abin mamaki ba kamar na farko, yayin da Arrigo ya bar bugun daya tilo a wasan ga Jerry Grote na New York Mets a zagaye na farko. == Manazarta == qrr14o2eqd82rm0kq801a49pv32z0md 862232 862229 2026-06-20T17:26:50Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald William Arrigo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Arrigo</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1941) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni 194 a gasar Major League Baseball (MLB) ga Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets da Chicago White Sox tsakanin 1961 da 1970. Arrigo ɗan wasan hagu ne wanda aka lissafa a matsayin tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 1 (mita 1.85) kuma yana da nauyin fam 185 (kilogiram 84). Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Harrison a birninsa na Chicago. Aikinsa na ƙwararru ya fara ne a shekarar 1960 a ƙungiyar White Sox. Amma bayan kakar wasa ɗaya kacal a Class D Midwest League, Twins suka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da aka zaɓa a shekarar farko da ya fara aiki a lokacin. Wasansa na farko a manyan ƙungiyoyi ya faru ne a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1961, lokacin da ya fara fafatawa da Boston Red Sox a Fenway Park. Bayan ya jefa ƙwallon farko ba tare da ƙwallo ba, ya ba da damar samun maki uku a bugun uku, tafiya ɗaya, da kuma bugun batsman a zagaye na biyu. An tuhume shi da rashin nasara a hannun Twins da ci 10-8. Ya yi aiki a wasanni bakwai a Twins na 1961, sannan jimillar wasanni shida na MLB a 1962 da 1963, waɗanda ya yi amfani da su musamman a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball. Arrigo ya jefa wasanni biyu da bugun daya a rayuwarsa. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1964, bai buga kwallo ba a kan White Sox har sai da Mike Hershberger ya buga kwallo daya a tsakiya a zagaye na tara. Mai bugun daya a karo na biyu, wanda ya zo a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1967, bai yi wani abin mamaki ba kamar na farko, yayin da Arrigo ya bar bugun daya tilo a wasan ga Jerry Grote na New York Mets a zagaye na farko. == Manazarta == d84e23s2bh8efcv84prdp9zvzs81zrx 862233 862232 2026-06-20T17:28:43Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald William Arrigo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Arrigo</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1941) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni 194 a gasar Major League Baseball (MLB) ga Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets da Chicago White Sox tsakanin 1961 da 1970. Arrigo ɗan wasan hagu ne wanda aka lissafa a matsayin tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 1 (mita 1.85) kuma yana da nauyin fam 185 (kilogiram 84). Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Harrison a birninsa na Chicago. Aikinsa na ƙwararru ya fara ne a shekarar 1960 a ƙungiyar White Sox. Amma bayan kakar wasa ɗaya kacal a Class D Midwest League, Twins suka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da aka zaɓa a shekarar farko da ya fara aiki a lokacin. Wasansa na farko a manyan ƙungiyoyi ya faru ne a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1961, lokacin da ya fara fafatawa da Boston Red Sox a Fenway Park. Bayan ya jefa ƙwallon farko ba tare da ƙwallo ba, ya ba da damar samun maki uku a bugun uku, tafiya ɗaya, da kuma bugun batsman a zagaye na biyu. An tuhume shi da rashin nasara a hannun Twins da ci 10-8. Ya yi aiki a wasanni bakwai a Twins na 1961, sannan jimillar wasanni shida na MLB a 1962 da 1963, waɗanda ya yi amfani da su musamman a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball. Arrigo ya jefa wasanni biyu da bugun daya a rayuwarsa. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1964, bai buga kwallo ba a kan White Sox har sai da Mike Hershberger ya buga kwallo daya a tsakiya a zagaye na tara. Mai bugun daya a karo na biyu, wanda ya zo a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1967, bai yi wani abin mamaki ba kamar na farko, yayin da Arrigo ya bar bugun daya tilo a wasan ga Jerry Grote na New York Mets a zagaye na farko. Ya yi fice a duk shekara a shekarar 1968 ga Reds, a zagayensa na biyu na aiki tare da ƙungiyar. Ya buga wasanni 36 (31 a matsayin mai jefa ƙwallo) da kuma wasanni 2051/3 da aka buga, tarihinsa shine 12-10 tare da matsakaicin gudu 3.33 da aka samu tare da bugun ƙwallo 140 da kuma wasanni biyar da aka kammala. == Manazarta == s3e5ira3esg0l9gx2mij9y6tpvpp7bo 862235 862233 2026-06-20T17:31:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald William Arrigo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Arrigo</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1941) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni 194 a gasar Major League Baseball (MLB) ga Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets da Chicago White Sox tsakanin 1961 da 1970. Arrigo ɗan wasan hagu ne wanda aka lissafa a matsayin tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 1 (mita 1.85) kuma yana da nauyin fam 185 (kilogiram 84). Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Harrison a birninsa na Chicago.<ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/a/arrigge01.shtml</ref> Aikinsa na ƙwararru ya fara ne a shekarar 1960 a ƙungiyar White Sox. Amma bayan kakar wasa ɗaya kacal a Class D Midwest League, Twins suka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da aka zaɓa a shekarar farko da ya fara aiki a lokacin. Wasansa na farko a manyan ƙungiyoyi ya faru ne a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1961, lokacin da ya fara fafatawa da Boston Red Sox a Fenway Park. Bayan ya jefa ƙwallon farko ba tare da ƙwallo ba, ya ba da damar samun maki uku a bugun uku, tafiya ɗaya, da kuma bugun batsman a zagaye na biyu. An tuhume shi da rashin nasara a hannun Twins da ci 10-8. Ya yi aiki a wasanni bakwai a Twins na 1961, sannan jimillar wasanni shida na MLB a 1962 da 1963, waɗanda ya yi amfani da su musamman a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball. Arrigo ya jefa wasanni biyu da bugun daya a rayuwarsa. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1964, bai buga kwallo ba a kan White Sox har sai da Mike Hershberger ya buga kwallo daya a tsakiya a zagaye na tara. Mai bugun daya a karo na biyu, wanda ya zo a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1967, bai yi wani abin mamaki ba kamar na farko, yayin da Arrigo ya bar bugun daya tilo a wasan ga Jerry Grote na New York Mets a zagaye na farko. Ya yi fice a duk shekara a shekarar 1968 ga Reds, a zagayensa na biyu na aiki tare da ƙungiyar. Ya buga wasanni 36 (31 a matsayin mai jefa ƙwallo) da kuma wasanni 2051/3 da aka buga, tarihinsa shine 12-10 tare da matsakaicin gudu 3.33 da aka samu tare da bugun ƙwallo 140 da kuma wasanni biyar da aka kammala. == Manazarta == il2q1s91sb5alf9ozv8w8aiwr9kvzw3 862238 862235 2026-06-20T17:32:09Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 862238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gerald William Arrigo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Arrigo</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1941) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni 194 a gasar Major League Baseball (MLB) ga Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets da Chicago White Sox tsakanin 1961 da 1970. Arrigo ɗan wasan hagu ne wanda aka lissafa a matsayin tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 1 (mita 1.85) kuma yana da nauyin fam 185 (kilogiram 84). Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Harrison a birninsa na Chicago.<ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/a/arrigge01.shtml</ref> Aikinsa na ƙwararru ya fara ne a shekarar 1960 a ƙungiyar White Sox. Amma bayan kakar wasa ɗaya kacal a Class D Midwest League, Twins suka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da aka zaɓa a shekarar farko da ya fara aiki a lokacin. Wasansa na farko a manyan ƙungiyoyi ya faru ne a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1961, lokacin da ya fara fafatawa da Boston Red Sox a Fenway Park. Bayan ya jefa ƙwallon farko ba tare da ƙwallo ba, ya ba da damar samun maki uku a bugun uku, tafiya ɗaya, da kuma bugun batsman a zagaye na biyu. An tuhume shi da rashin nasara a hannun Twins da ci 10-8. Ya yi aiki a wasanni bakwai a Twins na 1961, sannan jimillar wasanni shida na MLB a 1962 da 1963, waɗanda ya yi amfani da su musamman a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball.<ref>http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/A/Parrig101.htm</ref> Arrigo ya jefa wasanni biyu da bugun daya a rayuwarsa. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1964, bai buga kwallo ba a kan White Sox har sai da Mike Hershberger ya buga kwallo daya a tsakiya a zagaye na tara. Mai bugun daya a karo na biyu, wanda ya zo a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1967, bai yi wani abin mamaki ba kamar na farko, yayin da Arrigo ya bar bugun daya tilo a wasan ga Jerry Grote na New York Mets a zagaye na farko.<ref>https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1961/B06120BOS1961.htm</ref> Ya yi fice a duk shekara a shekarar 1968 ga Reds, a zagayensa na biyu na aiki tare da ƙungiyar. Ya buga wasanni 36 (31 a matsayin mai jefa ƙwallo) da kuma wasanni 2051/3 da aka buga, tarihinsa shine 12-10 tare da matsakaicin gudu 3.33 da aka samu tare da bugun ƙwallo 140 da kuma wasanni biyar da aka kammala.<ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iQQrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xZcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2749,8706612&dq=gerry+arrigo+one+hit+grote&hl=en</ref> == Manazarta == 6ivt6ur92jyibo6yphy5m3m4hnfd6dd 0 158923 862223 2026-06-20T17:23:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314683294|Haplochromis gigas]]" 862223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis gigas''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]] inda aka sani kawai ya faru da tabbaci a cikin Tekun Speke, kodayake ana zargin kasancewarsa a wasu sassan tafkin. Gidan da ya fi so shi ne yankunan da ke da gangara mai laushi tare da tushe na dutse. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 14.2 centimeters (5.6 in) SL.<ref>Witte, F.; de Zeeuw, M.P.; Brooks, E. (2016). "Haplochromis gigas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T60580A97118991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T60580A97118991.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == ewj08olhguhqp3y9qqu3tw40voplx1e 862224 862223 2026-06-20T17:24:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 862224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Haplochromis gigas''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]] inda aka sani kawai ya faru da tabbaci a cikin Tekun Speke, kodayake ana zargin kasancewarsa a wasu sassan tafkin. Gidan da ya fi so shi ne yankunan da ke da gangara mai laushi tare da tushe na dutse. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 14.2 centimeters (5.6 in) SL.<ref>Witte, F.; de Zeeuw, M.P.; Brooks, E. (2016). "Haplochromis gigas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T60580A97118991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T60580A97118991.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == in0t087zg8hnh9yawjdozxvazrd4txh 0 158924 862228 2026-06-20T17:25:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322525991|Haplochromis goldschmidti]]" 862228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Haplochromis goldschmidti''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]], inda aka sani kawai yana faruwa tare da tabbaci a kudancin yankin Emin Pasha Gulf. Yana cin abinci galibi a kan zooplankton da wasu kwari. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 6.9 centimeters (2.7 in) SL. takamaiman suna yana girmama masanin ilimin halitta na Dutch Paul-Tijs (Tijs) Goldschmidt (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 1953 a [[Amsterdam]]) wanda ya yi nazarin cichlids a Tafkin Victoria a matsayin mai bincike daga Jami'ar Leiden.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == hq08eovtmz77pejh5kx1pudghvnduai 862230 862228 2026-06-20T17:25:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 862230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Haplochromis goldschmidti''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]], inda aka sani kawai yana faruwa tare da tabbaci a kudancin yankin Emin Pasha Gulf. Yana cin abinci galibi a kan zooplankton da wasu kwari. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 6.9 centimeters (2.7 in) SL. takamaiman suna yana girmama masanin ilimin halitta na Dutch Paul-Tijs (Tijs) Goldschmidt (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 1953 a [[Amsterdam]]) wanda ya yi nazarin cichlids a Tafkin Victoria a matsayin mai bincike daga Jami'ar Leiden.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == o9ywp534e4vqrg62jyfesk7fd6idcy4 0 158925 862237 2026-06-20T17:32:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341780043|MV Bukoba]]" 862237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''Bukoba''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Lake Victoria wanda ke dauke da fasinjoji da kaya tare da Tanzania tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa na Tanzania na ''Bukoba'' da [[Mwanza]] City . Har ila yau, ya yi aiki a kan layi na yau da kullun tsakanin [[Port Bell]], [[Uganda]], da [[Mwanza]], Tanzania, a fadin Tafkin Victoria. An gina MV Bukoba a cikin kimanin 1979 kuma yana da damar ɗaukar tan 850 na kaya da fasinjoji 430.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996, MV ''Bukoba'' ya nutse kilomita 30 (56) daga birnin [[Mwanza]] a cikin mita 25 (14 fathoms) na ruwa, ya kashe mutane 1,000.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen mutuwar hukuma shine 894, yana mai da shi bala'in teku mafi muni a Kudancin Hemisphere. == Nutsar da shi == Bayanan tafiyarta ta ƙarshe sun nuna fasinjoji 443 a cikin ɗakunan aji na farko da na biyu, amma masaukin aji na uku mai rahusa ba shi da bayyane.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 "21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered"]. The Citizen. May 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri, wanda a lokacin shine na biyu a matsayin kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda|al Qaeda]], ya mutu a cikin bala'in. President Benjamin Mkapa declared three days of national mourning.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 "21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered"]. The Citizen. May 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Criminal charges were brought against nine Tanzania Railway Corporation officials, including the captain of the ''Bukoba'' and the manager of TRC's Marine Division.<ref name="Arai" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Kyaftin Joseph Muguthi, wanda ya kasance na Sojojin Ruwa na Kenya, ya gano abubuwan da za su iya haifar da su, kuma ya rubuta a cikin shafukan Daily Nation a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa. Ya lakafta shi hadari da ke jiran ya faru, yayin da jiragen ruwa na Lake Victoria suka yi watsi da ka'idojin tsaro. Musamman: # rashin jaket ɗin ceto, bel ɗin ceto, da kwale-kwalen ceto ; # rashin kayan aikin kashe gobara; # rashin alamun damuwa; # abin da kayan aiki ke akwai, ba a duba shi akai-akai; # yawan aiki fiye da kima # ba a cika yin amfani da jiragen ruwa a bushe ba don gyara da gyara na yau da kullun; # ba a duba tasoshin akai-akai ba; # Ba a ba da lasisin yin amfani da coxswains ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fiye da haka, Muguthi ya zargi lamarin da ma'aikatun ruwa na gwamnatoci da ma'aikatan gwamnati da 'yan siyasa wadanda ba su da fahimtar jiragen ruwa da yanke shawara na ruwa.<ref name="Arai" /> Rashin kayan aiki da masu nutsewa sun kasance wani bangare ne saboda jinkirin aikin ceto. Kungiyoyin ceto daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], gami da masu nutsewa na Sojan Ruwa, an tashi don ceton jirgin da kuma dawo da gawawwakin.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 "21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered"]. The Citizen. May 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Canja wurin == Canjin sabon jirgin yana kan gini a 89.9 biliyan /-, tare da damar ɗaukar kusan fasinjoji 1200, motoci 20 da tan 400 na kaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2019 |title=Lake Victoria Ships renewing to cost 150bn/- |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/lake-victoria-ships-renewing-cost-150bn |website=IPP Media}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jirgin ruwa na Tafkin Victoria]] * 2011 Jirgin ruwa na Zanzibar ya nutse * Rashin MV Nyerere == Manazarta == s7d4uug13g4sfbz2mrdnxwuh548seyd 862240 862237 2026-06-20T17:32:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 862240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''Bukoba''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Lake Victoria wanda ke dauke da fasinjoji da kaya tare da Tanzania tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa na Tanzania na ''Bukoba'' da [[Mwanza]] City . Har ila yau, ya yi aiki a kan layi na yau da kullun tsakanin [[Port Bell]], [[Uganda]], da [[Mwanza]], Tanzania, a fadin Tafkin Victoria. An gina MV Bukoba a cikin kimanin 1979 kuma yana da damar ɗaukar tan 850 na kaya da fasinjoji 430.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996, MV ''Bukoba'' ya nutse kilomita 30 (56) daga birnin [[Mwanza]] a cikin mita 25 (14 fathoms) na ruwa, ya kashe mutane 1,000.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen mutuwar hukuma shine 894, yana mai da shi bala'in teku mafi muni a Kudancin Hemisphere. == Nutsar da shi == Bayanan tafiyarta ta ƙarshe sun nuna fasinjoji 443 a cikin ɗakunan aji na farko da na biyu, amma masaukin aji na uku mai rahusa ba shi da bayyane.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 "21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered"]. The Citizen. May 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri, wanda a lokacin shine na biyu a matsayin kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda|al Qaeda]], ya mutu a cikin bala'in. President Benjamin Mkapa declared three days of national mourning.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 "21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered"]. The Citizen. May 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Criminal charges were brought against nine Tanzania Railway Corporation officials, including the captain of the ''Bukoba'' and the manager of TRC's Marine Division.<ref name="Arai" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Kyaftin Joseph Muguthi, wanda ya kasance na Sojojin Ruwa na Kenya, ya gano abubuwan da za su iya haifar da su, kuma ya rubuta a cikin shafukan Daily Nation a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa. Ya lakafta shi hadari da ke jiran ya faru, yayin da jiragen ruwa na Lake Victoria suka yi watsi da ka'idojin tsaro. Musamman: # rashin jaket ɗin ceto, bel ɗin ceto, da kwale-kwalen ceto ; # rashin kayan aikin kashe gobara; # rashin alamun damuwa; # abin da kayan aiki ke akwai, ba a duba shi akai-akai; # yawan aiki fiye da kima # ba a cika yin amfani da jiragen ruwa a bushe ba don gyara da gyara na yau da kullun; # ba a duba tasoshin akai-akai ba; # Ba a ba da lasisin yin amfani da coxswains ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fiye da haka, Muguthi ya zargi lamarin da ma'aikatun ruwa na gwamnatoci da ma'aikatan gwamnati da 'yan siyasa wadanda ba su da fahimtar jiragen ruwa da yanke shawara na ruwa.<ref name="Arai" /> Rashin kayan aiki da masu nutsewa sun kasance wani bangare ne saboda jinkirin aikin ceto. Kungiyoyin ceto daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], gami da masu nutsewa na Sojan Ruwa, an tashi don ceton jirgin da kuma dawo da gawawwakin.<ref name="Arai">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |title=21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |publisher=The Citizen}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/21-years-on-mv-bukoba-is-still-remembered-2589486 "21 years on, MV Bukoba is still remembered"]. The Citizen. May 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Canja wurin == Canjin sabon jirgin yana kan gini a 89.9 biliyan /-, tare da damar ɗaukar kusan fasinjoji 1200, motoci 20 da tan 400 na kaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2019 |title=Lake Victoria Ships renewing to cost 150bn/- |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/lake-victoria-ships-renewing-cost-150bn |website=IPP Media}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jirgin ruwa na Tafkin Victoria]] * 2011 Jirgin ruwa na Zanzibar ya nutse * Rashin MV Nyerere == Manazarta == o7smnf2ptgk360dp05ddpzkvh9l7oot 0 158926 862246 2026-06-20T17:36:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 862246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo''' gldtvk403a1seyh2bmx4lbqn4l8s4tx 862247 862246 2026-06-20T17:36:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo''' Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. 5wd1exp1s2rrdeb5qoely1dcjv4cly6 862248 862247 2026-06-20T17:37:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 862248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo''' Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. == Manazarta == agkt3u92im6zc8gprk4lr7de02h7dzb 862249 862248 2026-06-20T17:38:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo''' Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. == Manazarta == gdetmojxkis485bsk8pfw4a1toqebef 862251 862249 2026-06-20T17:38:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 in 862251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo''' Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Manazarta == fkj7ccc3s96gnhemq3seipvzwi4o05d 862254 862251 2026-06-20T17:40:24Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 862254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo''' Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == == Manazarta == hm6ooktay723ep48cq304huxt0wwvtr 862260 862254 2026-06-20T17:41:41Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo''' Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. == Manazarta == b883d9bthew0aedb6a1j16c6nepfsdq 862262 862260 2026-06-20T17:42:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. == Manazarta == 0ekru6bfbsi3t0lb1gxo47jx3lpz7kq 862266 862262 2026-06-20T17:43:11Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 862266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === == Manazarta == 7kfoomwb3xr9bss6p0i8ta5y6tmjokh 862269 862266 2026-06-20T17:43:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. == Manazarta == n91301ayc6uvehsgw43oq4d74v374m8 862270 862269 2026-06-20T17:44:54Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. == Manazarta == t7dqxa4ua213rwv08ygdzr55242pftz 862271 862270 2026-06-20T17:45:31Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. == Manazarta == 4cl88sj9wimdixkqe9a8va7sp5k4h4k 862272 862271 2026-06-20T17:46:07Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. == Manazarta == jitkqn31h4f8c4quyyyd60fjuwxg86p 862273 862272 2026-06-20T17:46:41Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. == Manazarta == 8h8tdw2mk8351r3strl2j0tsr7e2djp 862275 862273 2026-06-20T17:48:11Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da Brazil suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. == Manazarta == s14qgv1i8c5ixe8b36t1x3y0qg4egig 862279 862275 2026-06-20T17:49:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da Brazil suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. Wata hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen shirya chouriço ita ce a yanka shi a hankali sannan a dafa shi a kan harshen wuta mai barasa a teburin (wani lokaci ana kiransa chouriço à bombeiro, amma galibi ana kiransa chouriço assado) a cikin na'urorin ƙona turare masu gilashi da aka yi da gangan. == Manazarta == hyxcua7ky54fjx4vhex3wbtossfjieq 862281 862279 2026-06-20T17:50:32Z Abdurra'uf 23412 Saka hoto 862281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. [[Fayil:Chorizo a la parrilla de Argentina.jpg|thumb|chorizo on display]] === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da Brazil suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. Wata hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen shirya chouriço ita ce a yanka shi a hankali sannan a dafa shi a kan harshen wuta mai barasa a teburin (wani lokaci ana kiransa chouriço à bombeiro, amma galibi ana kiransa chouriço assado) a cikin na'urorin ƙona turare masu gilashi da aka yi da gangan. == Manazarta == nvte57datj2ilskufpw567leuup0dl9 862285 862281 2026-06-20T17:51:28Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. [[Fayil:Chorizo a la parrilla de Argentina.jpg|thumb|chorizo on display]] === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da Brazil suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. Wata hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen shirya chouriço ita ce a yanka shi a hankali sannan a dafa shi a kan harshen wuta mai barasa a teburin (wani lokaci ana kiransa chouriço à bombeiro, amma galibi ana kiransa chouriço assado) a cikin na'urorin ƙona turare masu gilashi da aka yi da gangan. A Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, yawancin bakin haure 'yan Portugal daga Portugal da Mozambique a shekarun 1960 sun fi zama a wani yanki mai suna La Rochelle (Ƙaramar Portugal). Yawancinsu ko dai sun koma Portugal ko kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara masu wadata a cikin birnin, amma gidajen cin abinci a yankin da kuma bikin tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara na "Lusitoland" suna da chouriço a cikin menu. == Manazarta == ns8i61zbdwe941itwmtcoc3k1j4vfmh 862292 862285 2026-06-20T17:53:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. [[Fayil:Chorizo a la parrilla de Argentina.jpg|thumb|chorizo on display]] === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da Brazil suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. Wata hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen shirya chouriço ita ce a yanka shi a hankali sannan a dafa shi a kan harshen wuta mai barasa a teburin (wani lokaci ana kiransa chouriço à bombeiro, amma galibi ana kiransa chouriço assado) a cikin na'urorin ƙona turare masu gilashi da aka yi da gangan. A Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, yawancin bakin haure 'yan Portugal daga Portugal da Mozambique a shekarun 1960 sun fi zama a wani yanki mai suna La Rochelle (Ƙaramar Portugal). Yawancinsu ko dai sun koma Portugal ko kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara masu wadata a cikin birnin, amma gidajen cin abinci a yankin da kuma bikin tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara na "Lusitoland" suna da chouriço a cikin menu. A cikin gundumomin da ke da yawan 'yan Portugal a jihohin Rhode Island na Amurka da kudu maso gabashin Massachusetts, sau da yawa ana ba da chouriço da ƙananan ƙwai da wake. Sandwich ɗin Chouriço a kan biredi, tare da barkono kore da albasa da aka soya, ana samun su a shagunan sayar da kayan abinci na gida da na kayan abinci. Quahogs masu cike da abinci (wanda kuma aka sani da stuffies), wani nau'in abinci na musamman a Rhode Island, yawanci sun haɗa da chouriço. == Manazarta == apv73x3p8yhhfmltwcrdyx9p9oh0pxj 862295 862292 2026-06-20T17:54:13Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. [[Fayil:Chorizo a la parrilla de Argentina.jpg|thumb|chorizo on display]] === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da Brazil suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. Wata hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen shirya chouriço ita ce a yanka shi a hankali sannan a dafa shi a kan harshen wuta mai barasa a teburin (wani lokaci ana kiransa chouriço à bombeiro, amma galibi ana kiransa chouriço assado) a cikin na'urorin ƙona turare masu gilashi da aka yi da gangan. A Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, yawancin bakin haure 'yan Portugal daga Portugal da Mozambique a shekarun 1960 sun fi zama a wani yanki mai suna La Rochelle (Ƙaramar Portugal). Yawancinsu ko dai sun koma Portugal ko kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara masu wadata a cikin birnin, amma gidajen cin abinci a yankin da kuma bikin tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara na "Lusitoland" suna da chouriço a cikin menu. A cikin gundumomin da ke da yawan 'yan Portugal a jihohin Rhode Island na Amurka da kudu maso gabashin Massachusetts, sau da yawa ana ba da chouriço da ƙananan ƙwai da wake. Sandwich ɗin Chouriço a kan biredi, tare da barkono kore da albasa da aka soya, ana samun su a shagunan sayar da kayan abinci na gida da na kayan abinci. Quahogs masu cike da abinci (wanda kuma aka sani da stuffies), wani nau'in abinci na musamman a Rhode Island, yawanci sun haɗa da chouriço. A Portugal, ana iya yin chourico da jini, kama da tsiran alade na jini ko pudding baƙar fata, kuma ana kiransa chouriço de sangue (jinin chouriço) ko morcela. Sauran nau'o'in chouriço sun haɗa da chouriço de vinho (wine chouriço), chouriço de cebola (albasa chouriço), chouriço fumado (kyfaffen chouriço), chouriço de ossos (chouriço kashi), chourição (manyan chouriço), da chouriça de vingarlicha d ( chourico d). == Manazarta == b6gy8jz2856qdghdkt24fqvjqnu3nl0 862299 862295 2026-06-20T17:55:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 862299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chorizo'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo</ref> Chorizo ​​(/tʃəˈriːzoʊ, -soʊ/ chə-REE-zoh, -⁠soh, Sifaniyanci: [tʃoˈɾiθo, tʃoˈɾiso]; Fotigal: chouriço [ʃo(w)ˈɾisu]) wani nau'in tsiran alade ne da ya samo asali daga yankin Iberian. Ana yin sa a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa da na yanki da yawa a ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta da juna, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rudani ko rashin jituwa kan sunaye da asalin kayayyakin da ake magana a kansu. A Turai, chorizo ​​na Sifaniyanci da chouriço na Portugal tsiran alade ne da aka dafa, aka warke, aka kuma shaƙa, wanda ke samun hayakinsa da launin ja mai zurfi daga busasshen barkono, aka shaƙa, ja (pimentón/colorau); ana iya yanka shi a ci ba tare da an dafa shi ba, ko a ƙara shi a matsayin sinadari don ƙara ɗanɗano ga sauran abinci. A wani wuri, ba za a iya yin chorizo ​​ko a warke ba, wanda ke buƙatar dafawa kafin a ci. A Mexico ana yin sa da barkonon barkono maimakon paprika. Ana cin chorizo ​​na Iberian a yanka a cikin sanwici, a gasa, a soya, ko a dafa a cikin ruwa, gami da cider apple ko abubuwan sha masu ƙarfi kamar aguardiente. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin naman sa ko naman alade da aka niƙa (da aka niƙa). == Iri-iri ta kowane yanki == === Turai === Dangane da rajistar alamun yanki na EU, a cikin 2023, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​8 da aka sani a Portugal: chorizo ​​​​de ossos de vinhais, azedo de vinhais, Mouro de Portalegre, abóbora de Barroso-Montalegre, Portalegre, carne de Estremoz, Estremoz e Bornte, da Baixoba. A cikin Spain, akwai nau'ikan chorizo ​​​​da aka sani: chorizo ​​​​Riojano da chorizo ​​​​de Cantimpalos. === Sipaniya === Gabaɗaya, ana yin chorizo ​​na Sipaniya daga naman alade da aka yanka da kitsen alade, wanda aka ƙara masa tafarnuwa, pimentón (paprika mai hayaƙi) da gishiri. Ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin picante (mai yaji) ko dulce (mai daɗi), ya danganta da nau'in pimentón da ake amfani da shi. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Sipaniya na yankuna, wasu an shaƙa wasu kuma ba a shaƙa ba, waɗanda kowannensu an yi su daban-daban kuma suna iya haɗawa da ganye da sauran sinadarai. Misali, chorizo ​​de Pamplona tsiran alade ne mai kauri tare da naman da aka niƙa sosai. Daga cikin nau'ikan akwai chorizo ​​Riojano daga yankin La Rioja, wanda ke da kariyar PGI a cikin EU. Ana yin Chorizo ​​a cikin nau'ikan gajere ko dogaye da tauri ko laushi; nau'ikan da suka fi siriri sun dace da cin su a zafin ɗaki a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko tapas, yayin da ake amfani da nau'ikan da suka fi kiba wajen girki. Ka'idar da aka saba da ita ita ce dogayen chorizos masu siriri suna da daɗi, kuma gajerun chorizos suna da yaji, kodayake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Spain tana samar da wasu nau'ikan naman alade da yawa, kamar lomo embuchado da salchichón, waɗanda ake warkewa kuma ake busar da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Lomo nama ne mai siriri, wanda aka dafa shi a yanka maimakon dafa abinci, wanda aka yi ta hanyar marinating da busar da naman alade ta hanyar amfani da iska. Salchichón wani tsiran alade ne da aka warke ba tare da kayan ƙanshi na pimentón na chorizo ​​ba, wanda aka ɗanɗana shi da barkono baƙi. Dangane da nau'in abincin, ana iya cin chorizo ​​a yanka ba tare da an ƙara dafa shi ba, misali a cikin sanwici, ko kuma a gasa shi, a soya shi, ko a gasa shi tare da sauran kayan abinci, kuma sinadari ne a cikin abinci da yawa inda yake tare da wake, kamar fabada ko cocido montañés. Haka kuma ana iya yin hidima da shi a matsayin tapa tare da miyar jan giya. Sigar waɗannan jita-jitan con todos los sacramentos (tare da duk kayan da aka gyara, a zahiri "sacraments") sun haɗa da wasu nama da aka kiyaye kamar tocino (naman alade da aka warke) da morcilla (tsiran alade na jini) tare da chorizo. [[Fayil:Chorizo a la parrilla de Argentina.jpg|thumb|chorizo on display]] === Portugal === Chouriço na Portugal ko chouriça, wanda galibi ke nuna babban ko kauri, ya bambanta da chorizo ​​na Spain. Sinadaran asali sune naman alade, mai, paprika, tafarnuwa, da gishiri. Ana kuma samun ruwan inabi da barkono mai zafi a wasu yankuna. Sannan ana zuba shi a cikin kayan kwalliya na halitta daga alade ko rago sannan a busar da shi a hankali akan hayaki. Iri daban-daban daban-daban sun bambanta a launi, siffa, kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da barkono fari, piri-piri, cumin da kirfa a wasu nau'ikan abinci. Yawancin abinci na abincin Portugal da Brazil suna amfani da chouriço, gami da cozido à portuguesa da feijoada. Wata hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita wajen shirya chouriço ita ce a yanka shi a hankali sannan a dafa shi a kan harshen wuta mai barasa a teburin (wani lokaci ana kiransa chouriço à bombeiro, amma galibi ana kiransa chouriço assado) a cikin na'urorin ƙona turare masu gilashi da aka yi da gangan. A Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, yawancin bakin haure 'yan Portugal daga Portugal da Mozambique a shekarun 1960 sun fi zama a wani yanki mai suna La Rochelle (Ƙaramar Portugal). Yawancinsu ko dai sun koma Portugal ko kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara masu wadata a cikin birnin, amma gidajen cin abinci a yankin da kuma bikin tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara na "Lusitoland" suna da chouriço a cikin menu. A cikin gundumomin da ke da yawan 'yan Portugal a jihohin Rhode Island na Amurka da kudu maso gabashin Massachusetts, sau da yawa ana ba da chouriço da ƙananan ƙwai da wake. Sandwich ɗin Chouriço a kan biredi, tare da barkono kore da albasa da aka soya, ana samun su a shagunan sayar da kayan abinci na gida da na kayan abinci. Quahogs masu cike da abinci (wanda kuma aka sani da stuffies), wani nau'in abinci na musamman a Rhode Island, yawanci sun haɗa da chouriço. A Portugal, ana iya yin chourico da jini, kama da tsiran alade na jini ko pudding baƙar fata, kuma ana kiransa chouriço de sangue (jinin chouriço) ko morcela. Sauran nau'o'in chouriço sun haɗa da chouriço de vinho (wine chouriço), chouriço de cebola (albasa chouriço), chouriço fumado (kyfaffen chouriço), chouriço de ossos (chouriço kashi), chourição (manyan chouriço), da chouriça de vingarlicha d ( chourico d). == Amirka ta Arewa == === Mexico === Dangane da chorizo ​​fresco na Spain (sabo chorizo), nau'ikan chorizo ​​na Mexico ba wai kawai an yi su ne daga naman alade mai kitse ba, har ma da naman sa, naman nama, kaza, da turkey. Ana kuma samun nau'ikan kosher da na vegan. Ana yawan niƙa naman (an niƙa shi) maimakon a yanka shi, kuma ana amfani da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban. Saboda tsadar paprika na Spain da aka shigo da shi daga ƙasashen waje a tarihi, ana yin chorizo ​​na Mexico a al'ada da nau'ikan barkono iri ɗaya da ake amfani da su a Spain, wanda hakan ya sa nau'in Mexico ya fi na Spain zafi. Chorizo ​​na Mexico kuma yawanci yana amfani da vinegar, maimakon farin giya da aka saba amfani da shi a Spain. == Manazarta == e9bp74zgqpwq9yotofh935pynhaf0nn 0 158927 862252 2026-06-20T17:39:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333544561|MV Butiama]]" 862252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''Butiama''''' jirgin fasinja ne da kaya wanda Kamfanin Marine Services Company Limited na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ke sarrafawa tun 1980. == Tarihi == An gina MV ''Butiama'' a cikin 1980 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2020 |title=ENZI ZA USAFIRI WA MELI INAVYORUDI ZIWA VICTORIA |url=https://habarileo.co.tz/habari/2020-02-185e4b969407dd0.aspx |website=Habari Leo}}</ref>  == Sabuntawa == Bayan da jirgin ya dakatar da aikinsa a shekarar 2014, gwamnati ta kashe [[Shilling na Tanzaniya|TSh&nbsp;]]4.9&nbsp;biliyan don gyara shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2020 |title=NEW-LOOK VICTORIA, BUTIAMA SHIPS BACK IN SERVICE SUNDAY |url=https://habarileo.co.tz/habari/2020-08-135f357a2adee84.aspx |website=Habari Leo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2015 |title=Tanzania: MV Butiama Lined Up for 1.33 Billion/ - Repairs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506020579.html |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2020, sabon ''jirgin Butiama'' da aka gyara ya dawo aiki bayan dogon hutu kuma ya fara aiki tsakanin [[Mwanza]] da Nansio a Tsibirin Ukerewe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2020 |title=MV Butiama revamp great news for Ukerewe residents |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/mv-butiama-revamp-great-news-ukerewe-residents |website=IPP Media}}</ref> Yana da damar ɗaukar fasinjoji 180 da tan 100 na kaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2020 |title=NEW-LOOK VICTORIA, BUTIAMA SHIPS BACK IN SERVICE SUNDAY |url=https://www.dailynews.co.tz/news/2020-08-135f357a2adee84.aspx |website=Daily News}}</ref> == Manazarta == ewz8bgh8ar4xupfux368nl7mau7us8b 862253 862252 2026-06-20T17:39:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 862253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''Butiama''''' jirgin fasinja ne da kaya wanda Kamfanin Marine Services Company Limited na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ke sarrafawa tun 1980. == Tarihi == An gina MV ''Butiama'' a cikin 1980 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2020 |title=ENZI ZA USAFIRI WA MELI INAVYORUDI ZIWA VICTORIA |url=https://habarileo.co.tz/habari/2020-02-185e4b969407dd0.aspx |website=Habari Leo}}</ref>  == Sabuntawa == Bayan da jirgin ya dakatar da aikinsa a shekarar 2014, gwamnati ta kashe [[Shilling na Tanzaniya|TSh&nbsp;]]4.9&nbsp;biliyan don gyara shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2020 |title=NEW-LOOK VICTORIA, BUTIAMA SHIPS BACK IN SERVICE SUNDAY |url=https://habarileo.co.tz/habari/2020-08-135f357a2adee84.aspx |website=Habari Leo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2015 |title=Tanzania: MV Butiama Lined Up for 1.33 Billion/ - Repairs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506020579.html |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2020, sabon ''jirgin Butiama'' da aka gyara ya dawo aiki bayan dogon hutu kuma ya fara aiki tsakanin [[Mwanza]] da Nansio a Tsibirin Ukerewe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2020 |title=MV Butiama revamp great news for Ukerewe residents |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/mv-butiama-revamp-great-news-ukerewe-residents |website=IPP Media}}</ref> Yana da damar ɗaukar fasinjoji 180 da tan 100 na kaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2020 |title=NEW-LOOK VICTORIA, BUTIAMA SHIPS BACK IN SERVICE SUNDAY |url=https://www.dailynews.co.tz/news/2020-08-135f357a2adee84.aspx |website=Daily News}}</ref> == Manazarta == ki6mzbq4kct7w2lg2zreu54mlpptdng 0 158928 862256 2026-06-20T17:40:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357594054|Kefallinia (1965 ship)]]" 862256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''Kefallinia''''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]: ) jirgin ruwa ne na Girka. Ita ce jirgin fasinja na farko na Strintzis Lines (Yanzu Blue Star Ferries). An gina shi a 1965 a Th. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Zervas & Sons a Perama, Girka. Zai iya ɗaukar jimlar fasinjoji 600 da motoci 70. Yana da injunan diesel guda biyu, Werkspoor tare da haɗin ƙarfin 2942 kW kuma zai iya kaiwa ga saurin har zuwa 15 knots.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Jirgin ya yi aiki don Strintzis Lines galibi tsakanin birnin Patras da tsibirin Ionian na Cephalonia. Ta kuma yi aiki a wasu tsibirai na Girka. A shekara ta 1993 an sayar da ita ga kamfanin Katapoliani, kuma an sake masa suna '''''Express Paros''''' (Girkanci: Εξπρές Πάρος) wanda ya rage a cikin sabis a cikin ruwan Girka, yana tafiya tsakanin Syros, Paros, Naxos, Ios da Santorini, kuma a wasu lokuta wasu ƙananan tsibirai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lulurgas |first=Michele |year=2005 |title=F/B Kefalinia |url=http://www.adriaticandaegeanferries.com/keaeng.html |access-date=19 September 2012 |website=adriaticandaegeanferries.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1999, lokacin da ta kai iyakar shekarun da aka ba da izini, an sayar da jirgin ga kamfanin Tanzaniya Victoria Marine Passenger Transport Ltd., wanda aka sake masa suna '''''Zahara''''', kuma ya yi aiki tsakanin [[Dar es Salaam]] da Mtwara. Bayan rushewa a teku a shekara ta 2001 an hana jirgin daga tafiya a cikin ruwan bakin teku na Tanzania, kuma an watsar da shi a Dar es Salaam. Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Tanzaniya ta ba da sanarwar a shekara ta 2005 cewa za ta watsar da jirgin sai dai idan masu shi ne suka cire shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Martin |year=2005 |title=Cruise ship news and ocean liner history |url=http://www.pbase.com/bmcmorrow/image/63395766 |access-date=19 September 2012 |website=maritimematters.com}}</ref> Daga karshe an cire ta a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005. == Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita == An yi amfani da jirgin a kan hanyoyi masu zuwa: {| class="wikitable" |+Tarihin hanyoyin MS Kefallinia !Mai shi !Sunan !Ranar !Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita |- | rowspan="9" |Lines na Strintzis | rowspan="9" |Kefallinia | rowspan="4" |1965-1977 |Patras-Sami |- |Patra-Sami-[[Vathi, Ithaki|Vathi]] |- |Patra-Sami-Vathi-Frikes-Vassiliki-Nydri-Meganisi-[[Mytikas, Alyzia|Mytikas]]-Kalamos-Astakos |- |Patra-Sami-Fiskardo-Paxi-Corfu |- | rowspan="3" |1977-1984 |Patra-Sami |- |Patra-Sami-Vathi |- |Patra-Sam-Paxi-Corfu |- |1984-1992 |Patra- Sami-Vathi Kyllini-Poros |- |1992-1993 |Igoumenitsa-Corfu-Otranto |- |Katapoliani |Tsayawa Express |1993-1999 |Syros-Paros-Naxos-Ios-Santorini (Da sauran tsibirai) |- |Victoria Jirgin Ruwa na Fasinjoji |Zahara |1999-2001 |Dar el Salaam - Mtwara |} == Manazarta == 3v9c5lud29v35brjnx0q3la1yqisssn 862257 862256 2026-06-20T17:41:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 862257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''Kefallinia''''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]: ) jirgin ruwa ne na Girka. Ita ce jirgin fasinja na farko na Strintzis Lines (Yanzu Blue Star Ferries). An gina shi a 1965 a Th. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Zervas & Sons a Perama, Girka. Zai iya ɗaukar jimlar fasinjoji 600 da motoci 70. Yana da injunan diesel guda biyu, Werkspoor tare da haɗin ƙarfin 2942 kW kuma zai iya kaiwa ga saurin har zuwa 15 knots.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Jirgin ya yi aiki don Strintzis Lines galibi tsakanin birnin Patras da tsibirin Ionian na Cephalonia. Ta kuma yi aiki a wasu tsibirai na Girka. A shekara ta 1993 an sayar da ita ga kamfanin Katapoliani, kuma an sake masa suna '''''Express Paros''''' (Girkanci: Εξπρές Πάρος) wanda ya rage a cikin sabis a cikin ruwan Girka, yana tafiya tsakanin Syros, Paros, Naxos, Ios da Santorini, kuma a wasu lokuta wasu ƙananan tsibirai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lulurgas |first=Michele |year=2005 |title=F/B Kefalinia |url=http://www.adriaticandaegeanferries.com/keaeng.html |access-date=19 September 2012 |website=adriaticandaegeanferries.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1999, lokacin da ta kai iyakar shekarun da aka ba da izini, an sayar da jirgin ga kamfanin Tanzaniya Victoria Marine Passenger Transport Ltd., wanda aka sake masa suna '''''Zahara''''', kuma ya yi aiki tsakanin [[Dar es Salaam]] da Mtwara. Bayan rushewa a teku a shekara ta 2001 an hana jirgin daga tafiya a cikin ruwan bakin teku na Tanzania, kuma an watsar da shi a Dar es Salaam. Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Tanzaniya ta ba da sanarwar a shekara ta 2005 cewa za ta watsar da jirgin sai dai idan masu shi ne suka cire shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Martin |year=2005 |title=Cruise ship news and ocean liner history |url=http://www.pbase.com/bmcmorrow/image/63395766 |access-date=19 September 2012 |website=maritimematters.com}}</ref> Daga karshe an cire ta a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005. == Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita == An yi amfani da jirgin a kan hanyoyi masu zuwa: {| class="wikitable" |+Tarihin hanyoyin MS Kefallinia !Mai shi !Sunan !Ranar !Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita |- | rowspan="9" |Lines na Strintzis | rowspan="9" |Kefallinia | rowspan="4" |1965-1977 |Patras-Sami |- |Patra-Sami-[[Vathi, Ithaki|Vathi]] |- |Patra-Sami-Vathi-Frikes-Vassiliki-Nydri-Meganisi-[[Mytikas, Alyzia|Mytikas]]-Kalamos-Astakos |- |Patra-Sami-Fiskardo-Paxi-Corfu |- | rowspan="3" |1977-1984 |Patra-Sami |- |Patra-Sami-Vathi |- |Patra-Sam-Paxi-Corfu |- |1984-1992 |Patra- Sami-Vathi Kyllini-Poros |- |1992-1993 |Igoumenitsa-Corfu-Otranto |- |Katapoliani |Tsayawa Express |1993-1999 |Syros-Paros-Naxos-Ios-Santorini (Da sauran tsibirai) |- |Victoria Jirgin Ruwa na Fasinjoji |Zahara |1999-2001 |Dar el Salaam - Mtwara |} == Manazarta == a9zazfk2jqkct8r1nuslc0vpnxgr9ow 0 158929 862263 2026-06-20T17:42:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327658842|MV Mwanza]]" 862263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''[[Mwanza]]''''' jirgin ruwa ne na [[Tafkin Victoria]] wanda ke aiki a Tafkin Victoria a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Jirgin ruwa jirgin ruwa ne na Ro-Pax wanda ke aiki tsakanin ƙauyukan Kigongo da Busisi a kudancin garin ''Mwanza'' a fadin Gulf na Mwanza a gabas zuwa yamma. MV Mwanza ba ita kadai ce jirgin ruwa a kan hanya ba (akwai wasu jiragen ruwa guda uku) wanda ke nuna muhimmancin sabis na jirgin ruwa. Jirgin, yanzu mafi girman jirgin ruwa na Ro-Pax a kan Tafkin Victoria, yana da bene biyu don motoci da kayayyaki (babban bene da jirgin ruwa) da kuma bene na fasinja na cikin gida tare da kujeru. Kamfanin gine-ginen Tanzaniya ne ya gina shi a Mwanza, Songoro Marine Transport . == Manazarta == qx94xcffkyx3u0htv26ijbfttf2g6wy 862264 862263 2026-06-20T17:42:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 862264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''[[Mwanza]]''''' jirgin ruwa ne na [[Tafkin Victoria]] wanda ke aiki a Tafkin Victoria a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Jirgin ruwa jirgin ruwa ne na Ro-Pax wanda ke aiki tsakanin ƙauyukan Kigongo da Busisi a kudancin garin ''Mwanza'' a fadin Gulf na Mwanza a gabas zuwa yamma. MV Mwanza ba ita kadai ce jirgin ruwa a kan hanya ba (akwai wasu jiragen ruwa guda uku) wanda ke nuna muhimmancin sabis na jirgin ruwa.<ref>VESSEL REVIEW: Mwanza – Tanzanian-built Ro-Pax for Lake Victoria". WORK BOAT WORLD. Baird Maritime. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</ref> Jirgin, yanzu mafi girman jirgin ruwa na Ro-Pax a kan Tafkin Victoria, yana da bene biyu don motoci da kayayyaki (babban bene da jirgin ruwa) da kuma bene na fasinja na cikin gida tare da kujeru. Kamfanin gine-ginen Tanzaniya ne ya gina shi a Mwanza, Songoro Marine Transport . == Manazarta == tnh8h9gmtwezpw8uy70yj100afsgwpl 0 158930 862277 2026-06-20T17:48:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326939348|MV Spice Islander I]]" 862277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:US_Navy_070926-N-0000X-003_Guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Stout_(DDG_55)_tows_Tanzanian-flagged_passenger_ferry_Spice_Island_while_in_international_waters_off_the_coast_of_Somalia.jpg|thumb|Spice Islander I a karkashin janar na USS Stout a cikin 2007]] '''''Spice Islander I''''' was a 836 GRT Ro-Ro ferry which was built in Greece in 1967 as '''''Marianna'''''. She was renamed '''''Apostolos P''''' following a sale in 1988. She was sold to a Honduran company in 2007 and renamed '''''Spice Islander I'''''. On 10 September 2011, she sank, resulting in the deaths of 1,573 people, many of whom were never recovered. == Bayyanawa == The ship was {{Convert|60.00|m|ft}} long, with a beam of {{Convert|11.40|m|ft}}. She was assessed at 836 GRT, 663 NRT, 225 DWT. The ship was propelled by two Poyaud 12VUD25 diesel engines, of {{Convert|1560|hp|kW}}.<ref name="Fakta">{{Cite web |title=M/S Apostolos P. |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Fakta om Fartyg |language=Swedish}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina ta a shekarar 1967 a matsayin ''Marianna'' ga wani mai shi da ba a san shi ba, daga baya aka sayar da ita ga Theologos P. Naftiliaki na Piraeus, Girka. A shekara ta 1988, an sayar da ''Marianna'' ga Apostolos Shipping kuma an sake masa suna Apostolos P. Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga Saronikos Ferries kuma aka sanya ta aiki a kan hanyar Piraeus - Aegina - Agistri.<ref name="Fakta">{{Cite web |title=M/S Apostolos P. |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Fakta om Fartyg |language=Swedish}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm "M/S Apostolos P."] (in Swedish). </cite></ref> A shekara ta 2005, Apostolos P ya yi rajista a Hellenic Seaways . A shekara ta 2007, an sayar da ita ga Makame Hasnuu na [[Zanzibar]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], kuma an sake masa suna Spice Islander I.<ref name="Fakta">{{Cite web |title=M/S Apostolos P. |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Fakta om Fartyg |language=Swedish}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm "M/S Apostolos P."] (in Swedish). </cite></ref> A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2007, ''Spice Islander I'' tana bakin tekun [[Somaliya]] lokacin da ta fuskanci matsalar injin saboda gurɓataccen mai. Bayan an yi ƙarar ƙararrawa ta [[Kenya]], USS ta fara aiki. An aika da USS daga rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Combined Task Force 150 don taimaka mata. <ref name="Dubai">{{Cite web |date=December 2007 |title=M/V Spice Islander, Marlo Success Story |url=http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlo/Events/events_files/MARLO-Dubai-Flier%202007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181811/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlo/Events/events_files/MARLO-Dubai-Flier%202007.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-19 |website=2007 MARLO Conference |publisher=Maritime Liaison Office}}</ref> Jirgin yana kan tafiya daga [[Oman]] zuwa Tanzania kuma ba ya ɗauke da fasinjoji. USS James E. Williams shi ma ya mayar da martani. ''Stout'' ya samar wa jirgin {{Convert|7,800|USgal}}man fetur sannan ta samar wa ma'aikatan jirgin guda goma abinci da ruwa. Bayan an sake kunna injinan ta, ta ci gaba da tafiyarta zuwa Tanzaniya. <ref name="Stout">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2007 |title=USS Stout Assists Distressed Vessel Off Somali Coast |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/print.asp?story_id=32116&VIRIN=&imagetype=0&page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016131131/http://www.navy.mil/search/print.asp?story_id=32116&VIRIN=&imagetype=0&page=1 |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=10 September 2011 |publisher=United States Navy}}</ref> == Rashin == A karfe 21:00 na yankin (19:00 UTC) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2011, Spice Islander na tashi daga Unguja zuwa Tsibirin Pemba. An ruwaito cewa tana dauke da fasinjoji sama da 800.<ref name="BBC14864400">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2011 |title='Hundreds missing' in Zanzibar ferry disaster |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14864400 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Matsayinta ya kasance ma'aikata 45 da fasinjoji 654.<ref name="Fakta" /> A kusa da 01:00, (lokacin yankin) a ranar 10 ga Satumba (23:00, 9 ga Satumba UTC) Spice Islander Na nutse tsakanin Zanzibar da Pemba. Daga cikin wadanda ke cikin jirgin, an ceto 620.<ref name="BBC14864400" /> An gano gawawwakin 240 ne kawai, kuma an sanya adadin wadanda suka mutu a 2,976; duk da haka, an sake fasalin wannan ƙididdigar zuwa ƙasa a watan Janairun 2012 zuwa 1,573. == Manazarta == bsbp9l3rga9qhmzzmvw7i2uwuoej3av 862278 862277 2026-06-20T17:49:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 862278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:US_Navy_070926-N-0000X-003_Guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Stout_(DDG_55)_tows_Tanzanian-flagged_passenger_ferry_Spice_Island_while_in_international_waters_off_the_coast_of_Somalia.jpg|thumb|Spice Islander I a karkashin janar na USS Stout a cikin 2007]] '''''Spice Islander I''''' was a 836 GRT Ro-Ro ferry which was built in Greece in 1967 as '''''Marianna'''''. She was renamed '''''Apostolos P''''' following a sale in 1988. She was sold to a Honduran company in 2007 and renamed '''''Spice Islander I'''''. On 10 September 2011, she sank, resulting in the deaths of 1,573 people, many of whom were never recovered. == Bayyanawa == The ship was {{Convert|60.00|m|ft}} long, with a beam of {{Convert|11.40|m|ft}}. She was assessed at 836 GRT, 663 NRT, 225 DWT. The ship was propelled by two Poyaud 12VUD25 diesel engines, of {{Convert|1560|hp|kW}}.<ref name="Fakta">{{Cite web |title=M/S Apostolos P. |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Fakta om Fartyg |language=Swedish}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina ta a shekarar 1967 a matsayin ''Marianna'' ga wani mai shi da ba a san shi ba, daga baya aka sayar da ita ga Theologos P. Naftiliaki na Piraeus, Girka. A shekara ta 1988, an sayar da ''Marianna'' ga Apostolos Shipping kuma an sake masa suna Apostolos P. Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga Saronikos Ferries kuma aka sanya ta aiki a kan hanyar Piraeus - Aegina - Agistri.<ref name="Fakta">{{Cite web |title=M/S Apostolos P. |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Fakta om Fartyg |language=Swedish}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm "M/S Apostolos P."] (in Swedish). </cite></ref> A shekara ta 2005, Apostolos P ya yi rajista a Hellenic Seaways . A shekara ta 2007, an sayar da ita ga Makame Hasnuu na [[Zanzibar]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], kuma an sake masa suna Spice Islander I.<ref name="Fakta">{{Cite web |title=M/S Apostolos P. |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Fakta om Fartyg |language=Swedish}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm "M/S Apostolos P."] (in Swedish). </cite></ref> A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2007, ''Spice Islander I'' tana bakin tekun [[Somaliya]] lokacin da ta fuskanci matsalar injin saboda gurɓataccen mai. Bayan an yi ƙarar ƙararrawa ta [[Kenya]], USS ta fara aiki. An aika da USS daga rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Combined Task Force 150 don taimaka mata. <ref name="Dubai">{{Cite web |date=December 2007 |title=M/V Spice Islander, Marlo Success Story |url=http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlo/Events/events_files/MARLO-Dubai-Flier%202007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181811/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlo/Events/events_files/MARLO-Dubai-Flier%202007.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-19 |website=2007 MARLO Conference |publisher=Maritime Liaison Office}}</ref> Jirgin yana kan tafiya daga [[Oman]] zuwa Tanzania kuma ba ya ɗauke da fasinjoji. USS James E. Williams shi ma ya mayar da martani. ''Stout'' ya samar wa jirgin {{Convert|7,800|USgal}}man fetur sannan ta samar wa ma'aikatan jirgin guda goma abinci da ruwa. Bayan an sake kunna injinan ta, ta ci gaba da tafiyarta zuwa Tanzaniya. <ref name="Stout">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2007 |title=USS Stout Assists Distressed Vessel Off Somali Coast |url=http://www.navy.mil/search/print.asp?story_id=32116&VIRIN=&imagetype=0&page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016131131/http://www.navy.mil/search/print.asp?story_id=32116&VIRIN=&imagetype=0&page=1 |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=10 September 2011 |publisher=United States Navy}}</ref> == Rashin == A karfe 21:00 na yankin (19:00 UTC) a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2011, Spice Islander na tashi daga Unguja zuwa Tsibirin Pemba. An ruwaito cewa tana dauke da fasinjoji sama da 800.<ref name="BBC14864400">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2011 |title='Hundreds missing' in Zanzibar ferry disaster |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14864400 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Matsayinta ya kasance ma'aikata 45 da fasinjoji 654.<ref name="Fakta" /> A kusa da 01:00, (lokacin yankin) a ranar 10 ga Satumba (23:00, 9 ga Satumba UTC) Spice Islander Na nutse tsakanin Zanzibar da Pemba. Daga cikin wadanda ke cikin jirgin, an ceto 620.<ref name="BBC14864400" /> An gano gawawwakin 240 ne kawai, kuma an sanya adadin wadanda suka mutu a 2,976; duk da haka, an sake fasalin wannan ƙididdigar zuwa ƙasa a watan Janairun 2012 zuwa 1,573. == Manazarta == fwtohako32y7ls281i38meb9hapoh5p 0 158931 862280 2026-06-20T17:50:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327174501|MV Tegemeo]]" 862280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''Tegemeo''''' jirgin ruwa ne da ke aiki a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Sunansa a cikin yaren Swahili na iya nufin tsammanin ko tallafi. == Tarihi == Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Mohamed Gharib Bilal ne ya kaddamar da shi a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2014. == Manazarta == r5smo300i4hapt2yhweopyw5jajj5is 862283 862280 2026-06-20T17:50:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 862283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''Tegemeo''''' jirgin ruwa ne da ke aiki a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Sunansa a cikin yaren Swahili na iya nufin tsammanin ko tallafi. == Tarihi == Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Mohamed Gharib Bilal ne ya kaddamar da shi a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2014. == Manazarta == 7qw52uf7tmnhux4sroopwys8ycpir7x 0 158932 862291 2026-06-20T17:53:31Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1164283483|Hāpuku]]" 862291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hāpuku''', '''hapuka''' ko '''whapuku''' ( ''Polyprion oxygeneios'' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''groper''', kifi ne mai kama da kifi na dangin Polyprionidae, wanda ake samu a kudancin [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]], kudancin [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Tristan da Cunha]] da [[New Zealand]] a zurfin da ke tsakanin mita 30 zuwa 800. Tsawonsa yana tsakanin mita 60 zuwa 180.&nbsp;tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa santimita 100, kuma nauyinsa zai iya kaiwa santimita 100.&nbsp;kg. A wasu lokutan ana siffanta shi a gida da '''cod''', kodayake hakan yana nufin sauran kifaye . == Bayani == [[Fayil:Polyprion_oxygeneios_by_Frank_Edward_Clarke_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|''Polyprion oxygeneios'' daga Frank Edward Clarke]] Hāpuku suna da launin toka mai launin fari da ƙananan ciki, inda ƙananan yara galibi launin shuɗi ne. Suna da ƙashin baya guda 10 da ke gudana a bayansu, da kuma ƙugiya mai zagaye da kuma ƙugiya mai zagaye, da kuma babban wutsiya mai ƙarfi, mai siffar murabba'i. Ƙasan muƙamuƙinsa yana fitowa daga sama, kuma manyan idanunsu an daidaita su don farauta da kuma zama a cikin yanayi mai ƙarancin haske. === Mazauni da ciyarwa === Ana tsammanin yara ƙanana suna da wahalar fahimta, suna komawa ga demersal idan sun kai shekara 50.&nbsp;Tsawon santimita. Suna zaune a cikin ruwan kudu [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|maso]] gabashin [[Tekun Indiya]] da [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]], waɗanda ake samu a [[Chile]], kudu maso gabashin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]] . Ana iya samun su a cikin ruwa tsakanin zurfin mita 10 zuwa mita 800, amma gabaɗaya sun fi son ruwa mai zurfi fiye da mita 50. Yawanci ana samun su suna zaune a cikin tsage-tsage, kogo, ko kogo idan an same su a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Su masu farauta ne masu ƙiba, suna cin abinci a kan nau'ikan kifaye iri-iri, marasa ƙashi da kuma crustaceans, gami da red cod da blue cod, hoki, crabs da crayfish . Kifin yana da kewayon da ya haɗu da wreckfish na Atlantic, danginsa mafi kusa. === Kifin Ruwa === An nuna sha'awa mai yawa a duk duniya game da ci gaban wannan nau'in don kiwon kamun kifi . A Turai, wani nau'in kifaye mai kama da wreckfish yana da matuƙar daraja kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abincin gida. Saboda haka, an fi kamun kifi ''fiye'' da kima a yawancin yankuna. A New Zealand, Cibiyar Bincike ta Ruwa da Yanayi ta Ƙasa (NIWA) ta rungumi hāpuku a matsayin dama ga New Zealand ta faɗaɗa, kuma ta gano kasuwanni don wannan nau'in a cikin gida a New Zealand da Ostiraliya, da kuma a ƙasashen duniya a Turai da Asiya. === Bincike da ci gaba === Tun daga shekarar 2003, NIWA ta tara mafi girman albarkatun dabbobin gida a duniya don hāpuku, kuma ana ajiye waɗannan dabbobin gida a cikin manyan tankunan kiwon dabbobi a Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. Kowane tanki yana da nasa muhallin da aka tsara don kiyaye mafi kyawun zafin jiki da haske don haihuwar dabbobi na halitta. Yanzu NIWA ta ci gaba ta kowane fanni na haɓaka fasahar kyankyaso ga hapuku. Matsalolin da aka fuskanta a wannan tsari sun yi kama da na sauran nau'ikan kifayen finfish na kasuwanci, kamar halibut, turbot, sea bass, da sea bream . An shawo kan waɗannan matsalolin ta hanyar samar da takamaiman mafita don kiwon hapuku da wuri. Manyan matsalolin fasaha da aka shawo kansu sune: * Tsarin tsarin don nasarar ƙurar ƙwai da jakar yolk. * Fara ciyarwa ta farko. * Sauya daga abincin da aka ciyar da kai zuwa abincin da aka tsara don samar da ƙananan yara da aka yaye waɗanda aka shirya don girma da kuma canjawa zuwa kejin ruwa. A halin yanzu, gwaje-gwajen kejin teku da gwaje-gwajen tankuna suna da tushe a cikin aikin hāpuku. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da sakamakon da suka fara girma suna nuna babban yuwuwar girma a cikin kiwon kamun kifi ga wannan nau'in. NIWA tana gudanar da shirin zaɓen tsuntsayen tun daga shekarar 2007, kuma sakamakon yana nuna waɗanne tsuntsayen ne ke samar da tsarar farko da suka rage. Da wannan bayanin, nan ba da jimawa ba za a iya fara zaɓar halaye masu kyau na aiki don shirin kiwo. Manufar NIWA ita ce ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai fafatawa a harkar noma ta hāpuku yayin da take ƙaruwa, kuma ta zama muhimmin nau'in halittu ga ɓangaren kiwon kamun kifi na New Zealand. == Manazarta == ha012flyt0kbl4eep8balxg0x91wkme 862293 862291 2026-06-20T17:53:54Z Engineer014 44591 862293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hāpuku''', '''hapuka''' ko '''whapuku''' ( ''Polyprion oxygeneios'' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''groper''', kifi ne mai kama da kifi na dangin Polyprionidae, wanda ake samu a kudancin [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]], kudancin [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Tristan da Cunha]] da [[New Zealand]] a zurfin da ke tsakanin mita 30 zuwa 800. Tsawonsa yana tsakanin mita 60 zuwa 180.&nbsp;tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa santimita 100, kuma nauyinsa zai iya kaiwa santimita 100.&nbsp;kg. A wasu lokutan ana siffanta shi a gida da '''cod''', kodayake hakan yana nufin sauran kifaye . == Bayani == [[Fayil:Polyprion_oxygeneios_by_Frank_Edward_Clarke_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|''Polyprion oxygeneios'' daga Frank Edward Clarke]] Hāpuku suna da launin toka mai launin fari da ƙananan ciki, inda ƙananan yara galibi launin shuɗi ne. Suna da ƙashin baya guda 10 da ke gudana a bayansu, da kuma ƙugiya mai zagaye da kuma ƙugiya mai zagaye, da kuma babban wutsiya mai ƙarfi, mai siffar murabba'i. Ƙasan muƙamuƙinsa yana fitowa daga sama, kuma manyan idanunsu an daidaita su don farauta da kuma zama a cikin yanayi mai ƙarancin haske. === Mazauni da ciyarwa === Ana tsammanin yara ƙanana suna da wahalar fahimta, suna komawa ga demersal idan sun kai shekara 50.&nbsp;Tsawon santimita. Suna zaune a cikin ruwan kudu [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|maso]] gabashin [[Tekun Indiya]] da [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]], waɗanda ake samu a [[Chile]], kudu maso gabashin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]] . Ana iya samun su a cikin ruwa tsakanin zurfin mita 10 zuwa mita 800, amma gabaɗaya sun fi son ruwa mai zurfi fiye da mita 50. Yawanci ana samun su suna zaune a cikin tsage-tsage, kogo, ko kogo idan an same su a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Su masu farauta ne masu ƙiba, suna cin abinci a kan nau'ikan kifaye iri-iri, marasa ƙashi da kuma crustaceans, gami da red cod da blue cod, hoki, crabs da crayfish . Kifin yana da kewayon da ya haɗu da wreckfish na Atlantic, danginsa mafi kusa. === Kifin Ruwa === An nuna sha'awa mai yawa a duk duniya game da ci gaban wannan nau'in don kiwon kamun kifi . A Turai, wani nau'in kifaye mai kama da wreckfish yana da matuƙar daraja kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abincin gida. Saboda haka, an fi kamun kifi ''fiye'' da kima a yawancin yankuna. A New Zealand, Cibiyar Bincike ta Ruwa da Yanayi ta Ƙasa (NIWA) ta rungumi hāpuku a matsayin dama ga New Zealand ta faɗaɗa, kuma ta gano kasuwanni don wannan nau'in a cikin gida a New Zealand da Ostiraliya, da kuma a ƙasashen duniya a Turai da Asiya. === Bincike da ci gaba === Tun daga shekarar 2003, NIWA ta tara mafi girman albarkatun dabbobin gida a duniya don hāpuku, kuma ana ajiye waɗannan dabbobin gida a cikin manyan tankunan kiwon dabbobi a Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. Kowane tanki yana da nasa muhallin da aka tsara don kiyaye mafi kyawun zafin jiki da haske don haihuwar dabbobi na halitta. Yanzu NIWA ta ci gaba ta kowane fanni na haɓaka fasahar kyankyaso ga hapuku. Matsalolin da aka fuskanta a wannan tsari sun yi kama da na sauran nau'ikan kifayen finfish na kasuwanci, kamar halibut, turbot, sea bass, da sea bream . An shawo kan waɗannan matsalolin ta hanyar samar da takamaiman mafita don kiwon hapuku da wuri. Manyan matsalolin fasaha da aka shawo kansu sune: * Tsarin tsarin don nasarar ƙurar ƙwai da jakar yolk. * Fara ciyarwa ta farko. * Sauya daga abincin da aka ciyar da kai zuwa abincin da aka tsara don samar da ƙananan yara da aka yaye waɗanda aka shirya don girma da kuma canjawa zuwa kejin ruwa. A halin yanzu, gwaje-gwajen kejin teku da gwaje-gwajen tankuna suna da tushe a cikin aikin hāpuku. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da sakamakon da suka fara girma suna nuna babban yuwuwar girma a cikin kiwon kamun kifi ga wannan nau'in. NIWA tana gudanar da shirin zaɓen tsuntsayen tun daga shekarar 2007, kuma sakamakon yana nuna waɗanne tsuntsayen ne ke samar da tsarar farko da suka rage. Da wannan bayanin, nan ba da jimawa ba za a iya fara zaɓar halaye masu kyau na aiki don shirin kiwo. Manufar NIWA ita ce ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai fafatawa a harkar noma ta hāpuku yayin da take ƙaruwa, kuma ta zama muhimmin nau'in halittu ga ɓangaren kiwon kamun kifi na New Zealand. == Manazarta == ln31xddykwxem6y23k7gbkjm8baugi9 0 158933 862296 2026-06-20T17:54:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359409555|Compagnie Tunisienne de Navigation]]" 862296 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Traghetto_Tanit_in_navigazione_verso_il_porto_di_Genova_-_settembre_2019.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na Tanit yana tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Genoa]].]] Compagnie Tunisienne de Navigation ('''CTN''' ko COTUNAV) layin jigilar kaya ne na [[Tunisiya|Tunisian]], yana ba da haɗin Jirgin ruwa na fasinja na yau da kullun tsakanin Tunisia da tashar jiragen ruwa na Marseille da Genoa, da kuma jigilar kaya zuwa Barcelona da Livorno. Gwamnatin Tunisia ce ke mallakarta kuma a karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Sufuri. An kafa shi a ranar 7 ga Maris 1959, da farko ya mai da hankali kan ci gaban hanyoyin sufuri na yau da kullun tsakanin Tunisia da manyan abokan ciniki, suna aiki ne kawai Marseille da Rouen. Koyaya, tare da fitarwa don rarraba kasuwancin ƙasashen waje na Tunisia, ya hanzarta fadada hanyar sadarwar sa don haɗawa da tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Italiya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Jamus]] da ƙasashen Benelux. A cikin shekarun 1970s CTN ta fadada kasancewarta a cikin jigilar mai, kayayyakin man fetur da kayan abinci. Tare da ƙaddamarwa a cikin 1978 na jirgin ruwa na ''Habib'', yana ba da sabis tsakanin Tunis, Marseille da Genoa, ya kuma kara sa hannu a cikin jigilar fasinjoji. CTN ta fadada rundunarta ta hanyar sayen manyan masu jigilar ''Moularès'' da S"hib a 1976-77 da ''El-Kef'' a 1982. Motsawa zuwa sabis na mirginawa / mirginawa, CTN ya juya zuwa sabuntawa na rundunarta, yana karɓar isar da ''El-Jem'' da Tozeur a cikin 1977, da kuma Bizerte da ''Kairouan'' a cikin 1979. A lokacin rani na 1990, 1991 da 1992 CTN kuma ta yi hayar jirgin turbo-electric ''Carlo R'' daga kamfanin [[Sisiliya|Sicilian]] Alimar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castell |first=Marcus |date=2003–2005 |title=The Turbo Electric Vessel Rangatira of 1971 |url=http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/r4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914030656/http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/r4.htm |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The New Zealand Maritime Record}}</ref> Ganin cewa an tilasta wa CTN ta sake duba ayyukanta bisa ga sauye-sauyen da aka samu kwanan nan a duniyar ruwa, a hankali ta sayar da tsoffin jiragen ruwanta domin mayar da hankali kan manyan kasuwancinta. A hankali tana sabunta jiragen ruwanta tare da ƙaddamar da manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu masu nauyin tan 18,000: ''Ulysse'' da ''Salammbô 7.'' A watan Yunin 1999, sabuwar jirgin ruwan da aka gina a [[Norway]] mai suna ''Carthage'' ya fara aiki. Yana da ikon ɗaukar fasinjoji 2,208 da motoci 666, kuma yana da saurin {{Convert|23.5|kn|km/h}} , yana yin ratsawa tsakanin Tunis da Marseille da Tunis da Genoa mako-mako. In 2012, CTN received the new ferry ''Tanit'' built by DSME. Capable of accommodating 3,200 passengers and 1,060 Vehicles, with a speed of {{Convert|27.5|kn|km/h}}. As a consequence of this addition, the ''Habib'' and ''El-Kef'' were decommissioned in 2013. == Jirgin Ruwa == CTN tana aiki da jiragen ruwa shida wadanda suka hada da RORO hudu da ROPAX biyu. Baya ga rundunarta, CTN a halin yanzu tana ba da takardar shaidar jiragen ruwa biyu na RORO. === Jirgin ruwa na yanzu === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |+ ! scope="col" width="130pt" |Sunan ! scope="col" width="80pt" |An gina shi ! scope="col" width="80pt" |Ayyukan shiga ! scope="col" width="80pt" |Sautin sautin ! class="unsortable" scope="col" width="270pt" |Bayani |- |''Amilcar'' | align="Center" |2000 | align="Center" |2010 | align="Center" |22,900 GT | |- |''Carthage'' | align="Center" |1999 | align="Center" |1999 | align="Center" |32,298 GT | |- |''Elyssa'' | align="Center" |2000 | align="Center" |2010 | align="Center" |22,900 GT | |- |''Tanit'' | align="Center" |2012 | align="Center" |2012 | align="Center" |52 645 GT | |- |''Salammbo 7'' | align="Center" |1997 | align="Center" |1997 | align="Center" |17,907 GT | |- |''Ulysse'' | align="Center" |1997 | align="Center" |1997 | align="Center" |17,907 GT | |- |''Leevsten'' | align="Center" |2019 | align="Center" |2020 | align="Center" |32,887 GT |An ba da izini tun daga shekarar 2020. |- |''Stena Shipper'' | align="Center" |2012 | align="Center" |2022 | align="Center" |29,429 GT |An ba da izini tun daga 2022. |- |''Kraftca'' | align="Center" |2006 | align="Center" |2025 | align="Center" |28,289 GT |An ba da izini tun 2025. |} == Manazarta == 6h4oc36jzxpy671rdt5v4zd5idc9gay 862306 862296 2026-06-20T17:58:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 862306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Traghetto_Tanit_in_navigazione_verso_il_porto_di_Genova_-_settembre_2019.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na Tanit yana tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Genoa]].]]{{Databox}} '''Compagnie Tunisienne de Navigation''' ('''CTN''' ko COTUNAV) layin jigilar kaya ne na [[Tunisiya|Tunisian]], yana ba da haɗin Jirgin ruwa na fasinja na yau da kullun tsakanin Tunisia da tashar jiragen ruwa na Marseille da Genoa, da kuma jigilar kaya zuwa Barcelona da Livorno. Gwamnatin Tunisia ce ke mallakarta kuma a karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Sufuri. An kafa shi a ranar 7 ga Maris 1959, da farko ya mai da hankali kan ci gaban hanyoyin sufuri na yau da kullun tsakanin Tunisia da manyan abokan ciniki, suna aiki ne kawai Marseille da Rouen. Koyaya, tare da fitarwa don rarraba kasuwancin ƙasashen waje na Tunisia, ya hanzarta fadada hanyar sadarwar sa don haɗawa da tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Italiya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Jamus]] da ƙasashen Benelux. A cikin shekarun 1970s CTN ta fadada kasancewarta a cikin jigilar mai, kayayyakin man fetur da kayan abinci. Tare da ƙaddamarwa a cikin 1978 na jirgin ruwa na ''Habib'', yana ba da sabis tsakanin Tunis, Marseille da Genoa, ya kuma kara sa hannu a cikin jigilar fasinjoji. CTN ta fadada rundunarta ta hanyar sayen manyan masu jigilar ''Moularès'' da S"hib a 1976-77 da ''El-Kef'' a 1982. Motsawa zuwa sabis na mirginawa / mirginawa, CTN ya juya zuwa sabuntawa na rundunarta, yana karɓar isar da ''El-Jem'' da Tozeur a cikin 1977, da kuma Bizerte da ''Kairouan'' a cikin 1979. A lokacin rani na 1990, 1991 da 1992 CTN kuma ta yi hayar jirgin turbo-electric ''Carlo R'' daga kamfanin [[Sisiliya|Sicilian]] Alimar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castell |first=Marcus |date=2003–2005 |title=The Turbo Electric Vessel Rangatira of 1971 |url=http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/r4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914030656/http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/r4.htm |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=The New Zealand Maritime Record}}</ref> Ganin cewa an tilasta wa CTN ta sake duba ayyukanta bisa ga sauye-sauyen da aka samu kwanan nan a duniyar ruwa, a hankali ta sayar da tsoffin jiragen ruwanta domin mayar da hankali kan manyan kasuwancinta. A hankali tana sabunta jiragen ruwanta tare da ƙaddamar da manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu masu nauyin tan 18,000: ''Ulysse'' da ''Salammbô 7.'' A watan Yunin 1999, sabuwar jirgin ruwan da aka gina a [[Norway]] mai suna ''Carthage'' ya fara aiki. Yana da ikon ɗaukar fasinjoji 2,208 da motoci 666, kuma yana da saurin {{Convert|23.5|kn|km/h}} , yana yin ratsawa tsakanin Tunis da Marseille da Tunis da Genoa mako-mako. In 2012, CTN received the new ferry ''Tanit'' built by DSME. Capable of accommodating 3,200 passengers and 1,060 Vehicles, with a speed of {{Convert|27.5|kn|km/h}}. As a consequence of this addition, the ''Habib'' and ''El-Kef'' were decommissioned in 2013. == Jirgin Ruwa == CTN tana aiki da jiragen ruwa shida wadanda suka hada da RORO hudu da ROPAX biyu. Baya ga rundunarta, CTN a halin yanzu tana ba da takardar shaidar jiragen ruwa biyu na RORO. === Jirgin ruwa na yanzu === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |+ ! scope="col" width="130pt" |Sunan ! scope="col" width="80pt" |An gina shi ! scope="col" width="80pt" |Ayyukan shiga ! scope="col" width="80pt" |Sautin sautin ! class="unsortable" scope="col" width="270pt" |Bayani |- |''Amilcar'' | align="Center" |2000 | align="Center" |2010 | align="Center" |22,900 GT | |- |''Carthage'' | align="Center" |1999 | align="Center" |1999 | align="Center" |32,298 GT | |- |''Elyssa'' | align="Center" |2000 | align="Center" |2010 | align="Center" |22,900 GT | |- |''Tanit'' | align="Center" |2012 | align="Center" |2012 | align="Center" |52 645 GT | |- |''Salammbo 7'' | align="Center" |1997 | align="Center" |1997 | align="Center" |17,907 GT | |- |''Ulysse'' | align="Center" |1997 | align="Center" |1997 | align="Center" |17,907 GT | |- |''Leevsten'' | align="Center" |2019 | align="Center" |2020 | align="Center" |32,887 GT |An ba da izini tun daga shekarar 2020. |- |''Stena Shipper'' | align="Center" |2012 | align="Center" |2022 | align="Center" |29,429 GT |An ba da izini tun daga 2022. |- |''Kraftca'' | align="Center" |2006 | align="Center" |2025 | align="Center" |28,289 GT |An ba da izini tun 2025. |} == Manazarta == 9uxaexodv7erskgxjs6lq4vymacxdhn 0 158934 862298 2026-06-20T17:55:22Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358197987|Short-tail stingray]]" 862298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gajeren wutsiya''' ko kuma '''santsiyar stingray''' ( ''Bathytoshia brevicaudata'' ) nau'in stingray ne da aka saba gani a cikin dangin Dasyatidae . Yana faruwa a [[kudancin Afirka]], yawanci a bakin teku a zurfin {{Convert|180|-|480|m|ft}}, da kuma kudancin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]], daga yankin tsakiyar teku zuwa zurfin {{Convert|156|m|ft}} . Galibi yana zaune a ƙasa a yanayi kuma ana iya samunsa a wurare daban-daban daga magudanar ruwa zuwa gaɓar teku, amma kuma sau da yawa yana iyo a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan stingrays a duniya, wannan nau'in mai nauyi zai iya girma sama da {{Convert|2.1|m|ft}} a fadin kuma {{Convert|350|kg|lb}} a cikin nauyi. Faifan fin ɗinsa mai launin fata mai kama da lu'u-lu'u yana da alaƙa da rashin haƙoran fata ko da a cikin manya, da kuma fararen ramuka kusa da kai a kowane gefe. Jikin na iya samun launuka da kuma launin toka mai duhu ko baƙi tare da layukan fari a kowane fikafiki. Wutsiyarsa yawanci ta fi guntu fiye da faifan kuma ta yi kauri a tushe. Tana da manyan ƙugu da layin tsakiya na manyan ƙaya a gaban kashin baya mai zafi wanda ke da lanƙwasa na baya da na ventral a baya. Abincin da ake ci na stingray mai gajeren wutsiya ya ƙunshi kifaye marasa ƙashi da ƙashi, gami da nau'ikan halittu masu rami da kuma na tsakiyar ruwa. Yana kasancewa a cikin yanki mai iyaka a duk shekara, yana fifita ruwa mai zurfi a lokacin hunturu, kuma ba a san shi da yin [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] mai tsawo ba. Manyan tarin haskoki suna samuwa a yanayi a wasu wurare, kamar a lokacin rani a Tsibirin Poor Knight da ke gefen New Zealand. An rubuta duka haihuwa da haɗuwa a cikin tarin a Poor Knights. Wannan nau'in yana da aplacental viviparous, tare da tayin da ke tasowa da histotroph ("madarar mahaifa") da uwa ke samarwa. Girman zuriyar yawanci shine {{Nowrap|6{{hsp}}{{ndash}}10,}} amma girman shara har zuwa goma sha biyar ba a taɓa jin sa ba. Wannan ɗan gajeren wutsiya mai kama da stingray ba shi da ƙarfi, amma yana iya haifar da mummunan rauni da doguwar harbawarsa mai guba . Sau da yawa ana kama shi ba zato ba tsammani ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin yankinsa, yawanci yana tsira kafin a sake shi. Saboda yawan jama'arta ba su yi kama da suna fuskantar barazana daga ayyukan ɗan adam ba, Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN) ta lissafa shi a matsayin wanda ba a damu da shi ba . == Tsarin Haraji == Asalin bayanin stingray mai gajeren wutsiya Frederick Hutton ne ya yi shi, mai kula da gidan tarihi na Otago, daga samfurin mace {{Convert|1.2|m|ft}} a fadin Dunedin a New Zealand. Ya buga labarinsa a cikin wani fitowar mujallar kimiyya ta ''Annals da Mujallar Tarihin Halitta'' ta 1875, inda ya sanya wa sabon nau'in suna ''Trygon brevicaudata'', wanda aka samo daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''brevis'' ("short") da ''cauda'' ("wutsiya"). Duk da cewa an daɗe ana sanya shi ga ''Dasyatis'', aikin da Last et al. (2016) suka yi kwanan nan ya tayar da ''Bathytoshia'' saboda shi da kuma babban stingray, da kuma roughtail stingray . Hakanan ana iya kiran stingray mai gajeren wutsiya da babban ray black, giant stingray, New Zealand short-tail stingaree, Schreiners ray, short-tailed stingaree, shorttail black stingray, da santsi short-tailed stingray. Yana da alaƙa da stingray mai kama da juna amma ƙarami ( ''Dasyatis matsubari'' ) na arewa maso yammacin Pacific . Wani bita da aka yi bisa ga bayanan kwayoyin halitta a shekarar 2016 ya ƙara ''Dasyatis matsubarai'' da ''Dasyatis multispinosa'' a matsayin al'ummar wannan nau'in. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Last, P.R. |last2=Naylor, G.J. |last3=Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. |year=2016 |title=A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4139 |issue=3 |pages=345–368 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2 |pmid=27470808}}</ref> == Bayani == [[Fayil:Dasyatis_brevicaudata_nz.jpg|left|thumb|Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, tsawon wutsiya wata alama ce da ke nuna ɗan gajeren wutsiya.]] Tsarin fin ɗin pectoral na ɗan gajeren wutsiya mai laushi yana da siffar kusurwa mai kama da rhomboid kuma yana da ɗan faɗi fiye da tsayi. Gefen da ke kan faifan suna da laushi sosai, kuma suna haɗuwa a kan hanci mai kauri, mai faɗi mai siffar triangle. Idanun suna ƙanana kuma nan da nan sai manyan ramuka suka biyo baya. Hancin da ke da faɗi suna da tsayi da kunkuntar; a tsakaninsu akwai gajeriyar labule mai siffar siket mai gefen baya. Baki mai girman matsakaici yana da ƙananan muƙamuƙi mai kama da siket, fitattun ramuka a kusurwoyi, da kuma papillae biyar zuwa bakwai (tsarin da ke kama da kan nono) a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan papillae suna warwatse a kan labulen hanci da wajen ƙananan muƙamuƙi. Short Tailed Stingrays suna da haƙora tsakanin 45-55 da aka shirya da yawa, waɗanda ƙanana ne, masu laushi, da kuma masu siffar mazugi. Haƙoran an shirya su a cikin tsarin quincunx mai layi, kuma suna da siffar lebur, mai faɗi. Fifin ƙashin ƙugu suna da ɗan girma kuma suna zagaye a ƙarshen. == Manazarta == 11s6ppujupdd2ri187pkza8d6x7dybs 862300 862298 2026-06-20T17:55:46Z Engineer014 44591 862300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gajeren wutsiya''' ko kuma '''santsiyar stingray''' ( ''Bathytoshia brevicaudata'' ) nau'in stingray ne da aka saba gani a cikin dangin Dasyatidae . Yana faruwa a [[kudancin Afirka]], yawanci a bakin teku a zurfin {{Convert|180|-|480|m|ft}}, da kuma kudancin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]], daga yankin tsakiyar teku zuwa zurfin {{Convert|156|m|ft}} . Galibi yana zaune a ƙasa a yanayi kuma ana iya samunsa a wurare daban-daban daga magudanar ruwa zuwa gaɓar teku, amma kuma sau da yawa yana iyo a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan stingrays a duniya, wannan nau'in mai nauyi zai iya girma sama da {{Convert|2.1|m|ft}} a fadin kuma {{Convert|350|kg|lb}} a cikin nauyi. Faifan fin ɗinsa mai launin fata mai kama da lu'u-lu'u yana da alaƙa da rashin haƙoran fata ko da a cikin manya, da kuma fararen ramuka kusa da kai a kowane gefe. Jikin na iya samun launuka da kuma launin toka mai duhu ko baƙi tare da layukan fari a kowane fikafiki. Wutsiyarsa yawanci ta fi guntu fiye da faifan kuma ta yi kauri a tushe. Tana da manyan ƙugu da layin tsakiya na manyan ƙaya a gaban kashin baya mai zafi wanda ke da lanƙwasa na baya da na ventral a baya. Abincin da ake ci na stingray mai gajeren wutsiya ya ƙunshi kifaye marasa ƙashi da ƙashi, gami da nau'ikan halittu masu rami da kuma na tsakiyar ruwa. Yana kasancewa a cikin yanki mai iyaka a duk shekara, yana fifita ruwa mai zurfi a lokacin hunturu, kuma ba a san shi da yin [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] mai tsawo ba. Manyan tarin haskoki suna samuwa a yanayi a wasu wurare, kamar a lokacin rani a Tsibirin Poor Knight da ke gefen New Zealand. An rubuta duka haihuwa da haɗuwa a cikin tarin a Poor Knights. Wannan nau'in yana da aplacental viviparous, tare da tayin da ke tasowa da histotroph ("madarar mahaifa") da uwa ke samarwa. Girman zuriyar yawanci shine {{Nowrap|6{{hsp}}{{ndash}}10,}} amma girman shara har zuwa goma sha biyar ba a taɓa jin sa ba. Wannan ɗan gajeren wutsiya mai kama da stingray ba shi da ƙarfi, amma yana iya haifar da mummunan rauni da doguwar harbawarsa mai guba . Sau da yawa ana kama shi ba zato ba tsammani ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin yankinsa, yawanci yana tsira kafin a sake shi. Saboda yawan jama'arta ba su yi kama da suna fuskantar barazana daga ayyukan ɗan adam ba, Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN) ta lissafa shi a matsayin wanda ba a damu da shi ba . == Tsarin Haraji == Asalin bayanin stingray mai gajeren wutsiya Frederick Hutton ne ya yi shi, mai kula da gidan tarihi na Otago, daga samfurin mace {{Convert|1.2|m|ft}} a fadin Dunedin a New Zealand. Ya buga labarinsa a cikin wani fitowar mujallar kimiyya ta ''Annals da Mujallar Tarihin Halitta'' ta 1875, inda ya sanya wa sabon nau'in suna ''Trygon brevicaudata'', wanda aka samo daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''brevis'' ("short") da ''cauda'' ("wutsiya"). Duk da cewa an daɗe ana sanya shi ga ''Dasyatis'', aikin da Last et al. (2016) suka yi kwanan nan ya tayar da ''Bathytoshia'' saboda shi da kuma babban stingray, da kuma roughtail stingray . Hakanan ana iya kiran stingray mai gajeren wutsiya da babban ray black, giant stingray, New Zealand short-tail stingaree, Schreiners ray, short-tailed stingaree, shorttail black stingray, da santsi short-tailed stingray. Yana da alaƙa da stingray mai kama da juna amma ƙarami ( ''Dasyatis matsubari'' ) na arewa maso yammacin Pacific . Wani bita da aka yi bisa ga bayanan kwayoyin halitta a shekarar 2016 ya ƙara ''Dasyatis matsubarai'' da ''Dasyatis multispinosa'' a matsayin al'ummar wannan nau'in. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Last, P.R. |last2=Naylor, G.J. |last3=Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. |year=2016 |title=A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4139 |issue=3 |pages=345–368 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2 |pmid=27470808}}</ref> == Bayani == [[Fayil:Dasyatis_brevicaudata_nz.jpg|left|thumb|Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, tsawon wutsiya wata alama ce da ke nuna ɗan gajeren wutsiya.]] Tsarin fin ɗin pectoral na ɗan gajeren wutsiya mai laushi yana da siffar kusurwa mai kama da rhomboid kuma yana da ɗan faɗi fiye da tsayi. Gefen da ke kan faifan suna da laushi sosai, kuma suna haɗuwa a kan hanci mai kauri, mai faɗi mai siffar triangle. Idanun suna ƙanana kuma nan da nan sai manyan ramuka suka biyo baya. Hancin da ke da faɗi suna da tsayi da kunkuntar; a tsakaninsu akwai gajeriyar labule mai siffar siket mai gefen baya. Baki mai girman matsakaici yana da ƙananan muƙamuƙi mai kama da siket, fitattun ramuka a kusurwoyi, da kuma papillae biyar zuwa bakwai (tsarin da ke kama da kan nono) a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan papillae suna warwatse a kan labulen hanci da wajen ƙananan muƙamuƙi. Short Tailed Stingrays suna da haƙora tsakanin 45-55 da aka shirya da yawa, waɗanda ƙanana ne, masu laushi, da kuma masu siffar mazugi. Haƙoran an shirya su a cikin tsarin quincunx mai layi, kuma suna da siffar lebur, mai faɗi. Fifin ƙashin ƙugu suna da ɗan girma kuma suna zagaye a ƙarshen. == Manazarta == 035o5xooxsglm745yfeukdyhnxmpezc 0 158935 862305 2026-06-20T17:57:55Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337989527|Solea turbynei]]" 862305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Solea turbynei''''', '''tafin hannun baƙi''', '''tafin Natal''' da kuma '''tafin Turbyne''', nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin dangin Soleidae . == Manazarta == 76cgiuzr8wcir826tuwkcxrjra4cfh5 862307 862305 2026-06-20T17:58:43Z Engineer014 44591 862307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Solea turbynei''''', '''tafin hannun baƙi''', '''tafin Natal''' da kuma '''tafin Turbyne''', nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin dangin Soleidae . == Manazarta == f9xo2zryw9no3hvigyenvp8ae8wzck2 0 158936 862308 2026-06-20T18:00:00Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354668066|Lesser gurnard]]" 862308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙananan gurnard''' ( '''''Chelidonichthys queketti''''' ), ko kuma '''Quekket's gurnard''', nau'in kifi ne na ruwa wanda aka yi da hasken rana wanda ke cikin dangin Triglidae, gurnards da sea robins. Ana samun wannan nau'in a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma kaɗan a kudu maso gabashin Tekun Atlantika. Wannan nau'in yana da mahimmanci a kasuwanci a matsayin kifi na abinci. == Tsarin Haraji == An fara bayyana ƙaramin gurnard a hukumance a shekarar 1904 a matsayin ''Trigla quekketi'' ta [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] ɗan Ingila Charles Tate Regan, wanda aka ba shi sunan gabar tekun Natal a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin nau'in ''Chelidonichthys,'' an rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin ƙaramin nau'in . Sunan da aka ƙayyade ya girmama John Frederick Whitlie Quekett, masanin ilmin halitta kuma mai kula da Gidan Tarihin Halitta na Durban wanda ya ba da nau'in wannan nau'in ga Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |name-list-style=amp |date=10 June 2021 |editor2-last=Kenneth J. Lazara |title=Order Perciformes (Part 12): Suborder Triglioidei: Families Triglidae and Peristediidae |url=https://etyfish.org/perciformes12/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayani == Ƙaramin gurnard yana da ƙasusuwa 9 da haskoki masu laushi 18 ko 19 a cikin fin ɗin dorsal yayin da fin ɗin dorsal yana da haskoki masu laushi 17 ko 18. Akwai finray 10 ko 11 a cikin membrane ɗin fin ɗin dorsal da haskoki uku waɗanda ba su da membrane. Akwai babban kashin baya a ɓangaren gaba na preorbital da ƙananan kashin baya a bayan wanda za a iya rufe shi da fata. Kai da saman jiki ja ne yayin da na ƙasan jiki da fin ɗin dubura fari ne. Fin ɗin dorsal mai laushi da fin ɗin caudal ja ne, fin ɗin pectoral baƙi ne tare da na ƙasan uku mai ruwan hoda kuma fin ɗin ƙashin ƙugu ja ne tare da farare. <ref name="Heemstra1982">{{Cite journal |last=[[Phillip C. Heemstra]] |year=1982 |title=Taxonomic Notes on Some Triglid and Peristediid Fishes (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes) from Southern Africa |journal=Copeia |volume=1982 |issue=2 |pages=291–295 |doi=10.2307/1444607 |jstor=1444607}}</ref> Wannan nau'in yana kaiwa matsakaicin tsawon da aka buga na {{Cvt|35|cm}} . == Manazarta == iwnoe16su13sjxaqz8zvvevldnlcxn1 862309 862308 2026-06-20T18:00:22Z Engineer014 44591 862309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙananan gurnard''' ( '''''Chelidonichthys queketti''''' ), ko kuma '''Quekket's gurnard''', nau'in kifi ne na ruwa wanda aka yi da hasken rana wanda ke cikin dangin Triglidae, gurnards da sea robins. Ana samun wannan nau'in a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma kaɗan a kudu maso gabashin Tekun Atlantika. Wannan nau'in yana da mahimmanci a kasuwanci a matsayin kifi na abinci. == Tsarin Haraji == An fara bayyana ƙaramin gurnard a hukumance a shekarar 1904 a matsayin ''Trigla quekketi'' ta [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] ɗan Ingila Charles Tate Regan, wanda aka ba shi sunan gabar tekun Natal a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin nau'in ''Chelidonichthys,'' an rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin ƙaramin nau'in . Sunan da aka ƙayyade ya girmama John Frederick Whitlie Quekett, masanin ilmin halitta kuma mai kula da Gidan Tarihin Halitta na Durban wanda ya ba da nau'in wannan nau'in ga Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |name-list-style=amp |date=10 June 2021 |editor2-last=Kenneth J. Lazara |title=Order Perciformes (Part 12): Suborder Triglioidei: Families Triglidae and Peristediidae |url=https://etyfish.org/perciformes12/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Bayani == Ƙaramin gurnard yana da ƙasusuwa 9 da haskoki masu laushi 18 ko 19 a cikin fin ɗin dorsal yayin da fin ɗin dorsal yana da haskoki masu laushi 17 ko 18. Akwai finray 10 ko 11 a cikin membrane ɗin fin ɗin dorsal da haskoki uku waɗanda ba su da membrane. Akwai babban kashin baya a ɓangaren gaba na preorbital da ƙananan kashin baya a bayan wanda za a iya rufe shi da fata. Kai da saman jiki ja ne yayin da na ƙasan jiki da fin ɗin dubura fari ne. Fin ɗin dorsal mai laushi da fin ɗin caudal ja ne, fin ɗin pectoral baƙi ne tare da na ƙasan uku mai ruwan hoda kuma fin ɗin ƙashin ƙugu ja ne tare da farare. <ref name="Heemstra1982">{{Cite journal |last=[[Phillip C. Heemstra]] |year=1982 |title=Taxonomic Notes on Some Triglid and Peristediid Fishes (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes) from Southern Africa |journal=Copeia |volume=1982 |issue=2 |pages=291–295 |doi=10.2307/1444607 |jstor=1444607}}</ref> Wannan nau'in yana kaiwa matsakaicin tsawon da aka buga na {{Cvt|35|cm}} . == Manazarta == riyz9gy6w90j697p3vx4omfi3n8o79r 0 158937 862310 2026-06-20T18:01:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356265009|Cape dory]]" 862310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cape dory''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''Cape Dory''', ko kuma '''Cape John Dory''' ) ( '''''Zeus capensis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne na dangin Zeidae . Yana faruwa ne a bakin tekun [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a Kudancin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] da [[Tekun Indiya]] ta Yamma. Kifi ne mai kama da namun daji wanda ke rayuwa a zurfin mita 35-400. Yana iya kaiwa har zuwa 90.0&nbsp;Tsawonsu ya kai cm. Suna da launin toka mai launin azurfa tare da tabo marasa bambanci. Yana cin nau'ikan kifaye iri-iri, cephalopods da crustaceans. Sau da yawa ana kama shi a matsayin kama-kama a cikin kamun kifi na hake ko a cikin trawls . Saboda kyakkyawan kifi ne na abinci, sau da yawa ana sayar da shi sabo ko daskararre a kasuwanni. == Manazarta == i05c4uyh7ubp316x671vtktclrsouku 862311 862310 2026-06-20T18:02:06Z Engineer014 44591 862311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cape dory''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''Cape Dory''', ko kuma '''Cape John Dory''' ) ( '''''Zeus capensis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne na dangin Zeidae . Yana faruwa ne a bakin tekun [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a Kudancin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] da [[Tekun Indiya]] ta Yamma. Kifi ne mai kama da namun daji wanda ke rayuwa a zurfin mita 35-400. Yana iya kaiwa har zuwa 90.0&nbsp;Tsawonsu ya kai cm. Suna da launin toka mai launin azurfa tare da tabo marasa bambanci. Yana cin nau'ikan kifaye iri-iri, cephalopods da crustaceans. Sau da yawa ana kama shi a matsayin kama-kama a cikin kamun kifi na hake ko a cikin trawls . Saboda kyakkyawan kifi ne na abinci, sau da yawa ana sayar da shi sabo ko daskararre a kasuwanni. == Manazarta == 91xoq2adeucw2bjuzkns450na96wbk6 0 158938 862324 2026-06-20T18:15:04Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308260302|End Water Poverty]]" 862324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:EWP_block.gif|right|thumb|246x246px|Tambarin yakin neman zaben kawo karshen talauci a ruwa]] '''End Water Poverty (Kawo Karshen Talauci a Ruwa)''' wani kamfen ne na kasa da kasa wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]] da [[ruwan sha]] . Membobin ƙungiyar sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda suka fahimci muhimmancin tsafta da ruwa wajen magance talauci, da kuma samar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa . == Tarihi == An ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin ne a ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris, 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=End Water Poverty |url=https://www.germantoilet.org/en/networks/end-water-poverty-en/ |access-date=August 2, 2023 |website=German Toilet Organization}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin membobi == * Matakin Yaƙi da Yunwa * [[WASH United]] * Oxfam * WaterAid * [[mataki: Ruwa|Shirin: Eau]] * IRC (WASH) == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.endwaterpoverty.org Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] 3n19qw3sb45aqslseivl17ptoc2he3i 862325 862324 2026-06-20T18:15:27Z Sirjat 20447 862325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:EWP_block.gif|right|thumb|246x246px|Tambarin yakin neman zaben kawo karshen talauci a ruwa]] '''End Water Poverty (Kawo Karshen Talauci a Ruwa)''' wani kamfen ne na kasa da kasa wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]] da [[ruwan sha]] . Membobin ƙungiyar sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda suka fahimci muhimmancin tsafta da ruwa wajen magance talauci, da kuma samar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa . == Tarihi == An ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin ne a ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris, 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=End Water Poverty |url=https://www.germantoilet.org/en/networks/end-water-poverty-en/ |access-date=August 2, 2023 |website=German Toilet Organization}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin membobi == * Matakin Yaƙi da Yunwa * [[WASH United]] * Oxfam * WaterAid * [[mataki: Ruwa|Shirin: Eau]] * IRC (WASH) == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.endwaterpoverty.org Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] 7bpxx929dqzj49utun4aoktxtwwf0i3 862326 862325 2026-06-20T18:15:40Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nassoshi */ 862326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:EWP_block.gif|right|thumb|246x246px|Tambarin yakin neman zaben kawo karshen talauci a ruwa]] '''End Water Poverty (Kawo Karshen Talauci a Ruwa)''' wani kamfen ne na kasa da kasa wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]] da [[ruwan sha]] . Membobin ƙungiyar sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda suka fahimci muhimmancin tsafta da ruwa wajen magance talauci, da kuma samar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa . == Tarihi == An ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin ne a ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, 22 ga Maris, 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=End Water Poverty |url=https://www.germantoilet.org/en/networks/end-water-poverty-en/ |access-date=August 2, 2023 |website=German Toilet Organization}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin membobi == * Matakin Yaƙi da Yunwa * [[WASH United]] * Oxfam * WaterAid * [[mataki: Ruwa|Shirin: Eau]] * IRC (WASH) == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.endwaterpoverty.org Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] t63i6e31mm2jripxei9zij1f81ugfwm 0 158939 862327 2026-06-20T18:17:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357878402|Action off Cape Bougaroun]]" 862327 wikitext text/x-wiki Ayyukan da aka yi a Cape Bougaroûn (Cap Bougaroûn) [Hotuna a kan Convoy KMF 25A], wani aiki ne na Luftwaffe a kan rundunar sojan ruwa ta Allied a bakin tekun [[Aljeriya]] a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Jirgin Amurka, [[Birtaniya]], Girka da Dutch sun kai hari a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1943 da bama-bamai 25 na Jamus da bama-bomba.&nbsp; Jiragen ruwa guda shida sun nutse ko sun lalace kuma an harbe jiragen saman Jamus guda bakwai. Jamusawa sun sami nasarar da ta dace, kodayake an yaba wa rundunonin mayakan Allied da jiragen yaki don harbe bama-bamai da yawa. Akalla maza da mata 1,400 sun mutu amma kokarin ceto ya haifar da ceton fasinjoji da ma'aikata sama da 6,000. == Tarihi == === Rukunin Ayyuka 60.2 === Kafin jigilar jigilar jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun zuwa Bizerta (yanzu Bizerte) a Tunisia, masu kula da jigilar jiragen Amurka a wasu lokuta suna karawa da masu kula da jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya a cikin Bahar Rum. Task Group 60.2 (Kapitan [[Charles C. Hartman]] USN) ya raka Convoy UGF 10 a fadin Tekun Atlantika zuwa [[Oran]] sannan ya raka motoci da yawa a cikin Bahar Rum. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1943, rundunar da ake jagoranta ta kai hari kan rundunar, wacce ta kasa buga jiragen ruwa amma ta rushe mai rushe USS Kendrick a bayan, mai rushewar ta yi hanyar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Kungiyar aiki ta raka wasu motoci biyu sannan aka sanya su don kare Convoy KMF 25A, rundunar sojoji daga Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Morison|1956}} === {{Lang|de|Luftwaffe}} === === Bamai masu sauka na Hs 293 === Kampfgeschwader 26 ya fara aiki a kan Bahar Rum a matsayin ƙungiyar bama-bamai a farkon shekara ta 1941. Na biyu. /KG 26 an sanye shi da He 111 torpedo-bombers da III. /KG 26 ya tashi Junkers Ju 88 torpedo-bombers kuma ya yi {{Lang|de|Zangenangriffe}} (pincer-harin) lokacin da ''Staffel'' na torpedo'bombers suka cika manufofi, don hana su yin motsi kamar yadda za su iya guje wa torpedoes da suka sauka daga gefe ɗaya.{{Sfn|Forsyth|2021}} Wani kwararren Luftwaffe, ''Kampfgeschwader 100'' (KG 100) an canja shi daga Italiya zuwa wani tushe kusa da [[Marseille]] a watan Yulin 1943, bayan ya karbi fiye da hamsin Dornier Do 217 {{Lang|de|Sonderkampfflugzeuge}} (jirgin yaki na musamman). {{Sfn|Hinsley|1984}} [[Fayil:Objects_Dropped_From_The_Air_p07.jpg|thumb|{{Center|Example of a Hs 293 rocket-boosted glide-bomb}}]] II./KG 100 ta karɓi jirgin Dornier Do 217 E 5, wanda aka sanya wa Hs 293 wani bam mai jagora mara waya, wanda injin roka ke hanzartawa da kuma jiragen bam na Dornier Do 217 K 2, waɗanda aka daidaita su don amfani da bam ɗin Fritz X mai jagora, wanda aka sanya wa III./KG 100. {{Sfn|Hinsley|1984}} Dukansu {{Lang|de|Gruppen}} An fara aiki a watan Yulin 1943 a kan jigilar kaya a Tekun Biscay da Bahar Rum. A ranar 25 ga Agusta 1943 jiragen sama goma sha biyu kirar Do 217E‑5s na II./KG 100, tare da rakiyar jiragen sama bakwai na Ju 88C‑6s, suka kai hari kan jiragen ruwan {{HMS|Egret|L75|6}} masu saukar ungulu.{{HMS|Egret|L75|6}} da {{HMS|Bideford|L43|6}} da jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Waveney|K248|6}} . Mutum ɗaya ya mutu kuma 16 sun ji rauni a ''Bideford'' . Bayan kwana biyu, ''Egret'' ta ji rauni da Hs 293 daga II./KG 100 {{Cvt|30|nmi}} yammacin Vigo kuma an nutsar da shi tare da mutane 198 da aka kashe; jirgin ruwan lalata na Kanada HMCS An yi mummunan rauni a HMCS . {{Sfn|Forsyth|2021}} === Jirgin KMF 25A da masu tsaron gida === Jirgin KMF 25A ya kunshi jiragen ruwa 26 da jigilar sojoji tare da jiragen yaki 15, daga [[Liverpool]] zuwa Alexandria ta hanyar Palermo da Naples.[5] Task Group 60.2 (TG 60.2) ya ƙunshi jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi na Burtaniya {{HMS|Colombo|D89|6}}, masu hallaka USS Mervine, Davison, Parker, Laub, Beatty, Tillman, McLanahan, USS Frederick C. Davis da Herbert C. Jones da masu hallaka {{Sclass2|Hunt|destroyer|2}} {{HMS|Croome|L62|6}}, {{HMS|Haydon||2}}, {{HMS|Tetcott|L99|2}} da Girkanci HS <nowiki><i id="mwjA">Kanari</i></nowiki> da HS <nowiki><i id="mwjg">Themistoklis</i></nowiki>. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1943, Jirgin KMF 25A ya tashi daga Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Hague|2000}}&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == opy5kinaoctsnzhfxp548g4f8q4sew1 862328 862327 2026-06-20T18:18:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 862328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ayyukan da aka yi a Cape Bougaroûn (Cap Bougaroûn) [Hotuna a kan Convoy KMF 25A], wani aiki ne na Luftwaffe a kan rundunar sojan ruwa ta Allied a bakin tekun [[Aljeriya]] a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Jirgin Amurka, [[Birtaniya]], Girka da Dutch sun kai hari a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1943 da bama-bamai 25 na Jamus da bama-bomba.&nbsp; Jiragen ruwa guda shida sun nutse ko sun lalace kuma an harbe jiragen saman Jamus guda bakwai. Jamusawa sun sami nasarar da ta dace, kodayake an yaba wa rundunonin mayakan Allied da jiragen yaki don harbe bama-bamai da yawa. Akalla maza da mata 1,400 sun mutu amma kokarin ceto ya haifar da ceton fasinjoji da ma'aikata sama da 6,000. == Tarihi == === Rukunin Ayyuka 60.2 === Kafin jigilar jigilar jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun zuwa Bizerta (yanzu Bizerte) a Tunisia, masu kula da jigilar jiragen Amurka a wasu lokuta suna karawa da masu kula da jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya a cikin Bahar Rum. Task Group 60.2 (Kapitan [[Charles C. Hartman]] USN) ya raka Convoy UGF 10 a fadin Tekun Atlantika zuwa [[Oran]] sannan ya raka motoci da yawa a cikin Bahar Rum. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1943, rundunar da ake jagoranta ta kai hari kan rundunar, wacce ta kasa buga jiragen ruwa amma ta rushe mai rushe USS Kendrick a bayan, mai rushewar ta yi hanyar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Kungiyar aiki ta raka wasu motoci biyu sannan aka sanya su don kare Convoy KMF 25A, rundunar sojoji daga Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Morison|1956}} === {{Lang|de|Luftwaffe}} === === Bamai masu sauka na Hs 293 === Kampfgeschwader 26 ya fara aiki a kan Bahar Rum a matsayin ƙungiyar bama-bamai a farkon shekara ta 1941. Na biyu. /KG 26 an sanye shi da He 111 torpedo-bombers da III. /KG 26 ya tashi Junkers Ju 88 torpedo-bombers kuma ya yi {{Lang|de|Zangenangriffe}} (pincer-harin) lokacin da ''Staffel'' na torpedo'bombers suka cika manufofi, don hana su yin motsi kamar yadda za su iya guje wa torpedoes da suka sauka daga gefe ɗaya.{{Sfn|Forsyth|2021}} Wani kwararren Luftwaffe, ''Kampfgeschwader 100'' (KG 100) an canja shi daga Italiya zuwa wani tushe kusa da [[Marseille]] a watan Yulin 1943, bayan ya karbi fiye da hamsin Dornier Do 217 {{Lang|de|Sonderkampfflugzeuge}} (jirgin yaki na musamman). {{Sfn|Hinsley|1984}} [[Fayil:Objects_Dropped_From_The_Air_p07.jpg|thumb|{{Center|Example of a Hs 293 rocket-boosted glide-bomb}}]] II./KG 100 ta karɓi jirgin Dornier Do 217 E 5, wanda aka sanya wa Hs 293 wani bam mai jagora mara waya, wanda injin roka ke hanzartawa da kuma jiragen bam na Dornier Do 217 K 2, waɗanda aka daidaita su don amfani da bam ɗin Fritz X mai jagora, wanda aka sanya wa III./KG 100. {{Sfn|Hinsley|1984}} Dukansu {{Lang|de|Gruppen}} An fara aiki a watan Yulin 1943 a kan jigilar kaya a Tekun Biscay da Bahar Rum. A ranar 25 ga Agusta 1943 jiragen sama goma sha biyu kirar Do 217E‑5s na II./KG 100, tare da rakiyar jiragen sama bakwai na Ju 88C‑6s, suka kai hari kan jiragen ruwan {{HMS|Egret|L75|6}} masu saukar ungulu.{{HMS|Egret|L75|6}} da {{HMS|Bideford|L43|6}} da jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Waveney|K248|6}} . Mutum ɗaya ya mutu kuma 16 sun ji rauni a ''Bideford'' . Bayan kwana biyu, ''Egret'' ta ji rauni da Hs 293 daga II./KG 100 {{Cvt|30|nmi}} yammacin Vigo kuma an nutsar da shi tare da mutane 198 da aka kashe; jirgin ruwan lalata na Kanada HMCS An yi mummunan rauni a HMCS . {{Sfn|Forsyth|2021}} === Jirgin KMF 25A da masu tsaron gida === Jirgin KMF 25A ya kunshi jiragen ruwa 26 da jigilar sojoji tare da jiragen yaki 15, daga [[Liverpool]] zuwa Alexandria ta hanyar Palermo da Naples.[5] Task Group 60.2 (TG 60.2) ya ƙunshi jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi na Burtaniya {{HMS|Colombo|D89|6}}, masu hallaka USS Mervine, Davison, Parker, Laub, Beatty, Tillman, McLanahan, USS Frederick C. Davis da Herbert C. Jones da masu hallaka {{Sclass2|Hunt|destroyer|2}} {{HMS|Croome|L62|6}}, {{HMS|Haydon||2}}, {{HMS|Tetcott|L99|2}} da Girkanci HS. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1943, Jirgin KMF 25A ya tashi daga Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Hague|2000}}&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == 29g7eczngnq9fxset8l0apuzkrlywj4 0 158940 862329 2026-06-20T18:22:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345328365|2024 Red Sea tourist boat disaster]]" 862329 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2024 jirgin yawon bude ido na Sea Story ya nutse a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. Nan da nan bayan haka, an tabbatar da mutane goma sha shida da suka bace, ciki har da baƙi goma sha biyu da Masarawa huɗu, yayin da aka ceto wasu 28. An sami wadanda suka tsira a yankin Wadi El Gemal na teku. Jirgin yaki na El Fateh na Sojojin Ruwa na Masar ya taimaka wajen ceto. Kashegari, an sami mutane hudu da suka mutu, yayin da aka rage adadin wadanda suka bace zuwa bakwai yayin da aka ceto wasu biyar da rai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2024 |title=Four bodies recovered from capsized tourist boat in Red Sea with nine missing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/26/bodies-recovered-from-capsized-tourist-boat-in-red-sea |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Jirgin yana dauke da masu yawon bude ido 30 daga [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Sin|China]], [[Finland]], [[Poland]], [[Jamus]], [[Switzerland]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Norway]], [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] da [[Ispaniya|Spain]] gami da ma'aikata 12 da jagororin nutsewa 4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egyptian authorities say 17 people missing after tourist boat sinks in Red Sea |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/25/middleeast/red-sea-egypt-missing-people-boat-sinking-intl-scli/index.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2025, hukumomin Masar a hukumance sun bayyana dukkan mutane bakwai da suka bace daga lamarin, ciki har da masu yawon bude ido biyar (Birtaniya biyu, Poland biyu, da Jamusanci daya) da Masarawa biyu, sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Egypt says seven people, including two Brits, dead in November’s tourist boat tragedy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/egypt-sea-story-sinking-deaths-sataya-b2753877.html |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yankin Tekun Red shine babban wurin yawon bude ido a Misira; duk da haka, jiragen ruwa da yawa suna aiki kowace rana tare da ka'idojin tsaro da ba daidai ba. Tun da farko a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, an ceto mutane 30 daga jirgin ruwa mai nutsewa kusa da Daedalus reef; a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024 an kwashe masu yawon bude ido na Faransa 24 kafin jirgin ya nutse, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2023 masu yawon shakatawa uku na Birtaniya sun mutu bayan gobara ta tashi a cikin jirgin su.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes "Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes"]. ''France 24''. 2024-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wani rahoto na binciken teku na kasa da kasa na Maris 2024 wanda ke nazarin jiragen ruwa na Red Sea ya gano cewa babu wani daga cikin jiragen da aka bincika da ke da "tsarin kulawa da aka tsara, tsarin gudanar da tsaro ko littattafan kwanciyar hankali" kuma ya kammala cewa masana'antar "ta haramta cinikinta ba tare da tsari ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dive Liveaboard And Safari Vessel Surveys |url=https://maritimesurveyinternational.com/vessel-surveys/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Maritime Survey International (MSI) |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jirgin ruwa === M / Y Sea Story jirgin ruwa ne mai hawa huɗu wanda aka gina da itace a cikin 2022. Auna {{Convert|44|m|ft}} a tsawon da {{Convert|9|m|ft}} m ({{Convert|40|hp|kW}} a faɗin, an tsara shi don saukar da fasinjoji 36 da ma'aikatan 12, gami da kyaftin, injiniyan injiniya, masu dafa abinci biyu, masu jira biyu, da ma'aikata shida. An sanye shi da janareto uku, tsarin nutsewa na Nitrox, da kuma matattarar Coltri guda uku. Jiragen ruwa guda biyu na Zodiac, masu auna 6.5 da 5.5 tare da {{Convert|100|hp|kW}} kW (100 da 30 hp) na waje bi da bi, suna tallafawa ayyukan nutsewa. Abubuwan more rayuwa na jirgin ruwa sun ƙunshi ɗakuna masu sanyaya iska 18 tare da ɗakunan wanka na gidaje, gami da ɗakunan hutun amarya guda huɗu, wurin zama tare da mashaya da tsarin nishaɗi, da kuma wurin cin abinci daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M/Y SEA STORY - Dive Pro Liveaboard |url=https://diveproliveaboard.com/fleet/m-y-sea-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125140422/https://diveproliveaboard.com/fleet/m-y-sea-story/ |archive-date=November 25, 2024 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |publisher=Dive Pro Liveaboard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=M/Y Sea Story Reviews & Specials - Bluewater Dive Travel |url=https://www.bluewaterdivetravel.com/my-sea-story |access-date=November 27, 2024 |publisher=Bluewater Dive Travel |language=en}}</ref> == Nutsar da shi == Sea Story ya bar Port Ghalib kusa da Marsa Alam a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba don tafiya ta nutsewa ta kwana bakwai kuma ya kamata ya tsaya a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba a [[Hurghada]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes "Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes"]. ''France 24''. 2024-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Masar ta yi gargadi game da manyan teku da ake tsammani a ranar 24 da 25 ga Nuwamba kuma ta ba da shawara game da aikin teku na kwanaki biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shawkat |first=Ahmed |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt tour boat sinks on Red Sea diving trip, leaving 17 people missing - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-tour-boat-sinks-in-red-sea-on-diving-trip-leaving-17-people-missing/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar Amr Hanafi, gwamnan Bahar Maliya, babban raƙuman ruwa sun buge jirgin wanda ya sa ya rushe kuma ya nutse {{Convert|46|nmi|km mi}} (; 53 daga bakin tekun Marsa Alam a cikin minti 5-7, kafin ya zo ya huta mafi yawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa kusan {{Convert|12|m|ft}} a ƙasa da layin ruwa, tare da kusan {{Convert|0.5|m|ft}} sama da layin mmiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Family of British couple missing in Red Sea yacht sinking say they are in 'disbelief' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/red-sea-yacht-sea-story-jenny-cawson-tariq-sinada-b2656679.html# |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, da'awar game da babban raƙuman ruwa suna jayayya da waɗanda suka tsira daga abin da ya faru da kuma masanin ilimin teku, Dokta S. Boxhall na Jami'ar Southampton. Ya bayyana cewa raƙuman ruwa sun kasance {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} kawai.<ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Red Sea tourist boat sinking: Survivors tell BBC of terrifying escapes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp3z0k72yw3o |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Jirgin ya rushe tsakanin karfe 02:00 da 3:00 na safe, yayin da cibiyar kula da Bahar Maliya ba ta karɓi siginar wahala ta farko ba har zuwa karfe 5:30 na safe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shawkat |first=Ahmed |date=2024-11-26 |title=8 still missing, search continues after Egypt tour boat sinks on Red Sea diving trip - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-tour-boat-sinks-in-red-sea-on-diving-trip-leaving-17-people-missing/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Amsar ceto == An ceto mutane 28 a ranar da jirgin ya nutse, da yawa sun ɓace a teku na sa'o'i kafin jiragen ceto su same su. Wasu daga cikin wadanda suka tsira an dauke su cikin iska don magani, yayin da aka taimaka wa wasu a kan jiragen har sai jirgin soja ya dawo da su zuwa bakin teku. Gwamnan Bahar Maliya Manjo Janar Amr Hanafi ya nuna cewa jirgin sama na soja da rundunonin sojan ruwa har yanzu suna neman ranar ceto ga wadanda har yanzu ba a tantance su ba.<ref name=":0" /> A wannan lokacin, ƙarin mutane biyar da suka tsira sun kasance a cikin aljihun iska a cikin fashewar na tsawon sa'o'i 35 kafin masu sa kai na farar hula su cece su.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Red Sea tourist boat sinking: Survivors tell BBC of terrifying escapes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp3z0k72yw3o |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schweizer Überlebender erzählt seine Geschichte nach Bootsunglück in Ägypten |url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/schweizer-tourist-in-aegypten-nach-bootsunglueck-ich-denke-immer-noch-hauptsache-ueberleben |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) |language=de}}</ref> Kashegari bayan nutsewar an sanar da cewa mutane biyar - 'yan Belgium biyu, daya Masarawa, daya Finnish da daya Swiss dan kasar - an dawo da su da rai yayin da aka dawo da wasu hudu da suka mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Egypt tourist boat: The story of the fateful Sea Story voyage into the Red Sea {{!}} The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-red-sea-tourist-boat-sinks-b2656758.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217185658/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-red-sea-tourist-boat-sinks-b2656758.html |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> Duk da yake hukumomi ba su tabbatar da ƙasashen masu yawon bude ido ba, ofishin jakadancin kasar Sin ya ba da rahoton cewa an ceci 'yan ƙasa biyu; Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Finland cewa ɗaya daga cikin' yan ƙasarsu ya ɓace; kuma Ma'aikalin Harkokin Wajen Poland ya tabbatar da cewa biyu daga cikin masu yawon buɗe ido na iya samun' yancin ƙasar Poland.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes "Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes"]. ''France 24''. 2024-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2024, an dakatar da neman ceto na mutane bakwai da suka ɓace, amma babu wata tabbacin hukuma daga masu tsaron bakin teku. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ihy1ou3s3dtl5jvzjs8t2d0dl5dsd2g 862330 862329 2026-06-20T18:23:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 862330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2024 jirgin yawon bude ido na Sea Story ya nutse a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. Nan da nan bayan haka, an tabbatar da mutane goma sha shida da suka bace, ciki har da baƙi goma sha biyu da Masarawa huɗu, yayin da aka ceto wasu 28. An sami wadanda suka tsira a yankin Wadi El Gemal na teku. Jirgin yaki na El Fateh na Sojojin Ruwa na Masar ya taimaka wajen ceto. Kashegari, an sami mutane hudu da suka mutu, yayin da aka rage adadin wadanda suka bace zuwa bakwai yayin da aka ceto wasu biyar da rai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2024 |title=Four bodies recovered from capsized tourist boat in Red Sea with nine missing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/26/bodies-recovered-from-capsized-tourist-boat-in-red-sea |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Jirgin yana dauke da masu yawon bude ido 30 daga [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Sin|China]], [[Finland]], [[Poland]], [[Jamus]], [[Switzerland]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Norway]], [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] da [[Ispaniya|Spain]] gami da ma'aikata 12 da jagororin nutsewa 4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egyptian authorities say 17 people missing after tourist boat sinks in Red Sea |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/25/middleeast/red-sea-egypt-missing-people-boat-sinking-intl-scli/index.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2025, hukumomin Masar a hukumance sun bayyana dukkan mutane bakwai da suka bace daga lamarin, ciki har da masu yawon bude ido biyar (Birtaniya biyu, Poland biyu, da Jamusanci daya) da Masarawa biyu, sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Egypt says seven people, including two Brits, dead in November’s tourist boat tragedy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/egypt-sea-story-sinking-deaths-sataya-b2753877.html |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yankin Tekun Red shine babban wurin yawon bude ido a Misira; duk da haka, jiragen ruwa da yawa suna aiki kowace rana tare da ka'idojin tsaro da ba daidai ba. Tun da farko a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, an ceto mutane 30 daga jirgin ruwa mai nutsewa kusa da Daedalus reef; a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024 an kwashe masu yawon bude ido na Faransa 24 kafin jirgin ya nutse, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2023 masu yawon shakatawa uku na Birtaniya sun mutu bayan gobara ta tashi a cikin jirgin su.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes "Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes"]. ''France 24''. 2024-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wani rahoto na binciken teku na kasa da kasa na Maris 2024 wanda ke nazarin jiragen ruwa na Red Sea ya gano cewa babu wani daga cikin jiragen da aka bincika da ke da "tsarin kulawa da aka tsara, tsarin gudanar da tsaro ko littattafan kwanciyar hankali" kuma ya kammala cewa masana'antar "ta haramta cinikinta ba tare da tsari ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dive Liveaboard And Safari Vessel Surveys |url=https://maritimesurveyinternational.com/vessel-surveys/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Maritime Survey International (MSI) |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jirgin ruwa === M / Y Sea Story jirgin ruwa ne mai hawa huɗu wanda aka gina da itace a cikin 2022. Auna {{Convert|44|m|ft}} a tsawon da {{Convert|9|m|ft}} m ({{Convert|40|hp|kW}} a faɗin, an tsara shi don saukar da fasinjoji 36 da ma'aikatan 12, gami da kyaftin, injiniyan injiniya, masu dafa abinci biyu, masu jira biyu, da ma'aikata shida. An sanye shi da janareto uku, tsarin nutsewa na Nitrox, da kuma matattarar Coltri guda uku. Jiragen ruwa guda biyu na Zodiac, masu auna 6.5 da 5.5 tare da {{Convert|100|hp|kW}} kW (100 da 30 hp) na waje bi da bi, suna tallafawa ayyukan nutsewa. Abubuwan more rayuwa na jirgin ruwa sun ƙunshi ɗakuna masu sanyaya iska 18 tare da ɗakunan wanka na gidaje, gami da ɗakunan hutun amarya guda huɗu, wurin zama tare da mashaya da tsarin nishaɗi, da kuma wurin cin abinci daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M/Y SEA STORY - Dive Pro Liveaboard |url=https://diveproliveaboard.com/fleet/m-y-sea-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125140422/https://diveproliveaboard.com/fleet/m-y-sea-story/ |archive-date=November 25, 2024 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |publisher=Dive Pro Liveaboard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=M/Y Sea Story Reviews & Specials - Bluewater Dive Travel |url=https://www.bluewaterdivetravel.com/my-sea-story |access-date=November 27, 2024 |publisher=Bluewater Dive Travel |language=en}}</ref> == Nutsar da shi == Sea Story ya bar Port Ghalib kusa da Marsa Alam a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba don tafiya ta nutsewa ta kwana bakwai kuma ya kamata ya tsaya a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba a [[Hurghada]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes "Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes"]. ''France 24''. 2024-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Masar ta yi gargadi game da manyan teku da ake tsammani a ranar 24 da 25 ga Nuwamba kuma ta ba da shawara game da aikin teku na kwanaki biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shawkat |first=Ahmed |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt tour boat sinks on Red Sea diving trip, leaving 17 people missing - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-tour-boat-sinks-in-red-sea-on-diving-trip-leaving-17-people-missing/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar Amr Hanafi, gwamnan Bahar Maliya, babban raƙuman ruwa sun buge jirgin wanda ya sa ya rushe kuma ya nutse {{Convert|46|nmi|km mi}} (; 53 daga bakin tekun Marsa Alam a cikin minti 5-7, kafin ya zo ya huta mafi yawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa kusan {{Convert|12|m|ft}} a ƙasa da layin ruwa, tare da kusan {{Convert|0.5|m|ft}} sama da layin mmiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Family of British couple missing in Red Sea yacht sinking say they are in 'disbelief' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/red-sea-yacht-sea-story-jenny-cawson-tariq-sinada-b2656679.html# |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, da'awar game da babban raƙuman ruwa suna jayayya da waɗanda suka tsira daga abin da ya faru da kuma masanin ilimin teku, Dokta S. Boxhall na Jami'ar Southampton. Ya bayyana cewa raƙuman ruwa sun kasance {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} kawai.<ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Red Sea tourist boat sinking: Survivors tell BBC of terrifying escapes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp3z0k72yw3o |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Jirgin ya rushe tsakanin karfe 02:00 da 3:00 na safe, yayin da cibiyar kula da Bahar Maliya ba ta karɓi siginar wahala ta farko ba har zuwa karfe 5:30 na safe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shawkat |first=Ahmed |date=2024-11-26 |title=8 still missing, search continues after Egypt tour boat sinks on Red Sea diving trip - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-tour-boat-sinks-in-red-sea-on-diving-trip-leaving-17-people-missing/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Amsar ceto == An ceto mutane 28 a ranar da jirgin ya nutse, da yawa sun ɓace a teku na sa'o'i kafin jiragen ceto su same su. Wasu daga cikin wadanda suka tsira an dauke su cikin iska don magani, yayin da aka taimaka wa wasu a kan jiragen har sai jirgin soja ya dawo da su zuwa bakin teku. Gwamnan Bahar Maliya Manjo Janar Amr Hanafi ya nuna cewa jirgin sama na soja da rundunonin sojan ruwa har yanzu suna neman ranar ceto ga wadanda har yanzu ba a tantance su ba.<ref name=":0" /> A wannan lokacin, ƙarin mutane biyar da suka tsira sun kasance a cikin aljihun iska a cikin fashewar na tsawon sa'o'i 35 kafin masu sa kai na farar hula su cece su.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Red Sea tourist boat sinking: Survivors tell BBC of terrifying escapes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp3z0k72yw3o |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schweizer Überlebender erzählt seine Geschichte nach Bootsunglück in Ägypten |url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/schweizer-tourist-in-aegypten-nach-bootsunglueck-ich-denke-immer-noch-hauptsache-ueberleben |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) |language=de}}</ref> Kashegari bayan nutsewar an sanar da cewa mutane biyar - 'yan Belgium biyu, daya Masarawa, daya Finnish da daya Swiss dan kasar - an dawo da su da rai yayin da aka dawo da wasu hudu da suka mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Egypt tourist boat: The story of the fateful Sea Story voyage into the Red Sea {{!}} The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-red-sea-tourist-boat-sinks-b2656758.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217185658/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-red-sea-tourist-boat-sinks-b2656758.html |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> Duk da yake hukumomi ba su tabbatar da ƙasashen masu yawon bude ido ba, ofishin jakadancin kasar Sin ya ba da rahoton cewa an ceci 'yan ƙasa biyu; Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Finland cewa ɗaya daga cikin' yan ƙasarsu ya ɓace; kuma Ma'aikalin Harkokin Wajen Poland ya tabbatar da cewa biyu daga cikin masu yawon buɗe ido na iya samun' yancin ƙasar Poland.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241125-egypt-says-17-missing-after-red-sea-tourist-boat-capsizes "Egypt says 17 missing after Red Sea tourist boat capsizes"]. ''France 24''. 2024-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2024, an dakatar da neman ceto na mutane bakwai da suka ɓace, amma babu wata tabbacin hukuma daga masu tsaron bakin teku. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k61yo26380b88bilaxf6wdcjj3ku95a 0 158941 862331 2026-06-20T18:25:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333413830|HMT Aragon]]" 862331 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMT ''Aragon''''', wanda asalinsa '''RMS ''Aragon''''' ne, ya kasance 9,588 Jirgin ruwa na Royal Mail Jirgin ruwa na transatlantic wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa na sojoji a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. An gina ta a Belfast, Ireland a shekarar 1905 kuma ita ce ta farko daga cikin rundunar "A-liners" ta Royal Mail Steam Packet Company <ref name="Trains">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Royal Mail to Plate |url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com}}</ref> wacce ke aiki a kan hanyoyin yau da kullun tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa [[Southampton|na Southampton]] da Kudancin Amurka ciki har da [[Buenos Aires]] . A cikin 1913 ''Aragon'' ya zama jirgin kasuwanci na farko na Burtaniya mai dauke da makamai ("DAMS") na zamani. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] ta yi aiki a matsayin jirgin soja, ta shiga cikin Yakin Gallipoli a 1915. A shekara ta 1917, wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya nutse ta a cikin Bahar Rum, inda ya kashe ma'aikatan 610 da ke cikin jirgin. == Gine-gine == Owen Philipps ya zama shugaban RMSP a cikin 1903 kuma da sauri ya magance bukatar kamfanin don manyan jiragen ruwa a kan hanyar Kudancin Amurka. RMSP ta umarci ''Aragon'' daga Harland &amp;amp; Wolff, wanda ya gina ta a kan lamba 7 na Kudancin Yard a Belfast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aragon |url=http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=367 |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=Harland and Wolff}}</ref> Countess Fitzwilliam ta kaddamar da ita a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1905. Harland da Wolff sun kammala jirgin a ranar 22 ga Yuni.<ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=Aragon |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202327&vessel=ARAGON |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> Philipps ya tattauna da Charles Parsons game da yiwuwar turbine na tururi, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar tururi na tururi a cikin 1894. Jirgin fasinja na farko mai amfani da turbine, TS King Edward, ya shiga aiki a Firth na Clyde a cikin 1901 amma Philipps ya yanke shawarar cewa ana buƙatar wani shekara na kimantawa don tabbatar da idan kuma yadda za a yi amfani da sabon nau'in wutar lantarki ga jiragen kasuwanci.{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} Dangane da haka, an gina ''Aragon'' tare da injin tururi na al'ada sau huɗu. An ambaci ikon da suka haɗu daban-daban a matsayin 762, 827 ko 875 <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=Aragon |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202327&vessel=ARAGON |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202327&vessel=ARAGON "Aragon"]. </cite></ref> NHP. Sun kori tagwaye biyu [1] wanda ya ba ta saurin {{Convert|15|kn|km/h}} km / h). [1] ''Aragon'' yana da babban bututun guda ɗaya a cikin jirage.<ref name="Trains">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Royal Mail to Plate |url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm "Royal Mail to Plate"]. </cite></ref> Tana da Jirgin ceto 12 a kan jirgin ruwa tare da jirgin ruwa da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a baya.{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} Gidan cin abinci na farko yana da rufin da aka yi da zane-zane na [[Christopher Columbus]] yana gano Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivell |first=Jay |date=22 April 2010 |title=6. Great steamers white and gold |url=http://monkbarns.wordpress.com/tag/rms-aragon/ |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=A sailor's life |publisher=[[WordPress]]}}</ref> ''Aragon'' yana da ɗakunan kaya guda biyar, wasu daga cikinsu an sanyaya su don ɗaukar nama da 'ya'yan itace daga Kudancin Amurka. Adadin 5 riƙewa da ƙananan matakan lambobi 1 da 2 riƙewa sun kasance don jigilar kaya. Tsakanin dakuna na lambobi 1 da 2 da kuma sama 'tsakanin dakunan lamba 5 sun kasance don jigilar kaya. Wani shuka mai amfani da tururi ya yi amfani da "[[Carbon dioxide|carbonic anhydride]]" a matsayin mai sanyaya, kuma an rufe shi da "silicate auduga".{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} Gidan ta yana da tan 2,000 na kwal kuma tana da tankunan ruwa tare da damar kimanin tan 2,000. {{Sfn|Nicol|2001}}{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} RMSP ta yi rajistar ''Aragon'' a Belfast. lambar hukuma ta Burtaniya ita ce 120707 kuma haruffa ta HCST ne. == Ci gaban jerin A == ''Aragon'' ya biyo bayan jerin irin wannan amma a hankali ya fi girma da nauyi.<ref name="Trains">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Royal Mail to Plate |url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm "Royal Mail to Plate"]. </cite></ref> A cikin 1906 Harland da Wolff sun gina 'yan uwa Amazon da ''Avon'', yayin da wani filin jirgin ruwa na Belfast, Workman, Clark da Company, suka gina ''Araguaya''. Harland da Wolff sun kara da 'yar'uwa ta biyar, Asturias, a cikin 1908. RMSP ya ba wa kowane ɗayan waɗannan jerin sunan da ya fara da "A", tare da sakamakon cewa a cikin magana an kira su "A-series" <ref name="Trains" /> ko "A-liners". Bayan 'yan shekaru daga baya jiragen ruwa hudu na karshe na A-series sun biyo baya daga Harland da Wolff: ''Arlanza'' a 1912, ''Andes'' da Alcantara a 1913 da ''Almanzora'' a 1915. Baya ga sake zama babba, sun bambanta da Aragon da 'yan uwanta mata huɗu na farko ''ta hanyar'' samun ƙuƙwalwa uku maimakon biyu, da kuma yin amfani da turbine propulsion wanda Phillips da Parsons suka tattauna a 'yan shekaru da suka gabata. An fitar da ƙuƙwalwarsu ta waje guda biyu ta hanyar injunan tururi masu faɗaɗa sau uku. Turbine mai tururi mai matsin lamba ya kori tsakiya ta hanyar rage kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} == Ayyukan farar hula == Daga shekarun 1850 RMSP fasinjoji sun yi aiki a hanya ta yau da kullun tsakanin Burtaniya da tashar jiragen ruwa na River Plate a Kudancin Amurka. Sun tashi daga [[Southampton]] a kudancin Ingila, an kira su a tsibirin Madeira da Tenerife a bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma; a Pernambuco, [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador na Bahia]] da [[Rio de Janeiro]] a bakin tekon Brazil; sannan a [[Montevideo]] a [[Uruguay]] kafin su kammala tafiyarsu a [[Buenos Aires]] a Argentina.<ref name="Trains">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Royal Mail to Plate |url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm "Royal Mail to Plate"]. </cite></ref> Aragon da 'yan uwanta mata sun sabunta sabis na RMSP na Southampton - River Plate, maye gurbin jiragen ruwa kamar RMS Atranto wanda ke aiki daga 1889 zuwa gaba.<ref name="Trains" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d5oep7lnltnjkkbk2tswr8t52gq70l3 862332 862331 2026-06-20T18:26:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 862332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMT ''Aragon''''', wanda asalinsa '''RMS ''Aragon''''' ne, ya kasance 9,588 Jirgin ruwa na Royal Mail Jirgin ruwa na transatlantic wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa na sojoji a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. An gina ta a Belfast, Ireland a shekarar 1905 kuma ita ce ta farko daga cikin rundunar "A-liners" ta Royal Mail Steam Packet Company <ref name="Trains">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Royal Mail to Plate |url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com}}</ref> wacce ke aiki a kan hanyoyin yau da kullun tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa [[Southampton|na Southampton]] da Kudancin Amurka ciki har da [[Buenos Aires]] . A cikin 1913 ''Aragon'' ya zama jirgin kasuwanci na farko na Burtaniya mai dauke da makamai ("DAMS") na zamani. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] ta yi aiki a matsayin jirgin soja, ta shiga cikin Yakin Gallipoli a 1915. A shekara ta 1917, wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya nutse ta a cikin Bahar Rum, inda ya kashe ma'aikatan 610 da ke cikin jirgin. == Gine-gine == Owen Philipps ya zama shugaban RMSP a cikin 1903 kuma da sauri ya magance bukatar kamfanin don manyan jiragen ruwa a kan hanyar Kudancin Amurka. RMSP ta umarci ''Aragon'' daga Harland &amp;amp; Wolff, wanda ya gina ta a kan lamba 7 na Kudancin Yard a Belfast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aragon |url=http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=367 |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=Harland and Wolff}}</ref> Countess Fitzwilliam ta kaddamar da ita a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1905. Harland da Wolff sun kammala jirgin a ranar 22 ga Yuni.<ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=Aragon |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202327&vessel=ARAGON |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> Philipps ya tattauna da Charles Parsons game da yiwuwar turbine na tururi, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar tururi na tururi a cikin 1894. Jirgin fasinja na farko mai amfani da turbine, TS King Edward, ya shiga aiki a Firth na Clyde a cikin 1901 amma Philipps ya yanke shawarar cewa ana buƙatar wani shekara na kimantawa don tabbatar da idan kuma yadda za a yi amfani da sabon nau'in wutar lantarki ga jiragen kasuwanci.{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} Dangane da haka, an gina ''Aragon'' tare da injin tururi na al'ada sau huɗu. An ambaci ikon da suka haɗu daban-daban a matsayin 762, 827 ko 875 <ref name="SAS">{{Cite web |title=Aragon |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202327&vessel=ARAGON |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202327&vessel=ARAGON "Aragon"]. </cite></ref> NHP. Sun kori tagwaye biyu [1] wanda ya ba ta saurin {{Convert|15|kn|km/h}} km / h). [1] ''Aragon'' yana da babban bututun guda ɗaya a cikin jirage.<ref name="Trains">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Royal Mail to Plate |url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm "Royal Mail to Plate"]. </cite></ref> Tana da Jirgin ceto 12 a kan jirgin ruwa tare da jirgin ruwa da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a baya.{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} Gidan cin abinci na farko yana da rufin da aka yi da zane-zane na [[Christopher Columbus]] yana gano Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivell |first=Jay |date=22 April 2010 |title=6. Great steamers white and gold |url=http://monkbarns.wordpress.com/tag/rms-aragon/ |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=A sailor's life |publisher=[[WordPress]]}}</ref> ''Aragon'' yana da ɗakunan kaya guda biyar, wasu daga cikinsu an sanyaya su don ɗaukar nama da 'ya'yan itace daga Kudancin Amurka. Adadin 5 riƙewa da ƙananan matakan lambobi 1 da 2 riƙewa sun kasance don jigilar kaya. Tsakanin dakuna na lambobi 1 da 2 da kuma sama 'tsakanin dakunan lamba 5 sun kasance don jigilar kaya. Wani shuka mai amfani da tururi ya yi amfani da "[[Carbon dioxide|carbonic anhydride]]" a matsayin mai sanyaya, kuma an rufe shi da "silicate auduga".{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} Gidan ta yana da tan 2,000 na kwal kuma tana da tankunan ruwa tare da damar kimanin tan 2,000. {{Sfn|Nicol|2001}}{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} RMSP ta yi rajistar ''Aragon'' a Belfast. lambar hukuma ta Burtaniya ita ce 120707 kuma haruffa ta HCST ne. == Ci gaban jerin A == ''Aragon'' ya biyo bayan jerin irin wannan amma a hankali ya fi girma da nauyi.<ref name="Trains">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Royal Mail to Plate |url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm "Royal Mail to Plate"]. </cite></ref> A cikin 1906 Harland da Wolff sun gina 'yan uwa Amazon da ''Avon'', yayin da wani filin jirgin ruwa na Belfast, Workman, Clark da Company, suka gina ''Araguaya''. Harland da Wolff sun kara da 'yar'uwa ta biyar, Asturias, a cikin 1908. RMSP ya ba wa kowane ɗayan waɗannan jerin sunan da ya fara da "A", tare da sakamakon cewa a cikin magana an kira su "A-series" <ref name="Trains" /> ko "A-liners". Bayan 'yan shekaru daga baya jiragen ruwa hudu na karshe na A-series sun biyo baya daga Harland da Wolff: ''Arlanza'' a 1912, ''Andes'' da Alcantara a 1913 da ''Almanzora'' a 1915. Baya ga sake zama babba, sun bambanta da Aragon da 'yan uwanta mata huɗu na farko ''ta hanyar'' samun ƙuƙwalwa uku maimakon biyu, da kuma yin amfani da turbine propulsion wanda Phillips da Parsons suka tattauna a 'yan shekaru da suka gabata. An fitar da ƙuƙwalwarsu ta waje guda biyu ta hanyar injunan tururi masu faɗaɗa sau uku. Turbine mai tururi mai matsin lamba ya kori tsakiya ta hanyar rage kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Nicol|2001}} == Ayyukan farar hula == Daga shekarun 1850 RMSP fasinjoji sun yi aiki a hanya ta yau da kullun tsakanin Burtaniya da tashar jiragen ruwa na River Plate a Kudancin Amurka. Sun tashi daga [[Southampton]] a kudancin Ingila, an kira su a tsibirin Madeira da Tenerife a bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma; a Pernambuco, [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador na Bahia]] da [[Rio de Janeiro]] a bakin tekon Brazil; sannan a [[Montevideo]] a [[Uruguay]] kafin su kammala tafiyarsu a [[Buenos Aires]] a Argentina.<ref name="Trains">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Royal Mail to Plate |url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm "Royal Mail to Plate"]. </cite></ref> Aragon da 'yan uwanta mata sun sabunta sabis na RMSP na Southampton - River Plate, maye gurbin jiragen ruwa kamar RMS Atranto wanda ke aiki daga 1889 zuwa gaba.<ref name="Trains" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mi2zabfs42xn85q6b441zcp5w2ap8vj 0 158942 862334 2026-06-20T18:29:52Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314113661|Arothron immaculatus]]" 862334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Arothron immaculatus''''', '''mai tsarkin puffer''' ko kuma '''mai ido mai launin rawaya''', kifi ne mai launin toka-toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa daga Indo-West [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] . Nau'in [[Kifi|kifin]] teku ne a cikin dangin Tetraodontidae . == Bayani == Kifin puffer mai tsarki kifin puffer ne kuma yana da jiki mai zagaye da gajeriyar wutsiya. Ba su da sikeli ko layin gefe mai haske. Suna da launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske, kodayake suna da ikon canza wannan zuwa launin toka-kore mai launin shuɗi da aka yi zaton ana amfani da shi don ɓoyewa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Alan |date=2018-11-13 |title=Immaculate Pufferfish - Facts and Photographs |url=https://seaunseen.com/immaculate-pufferfish/ |access-date=2019-08-12 |website=Seaunseen |language=en-US}}</ref> Lebe da iris na kifin puffer mai tsarki rawaya ne. Fishen caudal rawaya ne, an kewaye shi da baƙi. [[Fayil:Arothron_immaculatus,_livrée_de_camouflage.jpg|right|thumb|''Arothron imaculatus'' a cikin kamala.]] == Rarrabawa == Ana samun wannan ruwa mai tsarki a Tekun Pacific na Indo-West daga gabar tekun arewacin Ostiraliya a duk faɗin Indonesia har ma da yammacin Madagascar da kuma gabar gabashin Afirka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yawanci ana samun su a ƙasan yashi kusa da reefs da kuma a cikin tafkuna har zuwa zurfin mita 30. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Alan |date=2018-11-13 |title=Immaculate Pufferfish - Facts and Photographs |url=https://seaunseen.com/immaculate-pufferfish/ |access-date=2019-08-12 |website=Seaunseen |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSutton2018">Sutton, Alan (2018-11-13). </cite></ref> Sau da yawa ana samun masu shawagi marasa tsabta suna farauta a cikin tarkace da aka keɓe da kuma a cikin filayen ciyawar teku. <ref name=":0" /> == Abinci mai gina jiki == Wannan dabbar mai tsarki galibi tana cin nama amma an ruwaito tana cin ciyawar teku da kuma bishiyoyin mangrove. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Immaculate puffer Fish - Maldives Biodiversity Association |url=https://www.maldivesbiodiversity.org/Species/Details/1104 |access-date=2019-08-12 |website=www.maldivesbiodiversity.org}}</ref> Abincinsu na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi crustaceans da mollusks. <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == s14wafsqu5osxqk9qstkectwlxriub6 862336 862334 2026-06-20T18:30:15Z Engineer014 44591 862336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Arothron immaculatus''''', '''mai tsarkin puffer''' ko kuma '''mai ido mai launin rawaya''', kifi ne mai launin toka-toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa daga Indo-West [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] . Nau'in [[Kifi|kifin]] teku ne a cikin dangin Tetraodontidae . == Bayani == Kifin puffer mai tsarki kifin puffer ne kuma yana da jiki mai zagaye da gajeriyar wutsiya. Ba su da sikeli ko layin gefe mai haske. Suna da launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske, kodayake suna da ikon canza wannan zuwa launin toka-kore mai launin shuɗi da aka yi zaton ana amfani da shi don ɓoyewa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Alan |date=2018-11-13 |title=Immaculate Pufferfish - Facts and Photographs |url=https://seaunseen.com/immaculate-pufferfish/ |access-date=2019-08-12 |website=Seaunseen |language=en-US}}</ref> Lebe da iris na kifin puffer mai tsarki rawaya ne. Fishen caudal rawaya ne, an kewaye shi da baƙi. [[Fayil:Arothron_immaculatus,_livrée_de_camouflage.jpg|right|thumb|''Arothron imaculatus'' a cikin kamala.]] == Rarrabawa == Ana samun wannan ruwa mai tsarki a Tekun Pacific na Indo-West daga gabar tekun arewacin Ostiraliya a duk faɗin Indonesia har ma da yammacin Madagascar da kuma gabar gabashin Afirka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yawanci ana samun su a ƙasan yashi kusa da reefs da kuma a cikin tafkuna har zuwa zurfin mita 30. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Alan |date=2018-11-13 |title=Immaculate Pufferfish - Facts and Photographs |url=https://seaunseen.com/immaculate-pufferfish/ |access-date=2019-08-12 |website=Seaunseen |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSutton2018">Sutton, Alan (2018-11-13). </cite></ref> Sau da yawa ana samun masu shawagi marasa tsabta suna farauta a cikin tarkace da aka keɓe da kuma a cikin filayen ciyawar teku. <ref name=":0" /> == Abinci mai gina jiki == Wannan dabbar mai tsarki galibi tana cin nama amma an ruwaito tana cin ciyawar teku da kuma bishiyoyin mangrove. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Immaculate puffer Fish - Maldives Biodiversity Association |url=https://www.maldivesbiodiversity.org/Species/Details/1104 |access-date=2019-08-12 |website=www.maldivesbiodiversity.org}}</ref> Abincinsu na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi crustaceans da mollusks. <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == irip95tlqhpgdb4hxoiowgrsfvln827 0 158943 862337 2026-06-20T18:33:29Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327532040|MV Empire Arrow]]" 862337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Empire Arrow''''' tankar mai ce mai nauyin tan 3,766 wadda aka gina a shekarar 1945 don Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi . An sake mata suna zuwa '''''British Bugler''''' a shekarar 1947. A shekarar 1958 aka sake mata suna zuwa '''''Montmajour''''' kuma a shekarar 1963 aka sake mata suna zuwa '''''Mantinia''''', har zuwa shekarar 1978 lokacin da aka ajiye ta. An soke ta a shekarar 1981. == Tarihi == JL Thompson da Sons Ltd, [[Sunderland]] ne suka gina ''Empire Arrow'' . Tana da lamba 641, an ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1945 kuma an kammala ta a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar. An gina ta ne don Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi kuma an sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Kamfanin Tanker na Burtaniya. <ref name="Arrow">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/44/44b1213.pdf |access-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> A shekara ta 1947, an sayar da ''Empire Arrow'' ga manajojin ta kuma aka sake mata suna ''British Bugler'' . Ta yi aiki tare da su na tsawon shekaru goma sha ɗaya kuma a shekara ta 1958 aka sayar da ita ga Compagnie d'Armement Maritime, [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] wanda ya sake mata suna ''Montmajour'' . A shekara ta 1963, an sayar da ita ga Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Girka, Piraeus kuma aka sake mata suna ''Mantinia'' . An gudanar da ita a ƙarƙashin kulawar C Diamantis. <ref name="Empire">{{Cite web |title=EMPIRE - A |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireA.html |access-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Mariners}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1978, an ajiye ''Mantinia'' a Piraeus kuma a watan Yuni 1978 an soke ta a Kynosoúra . <ref name="Ships" /> == Lambar hukuma da haruffan lamba == Lambobin hukuma sun kasance farkon lambobin IMO . ''Empire Arrow'' yana da Lambar Hukuma ta Burtaniya 180161 kuma ya yi amfani da Haruffan Lambobin GKFZ. <ref name="Arrow2">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/45/45a0325.pdf |access-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> * == Manazarta == 4ww6rxupolw5qtuduomv9kd1uf7i94s 862339 862337 2026-06-20T18:33:50Z Engineer014 44591 862339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Empire Arrow''''' tankar mai ce mai nauyin tan 3,766 wadda aka gina a shekarar 1945 don Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi . An sake mata suna zuwa '''''British Bugler''''' a shekarar 1947. A shekarar 1958 aka sake mata suna zuwa '''''Montmajour''''' kuma a shekarar 1963 aka sake mata suna zuwa '''''Mantinia''''', har zuwa shekarar 1978 lokacin da aka ajiye ta. An soke ta a shekarar 1981. == Tarihi == JL Thompson da Sons Ltd, [[Sunderland]] ne suka gina ''Empire Arrow'' . Tana da lamba 641, an ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1945 kuma an kammala ta a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar. An gina ta ne don Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi kuma an sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Kamfanin Tanker na Burtaniya. <ref name="Arrow">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/44/44b1213.pdf |access-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> A shekara ta 1947, an sayar da ''Empire Arrow'' ga manajojin ta kuma aka sake mata suna ''British Bugler'' . Ta yi aiki tare da su na tsawon shekaru goma sha ɗaya kuma a shekara ta 1958 aka sayar da ita ga Compagnie d'Armement Maritime, [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] wanda ya sake mata suna ''Montmajour'' . A shekara ta 1963, an sayar da ita ga Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Girka, Piraeus kuma aka sake mata suna ''Mantinia'' . An gudanar da ita a ƙarƙashin kulawar C Diamantis. <ref name="Empire">{{Cite web |title=EMPIRE - A |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireA.html |access-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Mariners}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1978, an ajiye ''Mantinia'' a Piraeus kuma a watan Yuni 1978 an soke ta a Kynosoúra . <ref name="Ships" /> == Lambar hukuma da haruffan lamba == Lambobin hukuma sun kasance farkon lambobin IMO . ''Empire Arrow'' yana da Lambar Hukuma ta Burtaniya 180161 kuma ya yi amfani da Haruffan Lambobin GKFZ. <ref name="Arrow2">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/45/45a0325.pdf |access-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}</ref> * == Manazarta == sighwajb770as0k975prcpz4i83gtgc 0 158944 862340 2026-06-20T18:34:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350346549|HMS Barham (04)]]" 862340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Barham''''' na ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyar na Sarauniya Elizabeth da aka gina don Royal Navy a farkon shekarun 1910. An kammala shi a 1915, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a matsayin flagship kuma ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Jutland a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Grand Fleet . Ga sauran yakin, ban da aikin da ba a kammala ba na 19 ga watan Agusta 1916, aikinta gabaɗaya ya kunshi sintiri na yau da kullun da horo a Tekun Arewa. A cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930, an sanya jirgin zuwa Atlantic, Bahar Rum, da Home Fleets. ''Barham'' ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen murkushe rikice-Rikicin Falasdinu na 1929 da kuma juyin juya halin Larabawa na 1936-1939 a Falasdinu. Jirgin yana cikin Bahar Rum lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya fara a watan Satumbar 1939, a kan tafiyarta ta gida watanni uku bayan haka, ta haɗu da kuma nutsewa ɗaya daga cikin masu hallaka, {{HMS|Duchess|H64|6}}. Ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Dakar a tsakiyar 1940, inda ta lalata jirgin yaki na Vichy na Faransa kuma ta ɗan lalace. Daga nan aka tura ''Barham'' zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Bahar Rum, inda ta rufe jiragen ruwa da yawa na Malta. Ta taimaka wajen nutse wani babban jirgin ruwa na Italiya da mai hallaka a lokacin Yaƙin Cape Matapan a watan Maris na shekara ta 1941 kuma jirgin saman Jamus ya lalata shi watanni biyu bayan haka yayin kwashe tsibirin Crete. ''Barham'' ta nutse a bakin tekun Masar a wannan watan Nuwamba ta jirgin ruwa na Jamus U-331 tare da asarar ma'aikatan 862, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatanta. == Zane da bayanin == An tsara jiragen ruwa na ''Sarauniya Elizabeth'' don samar da runduna mai sauri don rundunar da aka nufa don aiki a kan manyan jiragen ruwa na adawa. Wannan yana buƙatar iyakar ƙarfin kai farmaki da saurin sauri fiye da kowane jirgin yaƙi don ba su damar kayar da kowane nau'in jirgin. ''Barham'' yana da {{Convert|643|ft|9|in|m|1}} feet 9 , katako na {{Convert|90|ft|7|in|m|1}} feet 7 da zurfin Ruwa na {{Convert|33|ft|m|1}} . Tana da motsi na yau da kullun na tan {{Convert|32590|LT|t|0}} mai tsawo kuma ta tura tan 33,260 mai tsawo (t 33,794) a zurfin kaya. An yi amfani da ita ta hanyar turbines na tururi na Brown-Curtis guda biyu, kowannensu yana tuka shafuka biyu ta amfani da tururi daga bututun Yarrow 24. An kiyasta turbines a {{Convert|75000|shp}} shaft horsepower ) kuma an yi niyyar isa matsakaicin saurin {{Convert|25|kn|1}} km / h; 28.8 . A lokacin da aka taƙaita gwajin teku a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1916, ''Barham'' kawai ya kai matsakaicin saurin {{Convert|23.91|kn}} km / h; 27.52 . Jirgin yana da kewayon mil 5,000 km; 5,754 a saurin tafiya na {{Convert|12|kn|1}} km / h; 13.8 mph). Ma'aikatanta sun ƙidaya jami'ai 1,016 da ƙididdiga a cikin 1916. === Makamai da sarrafa wuta === Kwalejin ''Sarauniya Elizabeth'' an sanye take da bindigogi takwas (BL) 15-inch (381 mm) Mk I a cikin bindigogi guda huɗu, a cikin nau'i biyu masu tsayi a gaba da baya na superstructure, wanda aka sanya 'A', 'B', 'X', da 'Y' daga gaba zuwa baya. Goma sha biyu daga cikin goma sha huɗu BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII bindigogi an ɗora su a cikin casemates tare da gefen jirgin a tsakiyar jirgi; sauran biyun an ɗora musu a kan bene na gaba kusa da bututun baya kuma an kare su da garkuwar bindiga. Makamin yaki da jirgin sama (AA) ya kunshi bindigogi biyu masu saurin gudu (QF) 3-inch (76 mm) 20 cwt Mk I. An sanya jiragen tare da bututun torpedo guda hudu na inci 21 (533 mm), biyu a kowane gefen. An kammala ''Barham'' tare da daraktocin kula da wuta guda biyu da aka haɗa da masu ganowa na mita 15.6. Ɗaya an ɗora shi sama da hasumiyar conning, wanda aka kare shi da murfin makamai, ɗayan kuma yana cikin saman gani sama da mast ɗin tripod. Kowane turret kuma an haɗa shi da mai tsinkaye na mita 15. Babban makami na iya sarrafawa ta hanyar 'B' turret. Makamai na biyu sun fara sarrafawa ne ta hanyar daraktocin da aka ɗora a kowane gefen dandalin compass a kan gaba da zarar an sanya su a watan Yulin 1917. == Manazarta == asyr3ziiiq7xtu3ejw8wxn51hojlfoc 862341 862340 2026-06-20T18:35:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 862341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Barham''''' na ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyar na Sarauniya Elizabeth da aka gina don Royal Navy a farkon shekarun 1910. An kammala shi a 1915, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a matsayin flagship kuma ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Jutland a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Grand Fleet . Ga sauran yakin, ban da aikin da ba a kammala ba na 19 ga watan Agusta 1916, aikinta gabaɗaya ya kunshi sintiri na yau da kullun da horo a Tekun Arewa.<ref>Admiralty Historical Section (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. Whitehall Histories, Naval Staff Histories. Vol. II : November 1940 – December 1941. Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7146-5205-9</nowiki>.</ref> A cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930, an sanya jirgin zuwa Atlantic, Bahar Rum, da Home Fleets. ''Barham'' ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen murkushe rikice-Rikicin Falasdinu na 1929 da kuma juyin juya halin Larabawa na 1936-1939 a Falasdinu. Jirgin yana cikin Bahar Rum lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya fara a watan Satumbar 1939, a kan tafiyarta ta gida watanni uku bayan haka, ta haɗu da kuma nutsewa ɗaya daga cikin masu hallaka, {{HMS|Duchess|H64|6}}. Ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Dakar a tsakiyar 1940, inda ta lalata jirgin yaki na Vichy na Faransa kuma ta ɗan lalace. Daga nan aka tura ''Barham'' zuwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Bahar Rum, inda ta rufe jiragen ruwa da yawa na Malta. Ta taimaka wajen nutse wani babban jirgin ruwa na Italiya da mai hallaka a lokacin Yaƙin Cape Matapan a watan Maris na shekara ta 1941 kuma jirgin saman Jamus ya lalata shi watanni biyu bayan haka yayin kwashe tsibirin Crete. ''Barham'' ta nutse a bakin tekun Masar a wannan watan Nuwamba ta jirgin ruwa na Jamus U-331 tare da asarar ma'aikatan 862, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatanta. == Zane da bayanin == An tsara jiragen ruwa na ''Sarauniya Elizabeth'' don samar da runduna mai sauri don rundunar da aka nufa don aiki a kan manyan jiragen ruwa na adawa. Wannan yana buƙatar iyakar ƙarfin kai farmaki da saurin sauri fiye da kowane jirgin yaƙi don ba su damar kayar da kowane nau'in jirgin. ''Barham'' yana da {{Convert|643|ft|9|in|m|1}} feet 9 , katako na {{Convert|90|ft|7|in|m|1}} feet 7 da zurfin Ruwa na {{Convert|33|ft|m|1}} . Tana da motsi na yau da kullun na tan {{Convert|32590|LT|t|0}} mai tsawo kuma ta tura tan 33,260 mai tsawo (t 33,794) a zurfin kaya. An yi amfani da ita ta hanyar turbines na tururi na Brown-Curtis guda biyu, kowannensu yana tuka shafuka biyu ta amfani da tururi daga bututun Yarrow 24. An kiyasta turbines a {{Convert|75000|shp}} shaft horsepower ) kuma an yi niyyar isa matsakaicin saurin {{Convert|25|kn|1}} km / h; 28.8 . A lokacin da aka taƙaita gwajin teku a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1916, ''Barham'' kawai ya kai matsakaicin saurin {{Convert|23.91|kn}} km / h; 27.52 . Jirgin yana da kewayon mil 5,000 km; 5,754 a saurin tafiya na {{Convert|12|kn|1}} km / h; 13.8 mph). Ma'aikatanta sun ƙidaya jami'ai 1,016 da ƙididdiga a cikin 1916. === Makamai da sarrafa wuta === Kwalejin ''Sarauniya Elizabeth'' an sanye take da bindigogi takwas (BL) 15-inch (381 mm) Mk I a cikin bindigogi guda huɗu, a cikin nau'i biyu masu tsayi a gaba da baya na superstructure, wanda aka sanya 'A', 'B', 'X', da 'Y' daga gaba zuwa baya. Goma sha biyu daga cikin goma sha huɗu BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII bindigogi an ɗora su a cikin casemates tare da gefen jirgin a tsakiyar jirgi; sauran biyun an ɗora musu a kan bene na gaba kusa da bututun baya kuma an kare su da garkuwar bindiga. Makamin yaki da jirgin sama (AA) ya kunshi bindigogi biyu masu saurin gudu (QF) 3-inch (76 mm) 20 cwt Mk I. An sanya jiragen tare da bututun torpedo guda hudu na inci 21 (533 mm), biyu a kowane gefen. An kammala ''Barham'' tare da daraktocin kula da wuta guda biyu da aka haɗa da masu ganowa na mita 15.6. Ɗaya an ɗora shi sama da hasumiyar conning, wanda aka kare shi da murfin makamai, ɗayan kuma yana cikin saman gani sama da mast ɗin tripod. Kowane turret kuma an haɗa shi da mai tsinkaye na mita 15. Babban makami na iya sarrafawa ta hanyar 'B' turret. Makamai na biyu sun fara sarrafawa ne ta hanyar daraktocin da aka ɗora a kowane gefen dandalin compass a kan gaba da zarar an sanya su a watan Yulin 1917. == Manazarta == tulg9y89xynma1iblqdzlsmavlrmo1h 0 158945 862342 2026-06-20T18:36:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351102457|HMS Galatea (71)]]" 862342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Galatea''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai sauƙi na Arethusa na Royal Navy . Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. (Greenock, [[Scotland]]) ce ta gina ta, tare da kafa keel a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1933. An kaddamar da ita a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1934, kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1935. == Tarihi == ''Galatea'' ta shiga rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Bahar Rum a kan kwamishinan kuma ban da lokacin daga Maris zuwa Satumba 1938 ta yi aiki a matsayin flagship, Rear Admiral (Destroyers). An kafa ta ne a [[Malta]], a lokacin barkewar yakin basasar Spain ta kasance mai aiki a cikin sintiri na hadin gwiwa da ke aiwatar da manufofin da ba sa shiga tsakani ba, lokaci-lokaci a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da jirgin ruwa na Jamus Deutschland da masu hallaka Italiya. Daga baya aka tura ta a [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]], ta kasance a faɗake yayin mamayar Italiya ta Abissynia . A farkon zuwa tsakiyar 1938 jirgin yana cikin gyare-gyare a Devonport. An sake tura ta zuwa Bahar Rum, an tura ta a Malta da Alexandria. A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1939 a Gandia ''Galatea'' ta dauki shugaban kwamitin tsaron kasa Segismundo Casado da magoya bayansa; washegari ta tashi kuma a ranar 31 ga watan Maris aka tura Casado zuwa jirgin asibitin Maine.<ref>Paul Preston, ''The last days of the Spanish Republic'', London 2017, {{ISBN|978-0-00-816341-9}}, pp. 291-292</ref> Bayan barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] an umarce ta gida, kuma tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris 1940 ta shiga cikin ayyukan don tsayar da 'yan kasuwa na Axis da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Vigo. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1940, masu hallaka Poland Burza, Grom da Błyskawica sun isa sabon gidan su na Rosyth. Da rana sun bar tashar jiragen ruwa tare da ''Galatea'', 'yar uwarta {{HMS|Arethusa|26|2}} da masu hallaka uku. An umarce su da su gudanar da sintiri a Tekun Arewa kuma daga baya aka umarce su su da su tsayar da kungiyoyin mamaye Jamus da ke kan hanyar zuwa Norway. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1940 ta shiga cikin Yakin Norway, ta bar ranar 25 ga Afrilu tana jigilar wani ɓangare na Baitulmalin Kasa na Norway zuwa Burtaniya, kuma a watan Mayu ta shiga Nore Command a matsayin Flagship na 2nd Cruiser Squadron. Da ta isa Åndalsnes a ƙarshen watan Afrilu tare da sojoji don yakin Norwegian ta koma Rosyth tare da akwatuna 200 na zinariya, auna kilo 40 (88 kowannensu, daga asusun ajiyar ƙasar Norway. A watan Yunin 1940 ta shiga cikin Operation Aerial evacuation na sojoji daga Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Faransa, ciki har da Sir Ronald Hugh Campbell, Jakadan Burtaniya a Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Aerial |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-Aerial.htm}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Satumba 1940 an ba da kalmar lambar "Cromwell" ma'ana cewa Jamusawa na iya sauka a Kent da asuba. A wannan dare an tura Galatea don yin sintiri a cikin Dover amma bai yi hulɗa da abokan gaba ba. Da asuba yayin da take komawa tashar Jirgin ruwa ta bugi wani ma'adinai na ruwa daga Sheerness kuma ta kwashe watanni uku a tashar jiragen kasa. Ta kasance tare da Home Fleet (a karkashin gyare-gyare, tsakanin Oktoba 1940 zuwa Janairu 1941) har zuwa Mayu 1941, kuma ta shiga cikin farautar jirgin yakin Jamus Bismarck . A watan Yulin shekara ta 1941 ta shiga rundunar sojan ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta hanyar [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], kuma a watan Nuwamba ta kasance a [[Malta]] tare da Force "K", tana aiki da jigilar kayayyaki na Axis zuwa [[Arewacin Afirka]]. == Makomar == A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1941 kafin tsakar dare ''Galatea'' ta rushe kuma ta nutse ta jirgin ruwa na Jamus ''U-557'' daga Alexandria, Misira tare da asarar ma'aikata 470. Kimanin mutane 100 da suka tsira sun karbi masu hallaka {{HMS|Griffin|H31|2}} da {{HMS|Hotspur|H01|2}}. Kasa da sa'o'i 48 bayan haka, jirgin ruwa na Italiya mai suna Orione ya buge U-557 kuma ya nutse da dukkan hannayensu. == Manazarta == oxy8ia9x87fahufyced1q0m8hmegfx1 862343 862342 2026-06-20T18:36:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 862343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Galatea''''' jirgin ruwa ne mai sauƙi na Arethusa na Royal Navy . Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. (Greenock, [[Scotland]]) ce ta gina ta, tare da kafa keel a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1933. An kaddamar da ita a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1934, kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1935. == Tarihi == ''Galatea'' ta shiga rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Bahar Rum a kan kwamishinan kuma ban da lokacin daga Maris zuwa Satumba 1938 ta yi aiki a matsayin flagship, Rear Admiral (Destroyers). An kafa ta ne a [[Malta]], a lokacin barkewar yakin basasar Spain ta kasance mai aiki a cikin sintiri na hadin gwiwa da ke aiwatar da manufofin da ba sa shiga tsakani ba, lokaci-lokaci a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da jirgin ruwa na Jamus Deutschland da masu hallaka Italiya. Daga baya aka tura ta a [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]], ta kasance a faɗake yayin mamayar Italiya ta Abissynia . A farkon zuwa tsakiyar 1938 jirgin yana cikin gyare-gyare a Devonport. An sake tura ta zuwa Bahar Rum, an tura ta a Malta da Alexandria. A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1939 a Gandia ''Galatea'' ta dauki shugaban kwamitin tsaron kasa Segismundo Casado da magoya bayansa; washegari ta tashi kuma a ranar 31 ga watan Maris aka tura Casado zuwa jirgin asibitin Maine.<ref>Paul Preston, ''The last days of the Spanish Republic'', London 2017, {{ISBN|978-0-00-816341-9}}, pp. 291-292</ref> Bayan barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] an umarce ta gida, kuma tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris 1940 ta shiga cikin ayyukan don tsayar da 'yan kasuwa na Axis da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Vigo. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1940, masu hallaka Poland Burza, Grom da Błyskawica sun isa sabon gidan su na Rosyth. Da rana sun bar tashar jiragen ruwa tare da ''Galatea'', 'yar uwarta {{HMS|Arethusa|26|2}} da masu hallaka uku. An umarce su da su gudanar da sintiri a Tekun Arewa kuma daga baya aka umarce su su da su tsayar da kungiyoyin mamaye Jamus da ke kan hanyar zuwa Norway. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1940 ta shiga cikin Yakin Norway, ta bar ranar 25 ga Afrilu tana jigilar wani ɓangare na Baitulmalin Kasa na Norway zuwa Burtaniya, kuma a watan Mayu ta shiga Nore Command a matsayin Flagship na 2nd Cruiser Squadron. Da ta isa Åndalsnes a ƙarshen watan Afrilu tare da sojoji don yakin Norwegian ta koma Rosyth tare da akwatuna 200 na zinariya, auna kilo 40 (88 kowannensu, daga asusun ajiyar ƙasar Norway. A watan Yunin 1940 ta shiga cikin Operation Aerial evacuation na sojoji daga Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Faransa, ciki har da Sir Ronald Hugh Campbell, Jakadan Burtaniya a Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Aerial |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-Aerial.htm}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Satumba 1940 an ba da kalmar lambar "Cromwell" ma'ana cewa Jamusawa na iya sauka a Kent da asuba. A wannan dare an tura Galatea don yin sintiri a cikin Dover amma bai yi hulɗa da abokan gaba ba. Da asuba yayin da take komawa tashar Jirgin ruwa ta bugi wani ma'adinai na ruwa daga Sheerness kuma ta kwashe watanni uku a tashar jiragen kasa. Ta kasance tare da Home Fleet (a karkashin gyare-gyare, tsakanin Oktoba 1940 zuwa Janairu 1941) har zuwa Mayu 1941, kuma ta shiga cikin farautar jirgin yakin Jamus Bismarck . A watan Yulin shekara ta 1941 ta shiga rundunar sojan ruwa ta Bahar Rum ta hanyar [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], kuma a watan Nuwamba ta kasance a [[Malta]] tare da Force "K", tana aiki da jigilar kayayyaki na Axis zuwa [[Arewacin Afirka]]. == Makomar == A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1941 kafin tsakar dare ''Galatea'' ta rushe kuma ta nutse ta jirgin ruwa na Jamus ''U-557'' daga Alexandria, Misira tare da asarar ma'aikata 470. Kimanin mutane 100 da suka tsira sun karbi masu hallaka {{HMS|Griffin|H31|2}} da {{HMS|Hotspur|H01|2}}. Kasa da sa'o'i 48 bayan haka, jirgin ruwa na Italiya mai suna Orione ya buge U-557 kuma ya nutse da dukkan hannayensu. == Manazarta == 1f0fb5d19czn535rp8o30zu6ld3v6or 0 158946 862344 2026-06-20T18:38:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358411782|MV Salem Express]]" 862344 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin '''MV ''Salem Express''''' jirgin fasinja ne na Masar da Faransa wanda ya nutse a [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]] . Abin lura ne saboda asarar rayuka da ta yi lokacin da ta nutse jim kaɗan bayan ta afka wa wani teku da misalin ƙarfe 11:13 na dare a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1991. Yawancin fasinjojin 'yan asalin ƙasar Faransa ne 'yan ƙasar Morocco. <ref name="wreckproject">{{Cite web |last=Lee |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2019 |title=Wreck Diving In Egypt; Safaga & Marsa Alam |url=https://www.blueocean-eg.com/blog/wreck-diving-egypt-salem-express}}</ref> Yawancinsu suna dawowa daga aikin hajji zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2025)">tushen da ba a iya amincewa da shi ba?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukumance ya kai 470, kodayake wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa jirgin ya cika makil kuma adadin wadanda suka mutu na iya karuwa sosai, wataƙila fiye da 1,600. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2019 |title=Wreck Diving In Egypt; Safaga & Marsa Alam |url=https://www.blueocean-eg.com/blog/wreck-diving-egypt-salem-express}}</ref> ''Salem Express'' jirgin ruwa ne mai jigilar fasinjoji wanda ke aiki tsawon shekaru 25, tare da masu shi daban-daban, sunaye da hanyoyin da aka saba bi a wancan lokacin. Jirgin da farko an kira shi ''Fred Scamaroni'', bayan wani dan adawa na yakin duniya na biyu na Faransa wanda aka kama shi kuma aka azabtar da shi, ya kashe kansa a cikin tantaninsa ba tare da bayyana aikinsa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred Scamaroni |url=https://www.normandy1944.info/stories/fred-scamaroni |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=D-Day, Normandy and Beyond}}</ref> An fara ginin ne a watan Yunin 1963. A watan Nuwamba 1964 an kaddamarwa da ita kuma an ja ta zuwa Port-de-Bouc don kammalawa, a ƙarshe an kawo ta a watan Yunin 1965 zuwa Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, [[Marseille]], Faransa. Wutar da ta yi a cikin dakin injiniya ta jinkirta tafiyarta ta farko a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1966. A watan Yunin 1966 ta fara aiki a kan hanyar farko tsakanin Marseille da Ajaccio . A watan Janairun 1967, ta yi karo da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ajaccio; kuma a watan Afrilun 1970 gobara ta tashi a kan hanyar zuwa Bastia. Yayinda take aiki da hanyar Dunkirk - Ramsgate a cikin 1980, ta gudu a kan tudu, kuma a wani lokaci ya haifar da tarwatsa zirga-zirga saboda jinkirin jigilar motoci. A shekara ta 1988 an sayar da ita ga Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Samatour, [[Suez]], Misira, kuma an sake masa suna ''Salem Express''; hanyar da ta shirya ta kasance tsakanin Suez da [[Jeddah|Jedda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred Scamaroni |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/fred_scamaroni_1965.htm |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}</ref> == Tafiyar Ƙarshe == A tafiyarta ta ƙarshe, ''Salem Express'' ta yi tafiyarta mai nisan kilomita 450 daga Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, zuwa Safaga, Misira, wanda ya ɗauki kusan awanni 36) sun yi niyyar sauke fasinjoji 350, kafin su ci gaba da tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Suez. Wannan hanyar ta kasance jadawalin jirgin tun 1988. An jinkirta tashiwar jirgin da kwanaki biyu a Saudi Arabia saboda gazawar inji.<ref name="redseawreckproject.com">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}</ref> Dare na nutsewar ya kasance mai guguwa. Yawancin fasinjoji 'yan Morocco ne-Faransa. Yawancin suna dawowa daga aikin hajji zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]].<ref name="wreckproject">{{Cite web |last=Lee |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLee2013">Lee (21 August 2013). </cite></ref> Rashin ruwa zuwa fashewar jirgin ya tabbatar da yanayin "bikin hutu" na jirgin, tare da kaya cike da kyaututtuka ga 'yan uwa. Masu aikin hajji da suka dawo daga Makka sun yi ado da tufafi masu kyau don yin bikin.<ref name="touregypt.net">{{Cite web |last=Middleton |first=Ned |title=Salem Express |url=http://www.touregypt.net/vdc/Salemexp.htm |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Tour Egypt}}</ref> Jirgin ya fadi a kan wani murjani tsakanin mil 6-10 (9.7-16.1 a bakin teku, bayan ya kauce daga hanyar da aka tsara. Reef din ya fashe rami a cikin baka na gaba, kuma ya buga kofar jirgin - yana ba da damar ruwan teku a cikin motar mota.<ref name="redseawreckproject.com">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ "Salem Express"]. </cite></ref> Jiragen ruwa na RoRo suna da matukar damuwa da zarar an karya motar. Rubuce-rubucen hukuma a cikin Lloyd's Marine Casualties ya ce:<blockquote>Yayinda yake kusanci Safaga a tsakar dare a cikin yanayi mai tsanani, Jagora ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren hanya wanda ba a ba da izini don wucewar dare ba. Jirgin ya bugi wani kogi kuma ya nutse cikin minti 20. </blockquote>Rahotanni na farko sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya ɓace daga hanya a cikin iska mai ƙarfi. Jami'in jirgin na biyu, Khalid Mamdouh Ahmed, ya goyi bayan wannan, wanda aikinsa shine tsara hanyar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa - yana mai cewa ba a yi canje-canje ba. Rediyon mallakar jihar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ya nakalto jami'an Samatour suna cewa jirgin ya juya baya a cikin mummunan yanayi kuma an yi ƙoƙari, a bayyane ba tare da nasara ba, don gargadi shi. Masu binciken Masar sun ce ba su sami rahoto cewa ''Salem Express'' ya kauce daga jadawalin sa ba.<ref name="L.A. Times" /> Koyaya, wani madadin imani shine cewa kyaftin din ya ɗauki jirgin da gangan a kan wata hanya daban a cikin ƙoƙari na gajeren hanya, don rage lokacin tafiya da sa'o'i da yawa. Jaridar ''Al Ahram'' ta ruwaito wannan. Kyaftin Hassan Moro ya umarci jirgin tun daga 1988 kuma ya saba da ruwa, kuma an ruwaito shi da ɗaukar gajeren hanya tsakanin [[Hyndman Reef]] da bakin teku daga kudu, maimakon haka a kusa da Panorama Reef daga arewa.<ref name="redseawreckproject.com">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ "Salem Express"]. </cite></ref> An jinkirta tashiwar jirgin saboda matsalolin inji a Saudi Arabia da kwanaki biyu.<ref name="redseawreckproject.com" /> Yawancin ma'aikatan jirgin sun ce kyaftin din yana cikin gaggawa, Hassan ya tuna, kuma ma'aikacin jirgin Hanan Salah ya ce ma'aikatan suna cikin gaggawa da fatan samun cikakken tsayawar dare don hutawa a Safaga kafin su ci gaba zuwa Suez.<ref name="L.A. Times" /> Wannan shine labarin da aka fi bayar da rahoto a cikin kafofin na biyu. === Nutsar da shi === Jirgin ya kamata ya yi tashar jiragen ruwa a karfe 11:30 na yamma. Ma'aikatan sun sami kwanciyar hankali kuma ba su yi tsammanin bala'in ba; Kyaftin Hassan Khalil Moro yana hutawa a cikin gidansa, kamar yadda ya saba, tare da jami'in farko a kan gadar. Da misalin karfe 11:13 na yamma, hadari ya girgiza jirgin yayin da yake gudu, kuma ya fara girgiza. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya fara yin lissafi a gefe ɗaya, kuma fitilu sun fita. Kyaftin din ya yi sautin siginar gaggawa. Jirgin ya kasance a karkashin ruwa a cikin kusan minti 11, yana kama daruruwan ƙasa, kuma ya nutse gaba ɗaya a cikin minti 20. == Manazarta == l5kvoe03nc8wmnnzgad5iwrepn6yf20 862345 862344 2026-06-20T18:39:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 862345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jirgin '''MV ''Salem Express''''' jirgin fasinja ne na Masar da Faransa wanda ya nutse a [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]] . Abin lura ne saboda asarar rayuka da ta yi lokacin da ta nutse jim kaɗan bayan ta afka wa wani teku da misalin ƙarfe 11:13 na dare a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1991. Yawancin fasinjojin 'yan asalin ƙasar Faransa ne 'yan ƙasar Morocco. <ref name="wreckproject">{{Cite web |last=Lee |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2019 |title=Wreck Diving In Egypt; Safaga & Marsa Alam |url=https://www.blueocean-eg.com/blog/wreck-diving-egypt-salem-express}}</ref> Yawancinsu suna dawowa daga aikin hajji zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2025)">tushen da ba a iya amincewa da shi ba?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukumance ya kai 470, kodayake wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa jirgin ya cika makil kuma adadin wadanda suka mutu na iya karuwa sosai, wataƙila fiye da 1,600. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2019 |title=Wreck Diving In Egypt; Safaga & Marsa Alam |url=https://www.blueocean-eg.com/blog/wreck-diving-egypt-salem-express}}</ref> ''Salem Express'' jirgin ruwa ne mai jigilar fasinjoji wanda ke aiki tsawon shekaru 25, tare da masu shi daban-daban, sunaye da hanyoyin da aka saba bi a wancan lokacin. Jirgin da farko an kira shi ''Fred Scamaroni'', bayan wani dan adawa na yakin duniya na biyu na Faransa wanda aka kama shi kuma aka azabtar da shi, ya kashe kansa a cikin tantaninsa ba tare da bayyana aikinsa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred Scamaroni |url=https://www.normandy1944.info/stories/fred-scamaroni |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=D-Day, Normandy and Beyond}}</ref> An fara ginin ne a watan Yunin 1963. A watan Nuwamba 1964 an kaddamarwa da ita kuma an ja ta zuwa Port-de-Bouc don kammalawa, a ƙarshe an kawo ta a watan Yunin 1965 zuwa Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, [[Marseille]], Faransa. Wutar da ta yi a cikin dakin injiniya ta jinkirta tafiyarta ta farko a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1966. A watan Yunin 1966 ta fara aiki a kan hanyar farko tsakanin Marseille da Ajaccio . A watan Janairun 1967, ta yi karo da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ajaccio; kuma a watan Afrilun 1970 gobara ta tashi a kan hanyar zuwa Bastia. Yayinda take aiki da hanyar Dunkirk - Ramsgate a cikin 1980, ta gudu a kan tudu, kuma a wani lokaci ya haifar da tarwatsa zirga-zirga saboda jinkirin jigilar motoci. A shekara ta 1988 an sayar da ita ga Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Samatour, [[Suez]], Misira, kuma an sake masa suna ''Salem Express''; hanyar da ta shirya ta kasance tsakanin Suez da [[Jeddah|Jedda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred Scamaroni |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/fred_scamaroni_1965.htm |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}</ref> == Tafiyar Ƙarshe == A tafiyarta ta ƙarshe, ''Salem Express'' ta yi tafiyarta mai nisan kilomita 450 daga Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, zuwa Safaga, Misira, wanda ya ɗauki kusan awanni 36) sun yi niyyar sauke fasinjoji 350, kafin su ci gaba da tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Suez. Wannan hanyar ta kasance jadawalin jirgin tun 1988. An jinkirta tashiwar jirgin da kwanaki biyu a Saudi Arabia saboda gazawar inji.<ref name="redseawreckproject.com">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}</ref> Dare na nutsewar ya kasance mai guguwa. Yawancin fasinjoji 'yan Morocco ne-Faransa. Yawancin suna dawowa daga aikin hajji zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]].<ref name="wreckproject">{{Cite web |last=Lee |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLee2013">Lee (21 August 2013). </cite></ref> Rashin ruwa zuwa fashewar jirgin ya tabbatar da yanayin "bikin hutu" na jirgin, tare da kaya cike da kyaututtuka ga 'yan uwa. Masu aikin hajji da suka dawo daga Makka sun yi ado da tufafi masu kyau don yin bikin.<ref name="touregypt.net">{{Cite web |last=Middleton |first=Ned |title=Salem Express |url=http://www.touregypt.net/vdc/Salemexp.htm |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Tour Egypt}}</ref> Jirgin ya fadi a kan wani murjani tsakanin mil 6-10 (9.7-16.1 a bakin teku, bayan ya kauce daga hanyar da aka tsara. Reef din ya fashe rami a cikin baka na gaba, kuma ya buga kofar jirgin - yana ba da damar ruwan teku a cikin motar mota.<ref name="redseawreckproject.com">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ "Salem Express"]. </cite></ref> Jiragen ruwa na RoRo suna da matukar damuwa da zarar an karya motar. Rubuce-rubucen hukuma a cikin Lloyd's Marine Casualties ya ce:<blockquote>Yayinda yake kusanci Safaga a tsakar dare a cikin yanayi mai tsanani, Jagora ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren hanya wanda ba a ba da izini don wucewar dare ba. Jirgin ya bugi wani kogi kuma ya nutse cikin minti 20. </blockquote>Rahotanni na farko sun yi iƙirarin cewa jirgin ya ɓace daga hanya a cikin iska mai ƙarfi. Jami'in jirgin na biyu, Khalid Mamdouh Ahmed, ya goyi bayan wannan, wanda aikinsa shine tsara hanyar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa - yana mai cewa ba a yi canje-canje ba. Rediyon mallakar jihar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ya nakalto jami'an Samatour suna cewa jirgin ya juya baya a cikin mummunan yanayi kuma an yi ƙoƙari, a bayyane ba tare da nasara ba, don gargadi shi. Masu binciken Masar sun ce ba su sami rahoto cewa ''Salem Express'' ya kauce daga jadawalin sa ba.<ref name="L.A. Times" /> Koyaya, wani madadin imani shine cewa kyaftin din ya ɗauki jirgin da gangan a kan wata hanya daban a cikin ƙoƙari na gajeren hanya, don rage lokacin tafiya da sa'o'i da yawa. Jaridar ''Al Ahram'' ta ruwaito wannan. Kyaftin Hassan Moro ya umarci jirgin tun daga 1988 kuma ya saba da ruwa, kuma an ruwaito shi da ɗaukar gajeren hanya tsakanin [[Hyndman Reef]] da bakin teku daga kudu, maimakon haka a kusa da Panorama Reef daga arewa.<ref name="redseawreckproject.com">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2013 |title=Salem Express |url=https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Red Sea Wreck Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.redseawreckproject.com/2013/08/21/salem-express/ "Salem Express"]. </cite></ref> An jinkirta tashiwar jirgin saboda matsalolin inji a Saudi Arabia da kwanaki biyu.<ref name="redseawreckproject.com" /> Yawancin ma'aikatan jirgin sun ce kyaftin din yana cikin gaggawa, Hassan ya tuna, kuma ma'aikacin jirgin Hanan Salah ya ce ma'aikatan suna cikin gaggawa da fatan samun cikakken tsayawar dare don hutawa a Safaga kafin su ci gaba zuwa Suez.<ref name="L.A. Times" /> Wannan shine labarin da aka fi bayar da rahoto a cikin kafofin na biyu. === Nutsar da shi === Jirgin ya kamata ya yi tashar jiragen ruwa a karfe 11:30 na yamma. Ma'aikatan sun sami kwanciyar hankali kuma ba su yi tsammanin bala'in ba; Kyaftin Hassan Khalil Moro yana hutawa a cikin gidansa, kamar yadda ya saba, tare da jami'in farko a kan gadar. Da misalin karfe 11:13 na yamma, hadari ya girgiza jirgin yayin da yake gudu, kuma ya fara girgiza. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya fara yin lissafi a gefe ɗaya, kuma fitilu sun fita. Kyaftin din ya yi sautin siginar gaggawa. Jirgin ya kasance a karkashin ruwa a cikin kusan minti 11, yana kama daruruwan ƙasa, kuma ya nutse gaba ɗaya a cikin minti 20. == Manazarta == mubzxztry29jl1ru7t6s78e6tv91t2y 0 158947 862346 2026-06-20T18:44:33Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338927196|Kingklip]]" 862346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Genypterus capensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''kingklip''', nau'in cusk eel ne da ke faruwa a gabar tekun [[Kudancin Afirka]] daga [[Walvis Bay]] a [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa [[Bayar Algoa|Algoa Bay]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana da alaƙa da ''Genypterus blacodes'' daga [[New Zealand]] . Nau'in yana girma har zuwa matsakaicin tsayin 180&nbsp;cm da nauyin 15.0&nbsp;kg. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abincin kifi a cikin menu na Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da bayyanarsa, ba shi da alaƙa da kut-da-kut da naman da ke cikin jerin Anguilliformes . Kingklip yana faruwa a zurfin mita 50-500, amma yawanci yana tsakanin mita 250-350. Suna zaune a ƙasa kuma suna zaune a wurare masu duwatsu a kan shiryayye da kuma gangaren saman nahiyar . Ana samun ƙananan yara a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Suna cin dodanni, jatan lande na mantis, hake, squid, da nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban. Yawanci suna hayayyafa daga watan Agusta zuwa Oktoba. Nau'in yana kama da oviparous, tare da ƙwai pelagic masu siffar gelatinous. Rassan su masu laushi na dorsal suna da lamba 150, yayin da rassan dubura masu laushi suna da lamba 110. Kai da jiki yawanci suna da launin ruwan hoda zuwa lemu, tare da kurajen duhu a baya. Andrew Smith, wani mai bincike da kuma masanin dabbobi na Scotland, wanda aka yi masa shakku a kansa, ya fara bayyana nau'in kingklip a shekarar 1847 daga wani samfurin da aka kama kusa da ƙofar [[Kogin Tebur|Table Bay]] kuma ya sanya masa suna ''Xiphiurus capensis'' ('xiphos'=sword, 'oura'=tail). An buga bayaninsa a cikin "Zane-zane na ilimin dabbobi na Afirka ta Kudu", wani labari na abubuwan tarihin halitta da ya tattara a lokacin balaguronsa zuwa cikin Afirka ta Kudu a 1834-36. Haka kuma masanin kimiyyar halittu na Jamus Johann Jakob Kaup ya bayyana shi a shekarar 1858 kuma ya sanya masa suna ''Hoplophycis lalandi'' . An yi amfani da Kingklip sosai a shekarun 1980, kuma yawan jama'a bai warke ba tukuna, don haka an yi wasu matakan kariya. Kasancewar yana girma a hankali kuma yana daɗe, hannun jari ba zai iya jure matsin lambar kamun kifi da aka yi niyya ba, kuma ana ɗaukarsa ne kawai a matsayin nau'in kama kifi. Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da ke da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki ga kamun kifi na Afirka ta Kudu. Nau'ikan da suka shafi wannan nau'in daga New Zealand, ''Genypterus blacodes'', sun isa kasuwannin Afirka ta Kudu kuma ana sayar da su a matsayin kingklip. Rashin sikeli bayyananne na Kingklip ya haifar da muhawara mai daɗi da ci gaba a cikin da'irar Yahudawa game da ko ya cancanci a matsayin kosher ko treif . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Julia |title=On Scale of Probabilities, Kingklip Should Be Kosher |url=http://www.uos.co.za/kashrut/kingklip.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726115728/http://www.uos.co.za/kashrut/kingklip.asp |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=9 September 2019 |website=UOS |publisher=Union of Orthodox Synagogues}}</ref> == Manazarta == ooq6lxemp3sid9xnq15ti4uydcx7r5r 862347 862346 2026-06-20T18:44:52Z Engineer014 44591 862347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Genypterus capensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''kingklip''', nau'in cusk eel ne da ke faruwa a gabar tekun [[Kudancin Afirka]] daga [[Walvis Bay]] a [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa [[Bayar Algoa|Algoa Bay]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana da alaƙa da ''Genypterus blacodes'' daga [[New Zealand]] . Nau'in yana girma har zuwa matsakaicin tsayin 180&nbsp;cm da nauyin 15.0&nbsp;kg. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abincin kifi a cikin menu na Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da bayyanarsa, ba shi da alaƙa da kut-da-kut da naman da ke cikin jerin Anguilliformes . Kingklip yana faruwa a zurfin mita 50-500, amma yawanci yana tsakanin mita 250-350. Suna zaune a ƙasa kuma suna zaune a wurare masu duwatsu a kan shiryayye da kuma gangaren saman nahiyar . Ana samun ƙananan yara a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Suna cin dodanni, jatan lande na mantis, hake, squid, da nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban. Yawanci suna hayayyafa daga watan Agusta zuwa Oktoba. Nau'in yana kama da oviparous, tare da ƙwai pelagic masu siffar gelatinous. Rassan su masu laushi na dorsal suna da lamba 150, yayin da rassan dubura masu laushi suna da lamba 110. Kai da jiki yawanci suna da launin ruwan hoda zuwa lemu, tare da kurajen duhu a baya. Andrew Smith, wani mai bincike da kuma masanin dabbobi na Scotland, wanda aka yi masa shakku a kansa, ya fara bayyana nau'in kingklip a shekarar 1847 daga wani samfurin da aka kama kusa da ƙofar [[Kogin Tebur|Table Bay]] kuma ya sanya masa suna ''Xiphiurus capensis'' ('xiphos'=sword, 'oura'=tail). An buga bayaninsa a cikin "Zane-zane na ilimin dabbobi na Afirka ta Kudu", wani labari na abubuwan tarihin halitta da ya tattara a lokacin balaguronsa zuwa cikin Afirka ta Kudu a 1834-36. Haka kuma masanin kimiyyar halittu na Jamus Johann Jakob Kaup ya bayyana shi a shekarar 1858 kuma ya sanya masa suna ''Hoplophycis lalandi'' . An yi amfani da Kingklip sosai a shekarun 1980, kuma yawan jama'a bai warke ba tukuna, don haka an yi wasu matakan kariya. Kasancewar yana girma a hankali kuma yana daɗe, hannun jari ba zai iya jure matsin lambar kamun kifi da aka yi niyya ba, kuma ana ɗaukarsa ne kawai a matsayin nau'in kama kifi. Yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da ke da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki ga kamun kifi na Afirka ta Kudu. Nau'ikan da suka shafi wannan nau'in daga New Zealand, ''Genypterus blacodes'', sun isa kasuwannin Afirka ta Kudu kuma ana sayar da su a matsayin kingklip. Rashin sikeli bayyananne na Kingklip ya haifar da muhawara mai daɗi da ci gaba a cikin da'irar Yahudawa game da ko ya cancanci a matsayin kosher ko treif . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Julia |title=On Scale of Probabilities, Kingklip Should Be Kosher |url=http://www.uos.co.za/kashrut/kingklip.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726115728/http://www.uos.co.za/kashrut/kingklip.asp |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=9 September 2019 |website=UOS |publisher=Union of Orthodox Synagogues}}</ref> == Manazarta == a8o4jmuzpyl80lxfkb5i3eovvfn1dl6 0 158948 862348 2026-06-20T18:45:49Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355302052|Saldanha catshark]]" 862348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saldanha catshark''' ( '''''Apriturus saldanha''''' ) nau'in shark ne na dangin Pentanchidae, wato manyan kifayen ruwa. Ana samun wannan kifin daga Cape Columbine zuwa kudancin [[False Bay]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], tsakanin digiri 31 zuwa 40 na yamma. Tsawonsa ya kai {{Cvt|88|cm}} . . Wani irin kifin shark ne toka-kasa-kasa, mai kauri, mai manyan idanuwa matsakaici, hanci mai faɗi, da manyan fin-fin-fif ... == Manazarta == 21ybo5vtgjq1bkb0ngxdqss9kbfmvq7 862349 862348 2026-06-20T18:46:11Z Engineer014 44591 862349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saldanha catshark''' ( '''''Apriturus saldanha''''' ) nau'in shark ne na dangin Pentanchidae, wato manyan kifayen ruwa. Ana samun wannan kifin daga Cape Columbine zuwa kudancin [[False Bay]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], tsakanin digiri 31 zuwa 40 na yamma. Tsawonsa ya kai {{Cvt|88|cm}} . . Wani irin kifin shark ne toka-kasa-kasa, mai kauri, mai manyan idanuwa matsakaici, hanci mai faɗi, da manyan fin-fin-fif ... == Manazarta == 9hpynombwi7yg1oh6tk9pdoq2nm07hh 0 158949 862350 2026-06-20T18:47:48Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357174185|Ornate sleeper-ray]]" 862350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan barci mai kyau''' ( ''Electrolux addisoni'' ) nau'in hasken lantarki ne a cikin dangin Narkidae, kuma memba ɗaya tilo na nau'in ''Electrolux'' . Yana zaune a kan reefs yana cin tsutsotsi masu yawan polychaete da ƙananan crustaceans, masu nutsewa ne kawai ke ganinsa don ciyarwa da rana. Yana da yawa a bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An fara yin rikodinsa a shekarar 1984 amma ba a bayyana shi ba sai a shekarar 2007. <ref name="original paper">{{Cite journal |last=Compagno |first=Leonard |last2=Phillip Heemstra |date=May 2007 |title=Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |journal=Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |volume=7 |pages=15–49 |issn=1684-4130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191137/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> An sanya shi a matsayin nau'in da aka bayyana a baya a shekarar 2007 ta Cibiyar Binciken Nau'in Duniya . A cikin wani shiri na ''Extinct or Alive'', an kama wani haske mai kyau wanda ke barci a lokacin da ake ciyar da shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Bayani == Ana iya bambanta ''Electrolux addisoni'' cikin sauƙi daga sauran narkids ta hanyar launinsa mai ban mamaki wanda ya ƙunshi saman dorsal mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu na diski tare da ƙananan tabo masu launin rawaya da yawa da kuma jerin ratsi masu ma'ana. <ref name="PFK">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |date=2007-02-07 |title=New fish named after vacuum cleaner |url=http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/item.php?news=1296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707014907/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/item.php?news=1296 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-07-07 |access-date=2007-07-03}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya bambanta shi ta hanyar manyan papillae ɗinsa masu siffar spiracular. Ita da ''Heteronarce'' su ne kawai nau'in halitta a cikin dangin Narkidae waɗanda ke da finfin dorsal guda biyu. Tsarin launi mai bayyana na nau'in na iya zama alamar gargaɗi ga wasu dabbobi, idan aka kusanci hasken, an ga hasken yana nuna barazanar da za a iya nunawa. Holotype ɗin da aka nuna yana da nauyin 1.8.&nbsp;kg kuma yana da jimillar tsawonsa ya kai 515&nbsp;mm. Wannan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'in Narkidae da aka rubuta, kodayake ba a tattara ko auna samfurin mace ba. <ref name="original paper">{{Cite journal |last=Compagno |first=Leonard |last2=Phillip Heemstra |date=May 2007 |title=Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |journal=Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |volume=7 |pages=15–49 |issn=1684-4130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191137/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2009}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCompagnoPhillip_Heemstra2007">Compagno, Leonard; Phillip Heemstra (May 2007). </cite></ref> == Ganowa == Duk da cewa Peter Chrystal ne ya fara ɗaukar hotonsa a shekarar 1984 a Aliwal Shoal, KwaZulu-Natal ta kauce wa kamawa (sabili da haka rarrabawa ) har zuwa 2007. Nan da nan kwararru suka fahimci cewa wannan sabon nau'in nau'in ne amma ba su da tabbas game da tsarin da yake bi. Masu shirya fina-finan yanayi Stephania da Peter Lamberti ne suka ɗauki hoton a bakin Shelly Beach, KwaZulu-Natal a shekarar 1997 kuma suka aika da wannan faifan bidiyo zuwa ga Phil Heemstra . Heemstra ya ga wani samfurin da ke raye a shekarar 2001 amma abin takaici bai iya ɗaukarsa ba. A ƙarshe Mark Addison ya sami nasarar ɗaukar wani samfurin da ke raye a watan Satumba na 2003 kuma ya ba da gudummawarsa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu . Mahaifin Mark, Brent Addison, ya tattara wani samfurin, kuma ana ajiye wannan samfurin a cikin tarin kifaye na Gidan Tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu . Binciken samfuran ya tabbatar da cewa sabon nau'in ne kuma shi ma na sabon nau'in ne. <ref name="original paper">{{Cite journal |last=Compagno |first=Leonard |last2=Phillip Heemstra |date=May 2007 |title=Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |journal=Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |volume=7 |pages=15–49 |issn=1684-4130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191137/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2009}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCompagnoPhillip_Heemstra2007">Compagno, Leonard; Phillip Heemstra (May 2007). </cite></ref> == Kiyayewa == Ana amfani da wurin zama sosai don nutsewa a cikin ruwa, kamun kifi na kasuwanci kuma akwai ƙaruwar ci gaba a bakin teku wanda ke nufin cewa yana iya fuskantar haɗari daga [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]], [[Rashin mazaunin|lalacewar muhalli]] da kuma daga damuwa daga masu nutsewa. Marubutan da suka bayyana sun nuna cewa yana iya fuskantar barazanar fuskantar haɗari sosai amma sun kammala da cewa ya kamata a yi ƙarin lura kafin a iya tantance matsayin kiyaye shi yadda ya kamata. <ref name="original paper">{{Cite journal |last=Compagno |first=Leonard |last2=Phillip Heemstra |date=May 2007 |title=Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |journal=Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |volume=7 |pages=15–49 |issn=1684-4130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191137/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2009}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCompagnoPhillip_Heemstra2007">Compagno, Leonard; Phillip Heemstra (May 2007). </cite></ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa nau'in suna ne bayan kamfanin tsabtace injin Electrolux . Sunan yana nuni ne ga kyawawan halayen lantarki na wannan hasken da kuma "ayyukan tsotsa mai ƙarfi da aka nuna a faifan bidiyon hasken ciyarwa wanda...zai iya yin gogayya da wata sananniyar na'urar lantarki da ake amfani da ita don tsotsar abubuwan da suka lalace daga kafet, kayan daki, da sauran wuraren tattara ƙura a cikin gida na zamani." An sanya wa nau'in suna ne bayan Mark Addison, wanda ya tattara holotype . <ref name="PFK" /> == Manazarta == 110ic55vbxce0qo14nf8japaw28drho 862351 862350 2026-06-20T18:48:07Z Engineer014 44591 862351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan barci mai kyau''' ( ''Electrolux addisoni'' ) nau'in hasken lantarki ne a cikin dangin Narkidae, kuma memba ɗaya tilo na nau'in ''Electrolux'' . Yana zaune a kan reefs yana cin tsutsotsi masu yawan polychaete da ƙananan crustaceans, masu nutsewa ne kawai ke ganinsa don ciyarwa da rana. Yana da yawa a bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An fara yin rikodinsa a shekarar 1984 amma ba a bayyana shi ba sai a shekarar 2007. <ref name="original paper">{{Cite journal |last=Compagno |first=Leonard |last2=Phillip Heemstra |date=May 2007 |title=Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |journal=Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |volume=7 |pages=15–49 |issn=1684-4130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191137/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> An sanya shi a matsayin nau'in da aka bayyana a baya a shekarar 2007 ta Cibiyar Binciken Nau'in Duniya . A cikin wani shiri na ''Extinct or Alive'', an kama wani haske mai kyau wanda ke barci a lokacin da ake ciyar da shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Bayani == Ana iya bambanta ''Electrolux addisoni'' cikin sauƙi daga sauran narkids ta hanyar launinsa mai ban mamaki wanda ya ƙunshi saman dorsal mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu na diski tare da ƙananan tabo masu launin rawaya da yawa da kuma jerin ratsi masu ma'ana. <ref name="PFK">{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |date=2007-02-07 |title=New fish named after vacuum cleaner |url=http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/item.php?news=1296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707014907/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/item.php?news=1296 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-07-07 |access-date=2007-07-03}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya bambanta shi ta hanyar manyan papillae ɗinsa masu siffar spiracular. Ita da ''Heteronarce'' su ne kawai nau'in halitta a cikin dangin Narkidae waɗanda ke da finfin dorsal guda biyu. Tsarin launi mai bayyana na nau'in na iya zama alamar gargaɗi ga wasu dabbobi, idan aka kusanci hasken, an ga hasken yana nuna barazanar da za a iya nunawa. Holotype ɗin da aka nuna yana da nauyin 1.8.&nbsp;kg kuma yana da jimillar tsawonsa ya kai 515&nbsp;mm. Wannan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'in Narkidae da aka rubuta, kodayake ba a tattara ko auna samfurin mace ba. <ref name="original paper">{{Cite journal |last=Compagno |first=Leonard |last2=Phillip Heemstra |date=May 2007 |title=Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |journal=Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |volume=7 |pages=15–49 |issn=1684-4130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191137/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2009}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCompagnoPhillip_Heemstra2007">Compagno, Leonard; Phillip Heemstra (May 2007). </cite></ref> == Ganowa == Duk da cewa Peter Chrystal ne ya fara ɗaukar hotonsa a shekarar 1984 a Aliwal Shoal, KwaZulu-Natal ta kauce wa kamawa (sabili da haka rarrabawa ) har zuwa 2007. Nan da nan kwararru suka fahimci cewa wannan sabon nau'in nau'in ne amma ba su da tabbas game da tsarin da yake bi. Masu shirya fina-finan yanayi Stephania da Peter Lamberti ne suka ɗauki hoton a bakin Shelly Beach, KwaZulu-Natal a shekarar 1997 kuma suka aika da wannan faifan bidiyo zuwa ga Phil Heemstra . Heemstra ya ga wani samfurin da ke raye a shekarar 2001 amma abin takaici bai iya ɗaukarsa ba. A ƙarshe Mark Addison ya sami nasarar ɗaukar wani samfurin da ke raye a watan Satumba na 2003 kuma ya ba da gudummawarsa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu . Mahaifin Mark, Brent Addison, ya tattara wani samfurin, kuma ana ajiye wannan samfurin a cikin tarin kifaye na Gidan Tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu . Binciken samfuran ya tabbatar da cewa sabon nau'in ne kuma shi ma na sabon nau'in ne. <ref name="original paper">{{Cite journal |last=Compagno |first=Leonard |last2=Phillip Heemstra |date=May 2007 |title=Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |journal=Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |volume=7 |pages=15–49 |issn=1684-4130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191137/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2009}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCompagnoPhillip_Heemstra2007">Compagno, Leonard; Phillip Heemstra (May 2007). </cite></ref> == Kiyayewa == Ana amfani da wurin zama sosai don nutsewa a cikin ruwa, kamun kifi na kasuwanci kuma akwai ƙaruwar ci gaba a bakin teku wanda ke nufin cewa yana iya fuskantar haɗari daga [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]], [[Rashin mazaunin|lalacewar muhalli]] da kuma daga damuwa daga masu nutsewa. Marubutan da suka bayyana sun nuna cewa yana iya fuskantar barazanar fuskantar haɗari sosai amma sun kammala da cewa ya kamata a yi ƙarin lura kafin a iya tantance matsayin kiyaye shi yadda ya kamata. <ref name="original paper">{{Cite journal |last=Compagno |first=Leonard |last2=Phillip Heemstra |date=May 2007 |title=Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |journal=Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity |publisher=The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |volume=7 |pages=15–49 |issn=1684-4130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191137/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm07003 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2009}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCompagnoPhillip_Heemstra2007">Compagno, Leonard; Phillip Heemstra (May 2007). </cite></ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa nau'in suna ne bayan kamfanin tsabtace injin Electrolux . Sunan yana nuni ne ga kyawawan halayen lantarki na wannan hasken da kuma "ayyukan tsotsa mai ƙarfi da aka nuna a faifan bidiyon hasken ciyarwa wanda...zai iya yin gogayya da wata sananniyar na'urar lantarki da ake amfani da ita don tsotsar abubuwan da suka lalace daga kafet, kayan daki, da sauran wuraren tattara ƙura a cikin gida na zamani." An sanya wa nau'in suna ne bayan Mark Addison, wanda ya tattara holotype . <ref name="PFK" /> == Manazarta == 9e4wpz1woe83u8p7hu4ezpl5k8dxuvj 0 158950 862352 2026-06-20T18:49:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352653371|2021 Suez Canal obstruction]]" 862352 wikitext text/x-wiki The [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] was blocked for six days from 23 to 29 March 2021 by the Ever Given, a container ship that had run aground in the canal. The {{Convert|400|m|ft|-long}}, 224,000-ton, 20,000 TEU vessel was buffeted by strong winds on the morning of 23 March, and ended up wedged across the waterway with its bow and stern stuck on opposite canal banks, blocking all traffic until it could be freed. Egyptian authorities said that "technical or human errors" may have also been involved. The obstruction occurred south of the two-channel section of the canal, so other ships could not pass. The Suez Canal Authority (SCA) hired Royal Boskalis through its subsidiary Smit International to manage marine salvage operations.<ref name="Boskalis pr">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!" |url=https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330201952/https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Royal Boskalis B.V.}}</ref><ref name="moon and lever">{{Cite web |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=30 March 2021 |title=How a full moon and a 'huge lever' helped free Ever Given from Suez canal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/30/powerful-tugs-and-an-ebbing-tide-how-the-ever-given-was-freed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331004637/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/30/powerful-tugs-and-an-ebbing-tide-how-the-ever-given-was-freed |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The blockage of one of the world's busiest trade routes slowed trade between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, tying up goods worth an estimated US$9.6 billion per day. By 28 March, at least 369 ships were queuing to pass through the canal.<ref name="theg_Suez">{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Safi |last2=Farrer |first2=Martin |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez canal: Ever Given ship partially refloated but bow still stuck |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329034851/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, Ever Given ya sake tashi kuma ya motsa kusan kashi 80 cikin dari a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal: Ever Given container ship shifted from shoreline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56559904 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329043121/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56559904 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=BBC World News}}</ref> kodayake baka ta kasance a makale <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title='Challenge still ahead' to free ship in Suez Canal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/ever-given-turned-80-percent-in-right-direction-live-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329064115/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/ever-given-turned-80-percent-in-right-direction-live-news |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Al jazeera |type=live news}}</ref> har sai an sake jirgin ta hanyar Masar, Dutch, da Italiyanci goma sha huɗu a 15:05 EGY (13:05 UTC). <ref name="Boskalis pr">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!" |url=https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330201952/https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Royal Boskalis B.V.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html "Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!]</cite></ref> <ref name="Safi freed">{{Cite web |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez canal: Ever Given container ship freed after a week |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329094958/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |quote=[Boskalis] announce that our team of experts, working in close collaboration with the Suez Canal Authority, successfully refloated the Ever Given on 29 March at 15:05 hrs local time, thereby making free passage through the Suez canal possible again}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=How the Giant Boat Blocking the Suez Canal Was Freed: Dredgers, Tugboats, and a Full Moon |url=https://time.com/5950888/suez-canal-boat-freed-explained/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330015615/https://time.com/5950888/suez-canal-boat-freed-explained/ |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> Yayin da aka ja jirgin zuwa Babban Bitter Lake don binciken fasaha, an bincika tashar don lalacewa kuma an gano ta da kyau.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Pippa |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal traffic resumes after cargo ship Ever Given is moving again |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/29/suez-canal-traffic-resumes-after-cargo-ship-ever-given-is-removed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329141033/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/29/suez-canal-traffic-resumes-after-cargo-ship-ever-given-is-removed.html |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref name="AP 29 Mar">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Canal service provider says container ship in Suez set free |url=https://apnews.com/article/suez-canal-ship-freed-live-updates-48f856c9afed58feb908878c2a495287 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329135426/https://apnews.com/article/suez-canal-ship-freed-live-updates-48f856c9afed58feb908878c2a495287 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref name="Safi freed" /> SCA ta ba da izinin jigilar kaya a karfe 19:00 EGY (17:00 UTC). <ref name="Al Jazeera traffic resumes">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Traffic in Suez Canal resumes after stranded ship refloated - Business and Economy News |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/traffic-in-suez-canal-resumes-after-stranded-ship-refloated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329225718/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/traffic-in-suez-canal-resumes-after-stranded-ship-refloated |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |quote=The ship came out intact and it has no problems. We've just searched the bottom and soil of the Suez Canal and thankfully it is sound and has no issues, and ships will pass through it today}}</ref> Ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba a lokacin lamarin. Gwamnatin Masar ta kwace jirgin a ranar 13 ga Afrilu lokacin da mai shi da masu inshora suka ki biyan diyya na dala biliyan da ake bukata. A watan Yulin, an cimma yarjejeniya ta dala miliyan 540 tsakanin mai mallakar jirgin, masu inshora, da Hukumar Canal. Jirgin ya sake tashi a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2021, yana tsayawa don dubawa a [[Port Said]] kafin ya ci gaba zuwa asalinsa, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rotterdam. Bayan abin da ya faru, gwamnatin Masar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su faɗaɗa ƙananan sassan tashar. == Tarihi == An buɗe [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]], ɗaya daga cikin mahimman Hanyoyin kasuwanci na duniya, a 1869. Ya zuwa 2021, kimanin jiragen ruwa hamsin a kowace rana suna tafiya ta hanyar tashar, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na jimlar cinikin duniya.<ref name=":4" /> Ga yawancin tsawonsa, tashar ba ta da isasshen faɗin don ba da damar jiragen ruwa biyu su wuce juna; dole ne motoci su sauya sauya waɗannan sassan hanyar ruwa. Ana ci gaba da Aikin fadada. [[Fayil:EVER_GIVEN_(49643352087).jpg|left|thumb|An taɓa bayarwa a watan Maris na 2020]] Ever Given ([[IMO number|IMO]] [[c:Category:IMO 9811000|9811000]]) [[Keel laying|An kafa shi]] ne a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2015, an kaddamar da shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2018, kuma an kammala shi a ranar 25 ta Satumba 2018, inda ya maye gurbin jirgin da ya gabata na wannan sunan (IMO [[c:Category:IMO 8320901|8320901]]). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS: American Bureau of Shipping |url=https://www.eagle.org/portal/#/absrecord/extSearch?Classno=18265351&Accesstype=PUBLIC&ReferrerApplication=PUBLIC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301094231/https://www.eagle.org/portal/#/absrecord/extSearch?Classno=18265351&Accesstype=PUBLIC&ReferrerApplication=PUBLIC |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.eagle.org}}</ref> A lokacin da lamarin ya faru, an yi mata [[Ship registration|rajista]] a [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], mallakar kamfanin Japan [[Shoei Kisen Kaisha]], wanda aka hayar shi ga kamfanin jigilar kaya na [[Taiwan]] Evergreen Marine don aiki, wanda Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement ke sarrafawa, kuma 'yan Indiya ne suka jagoranci. Mai shi Shoei Kisen Kaisha yana da kariya da diyya (ƙungiya ta uku) nauyin nauyin dala biliyan 3.1 tare da haɗin gwiwar UK P & I Club a kasuwar Japan. Bugu da kari, jiragen ruwa na kwantena na wannan girman yawanci ana inshora ne don lalacewar kwalliya da kayan aiki na $ 100 da $ 140. &nbsp;&nbsp; Kafin abin da ya faru, Ever Given ya yi tafiya ta hanyar tashar sau 22. Bill Kavanagh ya bayyana tafiya ta hanyar Suez Canal a matsayin "aiki mai rikitarwa da haɗari sosai". Rashin iska zai sa kwantena da aka tara su "yi aiki kamar jirgin ruwa" don busa jirgin ruwa mai nauyi daga hanya, kuma babban ƙarfinsa ya sa ya zama da wahala a murmure. Gwamnatin Masar tana buƙatar jiragen ruwa da ke ratsa tashar su shiga cikin "Suez" na Masar, gami da daya ko fiye da matukan jirgin ruwa na SCA na Masar waɗanda ke umurni da jirgin, suna karɓar ma'aikatan yau da kullun da kyaftin din. Akwai matukan jirgi biyu na SCA na Masar a cikin jirgin a lokacin hadarin. == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2021, ''Ever Given'' yana tafiya daga Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia, zuwa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Rotterdam, Netherlands. Yayin da yake ratsa mashigar ruwa ta Suez, shi ne na biyar a cikin jerin gwanon da ke tafiya arewa ta hanyar layin layi ɗaya, tare da jiragen ruwa goma sha biyar a bayansa. Da ƙarfe 07:40 na EGY (05:40 UTC ), jirgin ya kama da guguwar yashi. Iska mai ƙarfi ta wuce {{Convert|40|kn|km/h mph}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Longden |date=6 April 2021 |title=Were bad weather conditions to blame for the grounding of the Ever Given? |url=https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/features/were-bad-weather-conditions-to-blame-for-the-grounding-of-the-ever-given.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430075440/https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/features/were-bad-weather-conditions-to-blame-for-the-grounding-of-the-ever-given.html |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |publisher=Meteorological Technology International}}</ref> ya haifar da "rashin ikon jagorantar jirgin", wanda hakan ya sa jirgin ya karkace. <ref name=":1" /> Jirgin ya yi karo da ruwa a nisan {{Convert|151|km|nmi}} alamar da aka auna daga [[Port Said]] a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]], {{Cvt|10|km|nmi}} daga Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Suez da ke Tekun Suez, kusa da ƙauyen Manshiyet Rugola. Jirgin ruwan ya juya gefe, bai iya 'yantar da kansa ba, inda ya toshe magudanar ruwa a ɓangarorin biyu. <ref name="CNN_25Mar" /> Ma'aikatan jirgin, waɗanda suka ƙunshi 'yan ƙasar Indiya gaba ɗaya, ba a sami rahoton wani rauni ba. == Manazarta == j7gymwuh6obpbss5p0a7q2wdehzgw0d 862353 862352 2026-06-20T18:49:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352653371|2021 Suez Canal obstruction]]" 862353 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin ruwan da ke dauke da kwantena na Ever Given ya toshe [[Suez canal|hanyar Suez]] na tsawon kwanaki shida daga 23 zuwa 29 ga Maris 2021. Jirgin {{Convert|400|m|ft|-long}}, tan 224,000, 20,000 Jirgin ruwan ya sha kaye da iska mai ƙarfi a safiyar ranar 23 ga Maris, kuma ya ƙare a kan hanyar ruwa tare da bakinsa da bayansa a kan gaɓar magudanar ruwa da ke gabansa, yana toshe duk zirga-zirgar ababen hawa har sai an sami damar 'yantar da shi. Hukumomin Masar sun ce "kurakuran fasaha ko na ɗan adam" na iya kasancewa sun shiga. Wannan toshewar ta faru ne a kudu da ɓangaren hanyoyin biyu na magudanar ruwa, don haka wasu jiragen ruwa ba za su iya wucewa ba. Hukumar Kula da Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ta ɗauki hayar Royal Boskalis ta hanyar reshenta na Smit International don gudanar da ayyukan ceto na ruwa . <ref name="Boskalis pr">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!" |url=https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330201952/https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Royal Boskalis B.V.}}</ref> <ref name="moon and lever">{{Cite web |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=30 March 2021 |title=How a full moon and a 'huge lever' helped free Ever Given from Suez canal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/30/powerful-tugs-and-an-ebbing-tide-how-the-ever-given-was-freed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331004637/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/30/powerful-tugs-and-an-ebbing-tide-how-the-ever-given-was-freed |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Toshewar ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci mafi cunkoso a duniya ya rage yawan ciniki tsakanin Turai, Asiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana ɗaure kayayyaki da darajarsu ta kai dala biliyan 9.6 a kowace rana. Zuwa ranar 28 ga Maris, aƙalla jiragen ruwa 369 suna layi don wucewa ta magudanar ruwa. <ref name="theg_Suez">{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Safi |last2=Farrer |first2=Martin |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez canal: Ever Given ship partially refloated but bow still stuck |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329034851/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, Ever Given ya sake tashi kuma ya motsa kusan kashi 80 cikin dari a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal: Ever Given container ship shifted from shoreline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56559904 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329043121/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56559904 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=BBC World News}}</ref> kodayake baka ta kasance a makale <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title='Challenge still ahead' to free ship in Suez Canal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/ever-given-turned-80-percent-in-right-direction-live-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329064115/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/ever-given-turned-80-percent-in-right-direction-live-news |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Al jazeera |type=live news}}</ref> har sai an sake jirgin ta hanyar Masar, Dutch, da Italiyanci goma sha huɗu a 15:05 EGY (13:05 UTC). <ref name="Boskalis pr">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!" |url=https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330201952/https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Royal Boskalis B.V.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html "Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!]</cite></ref> <ref name="Safi freed">{{Cite web |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez canal: Ever Given container ship freed after a week |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329094958/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |quote=[Boskalis] announce that our team of experts, working in close collaboration with the Suez Canal Authority, successfully refloated the Ever Given on 29 March at 15:05 hrs local time, thereby making free passage through the Suez canal possible again}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=How the Giant Boat Blocking the Suez Canal Was Freed: Dredgers, Tugboats, and a Full Moon |url=https://time.com/5950888/suez-canal-boat-freed-explained/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330015615/https://time.com/5950888/suez-canal-boat-freed-explained/ |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> Yayin da aka ja jirgin zuwa Babban Bitter Lake don binciken fasaha, an bincika tashar don lalacewa kuma an gano ta da kyau.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Pippa |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal traffic resumes after cargo ship Ever Given is moving again |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/29/suez-canal-traffic-resumes-after-cargo-ship-ever-given-is-removed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329141033/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/29/suez-canal-traffic-resumes-after-cargo-ship-ever-given-is-removed.html |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref name="AP 29 Mar">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Canal service provider says container ship in Suez set free |url=https://apnews.com/article/suez-canal-ship-freed-live-updates-48f856c9afed58feb908878c2a495287 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329135426/https://apnews.com/article/suez-canal-ship-freed-live-updates-48f856c9afed58feb908878c2a495287 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref name="Safi freed" /> SCA ta ba da izinin jigilar kaya a karfe 19:00 EGY (17:00 UTC). <ref name="Al Jazeera traffic resumes">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Traffic in Suez Canal resumes after stranded ship refloated - Business and Economy News |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/traffic-in-suez-canal-resumes-after-stranded-ship-refloated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329225718/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/traffic-in-suez-canal-resumes-after-stranded-ship-refloated |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |quote=The ship came out intact and it has no problems. We've just searched the bottom and soil of the Suez Canal and thankfully it is sound and has no issues, and ships will pass through it today}}</ref> Ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba a lokacin lamarin. Gwamnatin Masar ta kwace jirgin a ranar 13 ga Afrilu lokacin da mai shi da masu inshora suka ki biyan diyya na dala biliyan da ake bukata. A watan Yulin, an cimma yarjejeniya ta dala miliyan 540 tsakanin mai mallakar jirgin, masu inshora, da Hukumar Canal. Jirgin ya sake tashi a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2021, yana tsayawa don dubawa a [[Port Said]] kafin ya ci gaba zuwa asalinsa, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rotterdam. Bayan abin da ya faru, gwamnatin Masar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su faɗaɗa ƙananan sassan tashar. == Tarihi == An buɗe [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]], ɗaya daga cikin mahimman Hanyoyin kasuwanci na duniya, a 1869. Ya zuwa 2021, kimanin jiragen ruwa hamsin a kowace rana suna tafiya ta hanyar tashar, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na jimlar cinikin duniya.<ref name=":4" /> Ga yawancin tsawonsa, tashar ba ta da isasshen faɗin don ba da damar jiragen ruwa biyu su wuce juna; dole ne motoci su sauya sauya waɗannan sassan hanyar ruwa. Ana ci gaba da Aikin fadada. [[Fayil:EVER_GIVEN_(49643352087).jpg|left|thumb|An taɓa bayarwa a watan Maris na 2020]] Ever Given ([[IMO number|IMO]] [[c:Category:IMO 9811000|9811000]]) [[Keel laying|An kafa shi]] ne a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2015, an kaddamar da shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2018, kuma an kammala shi a ranar 25 ta Satumba 2018, inda ya maye gurbin jirgin da ya gabata na wannan sunan (IMO [[c:Category:IMO 8320901|8320901]]). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS: American Bureau of Shipping |url=https://www.eagle.org/portal/#/absrecord/extSearch?Classno=18265351&Accesstype=PUBLIC&ReferrerApplication=PUBLIC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301094231/https://www.eagle.org/portal/#/absrecord/extSearch?Classno=18265351&Accesstype=PUBLIC&ReferrerApplication=PUBLIC |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.eagle.org}}</ref> A lokacin da lamarin ya faru, an yi mata [[Ship registration|rajista]] a [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], mallakar kamfanin Japan [[Shoei Kisen Kaisha]], wanda aka hayar shi ga kamfanin jigilar kaya na [[Taiwan]] Evergreen Marine don aiki, wanda Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement ke sarrafawa, kuma 'yan Indiya ne suka jagoranci. Mai shi Shoei Kisen Kaisha yana da kariya da diyya (ƙungiya ta uku) nauyin nauyin dala biliyan 3.1 tare da haɗin gwiwar UK P & I Club a kasuwar Japan. Bugu da kari, jiragen ruwa na kwantena na wannan girman yawanci ana inshora ne don lalacewar kwalliya da kayan aiki na $ 100 da $ 140. &nbsp;&nbsp; Kafin abin da ya faru, Ever Given ya yi tafiya ta hanyar tashar sau 22. Bill Kavanagh ya bayyana tafiya ta hanyar Suez Canal a matsayin "aiki mai rikitarwa da haɗari sosai". Rashin iska zai sa kwantena da aka tara su "yi aiki kamar jirgin ruwa" don busa jirgin ruwa mai nauyi daga hanya, kuma babban ƙarfinsa ya sa ya zama da wahala a murmure. Gwamnatin Masar tana buƙatar jiragen ruwa da ke ratsa tashar su shiga cikin "Suez" na Masar, gami da daya ko fiye da matukan jirgin ruwa na SCA na Masar waɗanda ke umurni da jirgin, suna karɓar ma'aikatan yau da kullun da kyaftin din. Akwai matukan jirgi biyu na SCA na Masar a cikin jirgin a lokacin hadarin. == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2021, ''Ever Given'' yana tafiya daga Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia, zuwa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Rotterdam, Netherlands. Yayin da yake ratsa mashigar ruwa ta Suez, shi ne na biyar a cikin jerin gwanon da ke tafiya arewa ta hanyar layin layi ɗaya, tare da jiragen ruwa goma sha biyar a bayansa. Da ƙarfe 07:40 na EGY (05:40 UTC ), jirgin ya kama da guguwar yashi. Iska mai ƙarfi ta wuce {{Convert|40|kn|km/h mph}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Longden |date=6 April 2021 |title=Were bad weather conditions to blame for the grounding of the Ever Given? |url=https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/features/were-bad-weather-conditions-to-blame-for-the-grounding-of-the-ever-given.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430075440/https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/features/were-bad-weather-conditions-to-blame-for-the-grounding-of-the-ever-given.html |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |publisher=Meteorological Technology International}}</ref> ya haifar da "rashin ikon jagorantar jirgin", wanda hakan ya sa jirgin ya karkace. <ref name=":1" /> Jirgin ya yi karo da ruwa a nisan {{Convert|151|km|nmi}} alamar da aka auna daga [[Port Said]] a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]], {{Cvt|10|km|nmi}} daga Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Suez da ke Tekun Suez, kusa da ƙauyen Manshiyet Rugola. Jirgin ruwan ya juya gefe, bai iya 'yantar da kansa ba, inda ya toshe magudanar ruwa a ɓangarorin biyu. <ref name="CNN_25Mar" /> Ma'aikatan jirgin, waɗanda suka ƙunshi 'yan ƙasar Indiya gaba ɗaya, ba a sami rahoton wani rauni ba. == Manazarta == ooe4erh0no4plzyvsobitcbwuhgobz8 862354 862353 2026-06-20T18:50:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 862354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jirgin ruwan da ke dauke da kwantena na Ever Given''' ya toshe [[Suez canal|hanyar Suez]] na tsawon kwanaki shida daga 23 zuwa 29 ga Maris 2021. Jirgin {{Convert|400|m|ft|-long}}, tan 224,000, 20,000 Jirgin ruwan ya sha kaye da iska mai ƙarfi a safiyar ranar 23 ga Maris, kuma ya ƙare a kan hanyar ruwa tare da bakinsa da bayansa a kan gaɓar magudanar ruwa da ke gabansa, yana toshe duk zirga-zirgar ababen hawa har sai an sami damar 'yantar da shi. Hukumomin Masar sun ce "kurakuran fasaha ko na ɗan adam" na iya kasancewa sun shiga. Wannan toshewar ta faru ne a kudu da ɓangaren hanyoyin biyu na magudanar ruwa, don haka wasu jiragen ruwa ba za su iya wucewa ba. Hukumar Kula da Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ta ɗauki hayar Royal Boskalis ta hanyar reshenta na Smit International don gudanar da ayyukan ceto na ruwa . <ref name="Boskalis pr">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!" |url=https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330201952/https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Royal Boskalis B.V.}}</ref> <ref name="moon and lever">{{Cite web |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=30 March 2021 |title=How a full moon and a 'huge lever' helped free Ever Given from Suez canal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/30/powerful-tugs-and-an-ebbing-tide-how-the-ever-given-was-freed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331004637/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/30/powerful-tugs-and-an-ebbing-tide-how-the-ever-given-was-freed |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Toshewar ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci mafi cunkoso a duniya ya rage yawan ciniki tsakanin Turai, Asiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana ɗaure kayayyaki da darajarsu ta kai dala biliyan 9.6 a kowace rana. Zuwa ranar 28 ga Maris, aƙalla jiragen ruwa 369 suna layi don wucewa ta magudanar ruwa. <ref name="theg_Suez">{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Safi |last2=Farrer |first2=Martin |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez canal: Ever Given ship partially refloated but bow still stuck |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329034851/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, Ever Given ya sake tashi kuma ya motsa kusan kashi 80 cikin dari a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal: Ever Given container ship shifted from shoreline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56559904 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329043121/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56559904 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=BBC World News}}</ref> kodayake baka ta kasance a makale <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title='Challenge still ahead' to free ship in Suez Canal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/ever-given-turned-80-percent-in-right-direction-live-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329064115/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/ever-given-turned-80-percent-in-right-direction-live-news |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Al jazeera |type=live news}}</ref> har sai an sake jirgin ta hanyar Masar, Dutch, da Italiyanci goma sha huɗu a 15:05 EGY (13:05 UTC). <ref name="Boskalis pr">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!" |url=https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330201952/https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Royal Boskalis B.V.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://boskalis.com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/suez-canal-unblocked-we-pulled-it-off.html "Suez Canal unblocked: "We pulled it off!]</cite></ref> <ref name="Safi freed">{{Cite web |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez canal: Ever Given container ship freed after a week |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329094958/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/29/suez-canal-attempt-re-float-ever-given-delay-salvage-tugboats |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |quote=[Boskalis] announce that our team of experts, working in close collaboration with the Suez Canal Authority, successfully refloated the Ever Given on 29 March at 15:05 hrs local time, thereby making free passage through the Suez canal possible again}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=How the Giant Boat Blocking the Suez Canal Was Freed: Dredgers, Tugboats, and a Full Moon |url=https://time.com/5950888/suez-canal-boat-freed-explained/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330015615/https://time.com/5950888/suez-canal-boat-freed-explained/ |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> Yayin da aka ja jirgin zuwa Babban Bitter Lake don binciken fasaha, an bincika tashar don lalacewa kuma an gano ta da kyau.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Pippa |date=29 March 2021 |title=Suez Canal traffic resumes after cargo ship Ever Given is moving again |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/29/suez-canal-traffic-resumes-after-cargo-ship-ever-given-is-removed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329141033/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/29/suez-canal-traffic-resumes-after-cargo-ship-ever-given-is-removed.html |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref name="AP 29 Mar">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Canal service provider says container ship in Suez set free |url=https://apnews.com/article/suez-canal-ship-freed-live-updates-48f856c9afed58feb908878c2a495287 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329135426/https://apnews.com/article/suez-canal-ship-freed-live-updates-48f856c9afed58feb908878c2a495287 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref name="Safi freed" /> SCA ta ba da izinin jigilar kaya a karfe 19:00 EGY (17:00 UTC). <ref name="Al Jazeera traffic resumes">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Traffic in Suez Canal resumes after stranded ship refloated - Business and Economy News |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/traffic-in-suez-canal-resumes-after-stranded-ship-refloated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329225718/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/traffic-in-suez-canal-resumes-after-stranded-ship-refloated |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |quote=The ship came out intact and it has no problems. We've just searched the bottom and soil of the Suez Canal and thankfully it is sound and has no issues, and ships will pass through it today}}</ref> Ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba a lokacin lamarin. Gwamnatin Masar ta kwace jirgin a ranar 13 ga Afrilu lokacin da mai shi da masu inshora suka ki biyan diyya na dala biliyan da ake bukata. A watan Yulin, an cimma yarjejeniya ta dala miliyan 540 tsakanin mai mallakar jirgin, masu inshora, da Hukumar Canal. Jirgin ya sake tashi a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2021, yana tsayawa don dubawa a [[Port Said]] kafin ya ci gaba zuwa asalinsa, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rotterdam. Bayan abin da ya faru, gwamnatin Masar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su faɗaɗa ƙananan sassan tashar. == Tarihi == An buɗe [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]], ɗaya daga cikin mahimman Hanyoyin kasuwanci na duniya, a 1869. Ya zuwa 2021, kimanin jiragen ruwa hamsin a kowace rana suna tafiya ta hanyar tashar, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na jimlar cinikin duniya.<ref name=":4" /> Ga yawancin tsawonsa, tashar ba ta da isasshen faɗin don ba da damar jiragen ruwa biyu su wuce juna; dole ne motoci su sauya sauya waɗannan sassan hanyar ruwa. Ana ci gaba da Aikin fadada. [[Fayil:EVER_GIVEN_(49643352087).jpg|left|thumb|An taɓa bayarwa a watan Maris na 2020]] Ever Given ([[IMO number|IMO]] [[c:Category:IMO 9811000|9811000]]) [[Keel laying|An kafa shi]] ne a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2015, an kaddamar da shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2018, kuma an kammala shi a ranar 25 ta Satumba 2018, inda ya maye gurbin jirgin da ya gabata na wannan sunan (IMO [[c:Category:IMO 8320901|8320901]]). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS: American Bureau of Shipping |url=https://www.eagle.org/portal/#/absrecord/extSearch?Classno=18265351&Accesstype=PUBLIC&ReferrerApplication=PUBLIC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301094231/https://www.eagle.org/portal/#/absrecord/extSearch?Classno=18265351&Accesstype=PUBLIC&ReferrerApplication=PUBLIC |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.eagle.org}}</ref> A lokacin da lamarin ya faru, an yi mata [[Ship registration|rajista]] a [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], mallakar kamfanin Japan [[Shoei Kisen Kaisha]], wanda aka hayar shi ga kamfanin jigilar kaya na [[Taiwan]] Evergreen Marine don aiki, wanda Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement ke sarrafawa, kuma 'yan Indiya ne suka jagoranci. Mai shi Shoei Kisen Kaisha yana da kariya da diyya (ƙungiya ta uku) nauyin nauyin dala biliyan 3.1 tare da haɗin gwiwar UK P & I Club a kasuwar Japan. Bugu da kari, jiragen ruwa na kwantena na wannan girman yawanci ana inshora ne don lalacewar kwalliya da kayan aiki na $ 100 da $ 140. &nbsp;&nbsp; Kafin abin da ya faru, Ever Given ya yi tafiya ta hanyar tashar sau 22. Bill Kavanagh ya bayyana tafiya ta hanyar Suez Canal a matsayin "aiki mai rikitarwa da haɗari sosai". Rashin iska zai sa kwantena da aka tara su "yi aiki kamar jirgin ruwa" don busa jirgin ruwa mai nauyi daga hanya, kuma babban ƙarfinsa ya sa ya zama da wahala a murmure. Gwamnatin Masar tana buƙatar jiragen ruwa da ke ratsa tashar su shiga cikin "Suez" na Masar, gami da daya ko fiye da matukan jirgin ruwa na SCA na Masar waɗanda ke umurni da jirgin, suna karɓar ma'aikatan yau da kullun da kyaftin din. Akwai matukan jirgi biyu na SCA na Masar a cikin jirgin a lokacin hadarin. == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2021, ''Ever Given'' yana tafiya daga Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia, zuwa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Rotterdam, Netherlands. Yayin da yake ratsa mashigar ruwa ta Suez, shi ne na biyar a cikin jerin gwanon da ke tafiya arewa ta hanyar layin layi ɗaya, tare da jiragen ruwa goma sha biyar a bayansa. Da ƙarfe 07:40 na EGY (05:40 UTC ), jirgin ya kama da guguwar yashi. Iska mai ƙarfi ta wuce {{Convert|40|kn|km/h mph}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Longden |date=6 April 2021 |title=Were bad weather conditions to blame for the grounding of the Ever Given? |url=https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/features/were-bad-weather-conditions-to-blame-for-the-grounding-of-the-ever-given.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430075440/https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/features/were-bad-weather-conditions-to-blame-for-the-grounding-of-the-ever-given.html |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |publisher=Meteorological Technology International}}</ref> ya haifar da "rashin ikon jagorantar jirgin", wanda hakan ya sa jirgin ya karkace. <ref name=":1" /> Jirgin ya yi karo da ruwa a nisan {{Convert|151|km|nmi}} alamar da aka auna daga [[Port Said]] a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]], {{Cvt|10|km|nmi}} daga Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Suez da ke Tekun Suez, kusa da ƙauyen Manshiyet Rugola. Jirgin ruwan ya juya gefe, bai iya 'yantar da kansa ba, inda ya toshe magudanar ruwa a ɓangarorin biyu. <ref name="CNN_25Mar" /> Ma'aikatan jirgin, waɗanda suka ƙunshi 'yan ƙasar Indiya gaba ɗaya, ba a sami rahoton wani rauni ba. == Manazarta == sxn1aqqessntv97zesy1di0xrtdw9jo 0 158951 862355 2026-06-20T18:52:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327700516|MV Dania]]" 862355 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Dania''''' jirgin ruwa ne wanda aka rushe a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2002 a Nyali Reef, kusa da Bamburi, [[Kenya]] . == Gine-gine da aiki == An gina MV ''Dania'' a Ulsteinvik ([[Norway]]) don kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Amsterdam Nieuwe Kustvaart Mijlo Naamze Vennootschap, kasuwanci a Arewa da Tekun Baltic. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1976, an sayar da jirgin ga mai mallakar jirgin ruwa na Norway Simon Mokster kuma an sake masa suna ''Kviksholm'' . An sake sayar da shi a watan Agustan 1981 ga mai mallakar jirgin ruwa na Mauritius Mascareignes Shipping and Trading Company Limited kuma an sake masa suna ''Rodriguez'', bayan tsibirin Mascarene Archipelago. Daga nan aka juya shi cikin jirgin shanu, yana tafiya tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu, Mozambique da Mauritius.<ref name="BD">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MV Dania |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075644/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |archive-date=2013-09-28 |access-date= |website=Buccaneer Diving}}</ref> A shekara ta 1987, Columbus Incorporated ta sayi shi. An yi rajista a San Morenzo, Honduras, an sake masa suna zuwa sunan asali, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a bakin tekun Afirka na Tekun Indiya da arewacin Tekun Farisa. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1997, mai shi na ƙarshe shine Spanfreight Shipping Limited, wanda ke zaune a [[Mombasa]], Kenya. A shekara ta 2001, an daina amfani da jirgin, saboda rushewar jigilar shanu masu rai a yankin. An ƙaddara shi don rushewa a Indiya, daga ƙarshe ƙungiyar nutsewa ta Buccaneer Diving ta sayi shi, <ref name="BD">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MV Dania |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075644/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |archive-date=2013-09-28 |access-date= |website=Buccaneer Diving}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075644/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ "MV Dania"]. ''Buccaneer Diving''. Archived from [http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ the original] on 2013-09-28.</cite></ref> wanda ya shirya shi, ya tsabtace shi, ya tsaftace shi kuma a ƙarshe ya rushe shi (tare da yarjejeniyar Kenya Wildlife Service) daga dutsen Leven kusa da Mombasa, a zurfin mita 30 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2002. &nbsp; == Yawon shakatawa == Jirgin yana da nisan kilomita 1.5 (0.93 daga ras Iwetine a {{Cvt|12|m}}, arewacin [[Mombasa]]: wannan yana wakiltar minti goma na tafiya ta jirgin ruwa. Matsayinta sune 4°01′04′′S 39°46′28′′E / 4.017746°S 39.7743155°E / -4.017746; 39.7743-155. Tana kwance a kan zurfin yashi mai zurfi {{Cvt|30|m}} , tare da mafi girman abubuwa a zurfin 12 ft) a low tide.<ref name="BD2">{{Cite web |title=Dania Wreck |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/dania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070805/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/dania.php |archive-date=2013-09-28 |access-date= |publisher=Buccaneer Diving}}</ref> Jirgin yana da aminci a cikin jirgin ruwa don jiragen ruwa. Ragowar Dania tana cikin ruwa mai zurfi wanda ya dace da nutsewa. Ita sanannen wurin shakatawa ne na nutsewa.<ref name="BD2" /> Rashin ya mallaki nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. == Manazarta == 7rjh12xu64im8sp7jrf38koz476b88l 862356 862355 2026-06-20T18:52:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 862356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Dania''''' jirgin ruwa ne wanda aka rushe a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2002 a Nyali Reef, kusa da Bamburi, [[Kenya]] . == Gine-gine da aiki == An gina MV ''Dania'' a Ulsteinvik ([[Norway]]) don kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Amsterdam Nieuwe Kustvaart Mijlo Naamze Vennootschap, kasuwanci a Arewa da Tekun Baltic. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1976, an sayar da jirgin ga mai mallakar jirgin ruwa na Norway Simon Mokster kuma an sake masa suna ''Kviksholm'' . An sake sayar da shi a watan Agustan 1981 ga mai mallakar jirgin ruwa na Mauritius Mascareignes Shipping and Trading Company Limited kuma an sake masa suna ''Rodriguez'', bayan tsibirin Mascarene Archipelago. Daga nan aka juya shi cikin jirgin shanu, yana tafiya tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu, Mozambique da Mauritius.<ref name="BD">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MV Dania |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075644/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |archive-date=2013-09-28 |access-date= |website=Buccaneer Diving}}</ref> A shekara ta 1987, Columbus Incorporated ta sayi shi. An yi rajista a San Morenzo, Honduras, an sake masa suna zuwa sunan asali, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a bakin tekun Afirka na Tekun Indiya da arewacin Tekun Farisa. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1997, mai shi na ƙarshe shine Spanfreight Shipping Limited, wanda ke zaune a [[Mombasa]], Kenya. A shekara ta 2001, an daina amfani da jirgin, saboda rushewar jigilar shanu masu rai a yankin. An ƙaddara shi don rushewa a Indiya, daga ƙarshe ƙungiyar nutsewa ta Buccaneer Diving ta sayi shi, <ref name="BD">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MV Dania |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075644/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |archive-date=2013-09-28 |access-date= |website=Buccaneer Diving}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075644/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ "MV Dania"]. ''Buccaneer Diving''. Archived from [http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ the original] on 2013-09-28.</cite></ref> wanda ya shirya shi, ya tsabtace shi, ya tsaftace shi kuma a ƙarshe ya rushe shi (tare da yarjejeniyar Kenya Wildlife Service) daga dutsen Leven kusa da Mombasa, a zurfin mita 30 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2002. &nbsp; == Yawon shakatawa == Jirgin yana da nisan kilomita 1.5 (0.93 daga ras Iwetine a {{Cvt|12|m}}, arewacin [[Mombasa]]: wannan yana wakiltar minti goma na tafiya ta jirgin ruwa. Matsayinta sune 4°01′04′′S 39°46′28′′E / 4.017746°S 39.7743155°E / -4.017746; 39.7743-155. Tana kwance a kan zurfin yashi mai zurfi {{Cvt|30|m}} , tare da mafi girman abubuwa a zurfin 12 ft) a low tide.<ref name="BD2">{{Cite web |title=Dania Wreck |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/dania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070805/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/dania.php |archive-date=2013-09-28 |access-date= |publisher=Buccaneer Diving}}</ref> Jirgin yana da aminci a cikin jirgin ruwa don jiragen ruwa. Ragowar Dania tana cikin ruwa mai zurfi wanda ya dace da nutsewa. Ita sanannen wurin shakatawa ne na nutsewa.<ref name="BD2" /> Rashin ya mallaki nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. == Manazarta == k95xlbzpf2xq58b82jql64bfoavael6 0 158952 862357 2026-06-20T18:53:31Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'... 862357 wikitext text/x-wiki Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. iwnyce6oozr2nicpzz13vtyll4zmzth 862358 862357 2026-06-20T18:54:15Z Sirjat 20447 /* Bayani */ 862358 wikitext text/x-wiki Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> 8bh9n55ht6vn1gv3bwtvdtduw146yty 862359 862358 2026-06-20T18:54:54Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tasirin fari */ 862359 wikitext text/x-wiki Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> 5rslmdniknkuxdi1iwgs54icj0t5gha 862360 862359 2026-06-20T18:55:37Z Sirjat 20447 /* Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari */ 862360 wikitext text/x-wiki Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia na da alaka da juna dangane da dacewar nau'ikan halittu, sikelin fili da lokaci, da kuma tsarin hargitsi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Yawancin tasiri na dangi ba su bayyana ba saboda kowane yanayi daban yake.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan dindindin (perennial waters) shi ne babban mazaunin kariya daga fari mafi mahimmanci.<ref name=Chester2 /> A matsayinsu na mazaunan kariya, suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun ruwa marasa kashi na magudanun ruwa sannan suna da mafi girman rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan saman kasa na dindindin yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar manyan halittu marasa kashi (macroinvertebrate) da kifi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin tsawo (longitudinal pattern) suna shafar wuri da aikin mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Zama a mazaunin kariya abu ne da za a iya hangowa dangane da dabi'un nau'ikan halittu, amma ba duka mazaunan kariya masu dacewa a cikin wani tsari ba ne ke da mazauna.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tsarin al'ummar mazaunin kariya mafi yawanci yana da daidaito saboda martani ga hargitsi yana shafar daukacin nau'ikan halittu; nau'in halitta guda yana amfani da irin nau'in mazaunin kariya guda.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Refugia tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen tsara al'ummomi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Mafi yawan nau'ikan halittun magudanun ruwa da ba na dindindin ba suna bayyana suna da fiye da mazaunin kariya guda na yuwuwa daga fari.<ref name=Chester2 /> Babban abin da ke kayyade mazaunan kariya daga fari da wani nau'in halitta ke amfani da shi a cikin wani fili shi ne dabi'unsa na asali (intrinsic traits).<ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai takaitattun shiyya (mazaunan kariya) da halittu ke komawa gare su lokacin fari, kuma a cikin wadannan shiyoyin akwai takaitattun siffofi na wuraren da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke amfani da su a matsayin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa (biological life cycle).<ref name=Robson5 /> Canji a amfani da mazaunin kariya yana samuwa ne ta hanyar siffar kasa (topography), saukin shafar daidaikun nau'ikan halittu da kuma martani ga hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in hargitsi, nau'in halitta, girman yanki, yuwuwar mazauna da wuri.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wadannan tsare-tsare ba a cika gane su da kyau ba.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna samar da tsarin sassa na mazaunai (habitat mosaics) wadanda ke da saurin fuskantar rarrabuwar mazauni (habitat fragmentation) ta hanyar tsarin kwarara. Wasu sassan sun fi saurin shafa ga janyen ruwa (abstraction) fiye da sauran.<ref name=Robson4 /> Bushewar tafkuna tana haifar da sassa daban-daban na tafkuna a cikin busasshiyar hanyar kogi wadanda suka bambanta da dacewa ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da matakan rayuwa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna fifita tafkuna masu girma dabam-dabam a wurare daban-daban tare da siffofi na sinadarai da na fili daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya da ke da karancin yawan nau'ikan halittu suna bukatar karancin kokari don su kasance masu dacewa idan aka kwanta da mazaunan kariya masu rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Pires3a /> Girman tafki yana tasiri ga rukunin nau'ikan halittu, jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin taro saboda abubuwan sinadarai da na fili.<ref name=Pires3a /> Yawan nau'ikan halittu (species richness) da wadatar amfani suna da alaka da siffar tafkin.<ref name=Pires3a /> Inuwa, wuri (geography), da tsarin kasa duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Tafkuna masu tsananin inuwa suna da ruwa mai sanyi, yayin da tafkuna masu karancin inuwa ke da karuwar matakan samar da amfani na farko. Manyan mazaunan kariya suna da karuwar wadatar amfani da arziki sannan suna da yuwuwar dorewa ta cikin dogon lokaci na hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Pires3a /> Yayin da ake amfani da su da kaddan kuma galibi suna dauke da kalilan na daidaikun halittu a cikin shekaru na yau da kullum, gefen iyakokin zama (range edges) na iya zama mazaunin kariya na lokaci-lokaci daga matsanancin yanayi ko yanayi kamar fari.<ref name=Bateman1 /> A lokacin wadannan matsanancin yanayi, yuwuwar rayuwa, nasarar hayayyafa ko duka biyun sun fi girma a gefen iyakar fiye da tsakiyar inda rukunin yake zama.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar siffofin mazauni, kamar musayar ruwa (hydraulic exchange) da nau'in laka (sediment type), kaura mai karfi (active migration) ko amfani da mazauni cikin sanyin jiki da siffar nau'ikan halittu, hali da tsarin jiki (physiology).<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Raguwa a amfani da mazaunin kariya na faruwa ne saboda raguwar tasiri na rage mace-mace da takaitaccen lokacin da aka samar don farfadowar al'umma wanda ke haifar da raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> ioq7r9em1ad2mopqhglcdblot4vjega 862361 862360 2026-06-20T18:55:59Z Sirjat 20447 /* Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari */ 862361 wikitext text/x-wiki Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia na da alaka da juna dangane da dacewar nau'ikan halittu, sikelin fili da lokaci, da kuma tsarin hargitsi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Yawancin tasiri na dangi ba su bayyana ba saboda kowane yanayi daban yake.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan dindindin (perennial waters) shi ne babban mazaunin kariya daga fari mafi mahimmanci.<ref name=Chester2 /> A matsayinsu na mazaunan kariya, suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun ruwa marasa kashi na magudanun ruwa sannan suna da mafi girman rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan saman kasa na dindindin yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar manyan halittu marasa kashi (macroinvertebrate) da kifi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin tsawo (longitudinal pattern) suna shafar wuri da aikin mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Zama a mazaunin kariya abu ne da za a iya hangowa dangane da dabi'un nau'ikan halittu, amma ba duka mazaunan kariya masu dacewa a cikin wani tsari ba ne ke da mazauna.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tsarin al'ummar mazaunin kariya mafi yawanci yana da daidaito saboda martani ga hargitsi yana shafar daukacin nau'ikan halittu; nau'in halitta guda yana amfani da irin nau'in mazaunin kariya guda.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Refugia tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen tsara al'ummomi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Mafi yawan nau'ikan halittun magudanun ruwa da ba na dindindin ba suna bayyana suna da fiye da mazaunin kariya guda na yuwuwa daga fari.<ref name=Chester2 /> Babban abin da ke kayyade mazaunan kariya daga fari da wani nau'in halitta ke amfani da shi a cikin wani fili shi ne dabi'unsa na asali (intrinsic traits).<ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai takaitattun shiyya (mazaunan kariya) da halittu ke komawa gare su lokacin fari, kuma a cikin wadannan shiyoyin akwai takaitattun siffofi na wuraren da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke amfani da su a matsayin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa (biological life cycle).<ref name=Robson5 /> Canji a amfani da mazaunin kariya yana samuwa ne ta hanyar siffar kasa (topography), saukin shafar daidaikun nau'ikan halittu da kuma martani ga hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in hargitsi, nau'in halitta, girman yanki, yuwuwar mazauna da wuri.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wadannan tsare-tsare ba a cika gane su da kyau ba.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna samar da tsarin sassa na mazaunai (habitat mosaics) wadanda ke da saurin fuskantar rarrabuwar mazauni (habitat fragmentation) ta hanyar tsarin kwarara. Wasu sassan sun fi saurin shafa ga janyen ruwa (abstraction) fiye da sauran.<ref name=Robson4 /> Bushewar tafkuna tana haifar da sassa daban-daban na tafkuna a cikin busasshiyar hanyar kogi wadanda suka bambanta da dacewa ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da matakan rayuwa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna fifita tafkuna masu girma dabam-dabam a wurare daban-daban tare da siffofi na sinadarai da na fili daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya da ke da karancin yawan nau'ikan halittu suna bukatar karancin kokari don su kasance masu dacewa idan aka kwanta da mazaunan kariya masu rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Pires3a /> Girman tafki yana tasiri ga rukunin nau'ikan halittu, jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin taro saboda abubuwan sinadarai da na fili.<ref name=Pires3a /> Yawan nau'ikan halittu (species richness) da wadatar amfani suna da alaka da siffar tafkin.<ref name=Pires3a /> Inuwa, wuri (geography), da tsarin kasa duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Tafkuna masu tsananin inuwa suna da ruwa mai sanyi, yayin da tafkuna masu karancin inuwa ke da karuwar matakan samar da amfani na farko. Manyan mazaunan kariya suna da karuwar wadatar amfani da arziki sannan suna da yuwuwar dorewa ta cikin dogon lokaci na hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Pires3a /> Yayin da ake amfani da su da kaddan kuma galibi suna dauke da kalilan na daidaikun halittu a cikin shekaru na yau da kullum, gefen iyakokin zama (range edges) na iya zama mazaunin kariya na lokaci-lokaci daga matsanancin yanayi ko yanayi kamar fari.<ref name=Bateman1 /> A lokacin wadannan matsanancin yanayi, yuwuwar rayuwa, nasarar hayayyafa ko duka biyun sun fi girma a gefen iyakar fiye da tsakiyar inda rukunin yake zama.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar siffofin mazauni, kamar musayar ruwa (hydraulic exchange) da nau'in laka (sediment type), kaura mai karfi (active migration) ko amfani da mazauni cikin sanyin jiki da siffar nau'ikan halittu, hali da tsarin jiki (physiology).<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Raguwa a amfani da mazaunin kariya na faruwa ne saboda raguwar tasiri na rage mace-mace da takaitaccen lokacin da aka samar don farfadowar al'umma wanda ke haifar da raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Motsi zuwa ciki da waje na mazaunin kariya yana samar da kwarara da za a iya hangowa na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) da sinadaran gina jiki (nutrients).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin jerin abinci (food webs) da tsarin halittu.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dimbin yawa na sinadaran gina jiki a wuri guda lokacin hargitsi yana nufin karuwar gaba (competition) da cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Kason mace-mace, haihuwa, kaura, da mu'amala tsakanin sassan halittun da suka gudu zuwa refugia suna tasiri ta hanyar yanayin mazaunin kariyar.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Fadin sarari, kason bushewa, da yanayin fili na kewaye da na sinadarai duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari ga algi (algae) suna da yawa saboda mafi yawan nau'ikan tsakiyar kogi na iya tsira daga bushewa (desiccation) kuma suna nuna karancin takamaiman bukatar mazaunin kariya, idan har bushewar ta faru a hankali.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sun hada da busasshen biofilm a kan duwatsu da katako, busassun ganyayyaki da kuma tafkuna na dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya ga shuke-shuken ruwa (macrophytes) da kananan halittun ruwa (zooplankton) yawanci sun kunshi rumbun kwayayen haihuwa da na iri a tsakiyar koguna kuma suna da juriya ga bushewa mai tsawo.<ref name=Robson5 /> b6z7six6rxiz3fuprhc3zlh3omfucv9 862362 862361 2026-06-20T18:57:02Z Sirjat 20447 862362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia na da alaka da juna dangane da dacewar nau'ikan halittu, sikelin fili da lokaci, da kuma tsarin hargitsi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Yawancin tasiri na dangi ba su bayyana ba saboda kowane yanayi daban yake.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan dindindin (perennial waters) shi ne babban mazaunin kariya daga fari mafi mahimmanci.<ref name=Chester2 /> A matsayinsu na mazaunan kariya, suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun ruwa marasa kashi na magudanun ruwa sannan suna da mafi girman rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan saman kasa na dindindin yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar manyan halittu marasa kashi (macroinvertebrate) da kifi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin tsawo (longitudinal pattern) suna shafar wuri da aikin mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Zama a mazaunin kariya abu ne da za a iya hangowa dangane da dabi'un nau'ikan halittu, amma ba duka mazaunan kariya masu dacewa a cikin wani tsari ba ne ke da mazauna.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tsarin al'ummar mazaunin kariya mafi yawanci yana da daidaito saboda martani ga hargitsi yana shafar daukacin nau'ikan halittu; nau'in halitta guda yana amfani da irin nau'in mazaunin kariya guda.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Refugia tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen tsara al'ummomi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Mafi yawan nau'ikan halittun magudanun ruwa da ba na dindindin ba suna bayyana suna da fiye da mazaunin kariya guda na yuwuwa daga fari.<ref name=Chester2 /> Babban abin da ke kayyade mazaunan kariya daga fari da wani nau'in halitta ke amfani da shi a cikin wani fili shi ne dabi'unsa na asali (intrinsic traits).<ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai takaitattun shiyya (mazaunan kariya) da halittu ke komawa gare su lokacin fari, kuma a cikin wadannan shiyoyin akwai takaitattun siffofi na wuraren da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke amfani da su a matsayin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa (biological life cycle).<ref name=Robson5 /> Canji a amfani da mazaunin kariya yana samuwa ne ta hanyar siffar kasa (topography), saukin shafar daidaikun nau'ikan halittu da kuma martani ga hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in hargitsi, nau'in halitta, girman yanki, yuwuwar mazauna da wuri.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wadannan tsare-tsare ba a cika gane su da kyau ba.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna samar da tsarin sassa na mazaunai (habitat mosaics) wadanda ke da saurin fuskantar rarrabuwar mazauni (habitat fragmentation) ta hanyar tsarin kwarara. Wasu sassan sun fi saurin shafa ga janyen ruwa (abstraction) fiye da sauran.<ref name=Robson4 /> Bushewar tafkuna tana haifar da sassa daban-daban na tafkuna a cikin busasshiyar hanyar kogi wadanda suka bambanta da dacewa ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da matakan rayuwa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna fifita tafkuna masu girma dabam-dabam a wurare daban-daban tare da siffofi na sinadarai da na fili daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya da ke da karancin yawan nau'ikan halittu suna bukatar karancin kokari don su kasance masu dacewa idan aka kwanta da mazaunan kariya masu rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Pires3a /> Girman tafki yana tasiri ga rukunin nau'ikan halittu, jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin taro saboda abubuwan sinadarai da na fili.<ref name=Pires3a /> Yawan nau'ikan halittu (species richness) da wadatar amfani suna da alaka da siffar tafkin.<ref name=Pires3a /> Inuwa, wuri (geography), da tsarin kasa duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Tafkuna masu tsananin inuwa suna da ruwa mai sanyi, yayin da tafkuna masu karancin inuwa ke da karuwar matakan samar da amfani na farko. Manyan mazaunan kariya suna da karuwar wadatar amfani da arziki sannan suna da yuwuwar dorewa ta cikin dogon lokaci na hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Pires3a /> Yayin da ake amfani da su da kaddan kuma galibi suna dauke da kalilan na daidaikun halittu a cikin shekaru na yau da kullum, gefen iyakokin zama (range edges) na iya zama mazaunin kariya na lokaci-lokaci daga matsanancin yanayi ko yanayi kamar fari.<ref name=Bateman1 /> A lokacin wadannan matsanancin yanayi, yuwuwar rayuwa, nasarar hayayyafa ko duka biyun sun fi girma a gefen iyakar fiye da tsakiyar inda rukunin yake zama.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar siffofin mazauni, kamar musayar ruwa (hydraulic exchange) da nau'in laka (sediment type), kaura mai karfi (active migration) ko amfani da mazauni cikin sanyin jiki da siffar nau'ikan halittu, hali da tsarin jiki (physiology).<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Raguwa a amfani da mazaunin kariya na faruwa ne saboda raguwar tasiri na rage mace-mace da takaitaccen lokacin da aka samar don farfadowar al'umma wanda ke haifar da raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Motsi zuwa ciki da waje na mazaunin kariya yana samar da kwarara da za a iya hangowa na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) da sinadaran gina jiki (nutrients).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin jerin abinci (food webs) da tsarin halittu.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dimbin yawa na sinadaran gina jiki a wuri guda lokacin hargitsi yana nufin karuwar gaba (competition) da cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Kason mace-mace, haihuwa, kaura, da mu'amala tsakanin sassan halittun da suka gudu zuwa refugia suna tasiri ta hanyar yanayin mazaunin kariyar.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Fadin sarari, kason bushewa, da yanayin fili na kewaye da na sinadarai duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari ga algi (algae) suna da yawa saboda mafi yawan nau'ikan tsakiyar kogi na iya tsira daga bushewa (desiccation) kuma suna nuna karancin takamaiman bukatar mazaunin kariya, idan har bushewar ta faru a hankali.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sun hada da busasshen biofilm a kan duwatsu da katako, busassun ganyayyaki da kuma tafkuna na dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya ga shuke-shuken ruwa (macrophytes) da kananan halittun ruwa (zooplankton) yawanci sun kunshi rumbun kwayayen haihuwa da na iri a tsakiyar koguna kuma suna da juriya ga bushewa mai tsawo.<ref name=Robson5 /> 1ptg66332nz0egzca8b5ymry43lsobt 862363 862362 2026-06-20T19:00:11Z Sirjat 20447 /* Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari */ 862363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia na da alaka da juna dangane da dacewar nau'ikan halittu, sikelin fili da lokaci, da kuma tsarin hargitsi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Yawancin tasiri na dangi ba su bayyana ba saboda kowane yanayi daban yake.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan dindindin (perennial waters) shi ne babban mazaunin kariya daga fari mafi mahimmanci.<ref name=Chester2 /> A matsayinsu na mazaunan kariya, suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun ruwa marasa kashi na magudanun ruwa sannan suna da mafi girman rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan saman kasa na dindindin yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar manyan halittu marasa kashi (macroinvertebrate) da kifi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin tsawo (longitudinal pattern) suna shafar wuri da aikin mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Zama a mazaunin kariya abu ne da za a iya hangowa dangane da dabi'un nau'ikan halittu, amma ba duka mazaunan kariya masu dacewa a cikin wani tsari ba ne ke da mazauna.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tsarin al'ummar mazaunin kariya mafi yawanci yana da daidaito saboda martani ga hargitsi yana shafar daukacin nau'ikan halittu; nau'in halitta guda yana amfani da irin nau'in mazaunin kariya guda.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Refugia tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen tsara al'ummomi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Mafi yawan nau'ikan halittun magudanun ruwa da ba na dindindin ba suna bayyana suna da fiye da mazaunin kariya guda na yuwuwa daga fari.<ref name=Chester2 /> Babban abin da ke kayyade mazaunan kariya daga fari da wani nau'in halitta ke amfani da shi a cikin wani fili shi ne dabi'unsa na asali (intrinsic traits).<ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai takaitattun shiyya (mazaunan kariya) da halittu ke komawa gare su lokacin fari, kuma a cikin wadannan shiyoyin akwai takaitattun siffofi na wuraren da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke amfani da su a matsayin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa (biological life cycle).<ref name=Robson5 /> Canji a amfani da mazaunin kariya yana samuwa ne ta hanyar siffar kasa (topography), saukin shafar daidaikun nau'ikan halittu da kuma martani ga hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in hargitsi, nau'in halitta, girman yanki, yuwuwar mazauna da wuri.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wadannan tsare-tsare ba a cika gane su da kyau ba.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna samar da tsarin sassa na mazaunai (habitat mosaics) wadanda ke da saurin fuskantar rarrabuwar mazauni (habitat fragmentation) ta hanyar tsarin kwarara. Wasu sassan sun fi saurin shafa ga janyen ruwa (abstraction) fiye da sauran.<ref name=Robson4 /> Bushewar tafkuna tana haifar da sassa daban-daban na tafkuna a cikin busasshiyar hanyar kogi wadanda suka bambanta da dacewa ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da matakan rayuwa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna fifita tafkuna masu girma dabam-dabam a wurare daban-daban tare da siffofi na sinadarai da na fili daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya da ke da karancin yawan nau'ikan halittu suna bukatar karancin kokari don su kasance masu dacewa idan aka kwanta da mazaunan kariya masu rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Pires3a /> Girman tafki yana tasiri ga rukunin nau'ikan halittu, jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin taro saboda abubuwan sinadarai da na fili.<ref name=Pires3a /> Yawan nau'ikan halittu (species richness) da wadatar amfani suna da alaka da siffar tafkin.<ref name=Pires3a /> Inuwa, wuri (geography), da tsarin kasa duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Tafkuna masu tsananin inuwa suna da ruwa mai sanyi, yayin da tafkuna masu karancin inuwa ke da karuwar matakan samar da amfani na farko. Manyan mazaunan kariya suna da karuwar wadatar amfani da arziki sannan suna da yuwuwar dorewa ta cikin dogon lokaci na hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Pires3a /> Yayin da ake amfani da su da kaddan kuma galibi suna dauke da kalilan na daidaikun halittu a cikin shekaru na yau da kullum, gefen iyakokin zama (range edges) na iya zama mazaunin kariya na lokaci-lokaci daga matsanancin yanayi ko yanayi kamar fari.<ref name=Bateman1 /> A lokacin wadannan matsanancin yanayi, yuwuwar rayuwa, nasarar hayayyafa ko duka biyun sun fi girma a gefen iyakar fiye da tsakiyar inda rukunin yake zama.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar siffofin mazauni, kamar musayar ruwa (hydraulic exchange) da nau'in laka (sediment type), kaura mai karfi (active migration) ko amfani da mazauni cikin sanyin jiki da siffar nau'ikan halittu, hali da tsarin jiki (physiology).<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Raguwa a amfani da mazaunin kariya na faruwa ne saboda raguwar tasiri na rage mace-mace da takaitaccen lokacin da aka samar don farfadowar al'umma wanda ke haifar da raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Motsi zuwa ciki da waje na mazaunin kariya yana samar da kwarara da za a iya hangowa na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) da sinadaran gina jiki (nutrients).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin jerin abinci (food webs) da tsarin halittu.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dimbin yawa na sinadaran gina jiki a wuri guda lokacin hargitsi yana nufin karuwar gaba (competition) da cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Kason mace-mace, haihuwa, kaura, da mu'amala tsakanin sassan halittun da suka gudu zuwa refugia suna tasiri ta hanyar yanayin mazaunin kariyar.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Fadin sarari, kason bushewa, da yanayin fili na kewaye da na sinadarai duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari ga algi (algae) suna da yawa saboda mafi yawan nau'ikan tsakiyar kogi na iya tsira daga bushewa (desiccation) kuma suna nuna karancin takamaiman bukatar mazaunin kariya, idan har bushewar ta faru a hankali.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sun hada da busasshen biofilm a kan duwatsu da katako, busassun ganyayyaki da kuma tafkuna na dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya ga shuke-shuken ruwa (macrophytes) da kananan halittun ruwa (zooplankton) yawanci sun kunshi rumbun kwayayen haihuwa da na iri a tsakiyar koguna kuma suna da juriya ga bushewa mai tsawo.<ref name=Robson5 /> == Mahimmancin Alakar Mazaunan Kariya == Fari na haifar da sauyi a tazarar mazaunan kariya da alakarsu a matakan fili da lokaci daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /><ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari na hargitsa alakar ruwa sannan yana shafar halittun da ke zaune a wurin ta hanyar asarar ruwa da kwarara daga bushewa, raguwar mazauni, da sake tsari.<ref name=Kath1a /> Isar da ruwa yana takaita ne ga yankuna na cikin tsarin sadarwar magudanun ruwa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sassan mazauni da membobin al'umma suka kera suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya wadanda ke da mahimmanci ga sauran membobin.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyi da tafkuna da wasu nau'ikan halittu suka tona, kamar kadangurun ruwa, suna ba da damar bazuwa zuwa cikin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Musayar ruwa tana samar da motsin ruwa, sinadaran gina jiki, da kwayoyin halitta zuwa cikin mazaunin kariya.<ref name=Robson5 /> Rukunonin halittu marasa motsi, kamar tsirrai da dabbobi a mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin, ba za su iya dorewa har abada ba ba tare da alakar ruwa tsakanin mazaunan kariya ba.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Halittu masu motsi, kamar kifi, za su koma cikin mazaunin kariya idan babu shinge, kamar abubuwan toshewa na fili (misali: madatsun ruwa, kebabben tafkuna), abubuwan halitta (misali: cin naman juna, gaba), da abubuwan sinadarai da na fili (misali: karancin iskar oxygen da ke narke a ruwa). A lokacin kananan sikelin hargitsi da na takaitaccen lokaci, rukunonin halittu a cikin mazaunan kariya ba lallai ne a yanke su baki daya daga wadanda ke sauran mazaunan kariya ba ko wadanda ke sauran filaye da ba a hargitsa ba, saboda haka musayar kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa har yanzu, ko kuma zai faru lokacin sassan zagayowar rayuwa da hargitsin bai takaita ba. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, rayuwar wani nau'in halitta ba shi da yuwuwar ya dogara ga mazaunin kariya guda daya tilo.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin farfadowa yana bukatar dawo da alaka, ta yadda kaura za ta iya faruwa daga mazaunan kariya zuwa sabbin sassan mazauni.<ref name=Chester2 /> Magudanun ruwa masu gudana na dindindin na iya zama mazaunan kariya daga fari ga magudanun ruwa na makwabta, koda kuwa ba su da alakar ruwa da su.<ref name=Robson5 /> Dole ne halittun da suka fake su sami alakar ruwa a lokutan da suka dace. Ga kwari, mazaunan kariya a kan magudanan ruwa guda na iya tallafawa sake mamaye yanki a magudanan ruwa na kusa da ba su da alakar ruwa, wanda hakan na iya bukatar tsarin kiyayewa ta cikin iyakokin rumbun ruwa. Farin da aka yi daga shekarar 1996 har zuwa 2009 ya sami babban tasiri a kan Rumbun Murray-Darling, a Arewacin Ostareliya (Murphy da Timbal 2007; Umenhofer et al. 2009). Lokacin da wannan fari ya faru, ya busar da kofatun ruwa da wuraren ajiye ruwa (mazaunin kariya daga fari). Ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi da yawa, mazaunin kariyar shi ne kadai ruwa mai dadi da ke akwai. Wannan gungun ruwa yana aiki ne a matsayin abinci da mafaka; saboda haka, dole ne a kiyaye shi. Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da yuwuwar dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili kamar gungun magudanun ruwa ko daukacin tsarin magudanar ruwa. Chester, E. T. da Robson, B. J. (2011), Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonization by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56: 2094–2104. == Nau'ukan Mazaunan Kariya Daga Fari Daban-daban == Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya na iya zama siffofin fili na kwayoyin halitta kamar hali na takaitaccen lokaci ko dabi'ar dacewa ta juyin halitta na dogon lokaci.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dabbobi da shuke-shuke suna da hanyoyin kara juriya (rayuwa) da karfin farfadowa (farfadowa) ga hargitsi na fili.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Suna samar da dabi'un dacewa kamar siffa, tsarin jiki, da hali.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Siffofin dacewa na fili na kwayoyin halitta sun hada da ikon yin barcin rani (aestivate), karkataccen baki da ke ba da damar shakar oxygen a saman ruwa, garkuwar jiki, da kashin baya masu dafi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyin da nau'ikan halittu masu motsi ke amfani da su sun hada da halayyar neman mazaunin kariya; suna neman sassan mazauni wadanda ke rage matsin lamba na tsarin jiki sannan suna rage mace-mace.<ref name=Chester2 /> Dogaro ga bazuwa yana inganta karfin farfadowa ga sauyin yanayi a takaitaccen lokaci, amma a kan sikelin lokaci mai tsawo, ba zai kare rarrabuwar halittu na manyan halittu marasa kashi daga lalacewar mazaunin kariya na sikelin fili ba. ozakxa75dcfcnu65vd683hlzeumk3gc 862364 862363 2026-06-20T19:00:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nau'ukan Mazaunan Kariya Daga Fari Daban-daban */ 862364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia na da alaka da juna dangane da dacewar nau'ikan halittu, sikelin fili da lokaci, da kuma tsarin hargitsi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Yawancin tasiri na dangi ba su bayyana ba saboda kowane yanayi daban yake.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan dindindin (perennial waters) shi ne babban mazaunin kariya daga fari mafi mahimmanci.<ref name=Chester2 /> A matsayinsu na mazaunan kariya, suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun ruwa marasa kashi na magudanun ruwa sannan suna da mafi girman rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan saman kasa na dindindin yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar manyan halittu marasa kashi (macroinvertebrate) da kifi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin tsawo (longitudinal pattern) suna shafar wuri da aikin mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Zama a mazaunin kariya abu ne da za a iya hangowa dangane da dabi'un nau'ikan halittu, amma ba duka mazaunan kariya masu dacewa a cikin wani tsari ba ne ke da mazauna.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tsarin al'ummar mazaunin kariya mafi yawanci yana da daidaito saboda martani ga hargitsi yana shafar daukacin nau'ikan halittu; nau'in halitta guda yana amfani da irin nau'in mazaunin kariya guda.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Refugia tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen tsara al'ummomi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Mafi yawan nau'ikan halittun magudanun ruwa da ba na dindindin ba suna bayyana suna da fiye da mazaunin kariya guda na yuwuwa daga fari.<ref name=Chester2 /> Babban abin da ke kayyade mazaunan kariya daga fari da wani nau'in halitta ke amfani da shi a cikin wani fili shi ne dabi'unsa na asali (intrinsic traits).<ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai takaitattun shiyya (mazaunan kariya) da halittu ke komawa gare su lokacin fari, kuma a cikin wadannan shiyoyin akwai takaitattun siffofi na wuraren da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke amfani da su a matsayin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa (biological life cycle).<ref name=Robson5 /> Canji a amfani da mazaunin kariya yana samuwa ne ta hanyar siffar kasa (topography), saukin shafar daidaikun nau'ikan halittu da kuma martani ga hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in hargitsi, nau'in halitta, girman yanki, yuwuwar mazauna da wuri.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wadannan tsare-tsare ba a cika gane su da kyau ba.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna samar da tsarin sassa na mazaunai (habitat mosaics) wadanda ke da saurin fuskantar rarrabuwar mazauni (habitat fragmentation) ta hanyar tsarin kwarara. Wasu sassan sun fi saurin shafa ga janyen ruwa (abstraction) fiye da sauran.<ref name=Robson4 /> Bushewar tafkuna tana haifar da sassa daban-daban na tafkuna a cikin busasshiyar hanyar kogi wadanda suka bambanta da dacewa ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da matakan rayuwa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna fifita tafkuna masu girma dabam-dabam a wurare daban-daban tare da siffofi na sinadarai da na fili daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya da ke da karancin yawan nau'ikan halittu suna bukatar karancin kokari don su kasance masu dacewa idan aka kwanta da mazaunan kariya masu rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Pires3a /> Girman tafki yana tasiri ga rukunin nau'ikan halittu, jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin taro saboda abubuwan sinadarai da na fili.<ref name=Pires3a /> Yawan nau'ikan halittu (species richness) da wadatar amfani suna da alaka da siffar tafkin.<ref name=Pires3a /> Inuwa, wuri (geography), da tsarin kasa duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Tafkuna masu tsananin inuwa suna da ruwa mai sanyi, yayin da tafkuna masu karancin inuwa ke da karuwar matakan samar da amfani na farko. Manyan mazaunan kariya suna da karuwar wadatar amfani da arziki sannan suna da yuwuwar dorewa ta cikin dogon lokaci na hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Pires3a /> Yayin da ake amfani da su da kaddan kuma galibi suna dauke da kalilan na daidaikun halittu a cikin shekaru na yau da kullum, gefen iyakokin zama (range edges) na iya zama mazaunin kariya na lokaci-lokaci daga matsanancin yanayi ko yanayi kamar fari.<ref name=Bateman1 /> A lokacin wadannan matsanancin yanayi, yuwuwar rayuwa, nasarar hayayyafa ko duka biyun sun fi girma a gefen iyakar fiye da tsakiyar inda rukunin yake zama.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar siffofin mazauni, kamar musayar ruwa (hydraulic exchange) da nau'in laka (sediment type), kaura mai karfi (active migration) ko amfani da mazauni cikin sanyin jiki da siffar nau'ikan halittu, hali da tsarin jiki (physiology).<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Raguwa a amfani da mazaunin kariya na faruwa ne saboda raguwar tasiri na rage mace-mace da takaitaccen lokacin da aka samar don farfadowar al'umma wanda ke haifar da raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Motsi zuwa ciki da waje na mazaunin kariya yana samar da kwarara da za a iya hangowa na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) da sinadaran gina jiki (nutrients).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin jerin abinci (food webs) da tsarin halittu.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dimbin yawa na sinadaran gina jiki a wuri guda lokacin hargitsi yana nufin karuwar gaba (competition) da cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Kason mace-mace, haihuwa, kaura, da mu'amala tsakanin sassan halittun da suka gudu zuwa refugia suna tasiri ta hanyar yanayin mazaunin kariyar.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Fadin sarari, kason bushewa, da yanayin fili na kewaye da na sinadarai duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari ga algi (algae) suna da yawa saboda mafi yawan nau'ikan tsakiyar kogi na iya tsira daga bushewa (desiccation) kuma suna nuna karancin takamaiman bukatar mazaunin kariya, idan har bushewar ta faru a hankali.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sun hada da busasshen biofilm a kan duwatsu da katako, busassun ganyayyaki da kuma tafkuna na dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya ga shuke-shuken ruwa (macrophytes) da kananan halittun ruwa (zooplankton) yawanci sun kunshi rumbun kwayayen haihuwa da na iri a tsakiyar koguna kuma suna da juriya ga bushewa mai tsawo.<ref name=Robson5 /> == Mahimmancin Alakar Mazaunan Kariya == Fari na haifar da sauyi a tazarar mazaunan kariya da alakarsu a matakan fili da lokaci daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /><ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari na hargitsa alakar ruwa sannan yana shafar halittun da ke zaune a wurin ta hanyar asarar ruwa da kwarara daga bushewa, raguwar mazauni, da sake tsari.<ref name=Kath1a /> Isar da ruwa yana takaita ne ga yankuna na cikin tsarin sadarwar magudanun ruwa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sassan mazauni da membobin al'umma suka kera suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya wadanda ke da mahimmanci ga sauran membobin.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyi da tafkuna da wasu nau'ikan halittu suka tona, kamar kadangurun ruwa, suna ba da damar bazuwa zuwa cikin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Musayar ruwa tana samar da motsin ruwa, sinadaran gina jiki, da kwayoyin halitta zuwa cikin mazaunin kariya.<ref name=Robson5 /> Rukunonin halittu marasa motsi, kamar tsirrai da dabbobi a mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin, ba za su iya dorewa har abada ba ba tare da alakar ruwa tsakanin mazaunan kariya ba.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Halittu masu motsi, kamar kifi, za su koma cikin mazaunin kariya idan babu shinge, kamar abubuwan toshewa na fili (misali: madatsun ruwa, kebabben tafkuna), abubuwan halitta (misali: cin naman juna, gaba), da abubuwan sinadarai da na fili (misali: karancin iskar oxygen da ke narke a ruwa). A lokacin kananan sikelin hargitsi da na takaitaccen lokaci, rukunonin halittu a cikin mazaunan kariya ba lallai ne a yanke su baki daya daga wadanda ke sauran mazaunan kariya ba ko wadanda ke sauran filaye da ba a hargitsa ba, saboda haka musayar kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa har yanzu, ko kuma zai faru lokacin sassan zagayowar rayuwa da hargitsin bai takaita ba. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, rayuwar wani nau'in halitta ba shi da yuwuwar ya dogara ga mazaunin kariya guda daya tilo.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin farfadowa yana bukatar dawo da alaka, ta yadda kaura za ta iya faruwa daga mazaunan kariya zuwa sabbin sassan mazauni.<ref name=Chester2 /> Magudanun ruwa masu gudana na dindindin na iya zama mazaunan kariya daga fari ga magudanun ruwa na makwabta, koda kuwa ba su da alakar ruwa da su.<ref name=Robson5 /> Dole ne halittun da suka fake su sami alakar ruwa a lokutan da suka dace. Ga kwari, mazaunan kariya a kan magudanan ruwa guda na iya tallafawa sake mamaye yanki a magudanan ruwa na kusa da ba su da alakar ruwa, wanda hakan na iya bukatar tsarin kiyayewa ta cikin iyakokin rumbun ruwa. Farin da aka yi daga shekarar 1996 har zuwa 2009 ya sami babban tasiri a kan Rumbun Murray-Darling, a Arewacin Ostareliya (Murphy da Timbal 2007; Umenhofer et al. 2009). Lokacin da wannan fari ya faru, ya busar da kofatun ruwa da wuraren ajiye ruwa (mazaunin kariya daga fari). Ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi da yawa, mazaunin kariyar shi ne kadai ruwa mai dadi da ke akwai. Wannan gungun ruwa yana aiki ne a matsayin abinci da mafaka; saboda haka, dole ne a kiyaye shi. Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da yuwuwar dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili kamar gungun magudanun ruwa ko daukacin tsarin magudanar ruwa. Chester, E. T. da Robson, B. J. (2011), Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonization by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56: 2094–2104. == Nau'ukan Mazaunan Kariya Daga Fari Daban-daban == Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya na iya zama siffofin fili na kwayoyin halitta kamar hali na takaitaccen lokaci ko dabi'ar dacewa ta juyin halitta na dogon lokaci.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dabbobi da shuke-shuke suna da hanyoyin kara juriya (rayuwa) da karfin farfadowa (farfadowa) ga hargitsi na fili.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Suna samar da dabi'un dacewa kamar siffa, tsarin jiki, da hali.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Siffofin dacewa na fili na kwayoyin halitta sun hada da ikon yin barcin rani (aestivate), karkataccen baki da ke ba da damar shakar oxygen a saman ruwa, garkuwar jiki, da kashin baya masu dafi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyin da nau'ikan halittu masu motsi ke amfani da su sun hada da halayyar neman mazaunin kariya; suna neman sassan mazauni wadanda ke rage matsin lamba na tsarin jiki sannan suna rage mace-mace.<ref name=Chester2 /> Dogaro ga bazuwa yana inganta karfin farfadowa ga sauyin yanayi a takaitaccen lokaci, amma a kan sikelin lokaci mai tsawo, ba zai kare rarrabuwar halittu na manyan halittu marasa kashi daga lalacewar mazaunin kariya na sikelin fili ba. Yankin hyporheic, wani yanki ne tare da gadon magudanun ruwa inda ruwan karkashin kasa ke haduwa da ruwan saman kasa,<ref name=Robson4 /> mazaunin kariya ne mai mahimmanci ga kwayoyin halitta marasa motsi, kamar algi. Yankin hyporheic yana karewa daga daskarewa, babban zafi, da gurbataccen yanayi. Yana rage gushewar wuri, tare da daidaiton kwarararsa mai tafiya a hankali.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> A cikin yankin hyporheic, ana rike ruwa kyauta, sannan halittu marasa kashi suna ci gaba da kasancewa a nutse a ruwa.<ref name=Chester2 /> An nuna cewa yankin hyporheic yana ba da gudunmawar halittun da ke sake mamaye wurare lokacin da kwararar ruwan saman kasa ta sake farawa. Ruwan dindindin, ko tafkuna ne, ma'abotar ruwa ko sassan magudanun ruwa masu gudana, an nuna su akai-akai a matsayin manyan mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sassan magudanun ruwa masu gudana dindindin da tafkuna na dindindin suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya daga fari ga yanki mafi fadi na fili fiye da magudanar ruwan da suke a kanta.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya masu girman da ya isa don dorewar daukacin rukunonin halittu, kamar sassan da ke gudana dindindin, suna da yuwuwar kasancewa mafi mahimmanci sannan suna iya zama mazaunan kariya da ke dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage a lokacin bushewar kasa.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tafkuna na dindindin da ruwa mai gudana dindindin yawanci suna dauke da mafi girman rarrabuwar nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi saboda suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun marasa kashin. == Barazana da kiyayewa == Saboda mazaunan kariya daga fari na iya samar da wurare kadai da ke ba wa rukunonin halittu damar dorewa lokacin fari, suna da matukar saukin shafa ga abubuwan da ke shafar ingancin ruwa kamar gurbacewar ruwa da taruwar yashi (sedimentation) daga kwararar ruwan saman kasa sakamakon ayyukan bil'adama. Don haka, a wuraren da ke fuskantar fari na lokaci-lokaci, kiyaye mazauni yana bukatar ganowa da kare mazaunan kariya daga fari.<ref name=bond/> <ref name=Humphries3 /> Fari takaitacce ne ga wasu shiyoyi da yankunan yanayi daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sauyin yanayi a yawancin yankunan Bahar Rum na iya tsawaita lokutan fari sannan ya yi barazana ga mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ikon mazaunan kariya na dindindin na tallafawa rarrabuwar halittu na iya fuskantar babbar matsala sakamakon karuwar zafin ruwa, wanda ke rage ingancin mazaunan kariya ta hanyar wuce juriya na zafi na halittu marasa kashi ko ta hanyar haifar da rashin iskar oxygen (anoxia) a tafkunan magudanun ruwa da kuma lalacewar muhalli da ke akwai na yawancin hanyoyin ruwa na dindindin. Fari yana da ikon rage kayayyakin gona sannan ya zama sanadin asarar amfanin gona da rayuka. Don haka, adana mazaunin kariya yana da matukar mahimmanci ta fannoni da dama. Domin kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari ga wadannan nau'ikan halittu, ya kamata a dauki matakin da zai haifar da tasiri na takaitaccen lokaci da dogon lokaci da farin ke da shi a kan nau'ikan halittun da ke rayuwa a kansa don tsira. A California, kokarin kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari a can ya hada da adana ruwa lokacin da zai yuwu. Ana yin kiyayewar ruwa ne domin rukunonin tsuntsaye masu kaura (National Wildlife Refuge; Maris, 1, 2016). Hukumar kula da mazaunan kariya ta kasa kuma tana shiga cikin harkar yankan ciyawa, huda kasa, feshin magani da kone-kone masu sarrafawa. Ana daukar wadannan matakan ne a kokarin hana tsirrai tsinannu da ba na asalin wurin ba girma; irin wannan tsirrai yawanci suna girma fiye da na asalin wurin lokacin fari. Don haka, barin tsirrai na asali su tsira lokacin fari yana jagorantar nau'ikan halittu masu dogaro su nemi abinci a kan tsirran da ke akwai. An zartar da dokar tsaftace ruwa domin kare ruwan Amurka daga gurbacewa. Kodayake dokar ba ta kare dukkan ruwaye ba, tana kare gungun ruwaye da yawa. Lokacin da mazaunan kariya daga fari suka gurbace, suna zama mafi girman hadari ga nau'ikan halittu masu zaune a ciki. Dokar tsaftace ruwa mataki daya ne kawai na tsaftace ruwaye, da ceton mazaunan kariya daga fari "(The Clean Water Rule; National Wildlife Organization)." 2w64z3c5f12059f6b3psmna24zgemma 862365 862364 2026-06-20T19:01:15Z Sirjat 20447 /* Barazana da kiyayewa */ 862365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia na da alaka da juna dangane da dacewar nau'ikan halittu, sikelin fili da lokaci, da kuma tsarin hargitsi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Yawancin tasiri na dangi ba su bayyana ba saboda kowane yanayi daban yake.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan dindindin (perennial waters) shi ne babban mazaunin kariya daga fari mafi mahimmanci.<ref name=Chester2 /> A matsayinsu na mazaunan kariya, suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun ruwa marasa kashi na magudanun ruwa sannan suna da mafi girman rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan saman kasa na dindindin yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar manyan halittu marasa kashi (macroinvertebrate) da kifi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin tsawo (longitudinal pattern) suna shafar wuri da aikin mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Zama a mazaunin kariya abu ne da za a iya hangowa dangane da dabi'un nau'ikan halittu, amma ba duka mazaunan kariya masu dacewa a cikin wani tsari ba ne ke da mazauna.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tsarin al'ummar mazaunin kariya mafi yawanci yana da daidaito saboda martani ga hargitsi yana shafar daukacin nau'ikan halittu; nau'in halitta guda yana amfani da irin nau'in mazaunin kariya guda.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Refugia tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen tsara al'ummomi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Mafi yawan nau'ikan halittun magudanun ruwa da ba na dindindin ba suna bayyana suna da fiye da mazaunin kariya guda na yuwuwa daga fari.<ref name=Chester2 /> Babban abin da ke kayyade mazaunan kariya daga fari da wani nau'in halitta ke amfani da shi a cikin wani fili shi ne dabi'unsa na asali (intrinsic traits).<ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai takaitattun shiyya (mazaunan kariya) da halittu ke komawa gare su lokacin fari, kuma a cikin wadannan shiyoyin akwai takaitattun siffofi na wuraren da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke amfani da su a matsayin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa (biological life cycle).<ref name=Robson5 /> Canji a amfani da mazaunin kariya yana samuwa ne ta hanyar siffar kasa (topography), saukin shafar daidaikun nau'ikan halittu da kuma martani ga hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in hargitsi, nau'in halitta, girman yanki, yuwuwar mazauna da wuri.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wadannan tsare-tsare ba a cika gane su da kyau ba.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna samar da tsarin sassa na mazaunai (habitat mosaics) wadanda ke da saurin fuskantar rarrabuwar mazauni (habitat fragmentation) ta hanyar tsarin kwarara. Wasu sassan sun fi saurin shafa ga janyen ruwa (abstraction) fiye da sauran.<ref name=Robson4 /> Bushewar tafkuna tana haifar da sassa daban-daban na tafkuna a cikin busasshiyar hanyar kogi wadanda suka bambanta da dacewa ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da matakan rayuwa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna fifita tafkuna masu girma dabam-dabam a wurare daban-daban tare da siffofi na sinadarai da na fili daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya da ke da karancin yawan nau'ikan halittu suna bukatar karancin kokari don su kasance masu dacewa idan aka kwanta da mazaunan kariya masu rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Pires3a /> Girman tafki yana tasiri ga rukunin nau'ikan halittu, jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin taro saboda abubuwan sinadarai da na fili.<ref name=Pires3a /> Yawan nau'ikan halittu (species richness) da wadatar amfani suna da alaka da siffar tafkin.<ref name=Pires3a /> Inuwa, wuri (geography), da tsarin kasa duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Tafkuna masu tsananin inuwa suna da ruwa mai sanyi, yayin da tafkuna masu karancin inuwa ke da karuwar matakan samar da amfani na farko. Manyan mazaunan kariya suna da karuwar wadatar amfani da arziki sannan suna da yuwuwar dorewa ta cikin dogon lokaci na hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Pires3a /> Yayin da ake amfani da su da kaddan kuma galibi suna dauke da kalilan na daidaikun halittu a cikin shekaru na yau da kullum, gefen iyakokin zama (range edges) na iya zama mazaunin kariya na lokaci-lokaci daga matsanancin yanayi ko yanayi kamar fari.<ref name=Bateman1 /> A lokacin wadannan matsanancin yanayi, yuwuwar rayuwa, nasarar hayayyafa ko duka biyun sun fi girma a gefen iyakar fiye da tsakiyar inda rukunin yake zama.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar siffofin mazauni, kamar musayar ruwa (hydraulic exchange) da nau'in laka (sediment type), kaura mai karfi (active migration) ko amfani da mazauni cikin sanyin jiki da siffar nau'ikan halittu, hali da tsarin jiki (physiology).<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Raguwa a amfani da mazaunin kariya na faruwa ne saboda raguwar tasiri na rage mace-mace da takaitaccen lokacin da aka samar don farfadowar al'umma wanda ke haifar da raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Motsi zuwa ciki da waje na mazaunin kariya yana samar da kwarara da za a iya hangowa na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) da sinadaran gina jiki (nutrients).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin jerin abinci (food webs) da tsarin halittu.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dimbin yawa na sinadaran gina jiki a wuri guda lokacin hargitsi yana nufin karuwar gaba (competition) da cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Kason mace-mace, haihuwa, kaura, da mu'amala tsakanin sassan halittun da suka gudu zuwa refugia suna tasiri ta hanyar yanayin mazaunin kariyar.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Fadin sarari, kason bushewa, da yanayin fili na kewaye da na sinadarai duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari ga algi (algae) suna da yawa saboda mafi yawan nau'ikan tsakiyar kogi na iya tsira daga bushewa (desiccation) kuma suna nuna karancin takamaiman bukatar mazaunin kariya, idan har bushewar ta faru a hankali.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sun hada da busasshen biofilm a kan duwatsu da katako, busassun ganyayyaki da kuma tafkuna na dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya ga shuke-shuken ruwa (macrophytes) da kananan halittun ruwa (zooplankton) yawanci sun kunshi rumbun kwayayen haihuwa da na iri a tsakiyar koguna kuma suna da juriya ga bushewa mai tsawo.<ref name=Robson5 /> == Mahimmancin Alakar Mazaunan Kariya == Fari na haifar da sauyi a tazarar mazaunan kariya da alakarsu a matakan fili da lokaci daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /><ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari na hargitsa alakar ruwa sannan yana shafar halittun da ke zaune a wurin ta hanyar asarar ruwa da kwarara daga bushewa, raguwar mazauni, da sake tsari.<ref name=Kath1a /> Isar da ruwa yana takaita ne ga yankuna na cikin tsarin sadarwar magudanun ruwa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sassan mazauni da membobin al'umma suka kera suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya wadanda ke da mahimmanci ga sauran membobin.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyi da tafkuna da wasu nau'ikan halittu suka tona, kamar kadangurun ruwa, suna ba da damar bazuwa zuwa cikin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Musayar ruwa tana samar da motsin ruwa, sinadaran gina jiki, da kwayoyin halitta zuwa cikin mazaunin kariya.<ref name=Robson5 /> Rukunonin halittu marasa motsi, kamar tsirrai da dabbobi a mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin, ba za su iya dorewa har abada ba ba tare da alakar ruwa tsakanin mazaunan kariya ba.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Halittu masu motsi, kamar kifi, za su koma cikin mazaunin kariya idan babu shinge, kamar abubuwan toshewa na fili (misali: madatsun ruwa, kebabben tafkuna), abubuwan halitta (misali: cin naman juna, gaba), da abubuwan sinadarai da na fili (misali: karancin iskar oxygen da ke narke a ruwa). A lokacin kananan sikelin hargitsi da na takaitaccen lokaci, rukunonin halittu a cikin mazaunan kariya ba lallai ne a yanke su baki daya daga wadanda ke sauran mazaunan kariya ba ko wadanda ke sauran filaye da ba a hargitsa ba, saboda haka musayar kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa har yanzu, ko kuma zai faru lokacin sassan zagayowar rayuwa da hargitsin bai takaita ba. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, rayuwar wani nau'in halitta ba shi da yuwuwar ya dogara ga mazaunin kariya guda daya tilo.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin farfadowa yana bukatar dawo da alaka, ta yadda kaura za ta iya faruwa daga mazaunan kariya zuwa sabbin sassan mazauni.<ref name=Chester2 /> Magudanun ruwa masu gudana na dindindin na iya zama mazaunan kariya daga fari ga magudanun ruwa na makwabta, koda kuwa ba su da alakar ruwa da su.<ref name=Robson5 /> Dole ne halittun da suka fake su sami alakar ruwa a lokutan da suka dace. Ga kwari, mazaunan kariya a kan magudanan ruwa guda na iya tallafawa sake mamaye yanki a magudanan ruwa na kusa da ba su da alakar ruwa, wanda hakan na iya bukatar tsarin kiyayewa ta cikin iyakokin rumbun ruwa. Farin da aka yi daga shekarar 1996 har zuwa 2009 ya sami babban tasiri a kan Rumbun Murray-Darling, a Arewacin Ostareliya (Murphy da Timbal 2007; Umenhofer et al. 2009). Lokacin da wannan fari ya faru, ya busar da kofatun ruwa da wuraren ajiye ruwa (mazaunin kariya daga fari). Ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi da yawa, mazaunin kariyar shi ne kadai ruwa mai dadi da ke akwai. Wannan gungun ruwa yana aiki ne a matsayin abinci da mafaka; saboda haka, dole ne a kiyaye shi. Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da yuwuwar dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili kamar gungun magudanun ruwa ko daukacin tsarin magudanar ruwa. Chester, E. T. da Robson, B. J. (2011), Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonization by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56: 2094–2104. == Nau'ukan Mazaunan Kariya Daga Fari Daban-daban == Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya na iya zama siffofin fili na kwayoyin halitta kamar hali na takaitaccen lokaci ko dabi'ar dacewa ta juyin halitta na dogon lokaci.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dabbobi da shuke-shuke suna da hanyoyin kara juriya (rayuwa) da karfin farfadowa (farfadowa) ga hargitsi na fili.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Suna samar da dabi'un dacewa kamar siffa, tsarin jiki, da hali.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Siffofin dacewa na fili na kwayoyin halitta sun hada da ikon yin barcin rani (aestivate), karkataccen baki da ke ba da damar shakar oxygen a saman ruwa, garkuwar jiki, da kashin baya masu dafi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyin da nau'ikan halittu masu motsi ke amfani da su sun hada da halayyar neman mazaunin kariya; suna neman sassan mazauni wadanda ke rage matsin lamba na tsarin jiki sannan suna rage mace-mace.<ref name=Chester2 /> Dogaro ga bazuwa yana inganta karfin farfadowa ga sauyin yanayi a takaitaccen lokaci, amma a kan sikelin lokaci mai tsawo, ba zai kare rarrabuwar halittu na manyan halittu marasa kashi daga lalacewar mazaunin kariya na sikelin fili ba. Yankin hyporheic, wani yanki ne tare da gadon magudanun ruwa inda ruwan karkashin kasa ke haduwa da ruwan saman kasa,<ref name=Robson4 /> mazaunin kariya ne mai mahimmanci ga kwayoyin halitta marasa motsi, kamar algi. Yankin hyporheic yana karewa daga daskarewa, babban zafi, da gurbataccen yanayi. Yana rage gushewar wuri, tare da daidaiton kwarararsa mai tafiya a hankali.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> A cikin yankin hyporheic, ana rike ruwa kyauta, sannan halittu marasa kashi suna ci gaba da kasancewa a nutse a ruwa.<ref name=Chester2 /> An nuna cewa yankin hyporheic yana ba da gudunmawar halittun da ke sake mamaye wurare lokacin da kwararar ruwan saman kasa ta sake farawa. Ruwan dindindin, ko tafkuna ne, ma'abotar ruwa ko sassan magudanun ruwa masu gudana, an nuna su akai-akai a matsayin manyan mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sassan magudanun ruwa masu gudana dindindin da tafkuna na dindindin suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya daga fari ga yanki mafi fadi na fili fiye da magudanar ruwan da suke a kanta.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya masu girman da ya isa don dorewar daukacin rukunonin halittu, kamar sassan da ke gudana dindindin, suna da yuwuwar kasancewa mafi mahimmanci sannan suna iya zama mazaunan kariya da ke dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage a lokacin bushewar kasa.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tafkuna na dindindin da ruwa mai gudana dindindin yawanci suna dauke da mafi girman rarrabuwar nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi saboda suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun marasa kashin. == Barazana da kiyayewa == Saboda mazaunan kariya daga fari na iya samar da wurare kadai da ke ba wa rukunonin halittu damar dorewa lokacin fari, suna da matukar saukin shafa ga abubuwan da ke shafar ingancin ruwa kamar gurbacewar ruwa da taruwar yashi (sedimentation) daga kwararar ruwan saman kasa sakamakon ayyukan bil'adama. Don haka, a wuraren da ke fuskantar fari na lokaci-lokaci, kiyaye mazauni yana bukatar ganowa da kare mazaunan kariya daga fari.<ref name=bond/> <ref name=Humphries3 /> Fari takaitacce ne ga wasu shiyoyi da yankunan yanayi daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sauyin yanayi a yawancin yankunan Bahar Rum na iya tsawaita lokutan fari sannan ya yi barazana ga mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ikon mazaunan kariya na dindindin na tallafawa rarrabuwar halittu na iya fuskantar babbar matsala sakamakon karuwar zafin ruwa, wanda ke rage ingancin mazaunan kariya ta hanyar wuce juriya na zafi na halittu marasa kashi ko ta hanyar haifar da rashin iskar oxygen (anoxia) a tafkunan magudanun ruwa da kuma lalacewar muhalli da ke akwai na yawancin hanyoyin ruwa na dindindin. Fari yana da ikon rage kayayyakin gona sannan ya zama sanadin asarar amfanin gona da rayuka. Don haka, adana mazaunin kariya yana da matukar mahimmanci ta fannoni da dama. Domin kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari ga wadannan nau'ikan halittu, ya kamata a dauki matakin da zai haifar da tasiri na takaitaccen lokaci da dogon lokaci da farin ke da shi a kan nau'ikan halittun da ke rayuwa a kansa don tsira. A California, kokarin kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari a can ya hada da adana ruwa lokacin da zai yuwu. Ana yin kiyayewar ruwa ne domin rukunonin tsuntsaye masu kaura (National Wildlife Refuge; Maris, 1, 2016). Hukumar kula da mazaunan kariya ta kasa kuma tana shiga cikin harkar yankan ciyawa, huda kasa, feshin magani da kone-kone masu sarrafawa. Ana daukar wadannan matakan ne a kokarin hana tsirrai tsinannu da ba na asalin wurin ba girma; irin wannan tsirrai yawanci suna girma fiye da na asalin wurin lokacin fari. Don haka, barin tsirrai na asali su tsira lokacin fari yana jagorantar nau'ikan halittu masu dogaro su nemi abinci a kan tsirran da ke akwai. An zartar da dokar tsaftace ruwa domin kare ruwan Amurka daga gurbacewa. Kodayake dokar ba ta kare dukkan ruwaye ba, tana kare gungun ruwaye da yawa. Lokacin da mazaunan kariya daga fari suka gurbace, suna zama mafi girman hadari ga nau'ikan halittu masu zaune a ciki. Dokar tsaftace ruwa mataki daya ne kawai na tsaftace ruwaye, da ceton mazaunan kariya daga fari "(The Clean Water Rule; National Wildlife Organization)." Barazana mai ci gaba ga kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari sun hada da; taruwar yashi, pumping din ruwan rami, da rashin tsarin ruwan, ba ya kusa da kowane sauran gungun ruwaye. Wadannan ba shakka suna haifar da yanayi inda ake samun raguwa mai tsanani a wadatar ruwa. Yayin da wadatar ruwa ke raguwa, yana kara damar mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu dogaro. <ref name=Kath1a /> Rumbunan ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater aquifers) suna tallafawa mazaunan kariya daga fari ga tsarin halittu masu dogaro da ruwa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Gurbacewa da hakar ruwan karkashin kasa fiye da kima duka suna da matsala saboda yana rage ikonsa na tallafawa mazaunan kariya daga fari da ake samarwa ta ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Hakar ruwa fiye da kima yana rage matakin ruwan karkashin kasa (water table) sannan yana lalata tsarin halittu masu dogaro da ruwa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Hakar ruwa fiye da kima galibi yana faruwa ne a wuraren da ke da karancin ruwan saman kasa da fari na akai-akai; inda mazaunan kariya na ruwan karkashin kasa da refugia suka fi mahimmanci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Hargitsi da bil'adama ya kera na iya yin koyi da tasirin fari, kamar janye ruwa, da madatsun ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Gyare-gyaren hanyoyin ruwa da bil'adama ya kera suna yi wa yankin hyporheic barazana a matsayin mazaunin kariya. <ref name=Kath1a /> Gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater salinization) yana rage kaddarorin kariya. Share tsirrai, tare da ban ruwa (irrigation), yana haifar da manyan matsaloli. Ban ruwa yana kara matakin ruwan karkashin kasa sannan yana motsa gishiri, kuma share tsirrai yana ba shi damar saduwa da mazaunan ruwa da tsirrai. Wannan yana damun nau'ikan halittun da ba su saba da babban gishiri ba. Babban matakin gishiri yana rage shan ruwa a cikin shuke-shuke, ta hanyar haifar da rufe stomata, yana rage tsarin photosynthesis. Dajika suna fuskantar raguwa a wuraren da ke da babban gishiri da kananan zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa saboda wadannan yanayi suna sanya su kasance masu saukin shafa ga fari. Dajika suna fuskantar raguwa a wuraren da ke da babban gishiri da kananan zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa wanda ke sanya su kasance masu saukin shafa ga fari. <ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai bukatar kara mayar da hankali kan kokarin kiyayewa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Ilimi game da ayyukan mazaunan kariya yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar rawar da suke takawa wajen kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu, musamman nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa da yanayi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Musamman a yankunan da sauyin yanayi ke kara yawan mako da tsawon lokutan fari.<ref name=Pires3a /> Don kiyaye nau'ikan halittu da ke fuskantar matsanancin yanayi mafi kyau, ya zama dole a gano yanayin da ke 'tunan' nau'ikan halittu, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, gano wuraren mazaunan kariya da daidaikun halittu ke komawa gare su.<ref name=Chester2 /> Magudanun ruwa masu gudana dindindin da tafkuna na dindindin na iya kasancewa da matukar mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a cikin sassan mazaunan magudanun ruwa masu tsarin kwarara mafi bushewa.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Babban jaddadawa na kariya ta mazaunin kariya daga fari ya kamata ya kasance a kan kare ruwan saman kasa na dindindin da gefen iyakokin zama a cikin wancan fili.<ref name=Robson5 /> Hanyoyin kiyayewa ga tsarin koguna za su bukaci mayar da hankali kan ganowa da kiyaye mazaunan kariya tare da dorewar alakar mazaunan kariya, rage tasirin sauran hargitsi a kan wadannan tsarin, da kuma dorewar tsarin kwararar kakar shekara da za a iya hangowa. <ref name=Robson5 /> Sakin ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki (hydroelectricity reservoirs) za a iya amfani da shi don rage zafin ruwan kogi ko sake cika sassan kwarara na dindindin da da, ta haka za a kera mazaunan kariya ga halittun kogi.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Haka kuma, mayar da hankali kan dorewar ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa ya fi amfani fiye da mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwan saman kasa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Sake dasa bishiyoyi na iya rage gurbacewar ruwa a karkashin kasa da na saman kasa, wanda ke amfanar rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name="Robson5" /> Akwai karuwar shaida cewa mazaunan da bil'adama ya kera, kamar madatsun ruwa na kanawa, ramuka, da tafkunan gona na iya tallafawa rarrabuwar halittun ruwa mai dadi, saboda haka, suna da damar samar da mazaunan kariya.<ref name="Parkos2a" /> Suna iya hana manyan kwayoyin halitta, kamar kifi, daga makalewa yayin da matakan ruwa ke raguwa.<ref name="Robson5" /> Yayin da adana mazaunan kariya ke da mahimmanci don samar da hanyoyin sake mamaye yanki, bai wadatar ba idan halittun da ke son sake mamayewa ba za su iya tashi daga mazaunin kariyar zuwa sassan mazauni masu dacewa da sake mamaye yankin ba. is4rujs3ry29q20n5su4glo9a6z21vc 862366 862365 2026-06-20T19:01:39Z Sirjat 20447 /* Barazana da kiyayewa */ 862366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia na da alaka da juna dangane da dacewar nau'ikan halittu, sikelin fili da lokaci, da kuma tsarin hargitsi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Yawancin tasiri na dangi ba su bayyana ba saboda kowane yanayi daban yake.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan dindindin (perennial waters) shi ne babban mazaunin kariya daga fari mafi mahimmanci.<ref name=Chester2 /> A matsayinsu na mazaunan kariya, suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun ruwa marasa kashi na magudanun ruwa sannan suna da mafi girman rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan saman kasa na dindindin yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar manyan halittu marasa kashi (macroinvertebrate) da kifi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin tsawo (longitudinal pattern) suna shafar wuri da aikin mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Zama a mazaunin kariya abu ne da za a iya hangowa dangane da dabi'un nau'ikan halittu, amma ba duka mazaunan kariya masu dacewa a cikin wani tsari ba ne ke da mazauna.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tsarin al'ummar mazaunin kariya mafi yawanci yana da daidaito saboda martani ga hargitsi yana shafar daukacin nau'ikan halittu; nau'in halitta guda yana amfani da irin nau'in mazaunin kariya guda.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Refugia tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen tsara al'ummomi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Mafi yawan nau'ikan halittun magudanun ruwa da ba na dindindin ba suna bayyana suna da fiye da mazaunin kariya guda na yuwuwa daga fari.<ref name=Chester2 /> Babban abin da ke kayyade mazaunan kariya daga fari da wani nau'in halitta ke amfani da shi a cikin wani fili shi ne dabi'unsa na asali (intrinsic traits).<ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai takaitattun shiyya (mazaunan kariya) da halittu ke komawa gare su lokacin fari, kuma a cikin wadannan shiyoyin akwai takaitattun siffofi na wuraren da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke amfani da su a matsayin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa (biological life cycle).<ref name=Robson5 /> Canji a amfani da mazaunin kariya yana samuwa ne ta hanyar siffar kasa (topography), saukin shafar daidaikun nau'ikan halittu da kuma martani ga hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in hargitsi, nau'in halitta, girman yanki, yuwuwar mazauna da wuri.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wadannan tsare-tsare ba a cika gane su da kyau ba.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna samar da tsarin sassa na mazaunai (habitat mosaics) wadanda ke da saurin fuskantar rarrabuwar mazauni (habitat fragmentation) ta hanyar tsarin kwarara. Wasu sassan sun fi saurin shafa ga janyen ruwa (abstraction) fiye da sauran.<ref name=Robson4 /> Bushewar tafkuna tana haifar da sassa daban-daban na tafkuna a cikin busasshiyar hanyar kogi wadanda suka bambanta da dacewa ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da matakan rayuwa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna fifita tafkuna masu girma dabam-dabam a wurare daban-daban tare da siffofi na sinadarai da na fili daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya da ke da karancin yawan nau'ikan halittu suna bukatar karancin kokari don su kasance masu dacewa idan aka kwanta da mazaunan kariya masu rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Pires3a /> Girman tafki yana tasiri ga rukunin nau'ikan halittu, jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin taro saboda abubuwan sinadarai da na fili.<ref name=Pires3a /> Yawan nau'ikan halittu (species richness) da wadatar amfani suna da alaka da siffar tafkin.<ref name=Pires3a /> Inuwa, wuri (geography), da tsarin kasa duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Tafkuna masu tsananin inuwa suna da ruwa mai sanyi, yayin da tafkuna masu karancin inuwa ke da karuwar matakan samar da amfani na farko. Manyan mazaunan kariya suna da karuwar wadatar amfani da arziki sannan suna da yuwuwar dorewa ta cikin dogon lokaci na hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Pires3a /> Yayin da ake amfani da su da kaddan kuma galibi suna dauke da kalilan na daidaikun halittu a cikin shekaru na yau da kullum, gefen iyakokin zama (range edges) na iya zama mazaunin kariya na lokaci-lokaci daga matsanancin yanayi ko yanayi kamar fari.<ref name=Bateman1 /> A lokacin wadannan matsanancin yanayi, yuwuwar rayuwa, nasarar hayayyafa ko duka biyun sun fi girma a gefen iyakar fiye da tsakiyar inda rukunin yake zama.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar siffofin mazauni, kamar musayar ruwa (hydraulic exchange) da nau'in laka (sediment type), kaura mai karfi (active migration) ko amfani da mazauni cikin sanyin jiki da siffar nau'ikan halittu, hali da tsarin jiki (physiology).<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Raguwa a amfani da mazaunin kariya na faruwa ne saboda raguwar tasiri na rage mace-mace da takaitaccen lokacin da aka samar don farfadowar al'umma wanda ke haifar da raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Motsi zuwa ciki da waje na mazaunin kariya yana samar da kwarara da za a iya hangowa na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) da sinadaran gina jiki (nutrients).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin jerin abinci (food webs) da tsarin halittu.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dimbin yawa na sinadaran gina jiki a wuri guda lokacin hargitsi yana nufin karuwar gaba (competition) da cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Kason mace-mace, haihuwa, kaura, da mu'amala tsakanin sassan halittun da suka gudu zuwa refugia suna tasiri ta hanyar yanayin mazaunin kariyar.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Fadin sarari, kason bushewa, da yanayin fili na kewaye da na sinadarai duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari ga algi (algae) suna da yawa saboda mafi yawan nau'ikan tsakiyar kogi na iya tsira daga bushewa (desiccation) kuma suna nuna karancin takamaiman bukatar mazaunin kariya, idan har bushewar ta faru a hankali.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sun hada da busasshen biofilm a kan duwatsu da katako, busassun ganyayyaki da kuma tafkuna na dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya ga shuke-shuken ruwa (macrophytes) da kananan halittun ruwa (zooplankton) yawanci sun kunshi rumbun kwayayen haihuwa da na iri a tsakiyar koguna kuma suna da juriya ga bushewa mai tsawo.<ref name=Robson5 /> == Mahimmancin Alakar Mazaunan Kariya == Fari na haifar da sauyi a tazarar mazaunan kariya da alakarsu a matakan fili da lokaci daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /><ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari na hargitsa alakar ruwa sannan yana shafar halittun da ke zaune a wurin ta hanyar asarar ruwa da kwarara daga bushewa, raguwar mazauni, da sake tsari.<ref name=Kath1a /> Isar da ruwa yana takaita ne ga yankuna na cikin tsarin sadarwar magudanun ruwa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sassan mazauni da membobin al'umma suka kera suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya wadanda ke da mahimmanci ga sauran membobin.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyi da tafkuna da wasu nau'ikan halittu suka tona, kamar kadangurun ruwa, suna ba da damar bazuwa zuwa cikin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Musayar ruwa tana samar da motsin ruwa, sinadaran gina jiki, da kwayoyin halitta zuwa cikin mazaunin kariya.<ref name=Robson5 /> Rukunonin halittu marasa motsi, kamar tsirrai da dabbobi a mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin, ba za su iya dorewa har abada ba ba tare da alakar ruwa tsakanin mazaunan kariya ba.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Halittu masu motsi, kamar kifi, za su koma cikin mazaunin kariya idan babu shinge, kamar abubuwan toshewa na fili (misali: madatsun ruwa, kebabben tafkuna), abubuwan halitta (misali: cin naman juna, gaba), da abubuwan sinadarai da na fili (misali: karancin iskar oxygen da ke narke a ruwa). A lokacin kananan sikelin hargitsi da na takaitaccen lokaci, rukunonin halittu a cikin mazaunan kariya ba lallai ne a yanke su baki daya daga wadanda ke sauran mazaunan kariya ba ko wadanda ke sauran filaye da ba a hargitsa ba, saboda haka musayar kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa har yanzu, ko kuma zai faru lokacin sassan zagayowar rayuwa da hargitsin bai takaita ba. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, rayuwar wani nau'in halitta ba shi da yuwuwar ya dogara ga mazaunin kariya guda daya tilo.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin farfadowa yana bukatar dawo da alaka, ta yadda kaura za ta iya faruwa daga mazaunan kariya zuwa sabbin sassan mazauni.<ref name=Chester2 /> Magudanun ruwa masu gudana na dindindin na iya zama mazaunan kariya daga fari ga magudanun ruwa na makwabta, koda kuwa ba su da alakar ruwa da su.<ref name=Robson5 /> Dole ne halittun da suka fake su sami alakar ruwa a lokutan da suka dace. Ga kwari, mazaunan kariya a kan magudanan ruwa guda na iya tallafawa sake mamaye yanki a magudanan ruwa na kusa da ba su da alakar ruwa, wanda hakan na iya bukatar tsarin kiyayewa ta cikin iyakokin rumbun ruwa. Farin da aka yi daga shekarar 1996 har zuwa 2009 ya sami babban tasiri a kan Rumbun Murray-Darling, a Arewacin Ostareliya (Murphy da Timbal 2007; Umenhofer et al. 2009). Lokacin da wannan fari ya faru, ya busar da kofatun ruwa da wuraren ajiye ruwa (mazaunin kariya daga fari). Ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi da yawa, mazaunin kariyar shi ne kadai ruwa mai dadi da ke akwai. Wannan gungun ruwa yana aiki ne a matsayin abinci da mafaka; saboda haka, dole ne a kiyaye shi. Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da yuwuwar dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili kamar gungun magudanun ruwa ko daukacin tsarin magudanar ruwa. Chester, E. T. da Robson, B. J. (2011), Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonization by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56: 2094–2104. == Nau'ukan Mazaunan Kariya Daga Fari Daban-daban == Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya na iya zama siffofin fili na kwayoyin halitta kamar hali na takaitaccen lokaci ko dabi'ar dacewa ta juyin halitta na dogon lokaci.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dabbobi da shuke-shuke suna da hanyoyin kara juriya (rayuwa) da karfin farfadowa (farfadowa) ga hargitsi na fili.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Suna samar da dabi'un dacewa kamar siffa, tsarin jiki, da hali.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Siffofin dacewa na fili na kwayoyin halitta sun hada da ikon yin barcin rani (aestivate), karkataccen baki da ke ba da damar shakar oxygen a saman ruwa, garkuwar jiki, da kashin baya masu dafi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyin da nau'ikan halittu masu motsi ke amfani da su sun hada da halayyar neman mazaunin kariya; suna neman sassan mazauni wadanda ke rage matsin lamba na tsarin jiki sannan suna rage mace-mace.<ref name=Chester2 /> Dogaro ga bazuwa yana inganta karfin farfadowa ga sauyin yanayi a takaitaccen lokaci, amma a kan sikelin lokaci mai tsawo, ba zai kare rarrabuwar halittu na manyan halittu marasa kashi daga lalacewar mazaunin kariya na sikelin fili ba. Yankin hyporheic, wani yanki ne tare da gadon magudanun ruwa inda ruwan karkashin kasa ke haduwa da ruwan saman kasa,<ref name=Robson4 /> mazaunin kariya ne mai mahimmanci ga kwayoyin halitta marasa motsi, kamar algi. Yankin hyporheic yana karewa daga daskarewa, babban zafi, da gurbataccen yanayi. Yana rage gushewar wuri, tare da daidaiton kwarararsa mai tafiya a hankali.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> A cikin yankin hyporheic, ana rike ruwa kyauta, sannan halittu marasa kashi suna ci gaba da kasancewa a nutse a ruwa.<ref name=Chester2 /> An nuna cewa yankin hyporheic yana ba da gudunmawar halittun da ke sake mamaye wurare lokacin da kwararar ruwan saman kasa ta sake farawa. Ruwan dindindin, ko tafkuna ne, ma'abotar ruwa ko sassan magudanun ruwa masu gudana, an nuna su akai-akai a matsayin manyan mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sassan magudanun ruwa masu gudana dindindin da tafkuna na dindindin suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya daga fari ga yanki mafi fadi na fili fiye da magudanar ruwan da suke a kanta.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya masu girman da ya isa don dorewar daukacin rukunonin halittu, kamar sassan da ke gudana dindindin, suna da yuwuwar kasancewa mafi mahimmanci sannan suna iya zama mazaunan kariya da ke dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage a lokacin bushewar kasa.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tafkuna na dindindin da ruwa mai gudana dindindin yawanci suna dauke da mafi girman rarrabuwar nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi saboda suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun marasa kashin. == Barazana da kiyayewa == Saboda mazaunan kariya daga fari na iya samar da wurare kadai da ke ba wa rukunonin halittu damar dorewa lokacin fari, suna da matukar saukin shafa ga abubuwan da ke shafar ingancin ruwa kamar gurbacewar ruwa da taruwar yashi (sedimentation) daga kwararar ruwan saman kasa sakamakon ayyukan bil'adama. Don haka, a wuraren da ke fuskantar fari na lokaci-lokaci, kiyaye mazauni yana bukatar ganowa da kare mazaunan kariya daga fari.<ref name=bond/> <ref name=Humphries3 /> Fari takaitacce ne ga wasu shiyoyi da yankunan yanayi daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sauyin yanayi a yawancin yankunan Bahar Rum na iya tsawaita lokutan fari sannan ya yi barazana ga mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ikon mazaunan kariya na dindindin na tallafawa rarrabuwar halittu na iya fuskantar babbar matsala sakamakon karuwar zafin ruwa, wanda ke rage ingancin mazaunan kariya ta hanyar wuce juriya na zafi na halittu marasa kashi ko ta hanyar haifar da rashin iskar oxygen (anoxia) a tafkunan magudanun ruwa da kuma lalacewar muhalli da ke akwai na yawancin hanyoyin ruwa na dindindin. Fari yana da ikon rage kayayyakin gona sannan ya zama sanadin asarar amfanin gona da rayuka. Don haka, adana mazaunin kariya yana da matukar mahimmanci ta fannoni da dama. Domin kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari ga wadannan nau'ikan halittu, ya kamata a dauki matakin da zai haifar da tasiri na takaitaccen lokaci da dogon lokaci da farin ke da shi a kan nau'ikan halittun da ke rayuwa a kansa don tsira. A California, kokarin kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari a can ya hada da adana ruwa lokacin da zai yuwu. Ana yin kiyayewar ruwa ne domin rukunonin tsuntsaye masu kaura (National Wildlife Refuge; Maris, 1, 2016). Hukumar kula da mazaunan kariya ta kasa kuma tana shiga cikin harkar yankan ciyawa, huda kasa, feshin magani da kone-kone masu sarrafawa. Ana daukar wadannan matakan ne a kokarin hana tsirrai tsinannu da ba na asalin wurin ba girma; irin wannan tsirrai yawanci suna girma fiye da na asalin wurin lokacin fari. Don haka, barin tsirrai na asali su tsira lokacin fari yana jagorantar nau'ikan halittu masu dogaro su nemi abinci a kan tsirran da ke akwai. An zartar da dokar tsaftace ruwa domin kare ruwan Amurka daga gurbacewa. Kodayake dokar ba ta kare dukkan ruwaye ba, tana kare gungun ruwaye da yawa. Lokacin da mazaunan kariya daga fari suka gurbace, suna zama mafi girman hadari ga nau'ikan halittu masu zaune a ciki. Dokar tsaftace ruwa mataki daya ne kawai na tsaftace ruwaye, da ceton mazaunan kariya daga fari "(The Clean Water Rule; National Wildlife Organization)." Barazana mai ci gaba ga kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari sun hada da; taruwar yashi, pumping din ruwan rami, da rashin tsarin ruwan, ba ya kusa da kowane sauran gungun ruwaye. Wadannan ba shakka suna haifar da yanayi inda ake samun raguwa mai tsanani a wadatar ruwa. Yayin da wadatar ruwa ke raguwa, yana kara damar mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu dogaro. <ref name=Kath1a /> Rumbunan ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater aquifers) suna tallafawa mazaunan kariya daga fari ga tsarin halittu masu dogaro da ruwa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Gurbacewa da hakar ruwan karkashin kasa fiye da kima duka suna da matsala saboda yana rage ikonsa na tallafawa mazaunan kariya daga fari da ake samarwa ta ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Hakar ruwa fiye da kima yana rage matakin ruwan karkashin kasa (water table) sannan yana lalata tsarin halittu masu dogaro da ruwa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Hakar ruwa fiye da kima galibi yana faruwa ne a wuraren da ke da karancin ruwan saman kasa da fari na akai-akai; inda mazaunan kariya na ruwan karkashin kasa da refugia suka fi mahimmanci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Hargitsi da bil'adama ya kera na iya yin koyi da tasirin fari, kamar janye ruwa, da madatsun ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Gyare-gyaren hanyoyin ruwa da bil'adama ya kera suna yi wa yankin hyporheic barazana a matsayin mazaunin kariya. <ref name=Kath1a /> Gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater salinization) yana rage kaddarorin kariya. Share tsirrai, tare da ban ruwa (irrigation), yana haifar da manyan matsaloli. Ban ruwa yana kara matakin ruwan karkashin kasa sannan yana motsa gishiri, kuma share tsirrai yana ba shi damar saduwa da mazaunan ruwa da tsirrai. Wannan yana damun nau'ikan halittun da ba su saba da babban gishiri ba. Babban matakin gishiri yana rage shan ruwa a cikin shuke-shuke, ta hanyar haifar da rufe stomata, yana rage tsarin photosynthesis. Dajika suna fuskantar raguwa a wuraren da ke da babban gishiri da kananan zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa saboda wadannan yanayi suna sanya su kasance masu saukin shafa ga fari. Dajika suna fuskantar raguwa a wuraren da ke da babban gishiri da kananan zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa wanda ke sanya su kasance masu saukin shafa ga fari. <ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai bukatar kara mayar da hankali kan kokarin kiyayewa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Ilimi game da ayyukan mazaunan kariya yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar rawar da suke takawa wajen kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu, musamman nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa da yanayi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Musamman a yankunan da sauyin yanayi ke kara yawan mako da tsawon lokutan fari.<ref name=Pires3a /> Don kiyaye nau'ikan halittu da ke fuskantar matsanancin yanayi mafi kyau, ya zama dole a gano yanayin da ke 'tunan' nau'ikan halittu, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, gano wuraren mazaunan kariya da daidaikun halittu ke komawa gare su.<ref name=Chester2 /> Magudanun ruwa masu gudana dindindin da tafkuna na dindindin na iya kasancewa da matukar mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a cikin sassan mazaunan magudanun ruwa masu tsarin kwarara mafi bushewa.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Babban jaddadawa na kariya ta mazaunin kariya daga fari ya kamata ya kasance a kan kare ruwan saman kasa na dindindin da gefen iyakokin zama a cikin wancan fili.<ref name=Robson5 /> Hanyoyin kiyayewa ga tsarin koguna za su bukaci mayar da hankali kan ganowa da kiyaye mazaunan kariya tare da dorewar alakar mazaunan kariya, rage tasirin sauran hargitsi a kan wadannan tsarin, da kuma dorewar tsarin kwararar kakar shekara da za a iya hangowa. <ref name=Robson5 /> Sakin ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki (hydroelectricity reservoirs) za a iya amfani da shi don rage zafin ruwan kogi ko sake cika sassan kwarara na dindindin da da, ta haka za a kera mazaunan kariya ga halittun kogi.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Haka kuma, mayar da hankali kan dorewar ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa ya fi amfani fiye da mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwan saman kasa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Sake dasa bishiyoyi na iya rage gurbacewar ruwa a karkashin kasa da na saman kasa, wanda ke amfanar rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name="Robson5" /> Akwai karuwar shaida cewa mazaunan da bil'adama ya kera, kamar madatsun ruwa na kanawa, ramuka, da tafkunan gona na iya tallafawa rarrabuwar halittun ruwa mai dadi, saboda haka, suna da damar samar da mazaunan kariya.<ref name="Parkos2a" /> Suna iya hana manyan kwayoyin halitta, kamar kifi, daga makalewa yayin da matakan ruwa ke raguwa.<ref name="Robson5" /> Yayin da adana mazaunan kariya ke da mahimmanci don samar da hanyoyin sake mamaye yanki, bai wadatar ba idan halittun da ke son sake mamayewa ba za su iya tashi daga mazaunin kariyar zuwa sassan mazauni masu dacewa da sake mamaye yankin ba. Akasin haka, inda gudanar da nau'ikan halittu masu barna ya zama dole, sarrafa su a cikin mazaunansu na kariya daga fari lokacin fari na iya kasancewa mafi tasiri ga kudin gudanarwa fiye da sarrafawa na babban siri a sauran lokuta. Misali guda na wannan shi ne sarrafa zomaye a busassun yankuna da na kusa da busassun yankuna na Ostareliya.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Berman, D. |year=2008 |title=Control of rabbits in arid Australia: destroying the drought refuge. |journal=In: Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference, 10–13 June 2008, Canberra |page=153 |url=http://era.deedi.qld.gov.au/1405/ }}</ref> 1bo3u0x7ih6p2q5u3u5lbm8u0qn2y5y 862367 862366 2026-06-20T19:02:01Z Sirjat 20447 /* Barazana da kiyayewa */ 862367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mataunin kariya daga fari ('''drought refuge''') wani yanki ne da ke samar da ruwa mai dadi ko kuma yanayi mai damshi dindindin ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mazaunin kariya (refuge) lokacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suka fuskanci fari, sannan yana ba wa tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da manyan rukunonin halittu damar rayuwa har sai farin ya kau. Wadannan matattaun kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye tsarin halittu a wuraren da ayyukan bil'adama ke dada tsananta tasirin sauyin yanayi. == Bayani == Mataunin kariya daga fari masu dogaro suna siffantuwa da ikon rike isasshen ruwa a lokacin fari, suna da ingancin ruwa mai kyau da zai iya dorewar rayuwar tsarin halittu, kuma ba sa fuskantar hargitsi na fili, sannan suna da hanyar saduwa da mazaunan da ke kewaye, ta yadda halittun da suka fake za su iya sake mamaye babban mazauninsu lokacin da farin ya kare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewater.com.au/drought/refuge_habitats.shtml |title=Refuge habitats |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Drought Science |publisher= eWater CRC }}</ref> Ga kifi da sauran halittun ruwa marasa kashi (aquatic invertebrates), mazaunin kariya daga fari na iya kasancewa wani kebabben tafki na dindindin a cikin kogi wanda ke daina kwarara kuma mafi yawanci ya bushe a lokacin fari.<ref name=bond>Bond, N.R. (2007). ''Identifying, mapping and managing drought refuges: a brief summary of issues and approaches''. eWater Technical Report. eWater Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra. {{cite web|url=http://ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-09-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918185132/http://www.ewatercrc.com.au/reports/Bond-2007-Drought_Refuges.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> Kofatun ruwa dindindin (permanent wetlands) na iya zama mazaunin kariya lokacin fari (ba na hayayyafa ba) ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa da ke yin sheka a tabkuna na dan lokaci (ephemeral lakes) lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika su.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anon |year=2000 |title=Wetlands as waterbird habitat. |journal=Water Notes |volume=5 |url=http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |publisher=Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328000949/http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/DOE_ADMIN/FACT_SHEET_REPOSITORY/TAB1144247/WRCWN05.PDF |archive-date=2011-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= White, J.M.|year=1987 |title=The New England lagoons as drought refuges for waterbirds |journal=Emu |volume=87 |issue= 4|pages=253–255 |url= http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9870253.pdf |doi=10.1071/mu9870253|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..253W }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |title=Birds find a refuge |access-date=2011-09-02 |work=Water Victoria: News and resources |publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria |date=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413090117/http://www.water.vic.gov.au/resources/news_items/archived-news-items/2008-news-items/birds-find-a-refuge |archive-date=2011-04-13 }}</ref> "Mazaunin kariya daga fari wuri ne mai aminci da ke dorewa ta cikin wani hargitsi, inda babban ma'anarsa shi ne cewa bayan hargitsin, mazaunin yana samar da halittun da za su sake mamaye wurin don ba wa rukunonin halittu damar farfadowa."{{Quote without source|date=September 2018}} Ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, wannan mazaunin kariya shi ne kadai tushen ruwansu kuma yana da mahimmanci don rayuwarsu.<ref>Lake, P. Sam ''Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: Effects and Responses''</ref> Ga tsuntsaye da nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi, mazaunin kariya daga fari ba wai kawai ya zama dole don rayuwa ba ne, har ma yana taimakawa wajen nasarar hayayyafarsu. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna iya dacewa da muhalli lokacin da aka yi fari, amma samar da dabi'un dacewa da za su amfani rayuwa a cikin fari mai tsawo abu ne mai matukar wahalar gaske. == Ma'anar kalmomin ''refuge'' da ''drought'' == Kalmar ''refugium'' (jam'i: ''refugia'') masana kimiyyar halittu masu canzawa (evolutionary biologists) ne suka fara amfani da ita don mazaunan kariya da ke kare daukacin nau'ikan halittu (species) daga abubuwan hargitsi na manyan sikelin lokaci da fili, kamar daskarewar kankara (glaciation) ko tasirin dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi.<ref name =Robson5>Robson, B. J., Chester, E. T., Mitchell, B. D., & Matthews, T. G. (2013). Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. ''Hydrobiologia'', 719(1), 77–91.</ref> Hargitsi (disturbance) ya kunshi rashi na dan lokaci na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda ke haifar da canji a muhallin fili.<ref name=Parkos2a>Parkos, J. J., Ruetz, C. R., Trexler, J. C. (2011). Disturbance regime and limits on benefits of refuge use for fishes in a fluctuating hydroscape. Oikos, 120(10), 1519-1530.</ref> Masana tsarin halittu (ecologists) na kananan sikeli a yanzu suna amfani da wannan kalma a matsayin daidai take da mafi saukin kalma wato ''refuge'', don bayyana wuraren da ke kare rukunonin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi daga hargitsi na kananan sikeli, kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, ko tasirin bil'adama.<ref name=Robson5 /> Refugia su ne mazauna ko abubuwan muhalli da ke ba da juriya na fili da lokaci da kuma karfin farfadowa ga al'ummomin halittu da hargitsi ya shafa.<ref name=Magoulick4a>Magoulick, D. D., & Kobza, R. M. (2003). The role of refugia for fishes during drought: A review and synthesis. ''Freshwater Biology'', 48, 1186–1198.</ref> A nan, munanan tasirin hargitsi sun yi kasa idan aka kwanta da yankunan da ke kewaye ko lokuta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia tana kare nau'ikan halittu na dogon lokaci, yayin da refuge ke kare nau'ikan halittu na takaitaccen lokaci.<ref name=Kath1a>Kath, J., Powell, S., Reardon-Smith, K., El Sawah, S., Jakeman, A. J., Croke, B. F. W., & Dyer, F. J. (2015). Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 52, 1116–1125.</ref> Akwai sauran amfani na kalmar ''refuge'', kamar na wuraren kiyaye namun daji ko wurin da babu dabbobi masu cin naman wasu (predation refuge).<ref name=Robson5 /> Refuge wuri ne ko yanayi da ke ba da aminci ko mafaka.<ref name=Robson5 /> A nan, canjin yanayi ba ya cika shafar nau'ikan halittun ba.<ref name=Kath1a /> Rashin samun hazo ko ruwan sama yana haifar da bushewar tsarin halittun ruwa kuma yana haifar da hargitsi na dabi'a da ake kira fari (drought).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Domin kwayoyin halitta su tsira daga fari, dole ne hargitsin ya kasance kadan ko kuma a sami mazaunin kariya daga fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> == Tasirin fari == Ana auna tsananin hargitsi ta hanyar karfinsa, tsawonsa, da kuma lokacin farfadowarsa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Karfi da tsawon lokaci suna tasiri ga karfin hargitsi da yuwuwar rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (organisms) a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lokacin farfadowa yana tasiri ga matakin yawa da tsarin farfadowa a cikin mazaunin da aka hargitsa har sai wani sabon motsi ya tilasta wa nau'ikan halittu neman mafaka.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hargitsi, kamar fari, suna tasiri ga tsarin fili da lokaci na amfani da mazaunin kariya, sannan da kuma rawar da mazaunan kariya ke takawa a cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sauye-sauye a cikin tsarin hargitsi suna shafar tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya da tsarin al'umma.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi yana kara amfani da mazaunin kariya har sai an kai ga wani yanayi na yawa, inda amfanin ke raguwa sakamakon raunin juriya da karfin kariya na wani nau'in halitta.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Lalacewar mazaunin kariya (refuge degradation) yana kara mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa a lokutan manyan hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Fari yana rage fadin fili da girman ruwa, yayin da yake kara tsananin ingancin ruwa na fili da na sinadarai, kamar matakan zafi, yawan iskar oxygen da matakan ruwa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Wannan yana da alaka da mu'amalar da ke tsara al'ummomin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban sannan yana shafar mace-mace, haihuwa da kuma kason kaura.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> A lokacin fari, nau'ikan halittu dole ne su nemi mazaunin kariya ko kuma su kasance da dabi'un dacewa da ke samar da kariya.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Tsanani na yanayin ruwa (hydrological extremes), kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, suna gyara mazaunai.<ref name=Stubbington5a>Stubbington, R. (2012). The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: A review of variability in space, time, taxa and behavior. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(4), 293-311.</ref> Fari ba wai kawai yana haifar da asarar mazaunai ba ne, har ma yana haifar da kebebbun sassan mazaunai wadanda ke samuwa ta hanyar rabuwar rukunonin halittu (populations) wadanda tare suke fuskantar rarrabuwa (meta population).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta wani sakamako ne na fari.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Karuwar yawan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da takaitattun albarkatu, takaitaccen motsi, karuwar gauraya ko gaba (competition), da kuma karuwar barazanar cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari kuma yana haifar da canje-canje a albarkatun abinci da ingancin ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> == Aiki da mahimmancin mazaunan kariya daga fari == Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna kare rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi daga abubuwan da suka shafi tsananin yanayi yayin da yanayin ke sauyawa.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Bateman1>Bateman, B. L., Pidgeon, A. M., Radeloff, V. C., Allstadt, A. J., Akcakaya, H., R., Thogmartin, W. E., Vavrus, S. J., & Heglund, P. J. (2015). The importance of range edges for an irruptive species during extreme weather events. Landscape Ecology, 30(6), 1095-1110.</ref> Suna aiki a matsayin wuraren da ke tallafawa rukunonin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba za su iya rayuwa a wani wuri daban ba a cikin wani fili a lokacin abubuwan hargitsi, ko wadancan abubuwan na kakar shekara ne da za a iya hangowa, ko akasin haka.<ref name=Robson5 /> Ikon mazauni na yin aiki a matsayin kariya ya dogara ne da hargitsin.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ikon mazaunin kariya na rike ruwa ya zama da muhimmanci ga dorewar yawancin rukunonin halittu.<ref name=Humphries3>Humphries, P., & Baldwin, D. S. (2003). Drought and aquatic ecosystems: An introduction. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1141-1146.</ref><ref name=Robson4>Robson, B. J., & Matthews, T. G. (2004). Drought refuges affect algal recolonisation in intermittent streams. River Research and Applications, 20(7), 753-763.</ref> Mazaunan kariya masu isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci suna dorewar rukunonin halittu, suna kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu (biodiversity) sannan suna iya dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage daga doli (relict populations).<ref name=Robson5 /> Suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin karuwar bushewar kasa lokacin da kalilan ne kawai na sauran mazauna masu dacewa suka rage.<ref name=Robson5 /> Halittun yanki (biota) sun dogara sosai ga mazaunan kariya na kakar shekara.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya suna kara yawan damar rayuwa da lokacin farfadowa na rukunonin halittu da ke fuskantar hargitsin muhalli.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Amfanin mazaunin kariya shi ne ikon mazaunin na cika ka'idojin da suka shafi mazauni.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Ilimi game da mazaunan kariya a cikin koguna da magudanun ruwa na yanayin Bahar Rum (mediterranean) da na busassun kasashe ya karu a cikin shekaru guda goma da suka gabata.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin hargitsi da tsarin sake mamaye yanki (recolonization) su ne tsare-tsaren halittu guda biyu wadanda ke da alaka da yadda mazaunan kariya ke aiki.<ref name=Chester2>Chester, E. T., & Robinson, B. J. (2011). Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonisation by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56(10), 2094-2104.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi yana mai da wurare su zama mazaunan kariya sannan tsarin sake mamaye yanki yana sake cika fadin fili da halittu da zarar hargitsin ya wuce.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sake mamaye yanki yana samuwa ne ta hanyar juriya, rayuwa ta cikin gida a mazaunan kariya daga fari, ko karfin farfadowa, babban mace-mace na cikin gida tare da daidaiton daidaikun halittu da ke komawa zuwa magudanun ruwa lokacin da yanayi ya inganta.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Chester2 /><ref name=Pires3a>Pires, D. F., Pires, A. M., Collares, M. J., & Magalhaes, M. F. (2010). Variation in fish assemblages across dry-season pools in a Mediterranean stream: Effects of pool morphology, physicochemical factors and spatial context. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 74-86.</ref> Tsarin hargitsi, samuwar mazaunin kariya, aikin mazaunin kariya da sake mamaye yanki suna faruwa ne a matakan lokaci da fili daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /><ref name=Humphries3 /> Rarraba mazaunan kariya a cikin fili (spatial distribution) yana tasiri ga amfani da sake mamaye yanki.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Abubuwan da suka shafi fili kadai suna da karamar gudunmawa. Mazaunan kariya sun bambanta da abubuwan siffa (morphological) da na sinadarai na fili (physicochemical) kuma; ana raba gudunmawar.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya na iya kasancewa kanana ko manya sannan ana iya amfani da su na takaitaccen lokaci ko dogon lokaci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Refugia na da alaka da juna dangane da dacewar nau'ikan halittu, sikelin fili da lokaci, da kuma tsarin hargitsi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Yawancin tasiri na dangi ba su bayyana ba saboda kowane yanayi daban yake.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan dindindin (perennial waters) shi ne babban mazaunin kariya daga fari mafi mahimmanci.<ref name=Chester2 /> A matsayinsu na mazaunan kariya, suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun ruwa marasa kashi na magudanun ruwa sannan suna da mafi girman rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ruwan saman kasa na dindindin yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar manyan halittu marasa kashi (macroinvertebrate) da kifi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin tsawo (longitudinal pattern) suna shafar wuri da aikin mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Zama a mazaunin kariya abu ne da za a iya hangowa dangane da dabi'un nau'ikan halittu, amma ba duka mazaunan kariya masu dacewa a cikin wani tsari ba ne ke da mazauna.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tsarin al'ummar mazaunin kariya mafi yawanci yana da daidaito saboda martani ga hargitsi yana shafar daukacin nau'ikan halittu; nau'in halitta guda yana amfani da irin nau'in mazaunin kariya guda.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Refugia tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen tsara al'ummomi.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Mafi yawan nau'ikan halittun magudanun ruwa da ba na dindindin ba suna bayyana suna da fiye da mazaunin kariya guda na yuwuwa daga fari.<ref name=Chester2 /> Babban abin da ke kayyade mazaunan kariya daga fari da wani nau'in halitta ke amfani da shi a cikin wani fili shi ne dabi'unsa na asali (intrinsic traits).<ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai takaitattun shiyya (mazaunan kariya) da halittu ke komawa gare su lokacin fari, kuma a cikin wadannan shiyoyin akwai takaitattun siffofi na wuraren da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke amfani da su a matsayin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa (biological life cycle).<ref name=Robson5 /> Canji a amfani da mazaunin kariya yana samuwa ne ta hanyar siffar kasa (topography), saukin shafar daidaikun nau'ikan halittu da kuma martani ga hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Tsarin amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in hargitsi, nau'in halitta, girman yanki, yuwuwar mazauna da wuri.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wadannan tsare-tsare ba a cika gane su da kyau ba.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna samar da tsarin sassa na mazaunai (habitat mosaics) wadanda ke da saurin fuskantar rarrabuwar mazauni (habitat fragmentation) ta hanyar tsarin kwarara. Wasu sassan sun fi saurin shafa ga janyen ruwa (abstraction) fiye da sauran.<ref name=Robson4 /> Bushewar tafkuna tana haifar da sassa daban-daban na tafkuna a cikin busasshiyar hanyar kogi wadanda suka bambanta da dacewa ga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da matakan rayuwa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna fifita tafkuna masu girma dabam-dabam a wurare daban-daban tare da siffofi na sinadarai da na fili daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /> Mazaunan kariya da ke da karancin yawan nau'ikan halittu suna bukatar karancin kokari don su kasance masu dacewa idan aka kwanta da mazaunan kariya masu rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name=Pires3a /> Girman tafki yana tasiri ga rukunin nau'ikan halittu, jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin taro saboda abubuwan sinadarai da na fili.<ref name=Pires3a /> Yawan nau'ikan halittu (species richness) da wadatar amfani suna da alaka da siffar tafkin.<ref name=Pires3a /> Inuwa, wuri (geography), da tsarin kasa duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Pires3a /> Tafkuna masu tsananin inuwa suna da ruwa mai sanyi, yayin da tafkuna masu karancin inuwa ke da karuwar matakan samar da amfani na farko. Manyan mazaunan kariya suna da karuwar wadatar amfani da arziki sannan suna da yuwuwar dorewa ta cikin dogon lokaci na hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /><ref name=Pires3a /> Yayin da ake amfani da su da kaddan kuma galibi suna dauke da kalilan na daidaikun halittu a cikin shekaru na yau da kullum, gefen iyakokin zama (range edges) na iya zama mazaunin kariya na lokaci-lokaci daga matsanancin yanayi ko yanayi kamar fari.<ref name=Bateman1 /> A lokacin wadannan matsanancin yanayi, yuwuwar rayuwa, nasarar hayayyafa ko duka biyun sun fi girma a gefen iyakar fiye da tsakiyar inda rukunin yake zama.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Amfani da mazaunin kariya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar siffofin mazauni, kamar musayar ruwa (hydraulic exchange) da nau'in laka (sediment type), kaura mai karfi (active migration) ko amfani da mazauni cikin sanyin jiki da siffar nau'ikan halittu, hali da tsarin jiki (physiology).<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Raguwa a amfani da mazaunin kariya na faruwa ne saboda raguwar tasiri na rage mace-mace da takaitaccen lokacin da aka samar don farfadowar al'umma wanda ke haifar da raguwar lokaci tsakanin hargitsi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Motsi zuwa ciki da waje na mazaunin kariya yana samar da kwarara da za a iya hangowa na kwayoyin halitta (biomass) da sinadaran gina jiki (nutrients).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin jerin abinci (food webs) da tsarin halittu.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dimbin yawa na sinadaran gina jiki a wuri guda lokacin hargitsi yana nufin karuwar gaba (competition) da cin naman juna (predation).<ref name=Parkos2a /> Kason mace-mace, haihuwa, kaura, da mu'amala tsakanin sassan halittun da suka gudu zuwa refugia suna tasiri ta hanyar yanayin mazaunin kariyar.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Fadin sarari, kason bushewa, da yanayin fili na kewaye da na sinadarai duka abubuwa ne masu ba da gudunmawa.<ref name=Humphries3 /> Mazaunan kariya daga fari ga algi (algae) suna da yawa saboda mafi yawan nau'ikan tsakiyar kogi na iya tsira daga bushewa (desiccation) kuma suna nuna karancin takamaiman bukatar mazaunin kariya, idan har bushewar ta faru a hankali.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sun hada da busasshen biofilm a kan duwatsu da katako, busassun ganyayyaki da kuma tafkuna na dindindin.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya ga shuke-shuken ruwa (macrophytes) da kananan halittun ruwa (zooplankton) yawanci sun kunshi rumbun kwayayen haihuwa da na iri a tsakiyar koguna kuma suna da juriya ga bushewa mai tsawo.<ref name=Robson5 /> == Mahimmancin Alakar Mazaunan Kariya == Fari na haifar da sauyi a tazarar mazaunan kariya da alakarsu a matakan fili da lokaci daban-daban.<ref name=Pires3a /><ref name=Magoulick4a /> Fari na hargitsa alakar ruwa sannan yana shafar halittun da ke zaune a wurin ta hanyar asarar ruwa da kwarara daga bushewa, raguwar mazauni, da sake tsari.<ref name=Kath1a /> Isar da ruwa yana takaita ne ga yankuna na cikin tsarin sadarwar magudanun ruwa.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Sassan mazauni da membobin al'umma suka kera suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya wadanda ke da mahimmanci ga sauran membobin.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyi da tafkuna da wasu nau'ikan halittu suka tona, kamar kadangurun ruwa, suna ba da damar bazuwa zuwa cikin mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Musayar ruwa tana samar da motsin ruwa, sinadaran gina jiki, da kwayoyin halitta zuwa cikin mazaunin kariya.<ref name=Robson5 /> Rukunonin halittu marasa motsi, kamar tsirrai da dabbobi a mazaunan kariya na ruwan dindindin, ba za su iya dorewa har abada ba ba tare da alakar ruwa tsakanin mazaunan kariya ba.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Halittu masu motsi, kamar kifi, za su koma cikin mazaunin kariya idan babu shinge, kamar abubuwan toshewa na fili (misali: madatsun ruwa, kebabben tafkuna), abubuwan halitta (misali: cin naman juna, gaba), da abubuwan sinadarai da na fili (misali: karancin iskar oxygen da ke narke a ruwa). A lokacin kananan sikelin hargitsi da na takaitaccen lokaci, rukunonin halittu a cikin mazaunan kariya ba lallai ne a yanke su baki daya daga wadanda ke sauran mazaunan kariya ba ko wadanda ke sauran filaye da ba a hargitsa ba, saboda haka musayar kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa har yanzu, ko kuma zai faru lokacin sassan zagayowar rayuwa da hargitsin bai takaita ba. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, rayuwar wani nau'in halitta ba shi da yuwuwar ya dogara ga mazaunin kariya guda daya tilo.<ref name=Robson5 /> Tsarin farfadowa yana bukatar dawo da alaka, ta yadda kaura za ta iya faruwa daga mazaunan kariya zuwa sabbin sassan mazauni.<ref name=Chester2 /> Magudanun ruwa masu gudana na dindindin na iya zama mazaunan kariya daga fari ga magudanun ruwa na makwabta, koda kuwa ba su da alakar ruwa da su.<ref name=Robson5 /> Dole ne halittun da suka fake su sami alakar ruwa a lokutan da suka dace. Ga kwari, mazaunan kariya a kan magudanan ruwa guda na iya tallafawa sake mamaye yanki a magudanan ruwa na kusa da ba su da alakar ruwa, wanda hakan na iya bukatar tsarin kiyayewa ta cikin iyakokin rumbun ruwa. Farin da aka yi daga shekarar 1996 har zuwa 2009 ya sami babban tasiri a kan Rumbun Murray-Darling, a Arewacin Ostareliya (Murphy da Timbal 2007; Umenhofer et al. 2009). Lokacin da wannan fari ya faru, ya busar da kofatun ruwa da wuraren ajiye ruwa (mazaunin kariya daga fari). Ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi da yawa, mazaunin kariyar shi ne kadai ruwa mai dadi da ke akwai. Wannan gungun ruwa yana aiki ne a matsayin abinci da mafaka; saboda haka, dole ne a kiyaye shi. Mazaunan kariya daga fari suna da yuwuwar dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a kan manyan sikelin fili kamar gungun magudanun ruwa ko daukacin tsarin magudanar ruwa. Chester, E. T. da Robson, B. J. (2011), Drought refuges, spatial scale and recolonization by invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56: 2094–2104. == Nau'ukan Mazaunan Kariya Daga Fari Daban-daban == Wani nau'in halitta na iya amfani da fiye da nau'in mazaunin kariya guda a lokacin zagayowar rayuwarsa.<ref name=Magoulick4a /><ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya na iya zama siffofin fili na kwayoyin halitta kamar hali na takaitaccen lokaci ko dabi'ar dacewa ta juyin halitta na dogon lokaci.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Dabbobi da shuke-shuke suna da hanyoyin kara juriya (rayuwa) da karfin farfadowa (farfadowa) ga hargitsi na fili.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Suna samar da dabi'un dacewa kamar siffa, tsarin jiki, da hali.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Siffofin dacewa na fili na kwayoyin halitta sun hada da ikon yin barcin rani (aestivate), karkataccen baki da ke ba da damar shakar oxygen a saman ruwa, garkuwar jiki, da kashin baya masu dafi.<ref name=Parkos2a /> Hanyoyin da nau'ikan halittu masu motsi ke amfani da su sun hada da halayyar neman mazaunin kariya; suna neman sassan mazauni wadanda ke rage matsin lamba na tsarin jiki sannan suna rage mace-mace.<ref name=Chester2 /> Dogaro ga bazuwa yana inganta karfin farfadowa ga sauyin yanayi a takaitaccen lokaci, amma a kan sikelin lokaci mai tsawo, ba zai kare rarrabuwar halittu na manyan halittu marasa kashi daga lalacewar mazaunin kariya na sikelin fili ba. Yankin hyporheic, wani yanki ne tare da gadon magudanun ruwa inda ruwan karkashin kasa ke haduwa da ruwan saman kasa,<ref name=Robson4 /> mazaunin kariya ne mai mahimmanci ga kwayoyin halitta marasa motsi, kamar algi. Yankin hyporheic yana karewa daga daskarewa, babban zafi, da gurbataccen yanayi. Yana rage gushewar wuri, tare da daidaiton kwarararsa mai tafiya a hankali.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> A cikin yankin hyporheic, ana rike ruwa kyauta, sannan halittu marasa kashi suna ci gaba da kasancewa a nutse a ruwa.<ref name=Chester2 /> An nuna cewa yankin hyporheic yana ba da gudunmawar halittun da ke sake mamaye wurare lokacin da kwararar ruwan saman kasa ta sake farawa. Ruwan dindindin, ko tafkuna ne, ma'abotar ruwa ko sassan magudanun ruwa masu gudana, an nuna su akai-akai a matsayin manyan mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Chester2 /> Sassan magudanun ruwa masu gudana dindindin da tafkuna na dindindin suna aiki a matsayin mazaunan kariya daga fari ga yanki mafi fadi na fili fiye da magudanar ruwan da suke a kanta.<ref name=Robson5 /> Mazaunan kariya masu girman da ya isa don dorewar daukacin rukunonin halittu, kamar sassan da ke gudana dindindin, suna da yuwuwar kasancewa mafi mahimmanci sannan suna iya zama mazaunan kariya da ke dauke da rukunonin halittu da suka rage a lokacin bushewar kasa.<ref name=Chester2 /> Tafkuna na dindindin da ruwa mai gudana dindindin yawanci suna dauke da mafi girman rarrabuwar nau'ikan halittu marasa kashi saboda suna bukatar mafi karancin jari daga halittun marasa kashin. == Barazana da kiyayewa == Saboda mazaunan kariya daga fari na iya samar da wurare kadai da ke ba wa rukunonin halittu damar dorewa lokacin fari, suna da matukar saukin shafa ga abubuwan da ke shafar ingancin ruwa kamar gurbacewar ruwa da taruwar yashi (sedimentation) daga kwararar ruwan saman kasa sakamakon ayyukan bil'adama. Don haka, a wuraren da ke fuskantar fari na lokaci-lokaci, kiyaye mazauni yana bukatar ganowa da kare mazaunan kariya daga fari.<ref name=bond/> <ref name=Humphries3 /> Fari takaitacce ne ga wasu shiyoyi da yankunan yanayi daban-daban.<ref name=Robson5 /> Sauyin yanayi a yawancin yankunan Bahar Rum na iya tsawaita lokutan fari sannan ya yi barazana ga mazaunan kariya.<ref name=Chester2 /> Ikon mazaunan kariya na dindindin na tallafawa rarrabuwar halittu na iya fuskantar babbar matsala sakamakon karuwar zafin ruwa, wanda ke rage ingancin mazaunan kariya ta hanyar wuce juriya na zafi na halittu marasa kashi ko ta hanyar haifar da rashin iskar oxygen (anoxia) a tafkunan magudanun ruwa da kuma lalacewar muhalli da ke akwai na yawancin hanyoyin ruwa na dindindin. Fari yana da ikon rage kayayyakin gona sannan ya zama sanadin asarar amfanin gona da rayuka. Don haka, adana mazaunin kariya yana da matukar mahimmanci ta fannoni da dama. Domin kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari ga wadannan nau'ikan halittu, ya kamata a dauki matakin da zai haifar da tasiri na takaitaccen lokaci da dogon lokaci da farin ke da shi a kan nau'ikan halittun da ke rayuwa a kansa don tsira. A California, kokarin kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari a can ya hada da adana ruwa lokacin da zai yuwu. Ana yin kiyayewar ruwa ne domin rukunonin tsuntsaye masu kaura (National Wildlife Refuge; Maris, 1, 2016). Hukumar kula da mazaunan kariya ta kasa kuma tana shiga cikin harkar yankan ciyawa, huda kasa, feshin magani da kone-kone masu sarrafawa. Ana daukar wadannan matakan ne a kokarin hana tsirrai tsinannu da ba na asalin wurin ba girma; irin wannan tsirrai yawanci suna girma fiye da na asalin wurin lokacin fari. Don haka, barin tsirrai na asali su tsira lokacin fari yana jagorantar nau'ikan halittu masu dogaro su nemi abinci a kan tsirran da ke akwai. An zartar da dokar tsaftace ruwa domin kare ruwan Amurka daga gurbacewa. Kodayake dokar ba ta kare dukkan ruwaye ba, tana kare gungun ruwaye da yawa. Lokacin da mazaunan kariya daga fari suka gurbace, suna zama mafi girman hadari ga nau'ikan halittu masu zaune a ciki. Dokar tsaftace ruwa mataki daya ne kawai na tsaftace ruwaye, da ceton mazaunan kariya daga fari "(The Clean Water Rule; National Wildlife Organization)." Barazana mai ci gaba ga kiyaye mazaunin kariya daga fari sun hada da; taruwar yashi, pumping din ruwan rami, da rashin tsarin ruwan, ba ya kusa da kowane sauran gungun ruwaye. Wadannan ba shakka suna haifar da yanayi inda ake samun raguwa mai tsanani a wadatar ruwa. Yayin da wadatar ruwa ke raguwa, yana kara damar mace-mace ga nau'ikan halittu masu dogaro. <ref name=Kath1a /> Rumbunan ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater aquifers) suna tallafawa mazaunan kariya daga fari ga tsarin halittu masu dogaro da ruwa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Gurbacewa da hakar ruwan karkashin kasa fiye da kima duka suna da matsala saboda yana rage ikonsa na tallafawa mazaunan kariya daga fari da ake samarwa ta ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Hakar ruwa fiye da kima yana rage matakin ruwan karkashin kasa (water table) sannan yana lalata tsarin halittu masu dogaro da ruwa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Hakar ruwa fiye da kima galibi yana faruwa ne a wuraren da ke da karancin ruwan saman kasa da fari na akai-akai; inda mazaunan kariya na ruwan karkashin kasa da refugia suka fi mahimmanci.<ref name=Magoulick4a /> Hargitsi da bil'adama ya kera na iya yin koyi da tasirin fari, kamar janye ruwa, da madatsun ruwa.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Gyare-gyaren hanyoyin ruwa da bil'adama ya kera suna yi wa yankin hyporheic barazana a matsayin mazaunin kariya. <ref name=Kath1a /> Gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater salinization) yana rage kaddarorin kariya. Share tsirrai, tare da ban ruwa (irrigation), yana haifar da manyan matsaloli. Ban ruwa yana kara matakin ruwan karkashin kasa sannan yana motsa gishiri, kuma share tsirrai yana ba shi damar saduwa da mazaunan ruwa da tsirrai. Wannan yana damun nau'ikan halittun da ba su saba da babban gishiri ba. Babban matakin gishiri yana rage shan ruwa a cikin shuke-shuke, ta hanyar haifar da rufe stomata, yana rage tsarin photosynthesis. Dajika suna fuskantar raguwa a wuraren da ke da babban gishiri da kananan zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa saboda wadannan yanayi suna sanya su kasance masu saukin shafa ga fari. Dajika suna fuskantar raguwa a wuraren da ke da babban gishiri da kananan zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa wanda ke sanya su kasance masu saukin shafa ga fari. <ref name=Chester2 /> Akwai bukatar kara mayar da hankali kan kokarin kiyayewa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Ilimi game da ayyukan mazaunan kariya yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar rawar da suke takawa wajen kiyaye rarrabuwar halittu, musamman nau'ikan halittu masu saurin shafa da yanayi.<ref name=Chester2 /> Musamman a yankunan da sauyin yanayi ke kara yawan mako da tsawon lokutan fari.<ref name=Pires3a /> Don kiyaye nau'ikan halittu da ke fuskantar matsanancin yanayi mafi kyau, ya zama dole a gano yanayin da ke 'tunan' nau'ikan halittu, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, gano wuraren mazaunan kariya da daidaikun halittu ke komawa gare su.<ref name=Chester2 /> Magudanun ruwa masu gudana dindindin da tafkuna na dindindin na iya kasancewa da matukar mahimmanci don dorewar rarrabuwar halittu a cikin sassan mazaunan magudanun ruwa masu tsarin kwarara mafi bushewa.<ref name=Bateman1 /> Babban jaddadawa na kariya ta mazaunin kariya daga fari ya kamata ya kasance a kan kare ruwan saman kasa na dindindin da gefen iyakokin zama a cikin wancan fili.<ref name=Robson5 /> Hanyoyin kiyayewa ga tsarin koguna za su bukaci mayar da hankali kan ganowa da kiyaye mazaunan kariya tare da dorewar alakar mazaunan kariya, rage tasirin sauran hargitsi a kan wadannan tsarin, da kuma dorewar tsarin kwararar kakar shekara da za a iya hangowa. <ref name=Robson5 /> Sakin ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki (hydroelectricity reservoirs) za a iya amfani da shi don rage zafin ruwan kogi ko sake cika sassan kwarara na dindindin da da, ta haka za a kera mazaunan kariya ga halittun kogi.<ref name=Stubbington5a /> Haka kuma, mayar da hankali kan dorewar ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa ya fi amfani fiye da mayar da hankali kan albarkatun ruwan saman kasa.<ref name=Kath1a /> Sake dasa bishiyoyi na iya rage gurbacewar ruwa a karkashin kasa da na saman kasa, wanda ke amfanar rarrabuwar halittu.<ref name="Robson5" /> Akwai karuwar shaida cewa mazaunan da bil'adama ya kera, kamar madatsun ruwa na kanawa, ramuka, da tafkunan gona na iya tallafawa rarrabuwar halittun ruwa mai dadi, saboda haka, suna da damar samar da mazaunan kariya.<ref name="Parkos2a" /> Suna iya hana manyan kwayoyin halitta, kamar kifi, daga makalewa yayin da matakan ruwa ke raguwa.<ref name="Robson5" /> Yayin da adana mazaunan kariya ke da mahimmanci don samar da hanyoyin sake mamaye yanki, bai wadatar ba idan halittun da ke son sake mamayewa ba za su iya tashi daga mazaunin kariyar zuwa sassan mazauni masu dacewa da sake mamaye yankin ba. Akasin haka, inda gudanar da nau'ikan halittu masu barna ya zama dole, sarrafa su a cikin mazaunansu na kariya daga fari lokacin fari na iya kasancewa mafi tasiri ga kudin gudanarwa fiye da sarrafawa na babban siri a sauran lokuta. Misali guda na wannan shi ne sarrafa zomaye a busassun yankuna da na kusa da busassun yankuna na Ostareliya.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Berman, D. |year=2008 |title=Control of rabbits in arid Australia: destroying the drought refuge. |journal=In: Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference, 10–13 June 2008, Canberra |page=153 |url=http://era.deedi.qld.gov.au/1405/ }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} lh11iial12k8orns7f7him1gacajgnw 0 158953 862374 2026-06-20T19:36:36Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358118232|South African mullet]]" 862374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mullet na Afirka ta Kudu''' ( ''Chelon richardsonii'' ), wanda kuma ake kira '''mullet mai tauri''' ko kuma '''mai tauri''', nau'in mullet ne. Ana samunsa a ruwan gabar tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] daga [[Walvis Bay]] ( [[Namibiya]] ) zuwa KwaZulu-Natal, kuma tsawonsa ya kai matsakaicin {{Cvt|40.5|cm}} . Ba Andrew Smith ne ya rubuta sunan da aka girmama ba lokacin da yake bayanin wannan nau'in, amma wataƙila John Richardson ne (1787-1865), masanin kimiyyar halitta [[Scotland|na Scotland]], likitan tiyata kuma mai binciken Arctic . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=17 September 2022 |title=Order MUGILIFORMES (Mullets) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/mugiliformes/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> Ana kuma samunsa a cikin ruwan [[Kogin Olifants (Western Cape)]] . == Amfani da girki == Ana sarrafa ƙananan masana'antun gida da ke kewaye da [[Velddrif]] da [[Velddrif|Laaiplek]] ta hanyar yin gishiri da iska a cikin teku da kuma magudanar ruwa ta yankin Yammacin Tekun . == Duba kuma == * Sunan da aka fi sani da "mullet mai tauri" a [[Jamus]] yana nufin mullet mai laushi, ''Mugil cephalus'' . * Jirgin ruwa mai suna USS <nowiki><i id="mwTA">Harder</i></nowiki> (SS-257), jirgin ruwa mai suna USS Harder, wanda aka sanya wa suna a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] ya yi hatsari a lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai cin gashin kansa. == Manazarta == e95m676jlkalba08y4c6kpjd0ymotgv 862376 862374 2026-06-20T19:38:40Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358118232|South African mullet]]" 862376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mullet na Afirka ta Kudu''' ( ''Chelon richardsonii'' ), wanda kuma ake kira '''mullet mai tauri''' ko kuma '''mai tauri''', nau'in mullet ne. Ana samunsa a ruwan gabar tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] daga [[Walvis Bay]] ( [[Namibiya]] ) zuwa KwaZulu-Natal, kuma tsawonsa ya kai matsakaicin {{Cvt|40.5|cm}} . Ba Andrew Smith ne ya rubuta sunan da aka girmama ba lokacin da yake bayanin wannan nau'in, amma wataƙila John Richardson ne (1787-1865), masanin kimiyyar halitta [[Scotland|na Scotland]], likitan tiyata kuma mai binciken Arctic . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=17 September 2022 |title=Order MUGILIFORMES (Mullets) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/mugiliformes/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Amfani da girki == Ana sarrafa ƙananan masana'antun gida da ke kewaye da [[Velddrif]] da [[Velddrif|Laaiplek]] ta hanyar yin gishiri da kuma busar da iska zuwa cikin teku da kuma magudanar ruwa ta yankin Yammacin Tekun . == Manazarta == rjnily4dka68mqd05a2b5dlf85n4htu 862377 862376 2026-06-20T19:39:06Z Engineer014 44591 862377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mullet na Afirka ta Kudu''' ( ''Chelon richardsonii'' ), wanda kuma ake kira '''mullet mai tauri''' ko kuma '''mai tauri''', nau'in mullet ne. Ana samunsa a ruwan gabar tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] daga [[Walvis Bay]] ( [[Namibiya]] ) zuwa KwaZulu-Natal, kuma tsawonsa ya kai matsakaicin {{Cvt|40.5|cm}} . Ba Andrew Smith ne ya rubuta sunan da aka girmama ba lokacin da yake bayanin wannan nau'in, amma wataƙila John Richardson ne (1787-1865), masanin kimiyyar halitta [[Scotland|na Scotland]], likitan tiyata kuma mai binciken Arctic . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=17 September 2022 |title=Order MUGILIFORMES (Mullets) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/mugiliformes/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Amfani da girki == Ana sarrafa ƙananan masana'antun gida da ke kewaye da [[Velddrif]] da [[Velddrif|Laaiplek]] ta hanyar yin gishiri da kuma busar da iska zuwa cikin teku da kuma magudanar ruwa ta yankin Yammacin Tekun . == Manazarta == 90pss978odrn4330g6rzjpqdsmkauue 0 158954 862379 2026-06-20T19:40:06Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314936526|Peppered flounder]]" 862379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kifin Flounder mai barkono''' ( '''''Paralichthodes algoensis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin '''dangin Paralichthodidae''' kuma nau'insa ɗaya tilo a cikin nau'in '''''Paralichthodidae''''' mai launin shuɗi. Kifi ne mai laushi wanda ke rayuwa a ƙasan yashi da laka a cikin ruwan [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|da ke ƙarƙashin zafi]], a zurfin har zuwa {{Convert|100|m|ft}} . Wurin zama na asali shine kudu maso gabashin Atlantika da yammacin Tekun Indiya, musamman bakin tekun Afirka daga Mossel Bay, Afirka ta Kudu, zuwa Delagoa Bay, Mozambique. Tana girma har zuwa {{Convert|50|cm|in}} a tsayi. <ref name="Fishbase">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2009 |editor-last=Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly |title=Paralichthodes algoensis |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7899 |access-date=2009-06-24 |website=[[Fishbase]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChecklistofFishes">{{Cite journal |last=Evseenko |first=Sergei A. |date=February 2004 |title=Family Pleuronectidae Cuvier 1816 — righteye flounders |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/annotated/checklists/Pleuronectidae.pdf |journal=Calif. Acad. Sci. Annotated Checklists of Fishes |volume=37 |pages=37pp |access-date=2011-08-02}}</ref> == Bayani == Flounder mai barkono wani flounder ne mai idon dama, yana da tsayin jiki mai siffar oval. Saman saman sa launin ruwan kasa ne mai ƙananan tabo masu duhu, kuma ƙasan sa fari ne. Layin gefe yana da kyau a ɓangarorin biyu. Yana da baki mai girma da daidaito. <ref name="Fishbase" /> <ref name="ChecklistofFishes" /> == Manazarta == j4hhk0rt8r1g2xaqsst93buf2lycprc 862380 862379 2026-06-20T19:40:27Z Engineer014 44591 862380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kifin Flounder mai barkono''' ( '''''Paralichthodes algoensis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin '''dangin Paralichthodidae''' kuma nau'insa ɗaya tilo a cikin nau'in '''''Paralichthodidae''''' mai launin shuɗi. Kifi ne mai laushi wanda ke rayuwa a ƙasan yashi da laka a cikin ruwan [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|da ke ƙarƙashin zafi]], a zurfin har zuwa {{Convert|100|m|ft}} . Wurin zama na asali shine kudu maso gabashin Atlantika da yammacin Tekun Indiya, musamman bakin tekun Afirka daga Mossel Bay, Afirka ta Kudu, zuwa Delagoa Bay, Mozambique. Tana girma har zuwa {{Convert|50|cm|in}} a tsayi. <ref name="Fishbase">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2009 |editor-last=Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly |title=Paralichthodes algoensis |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=7899 |access-date=2009-06-24 |website=[[Fishbase]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChecklistofFishes">{{Cite journal |last=Evseenko |first=Sergei A. |date=February 2004 |title=Family Pleuronectidae Cuvier 1816 — righteye flounders |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/annotated/checklists/Pleuronectidae.pdf |journal=Calif. Acad. Sci. Annotated Checklists of Fishes |volume=37 |pages=37pp |access-date=2011-08-02}}</ref> == Bayani == Flounder mai barkono wani flounder ne mai idon dama, yana da tsayin jiki mai siffar oval. Saman saman sa launin ruwan kasa ne mai ƙananan tabo masu duhu, kuma ƙasan sa fari ne. Layin gefe yana da kyau a ɓangarorin biyu. Yana da baki mai girma da daidaito. <ref name="Fishbase" /> <ref name="ChecklistofFishes" /> == Manazarta == d368jesfx3zu4lh4oqz5vqzu3cwokev 0 158955 862381 2026-06-20T19:41:41Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353755843|Mola tecta]]" 862381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kifin Hoodwinker''' ( ''Mola tecta'' ) babban kifi ne mai kauri da faɗi wanda yake cikin ruwa mai zafi. Kalmar Latin "tecta" tana nufin ɓoye, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin sunan saboda haɗuwar kifayen da sauran nau'ikan kifin sun na dogon lokaci kuma an gano shi kwanan nan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=new giant sunfish species discovered |url=https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/about/press-and-media/press-releases/2017-news-and-media-releases/new-giant-ocean-sunfish-species |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323231049/https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/about/press-and-media/press-releases/2017-news-and-media-releases/new-giant-ocean-sunfish-species |archive-date=23 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |website=museum of new zealand te papa}}</ref> Wanda yake cikin dangin Molidae da nau'in ''Mola'', kifin Hoodwinker yana da alaƙa da nau'in da aka fi sani da shi: Kifin teku ( ''Mola mola'' ). An gano shi a bakin teku kusa da Christchurch, New Zealand, a cikin 2015, shine sabon nau'in kifin sun na farko da aka gano cikin shekaru 130. Yawancinsu ana gano ''Mola tecta'' a yankin mai zafi na Kudancin Hemisphere a cikin ruwa kusa da Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Kudancin Chile da Kudancin Afirka. Marianne Nyegaard, masanin kimiyyar ruwa wacce ta yi karatun kifin teku don digirin digirgir. == Bayani == Kifin sunwinker na hoodwinker ya haɗu da (a cikin nau'in halittar) kifin sunshine na teku da aka fi sani da shi, ''Mola mola'' . ''Mola tecta'', kamar sauran nau'in ''Mola'', yana da siffar lebur mai faɗi, kusan siffa mai kama da juna. Ana iya bambanta shi da siffar jiki mai santsi, rashin ƙugu, hanci mai zagaye <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mowatt-Larssen |first=Tor |last2=Thys |first2=Tierney M. |last3=Hildering |first3=Jackie |last4=Caldera |first4=Eric J. |last5=Biesack |first5=Ellen E. |last6=McDowell |first6=Jan R. |last7=Nyegaard |first7=Marianne |date=8 January 2025 |title=Hook, line, and social media: crowd-sourced images reveal size and species patterns of ocean sunfishes (Tetraodontiformes, Molidae) from California to Alaska |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |language=English |volume=11 |bibcode=2025FrMaS..1182873M |doi=10.3389/fmars.2024.1482873 |doi-access=free}}</ref>, da matsakaicin tsayin santimita 242 (kimanin ƙafa 7.9). <ref name="hiding">{{Cite journal |last=Nyegaard |first=Marianne |year=2018 |title=Hiding in broad daylight: molecular and morphological data reveal a new ocean sunfish species (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) that has eluded recognition |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/182/3/631/3979130?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |publisher=The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=182 |issue=3 |pages=631–658 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx040 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322054124/https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/182/3/631/3979130?redirectedFrom=fulltext |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ba shi da ƙasusuwa a cikin finfinsa ko kuma ainihin fin caudal (fin wutsiya). <ref name="hiding" /> Sikelinsa sun canza zuwa ƙananan kashin baya. Kamar kifin cartilaginous, ''Mola tecta'' yana da inuwa mai kama da juna, wanda ke nufin yana da launi mai duhu a gefen baya fiye da gefen ventral. <ref name="hiding" /> Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in ''Mola'', ''Mola tecta'' ya fi siriri, yana da siffar jiki mai santsi, kuma ba shi da hanci mai fitowa da ƙumburi a kan fin wutsiya, wanda shine mafi sauƙin siffa a tsakanin nau'in Mola. Yana kaiwa tsawon mita uku kuma yana iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|2|t}} . Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dukkan ƙwayoyin ''Mola tecta'' da aka rarraba. == Tarihin Rayuwa == ''Mola tecta'' ba su da cikakken sani game da tarihin rayuwarsu saboda rashin bincike. Nau'in ya fara rayuwa a matsayin ƙaramin tsutsa mai kauri, mai siffar planktonic da fin <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkinsion |first=Kerryn |title=Hoodwinker Sunfish, Mola tecta Nyegaard et al 2017 |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/hoodwinker-sunfish-mola-tecta/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref> . Bayan lokaci, waɗannan halaye sun ɓace kuma kifin hoodwinker ya fara samar da jiki mai siffar oval da fin na baya da pectoral daban-daban <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Mola / Sunfish Research |url=https://mersociety.org/news-media/mers-research/mola-sunfish-research/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=MERS Marine Education & Research Society |language=en-CA}}</ref> . Kifin Hoodwinker suna da dioecious, suna yin ƙwai a waje a cikin ruwa a matsayin nau'in haifuwa . Ba a san komai ba game da fayyace fannoni game da haifuwa kamar yanayin yanayi a cikin nau'in, amma kifin hoodwinker yana zaune a yankuna masu zafi a Kudancin Hemisphere <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkinsion |first=Kerryn |title=Hoodwinker Sunfish, Mola tecta Nyegaard et al 2017 |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/hoodwinker-sunfish-mola-tecta/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref>, wanda aka ruwaito a wasu lokutan yana watsewa a bakin teku a Arewacin hemisphere da yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin zafi. == Manazarta == em0992g19775g1uyu85gbsolftzuf23 862382 862381 2026-06-20T19:42:09Z Engineer014 44591 862382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kifin Hoodwinker''' ( ''Mola tecta'' ) babban kifi ne mai kauri da faɗi wanda yake cikin ruwa mai zafi. Kalmar Latin "tecta" tana nufin ɓoye, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin sunan saboda haɗuwar kifayen da sauran nau'ikan kifin sun na dogon lokaci kuma an gano shi kwanan nan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=new giant sunfish species discovered |url=https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/about/press-and-media/press-releases/2017-news-and-media-releases/new-giant-ocean-sunfish-species |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323231049/https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/about/press-and-media/press-releases/2017-news-and-media-releases/new-giant-ocean-sunfish-species |archive-date=23 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |website=museum of new zealand te papa}}</ref> Wanda yake cikin dangin Molidae da nau'in ''Mola'', kifin Hoodwinker yana da alaƙa da nau'in da aka fi sani da shi: Kifin teku ( ''Mola mola'' ). An gano shi a bakin teku kusa da Christchurch, New Zealand, a cikin 2015, shine sabon nau'in kifin sun na farko da aka gano cikin shekaru 130. Yawancinsu ana gano ''Mola tecta'' a yankin mai zafi na Kudancin Hemisphere a cikin ruwa kusa da Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Kudancin Chile da Kudancin Afirka. Marianne Nyegaard, masanin kimiyyar ruwa wacce ta yi karatun kifin teku don digirin digirgir. == Bayani == Kifin sunwinker na hoodwinker ya haɗu da (a cikin nau'in halittar) kifin sunshine na teku da aka fi sani da shi, ''Mola mola'' . ''Mola tecta'', kamar sauran nau'in ''Mola'', yana da siffar lebur mai faɗi, kusan siffa mai kama da juna. Ana iya bambanta shi da siffar jiki mai santsi, rashin ƙugu, hanci mai zagaye <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mowatt-Larssen |first=Tor |last2=Thys |first2=Tierney M. |last3=Hildering |first3=Jackie |last4=Caldera |first4=Eric J. |last5=Biesack |first5=Ellen E. |last6=McDowell |first6=Jan R. |last7=Nyegaard |first7=Marianne |date=8 January 2025 |title=Hook, line, and social media: crowd-sourced images reveal size and species patterns of ocean sunfishes (Tetraodontiformes, Molidae) from California to Alaska |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |language=English |volume=11 |bibcode=2025FrMaS..1182873M |doi=10.3389/fmars.2024.1482873 |doi-access=free}}</ref>, da matsakaicin tsayin santimita 242 (kimanin ƙafa 7.9). <ref name="hiding">{{Cite journal |last=Nyegaard |first=Marianne |year=2018 |title=Hiding in broad daylight: molecular and morphological data reveal a new ocean sunfish species (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) that has eluded recognition |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/182/3/631/3979130?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |publisher=The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=182 |issue=3 |pages=631–658 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx040 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322054124/https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/182/3/631/3979130?redirectedFrom=fulltext |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ba shi da ƙasusuwa a cikin finfinsa ko kuma ainihin fin caudal (fin wutsiya). <ref name="hiding" /> Sikelinsa sun canza zuwa ƙananan kashin baya. Kamar kifin cartilaginous, ''Mola tecta'' yana da inuwa mai kama da juna, wanda ke nufin yana da launi mai duhu a gefen baya fiye da gefen ventral. <ref name="hiding" /> Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in ''Mola'', ''Mola tecta'' ya fi siriri, yana da siffar jiki mai santsi, kuma ba shi da hanci mai fitowa da ƙumburi a kan fin wutsiya, wanda shine mafi sauƙin siffa a tsakanin nau'in Mola. Yana kaiwa tsawon mita uku kuma yana iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|2|t}} . Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dukkan ƙwayoyin ''Mola tecta'' da aka rarraba. == Tarihin Rayuwa == ''Mola tecta'' ba su da cikakken sani game da tarihin rayuwarsu saboda rashin bincike. Nau'in ya fara rayuwa a matsayin ƙaramin tsutsa mai kauri, mai siffar planktonic da fin <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkinsion |first=Kerryn |title=Hoodwinker Sunfish, Mola tecta Nyegaard et al 2017 |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/hoodwinker-sunfish-mola-tecta/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref> . Bayan lokaci, waɗannan halaye sun ɓace kuma kifin hoodwinker ya fara samar da jiki mai siffar oval da fin na baya da pectoral daban-daban <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Mola / Sunfish Research |url=https://mersociety.org/news-media/mers-research/mola-sunfish-research/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=MERS Marine Education & Research Society |language=en-CA}}</ref> . Kifin Hoodwinker suna da dioecious, suna yin ƙwai a waje a cikin ruwa a matsayin nau'in haifuwa . Ba a san komai ba game da fayyace fannoni game da haifuwa kamar yanayin yanayi a cikin nau'in, amma kifin hoodwinker yana zaune a yankuna masu zafi a Kudancin Hemisphere <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkinsion |first=Kerryn |title=Hoodwinker Sunfish, Mola tecta Nyegaard et al 2017 |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/hoodwinker-sunfish-mola-tecta/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref>, wanda aka ruwaito a wasu lokutan yana watsewa a bakin teku a Arewacin hemisphere da yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin zafi. == Manazarta == n6clrxr8zawz7ex41cdxmjqe8iofnqn 0 158956 862385 2026-06-20T19:45:48Z ~2026-36002-77 46185 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Gaurav Singh Chouhan''' sananne ne a [[Indiya]], [[marubuci]] kuma mai ƙarfafa gwiwa. An haife shi a [[Delhi]], asalinsa kuma daga Mainpuri a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh]].[[BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY]] Ya taɓa yin aiki a fim da talabijin.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/gaurav-singh-chouhan-diary-to-success-indian-actor-public-figure-9540308.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinsa na mutum sananne, yana ru... 862385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gaurav Singh Chouhan''' sananne ne a [[Indiya]], [[marubuci]] kuma mai ƙarfafa gwiwa. An haife shi a [[Delhi]], asalinsa kuma daga Mainpuri a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh]].[[BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY]] Ya taɓa yin aiki a fim da talabijin.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/gaurav-singh-chouhan-diary-to-success-indian-actor-public-figure-9540308.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinsa na mutum sananne, yana rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan zamantakewa da fitattun mutane, tare da ƙarfafa matasa da ƙwararru ta hanyar jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa. Hakanan shi ne marubucin littafin A Journey Through Broken Dreams (2025).<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=maVkEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Gaurav Singh Chouhan a Delhi, Indiya, a cikin iyali na matsakaicin matsayi wanda ke daraja ilimi da al’adun gargajiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a [[Delhi]], inda ya fara nuna sha’awa a fannin adabi, rubuce-rubuce, da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami’ar Chaudhary Charan Singh]], Meerut, domin yin karatun B.A. LL.B. (digiri a fannin shari’a). Hada karatun shari’a da sha’awarsa ta rubuce-rubuce da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa ya taimaka wajen gina aikinsa mai fannoni da dama.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AOFTEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Falsafar Rayuwa == Chouhan yana jaddada muhimmancin juriya, gaskiya, da iya daidaitawa da yanayi. Yana ɗaukar cewa ƙimomi (values) su ne ya kamata su zama hanyar jagora ga mutum a cikin rayuwa da aiki. == Manazarta == 9hee4blxb4em4k1c4lx9onv9lvocd9i 862386 862385 2026-06-20T19:46:35Z Icodense 6022 Requesting deletion 862386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Spam}} __NOINDEX__{{Databox}} '''Gaurav Singh Chouhan''' sananne ne a [[Indiya]], [[marubuci]] kuma mai ƙarfafa gwiwa. An haife shi a [[Delhi]], asalinsa kuma daga Mainpuri a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh]].[[BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY]] Ya taɓa yin aiki a fim da talabijin.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/gaurav-singh-chouhan-diary-to-success-indian-actor-public-figure-9540308.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinsa na mutum sananne, yana rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan zamantakewa da fitattun mutane, tare da ƙarfafa matasa da ƙwararru ta hanyar jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa. Hakanan shi ne marubucin littafin A Journey Through Broken Dreams (2025).<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=maVkEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Gaurav Singh Chouhan a Delhi, Indiya, a cikin iyali na matsakaicin matsayi wanda ke daraja ilimi da al’adun gargajiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a [[Delhi]], inda ya fara nuna sha’awa a fannin adabi, rubuce-rubuce, da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami’ar Chaudhary Charan Singh]], Meerut, domin yin karatun B.A. LL.B. (digiri a fannin shari’a). Hada karatun shari’a da sha’awarsa ta rubuce-rubuce da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa ya taimaka wajen gina aikinsa mai fannoni da dama.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AOFTEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Falsafar Rayuwa == Chouhan yana jaddada muhimmancin juriya, gaskiya, da iya daidaitawa da yanayi. Yana ɗaukar cewa ƙimomi (values) su ne ya kamata su zama hanyar jagora ga mutum a cikin rayuwa da aiki. == Manazarta == 225zq5z8h52i4o4fvxw68q4yhfhbxit 862389 862386 2026-06-20T19:50:46Z ~2026-36002-77 46185 862389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Indian rapper and music producer (born 2000)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{distinguish|BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}} <gallery> Example.jpg|Caption1 Example.jpg|Caption2 </gallery> {{Infobox person | name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | image = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | caption = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY in 2023 | birth_name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|01|26|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Jamkhandi, Karnataka]], India | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[Rapper]] * singer * lyricist * music producer * composer }} | years_active = 2018–present | known_for = {{Unbulleted list | ''THE GANGS'' (2026) | ''JAMKHANDI'' (2026) | "THE HUNTER" (2026) }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = [[Hip hop]], [[Desi hip hop]], [[Trap music]] | label = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Independent }} }} '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' (born 26 January 2000), known professionally as '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' is an Indian [[Rapping|rapper]], lyricist, [[Record producer|music producer]], and composer. He is known for his work in the [[Music of India|Hindi hip-hop]] and [[trap music]] scene.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-15 |title=From starting as a qawwali singer to owning expensive accessories; Bigg Boss 16 winner Altaf shiekh's rags to riches story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-starting-as-a-qawwali-singer-to-owning-expensive-accessories-bigg-boss-16-winner-mc-stans-rags-to-riches-story/photostory/97927434.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=एमसी स्टैन ने लिखकर डिलीट कर दी यह इंस्टा पोस्ट, जिन्होंने पढ़ा वो नहीं समझ पा रहे क्या है माजरा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-16-winner-mc-stan-leaving-rapping-insta-post-gave-shock-to-fans-201712624085052.html |work=Live Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-11-17 |title=MC Stan, Ikka drop new party anthem 'Urvashi' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/mc-stan-ikka-drop-new-party-anthem-urvashi/1849260/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Early life== BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY was born on 26 January 2000 in [[Jamkhandi]], Karnataka, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fulkar |first=Spandan |date=2024-08-30 |title=BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Turns 24: Five Tracks That Took Him from the Streets to Stardom |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/mc-stan-turns-24-five-tracks-that-took-him-from-the-streets-to-stardom/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> He was raised in a low-income household and developed an interest in music during his adolescence. Initially influenced by [[qawwali]], he later shifted his focus to rap and hip-hop, drawing inspiration from international rap artists as well as the emerging [[Indian hip-hop]] scene.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/music/mc-stan.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Platform Magazine}}</ref> ==Career== BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY began his music career in 2018 with the release of the track "THE JAMKHANDI ANTHEM", which attracted attention for its lyrical content and street-focused themes. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/indian-american-dj-producer-kshmr-speaks-on-his-latest-album-karam-and-what-it-means-to-retain-his-kashmiri-pandit-identity/article67149468.ece |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ===Film music=== ==Discography== === Albums === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Album !Track !Artist(s) !Producer(s) !References === Collaborations === ==Controversy== == Accolades == == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== b2mlwdugxxqzgf4o59rlxp0bchryn0j 862440 862389 2026-06-20T20:28:42Z ~2026-36002-77 46185 862440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{short description|Mawaƙin rap na Indiya kuma mai shirya kiɗa (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{distinguish|BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | image = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | caption = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY a shekarar 2023 | birth_name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|01|26|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Jamkhandi, Karnataka]], Indiya | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[Mawaƙin Rap]] * mawaƙi * marubucin waƙa * mai shirya kiɗa * mai tsara kiɗa }} | years_active = 2018–yanzu | known_for = {{Unbulleted list | ''THE GANGS'' (2026) | ''JAMKHANDI'' (2026) | "THE HUNTER" (2026) }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = [[Hip hop]], [[Desi hip hop]], [[Trap music]] | label = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Independent }} }} '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2000), wanda aka fi sani da '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' a fagen sana'a, mawaƙin [[Rapping|rap]] ne na ƙasar Indiya, marubucin waƙa, [[Record producer|mai shirya kiɗa]], kuma mai tsara kiɗa. An san shi da ayyukansa a fagen kiɗan [[Music of India|Hindi hip-hop]] da kuma [[trap music]]. == Sassan Rayuwar Farko == An haifi BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2000 a garin [[Jamkhandi]], jihar Karnataka da ke ƙasar Indiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fulkar |first=Spandan |date=2024-08-30 |title=BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Turns 24: == Sana'a == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY ya fara sana'ar kiɗa ne a shekarar 2018 tare da fitar da waƙarsa mai suna "THE JAMKHANDI ANTHEM", wadda ta janyo hankalin mutane saboda kalmomin cikinta da kuma jigoginta da suka shafi rayuwar kan titi. === Manazarci === == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == dfmuqt0m23a9wtkb2k9ldj3hu5i7v3r 862444 862440 2026-06-20T20:34:47Z ~2026-36002-77 46185 /* Manazarci */ 862444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{short description|Mawaƙin rap na Indiya kuma mai shirya kiɗa (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{distinguish|BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | image = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | caption = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY a shekarar 2023 | birth_name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|01|26|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Jamkhandi, Karnataka]], Indiya | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[Mawaƙin Rap]] * mawaƙi * marubucin waƙa * mai shirya kiɗa * mai tsara kiɗa }} | years_active = 2018–yanzu | known_for = {{Unbulleted list | ''THE GANGS'' (2026) | ''JAMKHANDI'' (2026) | "THE HUNTER" (2026) }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = [[Hip hop]], [[Desi hip hop]], [[Trap music]] | label = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Independent }} }} '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2000), wanda aka fi sani da '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' a fagen sana'a, mawaƙin [[Rapping|rap]] ne na ƙasar Indiya, marubucin waƙa, [[Record producer|mai shirya kiɗa]], kuma mai tsara kiɗa. An san shi da ayyukansa a fagen kiɗan [[Music of India|Hindi hip-hop]] da kuma [[trap music]]. == Sassan Rayuwar Farko == An haifi BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2000 a garin [[Jamkhandi]], jihar Karnataka da ke ƙasar Indiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fulkar |first=Spandan |date=2024-08-30 |title=BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Turns 24: == Sana'a == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY ya fara sana'ar kiɗa ne a shekarar 2018 tare da fitar da waƙarsa mai suna "THE JAMKHANDI ANTHEM", wadda ta janyo hankalin mutane saboda kalmomin cikinta da kuma jigoginta da suka shafi rayuwar kan titi. === Manazarci === == Manazarci == 8yjp6yyi8kccmczpxd9zkqjav469e1f 862445 862444 2026-06-20T20:39:02Z ~2026-36002-77 46185 /* */ 862445 wikitext text/x-wiki Mawaƙin rap na Indiya kuma mai shirya kiɗa (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000) BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY {{Infobox person | name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | image = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | caption = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY a shekarar 2023 | birth_name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|01|26|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Jamkhandi, Karnataka]], Indiya | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[Mawaƙin Rap]] * mawaƙi * marubucin waƙa * mai shirya kiɗa * mai tsara kiɗa }} | years_active = 2018–yanzu | known_for = {{Unbulleted list | ''THE GANGS'' (2026) | ''JAMKHANDI'' (2026) | "THE HUNTER" (2026) }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = [[Hip hop]], [[Desi hip hop]], [[Trap music]] | label = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Independent }} }} '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2000), wanda aka fi sani da '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' a fagen sana'a, mawaƙin [[Rapping|rap]] ne na ƙasar Indiya, marubucin waƙa, [[Record producer|mai shirya kiɗa]], kuma mai tsara kiɗa. An san shi da ayyukansa a fagen kiɗan [[Music of India|Hindi hip-hop]] da kuma [[trap music]]. == Sassan Rayuwar Farko == An haifi BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2000 a garin [[Jamkhandi]], jihar Karnataka da ke ƙasar Indiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fulkar |first=Spandan |date=2024-08-30 |title=BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Turns 24: == Sana'a == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY ya fara sana'ar kiɗa ne a shekarar 2018 tare da fitar da waƙarsa mai suna "THE JAMKHANDI ANTHEM", wadda ta janyo hankalin mutane saboda kalmomin cikinta da kuma jigoginta da suka shafi rayuwar kan titi. === Manazarci === == Manazarci == 5bhenzsio5ocszs97jat9ydrqpop9mp 862446 862445 2026-06-20T20:50:48Z ~2026-36002-77 46185 862446 wikitext text/x-wiki Mawaƙin rap na Indiya kuma mai shirya kiɗa (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000) BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY {{Infobox person | name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | image = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | caption = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY a shekarar 2023 | birth_name = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|01|26|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Jamkhandi, Karnataka]], Indiya | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[Mawaƙin Rap]] * mawaƙi * marubucin waƙa * mai shirya kiɗa * mai tsara kiɗa }} | years_active = 2018–yanzu | known_for = {{Unbulleted list | ''THE GANGS'' (2026) | ''JAMKHANDI'' (2026) | "THE HUNTER" (2026) }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = [[Hip hop]], [[Desi hip hop]], [[Trap music]] | label = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Independent }} |Age=26}} {{Databox|Name}}'''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2000), wanda aka fi sani da '''BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY''' a fagen sana'a, mawaƙin [[Rapping|rap]] ne na ƙasar Indiya, marubucin waƙa, [[Record producer|mai shirya kiɗa]], kuma mai tsara kiɗa. An san shi da ayyukansa a fagen kiɗan [[Music of India|Hindi hip-hop]] da kuma [[trap music]]. == Sassan Rayuwar Farko == An haifi BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2000 a garin [[Jamkhandi]], jihar Karnataka da ke ƙasar Indiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fulkar |first=Spandan |date=2024-08-30 |title=BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY Turns 24: == Sana'a == BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY ya fara sana'ar kiɗa ne a shekarar 2018 tare da fitar da waƙarsa mai suna "THE JAMKHANDI ANTHEM", wadda ta janyo hankalin mutane saboda kalmomin cikinta da kuma jigoginta da suka shafi rayuwar kan titi. === Manazarci === == Manazarci == 15eejlrd2lbnbn73p8upp0i512ru3py 0 158957 862391 2026-06-20T19:55:47Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359253958|Bello John Olarewaju]]" 862391 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.123............[[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]]. 1............ == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.4 2............ == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f1q2kx0bfcp10onfr3c9xv1f8k2ag2p 862392 862391 2026-06-20T19:56:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862392 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.<ref>https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader</ref>[[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]]. 1............ == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.4 2............ == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3sayo83kp0424fx7amoar58t292psqg 862395 862392 2026-06-20T20:02:49Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862395 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.<ref>https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com</ref>[[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]]. 1............ == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.4 2............ == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 39ck57srmi9b5mu8wxlvckmxnz8oyje 862397 862395 2026-06-20T20:03:40Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.<ref>https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/kwara-governor-reappoints-4-commissioners/</ref>[[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]]. 1............ == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.4 2............ == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hsbel5eahk23la345x7hqqry1z1hn1m 862399 862397 2026-06-20T20:04:18Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.<ref name=":0">https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/kwara-governor-reappoints-4-commissioners/</ref>[[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]].<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.4 2............ == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g3lfgo74piz631mii1pcsadq09tzsww 862400 862399 2026-06-20T20:05:01Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862400 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.<ref name=":0">https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/kwara-governor-reappoints-4-commissioners/</ref>[[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]].<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.<ref>https://kwarastate.gov.ng/commissioner/bello-john-olarewaju/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m5c2q9t2mhszuetd2cuv12zfyzflhb2 862401 862400 2026-06-20T20:05:23Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.<ref name=":0">https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/kwara-governor-reappoints-4-commissioners/</ref>[[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]].<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.<ref>https://kwarastate.gov.ng/commissioner/bello-john-olarewaju/</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] evupxd1salu0v38nm0uq6ugpc0r8jh0 862403 862401 2026-06-20T20:06:12Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.<ref name=":0">https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/kwara-governor-reappoints-4-commissioners/</ref>[[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]].<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.<ref>https://kwarastate.gov.ng/commissioner/bello-john-olarewaju/</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5vgvn0s8x1di80c9l6qqjjyrb0rkiiu 862405 862403 2026-06-20T20:06:36Z Saad Nuhu 43323 862405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello John Olarewaju''' [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Lanwa /jidongari, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Moro a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na 9.<ref name=":0">https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_9thDLeader</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/flood-displaces-over-2500-kwara-residents-in-jebba-community/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17355845919383&referrer=https://www.google.com</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/kwara-governor-reappoints-4-commissioners/</ref> [[:en:Nigerian|Nigerian]] [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Lanwa/Ejidongari constituency, Moro local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|Kwara State House of Assembly]] and the 9th Deputy House == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1960 a Onipako-Jebba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Moro na Jihar Kwara, Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Malete, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro]], inda ya yi karatun Ilimin Lissafi. Ya ci gaba da bin sha'awarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar samun digiri na farko a Ilimin Lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]].<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Bello a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin Nigeria Paper Mill da Sugar Company a Bacita, kuma a matsayin manajan kamfanin Power Holding Company na Najeriya. An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin Jebba Ward daga 1996 zuwa 1997. A cikin 2019, ya lashe tikitin a karkashin dandalin All Progressives Congress don zama memba na majalisar jiha. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe babban zaben 2019, ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 9.<ref>https://kwarastate.gov.ng/commissioner/bello-john-olarewaju/</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 30j0h0a0lw7witiqk9rqavlv0j118ey 0 158958 862393 2026-06-20T20:02:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326728505|MV Globe Star]]" 862393 wikitext text/x-wiki Globe Star jirgin ruwa ne wanda ya fadi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1973 tare da [[Nyali Reef]], kusa da [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]] . Yana dauke da tan 10,000 na alkama zuwa [[Karachi]], Pakistan. Duk da aikin ceto mai tsanani, jirgin ya fashe a rabi kuma an watsar da shi. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, ma'aikata biyar da ke da hannu a yunkurin ceto sun mutu a cikin ajiya No. 3 saboda guba na gas yayin gudanar da ayyukan nutsewa. A shekara ta 1978, Divecon Ltd, Mombasa ta rushe fashewar, ta bar babban injin bayyane da ragowar jirgin kasa da ƙafa 10 (3.0 a ƙasa da farfajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe Star |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/globe-star.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070808/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/globe-star.php |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013 |publisher=Buccaneer Diving}}</ref> == Gine-gine == An gina jirgin ne a matsayin ''Burutu Palm'' don kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na London Palm Line, kasuwanci zuwa da kuma daga Yammacin Afirka da Liverpool. A shekara ta 1967, an sayar da shi ga masu mallakar Girka kuma a 1973 an sayar da ita ga Globe Navigation na Singapore. == Rashin == An danganta Globe Star ga kuskuren kewayawa, saboda jirgin ya kusanci ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa kafin ya ɗauki matukin jirgi, kuma an shawarce shi da ya koma tashar jiragen sama, ya juya zuwa gabar teku maimakon tashar jiragen mmiri kuma ya fadi. == Yawon shakatawa == Ragowar Globe Star tana cikin ruwa mai zurfi wanda ya dace da nutsewa. Ita sanannen wurin shakatawa ne na nutsewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe Star Wreck |url=http://diveseven.com/dive-site/view/846/globe-star-wreck |access-date=16 March 2013 |publisher=Dive Seven}}</ref> == Manazarta == e4z59u1zv8erd281qholstimcdp2xjp 862394 862393 2026-06-20T20:02:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 862394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Globe Star jirgin ruwa ne wanda ya fadi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1973 tare da [[Nyali Reef]], kusa da [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]] . Yana dauke da tan 10,000 na alkama zuwa [[Karachi]], Pakistan. Duk da aikin ceto mai tsanani, jirgin ya fashe a rabi kuma an watsar da shi. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, ma'aikata biyar da ke da hannu a yunkurin ceto sun mutu a cikin ajiya No. 3 saboda guba na gas yayin gudanar da ayyukan nutsewa. A shekara ta 1978, Divecon Ltd, Mombasa ta rushe fashewar, ta bar babban injin bayyane da ragowar jirgin kasa da ƙafa 10 (3.0 a ƙasa da farfajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe Star |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/globe-star.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070808/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/globe-star.php |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013 |publisher=Buccaneer Diving}}</ref> == Gine-gine == An gina jirgin ne a matsayin ''Burutu Palm'' don kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na London Palm Line, kasuwanci zuwa da kuma daga Yammacin Afirka da Liverpool. A shekara ta 1967, an sayar da shi ga masu mallakar Girka kuma a 1973 an sayar da ita ga Globe Navigation na Singapore. == Rashin == An danganta Globe Star ga kuskuren kewayawa, saboda jirgin ya kusanci ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa kafin ya ɗauki matukin jirgi, kuma an shawarce shi da ya koma tashar jiragen sama, ya juya zuwa gabar teku maimakon tashar jiragen mmiri kuma ya fadi. == Yawon shakatawa == Ragowar Globe Star tana cikin ruwa mai zurfi wanda ya dace da nutsewa. Ita sanannen wurin shakatawa ne na nutsewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe Star Wreck |url=http://diveseven.com/dive-site/view/846/globe-star-wreck |access-date=16 March 2013 |publisher=Dive Seven}}</ref> == Manazarta == nf2fnn7k778pzdv6ioc4at4tc3yh11x 0 158959 862396 2026-06-20T20:03:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1142530543|List of ports in Angola]]" 862396 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin ruwa a [[Angola]] sun ba da cikakken bayani game da tashoshan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ruwa a bakin tekun Angola. == Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen mmiri a Angola == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa / tashar jiragen sama !Lardin !Sunan garin !Ma'auni !Majalisar Dinkin Duniya / Wuri !Magana |- |[[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda]] |Lardin Luanda |[[Luanda]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|8|45|S|13|16|E}} |Bincike |Babban tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da ANGOLA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Luanda |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/805?name=LUANDA&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa tana cikin Luanda Bay, wanda [[Ilha de Luanda|tsibirin Luanda]] ya raba shi da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ports.com |title=Port of Luanda |url=http://ports.com/angola/port-of-luanda/ |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Babban tashar jiragen ruwa a kasar da kuma babban tashar shigo da fitarwa don jigilar kaya mai tsawo a cikin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porto de Luanda |title=Movimentos |url=http://www.portoluanda.co.ao/movimentos.php |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> |- |[[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibe]] |Lardin Namibe |Moçâmedes |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|11|S|12|7|E}} |AOMSZ |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa. Matsakaicin ruwa shine mita 9.6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Namibe |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1176?name=NAMIBE&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> Tana kan bankunan bakin tekun Namibe, wani yanki na bakin teku da ke da alaƙa da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portal Angop |date=12 April 2017 |title=Namibe: Segunda fase do Porto do Namibe arranca este ano |url=http://cdn1.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2017/3/15/Namibe-Segunda-fase-Porto-Namibe-arranca-este-ano,3e865a96-c8cb-4c8f-ab23-f3a94dc36205.html |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Soyo |Lardin Zaire |Soyo |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|6|7|S|12|19|E}} |AOSZA |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soyo Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1172?name=SOYO&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |[[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lobito]] |Lardin Benguela |[[Lobito]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|12|19|S|13|34|E}} |AOLOB |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ke cikin Lobito Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lobito Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1174?name=LOBITO&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cabinda |Lardin Cabinda |Gidan da ke cikin gida |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|5|32|S|12|11|E}} |AOCAB |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinda Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/23912?name=CABINDA&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == lxd53sv4hcznr7ejk638c6brjawwart 862398 862396 2026-06-20T20:03:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 862398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin ruwa a [[Angola]] sun ba da cikakken bayani game da tashoshan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ruwa a bakin tekun Angola. == Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen mmiri a Angola == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa / tashar jiragen sama !Lardin !Sunan garin !Ma'auni !Majalisar Dinkin Duniya / Wuri !Magana |- |[[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda]] |Lardin Luanda |[[Luanda]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|8|45|S|13|16|E}} |Bincike |Babban tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da ANGOLA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Luanda |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/805?name=LUANDA&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa tana cikin Luanda Bay, wanda [[Ilha de Luanda|tsibirin Luanda]] ya raba shi da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ports.com |title=Port of Luanda |url=http://ports.com/angola/port-of-luanda/ |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Babban tashar jiragen ruwa a kasar da kuma babban tashar shigo da fitarwa don jigilar kaya mai tsawo a cikin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porto de Luanda |title=Movimentos |url=http://www.portoluanda.co.ao/movimentos.php |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> |- |[[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibe]] |Lardin Namibe |Moçâmedes |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|11|S|12|7|E}} |AOMSZ |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa. Matsakaicin ruwa shine mita 9.6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Namibe |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1176?name=NAMIBE&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> Tana kan bankunan bakin tekun Namibe, wani yanki na bakin teku da ke da alaƙa da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portal Angop |date=12 April 2017 |title=Namibe: Segunda fase do Porto do Namibe arranca este ano |url=http://cdn1.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2017/3/15/Namibe-Segunda-fase-Porto-Namibe-arranca-este-ano,3e865a96-c8cb-4c8f-ab23-f3a94dc36205.html |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Soyo |Lardin Zaire |Soyo |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|6|7|S|12|19|E}} |AOSZA |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soyo Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1172?name=SOYO&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |[[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lobito]] |Lardin Benguela |[[Lobito]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|12|19|S|13|34|E}} |AOLOB |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ke cikin Lobito Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lobito Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1174?name=LOBITO&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cabinda |Lardin Cabinda |Gidan da ke cikin gida |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|5|32|S|12|11|E}} |AOCAB |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinda Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/23912?name=CABINDA&country=Angola |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == fzqd7wsdjspzkycks5y60pzn7bzp5n3 0 158960 862402 2026-06-20T20:05:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355394827|Moçâmedes]]" 862402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moçâmedes''' [[Angola]]" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of cities and towns in Angola">birni ne a kudu maso yammacin Angola, kuma babban birnin [./&#x3C;b&#x20;id= Namibi_Province" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Namibe Province">Lardin Namibe] . Yawan jama'ar garin na yanzu ya kai 345,987 (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2024). An kafa shi a cikin 1840 ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal, an sanya sunan birnin Namibe tsakanin 1985 da 2016. Moçâmedes yana da yanayin sanyi mai bushe da tsire-tsire na hamada, saboda yana kusa da hamadar Namib. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:1908_Angola_Boer_Wagon_in_Mocamedes.jpg|left|thumb|Moçâmedes a cikin 1908.]] [[Fayil:Paroquia_de_Santo_Adrião_(19511529296).jpg|left|thumb|Gine-gine na mulkin mallaka na Portugal a cibiyar tarihi ta Moçâmedes .]] Portuguese ne suka fara bincika yankin a cikin 1785 kuma [[Luís Cândido Cordeiro Pinheiro Furtado]] ne ya yi ikirarin Portugal, ''Loanda'' gwamnan-janar na Angola na lokacin, Baron Moçâmedes (Portuguese: Barão de Mossâmedes), wanda kuma ya aika da balaguron ƙasa karkashin jagorancin [[Gregório José Mendes]] don saduwa da Furtado. Sun sake sunan bayin Moçâmedes don girmama baron. A cikin 1839 gwamnan-janar na Angola na lokacin, [[António Manuel de Noronha|Admiral Noronha]], ya aika da sabon balaguro don ya mallaki shugabannin yankin kuma ya sanya su magoya bayan Portugal. Moçâmedes an kafa shi ne a hukumance a cikin 1840 ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a kan wani bayin da Portuguese suka kira ''Angra do Negro'' ta hanyar umarnin Firayim Ministan Portugal, Count na Bonfim, wanda shi ma shugaban Sashen mulkin mallaka ne. A cikin 1840 an kafa masana'anta kuma a watan Yulin wannan shekarar an gina wani sansani a Ponta Negra . Yankin ya mallaki mazauna Portuguese daga Madeira da Brazil; a cikin shekarun 1850 gwamnatin Portugal ta kuma ba da hanyar teku da taimakon kuɗi ga yawancin masu mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Ƙauyen ya girma a matsayin tashar kamun kifi kuma a cikin shekarun 1960 yana da jiragen kamun kiɗa 143 da masana'antun sarrafa kifi da yawa. Ba da daɗewa ba tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance tare da wasu mahimman tashoshin kamun kifi kamar [[Luanda]], [[Benguela]] da [[Lobito]]. Kimanin kilomita ² daga garin Moçâmedes hukumomin Portugal sun kafa Gidan shakatawa na Iona, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a Angola, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin ajiya a 1937 kuma aka inganta shi zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa wanda ya rufe 15,150 km2 a 1964.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Yanayi == Moçâmedes yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen climate classification ''BWh''). Duk da kasancewa da kyau a arewacin Tropic na Capricorn a kan Tekun Atlantika, yanayin yana da zafi saboda tasirin sanyaya na Benguela Current da ke gudana zuwa arewa wanda ke haifar da Yuli da Agusta su kasance ƙasa da 18 ° C.&nbsp;{{Weather box}} == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Governo_Provincial_do_Namibe_(19543179475)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Gwamnatin lardin Namibe.]] A cikin 1966-67 an gina babban tashar ƙarfe a Saco, bay 12 km arewacin Moçâmedes, don yin hidima ga ma'adinin ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa a Cassinga. An ba da izinin gina ma'adinai da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 300 ga Krupp na Jamus da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani ga SETH, kamfanin Portuguese mallakar Højgaard &amp;amp; Schultz na Denmark.&nbsp;&nbsp; A cikin shekara guda mai ɗaukar ma'adinai na farko na tan 250,000 ya tsaya kuma ya ɗora shi da ma'adanai a cikin 1967. <ref>{{In lang|pt}} [https://mocamedesregistosefactos.blogspot.com/2008/03/angola-momedes-minha-terra-eu-te-vi.html Angola - Moçâmedes, minha terra, eu te vi crescer...]</ref><ref>{{In lang|pt}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nc0acCl9N5k Angola de outros tempos Moçamedes], Moçâmedes under Portuguese rule before 1975, [[YouTube|youtube.com]]</ref> == Al'adu == [[Fayil:Parabolic_Shelters_(18861902633).jpg|left|thumb|[[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Angola|Yawon shakatawa]] shine masana'antu mai mahimmanci a Moçâmedes.]] === Addini === Sé Catedral de São Pedro na birnin shine babban coci bishop na Roman Catholic Diocese na Namibe, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2009 a yankin da ya rabu da Metropolitan's Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lubango, wanda shi ne diocese suffragan. == Dubi kuma == * Lardin Namibe == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0t0324hm1dyqy9v9zdwyykqgchosqqw 862404 862402 2026-06-20T20:06:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 862404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moçâmedes''' [[Angola]]" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of cities and towns in Angola">birni ne a kudu maso yammacin Angola, kuma babban birnin [Lardin Namibe] . Yawan jama'ar garin na yanzu ya kai 345,987 (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2024). An kafa shi a cikin 1840 ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal, an sanya sunan birnin Namibe tsakanin 1985 da 2016. Moçâmedes yana da yanayin sanyi mai bushe da tsire-tsire na hamada, saboda yana kusa da hamadar Namib. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:1908_Angola_Boer_Wagon_in_Mocamedes.jpg|left|thumb|Moçâmedes a cikin 1908.]] [[Fayil:Paroquia_de_Santo_Adrião_(19511529296).jpg|left|thumb|Gine-gine na mulkin mallaka na Portugal a cibiyar tarihi ta Moçâmedes .]] Portuguese ne suka fara bincika yankin a cikin 1785 kuma [[Luís Cândido Cordeiro Pinheiro Furtado]] ne ya yi ikirarin Portugal, ''Loanda'' gwamnan-janar na Angola na lokacin, Baron Moçâmedes (Portuguese: Barão de Mossâmedes), wanda kuma ya aika da balaguron ƙasa karkashin jagorancin [[Gregório José Mendes]] don saduwa da Furtado. Sun sake sunan bayin Moçâmedes don girmama baron. A cikin 1839 gwamnan-janar na Angola na lokacin, [[António Manuel de Noronha|Admiral Noronha]], ya aika da sabon balaguro don ya mallaki shugabannin yankin kuma ya sanya su magoya bayan Portugal. Moçâmedes an kafa shi ne a hukumance a cikin 1840 ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a kan wani bayin da Portuguese suka kira ''Angra do Negro'' ta hanyar umarnin Firayim Ministan Portugal, Count na Bonfim, wanda shi ma shugaban Sashen mulkin mallaka ne. A cikin 1840 an kafa masana'anta kuma a watan Yulin wannan shekarar an gina wani sansani a Ponta Negra . Yankin ya mallaki mazauna Portuguese daga Madeira da Brazil; a cikin shekarun 1850 gwamnatin Portugal ta kuma ba da hanyar teku da taimakon kuɗi ga yawancin masu mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Ƙauyen ya girma a matsayin tashar kamun kifi kuma a cikin shekarun 1960 yana da jiragen kamun kiɗa 143 da masana'antun sarrafa kifi da yawa. Ba da daɗewa ba tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance tare da wasu mahimman tashoshin kamun kifi kamar [[Luanda]], [[Benguela]] da [[Lobito]]. Kimanin kilomita ² daga garin Moçâmedes hukumomin Portugal sun kafa Gidan shakatawa na Iona, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a Angola, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin ajiya a 1937 kuma aka inganta shi zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa wanda ya rufe 15,150 km2 a 1964.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Yanayi == Moçâmedes yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen climate classification ''BWh''). Duk da kasancewa da kyau a arewacin Tropic na Capricorn a kan Tekun Atlantika, yanayin yana da zafi saboda tasirin sanyaya na Benguela Current da ke gudana zuwa arewa wanda ke haifar da Yuli da Agusta su kasance ƙasa da 18 ° C.&nbsp;{{Weather box}} == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Governo_Provincial_do_Namibe_(19543179475)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Gwamnatin lardin Namibe.]] A cikin 1966-67 an gina babban tashar ƙarfe a Saco, bay 12 km arewacin Moçâmedes, don yin hidima ga ma'adinin ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa a Cassinga. An ba da izinin gina ma'adinai da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 300 ga Krupp na Jamus da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani ga SETH, kamfanin Portuguese mallakar Højgaard &amp;amp; Schultz na Denmark.&nbsp;&nbsp; A cikin shekara guda mai ɗaukar ma'adinai na farko na tan 250,000 ya tsaya kuma ya ɗora shi da ma'adanai a cikin 1967. <ref>{{In lang|pt}} [https://mocamedesregistosefactos.blogspot.com/2008/03/angola-momedes-minha-terra-eu-te-vi.html Angola - Moçâmedes, minha terra, eu te vi crescer...]</ref><ref>{{In lang|pt}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nc0acCl9N5k Angola de outros tempos Moçamedes], Moçâmedes under Portuguese rule before 1975, [[YouTube|youtube.com]]</ref> == Al'adu == [[Fayil:Parabolic_Shelters_(18861902633).jpg|left|thumb|[[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Angola|Yawon shakatawa]] shine masana'antu mai mahimmanci a Moçâmedes.]] === Addini === Sé Catedral de São Pedro na birnin shine babban coci bishop na Roman Catholic Diocese na Namibe, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2009 a yankin da ya rabu da Metropolitan's Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lubango, wanda shi ne diocese suffragan. == Dubi kuma == * Lardin Namibe == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8xu8o1zj3xfow0iw98k8ubte2enkt5x 862406 862404 2026-06-20T20:06:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 862406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moçâmedes''' birni ne a kudu maso yammacin Angola, kuma babban birnin [Lardin Namibe] . Yawan jama'ar garin na yanzu ya kai 345,987 (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2024). An kafa shi a cikin 1840 ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal, an sanya sunan birnin Namibe tsakanin 1985 da 2016. Moçâmedes yana da yanayin sanyi mai bushe da tsire-tsire na hamada, saboda yana kusa da hamadar Namib. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:1908_Angola_Boer_Wagon_in_Mocamedes.jpg|left|thumb|Moçâmedes a cikin 1908.]] [[Fayil:Paroquia_de_Santo_Adrião_(19511529296).jpg|left|thumb|Gine-gine na mulkin mallaka na Portugal a cibiyar tarihi ta Moçâmedes .]] Portuguese ne suka fara bincika yankin a cikin 1785 kuma [[Luís Cândido Cordeiro Pinheiro Furtado]] ne ya yi ikirarin Portugal, ''Loanda'' gwamnan-janar na Angola na lokacin, Baron Moçâmedes (Portuguese: Barão de Mossâmedes), wanda kuma ya aika da balaguron ƙasa karkashin jagorancin [[Gregório José Mendes]] don saduwa da Furtado. Sun sake sunan bayin Moçâmedes don girmama baron. A cikin 1839 gwamnan-janar na Angola na lokacin, [[António Manuel de Noronha|Admiral Noronha]], ya aika da sabon balaguro don ya mallaki shugabannin yankin kuma ya sanya su magoya bayan Portugal. Moçâmedes an kafa shi ne a hukumance a cikin 1840 ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a kan wani bayin da Portuguese suka kira ''Angra do Negro'' ta hanyar umarnin Firayim Ministan Portugal, Count na Bonfim, wanda shi ma shugaban Sashen mulkin mallaka ne. A cikin 1840 an kafa masana'anta kuma a watan Yulin wannan shekarar an gina wani sansani a Ponta Negra . Yankin ya mallaki mazauna Portuguese daga Madeira da Brazil; a cikin shekarun 1850 gwamnatin Portugal ta kuma ba da hanyar teku da taimakon kuɗi ga yawancin masu mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Ƙauyen ya girma a matsayin tashar kamun kifi kuma a cikin shekarun 1960 yana da jiragen kamun kiɗa 143 da masana'antun sarrafa kifi da yawa. Ba da daɗewa ba tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance tare da wasu mahimman tashoshin kamun kifi kamar [[Luanda]], [[Benguela]] da [[Lobito]]. Kimanin kilomita ² daga garin Moçâmedes hukumomin Portugal sun kafa Gidan shakatawa na Iona, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a Angola, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin ajiya a 1937 kuma aka inganta shi zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa wanda ya rufe 15,150 km2 a 1964.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Yanayi == Moçâmedes yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen climate classification ''BWh''). Duk da kasancewa da kyau a arewacin Tropic na Capricorn a kan Tekun Atlantika, yanayin yana da zafi saboda tasirin sanyaya na Benguela Current da ke gudana zuwa arewa wanda ke haifar da Yuli da Agusta su kasance ƙasa da 18 ° C.&nbsp;{{Weather box}} == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Governo_Provincial_do_Namibe_(19543179475)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Gwamnatin lardin Namibe.]] A cikin 1966-67 an gina babban tashar ƙarfe a Saco, bay 12 km arewacin Moçâmedes, don yin hidima ga ma'adinin ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa a Cassinga. An ba da izinin gina ma'adinai da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 300 ga Krupp na Jamus da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani ga SETH, kamfanin Portuguese mallakar Højgaard &amp;amp; Schultz na Denmark.&nbsp;&nbsp; A cikin shekara guda mai ɗaukar ma'adinai na farko na tan 250,000 ya tsaya kuma ya ɗora shi da ma'adanai a cikin 1967. <ref>{{In lang|pt}} [https://mocamedesregistosefactos.blogspot.com/2008/03/angola-momedes-minha-terra-eu-te-vi.html Angola - Moçâmedes, minha terra, eu te vi crescer...]</ref><ref>{{In lang|pt}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nc0acCl9N5k Angola de outros tempos Moçamedes], Moçâmedes under Portuguese rule before 1975, [[YouTube|youtube.com]]</ref> == Al'adu == [[Fayil:Parabolic_Shelters_(18861902633).jpg|left|thumb|[[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Angola|Yawon shakatawa]] shine masana'antu mai mahimmanci a Moçâmedes.]] === Addini === Sé Catedral de São Pedro na birnin shine babban coci bishop na Roman Catholic Diocese na Namibe, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2009 a yankin da ya rabu da Metropolitan's Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lubango, wanda shi ne diocese suffragan. == Dubi kuma == * Lardin Namibe == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hnbcbmstkhbl973pokdugj5hgndkq6p 0 158961 862407 2026-06-20T20:07:17Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1152915805|Chollet Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 862407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chollet Hydroelectric''' tana da {{Convert|600|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da ke ci gaba da aiki a fadin [[Kogin Dja|Kogin Ngoko]], a [[Kamaru]] da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]] a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . An bai wa Kamfanin China Gezhouba Group Company (CGGC) kwangilar ginin, a watan Mayu na 2021. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=4 May 2021 |title=Cameroon–Congo: China's CGGC wins the construction of the Chollet dam (600 MW) |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-congo-chinas-cggc-wins-the-construction-of-the-chollet-dam-600-mw/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana kudu maso gabashin Kamaru a kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Congo, a [[Kogin Dja|ketaren Kogin Dja]] (Kogin Ngoko). Tashar wutar lantarki kuma tana kusa da iyakokin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] da [[Gabon]] . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=4 May 2021 |title=Cameroon–Congo: China's CGGC wins the construction of the Chollet dam (600 MW) |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-congo-chinas-cggc-wins-the-construction-of-the-chollet-dam-600-mw/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2021">Jean Marie Takouleu (4 May 2021). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-congo-chinas-cggc-wins-the-construction-of-the-chollet-dam-600-mw/ "Cameroon–Congo: China's CGGC wins the construction of the Chollet dam (600 MW)"]. Paris, France: Afrik21.africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2010, Kamaru da Kongo suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MOU) don gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 600 a fadin Kogin Ngoko wanda ke kan iyakarsu. A wancan lokacin, ana sa ran kowace gwamnati za ta tara kashi hamsin cikin dari na kudaden ginin. An bai wa kamfanin Sinohydro, kamfanin injiniya da gini aikin kula da injiniya, saye, da gini (EPC). <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Albert Savana |date=10 May 2021 |title=Cameroon-Congo: the construction of the Chollet dam is structured |url=https://www.kapitalafrik.com/2021/05/10/cameroon-congo-the-construction-of-the-chollet-dam-is-structured/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Kapital Afrik}}</ref> Lokacin da aka sake duba manufar a watan Oktoban 2020, an cire Sinohydro daga matsayin dan kwangilar EPC, saboda kasashen biyu ba za su iya tara kudin da kansu don biyan kudin madatsar ruwa ba, a karkashin yanayi na yanzu. An amince da sabon tsarin ''Ginawa, Mallaka, Aiki da Canja wurin'' (BOOT). An zabi kungiyar Gezhouba don gudanar da aikin, a karkashin sabon tsarin. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 October 2020 |title=Cameroon–Congo: The 600 MW hydroelectric project on the Dja/Ngoko river relaunched in 2021? |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-congo-the-600-mw-hydroelectric-project-on-the-dja-ngoko-river-relaunched-in-2021/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Ci gaba == A ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin, za a gudanar da aikin a matakai daban-daban. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Patrick Mulyungi |date=6 May 2021 |title=Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Construction Review Online}}</ref> === Mataki na 1 === Wannan matakin ya ƙunshi nazarin yiwuwa, [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|nazarin kimanta tasirin muhalli]] da kuma kimantawa masu alaƙa. Kayayyakin more rayuwa da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da madatsar ruwa, tashar wutar lantarki, tashoshin wutar lantarki, layukan wutar lantarki na ƙaura da kuma hanyoyin da suka shafi hakan a ƙasashen biyu. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Patrick Mulyungi |date=6 May 2021 |title=Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatrick_Mulyungi2021">Patrick Mulyungi (6 May 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ "Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC"]. Nairobi, Kenya: Construction Review Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Mataki na 2 === Mataki na biyu ya shafi ainihin gina madatsar ruwa, tashar wutar lantarki da sauran ababen more rayuwa. Aikin ya kuma ƙunshi gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki, layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki da hanyoyin shiga a Kamaru da Kongo. Za a horar da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin ƙasashen biyu don gudanar da kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma kula da muhalli cikin dorewa a wannan matakin. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Patrick Mulyungi |date=6 May 2021 |title=Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatrick_Mulyungi2021">Patrick Mulyungi (6 May 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ "Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC"]. Nairobi, Kenya: Construction Review Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Mataki na 3 === Mataki na uku ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da aikin da kuma gudanar da shi da kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aikin. Ana sa ran gwamnatocin biyu za su kafa wani kamfanin kera motoci na musamman wanda zai mallaki kuma ya gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki, lokacin da Gezhouba Group ta miƙa shi ga gwamnatocin biyu. <ref name="4R" /> == Manazarta == c3smdvm41mwtnvyky6g8axixxtuk9mf 862408 862407 2026-06-20T20:07:46Z Engineer014 44591 862408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chollet Hydroelectric''' tana da {{Convert|600|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da ke ci gaba da aiki a fadin [[Kogin Dja|Kogin Ngoko]], a [[Kamaru]] da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]] a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . An bai wa Kamfanin China Gezhouba Group Company (CGGC) kwangilar ginin, a watan Mayu na 2021. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=4 May 2021 |title=Cameroon–Congo: China's CGGC wins the construction of the Chollet dam (600 MW) |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-congo-chinas-cggc-wins-the-construction-of-the-chollet-dam-600-mw/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana kudu maso gabashin Kamaru a kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Congo, a [[Kogin Dja|ketaren Kogin Dja]] (Kogin Ngoko). Tashar wutar lantarki kuma tana kusa da iyakokin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] da [[Gabon]] . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=4 May 2021 |title=Cameroon–Congo: China's CGGC wins the construction of the Chollet dam (600 MW) |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-congo-chinas-cggc-wins-the-construction-of-the-chollet-dam-600-mw/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2021">Jean Marie Takouleu (4 May 2021). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-congo-chinas-cggc-wins-the-construction-of-the-chollet-dam-600-mw/ "Cameroon–Congo: China's CGGC wins the construction of the Chollet dam (600 MW)"]. Paris, France: Afrik21.africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2010, Kamaru da Kongo suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MOU) don gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 600 a fadin Kogin Ngoko wanda ke kan iyakarsu. A wancan lokacin, ana sa ran kowace gwamnati za ta tara kashi hamsin cikin dari na kudaden ginin. An bai wa kamfanin Sinohydro, kamfanin injiniya da gini aikin kula da injiniya, saye, da gini (EPC). <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Albert Savana |date=10 May 2021 |title=Cameroon-Congo: the construction of the Chollet dam is structured |url=https://www.kapitalafrik.com/2021/05/10/cameroon-congo-the-construction-of-the-chollet-dam-is-structured/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Kapital Afrik}}</ref> Lokacin da aka sake duba manufar a watan Oktoban 2020, an cire Sinohydro daga matsayin dan kwangilar EPC, saboda kasashen biyu ba za su iya tara kudin da kansu don biyan kudin madatsar ruwa ba, a karkashin yanayi na yanzu. An amince da sabon tsarin ''Ginawa, Mallaka, Aiki da Canja wurin'' (BOOT). An zabi kungiyar Gezhouba don gudanar da aikin, a karkashin sabon tsarin. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 October 2020 |title=Cameroon–Congo: The 600 MW hydroelectric project on the Dja/Ngoko river relaunched in 2021? |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-congo-the-600-mw-hydroelectric-project-on-the-dja-ngoko-river-relaunched-in-2021/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Ci gaba == A ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin, za a gudanar da aikin a matakai daban-daban. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Patrick Mulyungi |date=6 May 2021 |title=Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Construction Review Online}}</ref> === Mataki na 1 === Wannan matakin ya ƙunshi nazarin yiwuwa, [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|nazarin kimanta tasirin muhalli]] da kuma kimantawa masu alaƙa. Kayayyakin more rayuwa da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da madatsar ruwa, tashar wutar lantarki, tashoshin wutar lantarki, layukan wutar lantarki na ƙaura da kuma hanyoyin da suka shafi hakan a ƙasashen biyu. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Patrick Mulyungi |date=6 May 2021 |title=Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatrick_Mulyungi2021">Patrick Mulyungi (6 May 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ "Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC"]. Nairobi, Kenya: Construction Review Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Mataki na 2 === Mataki na biyu ya shafi ainihin gina madatsar ruwa, tashar wutar lantarki da sauran ababen more rayuwa. Aikin ya kuma ƙunshi gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki, layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki da hanyoyin shiga a Kamaru da Kongo. Za a horar da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin ƙasashen biyu don gudanar da kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma kula da muhalli cikin dorewa a wannan matakin. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Patrick Mulyungi |date=6 May 2021 |title=Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatrick_Mulyungi2021">Patrick Mulyungi (6 May 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/chollet-hydroelectric-dam-project-to-be-carried-out-by-cggc/ "Chollet hydroelectric dam project to be carried out by CGGC"]. Nairobi, Kenya: Construction Review Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> === Mataki na 3 === Mataki na uku ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da aikin da kuma gudanar da shi da kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aikin. Ana sa ran gwamnatocin biyu za su kafa wani kamfanin kera motoci na musamman wanda zai mallaki kuma ya gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki, lokacin da Gezhouba Group ta miƙa shi ga gwamnatocin biyu. <ref name="4R" /> == Manazarta == r0zv39r8ix09mvcn3jeyaam8fn1c92l 0 158962 862409 2026-06-20T20:08:41Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345192092|Austroglossus microlepis]]" 862409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Austroglossus microlepis''''', ko kuma '''tafin gabar tekun yamma''', kifin teku ne da ya shahara a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ana samunsa daga [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa [[False Bay]] . == Manazarta == hctqtkh963y4ak8cl3lwck2wcxi74y8 862410 862409 2026-06-20T20:09:04Z Engineer014 44591 862410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Austroglossus microlepis''''', ko kuma '''tafin gabar tekun yamma''', kifin teku ne da ya shahara a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ana samunsa daga [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa [[False Bay]] . == Manazarta == 00bpu094g7jwyj15i8a61xkfjivu06e 0 158963 862411 2026-06-20T20:10:15Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1222895945|Wagenya]]" 862411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wagenya''' sunan wani wuri ne a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a wurin; wanda ke arewacin Kongo, kusa da birnin [[Kisangani]] da kuma a ƙasan [[Boyoma Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Boyoma]] . Sakamakon haka, ana kiran cataract ta bakwai kuma ta ƙarshe a kan Boyoma da [[Boyoma Falls|Wagenia Falls]] . [[Fayil:Wagenia_17_copy.jpg|left|thumb|Mutanen Wagenya 'yan asalin ƙasar ne masunta waɗanda suka ƙirƙiro wata dabara ta musamman ta kamun kifi a cikin kogin. Suna gina babban tsarin katako mai siffar tripod a fadin kogin. Waɗannan tripods an makale su a kan ramukan da aka sassaka a cikin dutse ta hanyar ruwan da ke kwarara. Ga waɗannan tripods akwai manyan kwandunan tarkon kifi, waɗanda aka saukar a cikin ruwan don "rage" ruwan don kifi. Hanya ce ta kamun kifi mai zaɓe, domin waɗannan kwandunan suna da girma sosai kuma manyan kifaye ne kawai aka kama.]] [[Fayil:Zaire_kisangani_stroom_12_copy_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Katangar Boyoma/Stanley Falls ta bakwai kusa da Kisangani.]] [[Fayil:Zaire_kisangani_stroom_11_copy.jpg|right|thumb|Saurin ƙarshe tare da masunta na Wagenia.]] [[Fayil:Fishing_at_the_falls_-_Julien_Harneis_-_February_28,_2007_-_3.jpg|left|thumb|Masuntan Wagenia a cikin magudanar ruwa a Kisangani.]] Saboda ƙarancin duwatsu, a wannan lokacin [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] ba ya iya tafiya kuma yana haifar da ruwa mai gudu. Tsawon ƙarni, mutanen da ke zaune a wurin sun yi kamun kifi ta hanya mai ban sha'awa. Suna gina babban tsarin katako mai hawa uku a fadin kogin. Waɗannan ƙananan ... == Manazarta == cwu7hwvzwoam68q1hkwkhs5uw3aki33 862412 862411 2026-06-20T20:10:40Z Engineer014 44591 862412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wagenya''' sunan wani wuri ne a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a wurin; wanda ke arewacin Kongo, kusa da birnin [[Kisangani]] da kuma a ƙasan [[Boyoma Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Boyoma]] . Sakamakon haka, ana kiran cataract ta bakwai kuma ta ƙarshe a kan Boyoma da [[Boyoma Falls|Wagenia Falls]] . [[Fayil:Wagenia_17_copy.jpg|left|thumb|Mutanen Wagenya 'yan asalin ƙasar ne masunta waɗanda suka ƙirƙiro wata dabara ta musamman ta kamun kifi a cikin kogin. Suna gina babban tsarin katako mai siffar tripod a fadin kogin. Waɗannan tripods an makale su a kan ramukan da aka sassaka a cikin dutse ta hanyar ruwan da ke kwarara. Ga waɗannan tripods akwai manyan kwandunan tarkon kifi, waɗanda aka saukar a cikin ruwan don "rage" ruwan don kifi. Hanya ce ta kamun kifi mai zaɓe, domin waɗannan kwandunan suna da girma sosai kuma manyan kifaye ne kawai aka kama.]] [[Fayil:Zaire_kisangani_stroom_12_copy_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Katangar Boyoma/Stanley Falls ta bakwai kusa da Kisangani.]] [[Fayil:Zaire_kisangani_stroom_11_copy.jpg|right|thumb|Saurin ƙarshe tare da masunta na Wagenia.]] [[Fayil:Fishing_at_the_falls_-_Julien_Harneis_-_February_28,_2007_-_3.jpg|left|thumb|Masuntan Wagenia a cikin magudanar ruwa a Kisangani.]] Saboda ƙarancin duwatsu, a wannan lokacin [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] ba ya iya tafiya kuma yana haifar da ruwa mai gudu. Tsawon ƙarni, mutanen da ke zaune a wurin sun yi kamun kifi ta hanya mai ban sha'awa. Suna gina babban tsarin katako mai hawa uku a fadin kogin. Waɗannan ƙananan ... == Manazarta == 5phtnyjzovz75y5091onacmpyksgnli 0 158964 862413 2026-06-20T20:11:41Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313902376|Blackspot skate]]" 862413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katako mai launin baƙi''' ( ''Dipturus campbelli'' ) nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Rajidae . Ana samunsa a bakin tekun kudu maso gabashin Afirka daga [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu zuwa tsakiyar Mozambique. Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Teku|tekuna]] a buɗe. Yana da hanci mai siffar triangle, mai kauri wutsiya wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta da jikinsa, da ƙananan ƙaya a kan cinya da baya. A saman kifin yana da launin toka mai matsakaicin launi ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa tare da tabo baƙi kuma a ƙasan kifin yana da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta baƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dipturus campbelli (Blackspot skate) |url=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/chondrichthyes/elasmobranchii/batoidei/dipturus_campbelli.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818000813/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/chondrichthyes/elasmobranchii/batoidei/dipturus_campbelli.htm |archive-date=2016-08-18 |access-date=2016-06-15 |website=www.biodiversityexplorer.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == py3i3vynndthh93e4z53a3039k8yaga 862414 862413 2026-06-20T20:12:12Z Engineer014 44591 862414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katako mai launin baƙi''' ( ''Dipturus campbelli'' ) nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Rajidae . Ana samunsa a bakin tekun kudu maso gabashin Afirka daga [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu zuwa tsakiyar Mozambique. Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Teku|tekuna]] a buɗe. Yana da hanci mai siffar triangle, mai kauri wutsiya wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta da jikinsa, da ƙananan ƙaya a kan cinya da baya. A saman kifin yana da launin toka mai matsakaicin launi ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa tare da tabo baƙi kuma a ƙasan kifin yana da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta baƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dipturus campbelli (Blackspot skate) |url=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/chondrichthyes/elasmobranchii/batoidei/dipturus_campbelli.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818000813/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/chondrichthyes/elasmobranchii/batoidei/dipturus_campbelli.htm |archive-date=2016-08-18 |access-date=2016-06-15 |website=www.biodiversityexplorer.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == 37unkfo35c8jjvgrzwx0s6pz9jycux9 0 158965 862415 2026-06-20T20:13:57Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355460733|Transport in Kenya]]" 862415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sufuri a Kenya''' yana nufin tsarin sufuri a [[Kenya]] . Kasar tana da hanyar sadarwa mai faɗi ta hanyoyi masu shimfida da marasa shimfida. [[Jirgin ƙasa|Tsarin layin dogo]] na Kenya yana haɗa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ƙasar da manyan biranen ƙasar kuma yana haɗa Kenya da maƙwabciyarta [[Uganda]] . Akwai filayen jiragen sama 15 masu titin jirgin sama mai shimfida. [[Fayil:Roads_in_Kenya.svg|thumb|456x456px|Taswirar Kenya da ke nuna manyan tituna tun daga shekarar 2013.]] Akwai kimanin matatus ( bas ) 100,000, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mafi yawan tsarin sufuri na jama'a a ƙasar. Kamfanin bas na [[Kenya Bus Services|Kenya]] da ya taɓa zama babban kamfanin bas a Kenya, ya fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi, wanda hakan ya tilasta musu rage yawan bas ɗin da ake aiki da su. A halin yanzu suna aiki da ƙananan bas a cikin birnin Nairobi, kodayake an shigar da sabbin ƙananan bas na birni waɗanda ke ba wa fasinjoji ƙarin kwanciyar hankali da aminci a wasu hanyoyin cikin gari. Kamfanin Coast Bus, wanda shi ne kamfanin bas mafi tsufa a Kenya, yana gudanar da ayyukan yini da dare tsakanin Nairobi da birnin Mombasa da ke bakin teku. Ascott yana da ƙananan motoci waɗanda ke ba da sabis na jigilar kaya tsakanin Nairobi da Kisii ; suna ba da kayan ciye-ciye a cikin jirgin. Kamfanin bas na Guardian, Ltd, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ke gudanar da sabis na bas na Guardian, yana gudanar da ayyukan bas na fasinjoji da jigilar kaya dare da rana zuwa wurare da dama a Yammacin Kenya. Sauran kamfanonin bas a Kenya sun haɗa da Modern Coast, Nyamira Express, Otange, MASH, Vanga, Simba coach, Xenon dreamline, Messina, MAslah, Amani coachs, west coachs, Horizon, 2nk sacco, Chania Comfort, chania genesis, parrot line, x calibur da Crown Bus, amma akwai wasu kamfanoni da dama da ke ba da sabis tsakanin birane kamar Eldoret Express, Kawere, Climax, Greenline, Western Express, Mbukinya, Kalita Coaches da Palmdam. Akwai kuma kamfanonin bas da yawa da ke aiki da van zuwa yammacin Kenya kamar Sasaline, Blueline, Classic, Khukhu, Royal Rift, Transline msafiri, Transline classic, Premium shuttles, Nyanza shuttle, North Rift, Molo Line da Mash Poa. Taxedo == Manazarta == cit7ujy1vnlvzb290klj5axwgerquuw 862416 862415 2026-06-20T20:14:34Z Engineer014 44591 862416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sufuri a Kenya''' yana nufin tsarin sufuri a [[Kenya]] . Kasar tana da hanyar sadarwa mai faɗi ta hanyoyi masu shimfida da marasa shimfida. [[Jirgin ƙasa|Tsarin layin dogo]] na Kenya yana haɗa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ƙasar da manyan biranen ƙasar kuma yana haɗa Kenya da maƙwabciyarta [[Uganda]] . Akwai filayen jiragen sama 15 masu titin jirgin sama mai shimfida. [[Fayil:Roads_in_Kenya.svg|thumb|456x456px|Taswirar Kenya da ke nuna manyan tituna tun daga shekarar 2013.]] Akwai kimanin matatus ( bas ) 100,000, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mafi yawan tsarin sufuri na jama'a a ƙasar. Kamfanin bas na [[Kenya Bus Services|Kenya]] da ya taɓa zama babban kamfanin bas a Kenya, ya fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi, wanda hakan ya tilasta musu rage yawan bas ɗin da ake aiki da su. A halin yanzu suna aiki da ƙananan bas a cikin birnin Nairobi, kodayake an shigar da sabbin ƙananan bas na birni waɗanda ke ba wa fasinjoji ƙarin kwanciyar hankali da aminci a wasu hanyoyin cikin gari. Kamfanin Coast Bus, wanda shi ne kamfanin bas mafi tsufa a Kenya, yana gudanar da ayyukan yini da dare tsakanin Nairobi da birnin Mombasa da ke bakin teku. Ascott yana da ƙananan motoci waɗanda ke ba da sabis na jigilar kaya tsakanin Nairobi da Kisii ; suna ba da kayan ciye-ciye a cikin jirgin. Kamfanin bas na Guardian, Ltd, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ke gudanar da sabis na bas na Guardian, yana gudanar da ayyukan bas na fasinjoji da jigilar kaya dare da rana zuwa wurare da dama a Yammacin Kenya. Sauran kamfanonin bas a Kenya sun haɗa da Modern Coast, Nyamira Express, Otange, MASH, Vanga, Simba coach, Xenon dreamline, Messina, MAslah, Amani coachs, west coachs, Horizon, 2nk sacco, Chania Comfort, chania genesis, parrot line, x calibur da Crown Bus, amma akwai wasu kamfanoni da dama da ke ba da sabis tsakanin birane kamar Eldoret Express, Kawere, Climax, Greenline, Western Express, Mbukinya, Kalita Coaches da Palmdam. Akwai kuma kamfanonin bas da yawa da ke aiki da van zuwa yammacin Kenya kamar Sasaline, Blueline, Classic, Khukhu, Royal Rift, Transline msafiri, Transline classic, Premium shuttles, Nyanza shuttle, North Rift, Molo Line da Mash Poa. Taxedo == Manazarta == d1p1rd1ny6ed1s773w2urxopmznuk1k 0 158966 862417 2026-06-20T20:15:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289250878|List of ports in Cape Verde]]" 862417 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa ne a Cape Verde. Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa mallakar hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cape Verde, ENAPOR ne. [[Fayil:Cabo_2010_Monte_Cara.jpg|right|thumb|Porto Grande Bay, babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta tsibirin São Vicente da kuma tashar jiragen sama mafi yawan jama'a a kasar]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" !Tashar jiragen ruwa !Tsibirin |- |Sal Rei |Boa Vista |- |Furna |Brava |- |Kwarin Cavaleiros (São Filipe) |Wutar |- |Porto Ingilishi |Mayu |- |Itacen dabino |Gishiri |- |Rairayin bakin teku |Santiago |- |Porto Novo |Santo Antão |- |Tarrafal na São Nicolau |San Nicolau |- |[[Porto Grande Bay|Porto Grande]] (Mindelo) |San Vicente |} == Manazarta == i1kh609g7bdq2fr929u7m80iirbscm2 862420 862417 2026-06-20T20:17:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 862420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa ne a Cape Verde. Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa mallakar hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cape Verde, ENAPOR ne.<ref>ENAPOR, home</ref> [[Fayil:Cabo_2010_Monte_Cara.jpg|right|thumb|Porto Grande Bay, babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta tsibirin São Vicente da kuma tashar jiragen sama mafi yawan jama'a a kasar]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" !Tashar jiragen ruwa !Tsibirin |- |Sal Rei |Boa Vista |- |Furna |Brava |- |Kwarin Cavaleiros (São Filipe) |Wutar |- |Porto Ingilishi |Mayu |- |Itacen dabino |Gishiri |- |Rairayin bakin teku |Santiago |- |Porto Novo |Santo Antão |- |Tarrafal na São Nicolau |San Nicolau |- |[[Porto Grande Bay|Porto Grande]] (Mindelo) |San Vicente |} == Manazarta == dw0s59fjfg293780s43009nsovu2glw 0 158967 862418 2026-06-20T20:16:14Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358627042|Paracaesio xanthura]]" 862418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Paracaesio xanthura''''', mai kama da '''yellowtail blue snapper''', '''false fusilier''', '''mai kama da zinariya''', '''Pedley's fusilier''' ko '''Southern fusilier''', nau'in kifi ne mai kama da na teku, wani nau'in kifi ne na dangin Lutjanidae . Asalinsa ya fito ne daga yankin Indo-Pacific . == Bayani == ''Paracaesio xanthura'' yana da siffar fusiform kuma jiki mai zurfi. Yana da manyan idanu waɗanda aka raba ta hanyar yanki mai lanƙwasa, da kuma gajeren hanci wanda tsayinsa yayi daidai da diamita na ido. Muƙamuƙi na sama da na ƙasa suna da tsayi kusan iri ɗaya kuma an sanye su da layin waje na haƙoran kare da kuma ƙaramin haƙora na ciki na ƙananan haƙora masu kama da gashi. Fifin baya yana da kashin baya 10 da haskoki masu laushi 10-11 yayin da fifin dubura yana da kashin baya 3 da haskoki masu laushi 8-9. Wannan nau'in yana kaiwa matsakaicin tsawon {{Cvt|50|cm}} . Wannan nau'in yana da shuɗi mai haske tare da ratsin rawaya mai haske wanda ke gudana tare da bayansa kuma yana miƙewa zuwa ga peduncle na caudal da kuma fin na caudal . <ref name="FofA">{{Cite web |last=Bray, D.J. |year=2020 |title=''Paracaesio xanthura'' |url=https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/571#summary |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Fishes of Australia |publisher=Museums Victoria}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == ''Paracaesio xanthura'' yana da faɗin yaɗuwar Indo-Pacific. Ana samunsa daga Kenya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a bakin tekun gabashin Afirka ta cikin Tekun Indiya, ciki har da Madagascar, [[Tsibirin Comoro|Tsibirin Comoros]], Seychelles, Mauritius da Réunion da kuma [[Tekun Aden]], Tsibirin Maldives da Chagos, Sri Lanka da kudancin Indiya. A cikin Tekun Pacific, ana samunsa har zuwa arewa maso kudancin Japan, kudu zuwa Ostiraliya da kuma daga Tekun Andaman a yamma maso gabas zuwa Tsibirin Austral . A Ostiraliya ana samunsa a kan Houtman Abrolhos da kuma rairayin bakin teku a arewa maso yammacin Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma arewacin Great Barrier Reef a Queensland kudu zuwa Tsibirin Montague a New South Wales da gabas zuwa Tsibirin Lord Howe a cikin Tekun Tasman . <ref name="FofA">{{Cite web |last=Bray, D.J. |year=2020 |title=''Paracaesio xanthura'' |url=https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/571#summary |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Fishes of Australia |publisher=Museums Victoria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBray,_D.J.2020">Bray, D.J. (2020). </cite></ref> == Mazauni da ilmin halitta == ''Paracaesio xanthura'' yana da alaƙa da reefs kuma ana samunsa a kan duwatsu inda a wasu lokutan yake samar da manyan tarin abubuwa. Yana ciyarwa galibi akan zooplankton kuma ana samunsa a zurfin tsakanin {{Cvt|5|and|250|m}} . == Tsarin da kuma tushen == An fara bayyana ''Paracaesio xanthura'' a hukumance a shekarar 1869 a matsayin ''Caseio xanthurus'' daga likitan ichthyologist na ƙasar Holland, likitan herpet kuma likita Pieter Bleeker, wanda aka ba shi sunan Nosy-Bé a kusa da Madagascar. Lokacin da Bleeker ya ƙirƙiri halittar ''Paracaesio'' ''C. xanthoura'' ita ce kaɗai nau'in halittarsa, haka nan kuma nau'in halittar ta hanyar monotypy, daga baya aka ƙara wasu nau'ikan. Sunan takamaiman ''xanthura'' yana nufin "wutsiya mai launin rawaya", wanda ke nufin peduncle mai launin rawaya da wutsiya. == Amfani == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mmw0yzxmxjiyvu4chr0pt2qdsbduokv 862419 862418 2026-06-20T20:16:41Z Engineer014 44591 862419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Paracaesio xanthura''''', mai kama da '''yellowtail blue snapper''', '''false fusilier''', '''mai kama da zinariya''', '''Pedley's fusilier''' ko '''Southern fusilier''', nau'in kifi ne mai kama da na teku, wani nau'in kifi ne na dangin Lutjanidae . Asalinsa ya fito ne daga yankin Indo-Pacific . == Bayani == ''Paracaesio xanthura'' yana da siffar fusiform kuma jiki mai zurfi. Yana da manyan idanu waɗanda aka raba ta hanyar yanki mai lanƙwasa, da kuma gajeren hanci wanda tsayinsa yayi daidai da diamita na ido. Muƙamuƙi na sama da na ƙasa suna da tsayi kusan iri ɗaya kuma an sanye su da layin waje na haƙoran kare da kuma ƙaramin haƙora na ciki na ƙananan haƙora masu kama da gashi. Fifin baya yana da kashin baya 10 da haskoki masu laushi 10-11 yayin da fifin dubura yana da kashin baya 3 da haskoki masu laushi 8-9. Wannan nau'in yana kaiwa matsakaicin tsawon {{Cvt|50|cm}} . Wannan nau'in yana da shuɗi mai haske tare da ratsin rawaya mai haske wanda ke gudana tare da bayansa kuma yana miƙewa zuwa ga peduncle na caudal da kuma fin na caudal . <ref name="FofA">{{Cite web |last=Bray, D.J. |year=2020 |title=''Paracaesio xanthura'' |url=https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/571#summary |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Fishes of Australia |publisher=Museums Victoria}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == ''Paracaesio xanthura'' yana da faɗin yaɗuwar Indo-Pacific. Ana samunsa daga Kenya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a bakin tekun gabashin Afirka ta cikin Tekun Indiya, ciki har da Madagascar, [[Tsibirin Comoro|Tsibirin Comoros]], Seychelles, Mauritius da Réunion da kuma [[Tekun Aden]], Tsibirin Maldives da Chagos, Sri Lanka da kudancin Indiya. A cikin Tekun Pacific, ana samunsa har zuwa arewa maso kudancin Japan, kudu zuwa Ostiraliya da kuma daga Tekun Andaman a yamma maso gabas zuwa Tsibirin Austral . A Ostiraliya ana samunsa a kan Houtman Abrolhos da kuma rairayin bakin teku a arewa maso yammacin Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma arewacin Great Barrier Reef a Queensland kudu zuwa Tsibirin Montague a New South Wales da gabas zuwa Tsibirin Lord Howe a cikin Tekun Tasman . <ref name="FofA">{{Cite web |last=Bray, D.J. |year=2020 |title=''Paracaesio xanthura'' |url=https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/571#summary |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Fishes of Australia |publisher=Museums Victoria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBray,_D.J.2020">Bray, D.J. (2020). </cite></ref> == Mazauni da ilmin halitta == ''Paracaesio xanthura'' yana da alaƙa da reefs kuma ana samunsa a kan duwatsu inda a wasu lokutan yake samar da manyan tarin abubuwa. Yana ciyarwa galibi akan zooplankton kuma ana samunsa a zurfin tsakanin {{Cvt|5|and|250|m}} . == Tsarin da kuma tushen == An fara bayyana ''Paracaesio xanthura'' a hukumance a shekarar 1869 a matsayin ''Caseio xanthurus'' daga likitan ichthyologist na ƙasar Holland, likitan herpet kuma likita Pieter Bleeker, wanda aka ba shi sunan Nosy-Bé a kusa da Madagascar. Lokacin da Bleeker ya ƙirƙiri halittar ''Paracaesio'' ''C. xanthoura'' ita ce kaɗai nau'in halittarsa, haka nan kuma nau'in halittar ta hanyar monotypy, daga baya aka ƙara wasu nau'ikan. Sunan takamaiman ''xanthura'' yana nufin "wutsiya mai launin rawaya", wanda ke nufin peduncle mai launin rawaya da wutsiya. == Amfani == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ed6rf471ges4i4ikonl7a7tte6kie5h 0 158968 862421 2026-06-20T20:18:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1141812663|Calheta, Cape Verde]]" 862421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Calheta''' wani gari ne a yammacin tsibirin Mayu . Tana kan iyakar Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], kusan kilomita 11 a arewacin babban birnin tsibirin Porto Inglês da kilomita 6 a arewacin [[Morro, Cape Verde|Morro]]. Yawan jama'arta a ƙidayar shekara ta 2010 ya kasance 1,156, yana mai da shi mazaunin tsibirin na biyu mafi yawan jama'a. An ambaci ƙauyen a matsayin "Kalyete" a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> gptvlrhi6csth611j6htnuv56lxv1mt 862422 862421 2026-06-20T20:19:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 862422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Calheta''' wani gari ne a yammacin tsibirin Mayu . Tana kan iyakar Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], kusan kilomita 11 a arewacin babban birnin tsibirin Porto Inglês da kilomita 6 a arewacin [[Morro, Cape Verde|Morro]]. Yawan jama'arta a ƙidayar shekara ta 2010 ya kasance 1,156, yana mai da shi mazaunin tsibirin na biyu mafi yawan jama'a. An ambaci ƙauyen a matsayin "Kalyete" a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde == Manazarta == qn8pdux79rfhitmh1bw05yhtpgdmguo 0 158969 862423 2026-06-20T20:20:10Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349790431|Bello Yinusa Oniboki]]" 862423 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.1234............ == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.15............ == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.1............ Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10 . 136............. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7hdowtze7whgvqb643163w6zs8i7rh1 862424 862423 2026-06-20T20:21:05Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862424 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref>https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.15............ == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.1............ Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10 . 136............. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2dober8cehgaumaxndyw17jkxwrmhu5 862426 862424 2026-06-20T20:21:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862426 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref>https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.15............ == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.1............ Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10 . 136............. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jl11lxde9cm9vxskoqnx1a5g3wuq394 862427 862426 2026-06-20T20:22:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862427 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref>https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref>https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.15............ == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.1............ Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10 . 136............. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ody0pskl88fd3k5xhqf3jxh71t2suci 862429 862427 2026-06-20T20:22:53Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862429 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref>https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref>https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250414133649/https://von.gov.ng/open-defecation-kwara-state-begins-construction-of-modern-public-toilets/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.15............ == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.1............ Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10 . 136............. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sl9hfstqhoyx4fxuyriag9qiyzlmoha 862430 862429 2026-06-20T20:23:40Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862430 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref name=":0">https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref>https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250414133649/https://von.gov.ng/open-defecation-kwara-state-begins-construction-of-modern-public-toilets/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" />. == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.1............ Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10 . 136............. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qm6nayhny1jvwxp8so0b900n2vpbv1g 862431 862430 2026-06-20T20:24:29Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862431 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref name=":0">https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref>https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250414133649/https://von.gov.ng/open-defecation-kwara-state-begins-construction-of-modern-public-toilets/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250103162128/https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref> == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.1............ Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10 . 136............. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e7c8ty05h0y055hgwams4xeudruexlh 862432 862431 2026-06-20T20:25:02Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862432 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref name=":0">https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref>https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250414133649/https://von.gov.ng/open-defecation-kwara-state-begins-construction-of-modern-public-toilets/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250103162128/https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref> == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.<ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10 . 136............. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nrf1gvdf5hth2bu5y2tteg0epo95rb0 862433 862432 2026-06-20T20:25:56Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862433 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref name=":0">https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref>https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250414133649/https://von.gov.ng/open-defecation-kwara-state-begins-construction-of-modern-public-toilets/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250103162128/https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref> == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.<ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1z25bpd3ov6ihu7us2vdezh3kxc4bhv 862434 862433 2026-06-20T20:26:25Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862434 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref name=":0">https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref name=":1">https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250414133649/https://von.gov.ng/open-defecation-kwara-state-begins-construction-of-modern-public-toilets/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250103162128/https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref> == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.<ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dvtcv6l7t4y7h3yitxrrgy6a937mmqb 862436 862434 2026-06-20T20:27:04Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862436 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Yinusa Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref name=":0">https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref name=":1">https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250414133649/https://von.gov.ng/open-defecation-kwara-state-begins-construction-of-modern-public-toilets/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250103162128/https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref> == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.<ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>https://punchng.com/five-women-get-kwara-assembly-seats/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qogsgha9k0hu6v2kvcuqwpx70xfn3th 862438 862436 2026-06-20T20:28:17Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Yinusa''' Oniboki shi masanin kimiyya ne kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon, a yankin karamar hukuma ta Asa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10.<ref name=":0">https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref><ref>https://shineyoureye.org/person/bello-yinusa-oniboki</ref><ref name=":1">https://businessday.ng/news/article/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-as-pdp-gets-1-slot/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250414133649/https://von.gov.ng/open-defecation-kwara-state-begins-construction-of-modern-public-toilets/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1968 a Budo-Egba, Yankin Karamar Hukumar Asa na [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya]] . Tsakanin 1976 da 1981, ya halarci makarantar Otte L.S.M.B. don Takardar shaidarsa ta farko kuma ya sami Babban Takardar shaidar jarrabawa ta (GCE) a shekarar 1990. Ya yi karanci bangaren Gudanar da Jama'a wato [[:en:Public_Administration|Public Administration]] a Kwara State Polytechnic don samun Diploma na Kasa, Diploma na Kasa mafi girma, da kuma difloma na digiri a 2000, 2005, da 2008 bi da bi. Ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara]] don samun digiri na farko a shekarar 2017 da kuma digiri na biyu a Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250103162128/https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/bello-yinusa-oniboki/</ref> == Ayyuka == Bello masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ya kasance ma'aikacin Kwara State Polytechnic . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin rajista a Kwara State Polytechnic daga 2008 zuwa 2022. A wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa sassa daban-daban, gami da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali da Kimiyya ta (IBAS) daga 2008 zuwa 2011, a Sashen Electrical/Electronic Department, Cibiyar Fasaha daga 2011 zuwa 2015, da [[Institute Secretary Office|Ofishin Sakataren Cibiyar]] Fasaha, daga 2015 zuwa 2022.<ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin 1991 da 1993, an zabi mai daraja Bello a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ke wakiltar Budo-Egba Ward a yankin karamar hukumar Asa na Jihar Kwara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Halitta na Karamar Hukumar, ikon karamar hukumar Asa, a shekara ta 2004, kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jihar Kwara daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002. Bugu da ƙari, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Afon a lokacin babban zaben 2023 a Majalisar 10.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>https://punchng.com/five-women-get-kwara-assembly-seats/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] szp5vsn7gtxwgg02pxlze01fjxip378 0 158970 862425 2026-06-20T20:21:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1227504742|Furna (Brava)]]" 862425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Furna''' al'umma ce ta bakin teku a arewa maso gabashin tsibirin [[Cape Verde]]">Brava, Cape Verde . Yana da nisan kilomita 2.5 a arewa maso gabashin babban birnin tsibirin Nova Sintra . A ƙidayar jama'arta ta 2010 yawan jama'arta ya kai 612.&nbsp; == Game da ƙauyen == An ambaci ƙauyen a matsayin ''Fuurno'' a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> Furna ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi muhimmanci a Brava a cikin 1843. A shekara ta 1982, jiragen ruwa da yawa da wasu gidaje na Furna sun lalace ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa da suka kai tsawon mita 10 waɗanda guguwar Beryl ta haifar. An inganta tashar jiragen ruwa a shekara ta 2000. Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa zuwa São Filipe a Fogo da Praia a Santiago. [[Fayil:FurnaEscola.jpg|right|thumb|Makarantar da ke da zane-zane]] Brava tana da ɗakin sujada da aka sani da Nossa Senhora de Boa Viagem . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Capela de Nossa Senhora de Boa Viagempublisher=Heritage of Portuguese Influence/ Património de Influência Portuguesa — HPIP |url=http://www.hpip.org/def/pt/Homepage/Obra?a=1700 |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> Sabuwar makarantar rawaya kusa da ƙaramar coci a Kudancin ƙauyen, wacce gwamnatin Belgium ta biya, tana da manyan zane-zanen bango da ke motsa yara su adana ruwa mai yawa yadda zai yiwu kuma su Kasa da kilomita daya arewa maso gabashin Furna shine Ponta Jalunga tare da hasken wuta. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:FurnaRuaPrincipal.jpg|Main Street. </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manay == feoe71rbh54vki0b0e8q7nh55xrgr9l 862428 862425 2026-06-20T20:22:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 862428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Furna''' al'umma ce ta bakin teku a arewa maso gabashin tsibirin [[Cape Verde]]">Brava, Cape Verde . Yana da nisan kilomita 2.5 a arewa maso gabashin babban birnin tsibirin Nova Sintra . A ƙidayar jama'arta ta 2010 yawan jama'arta ya kai 612.&nbsp; == Game da ƙauyen == An ambaci ƙauyen a matsayin ''Fuurno'' a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> Furna ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi muhimmanci a Brava a cikin 1843. A shekara ta 1982, jiragen ruwa da yawa da wasu gidaje na Furna sun lalace ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa da suka kai tsawon mita 10 waɗanda guguwar Beryl ta haifar. An inganta tashar jiragen ruwa a shekara ta 2000. Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa zuwa São Filipe a Fogo da Praia a Santiago. [[Fayil:FurnaEscola.jpg|right|thumb|Makarantar da ke da zane-zane]] Brava tana da ɗakin sujada da aka sani da Nossa Senhora de Boa Viagem . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Capela de Nossa Senhora de Boa Viagempublisher=Heritage of Portuguese Influence/ Património de Influência Portuguesa — HPIP |url=http://www.hpip.org/def/pt/Homepage/Obra?a=1700 |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> Sabuwar makarantar rawaya kusa da ƙaramar coci a Kudancin ƙauyen, wacce gwamnatin Belgium ta biya, tana da manyan zane-zanen bango da ke motsa yara su adana ruwa mai yawa yadda zai yiwu kuma su Kasa da kilomita daya arewa maso gabashin Furna shine Ponta Jalunga tare da hasken wuta. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:FurnaRuaPrincipal.jpg|Main Street. </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manay == hzb2t067dn23bsuoy5qioc9puzd5o1b 0 158971 862435 2026-06-20T20:26:54Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310417792|Authority for Regulation of Water and Energy Sectors]]" 862435 wikitext text/x-wiki Hukumar Kula da Tsarin Ruwa da Makamashi ( French Autorité de '''Régulation des secteurs de l'Eau''' ) wata hukuma ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnatin [[Burundi]] wadda aka ba wa alhakin samar da tsarin fasaha da tattalin arziki na wutar lantarki da ayyukan ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |title=Burundi establishes WSS Regulator - ESAWAS |url=https://www.esawas.org/index.php/news/16-burundi-establishes-wss-regulator |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.esawas.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Burundi ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa mai lamba 100/320 na shekarar 2011, ta hukumar kula da makamashi ta French da ake kira hukumar kula da kula da ) a kan 22 Nuwamba 2011. ACR daga baya aka sake masa suna Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha, Wutar Lantarki da Ma'adanai ( French ) a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2015 tare da tsawaita wa'adin kula da sassan ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Décret N°100/0120 du 11 décembre 2015 portant statuts de l'Agence de Régulation des Secteurs de l'Eau Potable, de l'Electricité et des Mines "AREEM" en sigle |url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2015/12/11/decret-n1000120-du-11-decembre-2015-portant-statuts-de-lagence-de-regulation-des-secteurs-de-leau-potable-de-lelectricite-et-des-mines-areem-en-sigle/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=DECRET NO 100/435 DU OCTOBRE 2014 PORTANT NOMINATION DU DIRECTEUR GENERAL DE L'AGENCE DE CONTROLE ET DE REGULATION DU SECTEUR DE L'EAU POTABLE ET DE L'ELECTRICITE DU BURUNDI (ACR) |url=http://www.presidence.gov.bi/archives/IMG/pdf/decret_100-235_du_24-10-2014-2.pdf}}</ref> Daga baya, gwamnatin Burundi ta amince da '''Hukumar Kula da Bangarorin Ruwa da Makamashi''' ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban Kasa Mai Lamba 100/159 ta 2018 tare da takaitaccen umarni na kula da sassan ruwa da makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Décret n°100/0159 du 05 novembre 2018 portant Statuts de l’Autorité de Régulation des secteurs de l’eau potable et de l’énergie (AREEN) |url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2018/11/09/decret-n1000159-du-05-novembre-2018-portant-statuts-de-lautorite-de-regulation-des-secteurs-de-leau-potable-et-de-lenergie-areen/}}</ref> == Wuri == Ofisoshin Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Ruwa da Makamashi suna a, Commune Mukaza, Zone Rohero, Ave. de la JRR House 17, Immeuble le savonnier, Rez-de-chaussee, [[Bujumbura]] city. == Hukuma == AREEN tana kula da sassan ruwa, makamashi, tsaftar muhalli, man fetur da man fetur. Hukumar tana da alhakin bayar da lasisin samar da wutar lantarki, amincewa da harajin ruwa da wutar lantarki da sauran izini. Tana kuma ɗaukar matakan ladabtarwa a kan ƙungiyoyin da suka karya sharuɗɗa da ƙa'idojin izinin da aka bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=areen.bi – Page 2 – areen |url=https://areen.bi/page/2/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Hakanan memba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Makamashi ta Gabashin Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishirimbere |first=Olivier |date=2022-06-27 |title=Actualités sur le Burundi dans le Renouveau du Burundi |url=https://lerenouveau.digital/areen-14e-assemblee-generale-de-larea-une-occasion-danalyser-le-pas-deja-franchi-en-matiere-de-regulation-de-lenergie-dans-la-sous-region/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Actualités sur le Burundi |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kamfanonin wutar lantarki === AREEN yana daidaita [[REGIDESO Burundi]] ( French ), masu sarrafa ƙananan grid da kuma masu samar da wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy Sector – GET.invest |url=https://www.get-invest.eu/market-information/burundi/energy-sector/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shugabanci == Hukumar tana ƙarƙashin kulawar kwamitin gudanarwa, wanda Injiniya Gaëthan Nicayenzi ke jagoranta. Babban daraktan hukumar shine Balthazar Nganikiye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=presidence |url=http://www.presidence.gov.bi/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/30.pdf}}</ref> == Manazarta == mfeaung4eo2qxmo15dwjld908cnd8qd 862437 862435 2026-06-20T20:27:21Z Engineer014 44591 862437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hukumar Kula da Tsarin Ruwa da Makamashi ( French Autorité de '''Régulation des secteurs de l'Eau''' ) wata hukuma ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnatin [[Burundi]] wadda aka ba wa alhakin samar da tsarin fasaha da tattalin arziki na wutar lantarki da ayyukan ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |title=Burundi establishes WSS Regulator - ESAWAS |url=https://www.esawas.org/index.php/news/16-burundi-establishes-wss-regulator |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.esawas.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Burundi ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa mai lamba 100/320 na shekarar 2011, ta hukumar kula da makamashi ta French da ake kira hukumar kula da kula da ) a kan 22 Nuwamba 2011. ACR daga baya aka sake masa suna Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha, Wutar Lantarki da Ma'adanai ( French ) a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2015 tare da tsawaita wa'adin kula da sassan ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Décret N°100/0120 du 11 décembre 2015 portant statuts de l'Agence de Régulation des Secteurs de l'Eau Potable, de l'Electricité et des Mines "AREEM" en sigle |url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2015/12/11/decret-n1000120-du-11-decembre-2015-portant-statuts-de-lagence-de-regulation-des-secteurs-de-leau-potable-de-lelectricite-et-des-mines-areem-en-sigle/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=DECRET NO 100/435 DU OCTOBRE 2014 PORTANT NOMINATION DU DIRECTEUR GENERAL DE L'AGENCE DE CONTROLE ET DE REGULATION DU SECTEUR DE L'EAU POTABLE ET DE L'ELECTRICITE DU BURUNDI (ACR) |url=http://www.presidence.gov.bi/archives/IMG/pdf/decret_100-235_du_24-10-2014-2.pdf}}</ref> Daga baya, gwamnatin Burundi ta amince da '''Hukumar Kula da Bangarorin Ruwa da Makamashi''' ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban Kasa Mai Lamba 100/159 ta 2018 tare da takaitaccen umarni na kula da sassan ruwa da makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Décret n°100/0159 du 05 novembre 2018 portant Statuts de l’Autorité de Régulation des secteurs de l’eau potable et de l’énergie (AREEN) |url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2018/11/09/decret-n1000159-du-05-novembre-2018-portant-statuts-de-lautorite-de-regulation-des-secteurs-de-leau-potable-et-de-lenergie-areen/}}</ref> == Wuri == Ofisoshin Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Ruwa da Makamashi suna a, Commune Mukaza, Zone Rohero, Ave. de la JRR House 17, Immeuble le savonnier, Rez-de-chaussee, [[Bujumbura]] city. == Hukuma == AREEN tana kula da sassan ruwa, makamashi, tsaftar muhalli, man fetur da man fetur. Hukumar tana da alhakin bayar da lasisin samar da wutar lantarki, amincewa da harajin ruwa da wutar lantarki da sauran izini. Tana kuma ɗaukar matakan ladabtarwa a kan ƙungiyoyin da suka karya sharuɗɗa da ƙa'idojin izinin da aka bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=areen.bi – Page 2 – areen |url=https://areen.bi/page/2/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Hakanan memba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Makamashi ta Gabashin Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishirimbere |first=Olivier |date=2022-06-27 |title=Actualités sur le Burundi dans le Renouveau du Burundi |url=https://lerenouveau.digital/areen-14e-assemblee-generale-de-larea-une-occasion-danalyser-le-pas-deja-franchi-en-matiere-de-regulation-de-lenergie-dans-la-sous-region/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Actualités sur le Burundi |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kamfanonin wutar lantarki === AREEN yana daidaita [[REGIDESO Burundi]] ( French ), masu sarrafa ƙananan grid da kuma masu samar da wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy Sector – GET.invest |url=https://www.get-invest.eu/market-information/burundi/energy-sector/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shugabanci == Hukumar tana ƙarƙashin kulawar kwamitin gudanarwa, wanda Injiniya Gaëthan Nicayenzi ke jagoranta. Babban daraktan hukumar shine Balthazar Nganikiye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=presidence |url=http://www.presidence.gov.bi/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/30.pdf}}</ref> == Manazarta == ngbbbjm5ley9yeynmckonyy04i1ns4y 3 158972 862449 2026-06-20T21:23:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862449 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JohnWolugbom! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JohnWolugbom|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) oqzpb5ybmog1fgaxoi7iisdvsqfc5mo 3 158973 862450 2026-06-20T21:23:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862450 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Habibou Moussa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Habibou Moussa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 3cquce5heel38k4kbxnkrccnkn35jjd 3 158974 862451 2026-06-20T21:23:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862451 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Raufaser32! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Raufaser32|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) m6kj6qov01vonvt72dmccfobbuojvpz 3 158975 862452 2026-06-20T21:23:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862452 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Детекруг! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Детекруг|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) cd0sdb0mlcpz2b8yqg1kxiq604z4w4p 3 158976 862453 2026-06-20T21:23:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862453 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Johannes Rohr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Johannes Rohr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) c67p0crmujri4wfwgie2zszv0gom72w 3 158977 862454 2026-06-20T21:24:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862454 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Psscat0509! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Psscat0509|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) tubssm6eafzv8yorqhvk8n9e46ceeiz 3 158978 862455 2026-06-20T21:24:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862455 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JoeJohnson2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JoeJohnson2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 9htu769v18e65jn68y7fz7r4r9z2xjt 3 158979 862456 2026-06-20T21:24:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862456 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wikifootix! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wikifootix|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) lfonr9xifvcvo1vv97tg2ls5jgg7nvc 3 158980 862457 2026-06-20T21:24:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862457 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Noesis~itwiki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Noesis~itwiki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) nn38uuonbfkeljma854imkqhninongi 3 158981 862458 2026-06-20T21:24:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862458 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NarcisoFan2026! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NarcisoFan2026|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ix4tin7s7a0lfh6prtnzhjkpkw6a81c 3 158982 862459 2026-06-20T21:24:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862459 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Michaelmills293! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Michaelmills293|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) rzlmlltvru828rijhglf1klxr2z554v 3 158983 862460 2026-06-20T21:25:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862460 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pxnaval! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pxnaval|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) dhbjrbetfcka3n9lyx89fper202i7uf 3 158984 862461 2026-06-20T21:25:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862461 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Made-upsource! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Made-upsource|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) a9wptwo6w8ja8phbuf2h3tqhq765tkm 3 158985 862462 2026-06-20T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862462 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PA-811! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PA-811|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 717m93cifpdhcf3l5fjbwdaf4dw2kvl 3 158986 862463 2026-06-20T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862463 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RitterRoland! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RitterRoland|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) skpt02j80u222awwy368r5bjb1vmvok 3 158987 862464 2026-06-20T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862464 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Isanwanka! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Isanwanka|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) q4t11f5ekfb2nwqanzldo96ufcqybgm 3 158988 862465 2026-06-20T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862465 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Namir hosein! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Namir hosein|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 7pluccepjmdegvn35acl2u9vphgiu36 3 158989 862466 2026-06-20T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862466 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Istimicah! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Istimicah|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) hie88sqxo254qc3sfz17ft3pxb1yrom 3 158990 862467 2026-06-20T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862467 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NafisatSaleh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NafisatSaleh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) qvlq9k8te3lzqh8rcjw5gc375e89w5r 3 158991 862468 2026-06-20T21:26:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862468 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Binbasiru! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Binbasiru|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) hm6kbxeuqbblujkfrsjadjplhzygib9 3 158992 862469 2026-06-20T21:26:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862469 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Snusho! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Snusho|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) k9wp8iu8l1g6zqwmhv05iptdx4omtdo 3 158993 862470 2026-06-20T21:26:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862470 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KudamonoRabbit! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KudamonoRabbit|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 7c1r05l5sbqyed9ttlvzp56mvhrja7y 3 158994 862471 2026-06-20T21:26:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862471 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gileselig! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gileselig|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) edqb6jqpotm59chlcvinptm30oz3ra8 3 158995 862472 2026-06-20T21:27:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862472 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fablicio Soares! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fablicio Soares|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) hodzrwmdb7o9ef9ebv57fjxm8dg747c 3 158996 862473 2026-06-20T21:27:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862473 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SomePacifisticGuy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SomePacifisticGuy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 4j0g523zaqxd694yootjog8vggozec6 3 158997 862474 2026-06-20T21:27:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862474 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Amaka of God! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Amaka of God|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) natvetevasvmgk6jbadh6rj2w631y85 3 158998 862475 2026-06-20T21:27:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862475 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, The Crawler! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/The Crawler|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) kxku0ymqxqc0dsx7rygun9kwhoump9b 3 158999 862476 2026-06-20T21:27:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862476 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ImSnot! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ImSnot|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ghe4qnxifmiju07rh8fidtjmdt54ryk 3 159000 862477 2026-06-20T21:27:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862477 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yohan Anthony Sunanda! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yohan Anthony Sunanda|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) d5ggq7zva63hiy1gzjecsqdpbtjldes 3 159001 862478 2026-06-20T21:28:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 862478 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abduljabbar Adam! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abduljabbar Adam|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) mh7hgaci3bi92h8l8bmt6qjnghsaacm 0 159002 862485 2026-06-20T22:43:46Z Galdiz 9880 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307838270|Paul Dunn (playwright)]]" 862485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Dunn''' marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan wasan gwagwalada kwaikwayo na Kanada. Ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa tare da Damien Atkins da Andrew Kushnir na The Gay Heritage Project, wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan gwagwalada kwaikwayo wanda ke nuna fannoni na tarihin [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] wanda aka sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen Dora Mavor gwagwalada Moore Award for Outstanding New Play a cikin 2014, Sauran wasansa sun ''Yara'' da BOYS, Offensive gwagwalada Shadows, High-Gravel-Blind, Memorial, gwagwalada Outside, Dalton and Company da This Great City. Shi abokin tarayya ne na marubucin wasan gwagwalada kwaikwayo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Mark Crawford . == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] as1xbgyx7nbhh5lgq8gup5ocuicqgp3 862486 862485 2026-06-20T22:45:07Z Galdiz 9880 862486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paul Dunn''' marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada. Ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa tare da Damien Atkins da Andrew Kushnir na The Gay Heritage Project, wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke nuna fannoni na tarihin [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] wanda aka sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding New Play a cikin 2014, Sauran wasansa sun ''Yara'' da BOYS, Offensive Shadows, High-Gravel-Blind, Memorial, Outside, Dalton and Company da This Great Shi abokin tarayya ne na marubucin wasan gwagwalada kwaikwayo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Mark Crawford . == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dnrl7nucgs0q0rt1ihotvfblrdh7mte 0 159003 862493 2026-06-20T23:20:05Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na Afirka da Madagaskar kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar ya... 862493 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na Afirka da Madagaskar kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar yankunan muhalli wadanda ke da tarihi guda na tsarin halittu, saboda haka galibi suna da kusanci mai karfi a matakan rarrabuwa mafi girma (kamar jinsi da iyalai)." An raba doron kasa zuwa shiyyoyin nazarin halittu guda takwas. Yayin da mafi yawancin Afirka ke fada a karkashin shiyyar Afrotropical, yankunan muhallin ruwan dadi na Arewacin Afirka suna da kamanceceniya da shiyyar Palearctic. Kowane yankin muhalli kuma an karkasa shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan mazauni (major habitat types) ko rukunin muhalli (biomes). Mutane da yawa suna kallon wannan rarrabuwa a matsayin tabbatacciya, kuma wasu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wadannan iyakoki a matsayin amintattun iyakoki don ayyukan dimokuradiyya na shiyyoyin halittu. == ta Shiyyar Halittu (Bioregion) == === Arewacin Afirka === * Tsibiran Canary * Kahon Afirka (Djibouti, Habasha, Somaliya) * Tabbataccen Maghreb (Aljeriya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci (Aljeriya, Masar, Libiya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa (Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Sudan) * Socotra (Yemen) === Nilo-Sudan === * Ashanti (Jan gari, Ghana) * Gabar Tekun Bight (Benin, Ghana, Najeriya, Togo) * Bijagos (Gine Bissau) * Cape Verde * Sahel Mai Bushewa (Aljeriya, Chadi, Masar, Libiya, Mali, Mauritaniya, Nijar, Sudan, Sahara ta Yamma) * Eburneo (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Mali) * Tsaunukan Habasha (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Sudan) ** Yaéré (dausayi na lokaci-lokaci) * Kogin Nijar ** Saman Nijar (Jan gari, Gine, Mali) ** Cikin Delta na Nijar (Mali) ** Kasan Nijar-Benue (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya) ** Delta na Nijar (Najeriya) * Kogin Nilu ** Tafkin Tana (Habasha) ** Saman Nilu (Sudan, Uganda) ** Kasan Nilu (Masar, Sudan) ** Delta na Nilu (Masar) * Arewacin Gabashin Rift (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia (Gambiya, Gine, Gine Bissau, Mali, Mauritaniya, Senegal) * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba (Habasha, Kenya, Somaliya) * Tafkin Turkana (Habasha, Kenya) * Volta (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Ghana, Togo) === Saman Gine (Upper Guinea) === * Fouta-Djalon (Gine) * Dutsen Nimba (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) * Arewacin Saman Gine (Gine, Gine Bissau, Laberiya, Saliyo) * Kudancin Saman Gine (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) === Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya === * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Gabon) * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Najeriya) * Kudancin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon) * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón (Gine ta Ikwasiriya, São Tomé da Príncipe) * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru) === Kongo === * Tsaunukan Albertine (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Bangweulu-Mweru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Zambiya) * Cuvette Centrale (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasai (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasan Kongo (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Mai-Ndombe (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Malebo Pool (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Sangha (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Uele (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Luluaba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Tumba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) === Manyan Tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi (Malawi, Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Rukwa (Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Tanganyika (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Tanzaniya, Zambiya) * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda) edjmqyp657bn2r3rzqeyj7lfgio1oq7 862494 862493 2026-06-20T23:20:31Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manyan Tafkuna */ 862494 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na Afirka da Madagaskar kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar yankunan muhalli wadanda ke da tarihi guda na tsarin halittu, saboda haka galibi suna da kusanci mai karfi a matakan rarrabuwa mafi girma (kamar jinsi da iyalai)." An raba doron kasa zuwa shiyyoyin nazarin halittu guda takwas. Yayin da mafi yawancin Afirka ke fada a karkashin shiyyar Afrotropical, yankunan muhallin ruwan dadi na Arewacin Afirka suna da kamanceceniya da shiyyar Palearctic. Kowane yankin muhalli kuma an karkasa shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan mazauni (major habitat types) ko rukunin muhalli (biomes). Mutane da yawa suna kallon wannan rarrabuwa a matsayin tabbatacciya, kuma wasu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wadannan iyakoki a matsayin amintattun iyakoki don ayyukan dimokuradiyya na shiyyoyin halittu. == ta Shiyyar Halittu (Bioregion) == === Arewacin Afirka === * Tsibiran Canary * Kahon Afirka (Djibouti, Habasha, Somaliya) * Tabbataccen Maghreb (Aljeriya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci (Aljeriya, Masar, Libiya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa (Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Sudan) * Socotra (Yemen) === Nilo-Sudan === * Ashanti (Jan gari, Ghana) * Gabar Tekun Bight (Benin, Ghana, Najeriya, Togo) * Bijagos (Gine Bissau) * Cape Verde * Sahel Mai Bushewa (Aljeriya, Chadi, Masar, Libiya, Mali, Mauritaniya, Nijar, Sudan, Sahara ta Yamma) * Eburneo (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Mali) * Tsaunukan Habasha (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Sudan) ** Yaéré (dausayi na lokaci-lokaci) * Kogin Nijar ** Saman Nijar (Jan gari, Gine, Mali) ** Cikin Delta na Nijar (Mali) ** Kasan Nijar-Benue (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya) ** Delta na Nijar (Najeriya) * Kogin Nilu ** Tafkin Tana (Habasha) ** Saman Nilu (Sudan, Uganda) ** Kasan Nilu (Masar, Sudan) ** Delta na Nilu (Masar) * Arewacin Gabashin Rift (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia (Gambiya, Gine, Gine Bissau, Mali, Mauritaniya, Senegal) * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba (Habasha, Kenya, Somaliya) * Tafkin Turkana (Habasha, Kenya) * Volta (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Ghana, Togo) === Saman Gine (Upper Guinea) === * Fouta-Djalon (Gine) * Dutsen Nimba (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) * Arewacin Saman Gine (Gine, Gine Bissau, Laberiya, Saliyo) * Kudancin Saman Gine (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) === Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya === * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Gabon) * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Najeriya) * Kudancin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon) * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón (Gine ta Ikwasiriya, São Tomé da Príncipe) * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru) === Kongo === * Tsaunukan Albertine (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Bangweulu-Mweru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Zambiya) * Cuvette Centrale (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasai (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasan Kongo (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Mai-Ndombe (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Malebo Pool (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Sangha (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Uele (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Luluaba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Tumba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) === Manyan Tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi (Malawi, Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Rukwa (Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Tanganyika (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Tanzaniya, Zambiya) * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda) === Gabashi da Gabar Teku === * Kudancin Gabashin Rift (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya (Kenya) * Pangani (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Malagarasi-Moyowosi (Tanzaniya) * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi (Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta (Malawi, Mozambik) === Cuanza === * Cuanza (Angola) === Zambezi === * Etosha (Angola, Namibiya) * Kalahari (Botswana, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu) * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld (Namibiya) * Gabar Tekun Namib (Angola, Namibiya) * Dausayin Okavango (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya) * Kasan Zambezian Lowveld (Mozambik, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Zimbabwe) * Zambezi ** Tushen Ruwan Zambezi (Angola, Zambiya) ** Kafue (Zambiya) ** Dausayin Saman Zambezi (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya, Zambiya) ** Mulanje Massif (Malawi, Mozambik) ** Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe (Mozambik, Zimbabwe) ** Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld (Zimbabwe) ** Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa (Mozambik, Zambiya, Zimbabwe) ** Kasan Zambezi (Malawi, Mozambik) === Madagaskar da Tsibiran Tekun Indiya === * Comoros * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mascarenes (Mauritius, Réunion) * Coralline Seychelles (Seychelles) * Granitic Seychelles (Seychelles) === Kudancin Temperate === * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg (Afirka ta Kudu) * Cape Fold (Afirka ta Kudu) * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti (Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu) * Karoo (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Kalahari (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Temperate Highveld (Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini) * Yammacin Orange (Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu) == ta Babban Nau'in Mazauni (Major Habitat type) == === Rufaffun mashigar ruwa da kananan tafkuna === * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta * Kudancin Gabashin Rift * Tafkin Tana * Arewacin Gabashin Rift * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya === Dausayi, fadama, da tafkuna === * Bangweulu-Mweru * Cikin Delta na Nijar * Kafue * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi * Mai Ndombe * Malagarasi-Moyowosi * Dausayin Okavango * Tumba * Saman Luluaba * Saman Nilu * Dausayin Saman Zambezi * Yaéré === Kogunan daji masu laushi === * Ashanti * Cuvette Centrale * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Eburneo * Kasai * Kasan Kongo * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar * Malebo Pool * Arewacin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Sangha * Kudancin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Maimaita) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) * Saman Kongo * Saman Nijar === Tsarin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean) === * Cape Fold * Tabbataccen Maghreb === Tsarin tsuntsaye da duwatsu === * Tsaunukan Albertine * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti * Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe * Tsaunukan Habasha * Fouta-Djalon * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar * Dutsen Nimba * Mulanje === Koguna da tafkuna na tsibirai === * Bijagos * Tsibiran Canary * Cape Verde * Comoros * Coralline Seychelles * Granitic Seychelles * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón * Mascarenes * Socotra === Manyan tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi * Tafkin Rukwa * Tafkin Tanganyika * Tafkin Turkana * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria === Manyan kwararo na delta na koguna === * Delta na Nijar * Delta na Nilu === Manyan kwarara na koguna (Rapids) === * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo * Kwarara na Saman Kongo === Kogunan daji na savanna da busassun daji === * Gabar Tekun Bight * Cuanza * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya * Kasan Nijar-Benue * Kasan Zambezi * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar * Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa * Pangani * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi * Kudancin Temperate Highveld * Uele * Volta * Tushen Ruwan Zambezi * Zambezian Lowveld * Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld === Tsarin karkashin kasa da na mabuɗan ruwa === * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville === Tsarin bushewar hamada (Xeric) === * Sahel Mai Bushewa * Etosha * Kahon Afirka * Kalahari * Karoo * Kasan Nilu * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar * Gabar Tekun Namib * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba * Kudancin Kalahari * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci * Yammacin Orange == Nassoshi == * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. 45kiwf1zmg80enoytvx8zc6cxbn2fop 862495 862494 2026-06-20T23:21:08Z Sirjat 20447 862495 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na [[Afirka]] da [[Madagaska]] kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar yankunan muhalli wadanda ke da tarihi guda na tsarin halittu, saboda haka galibi suna da kusanci mai karfi a matakan rarrabuwa mafi girma (kamar jinsi da iyalai)." An raba doron kasa zuwa shiyyoyin nazarin halittu guda takwas. Yayin da mafi yawancin Afirka ke fada a karkashin shiyyar Afrotropical, yankunan muhallin ruwan dadi na Arewacin Afirka suna da kamanceceniya da shiyyar Palearctic. Kowane yankin muhalli kuma an karkasa shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan mazauni (major habitat types) ko rukunin muhalli (biomes). Mutane da yawa suna kallon wannan rarrabuwa a matsayin tabbatacciya, kuma wasu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wadannan iyakoki a matsayin amintattun iyakoki don ayyukan dimokuradiyya na shiyyoyin halittu. == ta Shiyyar Halittu (Bioregion) == === Arewacin Afirka === * Tsibiran Canary * Kahon Afirka (Djibouti, Habasha, Somaliya) * Tabbataccen Maghreb (Aljeriya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci (Aljeriya, Masar, Libiya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa (Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Sudan) * Socotra (Yemen) === Nilo-Sudan === * Ashanti (Jan gari, Ghana) * Gabar Tekun Bight (Benin, Ghana, Najeriya, Togo) * Bijagos (Gine Bissau) * Cape Verde * Sahel Mai Bushewa (Aljeriya, Chadi, Masar, Libiya, Mali, Mauritaniya, Nijar, Sudan, Sahara ta Yamma) * Eburneo (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Mali) * Tsaunukan Habasha (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Sudan) ** Yaéré (dausayi na lokaci-lokaci) * Kogin Nijar ** Saman Nijar (Jan gari, Gine, Mali) ** Cikin Delta na Nijar (Mali) ** Kasan Nijar-Benue (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya) ** Delta na Nijar (Najeriya) * Kogin Nilu ** Tafkin Tana (Habasha) ** Saman Nilu (Sudan, Uganda) ** Kasan Nilu (Masar, Sudan) ** Delta na Nilu (Masar) * Arewacin Gabashin Rift (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia (Gambiya, Gine, Gine Bissau, Mali, Mauritaniya, Senegal) * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba (Habasha, Kenya, Somaliya) * Tafkin Turkana (Habasha, Kenya) * Volta (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Ghana, Togo) === Saman Gine (Upper Guinea) === * Fouta-Djalon (Gine) * Dutsen Nimba (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) * Arewacin Saman Gine (Gine, Gine Bissau, Laberiya, Saliyo) * Kudancin Saman Gine (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) === Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya === * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Gabon) * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Najeriya) * Kudancin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon) * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón (Gine ta Ikwasiriya, São Tomé da Príncipe) * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru) === Kongo === * Tsaunukan Albertine (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Bangweulu-Mweru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Zambiya) * Cuvette Centrale (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasai (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasan Kongo (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Mai-Ndombe (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Malebo Pool (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Sangha (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Uele (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Luluaba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Tumba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) === Manyan Tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi (Malawi, Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Rukwa (Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Tanganyika (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Tanzaniya, Zambiya) * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda) === Gabashi da Gabar Teku === * Kudancin Gabashin Rift (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya (Kenya) * Pangani (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Malagarasi-Moyowosi (Tanzaniya) * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi (Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta (Malawi, Mozambik) === Cuanza === * Cuanza (Angola) === Zambezi === * Etosha (Angola, Namibiya) * Kalahari (Botswana, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu) * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld (Namibiya) * Gabar Tekun Namib (Angola, Namibiya) * Dausayin Okavango (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya) * Kasan Zambezian Lowveld (Mozambik, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Zimbabwe) * Zambezi ** Tushen Ruwan Zambezi (Angola, Zambiya) ** Kafue (Zambiya) ** Dausayin Saman Zambezi (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya, Zambiya) ** Mulanje Massif (Malawi, Mozambik) ** Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe (Mozambik, Zimbabwe) ** Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld (Zimbabwe) ** Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa (Mozambik, Zambiya, Zimbabwe) ** Kasan Zambezi (Malawi, Mozambik) === Madagaskar da Tsibiran Tekun Indiya === * Comoros * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mascarenes (Mauritius, Réunion) * Coralline Seychelles (Seychelles) * Granitic Seychelles (Seychelles) === Kudancin Temperate === * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg (Afirka ta Kudu) * Cape Fold (Afirka ta Kudu) * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti (Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu) * Karoo (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Kalahari (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Temperate Highveld (Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini) * Yammacin Orange (Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu) == ta Babban Nau'in Mazauni (Major Habitat type) == === Rufaffun mashigar ruwa da kananan tafkuna === * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta * Kudancin Gabashin Rift * Tafkin Tana * Arewacin Gabashin Rift * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya === Dausayi, fadama, da tafkuna === * Bangweulu-Mweru * Cikin Delta na Nijar * Kafue * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi * Mai Ndombe * Malagarasi-Moyowosi * Dausayin Okavango * Tumba * Saman Luluaba * Saman Nilu * Dausayin Saman Zambezi * Yaéré === Kogunan daji masu laushi === * Ashanti * Cuvette Centrale * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Eburneo * Kasai * Kasan Kongo * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar * Malebo Pool * Arewacin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Sangha * Kudancin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Maimaita) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) * Saman Kongo * Saman Nijar === Tsarin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean) === * Cape Fold * Tabbataccen Maghreb === Tsarin tsuntsaye da duwatsu === * Tsaunukan Albertine * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti * Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe * Tsaunukan Habasha * Fouta-Djalon * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar * Dutsen Nimba * Mulanje === Koguna da tafkuna na tsibirai === * Bijagos * Tsibiran Canary * Cape Verde * Comoros * Coralline Seychelles * Granitic Seychelles * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón * Mascarenes * Socotra === Manyan tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi * Tafkin Rukwa * Tafkin Tanganyika * Tafkin Turkana * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria === Manyan kwararo na delta na koguna === * Delta na Nijar * Delta na Nilu === Manyan kwarara na koguna (Rapids) === * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo * Kwarara na Saman Kongo === Kogunan daji na savanna da busassun daji === * Gabar Tekun Bight * Cuanza * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya * Kasan Nijar-Benue * Kasan Zambezi * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar * Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa * Pangani * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi * Kudancin Temperate Highveld * Uele * Volta * Tushen Ruwan Zambezi * Zambezian Lowveld * Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld === Tsarin karkashin kasa da na mabuɗan ruwa === * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville === Tsarin bushewar hamada (Xeric) === * Sahel Mai Bushewa * Etosha * Kahon Afirka * Kalahari * Karoo * Kasan Nilu * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar * Gabar Tekun Namib * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba * Kudancin Kalahari * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci * Yammacin Orange == Nassoshi == * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. c8oqpuwlmsb0ohxdef7hf47t3groae3 862496 862495 2026-06-20T23:21:56Z Sirjat 20447 862496 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na [[Afirka]] da [[Madagaskar]] kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar yankunan muhalli wadanda ke da tarihi guda na tsarin halittu, saboda haka galibi suna da kusanci mai karfi a matakan rarrabuwa mafi girma (kamar jinsi da iyalai)." An raba doron kasa zuwa shiyyoyin nazarin halittu guda takwas. Yayin da mafi yawancin Afirka ke fada a karkashin shiyyar Afrotropical, yankunan muhallin ruwan dadi na Arewacin Afirka suna da kamanceceniya da shiyyar Palearctic. Kowane yankin muhalli kuma an karkasa shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan mazauni (major habitat types) ko rukunin muhalli (biomes). Mutane da yawa suna kallon wannan rarrabuwa a matsayin tabbatacciya, kuma wasu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wadannan iyakoki a matsayin amintattun iyakoki don ayyukan dimokuradiyya na shiyyoyin halittu. == ta Shiyyar Halittu (Bioregion) == === Arewacin Afirka === * Tsibiran Canary * Kahon Afirka (Djibouti, Habasha, Somaliya) * Tabbataccen Maghreb (Aljeriya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci (Aljeriya, Masar, Libiya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa (Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Sudan) * Socotra (Yemen) === Nilo-Sudan === * Ashanti (Jan gari, Ghana) * Gabar Tekun Bight (Benin, Ghana, Najeriya, Togo) * Bijagos (Gine Bissau) * Cape Verde * Sahel Mai Bushewa (Aljeriya, Chadi, Masar, Libiya, Mali, Mauritaniya, Nijar, Sudan, Sahara ta Yamma) * Eburneo (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Mali) * Tsaunukan Habasha (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Sudan) ** Yaéré (dausayi na lokaci-lokaci) * Kogin Nijar ** Saman Nijar (Jan gari, Gine, Mali) ** Cikin Delta na Nijar (Mali) ** Kasan Nijar-Benue (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya) ** Delta na Nijar (Najeriya) * Kogin Nilu ** Tafkin Tana (Habasha) ** Saman Nilu (Sudan, Uganda) ** Kasan Nilu (Masar, Sudan) ** Delta na Nilu (Masar) * Arewacin Gabashin Rift (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia (Gambiya, Gine, Gine Bissau, Mali, Mauritaniya, Senegal) * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba (Habasha, Kenya, Somaliya) * Tafkin Turkana (Habasha, Kenya) * Volta (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Ghana, Togo) === Saman Gine (Upper Guinea) === * Fouta-Djalon (Gine) * Dutsen Nimba (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) * Arewacin Saman Gine (Gine, Gine Bissau, Laberiya, Saliyo) * Kudancin Saman Gine (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) === Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya === * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Gabon) * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Najeriya) * Kudancin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon) * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón (Gine ta Ikwasiriya, São Tomé da Príncipe) * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru) === Kongo === * Tsaunukan Albertine (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Bangweulu-Mweru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Zambiya) * Cuvette Centrale (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasai (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasan Kongo (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Mai-Ndombe (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Malebo Pool (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Sangha (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Uele (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Luluaba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Tumba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) === Manyan Tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi (Malawi, Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Rukwa (Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Tanganyika (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Tanzaniya, Zambiya) * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda) === Gabashi da Gabar Teku === * Kudancin Gabashin Rift (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya (Kenya) * Pangani (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Malagarasi-Moyowosi (Tanzaniya) * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi (Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta (Malawi, Mozambik) === Cuanza === * Cuanza (Angola) === Zambezi === * Etosha (Angola, Namibiya) * Kalahari (Botswana, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu) * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld (Namibiya) * Gabar Tekun Namib (Angola, Namibiya) * Dausayin Okavango (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya) * Kasan Zambezian Lowveld (Mozambik, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Zimbabwe) * Zambezi ** Tushen Ruwan Zambezi (Angola, Zambiya) ** Kafue (Zambiya) ** Dausayin Saman Zambezi (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya, Zambiya) ** Mulanje Massif (Malawi, Mozambik) ** Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe (Mozambik, Zimbabwe) ** Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld (Zimbabwe) ** Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa (Mozambik, Zambiya, Zimbabwe) ** Kasan Zambezi (Malawi, Mozambik) === Madagaskar da Tsibiran Tekun Indiya === * Comoros * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mascarenes (Mauritius, Réunion) * Coralline Seychelles (Seychelles) * Granitic Seychelles (Seychelles) === Kudancin Temperate === * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg (Afirka ta Kudu) * Cape Fold (Afirka ta Kudu) * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti (Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu) * Karoo (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Kalahari (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Temperate Highveld (Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini) * Yammacin Orange (Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu) == ta Babban Nau'in Mazauni (Major Habitat type) == === Rufaffun mashigar ruwa da kananan tafkuna === * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta * Kudancin Gabashin Rift * Tafkin Tana * Arewacin Gabashin Rift * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya === Dausayi, fadama, da tafkuna === * Bangweulu-Mweru * Cikin Delta na Nijar * Kafue * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi * Mai Ndombe * Malagarasi-Moyowosi * Dausayin Okavango * Tumba * Saman Luluaba * Saman Nilu * Dausayin Saman Zambezi * Yaéré === Kogunan daji masu laushi === * Ashanti * Cuvette Centrale * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Eburneo * Kasai * Kasan Kongo * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar * Malebo Pool * Arewacin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Sangha * Kudancin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Maimaita) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) * Saman Kongo * Saman Nijar === Tsarin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean) === * Cape Fold * Tabbataccen Maghreb === Tsarin tsuntsaye da duwatsu === * Tsaunukan Albertine * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti * Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe * Tsaunukan Habasha * Fouta-Djalon * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar * Dutsen Nimba * Mulanje === Koguna da tafkuna na tsibirai === * Bijagos * Tsibiran Canary * Cape Verde * Comoros * Coralline Seychelles * Granitic Seychelles * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón * Mascarenes * Socotra === Manyan tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi * Tafkin Rukwa * Tafkin Tanganyika * Tafkin Turkana * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria === Manyan kwararo na delta na koguna === * Delta na Nijar * Delta na Nilu === Manyan kwarara na koguna (Rapids) === * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo * Kwarara na Saman Kongo === Kogunan daji na savanna da busassun daji === * Gabar Tekun Bight * Cuanza * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya * Kasan Nijar-Benue * Kasan Zambezi * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar * Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa * Pangani * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi * Kudancin Temperate Highveld * Uele * Volta * Tushen Ruwan Zambezi * Zambezian Lowveld * Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld === Tsarin karkashin kasa da na mabuɗan ruwa === * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville === Tsarin bushewar hamada (Xeric) === * Sahel Mai Bushewa * Etosha * Kahon Afirka * Kalahari * Karoo * Kasan Nilu * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar * Gabar Tekun Namib * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba * Kudancin Kalahari * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci * Yammacin Orange == Nassoshi == * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. g73929wsgqfjg3987ebmcrbu4o56ayn 862497 862496 2026-06-20T23:22:35Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nilo-Sudan */ 862497 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na [[Afirka]] da [[Madagaskar]] kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar yankunan muhalli wadanda ke da tarihi guda na tsarin halittu, saboda haka galibi suna da kusanci mai karfi a matakan rarrabuwa mafi girma (kamar jinsi da iyalai)." An raba doron kasa zuwa shiyyoyin nazarin halittu guda takwas. Yayin da mafi yawancin Afirka ke fada a karkashin shiyyar Afrotropical, yankunan muhallin ruwan dadi na Arewacin Afirka suna da kamanceceniya da shiyyar Palearctic. Kowane yankin muhalli kuma an karkasa shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan mazauni (major habitat types) ko rukunin muhalli (biomes). Mutane da yawa suna kallon wannan rarrabuwa a matsayin tabbatacciya, kuma wasu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wadannan iyakoki a matsayin amintattun iyakoki don ayyukan dimokuradiyya na shiyyoyin halittu. == ta Shiyyar Halittu (Bioregion) == === Arewacin Afirka === * Tsibiran Canary * Kahon Afirka (Djibouti, Habasha, Somaliya) * Tabbataccen Maghreb (Aljeriya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci (Aljeriya, Masar, Libiya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa (Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Sudan) * Socotra (Yemen) === Nilo-Sudan === * Ashanti (Jan gari, Ghana) * Gabar Tekun Bight (Benin, Ghana, Najeriya, Togo) * Bijagos (Gine Bissau) * Cape Verde * Sahel Mai Bushewa (Aljeriya, Chadi, Masar, Libiya, Mali, Mauritaniya, Nijar, Sudan, Sahara ta Yamma) * Eburneo (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Mali) * Tsaunukan Habasha (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Sudan) ** Yaéré (dausayi na lokaci-lokaci) * Kogin Nijar ** Saman Nijar (Jan gari, Gine, Mali) ** Cikin Delta na Nijar (Mali) ** Kasan Nijar-Benue (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya) ** Delta na Nijar (Najeriya) * [[Kogin Nil]] ** [[Tafkin Tana]] (Habasha) ** Saman Nilu (Sudan, Uganda) ** Kasan Nilu (Masar, Sudan) ** Delta na Nilu (Masar) * Arewacin Gabashin Rift (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia (Gambiya, Gine, Gine Bissau, Mali, Mauritaniya, Senegal) * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba (Habasha, Kenya, Somaliya) * Tafkin Turkana (Habasha, Kenya) * Volta (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Ghana, Togo) === Saman Gine (Upper Guinea) === * Fouta-Djalon (Gine) * Dutsen Nimba (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) * Arewacin Saman Gine (Gine, Gine Bissau, Laberiya, Saliyo) * Kudancin Saman Gine (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) === Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya === * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Gabon) * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Najeriya) * Kudancin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon) * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón (Gine ta Ikwasiriya, São Tomé da Príncipe) * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru) === Kongo === * Tsaunukan Albertine (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Bangweulu-Mweru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Zambiya) * Cuvette Centrale (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasai (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasan Kongo (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Mai-Ndombe (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Malebo Pool (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Sangha (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Uele (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Luluaba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Tumba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) === Manyan Tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi (Malawi, Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Rukwa (Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Tanganyika (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Tanzaniya, Zambiya) * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda) === Gabashi da Gabar Teku === * Kudancin Gabashin Rift (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya (Kenya) * Pangani (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Malagarasi-Moyowosi (Tanzaniya) * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi (Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta (Malawi, Mozambik) === Cuanza === * Cuanza (Angola) === Zambezi === * Etosha (Angola, Namibiya) * Kalahari (Botswana, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu) * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld (Namibiya) * Gabar Tekun Namib (Angola, Namibiya) * Dausayin Okavango (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya) * Kasan Zambezian Lowveld (Mozambik, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Zimbabwe) * Zambezi ** Tushen Ruwan Zambezi (Angola, Zambiya) ** Kafue (Zambiya) ** Dausayin Saman Zambezi (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya, Zambiya) ** Mulanje Massif (Malawi, Mozambik) ** Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe (Mozambik, Zimbabwe) ** Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld (Zimbabwe) ** Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa (Mozambik, Zambiya, Zimbabwe) ** Kasan Zambezi (Malawi, Mozambik) === Madagaskar da Tsibiran Tekun Indiya === * Comoros * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mascarenes (Mauritius, Réunion) * Coralline Seychelles (Seychelles) * Granitic Seychelles (Seychelles) === Kudancin Temperate === * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg (Afirka ta Kudu) * Cape Fold (Afirka ta Kudu) * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti (Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu) * Karoo (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Kalahari (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Temperate Highveld (Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini) * Yammacin Orange (Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu) == ta Babban Nau'in Mazauni (Major Habitat type) == === Rufaffun mashigar ruwa da kananan tafkuna === * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta * Kudancin Gabashin Rift * Tafkin Tana * Arewacin Gabashin Rift * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya === Dausayi, fadama, da tafkuna === * Bangweulu-Mweru * Cikin Delta na Nijar * Kafue * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi * Mai Ndombe * Malagarasi-Moyowosi * Dausayin Okavango * Tumba * Saman Luluaba * Saman Nilu * Dausayin Saman Zambezi * Yaéré === Kogunan daji masu laushi === * Ashanti * Cuvette Centrale * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Eburneo * Kasai * Kasan Kongo * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar * Malebo Pool * Arewacin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Sangha * Kudancin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Maimaita) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) * Saman Kongo * Saman Nijar === Tsarin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean) === * Cape Fold * Tabbataccen Maghreb === Tsarin tsuntsaye da duwatsu === * Tsaunukan Albertine * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti * Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe * Tsaunukan Habasha * Fouta-Djalon * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar * Dutsen Nimba * Mulanje === Koguna da tafkuna na tsibirai === * Bijagos * Tsibiran Canary * Cape Verde * Comoros * Coralline Seychelles * Granitic Seychelles * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón * Mascarenes * Socotra === Manyan tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi * Tafkin Rukwa * Tafkin Tanganyika * Tafkin Turkana * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria === Manyan kwararo na delta na koguna === * Delta na Nijar * Delta na Nilu === Manyan kwarara na koguna (Rapids) === * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo * Kwarara na Saman Kongo === Kogunan daji na savanna da busassun daji === * Gabar Tekun Bight * Cuanza * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya * Kasan Nijar-Benue * Kasan Zambezi * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar * Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa * Pangani * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi * Kudancin Temperate Highveld * Uele * Volta * Tushen Ruwan Zambezi * Zambezian Lowveld * Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld === Tsarin karkashin kasa da na mabuɗan ruwa === * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville === Tsarin bushewar hamada (Xeric) === * Sahel Mai Bushewa * Etosha * Kahon Afirka * Kalahari * Karoo * Kasan Nilu * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar * Gabar Tekun Namib * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba * Kudancin Kalahari * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci * Yammacin Orange == Nassoshi == * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. lafqixgje73ehe30db8fq0i5x558f21 862498 862497 2026-06-20T23:22:47Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nilo-Sudan */ 862498 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na [[Afirka]] da [[Madagaskar]] kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar yankunan muhalli wadanda ke da tarihi guda na tsarin halittu, saboda haka galibi suna da kusanci mai karfi a matakan rarrabuwa mafi girma (kamar jinsi da iyalai)." An raba doron kasa zuwa shiyyoyin nazarin halittu guda takwas. Yayin da mafi yawancin Afirka ke fada a karkashin shiyyar Afrotropical, yankunan muhallin ruwan dadi na Arewacin Afirka suna da kamanceceniya da shiyyar Palearctic. Kowane yankin muhalli kuma an karkasa shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan mazauni (major habitat types) ko rukunin muhalli (biomes). Mutane da yawa suna kallon wannan rarrabuwa a matsayin tabbatacciya, kuma wasu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wadannan iyakoki a matsayin amintattun iyakoki don ayyukan dimokuradiyya na shiyyoyin halittu. == ta Shiyyar Halittu (Bioregion) == === Arewacin Afirka === * Tsibiran Canary * Kahon Afirka (Djibouti, Habasha, Somaliya) * Tabbataccen Maghreb (Aljeriya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci (Aljeriya, Masar, Libiya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa (Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Sudan) * Socotra (Yemen) === Nilo-Sudan === * Ashanti (Jan gari, Ghana) * Gabar Tekun Bight (Benin, Ghana, Najeriya, Togo) * Bijagos (Gine Bissau) * Cape Verde * Sahel Mai Bushewa (Aljeriya, Chadi, Masar, Libiya, Mali, Mauritaniya, Nijar, Sudan, Sahara ta Yamma) * Eburneo (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Mali) * Tsaunukan Habasha (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Sudan) ** Yaéré (dausayi na lokaci-lokaci) * Kogin Nijar ** Saman Nijar (Jan gari, Gine, Mali) ** Cikin Delta na Nijar (Mali) ** Kasan Nijar-Benue (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya) ** Delta na Nijar (Najeriya) * [[Kogin Nilu]] ** [[Tafkin Tana]] (Habasha) ** Saman Nilu (Sudan, Uganda) ** Kasan Nilu (Masar, Sudan) ** Delta na Nilu (Masar) * Arewacin Gabashin Rift (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia (Gambiya, Gine, Gine Bissau, Mali, Mauritaniya, Senegal) * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba (Habasha, Kenya, Somaliya) * Tafkin Turkana (Habasha, Kenya) * Volta (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Ghana, Togo) === Saman Gine (Upper Guinea) === * Fouta-Djalon (Gine) * Dutsen Nimba (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) * Arewacin Saman Gine (Gine, Gine Bissau, Laberiya, Saliyo) * Kudancin Saman Gine (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) === Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya === * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Gabon) * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Najeriya) * Kudancin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon) * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón (Gine ta Ikwasiriya, São Tomé da Príncipe) * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru) === Kongo === * Tsaunukan Albertine (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Bangweulu-Mweru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Zambiya) * Cuvette Centrale (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasai (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasan Kongo (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Mai-Ndombe (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Malebo Pool (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Sangha (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Uele (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Luluaba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Tumba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) === Manyan Tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi (Malawi, Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Rukwa (Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Tanganyika (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Tanzaniya, Zambiya) * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda) === Gabashi da Gabar Teku === * Kudancin Gabashin Rift (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya (Kenya) * Pangani (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Malagarasi-Moyowosi (Tanzaniya) * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi (Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta (Malawi, Mozambik) === Cuanza === * Cuanza (Angola) === Zambezi === * Etosha (Angola, Namibiya) * Kalahari (Botswana, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu) * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld (Namibiya) * Gabar Tekun Namib (Angola, Namibiya) * Dausayin Okavango (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya) * Kasan Zambezian Lowveld (Mozambik, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Zimbabwe) * Zambezi ** Tushen Ruwan Zambezi (Angola, Zambiya) ** Kafue (Zambiya) ** Dausayin Saman Zambezi (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya, Zambiya) ** Mulanje Massif (Malawi, Mozambik) ** Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe (Mozambik, Zimbabwe) ** Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld (Zimbabwe) ** Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa (Mozambik, Zambiya, Zimbabwe) ** Kasan Zambezi (Malawi, Mozambik) === Madagaskar da Tsibiran Tekun Indiya === * Comoros * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mascarenes (Mauritius, Réunion) * Coralline Seychelles (Seychelles) * Granitic Seychelles (Seychelles) === Kudancin Temperate === * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg (Afirka ta Kudu) * Cape Fold (Afirka ta Kudu) * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti (Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu) * Karoo (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Kalahari (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Temperate Highveld (Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini) * Yammacin Orange (Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu) == ta Babban Nau'in Mazauni (Major Habitat type) == === Rufaffun mashigar ruwa da kananan tafkuna === * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta * Kudancin Gabashin Rift * Tafkin Tana * Arewacin Gabashin Rift * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya === Dausayi, fadama, da tafkuna === * Bangweulu-Mweru * Cikin Delta na Nijar * Kafue * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi * Mai Ndombe * Malagarasi-Moyowosi * Dausayin Okavango * Tumba * Saman Luluaba * Saman Nilu * Dausayin Saman Zambezi * Yaéré === Kogunan daji masu laushi === * Ashanti * Cuvette Centrale * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Eburneo * Kasai * Kasan Kongo * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar * Malebo Pool * Arewacin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Sangha * Kudancin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Maimaita) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) * Saman Kongo * Saman Nijar === Tsarin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean) === * Cape Fold * Tabbataccen Maghreb === Tsarin tsuntsaye da duwatsu === * Tsaunukan Albertine * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti * Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe * Tsaunukan Habasha * Fouta-Djalon * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar * Dutsen Nimba * Mulanje === Koguna da tafkuna na tsibirai === * Bijagos * Tsibiran Canary * Cape Verde * Comoros * Coralline Seychelles * Granitic Seychelles * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón * Mascarenes * Socotra === Manyan tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi * Tafkin Rukwa * Tafkin Tanganyika * Tafkin Turkana * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria === Manyan kwararo na delta na koguna === * Delta na Nijar * Delta na Nilu === Manyan kwarara na koguna (Rapids) === * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo * Kwarara na Saman Kongo === Kogunan daji na savanna da busassun daji === * Gabar Tekun Bight * Cuanza * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya * Kasan Nijar-Benue * Kasan Zambezi * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar * Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa * Pangani * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi * Kudancin Temperate Highveld * Uele * Volta * Tushen Ruwan Zambezi * Zambezian Lowveld * Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld === Tsarin karkashin kasa da na mabuɗan ruwa === * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville === Tsarin bushewar hamada (Xeric) === * Sahel Mai Bushewa * Etosha * Kahon Afirka * Kalahari * Karoo * Kasan Nilu * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar * Gabar Tekun Namib * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba * Kudancin Kalahari * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci * Yammacin Orange == Nassoshi == * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. i87iqcpivnyqbbsjup7ndzm1apshh69 862499 862498 2026-06-20T23:23:10Z Sirjat 20447 862499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na [[Afirka]] da [[Madagaskar]] kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar yankunan muhalli wadanda ke da tarihi guda na tsarin halittu, saboda haka galibi suna da kusanci mai karfi a matakan rarrabuwa mafi girma (kamar jinsi da iyalai)." An raba doron kasa zuwa shiyyoyin nazarin halittu guda takwas. Yayin da mafi yawancin Afirka ke fada a karkashin shiyyar Afrotropical, yankunan muhallin ruwan dadi na Arewacin Afirka suna da kamanceceniya da shiyyar Palearctic. Kowane yankin muhalli kuma an karkasa shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan mazauni (major habitat types) ko rukunin muhalli (biomes). Mutane da yawa suna kallon wannan rarrabuwa a matsayin tabbatacciya, kuma wasu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wadannan iyakoki a matsayin amintattun iyakoki don ayyukan dimokuradiyya na shiyyoyin halittu. == ta Shiyyar Halittu (Bioregion) == === Arewacin Afirka === * Tsibiran Canary * Kahon Afirka (Djibouti, Habasha, Somaliya) * Tabbataccen Maghreb (Aljeriya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci (Aljeriya, Masar, Libiya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa (Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Sudan) * Socotra (Yemen) === Nilo-Sudan === * Ashanti (Jan gari, Ghana) * Gabar Tekun Bight (Benin, Ghana, Najeriya, Togo) * Bijagos (Gine Bissau) * Cape Verde * Sahel Mai Bushewa (Aljeriya, Chadi, Masar, Libiya, Mali, Mauritaniya, Nijar, Sudan, Sahara ta Yamma) * Eburneo (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Mali) * Tsaunukan Habasha (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Sudan) ** Yaéré (dausayi na lokaci-lokaci) * Kogin Nijar ** Saman Nijar (Jan gari, Gine, Mali) ** Cikin Delta na Nijar (Mali) ** Kasan Nijar-Benue (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya) ** Delta na Nijar (Najeriya) * [[Kogin Nilu]] ** [[Tafkin Tana]] (Habasha) ** Saman Nilu (Sudan, Uganda) ** Kasan Nilu (Masar, Sudan) ** Delta na Nilu (Masar) * Arewacin Gabashin Rift (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia (Gambiya, Gine, Gine Bissau, Mali, Mauritaniya, Senegal) * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba (Habasha, Kenya, Somaliya) * Tafkin Turkana (Habasha, Kenya) * Volta (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Ghana, Togo) === Saman Gine (Upper Guinea) === * Fouta-Djalon (Gine) * Dutsen Nimba (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) * Arewacin Saman Gine (Gine, Gine Bissau, Laberiya, Saliyo) * Kudancin Saman Gine (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) === Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya === * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Gabon) * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Najeriya) * Kudancin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon) * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón (Gine ta Ikwasiriya, São Tomé da Príncipe) * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru) === Kongo === * Tsaunukan Albertine (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Bangweulu-Mweru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Zambiya) * Cuvette Centrale (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasai (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasan Kongo (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Mai-Ndombe (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Malebo Pool (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Sangha (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Uele (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Luluaba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Tumba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) === Manyan Tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi (Malawi, Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Rukwa (Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Tanganyika (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Tanzaniya, Zambiya) * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda) === Gabashi da Gabar Teku === * Kudancin Gabashin Rift (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya (Kenya) * Pangani (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Malagarasi-Moyowosi (Tanzaniya) * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi (Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta (Malawi, Mozambik) === Cuanza === * Cuanza (Angola) === Zambezi === * Etosha (Angola, Namibiya) * Kalahari (Botswana, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu) * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld (Namibiya) * Gabar Tekun Namib (Angola, Namibiya) * Dausayin Okavango (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya) * Kasan Zambezian Lowveld (Mozambik, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Zimbabwe) * Zambezi ** Tushen Ruwan Zambezi (Angola, Zambiya) ** Kafue (Zambiya) ** Dausayin Saman Zambezi (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya, Zambiya) ** Mulanje Massif (Malawi, Mozambik) ** Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe (Mozambik, Zimbabwe) ** Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld (Zimbabwe) ** Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa (Mozambik, Zambiya, Zimbabwe) ** Kasan Zambezi (Malawi, Mozambik) === Madagaskar da Tsibiran Tekun Indiya === * Comoros * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mascarenes (Mauritius, Réunion) * Coralline Seychelles (Seychelles) * Granitic Seychelles (Seychelles) === Kudancin Temperate === * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg (Afirka ta Kudu) * Cape Fold (Afirka ta Kudu) * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti (Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu) * Karoo (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Kalahari (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Temperate Highveld (Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini) * Yammacin Orange (Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu) == ta Babban Nau'in Mazauni (Major Habitat type) == === Rufaffun mashigar ruwa da kananan tafkuna === * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta * Kudancin Gabashin Rift * Tafkin Tana * Arewacin Gabashin Rift * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya === Dausayi, fadama, da tafkuna === * Bangweulu-Mweru * Cikin Delta na Nijar * Kafue * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi * Mai Ndombe * Malagarasi-Moyowosi * Dausayin Okavango * Tumba * Saman Luluaba * Saman Nilu * Dausayin Saman Zambezi * Yaéré === Kogunan daji masu laushi === * Ashanti * Cuvette Centrale * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Eburneo * Kasai * Kasan Kongo * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar * Malebo Pool * Arewacin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Sangha * Kudancin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Maimaita) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) * Saman Kongo * Saman Nijar === Tsarin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean) === * Cape Fold * Tabbataccen Maghreb === Tsarin tsuntsaye da duwatsu === * Tsaunukan Albertine * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti * Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe * Tsaunukan Habasha * Fouta-Djalon * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar * Dutsen Nimba * Mulanje === Koguna da tafkuna na tsibirai === * Bijagos * Tsibiran Canary * Cape Verde * Comoros * Coralline Seychelles * Granitic Seychelles * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón * Mascarenes * Socotra === Manyan tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi * Tafkin Rukwa * Tafkin Tanganyika * Tafkin Turkana * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria === Manyan kwararo na delta na koguna === * Delta na Nijar * Delta na Nilu === Manyan kwarara na koguna (Rapids) === * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo * Kwarara na Saman Kongo === Kogunan daji na savanna da busassun daji === * Gabar Tekun Bight * Cuanza * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya * Kasan Nijar-Benue * Kasan Zambezi * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar * Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa * Pangani * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi * Kudancin Temperate Highveld * Uele * Volta * Tushen Ruwan Zambezi * Zambezian Lowveld * Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld === Tsarin karkashin kasa da na mabuɗan ruwa === * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville === Tsarin bushewar hamada (Xeric) === * Sahel Mai Bushewa * Etosha * Kahon Afirka * Kalahari * Karoo * Kasan Nilu * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar * Gabar Tekun Namib * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba * Kudancin Kalahari * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci * Yammacin Orange == Nassoshi == * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. oayx1bvtvmbit2vzbme9v37qxvymr91 862502 862499 2026-06-20T23:24:30Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nilo-Sudan */ 862502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan jerin yankunan muhallin ruwan daɗi (freshwater ecoregions) ne na [[Afirka]] da [[Madagaskar]] kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Duniya (WWF) ta gano. Hukumar WWF ta raba doron kasa zuwa yankunan muhalli (ecoregions), wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban yanki na kasa ko ruwa wanda ke dauke da rukunoni na musamman na al'ummomin halittu da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke." Wadannan yankunan muhalli ana kara raba su zuwa shiyyoyin halittu (bioregions), "hada-hadar yankunan muhalli wadanda ke da tarihi guda na tsarin halittu, saboda haka galibi suna da kusanci mai karfi a matakan rarrabuwa mafi girma (kamar jinsi da iyalai)." An raba doron kasa zuwa shiyyoyin nazarin halittu guda takwas. Yayin da mafi yawancin Afirka ke fada a karkashin shiyyar Afrotropical, yankunan muhallin ruwan dadi na Arewacin Afirka suna da kamanceceniya da shiyyar Palearctic. Kowane yankin muhalli kuma an karkasa shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan mazauni (major habitat types) ko rukunin muhalli (biomes). Mutane da yawa suna kallon wannan rarrabuwa a matsayin tabbatacciya, kuma wasu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wadannan iyakoki a matsayin amintattun iyakoki don ayyukan dimokuradiyya na shiyyoyin halittu. == ta Shiyyar Halittu (Bioregion) == === Arewacin Afirka === * Tsibiran Canary * Kahon Afirka (Djibouti, Habasha, Somaliya) * Tabbataccen Maghreb (Aljeriya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci (Aljeriya, Masar, Libiya, Mauritaniya, Maroko, Tunisiya, Sahara ta Yamma) * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa (Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Sudan) * Socotra (Yemen) === Nilo-Sudan === * [[Ashanti]] (Jan gari, [[Ghana]]) * Gabar Tekun Bight ([[Benin]], Ghana, [[Najeriya]], [[Togo]]) * Bijagos (Gine Bissau) * Cape Verde * Sahel Mai Bushewa (Aljeriya, Chadi, Masar, Libiya, Mali, Mauritaniya, Nijar, Sudan, Sahara ta Yamma) * Eburneo (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Mali) * Tsaunukan Habasha (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Sudan) ** Yaéré (dausayi na lokaci-lokaci) * Kogin Nijar ** Saman Nijar (Jan gari, Gine, Mali) ** Cikin Delta na Nijar (Mali) ** Kasan Nijar-Benue (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya) ** Delta na Nijar (Najeriya) * [[Kogin Nilu]] ** [[Tafkin Tana]] (Habasha) ** Saman Nilu (Sudan, Uganda) ** Kasan Nilu (Masar, Sudan) ** Delta na Nilu (Masar) * Arewacin Gabashin Rift (Habasha) * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia (Gambiya, Gine, Gine Bissau, Mali, Mauritaniya, Senegal) * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba (Habasha, Kenya, Somaliya) * Tafkin Turkana (Habasha, Kenya) * Volta (Burkina Faso, Jan gari, Ghana, Togo) === Saman Gine (Upper Guinea) === * Fouta-Djalon (Gine) * Dutsen Nimba (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) * Arewacin Saman Gine (Gine, Gine Bissau, Laberiya, Saliyo) * Kudancin Saman Gine (Jan gari, Gine, Laberiya) === Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya === * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Gabon) * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru, Gine ta Ikwasiriya, Najeriya) * Kudancin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon) * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón (Gine ta Ikwasiriya, São Tomé da Príncipe) * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya (Kamaru) === Kongo === * Tsaunukan Albertine (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Bangweulu-Mweru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Zambiya) * Cuvette Centrale (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasai (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kasan Kongo (Angola, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Mai-Ndombe (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Malebo Pool (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Sangha (Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) * Uele (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Kwarara na Saman Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Saman Luluaba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) * Tumba (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) === Manyan Tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi (Malawi, Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Rukwa (Tanzaniya) * Tafkin Tanganyika (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Tanzaniya, Zambiya) * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria (Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda) === Gabashi da Gabar Teku === * Kudancin Gabashin Rift (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya (Kenya) * Pangani (Kenya, Tanzaniya) * Malagarasi-Moyowosi (Tanzaniya) * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi (Mozambik, Tanzaniya) * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta (Malawi, Mozambik) === Cuanza === * Cuanza (Angola) === Zambezi === * Etosha (Angola, Namibiya) * Kalahari (Botswana, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu) * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld (Namibiya) * Gabar Tekun Namib (Angola, Namibiya) * Dausayin Okavango (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya) * Kasan Zambezian Lowveld (Mozambik, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Zimbabwe) * Zambezi ** Tushen Ruwan Zambezi (Angola, Zambiya) ** Kafue (Zambiya) ** Dausayin Saman Zambezi (Angola, Botswana, Namibiya, Zambiya) ** Mulanje Massif (Malawi, Mozambik) ** Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe (Mozambik, Zimbabwe) ** Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld (Zimbabwe) ** Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa (Mozambik, Zambiya, Zimbabwe) ** Kasan Zambezi (Malawi, Mozambik) === Madagaskar da Tsibiran Tekun Indiya === * Comoros * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar (Madagaskar) * Mascarenes (Mauritius, Réunion) * Coralline Seychelles (Seychelles) * Granitic Seychelles (Seychelles) === Kudancin Temperate === * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg (Afirka ta Kudu) * Cape Fold (Afirka ta Kudu) * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti (Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu) * Karoo (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Kalahari (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kudancin Temperate Highveld (Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini) * Yammacin Orange (Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu) == ta Babban Nau'in Mazauni (Major Habitat type) == === Rufaffun mashigar ruwa da kananan tafkuna === * Tafkunan Chilwa da Chiuta * Kudancin Gabashin Rift * Tafkin Tana * Arewacin Gabashin Rift * Tafkunan Volcano na Yammacin Daidaiton Duniya === Dausayi, fadama, da tafkuna === * Bangweulu-Mweru * Cikin Delta na Nijar * Kafue * Mashigar Ruwa ta Tafkin Chadi * Mai Ndombe * Malagarasi-Moyowosi * Dausayin Okavango * Tumba * Saman Luluaba * Saman Nilu * Dausayin Saman Zambezi * Yaéré === Kogunan daji masu laushi === * Ashanti * Cuvette Centrale * Tsakiyar Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Eburneo * Kasai * Kasan Kongo * Kasan Gabashin Madagaskar * Malebo Pool * Arewacin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya * Sangha * Kudancin Saman Gine * Arewacin Gabar Tekun Yamma ta Daidaiton Duniya (Maimaita) * Sudanic Congo (Oubangi) * Saman Kongo * Saman Nijar === Tsarin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean) === * Cape Fold * Tabbataccen Maghreb === Tsarin tsuntsaye da duwatsu === * Tsaunukan Albertine * Tsaunukan Amatole-Winterberg * Tsaunukan Drakensberg-Maloti * Tsaunukan Gabashin Zimbabwe * Tsaunukan Habasha * Fouta-Djalon * Tsaunukan Gabashin Madagaskar * Dutsen Nimba * Mulanje === Koguna da tafkuna na tsibirai === * Bijagos * Tsibiran Canary * Cape Verde * Comoros * Coralline Seychelles * Granitic Seychelles * São Tomé, Príncipe, da Annobón * Mascarenes * Socotra === Manyan tafkuna === * Tafkin Malawi * Tafkin Rukwa * Tafkin Tanganyika * Tafkin Turkana * Tafkunan Kivu, Edward, George & Victoria === Manyan kwararo na delta na koguna === * Delta na Nijar * Delta na Nilu === Manyan kwarara na koguna (Rapids) === * Kwarara na Kasan Kongo * Kwarara na Saman Kongo === Kogunan daji na savanna da busassun daji === * Gabar Tekun Bight * Cuanza * Kogunan Gabar Tekun Kenya * Kasan Nijar-Benue * Kasan Zambezi * Mashigar Ruwa ta Arewa maso Yammacin Madagaskar * Mashigar Ruwa ta Yammacin Madagaskar * Tsakiyar Zambezi Luangwa * Pangani * Mashigar Ruwa na Senegal-Gambia * Mashigar Gabar Tekun Gabashi * Kudancin Temperate Highveld * Uele * Volta * Tushen Ruwan Zambezi * Zambezian Lowveld * Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld === Tsarin karkashin kasa da na mabuɗan ruwa === * Rijiyoyin Karkashin Kasa na Karstveld * Koguna na Karkashin Kasa na Thysville === Tsarin bushewar hamada (Xeric) === * Sahel Mai Bushewa * Etosha * Kahon Afirka * Kalahari * Karoo * Kasan Nilu * Mashigar Ruwa ta Kudancin Madagaskar * Gabar Tekun Namib * Gabar Tekun Jar Ruwa * Mashigar Ruwa na Shebele-Juba * Kudancin Kalahari * Maghreb na Dan Lokaci * Yammacin Orange == Nassoshi == * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. alitg501sog527xcwusnkga9hicsssl 0 159004 862503 2026-06-20T23:27:31Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310347565|Inga Falls]]" 862503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inga Falls''' yana da sauri {{Convert|40|km|mi}} daga Matadi a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] inda [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] ya faɗi {{Convert|96|m|ft}} a cikin tafiyar {{Convert|15|km|mi}} . Ruwan ruwan wani ɓangare ne na babban rukunin ruwan ruwan da ke ƙasan Kogin Congo. [[Livingstone Falls|Ruwan ruwan Livingstone]] yana nan kusa da [[Pool Malebo|tafkin Malebo]] . Waɗannan ruwan ruwan sun samo asali ne a wani lanƙwasa mai kaifi na Kogin Congo inda faɗin kogin yake canzawa daga fiye da {{Convert|4|km|ft}} zuwa {{Convert|260|m|ft}} . Ana sake flff gold wls Dodd ff flex foggy few ggew end fkd. K off elebe == Nassoshi == 5zvehxqnriqe3c2qla0fh772afmbiiy 862504 862503 2026-06-20T23:27:45Z Sirjat 20447 862504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Inga Falls''' yana da sauri {{Convert|40|km|mi}} daga Matadi a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] inda [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] ya faɗi {{Convert|96|m|ft}} a cikin tafiyar {{Convert|15|km|mi}} . Ruwan ruwan wani ɓangare ne na babban rukunin ruwan ruwan da ke ƙasan Kogin Congo. [[Livingstone Falls|Ruwan ruwan Livingstone]] yana nan kusa da [[Pool Malebo|tafkin Malebo]] . Waɗannan ruwan ruwan sun samo asali ne a wani lanƙwasa mai kaifi na Kogin Congo inda faɗin kogin yake canzawa daga fiye da {{Convert|4|km|ft}} zuwa {{Convert|260|m|ft}} . Ana sake flff gold wls Dodd ff flex foggy few ggew end fkd. K off elebe == Nassoshi == 1xp9gsvpmi0t8g6gyb81wbo291dow9y 862505 862504 2026-06-20T23:27:57Z Sirjat 20447 862505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Inga Falls''' yana da sauri {{Convert|40|km|mi}} daga Matadi a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] inda [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] ya faɗi {{Convert|96|m|ft}} a cikin tafiyar {{Convert|15|km|mi}} . Ruwan ruwan wani ɓangare ne na babban rukunin ruwan ruwan da ke ƙasan Kogin Congo. [[Livingstone Falls|Ruwan ruwan Livingstone]] yana nan kusa da [[Pool Malebo|tafkin Malebo]] . Waɗannan ruwan ruwan sun samo asali ne a wani lanƙwasa mai kaifi na Kogin Congo inda faɗin kogin yake canzawa daga fiye da {{Convert|4|km|ft}} zuwa {{Convert|260|m|ft}} . == Nassoshi == h70cqtl6dr9dgef7iuglw9w2dily5dq 862506 862505 2026-06-20T23:29:03Z Sirjat 20447 862506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Inga Falls''' yana da sauri {{Convert|40|km|mi}} daga Matadi a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] inda [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] ya faɗi {{Convert|96|m|ft}} a cikin tafiyar {{Convert|15|km|mi}} . Ruwan ruwan wani ɓangare ne na babban rukunin ruwan ruwan da ke ƙasan Kogin Congo. [[Livingstone Falls|Ruwan ruwan Livingstone]] yana nan kusa da [[Pool Malebo|tafkin Malebo]] . Waɗannan ruwan ruwan sun samo asali ne a wani lanƙwasa mai kaifi na Kogin Congo inda faɗin kogin yake canzawa daga fiye da {{Convert|4|km|ft}} zuwa {{Convert|260|m|ft}} . Tare da matsakaicin fitar ruwa na {{convert|1500000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}, ana iya ɗaukar rafin a matsayin mafi girma a duniya,<ref>World Waterfalls Database {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215622/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 |date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> amma ba a yawan ɗaukar shi a matsayin cikakken rafin ruwa ba. Matsakaicin adadin ruwan da aka taɓa auna shi ya kai {{convert|2500000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}.<ref name="Inga" /> Inga Falls kuma wurin ne da aka gina manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na [[hydroelectric dam]], waɗanda aka sani da [[Inga I]] da [[Inga II]], tare da wasu madatsun ruwa guda biyu da ake shirin ginawa, [[Inga III]] da [[Grand Inga Dam]], wanda na ƙarshe zai kasance mafi girma (dangane da samar da wutar lantarki) a duniya.<ref> Africa plans biggest dam project. [[BBC]], Litinin, 21 Afrilu 2008.</ref> == Nassoshi == cptlum0ve76i114bcg7t76o2varj1q4 0 159005 862507 2026-06-20T23:29:37Z Istimicah 46167 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358462274|Spice]]" 862507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] dh7mb6mayqzqwt9wxlpb6jz3e34gnzz 0 159006 862508 2026-06-20T23:31:06Z Istimicah 46167 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358462274|Spice]]" 862508 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] dh7mb6mayqzqwt9wxlpb6jz3e34gnzz 0 159007 862509 2026-06-20T23:31:10Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: {{coords|4.48571|S|15.267083|E|display=title}} '''Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya''' (Faransanci; "Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya") jerin ƙananan faduwar ruwa ne a kan Kogin Lukaya. Suna kudu da Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Tsayinsu kusan {{convert|1|m|ft}} ne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mavallee.lima-city.de/index.php?cat=fran%C3%A7ais&page=Dans%20la%20r%C3%A9gion |title=Visitez d'autres sites touristiques ans la région: Petites chutes de la L... 862509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coords|4.48571|S|15.267083|E|display=title}} '''Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya''' (Faransanci; "Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya") jerin ƙananan faduwar ruwa ne a kan Kogin Lukaya. Suna kudu da Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Tsayinsu kusan {{convert|1|m|ft}} ne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mavallee.lima-city.de/index.php?cat=fran%C3%A7ais&page=Dans%20la%20r%C3%A9gion |title=Visitez d'autres sites touristiques ans la région: Petites chutes de la Lukaya |work=Lac de Ma Vallée |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> [[Image:Petites chutes de la Lukaya.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya.]] A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Jesuit da suka zauna a Kogin Ndjili a watan Yuni 1893 a Kimbangu, a yankin da yanzu ake kira Masina, su ne farkon Mishan na Katolika a yankin. Bayan wata guda da zuwansu, suka bar wuraren da ba su da lafiya, masu cike da tabo, suka koma Kimwenza, kusa da Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html |title=Kinshasa Then and Now |date=January 29, 2011 |first=Mwana |last=Mboka |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> Ƙananan faduwar ruwan suna zubewa cikin ƙaramin tafki mai bakin yashi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinshasa.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301 |title=Attractions |work=Ville de Kinshasa |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin yawon shakatawa ne ga masu yawon bude ido da ke zuwa yin iyo, ko cin abinci a gidan abinci da ke kusa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kinshasa-congo.com/fr/places_to_visit/ |title=Aux alentours de Kinshasa: Chutes de La Lukaya |work=Kinshasa-congo |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin ajiyar Lola ya Bonobo na kare bonobo masu fuskantar bacewa, wanda yake kusa da faduwar ruwan, yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido. An kafa wurin ajiyar ne daga Claudine André na ƙungiyar NGO ''Abokan Bonobos a Kongo'', a shekarar 1994, kuma tun daga 2002 wurin yana Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanconservation.org/explorer/d.r.congo/517-lola-ya-bonobo/view-details.html |title=Lola ya Bonobo |publisher=African Conservation Foundation |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Faduwar ruwa na Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] [[Category:Wuraren yawon shakatawa na Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] [[Category:Ƙasar Kinshasa]] j18wkb7nhx8ys7fdkuefgcrl7jbfkx9 862510 862509 2026-06-20T23:31:25Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 862510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coords|4.48571|S|15.267083|E|display=title}} '''Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya''' (Faransanci; "Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya") jerin ƙananan faduwar ruwa ne a kan Kogin Lukaya. Suna kudu da Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Tsayinsu kusan {{convert|1|m|ft}} ne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mavallee.lima-city.de/index.php?cat=fran%C3%A7ais&page=Dans%20la%20r%C3%A9gion |title=Visitez d'autres sites touristiques ans la région: Petites chutes de la Lukaya |work=Lac de Ma Vallée |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> [[Image:Petites chutes de la Lukaya.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya.]] A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Jesuit da suka zauna a Kogin Ndjili a watan Yuni 1893 a Kimbangu, a yankin da yanzu ake kira Masina, su ne farkon Mishan na Katolika a yankin. Bayan wata guda da zuwansu, suka bar wuraren da ba su da lafiya, masu cike da tabo, suka koma Kimwenza, kusa da Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html |title=Kinshasa Then and Now |date=January 29, 2011 |first=Mwana |last=Mboka |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> Ƙananan faduwar ruwan suna zubewa cikin ƙaramin tafki mai bakin yashi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinshasa.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301 |title=Attractions |work=Ville de Kinshasa |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin yawon shakatawa ne ga masu yawon bude ido da ke zuwa yin iyo, ko cin abinci a gidan abinci da ke kusa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kinshasa-congo.com/fr/places_to_visit/ |title=Aux alentours de Kinshasa: Chutes de La Lukaya |work=Kinshasa-congo |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin ajiyar Lola ya Bonobo na kare bonobo masu fuskantar bacewa, wanda yake kusa da faduwar ruwan, yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido. An kafa wurin ajiyar ne daga Claudine André na ƙungiyar NGO ''Abokan Bonobos a Kongo'', a shekarar 1994, kuma tun daga 2002 wurin yana Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanconservation.org/explorer/d.r.congo/517-lola-ya-bonobo/view-details.html |title=Lola ya Bonobo |publisher=African Conservation Foundation |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} k2i0s8maa36zw3lgd8tnfy73co6xwv8 862511 862510 2026-06-20T23:31:57Z Sirjat 20447 862511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya''' (Faransanci; "Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya") jerin ƙananan faduwar ruwa ne a kan Kogin Lukaya. Suna kudu da Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Tsayinsu kusan {{convert|1|m|ft}} ne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mavallee.lima-city.de/index.php?cat=fran%C3%A7ais&page=Dans%20la%20r%C3%A9gion |title=Visitez d'autres sites touristiques ans la région: Petites chutes de la Lukaya |work=Lac de Ma Vallée |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> [[Image:Petites chutes de la Lukaya.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya.]] A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Jesuit da suka zauna a Kogin Ndjili a watan Yuni 1893 a Kimbangu, a yankin da yanzu ake kira Masina, su ne farkon Mishan na Katolika a yankin. Bayan wata guda da zuwansu, suka bar wuraren da ba su da lafiya, masu cike da tabo, suka koma Kimwenza, kusa da Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html |title=Kinshasa Then and Now |date=January 29, 2011 |first=Mwana |last=Mboka |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> Ƙananan faduwar ruwan suna zubewa cikin ƙaramin tafki mai bakin yashi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinshasa.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301 |title=Attractions |work=Ville de Kinshasa |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin yawon shakatawa ne ga masu yawon bude ido da ke zuwa yin iyo, ko cin abinci a gidan abinci da ke kusa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kinshasa-congo.com/fr/places_to_visit/ |title=Aux alentours de Kinshasa: Chutes de La Lukaya |work=Kinshasa-congo |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin ajiyar Lola ya Bonobo na kare bonobo masu fuskantar bacewa, wanda yake kusa da faduwar ruwan, yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido. An kafa wurin ajiyar ne daga Claudine André na ƙungiyar NGO ''Abokan Bonobos a Kongo'', a shekarar 1994, kuma tun daga 2002 wurin yana Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanconservation.org/explorer/d.r.congo/517-lola-ya-bonobo/view-details.html |title=Lola ya Bonobo |publisher=African Conservation Foundation |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} tt1jppqojam6sv91ifpya9acnv08ix2 862512 862511 2026-06-20T23:32:11Z Sirjat 20447 862512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya''' (Faransanci; "Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya") jerin ƙananan faduwar ruwa ne a kan Kogin Lukaya. Suna kudu da Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Tsayinsu kusan {{convert|1|m|ft}} ne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mavallee.lima-city.de/index.php?cat=fran%C3%A7ais&page=Dans%20la%20r%C3%A9gion |title=Visitez d'autres sites touristiques ans la région: Petites chutes de la Lukaya |work=Lac de Ma Vallée |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> [[Image:Petites chutes de la Lukaya.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan faduwar ruwa na Lukaya.]] A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Jesuit da suka zauna a Kogin Ndjili a watan Yuni 1893 a Kimbangu, a yankin da yanzu ake kira Masina, su ne farkon Mishan na Katolika a yankin. Bayan wata guda da zuwansu, suka bar wuraren da ba su da lafiya, masu cike da tabo, suka koma Kimwenza, kusa da Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html |title=Kinshasa Then and Now |date=January 29, 2011 |first=Mwana |last=Mboka |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> Ƙananan faduwar ruwan suna zubewa cikin ƙaramin tafki mai bakin yashi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinshasa.cd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301 |title=Attractions |work=Ville de Kinshasa |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin yawon shakatawa ne ga masu yawon bude ido da ke zuwa yin iyo, ko cin abinci a gidan abinci da ke kusa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kinshasa-congo.com/fr/places_to_visit/ |title=Aux alentours de Kinshasa: Chutes de La Lukaya |work=Kinshasa-congo |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Wurin ajiyar Lola ya Bonobo na kare bonobo masu fuskantar bacewa, wanda yake kusa da faduwar ruwan, yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido. An kafa wurin ajiyar ne daga Claudine André na ƙungiyar NGO ''Abokan Bonobos a Kongo'', a shekarar 1994, kuma tun daga 2002 wurin yana Ƙananan Faduwar Ruwa na Lukaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanconservation.org/explorer/d.r.congo/517-lola-ya-bonobo/view-details.html |title=Lola ya Bonobo |publisher=African Conservation Foundation |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 74zoy2i3ex3cgark9vxp1ja5nzuuqbk 0 159008 862513 2026-06-20T23:35:21Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: {{Short description|Gudun ruwa a Kogin Luapula}} {{coord|10.575825|S|28.669982|E|display=title}} '''Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima''' jerin gudun ruwa ne a kan Kogin Luapula a kan iyaka tsakanin Zambiya da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=3}} Ana kiran faduwar ruwan da Johnstone Falls a da. Suna shimfiɗa a kan kusan {{convert|5|km|mi}} na kogin.{{sfn|McIntyre|2008|p=361}} A ƙasan Tafkin Bangweulu, Kogin Luapula babbar hanyar ruwa ce mai kama da tabo wacce... 862513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Gudun ruwa a Kogin Luapula}} {{coord|10.575825|S|28.669982|E|display=title}} '''Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima''' jerin gudun ruwa ne a kan Kogin Luapula a kan iyaka tsakanin Zambiya da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=3}} Ana kiran faduwar ruwan da Johnstone Falls a da. Suna shimfiɗa a kan kusan {{convert|5|km|mi}} na kogin.{{sfn|McIntyre|2008|p=361}} A ƙasan Tafkin Bangweulu, Kogin Luapula babbar hanyar ruwa ce mai kama da tabo wacce ke gudana zuwa kudu sannan ta juya yamma ta sauka daga Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta kafin ta yi juyawa zuwa arewa zuwa Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima. Kwarin Luapula mai yalwa da cike da jama’a yana buɗewa bayan Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima zuwa babbar ƙasa mai tabo, filayen ambaliya da tafkuna a ƙarshen kudu na Tafkin Mweru.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=6}} Akwai kusan jerin kauyuka marasa yankewa daga faduwar ruwa zuwa tafkin.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=7}} A gargajiyance, masu kamun kifi kusa da faduwar ruwa suna amfani da dam, shinge da tarko don kama kifaye da yawa kafin ruwan ambaliya ya ragu.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=167}} Kifayen Tafkin Mweru ba sa haihuwa a kudu da faduwar ruwa da gudun ruwa, inda Tafkin Bangweulu ke da yanayin halitta na musamman.{{sfn|Tvedt|Jakobsson|Coopey|Oestigaard|2006|p=20}} ==Duba kuma== * Jerin faduwar ruwa * Jerin faduwar ruwa na Zambiya ==Manazarta== {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} ==Tushen== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMMGAvTxmzAC&pg=PA3 |title=Management, co-management or no management?: major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Case studies |first=Eyolf |last=Jul-Larsen |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |year=2003 |isbn=92-5-105032-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1DfesuY5HsC&pg=PA361 |title=Zambia: the Bradt travel guide |first=Chris |last=McIntyre |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84162-226-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if5BWWiEhx8C&pg=PA20 |title=A History of Water: The world of water |first1=Terje |last1=Tvedt |first2=Eva |last2=Jakobsson |first3=Richard |last3=Coopey |first4=Terje |last4=Oestigaard |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=1-85043-447-6}} {{refend}} p7ecdkbpzrg8ikfmw8aip8wj03gpo9v 862514 862513 2026-06-20T23:35:38Z Sirjat 20447 862514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima''' jerin gudun ruwa ne a kan Kogin Luapula a kan iyaka tsakanin Zambiya da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=3}} Ana kiran faduwar ruwan da Johnstone Falls a da. Suna shimfiɗa a kan kusan {{convert|5|km|mi}} na kogin.{{sfn|McIntyre|2008|p=361}} A ƙasan Tafkin Bangweulu, Kogin Luapula babbar hanyar ruwa ce mai kama da tabo wacce ke gudana zuwa kudu sannan ta juya yamma ta sauka daga Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta kafin ta yi juyawa zuwa arewa zuwa Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima. Kwarin Luapula mai yalwa da cike da jama’a yana buɗewa bayan Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima zuwa babbar ƙasa mai tabo, filayen ambaliya da tafkuna a ƙarshen kudu na Tafkin Mweru.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=6}} Akwai kusan jerin kauyuka marasa yankewa daga faduwar ruwa zuwa tafkin.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=7}} A gargajiyance, masu kamun kifi kusa da faduwar ruwa suna amfani da dam, shinge da tarko don kama kifaye da yawa kafin ruwan ambaliya ya ragu.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=167}} Kifayen Tafkin Mweru ba sa haihuwa a kudu da faduwar ruwa da gudun ruwa, inda Tafkin Bangweulu ke da yanayin halitta na musamman.{{sfn|Tvedt|Jakobsson|Coopey|Oestigaard|2006|p=20}} ==Duba kuma== * Jerin faduwar ruwa * Jerin faduwar ruwa na Zambiya ==Manazarta== {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} ==Tushen== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMMGAvTxmzAC&pg=PA3 |title=Management, co-management or no management?: major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Case studies |first=Eyolf |last=Jul-Larsen |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |year=2003 |isbn=92-5-105032-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1DfesuY5HsC&pg=PA361 |title=Zambia: the Bradt travel guide |first=Chris |last=McIntyre |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84162-226-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if5BWWiEhx8C&pg=PA20 |title=A History of Water: The world of water |first1=Terje |last1=Tvedt |first2=Eva |last2=Jakobsson |first3=Richard |last3=Coopey |first4=Terje |last4=Oestigaard |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=1-85043-447-6}} {{refend}} soifxzspr3y7w629ret1ew1cywvari1 862515 862514 2026-06-20T23:36:29Z Sirjat 20447 862515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima''' jerin gudun ruwa ne a kan Kogin Luapula a kan iyaka tsakanin Zambiya da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=3}} Ana kiran faduwar ruwan da Johnstone Falls a da. Suna shimfiɗa a kan kusan {{convert|5|km|mi}} na kogin.{{sfn|McIntyre|2008|p=361}} A ƙasan Tafkin Bangweulu, Kogin Luapula babbar hanyar ruwa ce mai kama da tabo wacce ke gudana zuwa kudu sannan ta juya yamma ta sauka daga Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta kafin ta yi juyawa zuwa arewa zuwa Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima. Kwarin Luapula mai yalwa da cike da jama’a yana buɗewa bayan Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima zuwa babbar ƙasa mai tabo, filayen ambaliya da tafkuna a ƙarshen kudu na Tafkin Mweru.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=6}} Akwai kusan jerin kauyuka marasa yankewa daga faduwar ruwa zuwa tafkin.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=7}} A gargajiyance, masu kamun kifi kusa da faduwar ruwa suna amfani da dam, shinge da tarko don kama kifaye da yawa kafin ruwan ambaliya ya ragu.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=167}} Kifayen Tafkin Mweru ba sa haihuwa a kudu da faduwar ruwa da gudun ruwa, inda Tafkin Bangweulu ke da yanayin halitta na musamman.{{sfn|Tvedt|Jakobsson|Coopey|Oestigaard|2006|p=20}} ==Duba kuma== * Jerin faduwar ruwa * Jerin faduwar ruwa na Zambiya ==Manazarta== {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} ==Tushen== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMMGAvTxmzAC&pg=PA3 |title=Management, co-management or no management?: major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Case studies |first=Eyolf |last=Jul-Larsen |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |year=2003 |isbn=92-5-105032-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1DfesuY5HsC&pg=PA361 |title=Zambia: the Bradt travel guide |first=Chris |last=McIntyre |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84162-226-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if5BWWiEhx8C&pg=PA20 |title=A History of Water: The world of water |first1=Terje |last1=Tvedt |first2=Eva |last2=Jakobsson |first3=Richard |last3=Coopey |first4=Terje |last4=Oestigaard |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=1-85043-447-6}} {{refend}} sj1swx1c8hnquz9oi6aaj3w0lvzh719 0 159009 862516 2026-06-20T23:38:40Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: {{Short description|Faduwar ruwa mai tsayi a Kogin Luapula}} {{Coord|12.374483|S|29.2122434|E|display=title}} '''Magunadar Ruwa ta Mambatuta''' faduwar ruwa ce mai tsayi a kan Kogin Luapula, wanda yake fitowa daga Tafkin Bangweulu kuma yana gudana ta cikin Zambiya da kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo zuwa Tafkin Mweru. Kogin Luapula yana gudana zuwa kudu daga Tafkin Bangweulu a matsayin babbar hanyar ruwa mai cike da tabo mai faɗi da ɗaruruwan mita. Daga nan sai... 862516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Faduwar ruwa mai tsayi a Kogin Luapula}} {{Coord|12.374483|S|29.2122434|E|display=title}} '''Magunadar Ruwa ta Mambatuta''' faduwar ruwa ce mai tsayi a kan Kogin Luapula, wanda yake fitowa daga Tafkin Bangweulu kuma yana gudana ta cikin Zambiya da kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo zuwa Tafkin Mweru. Kogin Luapula yana gudana zuwa kudu daga Tafkin Bangweulu a matsayin babbar hanyar ruwa mai cike da tabo mai faɗi da ɗaruruwan mita. Daga nan sai ya juya yamma ya bi iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Bayan Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta kogin ya takaita sannan ya yi juyawa zuwa arewa, sannan ya sauka ta cikin Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima, daga nan ya faɗaɗa zuwa yankin tabo mai tsawon {{convert|150|km|mi}} wanda ke ciyar da ƙarshen kudu na Tafkin Mweru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5056e/y5056e05.htm |title=MWERU-LUAPULA: PHYSIOGRAPHY, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY |publisher=FAO |access-date=2011-10-31}}</ref> Mambatuta faduwar ruwa ce mai tsayi wacce ke sauka da faɗuwa guda tsaye.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2008-10-09 |title = Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first = Roger |last = Daniel |year = 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-31 }}</ref> A wani lokaci kwarin Bangweulu / Mweru yana cikin tsarin Zambezi, kuma nau’o’in kifaye da dama da ake samu a tsarin Zambezi suna cikin Kogin Luapula.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |page=221 |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}}</ref> Dabbobin Kongo sun shiga ta Luvua zuwa Tafkin Mweru, amma Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta ta hana su shiga Tafkin Bangweulu. Wannan sauyin ya faru a farkon lokacin Tertiary.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA186 |page=186 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} tb8v7i3ra10qti0pf5jftofcfg439ph 862517 862516 2026-06-20T23:38:52Z Sirjat 20447 862517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Magunadar Ruwa ta Mambatuta''' faduwar ruwa ce mai tsayi a kan Kogin Luapula, wanda yake fitowa daga Tafkin Bangweulu kuma yana gudana ta cikin Zambiya da kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo zuwa Tafkin Mweru. Kogin Luapula yana gudana zuwa kudu daga Tafkin Bangweulu a matsayin babbar hanyar ruwa mai cike da tabo mai faɗi da ɗaruruwan mita. Daga nan sai ya juya yamma ya bi iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Bayan Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta kogin ya takaita sannan ya yi juyawa zuwa arewa, sannan ya sauka ta cikin Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima, daga nan ya faɗaɗa zuwa yankin tabo mai tsawon {{convert|150|km|mi}} wanda ke ciyar da ƙarshen kudu na Tafkin Mweru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5056e/y5056e05.htm |title=MWERU-LUAPULA: PHYSIOGRAPHY, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY |publisher=FAO |access-date=2011-10-31}}</ref> Mambatuta faduwar ruwa ce mai tsayi wacce ke sauka da faɗuwa guda tsaye.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2008-10-09 |title = Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first = Roger |last = Daniel |year = 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-31 }}</ref> A wani lokaci kwarin Bangweulu / Mweru yana cikin tsarin Zambezi, kuma nau’o’in kifaye da dama da ake samu a tsarin Zambezi suna cikin Kogin Luapula.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |page=221 |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}}</ref> Dabbobin Kongo sun shiga ta Luvua zuwa Tafkin Mweru, amma Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta ta hana su shiga Tafkin Bangweulu. Wannan sauyin ya faru a farkon lokacin Tertiary.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA186 |page=186 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 1gwh5tny8zcgzual3s2ehyz8hhommqf 862518 862517 2026-06-20T23:39:28Z Sirjat 20447 862518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Magunadar Ruwa ta Mambatuta''' faduwar ruwa ce mai tsayi a kan Kogin Luapula, wanda yake fitowa daga Tafkin Bangweulu kuma yana gudana ta cikin Zambiya da kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo zuwa Tafkin Mweru. Kogin Luapula yana gudana zuwa kudu daga Tafkin Bangweulu a matsayin babbar hanyar ruwa mai cike da tabo mai faɗi da ɗaruruwan mita. Daga nan sai ya juya yamma ya bi iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Bayan Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta kogin ya takaita sannan ya yi juyawa zuwa arewa, sannan ya sauka ta cikin Faduwar Ruwa na Mambilima, daga nan ya faɗaɗa zuwa yankin tabo mai tsawon {{convert|150|km|mi}} wanda ke ciyar da ƙarshen kudu na Tafkin Mweru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5056e/y5056e05.htm |title=MWERU-LUAPULA: PHYSIOGRAPHY, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY |publisher=FAO |access-date=2011-10-31}}</ref> Mambatuta faduwar ruwa ce mai tsayi wacce ke sauka da faɗuwa guda tsaye.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2008-10-09 |title = Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first = Roger |last = Daniel |year = 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-31 }}</ref> A wani lokaci kwarin Bangweulu / Mweru yana cikin tsarin Zambezi, kuma nau’o’in kifaye da dama da ake samu a tsarin Zambezi suna cikin Kogin Luapula.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |page=221 |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}}</ref> Dabbobin Kongo sun shiga ta Luvua zuwa Tafkin Mweru, amma Faduwar Ruwa na Mambatuta ta hana su shiga Tafkin Bangweulu. Wannan sauyin ya faru a farkon lokacin Tertiary.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA186 |page=186 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} pocrwvpn1ihwlqio6567fdy2086rs6x 0 159010 862519 2026-06-20T23:52:42Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360003395|Jazz Moon]]" 862519 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Jazz Moon''''' '''Jazz Moon''' littafi ne na tarihi da marubucin Ba’amurke '''Joe Okonkwo''' ya rubuta a shekarar '''2016'''. An saita labarin ne a lokacin '''Harlem Renaissance''' da kuma '''Jazz Age''', inda yake ba da labarin '''Ben Charles''', wani matashin baƙar fata ɗan luwaɗi kuma mawaƙin waƙoƙi, wanda ya bar gidansa zuwa '''Harlem''', sannan daga baya zuwa '''Paris''', domin neman ma'ana da cimma burinsa a rayuwa. == Tarihi == An kafa littafin ne a cikin shekarun 1920 kuma yana bincika jigogi na kabilanci, jima'i, ƙaura, fasaha, da ainihi. Labarin yana motsawa tsakanin yankunan karkara na [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], Harlem, da [[Faris|Paris]], yana nuna abubuwan da Black artists da mutane masu kama da juna a lokacin Jazz Age. Littafin ya haɗu da abubuwa na Tarihin tarihi, soyayya, da kuma wallafe-wallafen da suka kai shekaru. Kensington Books ne suka buga ''Jazz Moon'' a watan Mayu 2016. == Karɓar baƙi == Kirkus Reviews ya bayyana littafin a matsayin "labari na tafiyar wani saurayi mawaki mai luwadi daga Jim Crow ta Kudu zuwa Harlem da Paris". Ko da yake ya yaba da yanayin tarihi, ya soki shi a matsayin "labari na soyayya mai kyau". Rubuta don ''Lambda Literary Review'', Anthony Darden ya kira littafin "labari mai ban sha'awa wanda ya kama yanayin 1920s Harlem da Paris".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darden |first=Anthony |date=5 September 2016 |title='Jazz Moon' by Joe Okonkwo |url=https://lambdaliteraryreview.org/2016/09/jazz-moon-by-joe-okonkwo/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=Lambda Literary Review}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Edmund White don Tarihi na Farko (2017) * Wanda ya kammala a lambobin yabo na Lambda na 29 don Gay Fiction (2017) == Manazarta == ozayfoz2h43ecztdku3kz1l2y4nfpb8 862520 862519 2026-06-20T23:55:01Z Bembety 20498 Added reference #1Lib1RefNG 862520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Jazz Moon''''' '''Jazz Moon''' littafi ne na tarihi da marubucin Ba’amurke Joe Okonkwo ya rubuta a shekarar '''2016'''. An saita labarin ne a lokacin '''Harlem Renaissance''' da kuma Jazz Age, inda yake ba da labarin Ben Charles, wani matashin baƙar fata ɗan luwaɗi kuma mawaƙin waƙoƙi, wanda ya bar gidansa zuwa Harlem, sannan daga baya zuwa Paris, domin neman ma'ana da cimma burinsa a rayuwa.<ref>https://lambdaliterary.org/2016/06/read-an-excerpt-from-joe-okonkwos-new-novel-jazz-moon/</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa littafin ne a cikin shekarun 1920 kuma yana bincika jigogi na kabilanci, jima'i, ƙaura, fasaha, da ainihi. Labarin yana motsawa tsakanin yankunan karkara na [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], Harlem, da [[Faris|Paris]], yana nuna abubuwan da Black artists da mutane masu kama da juna a lokacin Jazz Age. Littafin ya haɗu da abubuwa na Tarihin tarihi, soyayya, da kuma wallafe-wallafen da suka kai shekaru. Kensington Books ne suka buga ''Jazz Moon'' a watan Mayu 2016. == Karɓar baƙi == Kirkus Reviews ya bayyana littafin a matsayin "labari na tafiyar wani saurayi mawaki mai luwadi daga Jim Crow ta Kudu zuwa Harlem da Paris". Ko da yake ya yaba da yanayin tarihi, ya soki shi a matsayin "labari na soyayya mai kyau". Rubuta don ''Lambda Literary Review'', Anthony Darden ya kira littafin "labari mai ban sha'awa wanda ya kama yanayin 1920s Harlem da Paris".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darden |first=Anthony |date=5 September 2016 |title='Jazz Moon' by Joe Okonkwo |url=https://lambdaliteraryreview.org/2016/09/jazz-moon-by-joe-okonkwo/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=Lambda Literary Review}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Edmund White don Tarihi na Farko (2017) * Wanda ya kammala a lambobin yabo na Lambda na 29 don Gay Fiction (2017) == Manazarta == 0lzte6vvnod5d4nsa1ni4c680sf4svh 862521 862520 2026-06-20T23:58:57Z Bembety 20498 /* Tarihi */ #1Lib1RefNG 862521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Jazz Moon''''' '''Jazz Moon''' littafi ne na tarihi da marubucin Ba’amurke Joe Okonkwo ya rubuta a shekarar '''2016'''. An saita labarin ne a lokacin '''Harlem Renaissance''' da kuma Jazz Age, inda yake ba da labarin Ben Charles, wani matashin baƙar fata ɗan luwaɗi kuma mawaƙin waƙoƙi, wanda ya bar gidansa zuwa Harlem, sannan daga baya zuwa Paris, domin neman ma'ana da cimma burinsa a rayuwa.<ref>https://lambdaliterary.org/2016/06/read-an-excerpt-from-joe-okonkwos-new-novel-jazz-moon/</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa littafin ne a cikin shekarun 1920 kuma yana bincika jigogi na kabilanci, jima'i, ƙaura, fasaha, da ainihi. Labarin yana motsawa tsakanin yankunan karkara na [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], Harlem, da [[Faris|Paris]], yana nuna abubuwan da Black artists da mutane masu kama da juna a lokacin Jazz Age. Littafin ya haɗu da abubuwa na Tarihin tarihi, soyayya, da kuma wallafe-wallafen da suka kai shekaru. Kensington Books ne suka buga ''Jazz Moon'' a watan Mayu 2016.<ref name=":0">https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/joe-okonkwo/jazz-moon/</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Karɓar baƙi == Kirkus Reviews ya bayyana littafin a matsayin "labari na tafiyar wani saurayi mawaki mai luwadi daga Jim Crow ta Kudu zuwa Harlem da Paris". Ko da yake ya yaba da yanayin tarihi, ya soki shi a matsayin "labari na soyayya mai kyau". Rubuta don ''Lambda Literary Review'', Anthony Darden ya kira littafin "labari mai ban sha'awa wanda ya kama yanayin 1920s Harlem da Paris".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darden |first=Anthony |date=5 September 2016 |title='Jazz Moon' by Joe Okonkwo |url=https://lambdaliteraryreview.org/2016/09/jazz-moon-by-joe-okonkwo/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=Lambda Literary Review}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Edmund White don Tarihi na Farko (2017) * Wanda ya kammala a lambobin yabo na Lambda na 29 don Gay Fiction (2017) == Manazarta == k7c1dmg24j9xui9ayvf1gguukiln4z4 0 159011 862572 2026-06-21T05:56:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359693582|Naxos Jet]]" 862572 wikitext text/x-wiki Naxos Jet babban Jirgin ruwa ne mai saurin gudu wanda Seajets ke sarrafawa a cikin Aegean. == Tarihi == An gina Naxos Jet a cikin 1992 a matsayin Seacat Scotland don Sea Containers . An gina ta ne don kaddamar da Baƙon sabis na Jirgin Ruwa mai sauri tsakanin Stranraer da Belfast. Kafin fara aiki a kan North Channel ta yi aiki a takaice a kan hanyar [[Dover]] zuwa Calais don Hoverspeed. A lokacin hunturu na 1994/1995 an hayar ta zuwa kamfanin Q Ships na tsakiya na gabas don aiki a fadin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. Don wannan rawar an sake masa suna Q Ship Express . A lokacin takardar shaidarta hanyar Stranraer - Belfast ta yi aiki da Seacat Isle of Man. Baƙon kammala takardar shaidar ta koma hanyar Stranrer - Belfast, ta canza zuwa sunanta na asali. An sake hayar Seacat Scotland a lokacin hunturu na 1997/1998. A wannan lokacin zuwa mai ba da sabis na Jirgin Ruwa na Uruguay Navegacion Atlantida S.A. don sabis a kan Kogin Plate. Ta koma Arewacin Channel don lokacin bazara na 1998. Sea Containers sun bar Stranraer a cikin 2000 don goyon bayan Tron biyo bayan babban gasa daga Stena Line da P&O Irish Sea a Loch Ryan. Seacat Scotland ta yi aiki da hanyar Belfast - Troon har zuwa 2003 lokacin da aka maye gurbin ta da Rapide . Ta bar Dover a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004 zuwa filin jirgin ruwa na Pallion a [[Sunderland]] . Ta kasance a cikin bushe a Sunderland har sai an sayar da ita ga Fortune Maritime Enterprises . Ta bar Sunderland a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Dover Ferry Photos &#124; Past and Present - Seacat Scotland |url=http://www.doverferryphotos.co.uk/pastandpresent/scot.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106175640/http://www.doverferryphotos.co.uk/pastandpresent/scot.htm |archive-date=2010-01-06 |access-date=2010-08-06}}</ref> zuwa Keratsini a matsayin '''''Shikra''''' . Kafin ta shiga aiki tsakanin Safaga da Dhuba an sake masa suna '''''Al Huda I.''''' A watan Yulin 2010 ''Al Huda I'' isa Perama. A lokacin da aka sake gyara ta an sake fentin ta a cikin livery na NEL Lines kuma an sake masa suna '''''Cyclades Express''''' . A farkon 2016, an sayar da ''Cyclades Express'' ga kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Seajets kuma an shirya sake masa suna Naxos Jet. Tun daga shekara ta 2016 a karkashin sunan Naxos Jet kuma yana aiki a kowace bazara daga Piraeus zuwa tsibirin Aegean == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == * ''Katin'' * ''Speedrunner 1'' * ''Jagoran Jirgin Sama'' * ''Jirgin Pescara'' * ''[[Condor 10]]'' * ''Mandarin'' Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'o'i biyu na 74m da Incat ya gina amma suna nuna bambance-bambance masu kyau ga jiragen ruwa na 74m a sama. Waɗannan su ne:- * ''Patricia Olivia'' - Gyaran wurin zama na fasinja da windows na gaba. * ''Atlantic III'' - Yana da bayyanar ƙirar Incat 78m. Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'o'i biyu na 74m da Incat ya gina amma suna nuna bambance-bambance masu kyau ga jiragen ruwa na 74m a sama. Waɗannan su ne:- * ''Patricia Olivia'' - Gyaran wurin zama na fasinja da windows na gaba. * ''Atlantic III'' - Yana da bayyanar ƙirar Incat 78m. == Manazarta == do4xzhe822isqc3q6o91gfptgjndy84 862573 862572 2026-06-21T05:56:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 862573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Naxos Jet babban Jirgin ruwa ne mai saurin gudu wanda Seajets ke sarrafawa a cikin Aegean.<ref>Welcome to Dover Ferry Photos | Past and Present - Seacat Scotland". Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.</ref> == Tarihi == An gina Naxos Jet a cikin 1992 a matsayin Seacat Scotland don Sea Containers . An gina ta ne don kaddamar da Baƙon sabis na Jirgin Ruwa mai sauri tsakanin Stranraer da Belfast. Kafin fara aiki a kan North Channel ta yi aiki a takaice a kan hanyar [[Dover]] zuwa Calais don Hoverspeed. A lokacin hunturu na 1994/1995 an hayar ta zuwa kamfanin Q Ships na tsakiya na gabas don aiki a fadin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. Don wannan rawar an sake masa suna Q Ship Express . A lokacin takardar shaidarta hanyar Stranraer - Belfast ta yi aiki da Seacat Isle of Man. Baƙon kammala takardar shaidar ta koma hanyar Stranrer - Belfast, ta canza zuwa sunanta na asali. An sake hayar Seacat Scotland a lokacin hunturu na 1997/1998. A wannan lokacin zuwa mai ba da sabis na Jirgin Ruwa na Uruguay Navegacion Atlantida S.A. don sabis a kan Kogin Plate. Ta koma Arewacin Channel don lokacin bazara na 1998. Sea Containers sun bar Stranraer a cikin 2000 don goyon bayan Tron biyo bayan babban gasa daga Stena Line da P&O Irish Sea a Loch Ryan. Seacat Scotland ta yi aiki da hanyar Belfast - Troon har zuwa 2003 lokacin da aka maye gurbin ta da Rapide . Ta bar Dover a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004 zuwa filin jirgin ruwa na Pallion a [[Sunderland]] . Ta kasance a cikin bushe a Sunderland har sai an sayar da ita ga Fortune Maritime Enterprises . Ta bar Sunderland a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Dover Ferry Photos &#124; Past and Present - Seacat Scotland |url=http://www.doverferryphotos.co.uk/pastandpresent/scot.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106175640/http://www.doverferryphotos.co.uk/pastandpresent/scot.htm |archive-date=2010-01-06 |access-date=2010-08-06}}</ref> zuwa Keratsini a matsayin '''''Shikra''''' . Kafin ta shiga aiki tsakanin Safaga da Dhuba an sake masa suna '''''Al Huda I.''''' A watan Yulin 2010 ''Al Huda I'' isa Perama. A lokacin da aka sake gyara ta an sake fentin ta a cikin livery na NEL Lines kuma an sake masa suna '''''Cyclades Express''''' . A farkon 2016, an sayar da ''Cyclades Express'' ga kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Seajets kuma an shirya sake masa suna Naxos Jet. Tun daga shekara ta 2016 a karkashin sunan Naxos Jet kuma yana aiki a kowace bazara daga Piraeus zuwa tsibirin Aegean == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == * ''Katin'' * ''Speedrunner 1'' * ''Jagoran Jirgin Sama'' * ''Jirgin Pescara'' * ''[[Condor 10]]'' * ''Mandarin'' Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'o'i biyu na 74m da Incat ya gina amma suna nuna bambance-bambance masu kyau ga jiragen ruwa na 74m a sama. Waɗannan su ne:- * ''Patricia Olivia'' - Gyaran wurin zama na fasinja da windows na gaba. * ''Atlantic III'' - Yana da bayyanar ƙirar Incat 78m. Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'o'i biyu na 74m da Incat ya gina amma suna nuna bambance-bambance masu kyau ga jiragen ruwa na 74m a sama. Waɗannan su ne:- * ''Patricia Olivia'' - Gyaran wurin zama na fasinja da windows na gaba. * ''Atlantic III'' - Yana da bayyanar ƙirar Incat 78m. == Manazarta == cbsxoajh33lut2isw4bh6csnrmrw0cj 0 159012 862574 2026-06-21T05:59:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336741285|MV Patra]]" 862574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''''Patra''''''', wanda aka fi sani da Kronprins Frederik, Jirgin fasinja ne da aka gina a Denmark wanda aka gina a 1941 a Helsingør Shipyard, Denmark . Da farko ya yi aiki a kan hanyoyin Tekun Arewa a ƙarƙashin mallakar Det Forenede Dampskibs-Selskab (DFDS). A watan Maris na shekara ta 1976, an sayar da jirgin ga Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Larabawa na [[Suez]] kuma an sake masa suna zuwa Patra . A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976, jirgin ya nutse bayan ya kama wuta yayin da yake kan hanyarsa daga [[Jeddah|Jedda]] zuwa Suez a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. == Tarihi == === Gine-gine === A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 1939, Det Forenede Dampskibs-Selskab A / S na Denmark ya ba da umarnin jirgin fasinja don sabis na DFDS North Sea. An sanya sunan jirgin ne bayan ''Yarima Frederik'' na Denmark, wanda daga baya ya zama [[Keel|Kile]]="King Frederik IX">Sarki Frederik IX. An gina jirgin ne filin jirgin ruwa na A / S Helsingør Jernskibs og Maskinbygerri, wanda Helsingør, Denmark yadi No. 262. A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1939, an kafa keel, kuma an kaddamarwa da Kronprins Frederik a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1940. <ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}</ref> Tsawon gabaɗaya ya auna mita 114.48 (375 in), katako yana auna {{Cvt|15.20|m|ftin}} in), kuma rubutun yana auna {{Cvt|5.66|m|ftin}} ft 7 in). An kimanta jirgin a cikin tan 1,720 , tan 3,895 da kuma tan 2,284 . An gina jirgin tare da ɗakin cin abinci na farko, ɗakin shan sigari na farko, da kuma ɗakin aji na biyu. Jimlar wuraren zama sun kasance 302, kuma jimlar fasinjojin ta kasance 358. An fitar da ita ta hanyar injina biyu na Burmeister & Wain 1050-VF-90, wanda ya haifar da kimanin {{Convert|7100|hp}} horsepower , tare da sabis ɗin da ya kai {{Convert|20.25|kn}} knots km / h; 23.30 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941–1976) |url=https://www.kwmosgaard.dk/ferries/kronprinsfrederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Danske Færger – K.W. Mosgaard |publisher=kwmosgaard.dk}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuni 1941, an kawo jirgin ga DFDS da ke Esbjerg, Denmark. Saboda barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, ba a shigar da kayan aikin injiniya a cikin jirgin ba don kauce wa sayen Jamus. Daga baya aka ja jirgin zuwa [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] kuma aka kwantar da shi, inda ya kasance har tsawon lokacin yakin. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1945, an ja Kronprins Frederik zuwa Helsingør Shipyard da Machine Works don kammalawa. A ranar 11 ga Maris 1946, jirgin ya tashi daga Helsingør zuwa Copenhagen kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1946. <ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ayyuka === Farawa a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1946 Kronprins Frederik ya fara hanyar Esbjerg - Harwich. A watan Satumba-Oktoba 1946, an sanya ta da tsarin DECCA Navigational System wanda Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Export Co. Ltd. ya bayar, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa na farko na Danish da za a haɗa su da irin wannan kayan aikin [[Radar]].<ref name="Patra2">{{Cite web |title=Patria (ex. Kronprins Frederik) – Shipwrecks of Egypt |url=http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055945/http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Shipwrecks of Egypt}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1953, jirgin ya isa Harwich, Ingila kuma ya tsaya a Parkeston Quay, inda gobara ta tashi a cikin dakunan fasinjoji. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi kokarin kashe gobara; duk da haka, ba su iya sarrafa wutar ba. Daga baya 'yan bindigar kashe gobara sun isa don samar da ƙarin taimako kuma har yanzu ba su iya sarrafa wutar ba. Da karfe 22:00, jirgin ya fara nutsewa, kuma da karfe 05:00 a washegari, ta fara yin lissafi a gefen ta na starboard. Tankunan mai sun fashe, wanda ya shiga cikin ruwan da ke kewaye kuma ya kama wuta. Koyaya, DFDS ba ta ba da jirgin ba, kuma bayan ayyukan ceto masu yawa, an sake dawo da jirgin a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1953. <ref name="Patra2">{{Cite web |title=Patria (ex. Kronprins Frederik) – Shipwrecks of Egypt |url=http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055945/http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Shipwrecks of Egypt}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055945/http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html "Patria (ex. Kronprins Frederik) – Shipwrecks of Egypt"]. ''Shipwrecks of Egypt''. Archived from [http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html the original] on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> An kawo shi Harwich don gyara na wucin gadi kuma daga baya aka fara tafiya zuwa Helsingør a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1953, don sake ginawa. Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, jirgin ya isa kuma ya koma aiki a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1954. A ranar 7 ga Mayu na wannan shekarar, Kronprins Frederik ya koma aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Harwich.<ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Kronprins_Frederik_&_Kronprinsesse_Ingrid_(5768033885).jpg|thumb|Kronprins Frederik (baya) da Kronprinsess Ingrid (gaba), an ɗauke su a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1949.]] A shekara ta 1964, jirgin ya ƙare hanyar kuma ya fara hanyar Esbjerg - [[Newcastle]] a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1964. Daga 24 ga Mayu 1965 har zuwa 1 ga Yuni 1965, an hayar jirgin zuwa Royal Automobile Club da ke [[Stockholm]] don tafiya tsakanin Stockholm, [[Saint-Petersburg|Leningrad]], da Copenhagen. Daga 2 ga Yuni 1965 har zuwa 8 ga Yuni 1965, jirgin ya yi aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Copenhagen, Leith, Newcastle, da Esbjerg. Daga 10 Yuni 1965, har zuwa 11 Satumba 1965, jirgin ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Newcastle. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966, jirgin ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Copenhagen - Tórshavn - Klaksvík - [[Trangisvágur]] - [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]]. Daga 10 Yuni 1966 har zuwa 11 Satumba 1966, jirgin ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Newcastle. Daga baya ya sauya zuwa hanyar Copenhagen - Tórshavn - Klaksvík - Trangisvágur - Reykjavík na wannan watan.<ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1970, kiran da aka yi a Reykjavík ya ƙare, kuma an sake gina jirgin don samar da masauki guda ɗaya kawai a cikin 1971. A ranar 4 ga Mayu 1971, an yi rajista da shi a DFDS A / S. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1972, ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Tórshavn - Trangisvágur . A lokacin bazara daga 1972 har zuwa 1974, yana aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Newcastle - Tórshavn. A ranar 9 ga Yulin 1974, Kronprins Frederik ya isa Esbjerg don tafiya ta ƙarshe don DFDS. Bayan shekaru 35 na hidima a karkashin DFDS a matsayin Kronprins Frederik, an kwantar da ita a Esbjerg kuma an sanya ta don sayarwa. A ranar 10 ga Maris 1976, an sayar da jirgin ga Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Larabawa wanda ke zaune a Suez, Misira. <ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Kamar yadda ''Patra'' === A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976, sabbin masu mallakarta sun karɓi Kronprins Frederik kuma daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa ''Patra''.<ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A tankar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976, dakin injiniya na ''''Patra'''' ya wuta yayin da yake cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] kimanin kilomita 50 (kilomita 80) daga [[Jeddah|Jedda]]. Tana kan hanyar zuwa Suez daga Jeddah, tana dauke da fasinjoji 387 da ma'aikatan jirgin 94, mafi yawansu Musulmai ne da ke dawowa gida daga aikin hajji zuwa biranen [[Makkah|Makka]] da [[Madinah|Madina]]. Wutar ta tafi ba tare da kulawa ba, kuma an umarci fasinjoji da su yi tsalle cikin teku inda jiragen ruwa da ke kusa suke jiran su karbe su. Jirgin ruwa na Rasha ''Lenino'' ya ɗauki kyaftin din jirgin da mutane 201 da suka tsira daga fashewar kuma an kawo su [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. A safiyar ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, Patra ya nutse yayin da yake cin wuta. Ayyukan ceto sun hada da wasu jiragen ruwa rabin goma sha biyu daga Amurka, Girka, Jamus, da Pakistan. Daga cikin fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin, 102 sun mutu. Rushewar ta kasance a ƙarƙashin teku na Bahar Maliya a zurfin fiye da mita 450 (1,480 , wanda ke kusa da 21°33′36′′N 38°16′48′′E / 21.56000°N 38.28000°E / 21. 56000; 38.28000.<ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == nvcmmdc8eahzewelfmcj44q1233lmfr 862575 862574 2026-06-21T06:00:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 862575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''''Patra''''''', wanda aka fi sani da Kronprins Frederik, Jirgin fasinja ne da aka gina a Denmark wanda aka gina a 1941 a Helsingør Shipyard, Denmark . Da farko ya yi aiki a kan hanyoyin Tekun Arewa a ƙarƙashin mallakar Det Forenede Dampskibs-Selskab (DFDS). A watan Maris na shekara ta 1976, an sayar da jirgin ga Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Larabawa na [[Suez]] kuma an sake masa suna zuwa Patra . A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976, jirgin ya nutse bayan ya kama wuta yayin da yake kan hanyarsa daga [[Jeddah|Jedda]] zuwa Suez a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]]. == Tarihi == === Gine-gine === A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 1939, Det Forenede Dampskibs-Selskab A / S na Denmark ya ba da umarnin jirgin fasinja don sabis na DFDS North Sea. An sanya sunan jirgin ne bayan ''Yarima Frederik'' na Denmark, wanda daga baya ya zama [[Keel|Kile]]="King Frederik IX">Sarki Frederik IX. An gina jirgin ne filin jirgin ruwa na A / S Helsingør Jernskibs og Maskinbygerri, wanda Helsingør, Denmark yadi No. 262. A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1939, an kafa keel, kuma an kaddamarwa da Kronprins Frederik a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1940. <ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}</ref> Tsawon gabaɗaya ya auna mita 114.48 (375 in), katako yana auna {{Cvt|15.20|m|ftin}} in), kuma rubutun yana auna {{Cvt|5.66|m|ftin}} ft 7 in). An kimanta jirgin a cikin tan 1,720 , tan 3,895 da kuma tan 2,284 . An gina jirgin tare da ɗakin cin abinci na farko, ɗakin shan sigari na farko, da kuma ɗakin aji na biyu. Jimlar wuraren zama sun kasance 302, kuma jimlar fasinjojin ta kasance 358. An fitar da ita ta hanyar injina biyu na Burmeister & Wain 1050-VF-90, wanda ya haifar da kimanin {{Convert|7100|hp}} horsepower , tare da sabis ɗin da ya kai {{Convert|20.25|kn}} knots km / h; 23.30 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941–1976) |url=https://www.kwmosgaard.dk/ferries/kronprinsfrederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Danske Færger – K.W. Mosgaard |publisher=kwmosgaard.dk}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuni 1941, an kawo jirgin ga DFDS da ke Esbjerg, Denmark. Saboda barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, ba a shigar da kayan aikin injiniya a cikin jirgin ba don kauce wa sayen Jamus. Daga baya aka ja jirgin zuwa [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] kuma aka kwantar da shi, inda ya kasance har tsawon lokacin yakin. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1945, an ja Kronprins Frederik zuwa Helsingør Shipyard da Machine Works don kammalawa. A ranar 11 ga Maris 1946, jirgin ya tashi daga Helsingør zuwa Copenhagen kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1946. <ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ayyuka === Farawa a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1946 Kronprins Frederik ya fara hanyar Esbjerg - Harwich. A watan Satumba-Oktoba 1946, an sanya ta da tsarin DECCA Navigational System wanda Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Export Co. Ltd. ya bayar, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa na farko na Danish da za a haɗa su da irin wannan kayan aikin [[Radar]].<ref name="Patra2">{{Cite web |title=Patria (ex. Kronprins Frederik) – Shipwrecks of Egypt |url=http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055945/http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Shipwrecks of Egypt}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1953, jirgin ya isa Harwich, Ingila kuma ya tsaya a Parkeston Quay, inda gobara ta tashi a cikin dakunan fasinjoji. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi kokarin kashe gobara; duk da haka, ba su iya sarrafa wutar ba. Daga baya 'yan bindigar kashe gobara sun isa don samar da ƙarin taimako kuma har yanzu ba su iya sarrafa wutar ba. Da karfe 22:00, jirgin ya fara nutsewa, kuma da karfe 05:00 a washegari, ta fara yin lissafi a gefen ta na starboard. Tankunan mai sun fashe, wanda ya shiga cikin ruwan da ke kewaye kuma ya kama wuta. Koyaya, DFDS ba ta ba da jirgin ba, kuma bayan ayyukan ceto masu yawa, an sake dawo da jirgin a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1953. <ref name="Patra2">{{Cite web |title=Patria (ex. Kronprins Frederik) – Shipwrecks of Egypt |url=http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055945/http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Shipwrecks of Egypt}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055945/http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html "Patria (ex. Kronprins Frederik) – Shipwrecks of Egypt"]. ''Shipwrecks of Egypt''. Archived from [http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html the original] on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> An kawo shi Harwich don gyara na wucin gadi kuma daga baya aka fara tafiya zuwa Helsingør a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1953, don sake ginawa. Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, jirgin ya isa kuma ya koma aiki a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1954. A ranar 7 ga Mayu na wannan shekarar, Kronprins Frederik ya koma aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Harwich.<ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Kronprins_Frederik_&_Kronprinsesse_Ingrid_(5768033885).jpg|thumb|Kronprins Frederik (baya) da Kronprinsess Ingrid (gaba), an ɗauke su a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1949.]] A shekara ta 1964, jirgin ya ƙare hanyar kuma ya fara hanyar Esbjerg - [[Newcastle]] a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1964. Daga 24 ga Mayu 1965 har zuwa 1 ga Yuni 1965, an hayar jirgin zuwa Royal Automobile Club da ke [[Stockholm]] don tafiya tsakanin Stockholm, [[Saint-Petersburg|Leningrad]], da Copenhagen. Daga 2 ga Yuni 1965 har zuwa 8 ga Yuni 1965, jirgin ya yi aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Copenhagen, Leith, Newcastle, da Esbjerg. Daga 10 Yuni 1965, har zuwa 11 Satumba 1965, jirgin ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Newcastle. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966, jirgin ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Copenhagen - Tórshavn - Klaksvík - [[Trangisvágur]] - [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]]. Daga 10 Yuni 1966 har zuwa 11 Satumba 1966, jirgin ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Newcastle. Daga baya ya sauya zuwa hanyar Copenhagen - Tórshavn - Klaksvík - Trangisvágur - Reykjavík na wannan watan.<ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1970, kiran da aka yi a Reykjavík ya ƙare, kuma an sake gina jirgin don samar da masauki guda ɗaya kawai a cikin 1971. A ranar 4 ga Mayu 1971, an yi rajista da shi a DFDS A / S. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1972, ya yi aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Tórshavn - Trangisvágur . A lokacin bazara daga 1972 har zuwa 1974, yana aiki a kan hanyar Esbjerg - Newcastle - Tórshavn. A ranar 9 ga Yulin 1974, Kronprins Frederik ya isa Esbjerg don tafiya ta ƙarshe don DFDS. Bayan shekaru 35 na hidima a karkashin DFDS a matsayin Kronprins Frederik, an kwantar da ita a Esbjerg kuma an sanya ta don sayarwa. A ranar 10 ga Maris 1976, an sayar da jirgin ga Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Larabawa wanda ke zaune a Suez, Misira. <ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Kamar yadda ''Patra'' === A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976, sabbin masu mallakarta sun karɓi Kronprins Frederik kuma daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa ''Patra''.<ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A tankar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976, dakin injiniya na ''''Patra'''' ya wuta yayin da yake cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] kimanin kilomita 50 (kilomita 80) daga [[Jeddah|Jedda]]. Tana kan hanyar zuwa Suez daga Jeddah, tana dauke da fasinjoji 387 da ma'aikatan jirgin 94, mafi yawansu Musulmai ne da ke dawowa gida daga aikin hajji zuwa biranen [[Makkah|Makka]] da [[Madinah|Madina]]. Wutar ta tafi ba tare da kulawa ba, kuma an umarci fasinjoji da su yi tsalle cikin teku inda jiragen ruwa da ke kusa suke jiran su karbe su. Jirgin ruwa na Rasha ''Lenino'' ya ɗauki kyaftin din jirgin da mutane 201 da suka tsira daga fashewar kuma an kawo su [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. A safiyar ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, Patra ya nutse yayin da yake cin wuta. Ayyukan ceto sun hada da wasu jiragen ruwa rabin goma sha biyu daga Amurka, Girka, Jamus, da Pakistan. Daga cikin fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin, 102 sun mutu. Rushewar ta kasance a ƙarƙashin teku na Bahar Maliya a zurfin fiye da mita 450 (1,480 , wanda ke kusa da 21°33′36′′N 38°16′48′′E / 21.56000°N 38.28000°E / 21. 56000; 38.28000.<ref name="Patra1">{{Cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Fakta om Fartyg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm "M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941)"]. ''Fakta om Fartyg''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 2ekm1ytt3ifaem0rmubm0uru4uligbf 0 159013 862576 2026-06-21T06:01:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348114347|MS Pride of Free Enterprise]]" 862576 wikitext text/x-wiki MS Pride of Free Enterprise wani sabis ne na RORO Fasinjoji da Jirgin RORO tsakanin Almeria da Nador a kan takardar shaidar lokaci ga mai ba da sabis na jirgin ruwa na Mutanen Espanya Acciona Trasmediterranea . Jirgin an kira shi M / F ''Oleander'' (2001-2013), P & ''P&OSL Picardy'' (1999-2001), Pride of Bruges (1987-1999) da Pride of Free Enterprise (1980-1987). FerriMaroc da Comarit ne ke sarrafa ta tsakanin 2010 da 2011 kuma a baya TransEuropa Ferries ne ke sarrafawa tsakanin Ramsgate da Ostend. TransEuropa Ferries ta mallaki jirgin tsakanin 2001 da 2013 kuma ta yi amfani da ita tsakanin 2001 da 2010 kafin ta sanya ta a kan takardar shaidar. An cire ta a Alang a ƙarshen 2015 a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Sher'' . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Channel_Ferry_PRIDE_OF_BRUGES.jpg|left|thumb|''Girman Bruges'' a 1993]] Pride of Free Enterprise an gina ta ne ta hanyar Schichau Unterweser AG don sabis na Jirgin ruwa na Turai tsakanin Dover da Calais, da farko ya shiga aiki tare da su a cikin 1980. <ref name="Ferrysite">{{Cite web |title=M/F Oleander |url=http://www.ferry-site.dk/ferry.php?id=7820497&lang=en |access-date=16 Jan 2009 |website=The ferry site}}</ref> A cikin 1987 P&O European Ferries ta sayi European Ferries; a cikin wannan shekarar 'yar uwarta, Herald of Free Enterprise ta rushe a waje da Zeebrugge. A sakamakon wadannan abubuwan biyu, an sake sunan Pride of Free Enterprise Pride of Bruges a karkashin wani aikin sake fasalin da P&O ta yi biyo bayan mummunar tallace-tallace na bala'in Herald of Free Enterprise . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trans Europa Ferries - Oleander |url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/TEF.html#anchor140132 |access-date=16 Jan 2009 |website=Simplon Postcards}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tef_oleander_ostend.JPG|left|thumb|MS ''Oleander'' yana kusantar Ostend]] A cikin 1998 P&O European Ferries ta haɗu da hanyoyin gajeren teku tare da Stena Line don samar da P&amp;amp;O Stena Line. A sakamakon wannan haɗuwa an sake sanya wa jiragen suna, a wannan lokacin an sake sunan jirgin zuwa ''P&OSL Picardy''.<ref name="Ferrysite" /> A cikin 2000 an kwantar da ''P&OSL Picardy'' har sai an sayar da shi, daga ƙarshe an sayar da ita ga Transeuropa Ferries . <ref name="Ferrysite" /> Transeuropa Ferries ya sake ba da sunan jirgin ''Oleander'' kuma ya gabatar da sabis na jigilar kaya kawai tsakanin Ramsgate da Ostend wanda ya fara a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2002. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 20 ga Yulin 2004 ''Larkspur'' ta haɗu da Oleander don samar da sabis na hadin gwiwa na fasinja / jigilar kaya kuma yana aiki tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Jun 2004 |title=Official announcement of the passenger service: Revival of a direct link passenger service between Ostend and Ramsgate |url=http://www.portofoostende.be/news/detail2.asp?idnr=204 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607142258/http://www.portofoostende.be/news/detail2.asp?idnr=204 |archive-date=2008-06-07 |access-date=16 Jan 2009 |website=Port of Oostende}}</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa gaba Oleander sau da yawa yana tafiya a kan Spain - Morocco a kan gajeren lokaci daga TEF zuwa Comarit ko FerriMaroc . <ref name="Ferrysite">{{Cite web |title=M/F Oleander |url=http://www.ferry-site.dk/ferry.php?id=7820497&lang=en |access-date=16 Jan 2009 |website=The ferry site}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ferry-site.dk/ferry.php?id=7820497&lang=en "M/F Oleander"]. </cite></ref> Lokacin da TEF ya shiga fatarar kuɗi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013 Oleander ya koma Acciona Trasmediterránea kuma ya tashi a kan hanyar Almeria zuwa Nador a matsayin M / F ''''Sher'''' . An sake sunan jirgin Sher don tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe zuwa wurin rushewa a Alang, Indiya kuma ya rushe a ƙarshen 2015.<ref name="Ferrysite" /> == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == * ''[[MS Anthi Marina]]''">Ruhun Kasuwanci na 'Yanci (1979) - ''Girman Kent'' (1987) - MS Anthi Marina (2006) - an soke shi: Satumba 2012. * Herald of Free Enterprise (1979) - ya rushe 6 Maris 1987 a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Zeebrugge - ya sake tashi, an sake masa suna zuwa Flushing Range don tafiya ta ƙarshe zuwa rushewa. An cire shi: 1988 == Manazarta == jroj92qgr65as9v5cr17mbtp0zipuri 862577 862576 2026-06-21T06:02:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 862577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} MS Pride of Free Enterprise wani sabis ne na RORO Fasinjoji da Jirgin RORO tsakanin Almeria da Nador a kan takardar shaidar lokaci ga mai ba da sabis na jirgin ruwa na Mutanen Espanya Acciona Trasmediterranea . Jirgin an kira shi M / F ''Oleander'' (2001-2013), P & ''P&OSL Picardy'' (1999-2001), Pride of Bruges (1987-1999) da Pride of Free Enterprise (1980-1987). FerriMaroc da Comarit ne ke sarrafa ta tsakanin 2010 da 2011 kuma a baya TransEuropa Ferries ne ke sarrafawa tsakanin Ramsgate da Ostend. TransEuropa Ferries ta mallaki jirgin tsakanin 2001 da 2013 kuma ta yi amfani da ita tsakanin 2001 da 2010 kafin ta sanya ta a kan takardar shaidar. An cire ta a Alang a ƙarshen 2015 a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Sher'' . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Channel_Ferry_PRIDE_OF_BRUGES.jpg|left|thumb|''Girman Bruges'' a 1993]] Pride of Free Enterprise an gina ta ne ta hanyar Schichau Unterweser AG don sabis na Jirgin ruwa na Turai tsakanin Dover da Calais, da farko ya shiga aiki tare da su a cikin 1980. <ref name="Ferrysite">{{Cite web |title=M/F Oleander |url=http://www.ferry-site.dk/ferry.php?id=7820497&lang=en |access-date=16 Jan 2009 |website=The ferry site}}</ref> A cikin 1987 P&O European Ferries ta sayi European Ferries; a cikin wannan shekarar 'yar uwarta, Herald of Free Enterprise ta rushe a waje da Zeebrugge. A sakamakon wadannan abubuwan biyu, an sake sunan Pride of Free Enterprise Pride of Bruges a karkashin wani aikin sake fasalin da P&O ta yi biyo bayan mummunar tallace-tallace na bala'in Herald of Free Enterprise . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trans Europa Ferries - Oleander |url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/TEF.html#anchor140132 |access-date=16 Jan 2009 |website=Simplon Postcards}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tef_oleander_ostend.JPG|left|thumb|MS ''Oleander'' yana kusantar Ostend]] A cikin 1998 P&O European Ferries ta haɗu da hanyoyin gajeren teku tare da Stena Line don samar da P&amp;amp;O Stena Line. A sakamakon wannan haɗuwa an sake sanya wa jiragen suna, a wannan lokacin an sake sunan jirgin zuwa ''P&OSL Picardy''.<ref name="Ferrysite" /> A cikin 2000 an kwantar da ''P&OSL Picardy'' har sai an sayar da shi, daga ƙarshe an sayar da ita ga Transeuropa Ferries . <ref name="Ferrysite" /> Transeuropa Ferries ya sake ba da sunan jirgin ''Oleander'' kuma ya gabatar da sabis na jigilar kaya kawai tsakanin Ramsgate da Ostend wanda ya fara a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2002. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 20 ga Yulin 2004 ''Larkspur'' ta haɗu da Oleander don samar da sabis na hadin gwiwa na fasinja / jigilar kaya kuma yana aiki tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Jun 2004 |title=Official announcement of the passenger service: Revival of a direct link passenger service between Ostend and Ramsgate |url=http://www.portofoostende.be/news/detail2.asp?idnr=204 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607142258/http://www.portofoostende.be/news/detail2.asp?idnr=204 |archive-date=2008-06-07 |access-date=16 Jan 2009 |website=Port of Oostende}}</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa gaba Oleander sau da yawa yana tafiya a kan Spain - Morocco a kan gajeren lokaci daga TEF zuwa Comarit ko FerriMaroc . <ref name="Ferrysite">{{Cite web |title=M/F Oleander |url=http://www.ferry-site.dk/ferry.php?id=7820497&lang=en |access-date=16 Jan 2009 |website=The ferry site}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ferry-site.dk/ferry.php?id=7820497&lang=en "M/F Oleander"]. </cite></ref> Lokacin da TEF ya shiga fatarar kuɗi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013 Oleander ya koma Acciona Trasmediterránea kuma ya tashi a kan hanyar Almeria zuwa Nador a matsayin M / F ''''Sher'''' . An sake sunan jirgin Sher don tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe zuwa wurin rushewa a Alang, Indiya kuma ya rushe a ƙarshen 2015.<ref name="Ferrysite" /> == Jiragen ruwa 'yan uwa == * ''[[MS Anthi Marina]]''">Ruhun Kasuwanci na 'Yanci (1979) - ''Girman Kent'' (1987) - MS Anthi Marina (2006) - an soke shi: Satumba 2012. * Herald of Free Enterprise (1979) - ya rushe 6 Maris 1987 a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Zeebrugge - ya sake tashi, an sake masa suna zuwa Flushing Range don tafiya ta ƙarshe zuwa rushewa. An cire shi: 1988 == Manazarta == j39b5b51vz5eex8rcmq15lisg9qv2e6 0 159014 862579 2026-06-21T06:04:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315086072|Haplochromis dichrourus]]" 862579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|status=PE|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Witte, F. |author2=de Zeeuw, M.P. |author3=Brooks, E. |date=2010 |title=''Haplochromis dichrourus'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T185831A8487229 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T185831A8487229.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Haplochromis dichrourus|authority=[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1922|synonyms=* ''Prognathochromis dichrourus'' <small>(Regan, 1922)</small>}} '''''Haplochromis dichrourus''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]], amma ba a gan shi ba tun 1986. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 18.6 centimeters (7.3 in) SL. Yana iya zama ya ƙare, amma IUCN ta kiyaye shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai a cikin ƙaramin damar da ƙaramin - amma a halin yanzu ba a sani ba - yawan jama'a ya tsira. == Manazarta == 3sp8sgk0ymgn0599luz66bc0zqn9pmb 862580 862579 2026-06-21T06:05:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 862580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Haplochromis dichrourus''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Victoria]], amma ba a gan shi ba tun 1986. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 18.6 centimeters (7.3 in) SL. Yana iya zama ya ƙare, amma IUCN ta kiyaye shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai a cikin ƙaramin damar da ƙaramin - amma a halin yanzu ba a sani ba - yawan jama'a ya tsira.<ref> Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Haplochromis dichrourus". FishBase. February 2013 version</ref> == Manazarta == nqnwqqdde195n75d8si77rhni3hl96c 0 159015 862581 2026-06-21T06:07:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324513712|Monte Trigo]]" 862581 wikitext text/x-wiki Monte Trigo ita ce mafi yammacin zama a tsibirin Santo Antão, Cape Verde . Tana kan tekun, a ƙarƙashin Tope de Coroa, dutse mafi girma a tsibirin. Yana da nisan kilomita 28 a yammacin babban birnin tsibirin Porto Novo . A shekara ta 2010 yawan jama'arta ya kai 274. Kimanin kilomita 5 zuwa arewa maso yamma shine Ponta do Chão de Mangrade, mafi yammacin Afirka (tare da babban yankin da tsibirai). == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2ewg95cixn070mrrhpdy2ua6t61jr27 862582 862581 2026-06-21T06:07:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 862582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Monte Trigo''' ita ce mafi yammacin zama a tsibirin Santo Antão, Cape Verde . Tana kan tekun, a ƙarƙashin Tope de Coroa, dutse mafi girma a tsibirin. Yana da nisan kilomita 28 a yammacin babban birnin tsibirin Porto Novo . A shekara ta 2010 yawan jama'arta ya kai 274. Kimanin kilomita 5 zuwa arewa maso yamma shine Ponta do Chão de Mangrade, mafi yammacin Afirka (tare da babban yankin da tsibirai).<ref>"2010 Census results". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016.</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ki2xthb2g9z57kls7yi3t980yzmhzzx 0 159016 862583 2026-06-21T06:10:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339210349|Pedra Badejo]]" 862583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pedra Badejo''' birni ne {{Cvt|15|km}} a gabashin tsibirin Santiago, Cape Verde . Yana kan gabar gabas, {{Cvt|25|km}} km (16 arewacin babban birnin tsibirin Praia, {{Cvt|8|km}} kudu maso gabashin Calheta de São Miguel da 15 mi) gabashin Assomada. Shi ne wurin zama na gari na Santa Cruz. A ƙidayar shekara ta 2010, garin yana da mazauna 9,859. [[Fayil:PedraBadejoPorto.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi game da tashar jiragen ruwa.]] == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1971, Pedra Badejo ya zama wani ɓangare na sabon gari na Santa Cruz kuma Pedra Badesjo ya zama wurin zama. A shekara ta 2010, an ba garin Pedra Badejo matsayin birni. == Yanayin birni == Akwai shaguna da yawa a Main Street da kuma Market Place. Masu tafiya da yawa daga Praia suna ziyartar rairayin bakin teku wanda ke kusa da tsakiyar birnin. Tsohon cibiyar kiwon lafiya kusa da rairayin bakin teku an canza shi zuwa otal. Pedra Badejo tana da karamin tashar kamun kifi da akalla majami'u biyar: Cocin Katolika na zamani yana cikin sabon, ɓangaren sama na birnin, kuma ƙaramin Cocin Sabon Apostolic yana cikin Main Street. Cocin Presbyterian, Cocin Nazarene, da cocin Baptist suma suna hidima ga al'umma. Kudu maso gabashin birnin shine Lagoas de Pedra Badejo, wani muhimmin yanki mai laushi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedra Badejo Lagoons |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6141 |publisher=BoirdLife indernational}}</ref> Birnin yana kewaye da ƙasar da ake [[Ruwa mai ban ruwa|ban ruwa]]. An shimfiɗa tafkin wucin gadi (''[[Barragem na Poilão]]'') tsakanin ƙauyukan Poilão da Levada tare da madatsar ruwa wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 2006. Wannan tafkin yana da damar cubic mita miliyan 1.7 wanda ke yin ban ruwa na 64 ha na ƙasa wanda ya dace da kusan gonaki 100 masu yiwuwa. China ce ta biya kuma ta shirya ginin madatsar ruwa ta farko ta Cape Verde. Akwai wani bayani pavilion a Kudancin tafkin wucin gadi inda za'a iya lura da wasu tsuntsaye masu ban mamaki. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 |5,302 |- |2000 |8,492 |- |2010 |9,859 |} == Sufuri == Hanyar ƙasa daga Praia zuwa Tarrafal ta hanyar Calheta de São Miguel (EN1-ST02) ta ratsa Pedra Badejo . Ana ba da sabis na Minibus (yasi ko hilux) a Pedra Badejo kuma suna haɗa biranen Praia da Tarrafal. Yana da kusan kilomita 30 daga Filin jirgin saman Nelson Mandela da kilomita 33 daga tashar jirgin ruwa ta Praia.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Shahararrun mutane == * Lito, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa (ɗan wasan ƙwallaye), a halin yanzu manajan Sporting Praia * Djaniny, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Elida Almeida, mawaƙa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] ojx43q0bqle3wnzkm52ejw33ejaru26 862584 862583 2026-06-21T06:10:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 862584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pedra Badejo''' birni ne {{Cvt|15|km}} a gabashin tsibirin Santiago, Cape Verde . Yana kan gabar gabas, {{Cvt|25|km}} km (16 arewacin babban birnin tsibirin Praia, {{Cvt|8|km}} kudu maso gabashin Calheta de São Miguel da 15 mi) gabashin Assomada. Shi ne wurin zama na gari na Santa Cruz. A ƙidayar shekara ta 2010, garin yana da mazauna 9,859. [[Fayil:PedraBadejoPorto.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi game da tashar jiragen ruwa.]] == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1971, Pedra Badejo ya zama wani ɓangare na sabon gari na Santa Cruz kuma Pedra Badesjo ya zama wurin zama. A shekara ta 2010, an ba garin Pedra Badejo matsayin birni. == Yanayin birni == Akwai shaguna da yawa a Main Street da kuma Market Place. Masu tafiya da yawa daga Praia suna ziyartar rairayin bakin teku wanda ke kusa da tsakiyar birnin. Tsohon cibiyar kiwon lafiya kusa da rairayin bakin teku an canza shi zuwa otal. Pedra Badejo tana da karamin tashar kamun kifi da akalla majami'u biyar: Cocin Katolika na zamani yana cikin sabon, ɓangaren sama na birnin, kuma ƙaramin Cocin Sabon Apostolic yana cikin Main Street. Cocin Presbyterian, Cocin Nazarene, da cocin Baptist suma suna hidima ga al'umma. Kudu maso gabashin birnin shine Lagoas de Pedra Badejo, wani muhimmin yanki mai laushi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedra Badejo Lagoons |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6141 |publisher=BoirdLife indernational}}</ref> Birnin yana kewaye da ƙasar da ake [[Ruwa mai ban ruwa|ban ruwa]]. An shimfiɗa tafkin wucin gadi (''[[Barragem na Poilão]]'') tsakanin ƙauyukan Poilão da Levada tare da madatsar ruwa wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 2006. Wannan tafkin yana da damar cubic mita miliyan 1.7 wanda ke yin ban ruwa na 64 ha na ƙasa wanda ya dace da kusan gonaki 100 masu yiwuwa. China ce ta biya kuma ta shirya ginin madatsar ruwa ta farko ta Cape Verde. Akwai wani bayani pavilion a Kudancin tafkin wucin gadi inda za'a iya lura da wasu tsuntsaye masu ban mamaki. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 |5,302 |- |2000 |8,492 |- |2010 |9,859 |} == Sufuri == Hanyar ƙasa daga Praia zuwa Tarrafal ta hanyar Calheta de São Miguel (EN1-ST02) ta ratsa Pedra Badejo . Ana ba da sabis na Minibus (yasi ko hilux) a Pedra Badejo kuma suna haɗa biranen Praia da Tarrafal. Yana da kusan kilomita 30 daga Filin jirgin saman Nelson Mandela da kilomita 33 daga tashar jirgin ruwa ta Praia.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Shahararrun mutane == * Lito, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa (ɗan wasan ƙwallaye), a halin yanzu manajan Sporting Praia * Djaniny, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Elida Almeida, mawaƙa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 5i8vyqgrd04xi2bjw19hjekepszzvev 0 159017 862585 2026-06-21T06:11:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355745581|Rinconada Bikol language]]" 862585 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Signage_using_Rinconada_Language.JPG|thumb|Alamar a cikin Turanci da Rinconada a cikin Baao; rubutun Rinconada yana nufin "biodegradable" da "ba-biodegratable"]] ''''''Rinconada''' Bikol''' ko kuma kawai Rinconada, wanda ake magana a lardin Camarines Sur, [[Filipin|Philippines]], yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna da yawa waɗanda suka hada da Inland Bikol (ko Southern Bicol) ƙungiyar Bikol macrolanguage. Yana cikin dangin yaren Austronesian wanda ya hada da mafi yawan Harsunan Philippine, [[Harsunan Formosan]] na asalin Taiwanese, [[Harshen Malay|Malay]], Harsunan Polynesia da Malagasy. Rinconada tana kewaye da kuma tana da siffofi na yau da kullun tare da sauran yarukan Bikol. Yana da iyaka da Coastal Bikol zuwa arewa, Buhinon zuwa gabas, da Yammacin Miraya yaren nan da nan zuwa kudu. Iyalan yaren da suka fi kusa da yankin Bicol sune [[Yaren Aklanon|Aklanon]], Waray-Waray, kuma zuwa ƙarami [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]], musamman bambance-bambance da aka yi amfani da su a Batangas da Marinduque. Rinconada Bikol kuma ana amfani da shi ta 'yan asalin Agta ({{Lang|bto|Ŋod}} don camaraderie) a cikin tsaunuka da ke kewaye da Dutsen Iriga (tsohon suna Dutsen Asog) kamar yadda yawancin su a yau suna da harshen. Mutanen Austronesian da suka yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasan Dutsen Asog daga ƙasan Nabua sun gabatar da yaren ga Negritos lokacin da suka fara gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Sakamakon haka, ya zama yaren asali na mutane da yawa, ya maye gurbin yarensu na asali da aka sani da "Inagta". Har ila yau an san shi ga masu ilimin harshe kamar Dutsen Iriga Agta, a halin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa harshe mai haɗari. An ce Inagta yana da 86% fahimta tare da Rinconada Bikol da kuma kamanceceniya na 76% .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ang A language of Philippines |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agz |access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> == Sunan == [[Fayil:Fifth_District_in_Camarines_Sur.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Gundumar majalisa ta 5 ta Camarines Sur]] Sunan ''Rinconada'' ya samo asali ne daga Gundumar Rinconada da ke Camarines Sur inda yaren ya samo asali, ya bunƙasa kuma ana yawan magana da shi. Duk da haka, ainihin asalin yadda aka bai wa yankin kalmar ''Rinconada'' kalmar har yanzu ba a fayyace ta ba. Shahararriyar hikima ta danganta sunan da cewa ya fito ne daga {{Lang|es|arrinconada}} [[Yaren Sifen|na Sipaniya.]], 'kusurwa', daga tushen ''rincón'', wanda ke nufin 'kusurwa ko ƙaramin yanki'. Mutanen Spain sun ba ''Rinconada'' ga sabon yankin da aka bincika kuma aka kafa a lokacin a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Tsibirin Luzon ; 'yan asalin ƙasar a da suna yankin ''Sumagang'' (Sumagaŋ), ma'ana 'gabas mai nisa'. Ƙara tabbaci ga ka'idar asalin Mutanen Espanya shine yankunan La Rinconada a Spain da La Rinconada a [[Chile]], wanda kuma tsohon mulkin mallaka ne na Mutanen Espanya. Harshen ya kasu kashi biyu kuma an raba shi zuwa bambance-bambance shida: === Sinabukid (harshe na tsaunuka) === (Ƙarfin magana, shimfidar sauti kawai, kuma tare da {{IPA|/[[ə]]/}}) * Bambancin shekara * Bambancin Iriga === Sinaranəw (harshe na bakin teku) === (Maganar taushi tare da nau'ikan sauti daban-daban, kuma ba tare da {{IPA|/ə/}} ba) * Nabua - Bambancin Balatan * Bambancin Baao * Bambancin Bula - Pili * Bambancin Bato === Bambancin yaren === {| class="wikitable" !Bambancin Iriga Harshe na Highland<br /> !Harshe na Agta<br /> !Nabua - Bambancin Balatan<br /> !Harshe na Bato<br /> !Harshe na Baao<br /> !Bula - Bambancin Pili Lakeside<br /> !Fassarar Bikol ta Tsakiya !Fassarar Filipino / [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]] !Fassarar Turanci |- |{{Lang|bto|Namāmaɣəw iyā sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ ədâ pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}} |{{Lang|bto|Namāmaɣəw iyā sadtō '''iris''' ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ ədâ pa ka '''katbag''' adtoŋ umā nirā.}} |{{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow 'yā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}} |{{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow''' iyā sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku '''akos''' niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}} |{{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow siyā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo '''jāday''' ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā '''nindā'''.}} |{{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow siyā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo '''dayday''' ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā '''nindā'''.}} |{{Lang|bcl|Namamahaw siya duman sa gilid nin salog kan mabaretaan niyang inarado giraray kan aki niya an daga, dawa dai pa nin tubig itong uma ninda.}} |{{Lang|fil|Nag-aalmusal siya sa may tabí ng ilog nang mabalitaan niyang inararo mulî ng kaniyang anák ang lupà, kahit walâ pang tubig ang kaniláng bukirín.}} |Yana cin karin kumallo a bakin kogi lokacin da ya ji labarin cewa ɗansa ya sake noma ƙasar, duk da cewa gonar shinkafa ba ta da ruwa har yanzu. |} == Manazarta == atw8ujz8ryxe6obwnxl0yd6ca2wkuho 862586 862585 2026-06-21T06:12:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 862586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Signage_using_Rinconada_Language.JPG|thumb|Alamar a cikin Turanci da Rinconada a cikin Baao; rubutun Rinconada yana nufin "biodegradable" da "ba-biodegratable"]] ''''''Rinconada''' Bikol''' ko kuma kawai Rinconada, wanda ake magana a lardin Camarines Sur, [[Filipin|Philippines]], yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna da yawa waɗanda suka hada da Inland Bikol (ko Southern Bicol) ƙungiyar Bikol macrolanguage. Yana cikin dangin yaren Austronesian wanda ya hada da mafi yawan Harsunan Philippine, [[Harsunan Formosan]] na asalin Taiwanese, [[Harshen Malay|Malay]], Harsunan Polynesia da Malagasy. Rinconada tana kewaye da kuma tana da siffofi na yau da kullun tare da sauran yarukan Bikol. Yana da iyaka da Coastal Bikol zuwa arewa, Buhinon zuwa gabas, da Yammacin Miraya yaren nan da nan zuwa kudu. Iyalan yaren da suka fi kusa da yankin Bicol sune [[Yaren Aklanon|Aklanon]], Waray-Waray, kuma zuwa ƙarami [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]], musamman bambance-bambance da aka yi amfani da su a Batangas da Marinduque. Rinconada Bikol kuma ana amfani da shi ta 'yan asalin Agta ({{Lang|bto|Ŋod}} don camaraderie) a cikin tsaunuka da ke kewaye da Dutsen Iriga (tsohon suna Dutsen Asog) kamar yadda yawancin su a yau suna da harshen. Mutanen Austronesian da suka yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasan Dutsen Asog daga ƙasan Nabua sun gabatar da yaren ga Negritos lokacin da suka fara gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Sakamakon haka, ya zama yaren asali na mutane da yawa, ya maye gurbin yarensu na asali da aka sani da "Inagta". Har ila yau an san shi ga masu ilimin harshe kamar Dutsen Iriga Agta, a halin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa harshe mai haɗari. An ce Inagta yana da 86% fahimta tare da Rinconada Bikol da kuma kamanceceniya na 76% .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ang A language of Philippines |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agz |access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> == Sunan == [[Fayil:Fifth_District_in_Camarines_Sur.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Gundumar majalisa ta 5 ta Camarines Sur]] Sunan ''Rinconada'' ya samo asali ne daga Gundumar Rinconada da ke Camarines Sur inda yaren ya samo asali, ya bunƙasa kuma ana yawan magana da shi. Duk da haka, ainihin asalin yadda aka bai wa yankin kalmar ''Rinconada'' kalmar har yanzu ba a fayyace ta ba. Shahararriyar hikima ta danganta sunan da cewa ya fito ne daga {{Lang|es|arrinconada}} [[Yaren Sifen|na Sipaniya.]], 'kusurwa', daga tushen ''rincón'', wanda ke nufin 'kusurwa ko ƙaramin yanki'. Mutanen Spain sun ba ''Rinconada'' ga sabon yankin da aka bincika kuma aka kafa a lokacin a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Tsibirin Luzon ; 'yan asalin ƙasar a da suna yankin ''Sumagang'' (Sumagaŋ), ma'ana 'gabas mai nisa'. Ƙara tabbaci ga ka'idar asalin Mutanen Espanya shine yankunan La Rinconada a Spain da La Rinconada a [[Chile]], wanda kuma tsohon mulkin mallaka ne na Mutanen Espanya. Harshen ya kasu kashi biyu kuma an raba shi zuwa bambance-bambance shida: === Sinabukid (harshe na tsaunuka) === (Ƙarfin magana, shimfidar sauti kawai, kuma tare da {{IPA|/[[ə]]/}}) * Bambancin shekara * Bambancin Iriga === Sinaranəw (harshe na bakin teku) === (Maganar taushi tare da nau'ikan sauti daban-daban, kuma ba tare da {{IPA|/ə/}} ba) * Nabua - Bambancin Balatan * Bambancin Baao * Bambancin Bula - Pili * Bambancin Bato === Bambancin yaren === {| class="wikitable" !Bambancin Iriga Harshe na Highland<br /> !Harshe na Agta<br /> !Nabua - Bambancin Balatan<br /> !Harshe na Bato<br /> !Harshe na Baao<br /> !Bula - Bambancin Pili Lakeside<br /> !Fassarar Bikol ta Tsakiya !Fassarar Filipino / [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]] !Fassarar Turanci |- |{{Lang|bto|Namāmaɣəw iyā sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ ədâ pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}} |{{Lang|bto|Namāmaɣəw iyā sadtō '''iris''' ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ ədâ pa ka '''katbag''' adtoŋ umā nirā.}} |{{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow 'yā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}} |{{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow''' iyā sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo naŋgad ku '''akos''' niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā nirā.}} |{{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow siyā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo '''jāday''' ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā '''nindā'''.}} |{{Lang|bto|'''Namāmaɣow siyā''' sadtō gilid ka sālog ku nabaretāan niyā na inarādo '''dayday''' ku igin niyā su ragâ, dāwâ '''udâ''' pa ka tubig adtoŋ umā '''nindā'''.}} |{{Lang|bcl|Namamahaw siya duman sa gilid nin salog kan mabaretaan niyang inarado giraray kan aki niya an daga, dawa dai pa nin tubig itong uma ninda.}} |{{Lang|fil|Nag-aalmusal siya sa may tabí ng ilog nang mabalitaan niyang inararo mulî ng kaniyang anák ang lupà, kahit walâ pang tubig ang kaniláng bukirín.}} |Yana cin karin kumallo a bakin kogi lokacin da ya ji labarin cewa ɗansa ya sake noma ƙasar, duk da cewa gonar shinkafa ba ta da ruwa har yanzu. |} == Manazarta == hnch6bgy1apez0gxfkbv6vtx9hm9s6f 0 159018 862589 2026-06-21T06:24:32Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355893798|United Kingdom involvement in the 2026 Iran war]]" 862589 wikitext text/x-wiki Tun daga farkon [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|yakin Iran na 2026]] a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 2026{{Spaces}}A watan Fabrairu, lokacin da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Isra'ila]] suka kai hare-hare ta sama a fadin [[Iran]], [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ta harbo jiragen sama marasa matuki na Iran da makamai masu linzami a kan kasashen da ke kawance a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da [[Qatar]], [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], da [[Jodan|Jordan]] . Bayan wani jirgin sama mara matuki ya kai hari kan sansanin sojojin Birtaniya da ke Cyprus, Birtaniya ta tura karin kadarori na soja zuwa tsibirin kuma ta fara mayar da jirgin HMS mai lalata jiragen sama. Dragon zuwa Gabashin Bahar Rum . Yayin da rikicin ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin, Birtaniya ta sanar da ƙoƙarin kwashe 300,000 da ke hannunta{{Spaces}}'yan ƙasa a yankin. Kafin hare-haren farko na Amurka da Isra'ila, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Keir Starmer ya musanta bukatar shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] na amfani da sansanonin sojin Burtaniya. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, Amurka ta yi barazanar kai hari kan Isra'ila.&nbsp;A watan Maris, Starmer ya amince da buƙatar Amurka ta yi amfani da sansanonin Birtaniya don kai hare-hare kan ƙarfin Iran; duk da haka, ƙin amincewa da shi na farko ya haifar da rashin jituwa da Trump. Jami'an Cyprus sun kuma soki Birtaniya saboda gazawarta wajen yi musu gargaɗi ko hana harin jirgin sama mara matuki. Jam'iyyun adawa na cikin gida sun soki Starmer. Shugabannin Jam'iyyar Conservative da Reform UK sun kira Starmer mara yanke shawara kuma ba ya goyon bayan Amurka yadda ya kamata, yayin da shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats ya yi gargaɗi game da ci gaba da shiga cikin yankin, kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Green Party ya yi kira da a kawo ƙarshen goyon bayan Birtaniya ga Isra'ila da kuma Birtaniya ta sake tunani game da kawancen soja na dogon lokaci da Amurka. == Bayani == [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026]] ya fara ne a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba&nbsp;A watan Fabrairun 2026, lokacin da Amurka da Isra'ila suka kai hare-hare ta sama kan Iran, ciki har da [[Kashe Ali Khamenei|kisan gillar]] da aka yi wa Jagoran Addini [[Ali Khamenei]] da [[Jerin jami'an Iran da aka kashe a lokacin yakin Iran na 2026|sauran manyan shugabannin Iran]] . A martanin da suka mayar, Iran ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya da jiragen sama marasa matuki a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da wuraren soji da fararen hula a Isra'ila da kasashen yankin Tekun Farisa . <ref name="Parker">{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Charlie |date=2 March 2026 |title=Could the UK go to war with Iran? Britain's situation explained |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/defence/article/is-uk-war-iran-news-today-lhbgshz9s |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=[[The Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Burtaniya da Amurka suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da kud da kuma ta soja . <ref name="AP News">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2026 |title=How Trump's anger with Starmer over Iran may rattle the US-UK 'special relationship' |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-starmer-us-uk-special-relationship-iran-2b5be4d200f7c0b081f9f5a59f260efc |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Kafin rikicin, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Keir Starmer da shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] sun kulla dangantaka mai karfi. <ref name="AP News" /> A matsayinsu na kawayen Amurka, Birtaniya makiyin Iran ne. h85jus5jve10xnt4k9d99bmix06jthz 862591 862589 2026-06-21T06:25:25Z Dev ammar 21046 862591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databbox}} Tun daga farkon [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|yakin Iran na 2026]] a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 2026{{Spaces}}A watan Fabrairu, lokacin da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Isra'ila]] suka kai hare-hare ta sama a fadin [[Iran]], [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ta harbo jiragen sama marasa matuki na Iran da makamai masu linzami a kan kasashen da ke kawance a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da [[Qatar]], [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], da [[Jodan|Jordan]] . Bayan wani jirgin sama mara matuki ya kai hari kan sansanin sojojin Birtaniya da ke Cyprus, Birtaniya ta tura karin kadarori na soja zuwa tsibirin kuma ta fara mayar da jirgin HMS mai lalata jiragen sama. Dragon zuwa Gabashin Bahar Rum . Yayin da rikicin ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin, Birtaniya ta sanar da ƙoƙarin kwashe 300,000 da ke hannunta{{Spaces}}'yan ƙasa a yankin. Kafin hare-haren farko na Amurka da Isra'ila, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Keir Starmer ya musanta bukatar shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] na amfani da sansanonin sojin Burtaniya. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, Amurka ta yi barazanar kai hari kan Isra'ila.&nbsp;A watan Maris, Starmer ya amince da buƙatar Amurka ta yi amfani da sansanonin Birtaniya don kai hare-hare kan ƙarfin Iran; duk da haka, ƙin amincewa da shi na farko ya haifar da rashin jituwa da Trump. Jami'an Cyprus sun kuma soki Birtaniya saboda gazawarta wajen yi musu gargaɗi ko hana harin jirgin sama mara matuki. Jam'iyyun adawa na cikin gida sun soki Starmer. Shugabannin Jam'iyyar Conservative da Reform UK sun kira Starmer mara yanke shawara kuma ba ya goyon bayan Amurka yadda ya kamata, yayin da shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats ya yi gargaɗi game da ci gaba da shiga cikin yankin, kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Green Party ya yi kira da a kawo ƙarshen goyon bayan Birtaniya ga Isra'ila da kuma Birtaniya ta sake tunani game da kawancen soja na dogon lokaci da Amurka. == Bayani == [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026]] ya fara ne a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba&nbsp;A watan Fabrairun 2026, lokacin da Amurka da Isra'ila suka kai hare-hare ta sama kan Iran, ciki har da [[Kashe Ali Khamenei|kisan gillar]] da aka yi wa Jagoran Addini [[Ali Khamenei]] da [[Jerin jami'an Iran da aka kashe a lokacin yakin Iran na 2026|sauran manyan shugabannin Iran]] . A martanin da suka mayar, Iran ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya da jiragen sama marasa matuki a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da wuraren soji da fararen hula a Isra'ila da kasashen yankin Tekun Farisa . <ref name="Parker">{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Charlie |date=2 March 2026 |title=Could the UK go to war with Iran? Britain's situation explained |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/defence/article/is-uk-war-iran-news-today-lhbgshz9s |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=[[The Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Burtaniya da Amurka suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da kud da kuma ta soja . <ref name="AP News">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2026 |title=How Trump's anger with Starmer over Iran may rattle the US-UK 'special relationship' |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-starmer-us-uk-special-relationship-iran-2b5be4d200f7c0b081f9f5a59f260efc |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Kafin rikicin, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Keir Starmer da shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] sun kulla dangantaka mai karfi. <ref name="AP News" /> A matsayinsu na kawayen Amurka, Birtaniya makiyin Iran ne. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} hmol93r3mp315yqbgzeo0khdzg7tp7k 862592 862591 2026-06-21T06:26:14Z Dev ammar 21046 862592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tun daga farkon [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|yakin Iran na 2026]] a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 2026{{Spaces}}A watan Fabrairu, lokacin da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Isra'ila]] suka kai hare-hare ta sama a fadin [[Iran]], [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ta harbo jiragen sama marasa matuki na Iran da makamai masu linzami a kan kasashen da ke kawance a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da [[Qatar]], [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], da [[Jodan|Jordan]] . Bayan wani jirgin sama mara matuki ya kai hari kan sansanin sojojin Birtaniya da ke Cyprus, Birtaniya ta tura karin kadarori na soja zuwa tsibirin kuma ta fara mayar da jirgin HMS mai lalata jiragen sama. Dragon zuwa Gabashin Bahar Rum . Yayin da rikicin ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin, Birtaniya ta sanar da ƙoƙarin kwashe 300,000 da ke hannunta{{Spaces}}'yan ƙasa a yankin. Kafin hare-haren farko na Amurka da Isra'ila, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Keir Starmer ya musanta bukatar shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] na amfani da sansanonin sojin Burtaniya. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, Amurka ta yi barazanar kai hari kan Isra'ila.&nbsp;A watan Maris, Starmer ya amince da buƙatar Amurka ta yi amfani da sansanonin Birtaniya don kai hare-hare kan ƙarfin Iran; duk da haka, ƙin amincewa da shi na farko ya haifar da rashin jituwa da Trump. Jami'an Cyprus sun kuma soki Birtaniya saboda gazawarta wajen yi musu gargaɗi ko hana harin jirgin sama mara matuki. Jam'iyyun adawa na cikin gida sun soki Starmer. Shugabannin Jam'iyyar Conservative da Reform UK sun kira Starmer mara yanke shawara kuma ba ya goyon bayan Amurka yadda ya kamata, yayin da shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats ya yi gargaɗi game da ci gaba da shiga cikin yankin, kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Green Party ya yi kira da a kawo ƙarshen goyon bayan Birtaniya ga Isra'ila da kuma Birtaniya ta sake tunani game da kawancen soja na dogon lokaci da Amurka. == Bayani == [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026]] ya fara ne a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba&nbsp;A watan Fabrairun 2026, lokacin da Amurka da Isra'ila suka kai hare-hare ta sama kan Iran, ciki har da [[Kashe Ali Khamenei|kisan gillar]] da aka yi wa Jagoran Addini [[Ali Khamenei]] da [[Jerin jami'an Iran da aka kashe a lokacin yakin Iran na 2026|sauran manyan shugabannin Iran]] . A martanin da suka mayar, Iran ta kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya da jiragen sama marasa matuki a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da wuraren soji da fararen hula a Isra'ila da kasashen yankin Tekun Farisa . <ref name="Parker">{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Charlie |date=2 March 2026 |title=Could the UK go to war with Iran? Britain's situation explained |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/defence/article/is-uk-war-iran-news-today-lhbgshz9s |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=[[The Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Burtaniya da Amurka suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da kud da kuma ta soja . <ref name="AP News">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2026 |title=How Trump's anger with Starmer over Iran may rattle the US-UK 'special relationship' |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-starmer-us-uk-special-relationship-iran-2b5be4d200f7c0b081f9f5a59f260efc |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Kafin rikicin, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Keir Starmer da shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] sun kulla dangantaka mai karfi. <ref name="AP News" /> A matsayinsu na kawayen Amurka, Birtaniya makiyin Iran ne. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} gfmmdsdqr8vio02tvhgz57d5tnym6zv 0 159019 862594 2026-06-21T06:31:48Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1170197810|St. Joseph Atoll]]" 862594 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saint Joseph Atoll''' wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar Tsibirin Amirante, waɗanda ke cikin tsibiran murjani na Tsibiran [[Seychelles]] da ƙasar. Atoll ɗin yana kudu maso yammacin tarin duwatsu masu daraja na Inner Seychelles, tare da nisan mil 248.&nbsp;kilomita kudu da [[Biktoriya|Victoria, Seychelles]] . == Tarihi == An gano tarin atom ɗin a shekarar 1770 ta hannun matuƙan jiragen ruwa na Turai. ; Atola mai zaman kansa A shekarar 1960, tsibirin ya zama mallakar wani dangin Seychelles, waɗanda suka gina gonar kwakwa a babban tsibirin St. Joseph. ; Kare yanayi A watan Agusta na 2012 an bayyana cewa an sayar da toll ɗin, tare da D'Arros Island, akan dala miliyan 60, don a kula da shi ta hanyar Gidauniyar [[Save Our Seas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2012 |title=The D'Arros Group of Island becomes a natural reserve managed by Save our Seas Foundation |url=http://features.saveourseas.com/darros-and-st-joseph-reserve/ |publisher=Save Our Seas Foundation}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Saint Joseph Atoll yana da nisan {{Convert|2.3|km|mi}} gabas da gabashin Tsibirin D'Arros, amma yanki ne daban na ƙasa, wanda ya raba da {{Convert|60|-|62|m|ft}} zurfin ruwa na tsawon {{Convert|1|km|mi}} babban hanyar sadarwa, wadda ta fi zurfi fiye da yawancin Bankin Amirantes. Yankin ƙasar Atoll ya mamaye {{Convert|1.21|km2|mi2}} . Babban tsibirin Saint Joseph yana da siffar wata mai siffar murjani, mai faɗi da yashi mai launin shuɗi, {{Convert|2.2|km|mi}} tsayi kuma tare da matsakaicin {{Convert|0.4|km|mi}} faɗi, kuma babu inda ya fi {{Convert|3|m|ft}} . Tsawon bishiyoyin yana da kimanin mita 24. === Gefen teku masu launin murjani === Atoll yana tsaye a kan wani yanki mai kama da murjani mai kama da juna, tare da matsakaicin girmansa na {{Convert|6.6|km|mi}} da {{Convert|4.4|km|mi}} . Jimillar yankinsa shine 22.53&nbsp;km ², wanda 11.74&nbsp;^km2 ya ƙunshi faɗin gefen teku, 4.8&nbsp;kilomita ² na tafkin cikin gida, kuma 1.39 kawai&nbsp;kilomita ² na faɗin ƙasar dukkan tsibiran. Zurfin 500&nbsp;m an samu 1.5 kawai&nbsp;kilomita 1000 a gabas da gefen teku,&nbsp;kilomita ɗaya gaba gabas. === Tafki === Ruwan da ke kewaye da shi ya mamaye tafkin gaba ɗaya. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, yana malala a kan wani ƙaramin rami, ''Passe Lerein Fin'', a ƙarshen yammacinsa. Ruwan yana da zurfin mita 6.4. Sauran sautin suna kama daga mita 2.1 zuwa 3.7. Baya ga faɗinsa na musamman, an rufe raƙuman ruwa na gefe (banda a gefen yamma) da yashi mai motsi. Takardun yashi masu ratsawa suna ratsa gefen tafkin a gefensa na iska, wanda aka yi masa alama da yashi mai layi mara motsi. Babu raƙuman ruwa masu girma a cikin tafkin. dqbaz6wshba1recxkpljn2muub60jlg 862596 862594 2026-06-21T06:32:32Z Dev ammar 21046 862596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saint Joseph Atoll''' wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar Tsibirin Amirante, waɗanda ke cikin tsibiran murjani na Tsibiran [[Seychelles]] da ƙasar. Atoll ɗin yana kudu maso yammacin tarin duwatsu masu daraja na Inner Seychelles, tare da nisan mil 248.&nbsp;kilomita kudu da [[Biktoriya|Victoria, Seychelles]] . == Tarihi == An gano tarin atom ɗin a shekarar 1770 ta hannun matuƙan jiragen ruwa na Turai. ; Atola mai zaman kansa A shekarar 1960, tsibirin ya zama mallakar wani dangin Seychelles, waɗanda suka gina gonar kwakwa a babban tsibirin St. Joseph. ; Kare yanayi A watan Agusta na 2012 an bayyana cewa an sayar da toll ɗin, tare da D'Arros Island, akan dala miliyan 60, don a kula da shi ta hanyar Gidauniyar [[Save Our Seas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2012 |title=The D'Arros Group of Island becomes a natural reserve managed by Save our Seas Foundation |url=http://features.saveourseas.com/darros-and-st-joseph-reserve/ |publisher=Save Our Seas Foundation}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Saint Joseph Atoll yana da nisan {{Convert|2.3|km|mi}} gabas da gabashin Tsibirin D'Arros, amma yanki ne daban na ƙasa, wanda ya raba da {{Convert|60|-|62|m|ft}} zurfin ruwa na tsawon {{Convert|1|km|mi}} babban hanyar sadarwa, wadda ta fi zurfi fiye da yawancin Bankin Amirantes. Yankin ƙasar Atoll ya mamaye {{Convert|1.21|km2|mi2}} . Babban tsibirin Saint Joseph yana da siffar wata mai siffar murjani, mai faɗi da yashi mai launin shuɗi, {{Convert|2.2|km|mi}} tsayi kuma tare da matsakaicin {{Convert|0.4|km|mi}} faɗi, kuma babu inda ya fi {{Convert|3|m|ft}} . Tsawon bishiyoyin yana da kimanin mita 24. === Gefen teku masu launin murjani === Atoll yana tsaye a kan wani yanki mai kama da murjani mai kama da juna, tare da matsakaicin girmansa na {{Convert|6.6|km|mi}} da {{Convert|4.4|km|mi}} . Jimillar yankinsa shine 22.53&nbsp;km ², wanda 11.74&nbsp;^km2 ya ƙunshi faɗin gefen teku, 4.8&nbsp;kilomita ² na tafkin cikin gida, kuma 1.39 kawai&nbsp;kilomita ² na faɗin ƙasar dukkan tsibiran. Zurfin 500&nbsp;m an samu 1.5 kawai&nbsp;kilomita 1000 a gabas da gefen teku,&nbsp;kilomita ɗaya gaba gabas. === Tafki === Ruwan da ke kewaye da shi ya mamaye tafkin gaba ɗaya. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, yana malala a kan wani ƙaramin rami, ''Passe Lerein Fin'', a ƙarshen yammacinsa. Ruwan yana da zurfin mita 6.4. Sauran sautin suna kama daga mita 2.1 zuwa 3.7. Baya ga faɗinsa na musamman, an rufe raƙuman ruwa na gefe (banda a gefen yamma) da yashi mai motsi. Takardun yashi masu ratsawa suna ratsa gefen tafkin a gefensa na iska, wanda aka yi masa alama da yashi mai layi mara motsi. Babu raƙuman ruwa masu girma a cikin tafkin. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 18ma4nrnv3te6brnmjvbgmmumioc0o7 0 159020 862598 2026-06-21T06:37:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359942910|Ben Nwankwo]]" 862598 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Nnebedum Nwankwo''' (an haife shi 27 ga watan Satumba 1965) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] sau uku.12.......from 1972 to 1977. He proceeded to St Michael College, [[:en:Nimo,_Nigeria|Nimo]] in 1977 and obtained his SSCE in 1982. He was admitted into [[:en:Federal_Polytechnic,_Oko|Federal Polytechnic, Oko]] where he acquired his OND and HND in 1985 and 1988 respectively in [[:en:Mass_communication|mass communication]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ben ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Jama'a a Akpu, [[Orumba ta Kudu]] daga 1972 zuwa 1977. Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin St Michael, [[Nimo, Najeriya|Nimo]] a 1977 kuma ya sami SSCE a 1982. An shigar da shi cikin Federal Polytechnic, Oko inda ya sami OND da HND a cikin 1985 da 1988 bi da bi a cikin sadarwa ta jama'a. Ben ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a shekara ta 2004, digirinsa na biyu da digiri a cikin gwamnati da karatun kananan hukumomi daga wannan jami'ar a shekara ta 2018. == Ayyuka == Ben ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin siyasa ga ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' . Daga baya Bentex Communications ta yi masa aiki a Legas. Ben ya fara aiki a matsayin PA ga Gwamna [[Chukwuemeka Ezeife]] na Jihar Anambra a shekarar 1991. A lokacin mulkin [[Mbadinuju]], ya kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman daga 1999 zuwa 2000, sannan daga baya a matsayin Kwamishinan ayyuka da sufuri daga 2001 zuwa 2002. Daga 2002 zuwa 2003, ya kasance Kwamishinan Kudi da kasafin kuɗi, da kuma gidaje da ci gaban birane. A shekara ta 2003, an zabi Ben a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai na mazabar [[Orumba ta Arewa]] da ta Kudu. Ya riƙe wannan mukamin a duka zaben 2011 da 2019. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] bipjd9ajoxsu3cxf5hir95kb5d3lv3e 862599 862598 2026-06-21T06:38:12Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Nnebedum Nwankwo''' (an haife shi 27 ga watan Satumba 1965) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] sau uku.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161021181100/http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/personsInOffices/view/1407</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ben ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Jama'a a Akpu, [[Orumba ta Kudu]] daga 1972 zuwa 1977. Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin St Michael, [[Nimo, Najeriya|Nimo]] a 1977 kuma ya sami SSCE a 1982. An shigar da shi cikin Federal Polytechnic, Oko inda ya sami OND da HND a cikin 1985 da 1988 bi da bi a cikin sadarwa ta jama'a. Ben ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a shekara ta 2004, digirinsa na biyu da digiri a cikin gwamnati da karatun kananan hukumomi daga wannan jami'ar a shekara ta 2018. == Ayyuka == Ben ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin siyasa ga ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' . Daga baya Bentex Communications ta yi masa aiki a Legas. Ben ya fara aiki a matsayin PA ga Gwamna [[Chukwuemeka Ezeife]] na Jihar Anambra a shekarar 1991. A lokacin mulkin [[Mbadinuju]], ya kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman daga 1999 zuwa 2000, sannan daga baya a matsayin Kwamishinan ayyuka da sufuri daga 2001 zuwa 2002. Daga 2002 zuwa 2003, ya kasance Kwamishinan Kudi da kasafin kuɗi, da kuma gidaje da ci gaban birane. A shekara ta 2003, an zabi Ben a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai na mazabar [[Orumba ta Arewa]] da ta Kudu. Ya riƙe wannan mukamin a duka zaben 2011 da 2019. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] ldekpwcherrn37ftxttajuvc3wa6np8 862600 862599 2026-06-21T06:38:54Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862600 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Nnebedum Nwankwo''' (an haife shi 27 ga watan Satumba 1965) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] sau uku.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161021181100/http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/personsInOffices/view/1407</ref><ref>http://thenationonlineng.net/oko-poly-takes-over-ict-centre/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ben ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Jama'a a Akpu, [[Orumba ta Kudu]] daga 1972 zuwa 1977. Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin St Michael, [[Nimo, Najeriya|Nimo]] a 1977 kuma ya sami SSCE a 1982. An shigar da shi cikin Federal Polytechnic, Oko inda ya sami OND da HND a cikin 1985 da 1988 bi da bi a cikin sadarwa ta jama'a. Ben ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a shekara ta 2004, digirinsa na biyu da digiri a cikin gwamnati da karatun kananan hukumomi daga wannan jami'ar a shekara ta 2018. == Ayyuka == Ben ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin siyasa ga ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' . Daga baya Bentex Communications ta yi masa aiki a Legas. Ben ya fara aiki a matsayin PA ga Gwamna [[Chukwuemeka Ezeife]] na Jihar Anambra a shekarar 1991. A lokacin mulkin [[Mbadinuju]], ya kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman daga 1999 zuwa 2000, sannan daga baya a matsayin Kwamishinan ayyuka da sufuri daga 2001 zuwa 2002. Daga 2002 zuwa 2003, ya kasance Kwamishinan Kudi da kasafin kuɗi, da kuma gidaje da ci gaban birane. A shekara ta 2003, an zabi Ben a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai na mazabar [[Orumba ta Arewa]] da ta Kudu. Ya riƙe wannan mukamin a duka zaben 2011 da 2019. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] 1kp1sldw9u9ossldxnju8kjc428x5au 862601 862600 2026-06-21T06:39:47Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862601 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Nnebedum Nwankwo''' (an haife shi 27 ga watan Satumba 1965) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] sau uku.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20161021181100/http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/personsInOffices/view/1407</ref><ref>http://thenationonlineng.net/oko-poly-takes-over-ict-centre/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ben ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Jama'a a Akpu, [[Orumba ta Kudu]] daga 1972 zuwa 1977. Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin St Michael, [[Nimo, Najeriya|Nimo]] a 1977 kuma ya sami SSCE a 1982. An shigar da shi cikin Federal Polytechnic, Oko inda ya sami OND da HND a cikin 1985 da 1988 bi da bi a cikin sadarwa ta jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Ben ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a shekara ta 2004, digirinsa na biyu da digiri a cikin gwamnati da karatun kananan hukumomi daga wannan jami'ar a shekara ta 2018. == Ayyuka == Ben ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin siyasa ga ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' . Daga baya Bentex Communications ta yi masa aiki a Legas. Ben ya fara aiki a matsayin PA ga Gwamna [[Chukwuemeka Ezeife]] na Jihar Anambra a shekarar 1991. A lokacin mulkin [[Mbadinuju]], ya kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman daga 1999 zuwa 2000, sannan daga baya a matsayin Kwamishinan ayyuka da sufuri daga 2001 zuwa 2002. Daga 2002 zuwa 2003, ya kasance Kwamishinan Kudi da kasafin kuɗi, da kuma gidaje da ci gaban birane. A shekara ta 2003, an zabi Ben a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai na mazabar [[Orumba ta Arewa]] da ta Kudu. Ya riƙe wannan mukamin a duka zaben 2011 da 2019. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] h9husmw5by2ef7xehf9tsxblnrrscsc 862603 862601 2026-06-21T06:40:21Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862603 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Nnebedum Nwankwo''' (an haife shi 27 ga watan Satumba 1965) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] sau uku.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20161021181100/http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/personsInOffices/view/1407</ref><ref name=":1">http://thenationonlineng.net/oko-poly-takes-over-ict-centre/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ben ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Jama'a a Akpu, [[Orumba ta Kudu]] daga 1972 zuwa 1977. Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin St Michael, [[Nimo, Najeriya|Nimo]] a 1977 kuma ya sami SSCE a 1982. An shigar da shi cikin Federal Polytechnic, Oko inda ya sami OND da HND a cikin 1985 da 1988 bi da bi a cikin sadarwa ta jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Ben ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a shekara ta 2004, digirinsa na biyu da digiri a cikin gwamnati da karatun kananan hukumomi daga wannan jami'ar a shekara ta 2018. == Ayyuka == Ben ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin siyasa ga ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' . Daga baya Bentex Communications ta yi masa aiki a Legas. Ben ya fara aiki a matsayin PA ga Gwamna [[Chukwuemeka Ezeife]] na Jihar Anambra a shekarar 1991. A lokacin mulkin [[Mbadinuju]], ya kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman daga 1999 zuwa 2000, sannan daga baya a matsayin Kwamishinan ayyuka da sufuri daga 2001 zuwa 2002. Daga 2002 zuwa 2003, ya kasance Kwamishinan Kudi da kasafin kuɗi, da kuma gidaje da ci gaban birane.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2003, an zabi Ben a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai na mazabar [[Orumba ta Arewa]] da ta Kudu. Ya riƙe wannan mukamin a duka zaben 2011 da 2019. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] k1332s9wd5atipcwru0tt2r89vocx5w 862604 862603 2026-06-21T06:40:54Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ben Nnebedum Nwankwo''' (an haife shi 27 ga watan Satumba 1965) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] sau uku.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20161021181100/http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/personsInOffices/view/1407</ref><ref name=":1">http://thenationonlineng.net/oko-poly-takes-over-ict-centre/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ben ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Jama'a a Akpu, [[Orumba ta Kudu]] daga 1972 zuwa 1977. Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin St Michael, [[Nimo, Najeriya|Nimo]] a 1977 kuma ya sami SSCE a 1982. An shigar da shi cikin Federal Polytechnic, Oko inda ya sami OND da HND a cikin 1985 da 1988 bi da bi a cikin sadarwa ta jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Ben ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a shekara ta 2004, digirinsa na biyu da digiri a cikin gwamnati da karatun kananan hukumomi daga wannan jami'ar a shekara ta 2018. == Ayyuka == Ben ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin siyasa ga ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' . Daga baya Bentex Communications ta yi masa aiki a Legas. Ben ya fara aiki a matsayin PA ga Gwamna [[Chukwuemeka Ezeife]] na Jihar Anambra a shekarar 1991. A lokacin mulkin [[Mbadinuju]], ya kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman daga 1999 zuwa 2000, sannan daga baya a matsayin Kwamishinan ayyuka da sufuri daga 2001 zuwa 2002. Daga 2002 zuwa 2003, ya kasance Kwamishinan Kudi da kasafin kuɗi, da kuma gidaje da ci gaban birane.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2003, an zabi Ben a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai na mazabar [[Orumba ta Arewa]] da ta Kudu. Ya riƙe wannan mukamin a duka zaben 2011 da 2019. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] ndvadjezpkdlwyy5nd8c2bw4qd9i9eh 0 159021 862608 2026-06-21T06:51:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358476656|Bernard Doro]]" 862608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.12.......... Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.3..........He was nominated by President [[:en:Bola_Tinubu|Bola Tinubu]] and confirmed by the Nigerian Senate on 30 October 2025 to replace Nentawe Yilwatda, who had been appointed as the national chairman of the == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.45..........Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.67.......... == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.2.......... Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] a7teare1jfi1xjge3m0tx54vzq605hv 862610 862608 2026-06-21T06:52:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.3......... == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.45..........Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.67.......... == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.2.......... Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 7zxfqcj7taqlfaxzdn6pncwnv90fkn6 862611 862610 2026-06-21T06:53:12Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.3......... == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.45..........Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.67.......... == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.2.......... Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] fxbcr4n8nlt1yj7knsbu8og9wh8p2bm 862612 862611 2026-06-21T06:53:57Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.45..........Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.67.......... == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.2.......... Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 47w56ceite4lcfz6mw8yc3c5krcjm2u 862613 862612 2026-06-21T06:54:41Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref>.Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.67.......... == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.2.......... Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] ktru69778lv6sunisqws8qt6die3i05 862614 862613 2026-06-21T06:55:17Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>.Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.67.......... == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.2.......... Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] h5nt6pwchwpfl90hsncptqq9ok4ygbp 862616 862614 2026-06-21T06:56:24Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.2.......... Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] dcz3ye8sm4d4ehbo2s4esh1ajxba1h7 862617 862616 2026-06-21T06:57:06Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862617 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.2.......... Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] h7eug40kpenxbwbj3yagyy257xniuul 862618 862617 2026-06-21T06:57:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.8.......... === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 2ltdi9ym043bo8l65spfsrskmmj8in8 862619 862618 2026-06-21T06:58:34Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.<ref>https://businesspost.ng/jobs/tinubu-sends-bernard-doro-to-senate-for-confirmation-as-minister/</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.4.......... A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] rvgxxgmqxoqu4arigl07ipne5nvihne 862620 862619 2026-06-21T06:59:12Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.<ref>https://businesspost.ng/jobs/tinubu-sends-bernard-doro-to-senate-for-confirmation-as-minister/</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.3.......... Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 1oq344wmi9ckejk1lt4nn96son8u7o0 862621 862620 2026-06-21T06:59:52Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref>https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref name=":2">https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.<ref>https://businesspost.ng/jobs/tinubu-sends-bernard-doro-to-senate-for-confirmation-as-minister/</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.<ref name=":2" /> Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.19.......... Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] lwhz8gm3os4cium6bege9ctb47zu87r 862622 862621 2026-06-21T07:00:21Z Saad Nuhu 43323 # 862622 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":3">https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref name=":2">https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.<ref>https://businesspost.ng/jobs/tinubu-sends-bernard-doro-to-senate-for-confirmation-as-minister/</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.<ref name=":2" /> Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.<ref name=":3" /> Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] hxmngc3ppjsdcrg8b4h3imy7qsd1x4r 862623 862622 2026-06-21T07:01:10Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":3">https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref name=":2">https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.<ref>https://businesspost.ng/jobs/tinubu-sends-bernard-doro-to-senate-for-confirmation-as-minister/</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.<ref name=":2" /> Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.<ref name=":3" /><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/11/06/ministerial-screening-how-technocrat-doro-dazzles-senators/</ref> Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh .10.......... == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] npi1ud5qo4xe58syk51cuvtx5h67lqu 862625 862623 2026-06-21T07:01:51Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":3">https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref name=":2">https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.<ref>https://businesspost.ng/jobs/tinubu-sends-bernard-doro-to-senate-for-confirmation-as-minister/</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.<ref name=":2" /> Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.<ref name=":3" /><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/11/06/ministerial-screening-how-technocrat-doro-dazzles-senators/</ref> Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh.<ref>https://von.gov.ng/nigerias-president-swears-in-two-new-ministers/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 8cydby60906n8cc8opayv8mm9womspq 862626 862625 2026-06-21T07:02:57Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernard Mohammed Doro''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969) masanin magani ne na Najeriya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci tun daga Nuwamba shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":3">https://punchng.com/senate-confirms-doro-as-humanitarian-affairs-minister/</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/833297-tinubu-swears-in-two-new-ministers.html</ref>Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya zabe shi kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2025 don maye gurbin Nentawe Yilwatda, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na All Progressives Congress.<ref name=":2">https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-nominates-bernard-doro-as-minister/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Doro a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Kwall, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar Bassa ta Jihar Plateau, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">https://dailypost.ng/2025/10/21/10-things-to-know-about-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-bernard-doro/</ref><ref>https://von.gov.ng/senate-confirms-bernad-doro-as-minister/</ref>Yana da digiri na farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] a Najeriya, digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'an London, Master of Business Administration (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan dabarun kasuwanci na IT, da kuma Master of Science in Advanced Clinical Practice.<ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/21/tinubu-nominates-new-minister-to-replace-apc-national-chairman/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/things-to-know-about-bernard-doro-tinubus-ministerial-nominee-from-plateau/</ref> == Ayyuka == Doro ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin babban likitan magani a [[Jami'ar Bingham|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Bingham]] a Jos, Jihar Plateau.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru ashirin a Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) a matsayin mai kula da asibiti da mai ba da magani mai zaman kansa. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da kwarewar gaba a cikin kulawa ta gaggawa, cibiyoyin tafiya, ayyukan likitoci, da saitunan asibiti.<ref>https://businesspost.ng/jobs/tinubu-sends-bernard-doro-to-senate-for-confirmation-as-minister/</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Doro memba ne na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Kudi na APC UK Chapter.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Shugaba Tinubu ya zabi shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Rage Talauci don cika gurbin da aka bari da nadin Nentawe Yilwatda a matsayin shugaban kasa na APC.<ref name=":2" /> Majalisar Dattijai ta tantance zabensa kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025 bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da bai kai minti 30 ba.<ref name=":3" /><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/11/06/ministerial-screening-how-technocrat-doro-dazzles-senators/</ref> Shugaba Tinubu ne ya rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da Kingsley Udeh.<ref>https://von.gov.ng/nigerias-president-swears-in-two-new-ministers/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] gpm59sivatkah0dev4l9p0xee2fwfgl 0 159022 862638 2026-06-21T08:11:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1181654242|Tanganikallabes]]" 862638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Tanganikallabes''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai numfashi wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Gabashin Afirka. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''[[Tanganikallabes alboperca]]'' <small>[[Jeremy John Wright|J. J. Wright]] & R. M. Bailey, 2012</small> * ''[[Tanganikallabes mortiauxi]]'' Poll, 1943<small>Zaben shekara ta 1943</small> * ''[[Tanganikallabes stewarti]]'' <small>[[Jeremy John Wright|J. J. Wright]] & R. M. Bailey, 2012</small> <ref name="Wright2012" /> == Manqzarata == qps75c7s5ilzg5smakng5plc31g6vfh 862639 862638 2026-06-21T08:11:41Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tanganikallabes''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai numfashi wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Gabashin Afirka. == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: * ''[[Tanganikallabes alboperca]]'' <small>[[Jeremy John Wright|J. J. Wright]] & R. M. Bailey, 2012</small> * ''[[Tanganikallabes mortiauxi]]'' Poll, 1943<small>Zaben shekara ta 1943</small> * ''[[Tanganikallabes stewarti]]'' <small>[[Jeremy John Wright|J. J. Wright]] & R. M. Bailey, 2012</small> <ref name="Wright2012" /> == Manqzarata == gdjhv55xaq16hje4zmxz9wgqac2heih 0 159023 862640 2026-06-21T08:14:18Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139479|Acapoeta]]" 862640 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Acapoeta tanganicae''''', ko '''mbaraga''', nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangi Cyprinidae . Halitta ''Acopoeta'' tana da nau'i ɗaya kuma a halin yanzu an rarraba ta a cikin subfamily Torinae a cikin Cyprinidae . ''Acapoeta tanganicae'' yana da yawa a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da [[Kogin Ruzizi|Kogin Rusizi]] kuma yana faruwa a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. A cikin shekara ta 2012, an kama wannan nau'in a cikin [[Tafkin Rukwa]], kuma an ba da shawarar cewa wannan yana nuna cewa tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Rukwa sun haɗu a wani lokaci a baya. An yi la'akari da cewa mafi kyawun bayani game da kasancewarsa shine cewa ƙarancin yalwar sa yana nufin an yi watsi da shi a baya a matsayin memba na Lake Rukwa [[Kifi|ichthyofauna]] maimakon gabatarwa da gangan.<ref name="Genner">{{Cite journal |last=Martin Genner |last2=George F. Turner |last3=Alan M. Smith |last4=Semvua Mzighani |last5=Benjamin P. Ngatunga |year=2015 |title=Presence of ''Acapoeta tanganicae'' (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) within the Lake Rukwa catchment supports historic riverine connectivity with Lake Tanganyika |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278618508 |journal=Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=109–112 |doi=10.3750/AIP2015.45.1.14 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yanayinta na halitta [[Kogi|koguna]] ne, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] na ruwa mai laushi, da kuma cikin gida a kan dutsen dutse. Yana ciyar da aufwuchs da kuma abinci iri-iri da aka tattara daga kogin dutse ko gadojin tafkin ciki har da kwari, ostracods, diatoms da tsutsotsi. Yana fuskantar barazanar asarar mazaunin da ya haifar da karuwar turbidity na ruwa saboda lalacewar gandun daji da ke kara yawan ragowar ruwa a cikin kogunan kogin tafkin. Har ila yau, kifi na iya zama barazana, kodayake nau'in har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa, kuma babu bayanai don tallafawa raguwar hannun jari. Zai iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|60|cm}} a cikin jimlar tsawon. An bambanta wannan nau'in daga nau'ikan cyprinids na Afirka iri ɗaya ta hanyar samun gefen ƙaho a gefen lebe na ƙasa da kuma adadi mai yawa na sikelin layin gefe, ''Acapoeta'' tana da sikelin layin gefe 62-72 idan aka kwatanta da 21-44 a cikin nau'in ''Labeobarbus'' . <ref name="Genner" /> == Mnazarta == ljcv42j0aimfc7l1k9l3zrbt3m9kxqy 862642 862640 2026-06-21T08:14:41Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Acapoeta tanganicae''''', ko '''mbaraga''', nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangi Cyprinidae . Halitta ''Acopoeta'' tana da nau'i ɗaya kuma a halin yanzu an rarraba ta a cikin subfamily Torinae a cikin Cyprinidae . ''Acapoeta tanganicae'' yana da yawa a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da [[Kogin Ruzizi|Kogin Rusizi]] kuma yana faruwa a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. A cikin shekara ta 2012, an kama wannan nau'in a cikin [[Tafkin Rukwa]], kuma an ba da shawarar cewa wannan yana nuna cewa tafkin Tanganyika da Tafkin Rukwa sun haɗu a wani lokaci a baya. An yi la'akari da cewa mafi kyawun bayani game da kasancewarsa shine cewa ƙarancin yalwar sa yana nufin an yi watsi da shi a baya a matsayin memba na Lake Rukwa [[Kifi|ichthyofauna]] maimakon gabatarwa da gangan.<ref name="Genner">{{Cite journal |last=Martin Genner |last2=George F. Turner |last3=Alan M. Smith |last4=Semvua Mzighani |last5=Benjamin P. Ngatunga |year=2015 |title=Presence of ''Acapoeta tanganicae'' (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) within the Lake Rukwa catchment supports historic riverine connectivity with Lake Tanganyika |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278618508 |journal=Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=109–112 |doi=10.3750/AIP2015.45.1.14 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yanayinta na halitta [[Kogi|koguna]] ne, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] na ruwa mai laushi, da kuma cikin gida a kan dutsen dutse. Yana ciyar da aufwuchs da kuma abinci iri-iri da aka tattara daga kogin dutse ko gadojin tafkin ciki har da kwari, ostracods, diatoms da tsutsotsi. Yana fuskantar barazanar asarar mazaunin da ya haifar da karuwar turbidity na ruwa saboda lalacewar gandun daji da ke kara yawan ragowar ruwa a cikin kogunan kogin tafkin. Har ila yau, kifi na iya zama barazana, kodayake nau'in har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa, kuma babu bayanai don tallafawa raguwar hannun jari. Zai iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|60|cm}} a cikin jimlar tsawon. An bambanta wannan nau'in daga nau'ikan cyprinids na Afirka iri ɗaya ta hanyar samun gefen ƙaho a gefen lebe na ƙasa da kuma adadi mai yawa na sikelin layin gefe, ''Acapoeta'' tana da sikelin layin gefe 62-72 idan aka kwatanta da 21-44 a cikin nau'in ''Labeobarbus'' . <ref name="Genner" /> == Mnazarta == 70cabjpxbtkustxvugq7r852iynhntg 0 159024 862644 2026-06-21T08:16:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342149390|African bullhead]]" 862644 wikitext text/x-wiki Kayan kifi na Afirka (''Lophiobagrus cyclurus'') nau'in kifi ne na claroteid wanda [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Lake Tanganyika">Tafkin Tanganyika a kan iyakar [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 8.0 centimeters (3.1 in) TL. Wannan nau'in yana da al'ada ta dare, yana ɓoyewa tsakanin duwatsu a lokacin hasken rana. Abinci ya kunshi kananan crustaceans, [[Buzuzu|kwari]] da kwari na chironomid. Ruwan da wannan nau'in ya fitar yana da guba ga wasu kifaye. == Manazarta == 3dslvvk0p2kk0gleqwgr2kik2xjgfan 862645 862644 2026-06-21T08:16:39Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kayan kifi na Afirka (''Lophiobagrus cyclurus'') nau'in kifi ne na claroteid wanda [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Lake Tanganyika">Tafkin Tanganyika a kan iyakar [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 8.0 centimeters (3.1 in) TL. Wannan nau'in yana da al'ada ta dare, yana ɓoyewa tsakanin duwatsu a lokacin hasken rana. Abinci ya kunshi kananan crustaceans, [[Buzuzu|kwari]] da kwari na chironomid. Ruwan da wannan nau'in ya fitar yana da guba ga wasu kifaye. == Manazarta == c6dd8zh7pcgpizmel3jbv1bg8retdq2 0 159025 862646 2026-06-21T08:18:46Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341497765|Altolamprologus compressiceps]]" 862646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Altolamprologus compressiceps,''''' wanda aka fi sani da '''lupapa,''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka ga wuraren duwatsu masu zurfi na [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. IUCN ba ta dauke shi barazana ba. == Bayyanawa == ''A. compressiceps'' dangi ne na kusa da ''A. calvus'' kuma ana iya rarrabe su ta hanyar gajerun jawansu kuma sun juya hanci. Calvus suna da dogon fuska mai laushi, ƙananan sanduna, da kuma wurare masu banbanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-03 |title=Gold Head Compressiceps (Altolamprologus compressiceps) {{!}} Tropical Fish Keeping |url=https://tropical-fish-keeping.com/gold-head-compressiceps-altolamprologus-compressiceps.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Tropical Fish Keeping - Tropical Fish Keeping for fresh and saltwater aquarium fish}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa na gida, kuma wasu na iya tabbatar da cewa sun kasance nau'o'i daban-daban ko nau'o-nau'i. Wasu misalai sun hada da: == Halitta ta juyin halitta == Tafkin Tanganyika yana da aƙalla nau'in kifi na cichlid 250 <ref> {{Cite web |last=West |first=Kelly |date=2001-02-28 |title=Lake Tanganyika: Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia |url=https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=iwlearn.net |publisher=International Waters Learning Exchange & Resource Network}}</ref> kuma har yanzu akwai nau'in da ba a bayyana su ba a cikin tafkin. <ref> {{Cite web |last=Morfitt |first=Craig |date=2009-12-24 |title=Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids. |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/lake_tanganyika_diverse.php |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.cichlid-forum.com |publisher=Cichlid-Forum}}</ref> Kusan dukkanin (98%) na cichlids na Tanganyika suna cikin tafkin kuma saboda haka muhimmiyar hanya ce ta halittu don nazarin jinsin juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Takahashi |first=T. |last2=Hori |first2=M. |year=2012 |title=Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in ''Cyathopharynx furcifer'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/980879 |pmc=3363988 |pmid=22675655 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kornfield |first=Irv |last2=Smith |first2=Peter F. |year=2000 |title=African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology |journal=[[Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics]] |volume=31 |pages=163–196 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163}}</ref> 0fvx5vxzkwzkgd20p1xjx2xrkio75dl 862647 862646 2026-06-21T08:19:13Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Altolamprologus compressiceps,''''' wanda aka fi sani da '''lupapa,''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka ga wuraren duwatsu masu zurfi na [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. IUCN ba ta dauke shi barazana ba. == Bayyanawa == ''A. compressiceps'' dangi ne na kusa da ''A. calvus'' kuma ana iya rarrabe su ta hanyar gajerun jawansu kuma sun juya hanci. Calvus suna da dogon fuska mai laushi, ƙananan sanduna, da kuma wurare masu banbanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-03 |title=Gold Head Compressiceps (Altolamprologus compressiceps) {{!}} Tropical Fish Keeping |url=https://tropical-fish-keeping.com/gold-head-compressiceps-altolamprologus-compressiceps.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Tropical Fish Keeping - Tropical Fish Keeping for fresh and saltwater aquarium fish}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa na gida, kuma wasu na iya tabbatar da cewa sun kasance nau'o'i daban-daban ko nau'o-nau'i. Wasu misalai sun hada da: == Halitta ta juyin halitta == Tafkin Tanganyika yana da aƙalla nau'in kifi na cichlid 250 <ref> {{Cite web |last=West |first=Kelly |date=2001-02-28 |title=Lake Tanganyika: Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia |url=https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=iwlearn.net |publisher=International Waters Learning Exchange & Resource Network}}</ref> kuma har yanzu akwai nau'in da ba a bayyana su ba a cikin tafkin. <ref> {{Cite web |last=Morfitt |first=Craig |date=2009-12-24 |title=Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids. |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/lake_tanganyika_diverse.php |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.cichlid-forum.com |publisher=Cichlid-Forum}}</ref> Kusan dukkanin (98%) na cichlids na Tanganyika suna cikin tafkin kuma saboda haka muhimmiyar hanya ce ta halittu don nazarin jinsin juyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Takahashi |first=T. |last2=Hori |first2=M. |year=2012 |title=Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in ''Cyathopharynx furcifer'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/980879 |pmc=3363988 |pmid=22675655 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kornfield |first=Irv |last2=Smith |first2=Peter F. |year=2000 |title=African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology |journal=[[Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics]] |volume=31 |pages=163–196 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163}}</ref> ==manazarta== 2yps6nr51fkk7z4m5yrsx6md6f9zjb0 0 159026 862648 2026-06-21T08:20:24Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139552|Aulonocranus]]" 862648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Aulonocranus dewindti''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da wasu koguna waɗanda ke gudana cikinta. == Bayyanawa == ''Aulonocranus dewindti'' yana da siffar jiki wanda yake da matsakaici kuma an matsa shi, tare da tsawon jiki kusan sau uku tsayinsa. Flap na ventral suna da dogon filamentous, kashin farko wanda ya kai ga anal fin manya maza. Kayan caudal fin yana da siffar karami. Akwai ma'auni 33-36 tare da layin da ya fi tsayi na jiki. Akwai tsarin ƙwayoyin ji a yankin kai kuma akwai layi biyu na gefe. Ƙananan ƙashin pharyngeal yana da siffar triangular kuma yana da hakora masu kyau, baki yana da ɗan ƙarami mai ɗanɗano. Hanci a cikin jaw ƙananan ne kuma an shirya su a cikin layuka 2-3 a kowane jaw. Jikin yana da launin azurfa a launi kuma maza suna da alamar rawaya mai tsayi. jimlar tsawon ita ce santimita 12 (4.7 in). <ref name="Andersen">{{Cite web |last=Thomas Andersen |year=2007 |title=Tribe Ectodini Synopsis of ''Aulonocranus'' Regan, 1920 |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/section.php?id=188 |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Room Companion}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Aulonocranus dewindti'' yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yake ko'ina a cikin tafkin kuma ana samunsa a cikin kogin [[Kogin Ruzizi|Ruzizi]] da [[Kogin Lukuga|Lukuga]] waɗanda ke shiga cikin tafkin. Yana faruwa a Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania da Zambia. == Muhali da ilmin halitta == ''Aulonocranus dewindti'' mai shayarwa ne, mace tana shayar da ƙwai kuma tana dafa shi har zuwa 1.63 centimeters (0.64 in) a bakinta. Yana ciyar da plankton a kan yashi kuma yana iya faruwa a manyan makarantu. == Tarihi da suna == Wannan nau'in a halin yanzu shine kawai sanannen memba na jinsin. sunan gama gari shine sunan fili na Girkanci ''αυλός'' (''aulos'') ma'anar "pipe" da Κρανος (''Kiranos'') ma'ana "helmet" yana nuni da manyan hanyoyin ji a cikin wannan nau'in. takamaiman suna yana girmama masanin ilimin ƙasa na [[Beljik|Belgian]] [[Jean Charles Louis De Windt]] (1876-1898), wanda ya nitse ba zato ba tsammani a Tafkin Tanganyika yana da shekaru 22.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=24 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref><ref name="mindat">{{Cite web |title=Dewindtite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1273.html |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=Mindat}}</ref> == Mqnazarta == a4cxhojc4vmiauemq6sx4khdey2po69 862650 862648 2026-06-21T08:20:41Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aulonocranus dewindti''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da wasu koguna waɗanda ke gudana cikinta. == Bayyanawa == ''Aulonocranus dewindti'' yana da siffar jiki wanda yake da matsakaici kuma an matsa shi, tare da tsawon jiki kusan sau uku tsayinsa. Flap na ventral suna da dogon filamentous, kashin farko wanda ya kai ga anal fin manya maza. Kayan caudal fin yana da siffar karami. Akwai ma'auni 33-36 tare da layin da ya fi tsayi na jiki. Akwai tsarin ƙwayoyin ji a yankin kai kuma akwai layi biyu na gefe. Ƙananan ƙashin pharyngeal yana da siffar triangular kuma yana da hakora masu kyau, baki yana da ɗan ƙarami mai ɗanɗano. Hanci a cikin jaw ƙananan ne kuma an shirya su a cikin layuka 2-3 a kowane jaw. Jikin yana da launin azurfa a launi kuma maza suna da alamar rawaya mai tsayi. jimlar tsawon ita ce santimita 12 (4.7 in). <ref name="Andersen">{{Cite web |last=Thomas Andersen |year=2007 |title=Tribe Ectodini Synopsis of ''Aulonocranus'' Regan, 1920 |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/section.php?id=188 |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Room Companion}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Aulonocranus dewindti'' yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yake ko'ina a cikin tafkin kuma ana samunsa a cikin kogin [[Kogin Ruzizi|Ruzizi]] da [[Kogin Lukuga|Lukuga]] waɗanda ke shiga cikin tafkin. Yana faruwa a Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania da Zambia. == Muhali da ilmin halitta == ''Aulonocranus dewindti'' mai shayarwa ne, mace tana shayar da ƙwai kuma tana dafa shi har zuwa 1.63 centimeters (0.64 in) a bakinta. Yana ciyar da plankton a kan yashi kuma yana iya faruwa a manyan makarantu. == Tarihi da suna == Wannan nau'in a halin yanzu shine kawai sanannen memba na jinsin. sunan gama gari shine sunan fili na Girkanci ''αυλός'' (''aulos'') ma'anar "pipe" da Κρανος (''Kiranos'') ma'ana "helmet" yana nuni da manyan hanyoyin ji a cikin wannan nau'in. takamaiman suna yana girmama masanin ilimin ƙasa na [[Beljik|Belgian]] [[Jean Charles Louis De Windt]] (1876-1898), wanda ya nitse ba zato ba tsammani a Tafkin Tanganyika yana da shekaru 22.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=24 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref><ref name="mindat">{{Cite web |title=Dewindtite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1273.html |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=Mindat}}</ref> == Mqnazarta == 10giqrrzdc4olzyq4siiyfg6e92w9nf 0 159027 862652 2026-06-21T08:21:38Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139572|Bathybagrus stappersii]]" 862652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Bathybagrus stappersii''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a kan iyakar [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Yana girma zuwa tsawon 45.0 cm (17.7 inci) SL kuma wani bangare ne na kifi na gida.&nbsp; == Manqzarta == 1tku752gkyq1tegi2bgt7nf01nkjwnx 862653 862652 2026-06-21T08:21:52Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Bathybagrus stappersii''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a kan iyakar [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Yana girma zuwa tsawon 45.0 cm (17.7 inci) SL kuma wani bangare ne na kifi na gida.&nbsp; == Manqzarta == sbkbovrxkn66ddlo0xwyx01ys88qk9z 0 159028 862655 2026-06-21T08:22:40Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358984659|Bathybagrus tetranema]]" 862655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Bathybagrus tetranema''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na claroteid wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda aka samo shi ne kawai a cikin ruwa a cikin iyakokin [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Yana girma zuwa tsawon 17.0 cm (6.7 inci) SL.&nbsp; == Manazartata == 5x3hfolnmfysj6175ppzn5lb7hpnhob 862656 862655 2026-06-21T08:22:57Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Bathybagrus tetranema''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na claroteid wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda aka samo shi ne kawai a cikin ruwa a cikin iyakokin [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Yana girma zuwa tsawon 17.0 cm (6.7 inci) SL.&nbsp; == Manazartata == 0f4o2xcwebtisalk28ytd51wkwnru1y 0 159029 862657 2026-06-21T08:23:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357346455|Latch (breastfeeding)]]" 862657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Good_breastfeeding_latch_and_breast_compression.ogv|thumb|Tsarin samun kyakkyawan latch (1 minti 7 seconds) ]] Latch shine yadda jaririn ke yin azumi a kan nono yayin shayarwa. Kyakkyawan latch yana inganta yawan madara kuma yana rage rashin jin daɗi ga mahaifiyar, yayin da latch mara kyau yana haifar da rashin isar da madara ga jariri kuma yana iya haifar da ciwo da fashewa. A cikin ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau, duka maɓallin da babban ɓangaren areola suna cikin bakin jaririn. == Matsayi == [[Fayil:How_breastfeeding_latch_affects_milk_flow.webm|thumb|Yadda shayarwa ke shafar kwararar madara (12 seconds) ]] Yin la'akari da matsayi mai kyau yana taimaka wa jaririn ya kulle yadda ya kamata.{{Sfn|Henry|2016}} Yana buƙatar horo don samun kyakkyawar latch. Gudanar da jinya wanda ke aiki mafi kyau ga uwa da jariri wani lokacin ana gano shi ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure.<ref name="whgov" /> Za'a iya koyon samun kyakkyawar ƙuƙwalwa don shayarwa. Shawarwari ga uwaye masu shayarwa shine: * Jira jaririn ya buɗe bakinsa sosai. Yin amfani da lebe na jaririn tare da maƙarƙashiya na uwa na iya taimakawa wajen buɗe baki. * Bincika maɓallin ciki na jariri. Idan maɓallin ciki yana bayyane yayin da jaririn ya kulle, jaririn bai isa ya kulle da kyau ba. * Dubi kewaye. Idan uwar mai jinya za ta iya tattaunawa da amfani da hannayenta ba tare da mai da hankali kan riƙe matsayinta ba, wannan matsayi ne mai kyau don kulle. * Dubi maƙarƙashiya. Hanyoyin fata a kan maƙarƙashiya da nono suna taimakawa nono ta amsa jariri kuma tana taimaka wa mahaifiyar ta san yawan madara da za ta yi. Lokacin da aka kulle jaririn daidai, ɓangaren ƙasa na areola ma yana cikin bakinsu. Amma wani shinge mai zurfi, ko da bai ji rauni ba nan take, zai fara ji rauni nan ba da daɗewa ba. Jariri da ba shi da kyau dole ne ya yi aiki tuƙuru don fitar da madara. Latching a kan yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar ɓoyewa daga maƙarƙashiya waɗanda aka ruwaito don taimakawa daidaita kan jarirai tare da ƙirjin mahaifiyar da kuma tunani don inganta latching da shanyewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doucet |first=S |last2=Soussignan |first2=R |last3=Sagot |first3=P |last4=Schaal |first4=B |year=2009 |title=The secretion of areolar (Montgomery's) glands from lactating women elicits selective, unconditional responses in neonates |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=10 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7579D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007579 |pmc=2761488 |pmid=19851461 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ciwo == [[Fayil:Poor_breastfeeding_latch.jpg|left|thumb|Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwa, inda harshe ba shi da kyakkyawar hulɗa da areola, yana haifar da ciwo da rashin isasshen madara.]] Ciwo ko matsawa alama ce mai kyau ta ƙuntataccen ƙuntata. Idan ciwo ya wuce 'yan sakanni, ƙuƙwalwar mai yiwuwa ba ta da zurfi. Hanyar samun ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau ita ce a hankali ta karya tsotsewa ta hanyar sanya yatsa mai tsabta a bakin jaririn kuma ya taimaka wa jaririn ya sake ƙuƙwalwa. Yana da al'ada ga maƙarƙashiya ya yi kama da ɗan tsawo ko ya yi tsayi. Lokacin da jaririn ya kulle, zai iya jin kamar ƙuƙwalwar da ta tafi. Idan ya fi zafi fiye da haka, mai yiwuwa mummunan abu ne. Wani mummunan, wanda ba a gyara shi ba zai iya lalata maƙarƙashiya kuma ya daidaita ruwan madara ga jariri. Jarirai za su motsa kawunansu yayin da suke neman da jin nono don ciyarwa. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don fara ciyar da jariri, kuma mafi kyawun hanyar ita ce wadda ke aiki ga uwa da jariri. Matakan da ke ƙasa na iya taimakawa wajen samun jariri zuwa "ƙuntata" zuwa nono don ciyarwa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i5zu3bz4v4zukvqehzdp0bqs0szw6f9 862659 862657 2026-06-21T08:24:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862659 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Good_breastfeeding_latch_and_breast_compression.ogv|thumb|Tsarin samun kyakkyawan latch (1 minti 7 seconds) ]]{{Databox}} Latch shine yadda jaririn ke yin azumi a kan nono yayin shayarwa. Kyakkyawan latch yana inganta yawan madara kuma yana rage rashin jin daɗi ga mahaifiyar, yayin da latch mara kyau yana haifar da rashin isar da madara ga jariri kuma yana iya haifar da ciwo da fashewa. A cikin ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau, duka maɓallin da babban ɓangaren areola suna cikin bakin jaririn. == Matsayi == [[Fayil:How_breastfeeding_latch_affects_milk_flow.webm|thumb|Yadda shayarwa ke shafar kwararar madara (12 seconds) ]] Yin la'akari da matsayi mai kyau yana taimaka wa jaririn ya kulle yadda ya kamata.{{Sfn|Henry|2016}} Yana buƙatar horo don samun kyakkyawar latch. Gudanar da jinya wanda ke aiki mafi kyau ga uwa da jariri wani lokacin ana gano shi ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure.<ref name="whgov" /> Za'a iya koyon samun kyakkyawar ƙuƙwalwa don shayarwa. Shawarwari ga uwaye masu shayarwa shine: * Jira jaririn ya buɗe bakinsa sosai. Yin amfani da lebe na jaririn tare da maƙarƙashiya na uwa na iya taimakawa wajen buɗe baki. * Bincika maɓallin ciki na jariri. Idan maɓallin ciki yana bayyane yayin da jaririn ya kulle, jaririn bai isa ya kulle da kyau ba. * Dubi kewaye. Idan uwar mai jinya za ta iya tattaunawa da amfani da hannayenta ba tare da mai da hankali kan riƙe matsayinta ba, wannan matsayi ne mai kyau don kulle. * Dubi maƙarƙashiya. Hanyoyin fata a kan maƙarƙashiya da nono suna taimakawa nono ta amsa jariri kuma tana taimaka wa mahaifiyar ta san yawan madara da za ta yi. Lokacin da aka kulle jaririn daidai, ɓangaren ƙasa na areola ma yana cikin bakinsu. Amma wani shinge mai zurfi, ko da bai ji rauni ba nan take, zai fara ji rauni nan ba da daɗewa ba. Jariri da ba shi da kyau dole ne ya yi aiki tuƙuru don fitar da madara. Latching a kan yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar ɓoyewa daga maƙarƙashiya waɗanda aka ruwaito don taimakawa daidaita kan jarirai tare da ƙirjin mahaifiyar da kuma tunani don inganta latching da shanyewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doucet |first=S |last2=Soussignan |first2=R |last3=Sagot |first3=P |last4=Schaal |first4=B |year=2009 |title=The secretion of areolar (Montgomery's) glands from lactating women elicits selective, unconditional responses in neonates |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=10 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7579D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007579 |pmc=2761488 |pmid=19851461 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ciwo == [[Fayil:Poor_breastfeeding_latch.jpg|left|thumb|Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwa, inda harshe ba shi da kyakkyawar hulɗa da areola, yana haifar da ciwo da rashin isasshen madara.]] Ciwo ko matsawa alama ce mai kyau ta ƙuntataccen ƙuntata. Idan ciwo ya wuce 'yan sakanni, ƙuƙwalwar mai yiwuwa ba ta da zurfi. Hanyar samun ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau ita ce a hankali ta karya tsotsewa ta hanyar sanya yatsa mai tsabta a bakin jaririn kuma ya taimaka wa jaririn ya sake ƙuƙwalwa. Yana da al'ada ga maƙarƙashiya ya yi kama da ɗan tsawo ko ya yi tsayi. Lokacin da jaririn ya kulle, zai iya jin kamar ƙuƙwalwar da ta tafi. Idan ya fi zafi fiye da haka, mai yiwuwa mummunan abu ne. Wani mummunan, wanda ba a gyara shi ba zai iya lalata maƙarƙashiya kuma ya daidaita ruwan madara ga jariri. Jarirai za su motsa kawunansu yayin da suke neman da jin nono don ciyarwa. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don fara ciyar da jariri, kuma mafi kyawun hanyar ita ce wadda ke aiki ga uwa da jariri. Matakan da ke ƙasa na iya taimakawa wajen samun jariri zuwa "ƙuntata" zuwa nono don ciyarwa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aqtklm7qlg37n95ruoesxhenx678b7e 0 159030 862658 2026-06-21T08:24:07Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313718910|Bathybates ferox]]" 862658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Bathybates ferox''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Ana samunsa a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Gidansa na halitta shine [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yake zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi kuma yana cin kifi ne kawai. IUCN ta tantance shi a matsayin "nau'in da ba su da damuwa sosai". == Bayyanawa == ''Bathybates ferox'' cichlid ne mai zurfi tare da jiki mai launin azurfa tare da alamomi masu launin shudi. Bakin yana da girma kuma hakora suna da kaifi kuma suna da ƙuƙwalwa. Matsakaicin jimlar tsawon wannan kifi shine kusan {{Convert|15|in|cm|0}} in (38 .<ref name="forum">{{Cite web |title=''Bathybates ferox'' |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/profiles/species.php?id=1943 |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Bathybates ferox'' ya zama ruwan dare a Tafkin Tanganyika, ana samunsa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Burundi, Tanzania da Zambia. Wani lokaci ana samunsa a masana'antar akwatin kifaye inda ake la'akari da shi sosai kuma yana da sauƙin kiyayewa idan an kiyaye shi ga kansu kuma tare da kaɗan ko babu kayan ado a cikin akwatin kifayen. Yana aiki mafi kyau a cikin ruwa mai wuya tare da pH na 8.6 da zafin jiki na kimanin {{Convert|78|°F|°C|2}} ° F (25.56 ° C). <ref name="forum">{{Cite web |title=''Bathybates ferox'' |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/profiles/species.php?id=1943 |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cichlid-forum.com/profiles/species.php?id=1943 "''Bathybates ferox''"]. </cite></ref> == Muhalli == ''Bathybates ferox'' mai cin kifi ne, yana bin da cin abinci a kan karamin kifi. Kamar sauran cichlids, ''Bathybates ferox'' mai shayarwa ne. Kwayoyin, tare da diamita na {{Convert|8.5|mm|in|2}} in), wasu ne dag mafi girma a cikin iyalin Cichlidae . == Matsayi == Ana samun ''Bathybates ferox'' ne kawai a Tafkin Tanganyika inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin mai yaduwa da yawa. Yana da nau'in benthic da ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi mai dumi, mai yiwuwa a zurfin har zuwa kimanin {{Convert|70|m|ft|0}} m (230 . Ba a gano takamaiman barazanar ba, kuma manyan barazanar da take fuskanta daga rage ingancin ruwa ne saboda gurɓataccen yanayi, rikice-rikice ga mazaunin da yawan kamun kifi. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ta rarraba matsayin kiyayewa na wannan kifi a matsayin "mafi ƙarancin damuwa". == Mqnazarta == n4n1akbzg0yqg8q7ry7w6gybpcrygs3 862661 862658 2026-06-21T08:24:29Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Bathybates ferox''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Ana samunsa a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Gidansa na halitta shine [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yake zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi kuma yana cin kifi ne kawai. IUCN ta tantance shi a matsayin "nau'in da ba su da damuwa sosai". == Bayyanawa == ''Bathybates ferox'' cichlid ne mai zurfi tare da jiki mai launin azurfa tare da alamomi masu launin shudi. Bakin yana da girma kuma hakora suna da kaifi kuma suna da ƙuƙwalwa. Matsakaicin jimlar tsawon wannan kifi shine kusan {{Convert|15|in|cm|0}} in (38 .<ref name="forum">{{Cite web |title=''Bathybates ferox'' |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/profiles/species.php?id=1943 |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Bathybates ferox'' ya zama ruwan dare a Tafkin Tanganyika, ana samunsa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Burundi, Tanzania da Zambia. Wani lokaci ana samunsa a masana'antar akwatin kifaye inda ake la'akari da shi sosai kuma yana da sauƙin kiyayewa idan an kiyaye shi ga kansu kuma tare da kaɗan ko babu kayan ado a cikin akwatin kifayen. Yana aiki mafi kyau a cikin ruwa mai wuya tare da pH na 8.6 da zafin jiki na kimanin {{Convert|78|°F|°C|2}} ° F (25.56 ° C). <ref name="forum">{{Cite web |title=''Bathybates ferox'' |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/profiles/species.php?id=1943 |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cichlid-forum.com/profiles/species.php?id=1943 "''Bathybates ferox''"]. </cite></ref> == Muhalli == ''Bathybates ferox'' mai cin kifi ne, yana bin da cin abinci a kan karamin kifi. Kamar sauran cichlids, ''Bathybates ferox'' mai shayarwa ne. Kwayoyin, tare da diamita na {{Convert|8.5|mm|in|2}} in), wasu ne dag mafi girma a cikin iyalin Cichlidae . == Matsayi == Ana samun ''Bathybates ferox'' ne kawai a Tafkin Tanganyika inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin mai yaduwa da yawa. Yana da nau'in benthic da ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi mai dumi, mai yiwuwa a zurfin har zuwa kimanin {{Convert|70|m|ft|0}} m (230 . Ba a gano takamaiman barazanar ba, kuma manyan barazanar da take fuskanta daga rage ingancin ruwa ne saboda gurɓataccen yanayi, rikice-rikice ga mazaunin da yawan kamun kifi. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ta rarraba matsayin kiyayewa na wannan kifi a matsayin "mafi ƙarancin damuwa". == Mqnazarta == is9hz91azgz5vumv5f8jsvv6h1mf73u 0 159031 862660 2026-06-21T08:24:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306641856|Nipple discharge]]" 862660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin fitarwa''' shine ruwa daga maƙarƙashiya, tare da ko ba tare da matsa [[nono]] ba.<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> Rashin zai iya zama mai madara, bayyane, kore, mai laushi, jini, ko ɗan rawaya.<ref name="Barry1990" /> Daidaitawa na iya zama kauri, mai laushi, mai mannewa, ko mai ruwa.<ref name="Bren2005" /><ref name="Barry1990">{{Citation|journal=W. Dallas|url-status=Hurst}}</ref> Rashin fitarwa na Nipple na iya zama na al'ada, kamar madara a ƙarshen ciki ko bayan haihuwa, da kuma a cikin jarirai a cikin makonni na farko na rayuwa.[1][2] Hakanan yana iya zama na al'ada bayan matsawa, a cikin mata a lokacin haihuwa. [1] [3] Wataƙila ba daidai ba ne idan ya faru a cikin maza, ya ƙunshi jini, daga nono ɗaya ne kawai, ko kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙwayar nono, kumburi, ja ko canje-canje na fata.[1][2] Dalilan fitarwa mara kyau sun haɗa da papilloma na intraductal, duct ectasia, bututun madara da aka toshe, nono mai kamuwa da cuta (mastitis ko abscess na nono), ciwon nono, wasu magunguna, da yanayin da ke tada prolactin.[4][2][5] Ana kimanta fitar da madara a cikin mata marasa ciki, marasa shayarwa daban da sauran fitar da nono. Sau da yawa, ana iya tantance dalilin bisa ga alamomi da gwaji.<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> Ana iya yin gwajin jini don kawar da ƙananan thyroid ko high prolactin. Sauran gwaje-gwaje na iya haɗawa da mammography, ultrasound na nono, biopsy na nono, ko biopsy na fata.<ref name="DeMuro2018">{{Cite web |last=DeMuro |first=Jonas |date=30 October 2018 |title=Nipple discharge: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001515.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103134503/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001515.htm |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Magani ya dogara da ainihin dalilin. Ana iya kula da ectasia na bututun tare da cirewar bututun da ke ciki.<ref name="Saj2020" /> Abubuwan da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta na iya buƙatar maganin rigakafi ko yanka da zubar da ruwa.<ref name="Saj2020" /> Rashin fitar da nono shine na uku mafi yawan ƙarar nono ta mata, bayan [[ciwon nono]] da kumburin nono. Kimanin kashi 3% na lokuta na ciwon nono suna da alaƙa da fitarwa.<ref name="Mazza2011" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Rashin fitarwa shine ruwa daga maƙarƙashiya, tare da ko ba tare da matsa [[nono]] ba.<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> Rashin zai iya zama mai madara, bayyane, kore, mai laushi, jini, ko ɗan rawaya.<ref name="Barry1990">{{Citation|journal=W. Dallas|url-status=Hurst}}</ref> Daidaitawa na iya zama kauri, mai laushi, mai mannewa, ko mai ruwa.<ref name="Bren2005" /><ref name="Barry1990" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Rashin fitarwa na Nipple na iya tasowa daga kowane ko fiye daga cikin 15 zuwa 20 na madara da kowane nono ya ƙunshi, kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da shi za a iya raba su zuwa na al'ada (na jiki) da kuma ba daidai ba (na cututtuka).<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> === Al'ada === Ruwan madara daga maɗaukaki na al'ada ne a cikin 'yan makonni na ƙarshe na ciki, bayan haihuwa da kuma lokacin [[shayarwa]].<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> Wasu jarirai da aka haifa na iya zubar da ruwa mai madara wanda yawanci na al'ada ne kuma yana ɗaukar makonni biyu.<ref name="NHS2017">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=Nipple discharge |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030094750/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Motsa nono ta hanyar tausa, ta amfani da famfo na nono ko bayan mammography, na iya haifar da rawaya, madara, ko fitar da maƙarƙashiya a cikin mata masu lafiya da yawa na shekarun haihuwa.<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> === Abnormal === An yi la'akari da fitar da maƙarƙashiya ba tare da alaƙa da ciki ko shayarwa ba, amma galibi suna da wani dalili mara tsanani.[1] Rashin fitarwa a cikin maza ba na al'ada ba ne.[2] Rashin fitarwa daga ma'adanai kuma yana iya zama mara kyau (marasa lafiya) idan yana da haske ko jini, yana daga nono ɗaya kawai, ko kuma yana da alaƙa da kumburin nono, kumburi, ja ko canje-canje na fata.[3][2][4] Ruwan madara da aka toshe ko kuma ya kara girma na iya haifar da fitar da nipple.<ref name="NHS2017">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=Nipple discharge |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030094750/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Intraductal papillomas cututtukan da ba na ciwon daji ba ne kuma sun fi yawa a cikin mata masu shekaru 30 zuwa 50. An raba shi zuwa papillomas na tsakiya da na waje, ana yawan lura da fitar da maɗaukaki lokacin da suke tsakiya. Har zuwa rabin mata tare da intraductal papillomas na iya gabatar da zubar da jini na maɗaukaki, amma kuma yana iya zama launi mai launi. Yawanci suna da ƙanƙanta don jin kuma suna da alaƙa mai ban sha'awa tare da ciwon nono. <ref name="SchnittCollins2009p.205" /><ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] my2agpbda3khb18cfxcjnicbwprisy2 862662 862660 2026-06-21T08:25:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin fitarwa''' shine ruwa daga maƙarƙashiya, tare da ko ba tare da matsa [[nono]] ba.<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> Rashin zai iya zama mai madara, bayyane, kore, mai laushi, jini, ko ɗan rawaya.<ref name="Barry1990" /> Daidaitawa na iya zama kauri, mai laushi, mai mannewa, ko mai ruwa.<ref name="Bren2005" /><ref name="Barry1990">{{Citation|journal=W. Dallas|url-status=Hurst}}</ref> Rashin fitarwa na Nipple na iya zama na al'ada, kamar madara a ƙarshen ciki ko bayan haihuwa, da kuma a cikin jarirai a cikin makonni na farko na rayuwa.[1][2] Hakanan yana iya zama na al'ada bayan matsawa, a cikin mata a lokacin haihuwa. [1] [3] Wataƙila ba daidai ba ne idan ya faru a cikin maza, ya ƙunshi jini, daga nono ɗaya ne kawai, ko kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙwayar nono, kumburi, ja ko canje-canje na fata.[1][2] Dalilan fitarwa mara kyau sun haɗa da papilloma na intraductal, duct ectasia, bututun madara da aka toshe, nono mai kamuwa da cuta (mastitis ko abscess na nono), ciwon nono, wasu magunguna, da yanayin da ke tada prolactin.[4][2][5] Ana kimanta fitar da madara a cikin mata marasa ciki, marasa shayarwa daban da sauran fitar da nono. Sau da yawa, ana iya tantance dalilin bisa ga alamomi da gwaji.<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> Ana iya yin gwajin jini don kawar da ƙananan thyroid ko high prolactin. Sauran gwaje-gwaje na iya haɗawa da mammography, ultrasound na nono, biopsy na nono, ko biopsy na fata.<ref name="DeMuro2018">{{Cite web |last=DeMuro |first=Jonas |date=30 October 2018 |title=Nipple discharge: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001515.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103134503/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001515.htm |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> Magani ya dogara da ainihin dalilin. Ana iya kula da ectasia na bututun tare da cirewar bututun da ke ciki.<ref name="Saj2020" /> Abubuwan da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta na iya buƙatar maganin rigakafi ko yanka da zubar da ruwa.<ref name="Saj2020" /> Rashin fitar da nono shine na uku mafi yawan ƙarar nono ta mata, bayan [[ciwon nono]] da kumburin nono. Kimanin kashi 3% na lokuta na ciwon nono suna da alaƙa da fitarwa.<ref name="Mazza2011" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == Rashin fitarwa shine ruwa daga maƙarƙashiya, tare da ko ba tare da matsa [[nono]] ba.<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> Rashin zai iya zama mai madara, bayyane, kore, mai laushi, jini, ko ɗan rawaya.<ref name="Barry1990">{{Citation|journal=W. Dallas|url-status=Hurst}}</ref> Daidaitawa na iya zama kauri, mai laushi, mai mannewa, ko mai ruwa.<ref name="Bren2005" /><ref name="Barry1990" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Rashin fitarwa na Nipple na iya tasowa daga kowane ko fiye daga cikin 15 zuwa 20 na madara da kowane nono ya ƙunshi, kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da shi za a iya raba su zuwa na al'ada (na jiki) da kuma ba daidai ba (na cututtuka).<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> === Al'ada === Ruwan madara daga maɗaukaki na al'ada ne a cikin 'yan makonni na ƙarshe na ciki, bayan haihuwa da kuma lokacin [[shayarwa]].<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> Wasu jarirai da aka haifa na iya zubar da ruwa mai madara wanda yawanci na al'ada ne kuma yana ɗaukar makonni biyu.<ref name="NHS2017">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=Nipple discharge |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030094750/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Motsa nono ta hanyar tausa, ta amfani da famfo na nono ko bayan mammography, na iya haifar da rawaya, madara, ko fitar da maƙarƙashiya a cikin mata masu lafiya da yawa na shekarun haihuwa.<ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> === Abnormal === An yi la'akari da fitar da maƙarƙashiya ba tare da alaƙa da ciki ko shayarwa ba, amma galibi suna da wani dalili mara tsanani.[1] Rashin fitarwa a cikin maza ba na al'ada ba ne.[2] Rashin fitarwa daga ma'adanai kuma yana iya zama mara kyau (marasa lafiya) idan yana da haske ko jini, yana daga nono ɗaya kawai, ko kuma yana da alaƙa da kumburin nono, kumburi, ja ko canje-canje na fata.[3][2][4] Ruwan madara da aka toshe ko kuma ya kara girma na iya haifar da fitar da nipple.<ref name="NHS2017">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=Nipple discharge |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030094750/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Intraductal papillomas cututtukan da ba na ciwon daji ba ne kuma sun fi yawa a cikin mata masu shekaru 30 zuwa 50. An raba shi zuwa papillomas na tsakiya da na waje, ana yawan lura da fitar da maɗaukaki lokacin da suke tsakiya. Har zuwa rabin mata tare da intraductal papillomas na iya gabatar da zubar da jini na maɗaukaki, amma kuma yana iya zama launi mai launi. Yawanci suna da ƙanƙanta don jin kuma suna da alaƙa mai ban sha'awa tare da ciwon nono. <ref name="SchnittCollins2009p.205" /><ref name="Bren2005">{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Meagan |last2=Houssami |first2=Nehmat |last3=French |first3=James |date=May 2005 |title=Management of benign breast conditions. Part 3 – other breast problems |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200505/200505brennan.pdf |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=353–355 |pmid=15887938}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rvyc7yiuk0mw1xtoqnmsoqxvjv47u61 0 159032 862663 2026-06-21T08:25:37Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358396774|Cyphotilapia frontosa]]" 862663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Cypho''tilapia'' frontosa''''', wanda kuma ake kira '''cichlid na ''gaba''''' da cichlid, nau'in kifi ne na gabashin Afirka wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . Sunan jinsin haɗuwa ne da Tsohon Girkanci "cypho-", ma'ana "mai lankwasawa", da tilapia, wanda ke nufin "kifi" a cikin yaren gida. Sunan jinsin frontosa yana nufin babban goshinsa.<ref name="AA">{{Cite web |title=Welcome Lake Tanganyika queen cichlid (Cyphotilapia frontosa) |url=http://meethepet.com/welcome-lake-tanganyika-queen-cichlid-cyphotilapia-frontosa |access-date=2020-01-25 |publisher=Meet the Pet}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == ''C. frontosa'' na iya girma zuwa {{Convert|33|cm|ft|1}} a tsawon. Ko da samfurori masu kamawa na iya girma zuwa wannan girman. Yana da alamomi daban-daban tare da sanduna biyar zuwa bakwai na baki da ke ƙawata fararen ko shuɗi jiki da kai da kuma fuka-fukan da ke da launi mai launin shuɗi. Har ila yau, jinsin suna haɓaka ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa wanda ya fi bayyana a cikin tsofaffin samfurori. ''C. frontosa'' wani nau'in jima'i ne, kodayake wani lokaci yana da yawa a cikin maza. Wadannan kifaye na iya rayuwa sama da shekaru 25. Kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da yawancin nau'ikan cichlid da aka samo a Tafkin Tanganyika, warewa daga yankuna daban-daban na kiwo ya haifar da bambance-bambance daban-daban. == Rarraba da mazaunin == Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a Tafkin Tanganyika a Gabashin Afirka kuma ya yadu a arewacin rabin tafkin, yayin da ''C. gibberosa'' mai alaƙa da shi ke zaune a kudancin rabin tafnin. Yawanci jinsunan suna zaune a zurfin zurfi (30-50 m a ƙarƙashin ƙasa) fiye da yawancin sauran cichlids, kuma suna tashi zuwa ruwa mai zurfi da sassafe don cin abinci a kan kifi mai yawa kamar nau'in ''Cyprichromis''.<ref name="AA" /> Lokacin da aka ajiye su a cikin akwatunan kifaye dole ne a ajiye su tsakanin digiri 25 zuwa 30, za su kuma buƙaci wurare masu duhu da yawa, da dai sauransu. == Manazarta == 3gyrszesfn4u9uetoy6v17r35dzewcf 862664 862663 2026-06-21T08:25:52Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cypho''tilapia'' frontosa''''', wanda kuma ake kira '''cichlid na ''gaba''''' da cichlid, nau'in kifi ne na gabashin Afirka wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . Sunan jinsin haɗuwa ne da Tsohon Girkanci "cypho-", ma'ana "mai lankwasawa", da tilapia, wanda ke nufin "kifi" a cikin yaren gida. Sunan jinsin frontosa yana nufin babban goshinsa.<ref name="AA">{{Cite web |title=Welcome Lake Tanganyika queen cichlid (Cyphotilapia frontosa) |url=http://meethepet.com/welcome-lake-tanganyika-queen-cichlid-cyphotilapia-frontosa |access-date=2020-01-25 |publisher=Meet the Pet}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == ''C. frontosa'' na iya girma zuwa {{Convert|33|cm|ft|1}} a tsawon. Ko da samfurori masu kamawa na iya girma zuwa wannan girman. Yana da alamomi daban-daban tare da sanduna biyar zuwa bakwai na baki da ke ƙawata fararen ko shuɗi jiki da kai da kuma fuka-fukan da ke da launi mai launin shuɗi. Har ila yau, jinsin suna haɓaka ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa wanda ya fi bayyana a cikin tsofaffin samfurori. ''C. frontosa'' wani nau'in jima'i ne, kodayake wani lokaci yana da yawa a cikin maza. Wadannan kifaye na iya rayuwa sama da shekaru 25. Kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da yawancin nau'ikan cichlid da aka samo a Tafkin Tanganyika, warewa daga yankuna daban-daban na kiwo ya haifar da bambance-bambance daban-daban. == Rarraba da mazaunin == Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a Tafkin Tanganyika a Gabashin Afirka kuma ya yadu a arewacin rabin tafkin, yayin da ''C. gibberosa'' mai alaƙa da shi ke zaune a kudancin rabin tafnin. Yawanci jinsunan suna zaune a zurfin zurfi (30-50 m a ƙarƙashin ƙasa) fiye da yawancin sauran cichlids, kuma suna tashi zuwa ruwa mai zurfi da sassafe don cin abinci a kan kifi mai yawa kamar nau'in ''Cyprichromis''.<ref name="AA" /> Lokacin da aka ajiye su a cikin akwatunan kifaye dole ne a ajiye su tsakanin digiri 25 zuwa 30, za su kuma buƙaci wurare masu duhu da yawa, da dai sauransu. == Manazarta == q8msbfp7r08rakqappyz5blc1l2i6mg 0 159033 862665 2026-06-21T08:26:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334317729|Nipple pigmentation]]" 862665 wikitext text/x-wiki Nipple pigmentation ko areola pigmentation shine pigmentation (duhu) na nipple ko areola. Ana haifar da shi ne bisa ga maganin a matsayin tasirin estrogen kuma yana iya faruwa a lokacin daukar ciki da shayarwa ko kuma a matsayin sakamako na maganin estrogen mai yawa.[1][2] == Hyperkeratosis na Nipple da Areola == Hyperkeratosis wani yanayi ne wanda akwai ci gaba da kauri da kuma pigmentation na nipple, areola ko duka biyun. Yanayin fata ne mai ban mamaki, tare da rahoton kamuwa da cutar 150 kawai har zuwa yau. Yana iya faruwa a cikin maza da mata. Koyaya, an bayar da rahoton kashi 80% na shari'o'in a cikin mata da farko a cikin Shekaru goma na uku na rayuwa. Tunda cututtukan fata galibi ba su da alamomi wanda ba ya buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa mafi yawan lokuta, ana iya rage yawan mutanen da aka ruwaito fiye da ainihin yaduwar. Ilimin cututtukan yanayin ba a bayyane yake ba. A cikin mata, yawanci yana faruwa bayan balaga, yana kara muni yayin daukar ciki kuma yana raguwa bayan haihuwa. An bayar da rahoton wasu lokuta a cikin mutanen da suka yi maganin estrogen. Kodayake, yanayi ne mai kyau, yana da alaƙa da damuwa game da kayan kwalliya kuma yana iya haifar da matsaloli yayin shayarwa. Hyperkeratosis na iya kasancewa har abada, idan an bar shi ba tare da magani ba. Magani ya kunshi hanyoyin tiyata ko magunguna na yau da kullun.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1kk9v39joztj000iiodteh4dput1q5w 862668 862665 2026-06-21T08:27:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nipple pigmentation ko areola pigmentation shine pigmentation (duhu) na nipple ko areola. Ana haifar da shi ne bisa ga maganin a matsayin tasirin estrogen kuma yana iya faruwa a lokacin daukar ciki da shayarwa ko kuma a matsayin sakamako na maganin estrogen mai yawa.[1][2] == Hyperkeratosis na Nipple da Areola == Hyperkeratosis wani yanayi ne wanda akwai ci gaba da kauri da kuma pigmentation na nipple, areola ko duka biyun. Yanayin fata ne mai ban mamaki, tare da rahoton kamuwa da cutar 150 kawai har zuwa yau. Yana iya faruwa a cikin maza da mata. Koyaya, an bayar da rahoton kashi 80% na shari'o'in a cikin mata da farko a cikin Shekaru goma na uku na rayuwa. Tunda cututtukan fata galibi ba su da alamomi wanda ba ya buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa mafi yawan lokuta, ana iya rage yawan mutanen da aka ruwaito fiye da ainihin yaduwar. Ilimin cututtukan yanayin ba a bayyane yake ba. A cikin mata, yawanci yana faruwa bayan balaga, yana kara muni yayin daukar ciki kuma yana raguwa bayan haihuwa. An bayar da rahoton wasu lokuta a cikin mutanen da suka yi maganin estrogen. Kodayake, yanayi ne mai kyau, yana da alaƙa da damuwa game da kayan kwalliya kuma yana iya haifar da matsaloli yayin shayarwa. Hyperkeratosis na iya kasancewa har abada, idan an bar shi ba tare da magani ba. Magani ya kunshi hanyoyin tiyata ko magunguna na yau da kullun.<ref>Riley, Christopher A.; Badri, Talel; Hafsi, Wissem (2022), "Hyperkeratosis Of The Nipple And Areola", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <nowiki>PMID 29083675</nowiki>, retrieved 2023-03-04</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h5z4ej17bowo6dxahh3rd11p83ul0l5 0 159034 862666 2026-06-21T08:26:47Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139740|Cyprichromis]]" 862666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Cyprichromis''''' wani nau'in cichlids ne tare da nau'o'i biyar. An kuma san su da '''herring cichlids''' ko '''sardine cichlids''', tunda sun kafa manyan makarantu a cikin ruwa mai budewa na [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. Daga cikin sanannun jinsunan, kawai ''C. microlepidotus'' ne aka rubuta a waje da Tafkin Tanganyika (a gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu sanannun jinsunan a cikin wannan nau'in sune: * ''[[Cyprichromis coloratus]]'' T. Takahashi & M. Hori, 2006<small>[[Tetsumi Takahashi|T. Takahashi]] da M. Hori, 2006</small> * ''Cyprichromis leptosoma'' <small> (Boulenger, 1898) </small> * ''Cyprichromis microlepidotus'' <small> (Poll, 1956) </small> * ''[[Cyprichromis pavo]]'' Büscher, 1994<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''[[Cyprichromis zonatus]]'' <small>T. Takahashi, M. Hori & Nakaya, 2002</small> == Manazarta == gn5k1v0yw558vn9a58js30q1e3rlxkx 862667 862666 2026-06-21T08:27:01Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cyprichromis''''' wani nau'in cichlids ne tare da nau'o'i biyar. An kuma san su da '''herring cichlids''' ko '''sardine cichlids''', tunda sun kafa manyan makarantu a cikin ruwa mai budewa na [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. Daga cikin sanannun jinsunan, kawai ''C. microlepidotus'' ne aka rubuta a waje da Tafkin Tanganyika (a gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] == Nau'o'in == A halin yanzu sanannun jinsunan a cikin wannan nau'in sune: * ''[[Cyprichromis coloratus]]'' T. Takahashi & M. Hori, 2006<small>[[Tetsumi Takahashi|T. Takahashi]] da M. Hori, 2006</small> * ''Cyprichromis leptosoma'' <small> (Boulenger, 1898) </small> * ''Cyprichromis microlepidotus'' <small> (Poll, 1956) </small> * ''[[Cyprichromis pavo]]'' Büscher, 1994<small>[Hasiya]</small> * ''[[Cyprichromis zonatus]]'' <small>T. Takahashi, M. Hori & Nakaya, 2002</small> == Manazarta == szgtjjz5h4hdu5if0p0itxopj66i7kg 0 159035 862669 2026-06-21T08:28:08Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350508863|Cyprichromis leptosoma]]" 862669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Cyprichromis leptosoma''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Zambia da Tanzania. Yana da alama ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kewayonsa kuma ba ya fuskantar wata barazana ta musamman, don haka Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya ta tantance matsayin kiyayewa a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa. == Bayyanawa == Kifi ne mai laushi tare da launin azurfa zuwa shuɗi. Yana girma zuwa kimanin 3 in (8 cm) a tsawon. Maza suna da wutsiyoyi masu launin rawaya ko shuɗi. Bakin yana da tsinkaye kuma yana samar da bututun tsotsewa wanda ake amfani dashi don tsotsewa a cikin zooplankton na pelagic.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Muhalli == ''C. leptosoma'', kamar sauran kifi a cikin jinsin, yana da dabarun kiwo mai ban mamaki. Maza suna samar da lek mai girma uku a tsakiyar ruwa. Mata suna yanke shawarar waɗanne maza ne suke so su yi jima'i da su. Idan mace ta taki yin jima'i da wani namiji, za su saki kwai, wanda namiji ya shayar a tsakiyar ruwa. Mace ta kama kwai a bakinta ba tare da kwai ya buga ƙasa ba. Mace tana karewa da kuma shayar da ƙwai a bakinta har sai da aka haifa kuma suna iya yin iyo da kansu. Wannan yana ɗaukar kusan makonni uku. A wannan lokacin, mace ta saki qwai a cikin wani yanki mai duwatsu don kariya ga fry, kuma ta bar su a can da kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elieson, Marc |title=''Cyprichromis leptosoma'' |url=https://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/c_leptosoma.php |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}</ref> ''C. leptosoma'' nau'in makaranta ne wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Yana ƙarƙashin masu cin nama da yawa a cikin Tafkin Tanganyika. Mafi shahararren shine ''Cyphotilapia frontosa'', wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi mafi yawan lokaci, amma yana zuwa ciyar da ''C. leptosoma'' da farko da asuba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2015 |title=Welcome Lake Tanganyika queen cichlid (Cyphotilapia frontosa) |url=http://meethepet.com/welcome-lake-tanganyika-queen-cichlid-cyphotilapia-frontosa/ |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''C. leptosoma'' yana da iyaka ga Tafkin Tanganyika daga kudancin Zambia da kuma gabar gabashin zuwa Tanzania.<ref name="Konings">{{Cite web |last=Ad Konings |year=1999 |title=A Visit to the Central Tanzanian Coast of Lake Tanganyika |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/article.php?id=124&lang=cn |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Room Companion}}</ref> == Manazarta == pnchmlcht8lgp68fjo0t0iuv7xemgyw 862670 862669 2026-06-21T08:28:21Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cyprichromis leptosoma''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Zambia da Tanzania. Yana da alama ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kewayonsa kuma ba ya fuskantar wata barazana ta musamman, don haka Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya ta tantance matsayin kiyayewa a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa. == Bayyanawa == Kifi ne mai laushi tare da launin azurfa zuwa shuɗi. Yana girma zuwa kimanin 3 in (8 cm) a tsawon. Maza suna da wutsiyoyi masu launin rawaya ko shuɗi. Bakin yana da tsinkaye kuma yana samar da bututun tsotsewa wanda ake amfani dashi don tsotsewa a cikin zooplankton na pelagic.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Muhalli == ''C. leptosoma'', kamar sauran kifi a cikin jinsin, yana da dabarun kiwo mai ban mamaki. Maza suna samar da lek mai girma uku a tsakiyar ruwa. Mata suna yanke shawarar waɗanne maza ne suke so su yi jima'i da su. Idan mace ta taki yin jima'i da wani namiji, za su saki kwai, wanda namiji ya shayar a tsakiyar ruwa. Mace ta kama kwai a bakinta ba tare da kwai ya buga ƙasa ba. Mace tana karewa da kuma shayar da ƙwai a bakinta har sai da aka haifa kuma suna iya yin iyo da kansu. Wannan yana ɗaukar kusan makonni uku. A wannan lokacin, mace ta saki qwai a cikin wani yanki mai duwatsu don kariya ga fry, kuma ta bar su a can da kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elieson, Marc |title=''Cyprichromis leptosoma'' |url=https://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/c_leptosoma.php |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}</ref> ''C. leptosoma'' nau'in makaranta ne wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Yana ƙarƙashin masu cin nama da yawa a cikin Tafkin Tanganyika. Mafi shahararren shine ''Cyphotilapia frontosa'', wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi mafi yawan lokaci, amma yana zuwa ciyar da ''C. leptosoma'' da farko da asuba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2015 |title=Welcome Lake Tanganyika queen cichlid (Cyphotilapia frontosa) |url=http://meethepet.com/welcome-lake-tanganyika-queen-cichlid-cyphotilapia-frontosa/ |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''C. leptosoma'' yana da iyaka ga Tafkin Tanganyika daga kudancin Zambia da kuma gabar gabashin zuwa Tanzania.<ref name="Konings">{{Cite web |last=Ad Konings |year=1999 |title=A Visit to the Central Tanzanian Coast of Lake Tanganyika |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/article.php?id=124&lang=cn |access-date=24 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Room Companion}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4hmeublu4759imzetebjzan4w45pvp3 0 159036 862671 2026-06-21T08:29:14Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314179555|Cyprichromis microlepidotus]]" 862671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Cyprichromis microlepidotus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na [[Afirka]] a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka ga [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], inda ake samunsa a arewacin tafkin a Tanzania, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, da Burundi. == Manqzarta == o0h7laiygaue9wrs89qoiiz6074fs50 862672 862671 2026-06-21T08:29:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cyprichromis microlepidotus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na [[Afirka]] a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka ga [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], inda ake samunsa a arewacin tafkin a Tanzania, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, da Burundi. == Manqzarta == 4hr0uz89mhs4xbebrgb0ma0lcgn9bqg 0 159037 862673 2026-06-21T08:29:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1188129424|Nonpuerperal mastitis]]" 862673 wikitext text/x-wiki duct ectasia a zahiri (a zahiri: fadada duct) abu ne na yau da kullun kuma saboda haka ba a bayyana shi ba, yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru. Koyaya, a cikin hanyar da aka fi amfani da kalmar, duct ectasia yanayin kumburi ne na manyan hanyoyin lactiferous. An yi la'akari da cewa yanayin yana da alaƙa da kumburi na aseptic (chemical) wanda ke da alaƙa tilastawa na bututu ko cysts. Yana da rikice-rikice ko fadadawar bututun yana faruwa da farko kuma yana haifar da ɓoyewar ɓoyewa da kumburi na periductal na gaba ko kuma kumburi yana faruwa da wuri kuma yana haifar le rauni na kumburi na ganuwar bututun sannan kuma [[Stasis (medicine)|stasis]].<ref name="Stavros2004-p372" /> Lokacin da kumburi ya zama mai rikitarwa ta hanyar necrosis da kamuwa da kwayar cuta ta biyu, [[Mastitis|ƙwayoyin nono]] na iya samuwa.<ref name="Stavros2004-p372" /> Subareolar abscess, wanda kuma ake kira Cutar Zuska (kawai yanayin da ba na puerperal ba), kumburi ne na asibiti akai-akai kuma an haɗa shi da squamous metaplasia na ducts lactiferous. Duct ectasia - periductal mastitis complex yana shafar ƙungiyoyi biyu na mata: matasan mata (a ƙarshen shekarunsu da farkon shekaru 20) da mata masu tsufa. Mata a cikin ƙaramin rukuni galibi suna da maɓallin maɓallin da aka juya saboda squamous metaplasia wanda ke layin bututun da ya fi yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran mata kuma yana samar da magungunan keratin wanda hakan ke haifar da toshewar bututun sannan kuma yaɗa bututun, ɓoyewa, kumburi, kamuwa da cuta da abscess. Wannan ba al'amarin mata ba ne a cikin tsofaffi; a cikin wannan rukuni, akwai yiwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da suka shafi ma'auni a cikin Estrogen, progesterone da prolactin.<ref name="Stavros2004-p373" /> Magani na mastitis da / ko abscess a cikin mata marasa shayarwa ya fi kama da na lactational mastitis, gabaɗaya ya haɗa da maganin rigakafi, mai yiwuwa shiga tsakani ta hanyar burin ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau da / ko yanka da zubar da ruwa da / ko shiga tsakani a kan hanyoyin lactiferous (don cikakkun bayanai, duba kuma labaran kan maganin mastitis, na abscess na nono da na subareolar abscess). Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar bincike don yiwuwar cutar kansa, yawanci ta hanyar mammography, kuma binciken cututtukan kamar biopsy na iya zama dole don cire mummunar mastitis.[1] Kodayake ba a kafa wata alaƙa da ciwon nono ba, ya bayyana cewa akwai karuwar haɗarin ƙididdigar ciwon nono, wanda ke ba da tabbacin sa ido na dogon lokaci ga marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da mastitis wanda ba na puerperal ba.[2] Nonpuerperal breast abscesses suna da mafi girman maimaitawa idan aka kwatanta da puerperal breat abscesses.<ref name="trop-etal-2013-abstract">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trop I, Dugas A, David J, El Khoury M, Boileau JF, Larouche N, Lalonde L |date=October 2011 |title=Breast abscesses: evidence-based algorithms for diagnosis, management, and follow-up |journal=Radiographics |type=review |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1683–99 |doi=10.1148/rg.316115521 |pmid=21997989}}, abstract</ref> Akwai babban alaƙa na kididdiga na abscess na nono wanda ba a haife shi ba tare da [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]] ba (DM). A kan wannan dalili, kwanan nan an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi gwajin ciwon sukari a kan marasa lafiya da ke da irin wannan abscesses.<ref name="pmid20349659">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rizzo M, Gabram S, Staley C, Peng L, Frisch A, Jurado M, Umpierrez G |date=March 2010 |title=Management of breast abscesses in nonlactating women |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=292–5 |doi=10.1177/000313481007600310 |pmid=20349659 |s2cid=25120670 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid22395343">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Verghese BG, Ravikanth R |date=May 2012 |title=Breast abscess, an early indicator for diabetes mellitus in non-lactating women: a retrospective study from rural India |journal=World Journal of Surgery |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1195–8 |doi=10.1007/s00268-012-1502-7 |pmid=22395343 |s2cid=23073438}}</ref> === Granulomatous mastitis === Halin granulomatous mastitis shine manyan ƙwayoyin halitta da epithelioid histiocytes a kusa da lobes. Sau da yawa ƙananan kumburi na ductal da periductal suna nan. A wasu lokuta, cutar tana da wuyar rarrabewa daga ciwon nono. === Cutar cin abinci === Comedo mastitis wani nau'i ne mai ban sha'awa mai kama da granulomatous mastitis amma tare da necrosis na nama. Saboda yana da wuya a wasu lokuta ana iya rikitar da shi tare da carcinoma na nono ko da yake yanayin ya bayyana ba shi da alaƙa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ot5y1475mjj9icy8r8mhw5dngwi7siv 862674 862673 2026-06-21T08:30:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} duct ectasia a zahiri (a zahiri: fadada duct) abu ne na yau da kullun kuma saboda haka ba a bayyana shi ba, yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru. Koyaya, a cikin hanyar da aka fi amfani da kalmar, duct ectasia yanayin kumburi ne na manyan hanyoyin lactiferous. An yi la'akari da cewa yanayin yana da alaƙa da kumburi na aseptic (chemical) wanda ke da alaƙa tilastawa na bututu ko cysts. Yana da rikice-rikice ko fadadawar bututun yana faruwa da farko kuma yana haifar da ɓoyewar ɓoyewa da kumburi na periductal na gaba ko kuma kumburi yana faruwa da wuri kuma yana haifar le rauni na kumburi na ganuwar bututun sannan kuma [[Stasis (medicine)|stasis]].<ref name="Stavros2004-p372" /> Lokacin da kumburi ya zama mai rikitarwa ta hanyar necrosis da kamuwa da kwayar cuta ta biyu, [[Mastitis|ƙwayoyin nono]] na iya samuwa.<ref name="Stavros2004-p372" /> Subareolar abscess, wanda kuma ake kira Cutar Zuska (kawai yanayin da ba na puerperal ba), kumburi ne na asibiti akai-akai kuma an haɗa shi da squamous metaplasia na ducts lactiferous. Duct ectasia - periductal mastitis complex yana shafar ƙungiyoyi biyu na mata: matasan mata (a ƙarshen shekarunsu da farkon shekaru 20) da mata masu tsufa. Mata a cikin ƙaramin rukuni galibi suna da maɓallin maɓallin da aka juya saboda squamous metaplasia wanda ke layin bututun da ya fi yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran mata kuma yana samar da magungunan keratin wanda hakan ke haifar da toshewar bututun sannan kuma yaɗa bututun, ɓoyewa, kumburi, kamuwa da cuta da abscess. Wannan ba al'amarin mata ba ne a cikin tsofaffi; a cikin wannan rukuni, akwai yiwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da suka shafi ma'auni a cikin Estrogen, progesterone da prolactin.<ref name="Stavros2004-p373" /> Magani na mastitis da / ko abscess a cikin mata marasa shayarwa ya fi kama da na lactational mastitis, gabaɗaya ya haɗa da maganin rigakafi, mai yiwuwa shiga tsakani ta hanyar burin ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau da / ko yanka da zubar da ruwa da / ko shiga tsakani a kan hanyoyin lactiferous (don cikakkun bayanai, duba kuma labaran kan maganin mastitis, na abscess na nono da na subareolar abscess). Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar bincike don yiwuwar cutar kansa, yawanci ta hanyar mammography, kuma binciken cututtukan kamar biopsy na iya zama dole don cire mummunar mastitis.[1] Kodayake ba a kafa wata alaƙa da ciwon nono ba, ya bayyana cewa akwai karuwar haɗarin ƙididdigar ciwon nono, wanda ke ba da tabbacin sa ido na dogon lokaci ga marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da mastitis wanda ba na puerperal ba.[2] Nonpuerperal breast abscesses suna da mafi girman maimaitawa idan aka kwatanta da puerperal breat abscesses.<ref name="trop-etal-2013-abstract">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trop I, Dugas A, David J, El Khoury M, Boileau JF, Larouche N, Lalonde L |date=October 2011 |title=Breast abscesses: evidence-based algorithms for diagnosis, management, and follow-up |journal=Radiographics |type=review |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1683–99 |doi=10.1148/rg.316115521 |pmid=21997989}}, abstract</ref> Akwai babban alaƙa na kididdiga na abscess na nono wanda ba a haife shi ba tare da [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]] ba (DM). A kan wannan dalili, kwanan nan an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi gwajin ciwon sukari a kan marasa lafiya da ke da irin wannan abscesses.<ref name="pmid20349659">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rizzo M, Gabram S, Staley C, Peng L, Frisch A, Jurado M, Umpierrez G |date=March 2010 |title=Management of breast abscesses in nonlactating women |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=292–5 |doi=10.1177/000313481007600310 |pmid=20349659 |s2cid=25120670 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid22395343">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Verghese BG, Ravikanth R |date=May 2012 |title=Breast abscess, an early indicator for diabetes mellitus in non-lactating women: a retrospective study from rural India |journal=World Journal of Surgery |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1195–8 |doi=10.1007/s00268-012-1502-7 |pmid=22395343 |s2cid=23073438}}</ref> === Granulomatous mastitis === Halin granulomatous mastitis shine manyan ƙwayoyin halitta da epithelioid histiocytes a kusa da lobes. Sau da yawa ƙananan kumburi na ductal da periductal suna nan. A wasu lokuta, cutar tana da wuyar rarrabewa daga ciwon nono. === Cutar cin abinci === Comedo mastitis wani nau'i ne mai ban sha'awa mai kama da granulomatous mastitis amma tare da necrosis na nama. Saboda yana da wuya a wasu lokuta ana iya rikitar da shi tare da carcinoma na nono ko da yake yanayin ya bayyana ba shi da alaƙa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6xadhxw6kj90pr6fpznmq5wqfrrmxah 0 159038 862675 2026-06-21T08:30:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139784|Dinotopterus]]" 862675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Dinotopterus cunningtoni''''' wani nau'in Kifi ne a cikin dangin Clariidae . Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Yana da mahimmanci a cikin kamun Kifi na kasuwanci na gida. Zai iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Cvt|1.75|m|ft}} a daidaitattun tsawon. A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar nau'in ''Dinotopterus'' a matsayin nau'i ɗaya, amma a baya ya haɗa da nau'ikan Lake Malawi da yawa waɗanda yanzu aka sanya su a cikin ''[[Bathyclarias]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anseaume, L. |last2=G.G. Teugels |name-list-style=and |year=1999 |title=On the rehabilitation of the clariid catfish genus ''Bathyclarias'' endemic to the East African Rift Lake Malawi |journal=Fish Biology |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00687.x}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3778eexpo9gyc66ne3ehbb4zg9z96yx 862676 862675 2026-06-21T08:30:39Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Dinotopterus cunningtoni''''' wani nau'in Kifi ne a cikin dangin Clariidae . Yana da iyaka a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Yana da mahimmanci a cikin kamun Kifi na kasuwanci na gida. Zai iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Cvt|1.75|m|ft}} a daidaitattun tsawon. A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar nau'in ''Dinotopterus'' a matsayin nau'i ɗaya, amma a baya ya haɗa da nau'ikan Lake Malawi da yawa waɗanda yanzu aka sanya su a cikin ''[[Bathyclarias]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anseaume, L. |last2=G.G. Teugels |name-list-style=and |year=1999 |title=On the rehabilitation of the clariid catfish genus ''Bathyclarias'' endemic to the East African Rift Lake Malawi |journal=Fish Biology |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00687.x}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2l1pw5q1s6d8hpdx0qon8fzpbvq0ujl 0 159039 862678 2026-06-21T08:32:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139788|Ectodus]]" 862678 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Ectodus descampsii''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] inda ya fi son yankunan da ke da yashi mai laushi. Yana ciyar da micro-organisms, algae da diatoms. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 10.4 centimeters (4.1 in) TL. Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. A halin yanzu ita ce kawai sanannen memba na jinsin. takamaiman suna yana girmama Kyaftin Georges Descamps (1855-1938), wani jami'in [[Beljik|Belgian]] a cikin ƙungiyar adawa da bautar a Tafkin Tanganyika . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |last2=Lazara |first2=Kenneth J. |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=25 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == juo0mekpfk71lo1e2mr5oth17y1ep45 862679 862678 2026-06-21T08:32:40Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ectodus descampsii''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] inda ya fi son yankunan da ke da yashi mai laushi. Yana ciyar da micro-organisms, algae da diatoms. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 10.4 centimeters (4.1 in) TL. Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. A halin yanzu ita ce kawai sanannen memba na jinsin. takamaiman suna yana girmama Kyaftin Georges Descamps (1855-1938), wani jami'in [[Beljik|Belgian]] a cikin ƙungiyar adawa da bautar a Tafkin Tanganyika . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |last2=Lazara |first2=Kenneth J. |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=25 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 91q9wkcuaalm2totu0nphaeysef2nm7 0 159040 862680 2026-06-21T08:33:33Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139833|Featherfin cichlid]]" 862680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid na fuka-fuki ('''''Cyathopharynx furcifer''''') nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda ake samunsa a kan gangaren duwatsu. Yana cin abinci a kan plankton. Wannan Kifi na iya kaiwa tsawon 21 centimeters (8.3 in) TL. Hakanan ana iya samun sa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. Wannan a halin yanzu shinge kawai jinsin da aka gane a cikin jinsin ta FishBase, amma [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] da yanayin halitta sun nuna cewa akwai nau'o'i biyu masu inganci. Na biyu ana kiransa ''C. foae'' akai-akai a cikin kasuwancin akwatin kifaye, amma ana buƙatar bita na nau'in samfurin don bayyana idan wannan shine sunan da ya dace.<ref name="taxonomy" /> == Manazarta == 8ais2xxg9dhd8axdevxvibd2r1lh4nc 862682 862680 2026-06-21T08:33:47Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid na fuka-fuki ('''''Cyathopharynx furcifer''''') nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda ake samunsa a kan gangaren duwatsu. Yana cin abinci a kan plankton. Wannan Kifi na iya kaiwa tsawon 21 centimeters (8.3 in) TL. Hakanan ana iya samun sa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. Wannan a halin yanzu shinge kawai jinsin da aka gane a cikin jinsin ta FishBase, amma [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] da yanayin halitta sun nuna cewa akwai nau'o'i biyu masu inganci. Na biyu ana kiransa ''C. foae'' akai-akai a cikin kasuwancin akwatin kifaye, amma ana buƙatar bita na nau'in samfurin don bayyana idan wannan shine sunan da ya dace.<ref name="taxonomy" /> == Manazarta == 4oqwi9nwjgyf2t9gjm26czpu4kdw5gq 0 159041 862681 2026-06-21T08:33:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357773974|Premature thelarche]]" 862681 wikitext text/x-wiki Premature thelarche ('''PT''') [[Cuta|Yanayin kiwon lafiya]] ne, wanda ke nuna ci gaban nono a cikin jarirai mata. Yana faruwa a cikin mata da ba su kai shekara 8 ba, tare da mafi girman abin da ya faru kafin shekaru 2. PT yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin 2.2-4.7% na mata masu shekaru 0 zuwa 2.<ref name="Khokar_2018">{{Cite journal |last=Khokar |first=Aditi |last2=Mojia |first2=Angela |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018 |title=Premature Thelarche |journal=Pediatric Annals |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=12–15}}</ref> Har yanzu ba a san ainihin dalilin yanayin ba, amma an haɗa shi da abubuwa daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta, [[Abinci (abinci)|abinci]] da ilimin lissafi.<ref name="Rezkalla_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rezkalla J, Von Wald T, Hansen KA |date=June 2017 |title=Premature Thelarche and the PURA Syndrome |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=1037–1039 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002047 |pmid=28486374}}</ref> PT wani nau'i ne na Incomplete Precocious Puberty (IPP). IPP shine kasancewar halayyar jima'i ta biyu a cikin jariri, ba tare da canji a matakan [[Hormon jima'i|hormone na jima'i]] ba. [[Balaga da Wuri|Tsakiyar Tsakiya]] (CPP) yanayin da ya fi tsanani fiye da IPP. CPP shine gabatarwar halaye na jima'i na biyu, tare da canji a cikin hormones na jima'in saboda canjin hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG). <ref name="Khokar_2018">{{Cite journal |last=Khokar |first=Aditi |last2=Mojia |first2=Angela |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018 |title=Premature Thelarche |journal=Pediatric Annals |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=12–15}}</ref> CPP cuta ce mai tsanani ta endocrine tare da mummunar sakamako ga mai haƙuri. A gabatarwar PT, ana amfani da ganewar asali don tabbatar da cewa ba matakin farko na CPP ba ne. Ana iya rarrabe CPP daga PT ta hanyar gwajin biochemical, ultrasound da ci gaba da lura.<ref name="Lee_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee SH, Joo EY, Lee JE, Jun YH, Kim MY |date=January 2016 |title=The Diagnostic Value of Pelvic Ultrasound in Girls with Central Precocious Puberty |journal=Chonnam Medical Journal |language=English |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=70–4 |doi=10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.70 |pmc=4742613 |pmid=26866003}}</ref> Babu magani ga PT amma lura na yau da kullun yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa ba ya ci gaba zuwa CPP. Binciken CPP yana da mahimmanci saboda magani ya zama dole.<ref name="Khokar_2018" /> === Tsarin PT === Akwai alamu huɗu na ci gaban PT. Yawancin marasa lafiya suna da hypertrophy wanda ya biyo bayan asarar ƙwayoyin nono (51% na shari'o'in) ko asarar mafi yawan ƙwayoyin, amma wasu sun kasance har zuwa lokacin balaga (36% na shari'ar). Marasa lafiya suna da alamu na ci gaba na thelarche: 9.7% suna fama da tsarin cyclic inda girman ƙwayoyin nono ya bambanta da lokaci, kuma 3.2% suna ci gaba da karuwa a cikin girman nama.[1] === Alamomin da ke da alaƙa === Babban alamar PT shine ƙwayoyin nono masu girma a cikin jarirai. Matsayin Estrogen a cikin PT, yana haifar da karuwar Shekarar ƙashi da girma a wasu lokuta.<ref name="Codner_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Codner E, Román R |date=March 2008 |title=Premature thelarche from phenotype to genotype |journal=Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=760–5 |pmid=18367996}}</ref> A cikin PT waɗannan alamun na biyu kaɗan ne: shekarun ƙashi kawai ya bambanta daga ainihin shekarun da 'yan watanni kuma saurin girma kawai ya ɗan bambanta da al'ada. [[Gwajin likita|Gwaje-gwaje na ganewa]] za su bambanta waɗannan alamun PT na biyu daga tsufa da girma mai tsanani da ke faruwa a farkon [[Balaga da Wuri|CPP]].<ref name="Lee_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee SH, Joo EY, Lee JE, Jun YH, Kim MY |date=January 2016 |title=The Diagnostic Value of Pelvic Ultrasound in Girls with Central Precocious Puberty |journal=Chonnam Medical Journal |language=English |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=70–4 |doi=10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.70 |pmc=4742613 |pmid=26866003}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e45qn4khas0wpu4xaw17cp5z5ht0e8d 862683 862681 2026-06-21T08:34:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Premature thelarche ('''PT''') [[Cuta|Yanayin kiwon lafiya]] ne, wanda ke nuna ci gaban nono a cikin jarirai mata. Yana faruwa a cikin mata da ba su kai shekara 8 ba, tare da mafi girman abin da ya faru kafin shekaru 2. PT yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin 2.2-4.7% na mata masu shekaru 0 zuwa 2.<ref name="Khokar_2018">{{Cite journal |last=Khokar |first=Aditi |last2=Mojia |first2=Angela |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018 |title=Premature Thelarche |journal=Pediatric Annals |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=12–15}}</ref> Har yanzu ba a san ainihin dalilin yanayin ba, amma an haɗa shi da abubuwa daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta, [[Abinci (abinci)|abinci]] da ilimin lissafi.<ref name="Rezkalla_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rezkalla J, Von Wald T, Hansen KA |date=June 2017 |title=Premature Thelarche and the PURA Syndrome |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=1037–1039 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002047 |pmid=28486374}}</ref> PT wani nau'i ne na Incomplete Precocious Puberty (IPP). IPP shine kasancewar halayyar jima'i ta biyu a cikin jariri, ba tare da canji a matakan [[Hormon jima'i|hormone na jima'i]] ba. [[Balaga da Wuri|Tsakiyar Tsakiya]] (CPP) yanayin da ya fi tsanani fiye da IPP. CPP shine gabatarwar halaye na jima'i na biyu, tare da canji a cikin hormones na jima'in saboda canjin hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG). <ref name="Khokar_2018">{{Cite journal |last=Khokar |first=Aditi |last2=Mojia |first2=Angela |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018 |title=Premature Thelarche |journal=Pediatric Annals |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=12–15}}</ref> CPP cuta ce mai tsanani ta endocrine tare da mummunar sakamako ga mai haƙuri. A gabatarwar PT, ana amfani da ganewar asali don tabbatar da cewa ba matakin farko na CPP ba ne. Ana iya rarrabe CPP daga PT ta hanyar gwajin biochemical, ultrasound da ci gaba da lura.<ref name="Lee_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee SH, Joo EY, Lee JE, Jun YH, Kim MY |date=January 2016 |title=The Diagnostic Value of Pelvic Ultrasound in Girls with Central Precocious Puberty |journal=Chonnam Medical Journal |language=English |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=70–4 |doi=10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.70 |pmc=4742613 |pmid=26866003}}</ref> Babu magani ga PT amma lura na yau da kullun yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa ba ya ci gaba zuwa CPP. Binciken CPP yana da mahimmanci saboda magani ya zama dole.<ref name="Khokar_2018" /> === Tsarin PT === Akwai alamu huɗu na ci gaban PT. Yawancin marasa lafiya suna da hypertrophy wanda ya biyo bayan asarar ƙwayoyin nono (51% na shari'o'in) ko asarar mafi yawan ƙwayoyin, amma wasu sun kasance har zuwa lokacin balaga (36% na shari'ar). Marasa lafiya suna da alamu na ci gaba na thelarche: 9.7% suna fama da tsarin cyclic inda girman ƙwayoyin nono ya bambanta da lokaci, kuma 3.2% suna ci gaba da karuwa a cikin girman nama.[1] === Alamomin da ke da alaƙa === Babban alamar PT shine ƙwayoyin nono masu girma a cikin jarirai. Matsayin Estrogen a cikin PT, yana haifar da karuwar Shekarar ƙashi da girma a wasu lokuta.<ref name="Codner_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Codner E, Román R |date=March 2008 |title=Premature thelarche from phenotype to genotype |journal=Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=760–5 |pmid=18367996}}</ref> A cikin PT waɗannan alamun na biyu kaɗan ne: shekarun ƙashi kawai ya bambanta daga ainihin shekarun da 'yan watanni kuma saurin girma kawai ya ɗan bambanta da al'ada. [[Gwajin likita|Gwaje-gwaje na ganewa]] za su bambanta waɗannan alamun PT na biyu daga tsufa da girma mai tsanani da ke faruwa a farkon [[Balaga da Wuri|CPP]].<ref name="Lee_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee SH, Joo EY, Lee JE, Jun YH, Kim MY |date=January 2016 |title=The Diagnostic Value of Pelvic Ultrasound in Girls with Central Precocious Puberty |journal=Chonnam Medical Journal |language=English |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=70–4 |doi=10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.70 |pmc=4742613 |pmid=26866003}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 57ygq8ywl89a78s1y63y0e7qybj873t 0 159042 862684 2026-06-21T08:34:38Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335474892|Fourspine cichlid]]" 862684 wikitext text/x-wiki Fourspine [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ('''''Neolamprologus tetracanthus''''') nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yake zaune a yankunan da ke da yashi. Baya ga cin abinci a kan wasu kifaye da kwari, wannan nau'in ya ƙware don shan molluscs daga kwarangwal. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 20 centimeters (7.9 in) TL. Hakanan ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. == Mananzarta == fd3bb9a8io9yff5po1y0mjo2uxnyh3g 862686 862684 2026-06-21T08:34:51Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fourspine [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ('''''Neolamprologus tetracanthus''''') nau'in cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yake zaune a yankunan da ke da yashi. Baya ga cin abinci a kan wasu kifaye da kwari, wannan nau'in ya ƙware don shan molluscs daga kwarangwal. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 20 centimeters (7.9 in) TL. Hakanan ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. == Mananzarta == t8m1v8y8y0gy2ms9kt8g40u9sd8wese 0 159043 862685 2026-06-21T08:34:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322600201|Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia]]" 862685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia | synonym = | image = Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia - high mag.jpg | caption = High magnification [[micrograph]] of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia showing the characteristic small, [[anastomosing]] [[blood vessel]]-like channels. [[H&E stain]]. | pronounce = | specialty = [[Pathology]] | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} '''Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia''' (PASH) ƙwayoyin myofibroblastic ne a cikin [[nono]]. Yana da kamannin da ya yi kama da canje-[[Fibroadenoma|Canjin fibroadenomatoid]].<ref name="powell">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Powell CM, Cranor ML, Rosen PP |date=March 1995 |title=Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH). A mammary stromal tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=270–7 |doi=10.1097/00000478-199503000-00004 |pmid=7872425 |s2cid=19170467}}</ref> Muhimmancin binciken a halin yanzu ba shi da tabbas, amma yana mai kyau. Akwai lokuta na PASH da aka gano inda kumburi ke tare da ciwon nono. Sauran lokuta sun sanya tantancewa don ciwon nono da wahala kuma a wasu lokuta ba zai yiwu ba saboda yawan da yawa na ciwon daji na PASH da ke akwai. Wadannan shari'o'in sun haifar da buƙatar Mastectomy da mastectomie biyu. == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:Pseudoangiomatous_stromal_hyperplasia_-a-_intermed_mag.jpg|right|thumb|Micrograph na girma na tsakiya wanda ke nuna yawan dangi na stroma a cikin yanayin PASH. H&amp;amp;E tabo.]] Binciken PASH shine ta hanyar biopsy. Muhimmin ganewar asali na bambanci shine angiosarcoma, wanda aka fara rarrabe shi a shekarar 1986. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vuitch MF, Rosen PP, Erlandson RA |date=February 1986 |title=Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma |journal=Hum. Pathol. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=185–91 |doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(86)80292-1 |pmid=3949338}}</ref> * [[Fibroadenoma]] * Angiosarcoma<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Saint Aubain Somerhausen N, Larsimont D, Cluydts N, Heymans O, Verhest A |date=December 1997 |title=Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma in an HIV patient |journal=Gen Diagn Pathol |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=251–4 |pmid=9489960}}</ref> == Magani == Gudanar da PASH yana da rikici. Ana iya nuna cirewa a cikin fadada taro ko rauni tare da siffofi marasa kyau. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] br557bzhnt688t5o01baxcrz67v2yvs 862687 862685 2026-06-21T08:35:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia | synonym = | image = Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia - high mag.jpg | caption = High magnification [[micrograph]] of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia showing the characteristic small, [[anastomosing]] [[blood vessel]]-like channels. [[H&E stain]]. | pronounce = | specialty = [[Pathology]] | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}{{Databox}} '''Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia''' (PASH) ƙwayoyin myofibroblastic ne a cikin [[nono]]. Yana da kamannin da ya yi kama da canje-[[Fibroadenoma|Canjin fibroadenomatoid]].<ref name="powell">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Powell CM, Cranor ML, Rosen PP |date=March 1995 |title=Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH). A mammary stromal tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=270–7 |doi=10.1097/00000478-199503000-00004 |pmid=7872425 |s2cid=19170467}}</ref> Muhimmancin binciken a halin yanzu ba shi da tabbas, amma yana mai kyau. Akwai lokuta na PASH da aka gano inda kumburi ke tare da ciwon nono. Sauran lokuta sun sanya tantancewa don ciwon nono da wahala kuma a wasu lokuta ba zai yiwu ba saboda yawan da yawa na ciwon daji na PASH da ke akwai. Wadannan shari'o'in sun haifar da buƙatar Mastectomy da mastectomie biyu. == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:Pseudoangiomatous_stromal_hyperplasia_-a-_intermed_mag.jpg|right|thumb|Micrograph na girma na tsakiya wanda ke nuna yawan dangi na stroma a cikin yanayin PASH. H&amp;amp;E tabo.]] Binciken PASH shine ta hanyar biopsy. Muhimmin ganewar asali na bambanci shine angiosarcoma, wanda aka fara rarrabe shi a shekarar 1986. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vuitch MF, Rosen PP, Erlandson RA |date=February 1986 |title=Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma |journal=Hum. Pathol. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=185–91 |doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(86)80292-1 |pmid=3949338}}</ref> * [[Fibroadenoma]] * Angiosarcoma<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Saint Aubain Somerhausen N, Larsimont D, Cluydts N, Heymans O, Verhest A |date=December 1997 |title=Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma in an HIV patient |journal=Gen Diagn Pathol |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=251–4 |pmid=9489960}}</ref> == Magani == Gudanar da PASH yana da rikici. Ana iya nuna cirewa a cikin fadada taro ko rauni tare da siffofi marasa kyau. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3t2n7u3148nx7u957cccwueza69u3o3 0 159044 862688 2026-06-21T08:36:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338650439|Subareolar abscess]]" 862688 wikitext text/x-wiki Subareolar abscess, wanda kuma ake kira '''Cutar Zuska''' don wadanda ba su da alaƙa da juna biyu, wani abscess ne na ƙwayoyin nono a ƙarƙashin maɓallin. Yana da kumburi na aseptic akai-akai kuma an haɗa shi da squamous metaplasia na lactiferous ducts. Kalmar yawanci ana fahimtar ta don haɗawa da abscesses na nono da ke cikin yankin retroareolar ko yankin periareolar amma ba waɗanda ke cikin gefen nono ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Versluijs |first=F. N. L. |last2=Roumen |first2=R. M. H. |last3=Goris |first3=R. J. A. |year=2000 |title=Chronic recurrent subareolar breast abscess: incidence and treatment |journal=British Journal of Surgery |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=931–964 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01544-49.x |issn=0007-1323 |s2cid=59165166}}</ref> Subareolar abscess na iya bunkasa duka a lokacin lactation ko extrapuerperal, abscess sau da yawa yana flaring sama da ƙasa tare da maimaita fistulation. == Ilimin jiki == Kashi 90% na shari'o'in masu shan sigari ne, duk da haka ƙananan masu shan sigami ne kawai suka bayyana suna samun wannan rauni. An yi hasashen cewa ko dai tasirin guba kai tsaye ko canje-canje na hormonal da suka shafi shan sigari na iya haifar da squamous metaplasia na lactiferous ducts. Ba a tabbatar da cewa cutar ta koma baya bayan dakatar da shan sigari ba. Magani yana da matsala sai dai idan za'a iya samun nasarar ganowa da kuma kula da rikicewar endocrine. Binciken da Goepel da Panhke suka yi ya ba da alamun cewa ya kamata a sarrafa kumburi ta hanyar bromocriptine koda kuwa babu hyperprolactinemia.<ref name="Goepel">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goepel E, Pahnke VG |year=1991 |title=[Successful therapy of nonpuerperal mastitis &ndash; already routine or still a rarity?] |journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd |language=de |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=109–16 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023685 |pmid=2040409}}</ref> Ana ba da maganin rigakafi don kumburi mai tsanani. Koyaya, wannan tsarin ba shi da tasiri sosai, kuma maganin abscess na subareolar shine farkon tiyata. A lokuta na matsanancin abscess, ana yin yanka da zubar da ruwa, sannan kuma maganin rigakafi. Sabanin abscesses na nono na gefe, wanda sau da yawa yakan warware bayan maganin rigakafi da yanka da zubar da ruwa, abscesses ɗin nono na subareolar suna sake dawowa kuma galibi suna tare da kafa fistulas da ke haɗa yankin kumburi zuwa farfajiya. A lokuta da yawa, musamman a cikin marasa lafiya tare da maimaitawa na subareolar abscesses, an nuna cirewar hanyoyin lactiferous da suka shafi, tare da cire duk wani abscess ko fistula. Ana iya yin wannan hanya ta amfani da ko dai radial ko circumareolar incision. Babu wata yarjejeniya ta duniya game da abin da ya kamata ya zama hanyar da za a bi da yanayin. A cikin wani bita na baya-bayan nan, maganin maganin rigakafi, kimantawa na ultrasound kuma, idan ruwa yana nan, burin allura da aka jagoranta na ultrasoud na abscess tare da allurar 18 gauge, a ƙarƙashin wankewar saline har sai ya bayyana, an ba da shawarar a matsayin layin farko na magani don abscess na nono a cikin puerperal da wadanda ba na puerperal ba ciki har da abscess na tsakiya (subareolar) [1] (duba abscess na mama don cikakkun bayanai). A wani wuri, an bayyana cewa maganin subareolar abscess ba zai yiwu ya yi aiki ba idan ba ya magance hanyoyin kamar haka.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ehj2jk6lhawljgik16vt1jli8jim4o 862689 862688 2026-06-21T08:37:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Subareolar abscess, wanda kuma ake kira '''Cutar Zuska''' don wadanda ba su da alaƙa da juna biyu, wani abscess ne na ƙwayoyin nono a ƙarƙashin maɓallin. Yana da kumburi na aseptic akai-akai kuma an haɗa shi da squamous metaplasia na lactiferous ducts. Kalmar yawanci ana fahimtar ta don haɗawa da abscesses na nono da ke cikin yankin retroareolar ko yankin periareolar amma ba waɗanda ke cikin gefen nono ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Versluijs |first=F. N. L. |last2=Roumen |first2=R. M. H. |last3=Goris |first3=R. J. A. |year=2000 |title=Chronic recurrent subareolar breast abscess: incidence and treatment |journal=British Journal of Surgery |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=931–964 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01544-49.x |issn=0007-1323 |s2cid=59165166}}</ref> Subareolar abscess na iya bunkasa duka a lokacin lactation ko extrapuerperal, abscess sau da yawa yana flaring sama da ƙasa tare da maimaita fistulation. == Ilimin jiki == Kashi 90% na shari'o'in masu shan sigari ne, duk da haka ƙananan masu shan sigami ne kawai suka bayyana suna samun wannan rauni. An yi hasashen cewa ko dai tasirin guba kai tsaye ko canje-canje na hormonal da suka shafi shan sigari na iya haifar da squamous metaplasia na lactiferous ducts. Ba a tabbatar da cewa cutar ta koma baya bayan dakatar da shan sigari ba. Magani yana da matsala sai dai idan za'a iya samun nasarar ganowa da kuma kula da rikicewar endocrine. Binciken da Goepel da Panhke suka yi ya ba da alamun cewa ya kamata a sarrafa kumburi ta hanyar bromocriptine koda kuwa babu hyperprolactinemia.<ref name="Goepel">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goepel E, Pahnke VG |year=1991 |title=[Successful therapy of nonpuerperal mastitis &ndash; already routine or still a rarity?] |journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd |language=de |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=109–16 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023685 |pmid=2040409}}</ref> Ana ba da maganin rigakafi don kumburi mai tsanani. Koyaya, wannan tsarin ba shi da tasiri sosai, kuma maganin abscess na subareolar shine farkon tiyata. A lokuta na matsanancin abscess, ana yin yanka da zubar da ruwa, sannan kuma maganin rigakafi. Sabanin abscesses na nono na gefe, wanda sau da yawa yakan warware bayan maganin rigakafi da yanka da zubar da ruwa, abscesses ɗin nono na subareolar suna sake dawowa kuma galibi suna tare da kafa fistulas da ke haɗa yankin kumburi zuwa farfajiya. A lokuta da yawa, musamman a cikin marasa lafiya tare da maimaitawa na subareolar abscesses, an nuna cirewar hanyoyin lactiferous da suka shafi, tare da cire duk wani abscess ko fistula. Ana iya yin wannan hanya ta amfani da ko dai radial ko circumareolar incision. Babu wata yarjejeniya ta duniya game da abin da ya kamata ya zama hanyar da za a bi da yanayin. A cikin wani bita na baya-bayan nan, maganin maganin rigakafi, kimantawa na ultrasound kuma, idan ruwa yana nan, burin allura da aka jagoranta na ultrasoud na abscess tare da allurar 18 gauge, a ƙarƙashin wankewar saline har sai ya bayyana, an ba da shawarar a matsayin layin farko na magani don abscess na nono a cikin puerperal da wadanda ba na puerperal ba ciki har da abscess na tsakiya (subareolar) [1] (duba abscess na mama don cikakkun bayanai). A wani wuri, an bayyana cewa maganin subareolar abscess ba zai yiwu ya yi aiki ba idan ba ya magance hanyoyin kamar haka.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t69hqeqk9l0y1g0qdeymvwef3t3gc87 0 159045 862690 2026-06-21T08:37:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341894432|Tuberous breasts]]" 862690 wikitext text/x-wiki Tuberous breasts (ko tubular breasts) sakamakon rashin daidaituwa ne na haihuwa <ref name="pmid18752021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Panchapakesan V, Brown MH |date=January 2009 |title=Management of tuberous breast "deformity" with anatomic cohesive silicone gel breast implants |journal=Aesthetic Plast Surg |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=49–53 |doi=10.1007/s00266-008-9234-7 |pmid=18752021 |s2cid=25422938}}</ref> na nono wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin maza da mata (duba Hypoplasia), nono ɗaya ko duka biyun. A lokacin [[balaga]] ci gaban nono yana da matsala kuma nono ya kasa bunkasa yadda ya kamata kuma cikakke. Har yanzu ba a san ainihin dalilin wannan ba; duk da haka, wani binciken da aka yi a cikin 2011 na sel a cikin ƙirjin maza da mata tare da ƙirjin tubular ya ba da shawarar haɗin kwayar halitta a cikin rikicewar ajiyar collagen.<ref name="Klinger 2011 42–44">{{Cite journal |last=Klinger |first=Marco |last2=Caviggioli |first2=Fabio |last3=Klinger |first3=Francesco |last4=Villani |first4=Federico |last5=Arra |first5=Erseida |last6=Di Tommaso |first6=Luca |date=2011 |title=Tuberous breast: Morphological study and overview of a borderline entity |journal=Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery |language=en, fr |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=42–44 |doi=10.1177/229255031101900210 |pmc=3328117 |pmid=22654530}}</ref> Ana zaton yanayin yana shafar kashi ɗaya zuwa biyar na marasa lafiya na ƙaruwa da nono; <ref name="urlBreast Augmentation...on Tubular Breasts">{{Cite web |title=Breast Augmentation...on Tubular Breasts |url=http://www.cosmeticsurgery.com/articles/archive/an~228/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126083433/http://cosmeticsurgery.com/articles/archive/an~228 |archive-date=2009-01-26 |access-date=2010-03-14}}</ref> duk da haka, ba a san yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa ba kamar yadda ake neman tiyata ba koyaushe. == Tarihi == Rees da Aston ne suka fara bayyana nakasar nono a cikin 1976 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=S |last2=Aston |first2=S |year=1976 |title=The tuberous breast |journal=Clin Plast Surg |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=339–46 |doi=10.1016/S0094-1298(20)30232-7 |pmid=1261187}}</ref> bayan haka aka kirkiro hanyar rarraba tsananin. Rarrabawar tiyata tana nufin waɗanne yankunan nono ne suka shafi kuma an raba su zuwa maki uku; galibi a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga (Grade I); a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga biyu (Grade II); ko kuma yana shafar dukan nono (Grade III). Wannan yanayin kuma an san shi da nono mai ƙuntata, nono mai ƙuƙwalwa, ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="Klinger 2011 42–44">{{Cite journal |last=Klinger |first=Marco |last2=Caviggioli |first2=Fabio |last3=Klinger |first3=Francesco |last4=Villani |first4=Federico |last5=Arra |first5=Erseida |last6=Di Tommaso |first6=Luca |date=2011 |title=Tuberous breast: Morphological study and overview of a borderline entity |journal=Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery |language=en, fr |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=42–44 |doi=10.1177/229255031101900210 |pmc=3328117 |pmid=22654530}}</ref> == Tasirin == Ƙashin nono ba ƙananan ba ne ko kuma ƙirji ba su da girma. Tasirin yanayin akan bayyanar nono na iya kasancewa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani, kuma halaye na al'ada sun haɗa da faɗaɗa, ƙuƙwalwa, sarari mai faɗi tsakanin nono, ƙarancin ƙwayoyin nono, raguwa, mafi girma fiye da ƙuƙwalwar nono na al'adu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tubular Breast Correction |url=http://www.jromano.com/procedure-photographs/breast-enhancement/tubular-breast-correction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226012636/http://jromano.com/procedure-photographs/breast-enhancement/tubular-breast-correction |archive-date=2013-12-26 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref> da kuma kunkuntar tushe a bangon kirji. Yanayin na iya haifar da [[Rashin samar da madara|karancin madara]] a cikin mata masu [[shayarwa]].<ref name="amir">{{Cite journal |last=Amir |first=LH |year=2006 |title=Breastfeeding--managing 'supply' difficulties. |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=686–9 |issn=0300-8495 |pmid=16969436}}</ref> Koyaya, wasu fannoni na jiki na haihuwa da ciki ba su da tasiri ga yanayin. == Magani == Ana iya canza bayyanar nono mai ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar hanyoyin tiyata, gami da hanyar fadada nama, amfani da kitse mai ƙwayoyi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gutierrez-Ontalvilla |first=Patricia |last2=Naidu |first2=Nina S |date=April 2020 |title=Autologous Fat Grafting with Percutaneous Fasciotomy and Reduction of the Nipple–Areolar Complex for the Correction of Tuberous Breast Deformity in Teenagers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336949884 |journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=264–269 |doi=10.1007/s00266-019-01531-1 |pmid=31673737 |s2cid=204942620 |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> da kuma nono. Dangane da girman ƙirjin da ke cikin ƙwayar cuta, likitan tiyata zai saki ƙwayoyin da aka ƙuntata kuma ya haifar da sabon ƙwayar nono. Hanyar canza bayyanar nono mai tarin fuka na iya zama mai rikitarwa fiye da karuwar nono na yau da kullun, kuma wasu Likitocin filastik suna da horo na kwararru a karuwar nono mai tarin. Hanyar da ba ta da rikitarwa ta mataki guda ɗaya ta amfani da saline implants na iya samar da irin wannan sakamako. [1] [2] Kamar yadda ake son magani ga wasu mata, turawa don magani a karkashin Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa na iya yiwuwa a Ƙasar Ingila. [3] Ga waɗanda ke neman mafita ba tare da tiyata ba, ana iya ba da shawarwari ba da shawara a matsayin hanyar da za a yarda da hoton jiki. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8out8frmibkzdgo1h0gfopnuqzro9f8 862692 862690 2026-06-21T08:38:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tuberous breasts (ko tubular breasts) sakamakon rashin daidaituwa ne na haihuwa <ref name="pmid18752021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Panchapakesan V, Brown MH |date=January 2009 |title=Management of tuberous breast "deformity" with anatomic cohesive silicone gel breast implants |journal=Aesthetic Plast Surg |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=49–53 |doi=10.1007/s00266-008-9234-7 |pmid=18752021 |s2cid=25422938}}</ref> na nono wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin maza da mata (duba Hypoplasia), nono ɗaya ko duka biyun. A lokacin [[balaga]] ci gaban nono yana da matsala kuma nono ya kasa bunkasa yadda ya kamata kuma cikakke. Har yanzu ba a san ainihin dalilin wannan ba; duk da haka, wani binciken da aka yi a cikin 2011 na sel a cikin ƙirjin maza da mata tare da ƙirjin tubular ya ba da shawarar haɗin kwayar halitta a cikin rikicewar ajiyar collagen.<ref name="Klinger 2011 42–44">{{Cite journal |last=Klinger |first=Marco |last2=Caviggioli |first2=Fabio |last3=Klinger |first3=Francesco |last4=Villani |first4=Federico |last5=Arra |first5=Erseida |last6=Di Tommaso |first6=Luca |date=2011 |title=Tuberous breast: Morphological study and overview of a borderline entity |journal=Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery |language=en, fr |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=42–44 |doi=10.1177/229255031101900210 |pmc=3328117 |pmid=22654530}}</ref> Ana zaton yanayin yana shafar kashi ɗaya zuwa biyar na marasa lafiya na ƙaruwa da nono; <ref name="urlBreast Augmentation...on Tubular Breasts">{{Cite web |title=Breast Augmentation...on Tubular Breasts |url=http://www.cosmeticsurgery.com/articles/archive/an~228/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126083433/http://cosmeticsurgery.com/articles/archive/an~228 |archive-date=2009-01-26 |access-date=2010-03-14}}</ref> duk da haka, ba a san yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa ba kamar yadda ake neman tiyata ba koyaushe. == Tarihi == Rees da Aston ne suka fara bayyana nakasar nono a cikin 1976 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=S |last2=Aston |first2=S |year=1976 |title=The tuberous breast |journal=Clin Plast Surg |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=339–46 |doi=10.1016/S0094-1298(20)30232-7 |pmid=1261187}}</ref> bayan haka aka kirkiro hanyar rarraba tsananin. Rarrabawar tiyata tana nufin waɗanne yankunan nono ne suka shafi kuma an raba su zuwa maki uku; galibi a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga (Grade I); a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga biyu (Grade II); ko kuma yana shafar dukan nono (Grade III). Wannan yanayin kuma an san shi da nono mai ƙuntata, nono mai ƙuƙwalwa, ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="Klinger 2011 42–44">{{Cite journal |last=Klinger |first=Marco |last2=Caviggioli |first2=Fabio |last3=Klinger |first3=Francesco |last4=Villani |first4=Federico |last5=Arra |first5=Erseida |last6=Di Tommaso |first6=Luca |date=2011 |title=Tuberous breast: Morphological study and overview of a borderline entity |journal=Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery |language=en, fr |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=42–44 |doi=10.1177/229255031101900210 |pmc=3328117 |pmid=22654530}}</ref> == Tasirin == Ƙashin nono ba ƙananan ba ne ko kuma ƙirji ba su da girma. Tasirin yanayin akan bayyanar nono na iya kasancewa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani, kuma halaye na al'ada sun haɗa da faɗaɗa, ƙuƙwalwa, sarari mai faɗi tsakanin nono, ƙarancin ƙwayoyin nono, raguwa, mafi girma fiye da ƙuƙwalwar nono na al'adu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tubular Breast Correction |url=http://www.jromano.com/procedure-photographs/breast-enhancement/tubular-breast-correction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226012636/http://jromano.com/procedure-photographs/breast-enhancement/tubular-breast-correction |archive-date=2013-12-26 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref> da kuma kunkuntar tushe a bangon kirji. Yanayin na iya haifar da [[Rashin samar da madara|karancin madara]] a cikin mata masu [[shayarwa]].<ref name="amir">{{Cite journal |last=Amir |first=LH |year=2006 |title=Breastfeeding--managing 'supply' difficulties. |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=686–9 |issn=0300-8495 |pmid=16969436}}</ref> Koyaya, wasu fannoni na jiki na haihuwa da ciki ba su da tasiri ga yanayin. == Magani == Ana iya canza bayyanar nono mai ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar hanyoyin tiyata, gami da hanyar fadada nama, amfani da kitse mai ƙwayoyi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gutierrez-Ontalvilla |first=Patricia |last2=Naidu |first2=Nina S |date=April 2020 |title=Autologous Fat Grafting with Percutaneous Fasciotomy and Reduction of the Nipple–Areolar Complex for the Correction of Tuberous Breast Deformity in Teenagers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336949884 |journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=264–269 |doi=10.1007/s00266-019-01531-1 |pmid=31673737 |s2cid=204942620 |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> da kuma nono. Dangane da girman ƙirjin da ke cikin ƙwayar cuta, likitan tiyata zai saki ƙwayoyin da aka ƙuntata kuma ya haifar da sabon ƙwayar nono. Hanyar canza bayyanar nono mai tarin fuka na iya zama mai rikitarwa fiye da karuwar nono na yau da kullun, kuma wasu Likitocin filastik suna da horo na kwararru a karuwar nono mai tarin. Hanyar da ba ta da rikitarwa ta mataki guda ɗaya ta amfani da saline implants na iya samar da irin wannan sakamako. [1] [2] Kamar yadda ake son magani ga wasu mata, turawa don magani a karkashin Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa na iya yiwuwa a Ƙasar Ingila. [3] Ga waɗanda ke neman mafita ba tare da tiyata ba, ana iya ba da shawarwari ba da shawara a matsayin hanyar da za a yarda da hoton jiki. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hiwrwo0l9vd3xvjpltdrnys05i9tgi5 0 159046 862691 2026-06-21T08:38:12Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314951309|Giant cichlid]]" 862691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''giant cichlid''' ('''''''''''''Boulengerochromini'''''''' microlepis'''''), wanda aka fi sani da cichlid sarki, nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae, wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka. Ita ce kawai memba na jinsin Boulengerochromis da kabilar Boulengerocromini . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer, Matchiner, Salburger |first=Britta, Michael, Walter |year=2015 |title=A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=83 |pages=56–71 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009 |pmc=4334724 |pmid=25433288}}</ref> == Yanayi, mazaunin da halayyar == Maza suna kaiwa tsawon har zuwa {{Convert|90|cm|ft}} kuma mata har zuwa {{Convert|75|cm|ft|1}} , mai yiwuwa yana mai da shi mafi girman nau'in cichlid; kawai bass din (''Cichla temensis'') na Kudancin Amurka yana samun irin wannan girman a matsayin babba. Babban cichlid yana cikin tafkin Tanganyika, inda yake faruwa a wasu sassan tafkin da [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] ke sarrafawa. A cikin wannan kewayon jinsin da aka saba samu a yankunan bakin teku zuwa zurfin {{Convert|100|m|ft}} . Manya galibi suna cin kifi yayin da yara ke cin komai; suna kuma nuna bambance-bambance na mazaunin da suka danganci shekaru, tare da manya da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan kungiyoyin neman abinci lokacin da ba sa tsiro yayin da yara suna amfani da ruwa mai zurfi, mai yaduwa don kariya da suke bayarwa. Ana ba da su a wasu lokuta don sayarwa a matsayin kifin akwatin kifaye, amma girman girman su ya sa ba su dace da duka ba sai dai mafi girman akwatin kifayen masu zaman kansu da na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulengerochromis microlepis (Emperor Cichlid) — Seriously Fish |url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/boulengerochromis-microlepis/}}</ref> == Tarihi da kuma asalin == George Albert Boulenger ne ya bayyana nau'in a matsayin ''tilapia microlepis'' a cikin 1899. Da yake fahimtar cewa ba tilapia ba ne, Jacques Pellegrin ne ya kirkiro jinsin ''Boulengerochromis'' a cikin 1904. Sunan wannan nau'in shine sunan fili, wanda ya ƙunshi [[sunan mahaifi]] Boulenger, don girmama masanin ilimin dabbobi da masanin ilimin halittu na [[Beljik|Belgian]] George Albert Boulenger (1858-1937), da kalmar Helenanci ''chromis'' wanda [[Aristotle]] ya yi amfani da shi don nau'in kifi. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne drum Sciaenidae kuma ana iya samo shi daga kalmar ''chroemo'' wanda ke nufin "zuwa makwabta" dangane da hayaniya da drum ke yi. An yi amfani da wannan kalmar ga yawancin kifaye na percomorph, kamar su damselfish, cardinalfish, dottybacks, wrasses da cichilds, ta hanyar ichthyologists kamar yadda waɗannan ake zaton suna da alaƙa da juna.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=22 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> b437mxkqskf0bwq9hdtxkts0xyys2bf 862693 862691 2026-06-21T08:38:34Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''giant cichlid''' ('''''''''''''Boulengerochromini'''''''' microlepis'''''), wanda aka fi sani da cichlid sarki, nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae, wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka. Ita ce kawai memba na jinsin Boulengerochromis da kabilar Boulengerocromini . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer, Matchiner, Salburger |first=Britta, Michael, Walter |year=2015 |title=A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=83 |pages=56–71 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009 |pmc=4334724 |pmid=25433288}}</ref> == Yanayi, mazaunin da halayyar == Maza suna kaiwa tsawon har zuwa {{Convert|90|cm|ft}} kuma mata har zuwa {{Convert|75|cm|ft|1}} , mai yiwuwa yana mai da shi mafi girman nau'in cichlid; kawai bass din (''Cichla temensis'') na Kudancin Amurka yana samun irin wannan girman a matsayin babba. Babban cichlid yana cikin tafkin Tanganyika, inda yake faruwa a wasu sassan tafkin da [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] ke sarrafawa. A cikin wannan kewayon jinsin da aka saba samu a yankunan bakin teku zuwa zurfin {{Convert|100|m|ft}} . Manya galibi suna cin kifi yayin da yara ke cin komai; suna kuma nuna bambance-bambance na mazaunin da suka danganci shekaru, tare da manya da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan kungiyoyin neman abinci lokacin da ba sa tsiro yayin da yara suna amfani da ruwa mai zurfi, mai yaduwa don kariya da suke bayarwa. Ana ba da su a wasu lokuta don sayarwa a matsayin kifin akwatin kifaye, amma girman girman su ya sa ba su dace da duka ba sai dai mafi girman akwatin kifayen masu zaman kansu da na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulengerochromis microlepis (Emperor Cichlid) — Seriously Fish |url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/boulengerochromis-microlepis/}}</ref> == Tarihi da kuma asalin == George Albert Boulenger ne ya bayyana nau'in a matsayin ''tilapia microlepis'' a cikin 1899. Da yake fahimtar cewa ba tilapia ba ne, Jacques Pellegrin ne ya kirkiro jinsin ''Boulengerochromis'' a cikin 1904. Sunan wannan nau'in shine sunan fili, wanda ya ƙunshi [[sunan mahaifi]] Boulenger, don girmama masanin ilimin dabbobi da masanin ilimin halittu na [[Beljik|Belgian]] George Albert Boulenger (1858-1937), da kalmar Helenanci ''chromis'' wanda [[Aristotle]] ya yi amfani da shi don nau'in kifi. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne drum Sciaenidae kuma ana iya samo shi daga kalmar ''chroemo'' wanda ke nufin "zuwa makwabta" dangane da hayaniya da drum ke yi. An yi amfani da wannan kalmar ga yawancin kifaye na percomorph, kamar su damselfish, cardinalfish, dottybacks, wrasses da cichilds, ta hanyar ichthyologists kamar yadda waɗannan ake zaton suna da alaƙa da juna.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=22 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> ==manazarta== 97bgg9x0ltgrnamuljv9rznv2qtu2ah 0 159047 862694 2026-06-21T08:39:50Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335628641|Duct ectasia of breast]]" 862694 wikitext text/x-wiki Duct ectasia syndrome yana da ma'ana ga nonpuerperal mastitis, amma ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta don bayyana lokuta na musamman na cututtukan fibrocystic ko mastalgia ko kuma a matsayin ma'anar sharar gida na cututsin nono. Haɗin fadada bututun ruwa tare da alamun "na gargajiya" na cutar ectasia ba a bayyane yake ba. Koyaya, fadada bututun kwanan nan yana da alaƙa sosai da ciwon nono mara ma'ana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peters F, Diemer P, Mecks O, ((Behnken LLJ)) |year=2003 |title=Severity of mastalgia in relation to milk duct dilatation |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=54–60 |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02386-4 |pmid=12517645 |s2cid=25311913}}</ref> Alamun duct ectasia na iya haɗawa da janyewar maƙarƙashiya, juyawa, ciwo, <ref name="pmid3806542">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Browning J, Bigrigg A, Taylor I |date=December 1986 |title=Symptomatic and incidental mammary duct ectasia |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=715–6 |doi=10.1177/014107688607901210 |pmc=1290571 |pmid=3806542}}</ref> da kuma fitar da couloring daban-daban (daga fari, zuwa kore / baki, zuwa launin toka). Sauran alamun sun hada da ƙwayar nono mai ganewa. Duct ectasia na iya zama ba tare da alamomi ba. == Dalilan da suka haifar == An yi nono da Kwayoyin haɗin kai, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta da abu mai kama da gel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-02 |title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=National Cancer Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Halitta == An yi imanin cewa fadada bututun ya zama sakamakon ɓoye-ɓoye, gami da colostrum mai tsayawa, wanda kuma ke haifar da kumburi da fibrosis. Koyaya, saboda fadada bututun da ba a ƙayyade ba ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana iya zama ganowa a cikin matakai da yawa. Masu shan sigari suna da alama sau da yawa suna fama da cutar ectasia ko da yake sakamakon da aka ruwaito ba cikakke ba ne. Haɗin tare da matsayin shan sigari ya bayyana ya fi rauni fiye da na subareolar abscess. Ba a san alaƙa da ainihin fadada bututun ba. Dukkanin fadada duct da cututtukan ectasia na duct sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da juna, saboda haka masu haifar da tsarin suna da alaƙar. == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:Liponekrosen_und_Plasmazellmastitis_93jw_-_Mammographie_-_Ausschnitt_001.jpg|thumb|Bayani game da mammography wanda ke nuna liponecrosis (ƙaddamarwa / ƙuƙwalwa) da plasma cell mastitis tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwasawa kamar sandar]] Hanyoyin da ba su da haɗari don ƙayyade diamita a cikin marasa lafiya masu rai suna samuwa ne kawai kwanan nan kuma ba a bayyana yadda ya kamata a kwatanta sakamakon da sakamakon tsofaffi daga biopsies ba. A fannin tarihi, fadada babban bututun ya shahara. Gudun bututun da ke da alaƙa da fibrosis na periductal ana haɗa shi akai-akai a cikin ma'anar kwandon shara na cutar fibrocystic. A cikin cututtukan da ke da wadataccen kwayar halitta da aka gano a kan biopsies, ana iya gano cututtukat da ke da alaƙa da IgG4 ta hanyar IgG / IgG4 immunostaining.<ref name="pmid25474510">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chougule A, Bal A, Das A, Singh G |date=January 2015 |title=IgG4 related sclerosing mastitis: expanding the morphological spectrum of IgG4 related diseases |journal=Pathology |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=27–33 |doi=10.1097/PAT.0000000000000187 |pmid=25474510 |s2cid=38695165}} </ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] af021e61ssjqufluco6ksgw4s00ox0h 862695 862694 2026-06-21T08:40:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 862695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Duct ectasia syndrome yana da ma'ana ga nonpuerperal mastitis, amma ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta don bayyana lokuta na musamman na cututtukan fibrocystic ko mastalgia ko kuma a matsayin ma'anar sharar gida na cututsin nono. Haɗin fadada bututun ruwa tare da alamun "na gargajiya" na cutar ectasia ba a bayyane yake ba. Koyaya, fadada bututun kwanan nan yana da alaƙa sosai da ciwon nono mara ma'ana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peters F, Diemer P, Mecks O, ((Behnken LLJ)) |year=2003 |title=Severity of mastalgia in relation to milk duct dilatation |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=54–60 |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02386-4 |pmid=12517645 |s2cid=25311913}}</ref> Alamun duct ectasia na iya haɗawa da janyewar maƙarƙashiya, juyawa, ciwo, <ref name="pmid3806542">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Browning J, Bigrigg A, Taylor I |date=December 1986 |title=Symptomatic and incidental mammary duct ectasia |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=715–6 |doi=10.1177/014107688607901210 |pmc=1290571 |pmid=3806542}}</ref> da kuma fitar da couloring daban-daban (daga fari, zuwa kore / baki, zuwa launin toka). Sauran alamun sun hada da ƙwayar nono mai ganewa. Duct ectasia na iya zama ba tare da alamomi ba. == Dalilan da suka haifar == An yi nono da Kwayoyin haɗin kai, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta da abu mai kama da gel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-02 |title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=National Cancer Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Halitta == An yi imanin cewa fadada bututun ya zama sakamakon ɓoye-ɓoye, gami da colostrum mai tsayawa, wanda kuma ke haifar da kumburi da fibrosis. Koyaya, saboda fadada bututun da ba a ƙayyade ba ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana iya zama ganowa a cikin matakai da yawa. Masu shan sigari suna da alama sau da yawa suna fama da cutar ectasia ko da yake sakamakon da aka ruwaito ba cikakke ba ne. Haɗin tare da matsayin shan sigari ya bayyana ya fi rauni fiye da na subareolar abscess. Ba a san alaƙa da ainihin fadada bututun ba. Dukkanin fadada duct da cututtukan ectasia na duct sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da juna, saboda haka masu haifar da tsarin suna da alaƙar. == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:Liponekrosen_und_Plasmazellmastitis_93jw_-_Mammographie_-_Ausschnitt_001.jpg|thumb|Bayani game da mammography wanda ke nuna liponecrosis (ƙaddamarwa / ƙuƙwalwa) da plasma cell mastitis tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwasawa kamar sandar]] Hanyoyin da ba su da haɗari don ƙayyade diamita a cikin marasa lafiya masu rai suna samuwa ne kawai kwanan nan kuma ba a bayyana yadda ya kamata a kwatanta sakamakon da sakamakon tsofaffi daga biopsies ba. A fannin tarihi, fadada babban bututun ya shahara. Gudun bututun da ke da alaƙa da fibrosis na periductal ana haɗa shi akai-akai a cikin ma'anar kwandon shara na cutar fibrocystic. A cikin cututtukan da ke da wadataccen kwayar halitta da aka gano a kan biopsies, ana iya gano cututtukat da ke da alaƙa da IgG4 ta hanyar IgG / IgG4 immunostaining.<ref name="pmid25474510">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chougule A, Bal A, Das A, Singh G |date=January 2015 |title=IgG4 related sclerosing mastitis: expanding the morphological spectrum of IgG4 related diseases |journal=Pathology |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=27–33 |doi=10.1097/PAT.0000000000000187 |pmid=25474510 |s2cid=38695165}} </ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t6fa8dimjahyil7kdfkbsnjbm0jge6j 0 159048 862696 2026-06-21T08:41:15Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345275384|Golden julie]]" 862696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Golden Julie''' (Julidochromis ornatus) wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], ana samunsa ne kawai a iyakar arewa da kudancin tafkin a cikin yanayin dutse. Sunan jinsin, ornatus, Latin ne don "ornate" ko "decorated," wanda ke nufin zinariya, bayyanar kifi. == Bayani game da nau'ikan == Matsakaicin girman yana da kimanin 4 cm-10 cm ga manya. Yaran suna da fararen dorsal fin, yayin da manya suna da rawaya dorsal flap, wani lokaci tare da baƙar fata a kan matakai. Wadannan kifaye suna da cakuda rawaya da fari a jiki. A cikin manya, baƙar fata tana nan a gindin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa kuma akwai baƙar fata guda uku a gefen da fuskar kifi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Irin wannan nau'in zuwa Golden Julie (Julidochromis ornatus) shine Golden mbuna (''[[Melanochromis auratus]]''). <ref name="Santos">{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=M. Emília |last2=Lopes |first2=João F. |last3=Kratochwil |first3=Claudius F. |date=January 5, 2023 |title=East African cichlid fishes |journal=EvoDevo |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13227-022-00205-5 |issn=2041-9139 |pmc=9814215 |pmid=36604760 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Don rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'o'in, ''Melanochromis auratus'' yana da alamun baki a kan ƙirjinsu da ƙuƙwalwar su. Maimakon baƙar fata guda ɗaya a kan caudal fin, akwai ƙananan spots da yawa a saman ɓangaren caudal fin a cikin ''M. auratus''. == Rarraba == Golden Julie 'yar asalin Lake Tanganyika ce, wacce ke Gabashin Afirka kuma ta ƙunshi kimanin nau'ikan kifi 250 daban-daban. An yi imanin cewa wannan babban bambancin nau'in cichlid ya samo asali ne daga kakanninmu na yau da kullun lokacin da aka kafa tafkin kimanin shekaru miliyan 9-12 da suka gabata.<ref name="Takahashi2011">{{Cite journal |last=Takahashi |first=Tetsumi |last2=Koblmüller |first2=Stephan |date=May 10, 2011 |title=The Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fish in Lake Tanganyika: A Morphological Perspective |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=2011 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.4061/2011/620754 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3119568 |pmid=21716857 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan kakanninmu na yau da kullun sun sami saurin juyin halitta ta hanyar jinsin da radiation mai daidaitawa don takamaiman wuraren zama, abinci, da sauran albarkatu, wanda ke haifar da wannan nau'in nau'in cichlid iri-iri a Tafkin Tanganyika. ls4m57hqc7wtuoti5dg3gl43y0inv04 862697 862696 2026-06-21T08:41:39Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Golden Julie''' (Julidochromis ornatus) wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], ana samunsa ne kawai a iyakar arewa da kudancin tafkin a cikin yanayin dutse. Sunan jinsin, ornatus, Latin ne don "ornate" ko "decorated," wanda ke nufin zinariya, bayyanar kifi. == Bayani game da nau'ikan == Matsakaicin girman yana da kimanin 4 cm-10 cm ga manya. Yaran suna da fararen dorsal fin, yayin da manya suna da rawaya dorsal flap, wani lokaci tare da baƙar fata a kan matakai. Wadannan kifaye suna da cakuda rawaya da fari a jiki. A cikin manya, baƙar fata tana nan a gindin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa kuma akwai baƙar fata guda uku a gefen da fuskar kifi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Irin wannan nau'in zuwa Golden Julie (Julidochromis ornatus) shine Golden mbuna (''[[Melanochromis auratus]]''). <ref name="Santos">{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=M. Emília |last2=Lopes |first2=João F. |last3=Kratochwil |first3=Claudius F. |date=January 5, 2023 |title=East African cichlid fishes |journal=EvoDevo |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13227-022-00205-5 |issn=2041-9139 |pmc=9814215 |pmid=36604760 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Don rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'o'in, ''Melanochromis auratus'' yana da alamun baki a kan ƙirjinsu da ƙuƙwalwar su. Maimakon baƙar fata guda ɗaya a kan caudal fin, akwai ƙananan spots da yawa a saman ɓangaren caudal fin a cikin ''M. auratus''. == Rarraba == Golden Julie 'yar asalin Lake Tanganyika ce, wacce ke Gabashin Afirka kuma ta ƙunshi kimanin nau'ikan kifi 250 daban-daban. An yi imanin cewa wannan babban bambancin nau'in cichlid ya samo asali ne daga kakanninmu na yau da kullun lokacin da aka kafa tafkin kimanin shekaru miliyan 9-12 da suka gabata.<ref name="Takahashi2011">{{Cite journal |last=Takahashi |first=Tetsumi |last2=Koblmüller |first2=Stephan |date=May 10, 2011 |title=The Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fish in Lake Tanganyika: A Morphological Perspective |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=2011 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.4061/2011/620754 |issn=2090-052X |pmc=3119568 |pmid=21716857 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan kakanninmu na yau da kullun sun sami saurin juyin halitta ta hanyar jinsin da radiation mai daidaitawa don takamaiman wuraren zama, abinci, da sauran albarkatu, wanda ke haifar da wannan nau'in nau'in cichlid iri-iri a Tafkin Tanganyika. ==mamazarta== dxrt2fei57ujalnlcys8k1z6uz8ixoh 0 159049 862698 2026-06-21T08:43:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345327473|Grammatotria]]" 862698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Grammatotria lemairii''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] inda ya fi son wuraren da ke da yashi. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 26 centimeters (10 in) TL. A halin yanzu ita ce kawai sanannen memba na jinsin. Ana kiyaye nau'in a wasu lokuta a matsayin kifi na [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. takamaiman suna yana girmama Lieutenant [[:nl:Charles Lemaire|Charles Lemaire]] (1863-1925) wanda ya kasance shugaban Congo Free State Expedition, wanda ya tattara samfurori na kifi a Tafkin Tanganyika, gami da nau'in ''G. lemairii'' . == Manazarta == b37c3bjp5sepe59o8t0tnkj7y8ida6w 0 159050 862699 2026-06-21T08:47:12Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313939203|Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi]]" 862699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Bigirimana, C. |date=2006 |title=''Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T60496A12365056 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60496A12365056.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi|authority=([[Max Poll|Poll]], 1976)|synonyms=*''Hemibates bellcrossi'' <small>Poll, 1976</small> *''Lepidochromis bellcrossi'' <small>(Poll, 1976)</small> *''Limnochromis bellcrossi'' <small>(Poll, 1976)</small>}} '''''Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . yana da iyaka a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na Tafkin Tanganyika, Gabashin Afirka. == Magana == takamaiman suna wannan kifi yana girmama masanin ilimin kifi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] [[Graham Bell-Cross]] (1927-1998) wanda ya kasance mataimakin darektan zartarwa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi na Rhodesia . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == lh9zpkbw1uiry3pez4ec14xemo2u609 862700 862699 2026-06-21T08:47:26Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Bigirimana, C. |date=2006 |title=''Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T60496A12365056 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60496A12365056.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi|authority=([[Max Poll|Poll]], 1976)|synonyms=*''Hemibates bellcrossi'' <small>Poll, 1976</small> *''Lepidochromis bellcrossi'' <small>(Poll, 1976)</small> *''Limnochromis bellcrossi'' <small>(Poll, 1976)</small>}} '''''Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . yana da iyaka a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na Tafkin Tanganyika, Gabashin Afirka. == Magana == takamaiman suna wannan kifi yana girmama masanin ilimin kifi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] [[Graham Bell-Cross]] (1927-1998) wanda ya kasance mataimakin darektan zartarwa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi na Rhodesia . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3pc552jyulwli7xgp39cehwgrg3eug5 0 159051 862701 2026-06-21T08:48:32Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345032016|Interochromis]]" 862701 wikitext text/x-wiki Interochromis wani nau'in cichlids ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. Yana da nau'in jinsin, wanda ke wakiltar jinsin guda ɗaya, '''''Interochromis loocki''''' . ''Interochromis loocki'' wani nau'i ne mai yaduwa amma mai ban sha'awa wanda ke zaune a kan dutsen dutse 2-3 m (7-10 na ruwa. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 10.5 centimeters (4.1 in) jimlar tsawon (TL). == Manazarta == ree25habuh3syhx3kwlk7p5b8fa8jv3 862702 862701 2026-06-21T08:48:46Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Interochromis wani nau'in cichlids ne wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. Yana da nau'in jinsin, wanda ke wakiltar jinsin guda ɗaya, '''''Interochromis loocki''''' . ''Interochromis loocki'' wani nau'i ne mai yaduwa amma mai ban sha'awa wanda ke zaune a kan dutsen dutse 2-3 m (7-10 na ruwa. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 10.5 centimeters (4.1 in) jimlar tsawon (TL). == Manazarta == o1c28yy2xewbva9kb8sot9b5ztc7lze 0 159052 862703 2026-06-21T08:49:42Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346541992|Jabarichromis pfefferi]]" 862703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Jabarichromis pfefferi''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne na Afirka a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka ga [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da masu saurin gudana a cikin ƙasashen [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma ya yadu. Ana samun wannan cichlid a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, yawanci a kan kasa mai laushi a wuraren da ke da ciyawa na ruwa. Ya kai har zuwa {{Cvt|14|cm|in}} in) a tsawon, kuma mata sun ɗan ƙarami ne fiye da maza. <ref name="TangNL">{{Cite web |last=Joren Blom |title=''Gnathochromis pfefferi'' |url=http://www.tanganyika.nl/G_pfefferi.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808212811/https://tanganyika.nl/G_pfefferi.php |archive-date=8 August 2020 |website=Tanganyika.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Yana cin invertebrates (musamman shrimp ) da kayan shuka. <ref name="Ochi1993">{{Cite journal |last=Ochi, H. |year=1993 |title=Maintenance of Separate Territories for Mating and Feeding by Males of a Maternal Mouthbrooding Cichlid, ''Gnathochromis pfefferi'', in Lake Tanganyika |journal=Japan. J. Ichthyol. |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=173–182}}</ref> Kamar sauran cichlids na Tanganyika, yana da bakin brooder <ref name="fishbase" /> <ref name="TangNL" /> kuma wani lokacin ana kiyaye shi [[Aquarium|akwatunan kifaye]].<ref name="Ochi1993" /> Kodayake a baya an haɗa shi a cikin jinsin ''Gnathochromis'', yana da alaƙa da nau'in jinsin ''G. permaxillaris'' (ƙabilar Limnochromini), a maimakon haka yana kusa da Tropheini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nina Duftner |last2=Stephan Koblmüller |last3=Christian Sturmbauer |year=2005 |title=Evolutionary Relationships of the Limnochromini, a Tribe of Benthic Deepwater Cichlid Fish Endemic to Lake Tanganyika, East Africa |journal=J Mol Evol |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=277–289 |bibcode=2005JMolE..60..277D |doi=10.1007/s00239-004-0017-8}}</ref> takamaiman suna yana girmama [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Jamus Georg Johann Pfeffer (1854-1931). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=21 July 2025 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k) |url=https://etyfish.org/cichlidae3/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == rvg1cc66mevpvftjm11j88uzyhqn31h 862704 862703 2026-06-21T08:50:06Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jabarichromis pfefferi''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne na Afirka a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka ga [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da masu saurin gudana a cikin ƙasashen [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma ya yadu. Ana samun wannan cichlid a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, yawanci a kan kasa mai laushi a wuraren da ke da ciyawa na ruwa. Ya kai har zuwa {{Cvt|14|cm|in}} in) a tsawon, kuma mata sun ɗan ƙarami ne fiye da maza. <ref name="TangNL">{{Cite web |last=Joren Blom |title=''Gnathochromis pfefferi'' |url=http://www.tanganyika.nl/G_pfefferi.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808212811/https://tanganyika.nl/G_pfefferi.php |archive-date=8 August 2020 |website=Tanganyika.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Yana cin invertebrates (musamman shrimp ) da kayan shuka. <ref name="Ochi1993">{{Cite journal |last=Ochi, H. |year=1993 |title=Maintenance of Separate Territories for Mating and Feeding by Males of a Maternal Mouthbrooding Cichlid, ''Gnathochromis pfefferi'', in Lake Tanganyika |journal=Japan. J. Ichthyol. |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=173–182}}</ref> Kamar sauran cichlids na Tanganyika, yana da bakin brooder <ref name="fishbase" /> <ref name="TangNL" /> kuma wani lokacin ana kiyaye shi [[Aquarium|akwatunan kifaye]].<ref name="Ochi1993" /> Kodayake a baya an haɗa shi a cikin jinsin ''Gnathochromis'', yana da alaƙa da nau'in jinsin ''G. permaxillaris'' (ƙabilar Limnochromini), a maimakon haka yana kusa da Tropheini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nina Duftner |last2=Stephan Koblmüller |last3=Christian Sturmbauer |year=2005 |title=Evolutionary Relationships of the Limnochromini, a Tribe of Benthic Deepwater Cichlid Fish Endemic to Lake Tanganyika, East Africa |journal=J Mol Evol |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=277–289 |bibcode=2005JMolE..60..277D |doi=10.1007/s00239-004-0017-8}}</ref> takamaiman suna yana girmama [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Jamus Georg Johann Pfeffer (1854-1931). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=21 July 2025 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k) |url=https://etyfish.org/cichlidae3/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == joedhgwt1sc5cgct9axkddtr4bvutrg 0 159053 862705 2026-06-21T08:51:15Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314812603|Julidochromis dickfeldi]]" 862705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Julidochromis dickfeldi''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka inda aka sani kawai daga yankin kudu maso yamma. Wannan nau'in yana zaune a yankunan da ke da dutse / rushewa, kowane kifi yana kula da yankin da ke kusa da rami ko tsagewa. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 11 centimeters (4.3 in) TL. == Magana == takamaiman suna yana girmama mai kula da kifi na Jamus Alf Dickfeld wanda ya ba da shawarar balaguron da aka tattara nau'in.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |last2=Lazara |first2=Kenneth J. |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae3/ |access-date=27 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manqzarta == 1twmfmp6zbhefdyynnq2zs3r51b1af3 862706 862705 2026-06-21T08:51:29Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Julidochromis dickfeldi''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka inda aka sani kawai daga yankin kudu maso yamma. Wannan nau'in yana zaune a yankunan da ke da dutse / rushewa, kowane kifi yana kula da yankin da ke kusa da rami ko tsagewa. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 11 centimeters (4.3 in) TL. == Magana == takamaiman suna yana girmama mai kula da kifi na Jamus Alf Dickfeld wanda ya ba da shawarar balaguron da aka tattara nau'in.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |last2=Lazara |first2=Kenneth J. |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae3/ |access-date=27 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manqzarta == 5ln1ptdxao83gzxl3g6ebs6rlqzranc 0 159054 862708 2026-06-21T08:55:46Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302344299|Julidochromis marksmithi]]" 862708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Julidochromis marksmithi''''' dangi nau'in cichlid ne daga kabilar Lamprologini na subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yake faruwa a bakin tekun Tanzaniya a kusa da Kiplipi a Gundumar Nkasi . == Magana == takamaiman suna wannan kifi yana girmama mai kula da ruwa Mark Smith . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == t6n91l61mrdbrczqn2v8licj7a4kwd7 862709 862708 2026-06-21T08:56:03Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Julidochromis marksmithi''''' dangi nau'in cichlid ne daga kabilar Lamprologini na subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yake faruwa a bakin tekun Tanzaniya a kusa da Kiplipi a Gundumar Nkasi . == Magana == takamaiman suna wannan kifi yana girmama mai kula da ruwa Mark Smith . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == k2r2gs0i0gilpv1ltnqxfmj3obn3mjd 0 159055 862710 2026-06-21T08:57:16Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322870908|Julidochromis marlieri]]" 862710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Julidochromis marlieri''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda aka sani ne kawai daga yankin arewa maso yammacin da ya fi son bakin teku a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. A cikin kasuwancin akwatin kifaye, an fi sani da '''Julie ta Marlier''', Spotted Julie ko Chequered Julie . Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 15 centimeters (5.9 in) TL. Manya mata sun fi girma fiye da manya maza. == Magana == takamaiman suna yana girmama [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Belgian [[Georges Marlier]] wanda ya tattara nau'in.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |last2=Lazara |first2=Kenneth J. |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == lpiu6q6dsisys6hqcusccfka8c1ibm4 862711 862710 2026-06-21T08:57:30Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Julidochromis marlieri''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda aka sani ne kawai daga yankin arewa maso yammacin da ya fi son bakin teku a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. A cikin kasuwancin akwatin kifaye, an fi sani da '''Julie ta Marlier''', Spotted Julie ko Chequered Julie . Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 15 centimeters (5.9 in) TL. Manya mata sun fi girma fiye da manya maza. == Magana == takamaiman suna yana girmama [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Belgian [[Georges Marlier]] wanda ya tattara nau'in.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Scharpf |first=Christopher |last2=Lazara |first2=Kenneth J. |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=https://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 02hzcrmwww0htt3uljgrkv8awkurgh9 0 159056 862712 2026-06-21T08:59:03Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314162418|Convict julie]]" 862712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''mai laifi julie''' ('''''Julidochromis regani''''') nau'in cichlid ne a cikin iyalin Pseudocrenilabrinae wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . Saboda haka ana samun sa a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. An sanya sunan kifin ne bayan Charles Tate Regan . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> Wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da ''Julidochromis marlieri'' . Wataƙila, kakannin namiji na waɗannan biyu sun haɗu da wasu kakannin ''[[Telmatochromis]]'' na mata a cikin juyin halitta da suka gabata. == Bayyanawa == ''Julidochromis regani'' karamin kifi ne (har zuwa 13 centimeters (5.1 in) TL). Jikinta mai launin rawaya zuwa mai launin zinariya yana da tsayi kuma yana da tsawo. Tsarin baƙar fata daban-daban, dangane da wane ɓangare na tafkin da kifin ya samo asali, yana nan. Koyaya, ''Julidochromis regani'' duk suna da ƙananan baƙar fata na gefen guda huɗu waɗanda ke gudana tsawon jiki, kodayake wasu bambance-bambance suna da layi na huɗu kawai a kan kai. A kan dorsal fin rayuka suna tsaye. Yankin waje na caudal, dorsal da anal fins fari ne, yayin da pectoral fins suna da rawaya. Yin jima'i yana da wahala, amma maza suna da karamin papilla na al'aura kuma mata galibi suna da yawa fiye da namiji. == Muhalli == Yana cin komai. Ma'aurata galibi suna da mace ɗaya, kodayake lokuta na polyandry, tare da mace da ke ɗaukar ma'aurata fiye da ɗaya, an rubuta su a cikin daji da akwatin kifaye. Yana da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyu, yana komawa koguna ko ramukan dutse don kariya da kiwo. == A cikin akwatin kifaye == [[Fayil:Julidochromis_regani_fry_and_egg.jpg|left|thumb|Mai laifi julie fry da kwai]] ''Julidochromis regani'' ƙananan cichlids ne masu girma kuma suna da sauƙin haihuwa kuma ana kula da su idan an biya musu buƙatunsu na asali. Kamar dukkan cichlids [[Tafkin Tanganyika|na tafkin Tanganyika]], ''Julidochromis regani'' ya fi kyau a kiyaye shi a cikin ruwan alkaline mai tauri, tare da pH na 8.5 - 9.0 da tauri na 12-14.&nbsp;kH, kuma a cikin akwatin kifaye ba ƙasa da {{Convert|60|-|80|L|USgal|0}} . Ya kamata a ajiye nau'in ''[[Kifin ruwa Julidochromis|Julidochromis]]'' guda ɗaya kawai a cikin kowace akwatin kifaye ɗaya, domin nau'in da ke cikin wannan nau'in yana haɗuwa cikin sauƙi. Ana zargin haɗa ''[[Chalinochromis]]'' (wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin ''Julidochromis'' ) da ''[[Telmatochromis]]'', kuma ya zama ruwan dare a Lamprologini don guje wa ajiye nau'in wannan ƙabila fiye da ɗaya a kowace akwatin kifaye. Ya kamata a yi wa tankin ado da duwatsu don samar da kogo da hanyoyin shiga a matsayin mafaka; kamar sauran cichlids na Rift Valley da yawa, suna da yanki kuma suna da ɗan tashin hankali. Saboda haka, ya fi kyau a ajiye su tare da wasu cichlids don rage halayensu na rikici. Soyayyen na iya zama tare da iyaye kuma ya kamata a ciyar da su abinci mai wadataccen furotin kamar jatan lande na jariri. A wasu lokutan ana iya samun iyaye suna jagorantar soyayyen su a cikin akwatin kifaye. Kiwo, kamar yadda aka saba a cikin waɗannan kifayen zamantakewa da wayo, shine mafi sauƙi ta hanyar samun tarin yara ƙanana da kuma barin su girma tare har sai an kafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aurata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ne428idpgw1md7ezpkmaod81zhrabt4 862713 862712 2026-06-21T09:00:27Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''mai laifi julie''' ('''''Julidochromis regani''''') nau'in cichlid ne a cikin iyalin Pseudocrenilabrinae wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . Saboda haka ana samun sa a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. An sanya sunan kifin ne bayan Charles Tate Regan . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> Wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da ''Julidochromis marlieri'' . Wataƙila, kakannin namiji na waɗannan biyu sun haɗu da wasu kakannin ''[[Telmatochromis]]'' na mata a cikin juyin halitta da suka gabata. == Bayyanawa == ''Julidochromis regani'' karamin kifi ne (har zuwa 13 centimeters (5.1 in) TL). Jikinta mai launin rawaya zuwa mai launin zinariya yana da tsayi kuma yana da tsawo. Tsarin baƙar fata daban-daban, dangane da wane ɓangare na tafkin da kifin ya samo asali, yana nan. Koyaya, ''Julidochromis regani'' duk suna da ƙananan baƙar fata na gefen guda huɗu waɗanda ke gudana tsawon jiki, kodayake wasu bambance-bambance suna da layi na huɗu kawai a kan kai. A kan dorsal fin rayuka suna tsaye. Yankin waje na caudal, dorsal da anal fins fari ne, yayin da pectoral fins suna da rawaya. Yin jima'i yana da wahala, amma maza suna da karamin papilla na al'aura kuma mata galibi suna da yawa fiye da namiji. == Muhalli == Yana cin komai. Ma'aurata galibi suna da mace ɗaya, kodayake lokuta na polyandry, tare da mace da ke ɗaukar ma'aurata fiye da ɗaya, an rubuta su a cikin daji da akwatin kifaye. Yana da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyu, yana komawa koguna ko ramukan dutse don kariya da kiwo. == A cikin akwatin kifaye == [[Fayil:Julidochromis_regani_fry_and_egg.jpg|left|thumb|Mai laifi julie fry da kwai]] ''Julidochromis regani'' ƙananan cichlids ne masu girma kuma suna da sauƙin haihuwa kuma ana kula da su idan an biya musu buƙatunsu na asali. Kamar dukkan cichlids [[Tafkin Tanganyika|na tafkin Tanganyika]], ''Julidochromis regani'' ya fi kyau a kiyaye shi a cikin ruwan alkaline mai tauri, tare da pH na 8.5 - 9.0 da tauri na 12-14.&nbsp;kH, kuma a cikin akwatin kifaye ba ƙasa da {{Convert|60|-|80|L|USgal|0}} . Ya kamata a ajiye nau'in ''[[Kifin ruwa Julidochromis|Julidochromis]]'' guda ɗaya kawai a cikin kowace akwatin kifaye ɗaya, domin nau'in da ke cikin wannan nau'in yana haɗuwa cikin sauƙi. Ana zargin haɗa ''[[Chalinochromis]]'' (wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin ''Julidochromis'' ) da ''[[Telmatochromis]]'', kuma ya zama ruwan dare a Lamprologini don guje wa ajiye nau'in wannan ƙabila fiye da ɗaya a kowace akwatin kifaye. Ya kamata a yi wa tankin ado da duwatsu don samar da kogo da hanyoyin shiga a matsayin mafaka; kamar sauran cichlids na Rift Valley da yawa, suna da yanki kuma suna da ɗan tashin hankali. Saboda haka, ya fi kyau a ajiye su tare da wasu cichlids don rage halayensu na rikici. Soyayyen na iya zama tare da iyaye kuma ya kamata a ciyar da su abinci mai wadataccen furotin kamar jatan lande na jariri. A wasu lokutan ana iya samun iyaye suna jagorantar soyayyen su a cikin akwatin kifaye. Kiwo, kamar yadda aka saba a cikin waɗannan kifayen zamantakewa da wayo, shine mafi sauƙi ta hanyar samun tarin yara ƙanana da kuma barin su girma tare har sai an kafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aurata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ==manazarta== e648qllae0kcpgxws1aqhybxql1zlkh 0 159057 862714 2026-06-21T09:01:43Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1267405157|Kibonde]]" 862714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kibonde''' ko salmontail catfish, ''Chrysichthys brachynema'', Kifi ne na Lake Tanganyikan na dangin Claroteidae, a wasu lokuta ana kiyaye shi a cikin akwatunan kifaye. Ana iya lissafa wannan kifi a matsayin ''Amarginops brachynema'' . Wannan kifi na iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Convert|77|cm|0}} cm (30 in). Yana zaune a yankunan bakin tekun kuma yana cin abinci galibi a kan crabs. == A cikin akwatin kifaye == Wannan kifi yana da zaman lafiya kuma yana da kuzari sosai. Zai ci ƙananan kifi yayin da yake girma. Ku ciyar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ƙananan ƙwayoyi. Yi amfani da ƙananan dutse. Kada ku yi amfani da dutse mai kaifi. Ba a buƙatar wuraren ɓoyewa saboda wannan kifi yawanci yana yin iyo sama da ƙasa a cikin gilashin har sai lokacin ciyarwa. Ya kamata a yi hankali yayin da ake sarrafawa yayin da aka rufe ƙashin dorsal da pectoral a cikin mucus wanda zai fusata fata. Zai iya rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai laushi ko ruwan gishiri. Ya kamata a ajiye zafin ruwa tsakanin 21-30 ° C (70-86 ° F). Yana jure pH 6.5-7.8. == Manazartata == rmflb9ptef1jt4vtyf0yncvyt43y1eu 862715 862714 2026-06-21T09:02:02Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kibonde''' ko salmontail catfish, ''Chrysichthys brachynema'', Kifi ne na Lake Tanganyikan na dangin Claroteidae, a wasu lokuta ana kiyaye shi a cikin akwatunan kifaye. Ana iya lissafa wannan kifi a matsayin ''Amarginops brachynema'' . Wannan kifi na iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Convert|77|cm|0}} cm (30 in). Yana zaune a yankunan bakin tekun kuma yana cin abinci galibi a kan crabs. == A cikin akwatin kifaye == Wannan kifi yana da zaman lafiya kuma yana da kuzari sosai. Zai ci ƙananan kifi yayin da yake girma. Ku ciyar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ƙananan ƙwayoyi. Yi amfani da ƙananan dutse. Kada ku yi amfani da dutse mai kaifi. Ba a buƙatar wuraren ɓoyewa saboda wannan kifi yawanci yana yin iyo sama da ƙasa a cikin gilashin har sai lokacin ciyarwa. Ya kamata a yi hankali yayin da ake sarrafawa yayin da aka rufe ƙashin dorsal da pectoral a cikin mucus wanda zai fusata fata. Zai iya rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai laushi ko ruwan gishiri. Ya kamata a ajiye zafin ruwa tsakanin 21-30 ° C (70-86 ° F). Yana jure pH 6.5-7.8. == Manazartata == ay2ltjghzg4wj99eycgmdc0kckaibj9 0 159058 862716 2026-06-21T09:02:57Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345140069|Kukumai]]" 862716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''kukumai''' (''Bathybagrus grandis'') wani nau'in kifi ne na claroteid wanda ke cikin [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Lake Tanganyika">Tafkin Tanganyika tare da iyakar [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Ya kai tsawon 63 cm (24.8 inci) TL kuma ƙaramin bangare ne na kamun Kifi na kasuwanci na gida.&nbsp; == Manazarta == 16qa962pqaub54m43psnw8batw8zi1q 862718 862716 2026-06-21T09:03:11Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kukumai''' (''Bathybagrus grandis'') wani nau'in kifi ne na claroteid wanda ke cikin [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Lake Tanganyika">Tafkin Tanganyika tare da iyakar [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Ya kai tsawon 63 cm (24.8 inci) TL kuma ƙaramin bangare ne na kamun Kifi na kasuwanci na gida.&nbsp; == Manazarta == c2fwd5arnaaxnt05n5my6axzb68rzgt 0 159059 862719 2026-06-21T09:04:01Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327944574|Labeo kibimbi]]" 862719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''''Labeo'' kibimbi''''' kifi ne a cikin jinsin Labeo daga saman [[Kogin Lualaba|Lualaba]] da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . == Manazarta == 7rme8uivdk0n39ddl9x0r2owvvaiiy5 862720 862719 2026-06-21T09:04:14Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''''Labeo'' kibimbi''''' kifi ne a cikin jinsin Labeo daga saman [[Kogin Lualaba|Lualaba]] da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . == Manazarta == 72lf9zea4at4jl2cpcqu30o71j4vyhh 0 159060 862721 2026-06-21T09:05:09Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1216017584|Labeobarbus platyrhinus]]" 862721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''''Labeobarbus'' platyrhinus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da tafkin ruwa. == Manazarta == d5gypwbq9n1ddh46nvsnz96lla4wnzv 862722 862721 2026-06-21T09:05:23Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''''Labeobarbus'' platyrhinus''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai laushi a cikin jinsin Labeobar bus wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da tafkin ruwa. == Manazarta == aww3eg978992myqofp2l6a7peupzna4 0 159061 862724 2026-06-21T09:06:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314113695|Pedra de Lume]]" 862724 wikitext text/x-wiki Pedra de Lume ƙauye ne a arewa maso gabashin tsibirin Sal, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ƙauyen yana kan gabar gabas, kimanin kilomita 5 a gabashin babban birnin tsibirin Espargos . Yana da karamin tashar jiragen ruwa da hasumiya, Farol de Pedra de Lume.&nbsp; == Rashin gishiri == Pedra de Lume has been famous for its salt evaporation ponds (''salinas''), exploitation of which began in the 18th century. According to geologists, the waters in the lake rise from deep in the earth rather than from lateral infiltration from the ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray Almeida |title=A History of Ilha do Sal |url=http://www1.umassd.edu/SpecialPrograms/caboverde/salhist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206120818/http://www1.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/salhist.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> The salinas are situated in the crater of an extinct volcano. Together with the mountain Cagarral, the salinas and the crater form a protected landscape, covering {{Convert|8.02|km2}}. [[Fayil:Pedra_Lume_Cabo_Verde.jpg|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Pedra de Lume]] == Tarihi == Manuel António Martins ne ya kafa Pedra de Lume, wanda ya fara amfani da tafkin gishiri a cikin shekara ta 1796. <ref name="wh">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6106/ Salines de Pedra de Lume], UNESCO World Heritage tentative list {{In lang|fr}}</ref> An gina ramin zuwa tafkin gishiri a cikin 1804, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 1805. Samar da gishiri ya bunƙasa a mafi yawan karni na 19, amma ya shiga raguwa bayan 1887, lokacin da Brazil, babban wurin fitarwa, ya sanya haramtacciyar gishiri da aka shigo da ita.<ref name="wh" /> Kamfanin Salins du Cap Vert na Faransa ne ya farfado da samar da gishiri, wanda ya shigar da hanyar Jirgin sama ta 1100 m don jigilar gishiri a 1921. A halin yanzu samar da shi karami ne, kuma galibi an yi niyya ne don kayan ado da thalassotherapy.<ref name="wh" /> == Shahararrun mutane == * Ildo Lobo, mawaƙi * Mirri Lobo, mawaƙi == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde * Jerin wuraren da aka kare a Cape Verde == Manazarta == arzedkdtbp6mm9jsodovf7xfj4vmo6h 862727 862724 2026-06-21T09:07:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314113695|Pedra de Lume]]" 862727 wikitext text/x-wiki Pedra de Lume ƙauye ne a arewa maso gabashin tsibirin Sal, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ƙauyen yana kan gabar gabas, kimanin kilomita 5 a gabashin babban birnin tsibirin Espargos . Yana da karamin tashar jiragen ruwa da hasumiya, Farol de Pedra de Lume.&nbsp; == Rashin gishiri == Pedra de Lume ta shahara da tafkunanta na fitar da gishiri ( ''salinas'' ), wanda aka fara amfani da su a ƙarni na 18. A cewar masana ilimin ƙasa, ruwan da ke cikin tafkin yana tashi daga zurfin ƙasa maimakon shigowar gefen teku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray Almeida |title=A History of Ilha do Sal |url=http://www1.umassd.edu/SpecialPrograms/caboverde/salhist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206120818/http://www1.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/salhist.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Salinas suna cikin ramin aman wuta da ya ɓace. Tare da dutsen Cagarral, salinas da ramin suna samar da wuri mai kariya, wanda ya rufe {{Convert|8.02|km2}} . [[Fayil:Pedra_Lume_Cabo_Verde.jpg|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Pedra de Lume]] == Tarihi == Manuel António Martins ne ya kafa Pedra de Lume, wanda ya fara amfani da tafkin gishiri a cikin shekara ta 1796. <ref name="wh">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6106/ Salines de Pedra de Lume], UNESCO World Heritage tentative list {{In lang|fr}}</ref> An gina ramin zuwa tafkin gishiri a cikin 1804, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 1805. Samar da gishiri ya bunƙasa a mafi yawan karni na 19, amma ya shiga raguwa bayan 1887, lokacin da Brazil, babban wurin fitarwa, ya sanya haramtacciyar gishiri da aka shigo da ita.<ref name="wh" /> Kamfanin Salins du Cap Vert na Faransa ne ya farfado da samar da gishiri, wanda ya shigar da hanyar Jirgin sama ta 1100 m don jigilar gishiri a 1921. A halin yanzu samar da shi karami ne, kuma galibi an yi niyya ne don kayan ado da thalassotherapy.<ref name="wh" /> == Shahararrun mutane == * Ildo Lobo, mawaƙi * Mirri Lobo, mawaƙi == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde * Jerin wuraren da aka kare a Cape Verde == Manazarta == 7wx9w6mexm4zjkcpfrqj8xlvxmzzgsr 862728 862727 2026-06-21T09:07:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 862728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pedra de Lume''' ƙauye ne a arewa maso gabashin tsibirin Sal, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ƙauyen yana kan gabar gabas, kimanin kilomita 5 a gabashin babban birnin tsibirin Espargos . Yana da karamin tashar jiragen ruwa da hasumiya, Farol de Pedra de Lume.&nbsp; == Rashin gishiri == Pedra de Lume ta shahara da tafkunanta na fitar da gishiri ( ''salinas'' ), wanda aka fara amfani da su a ƙarni na 18. A cewar masana ilimin ƙasa, ruwan da ke cikin tafkin yana tashi daga zurfin ƙasa maimakon shigowar gefen teku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray Almeida |title=A History of Ilha do Sal |url=http://www1.umassd.edu/SpecialPrograms/caboverde/salhist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206120818/http://www1.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/salhist.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Salinas suna cikin ramin aman wuta da ya ɓace. Tare da dutsen Cagarral, salinas da ramin suna samar da wuri mai kariya, wanda ya rufe {{Convert|8.02|km2}} . [[Fayil:Pedra_Lume_Cabo_Verde.jpg|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Pedra de Lume]] == Tarihi == Manuel António Martins ne ya kafa Pedra de Lume, wanda ya fara amfani da tafkin gishiri a cikin shekara ta 1796. <ref name="wh">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6106/ Salines de Pedra de Lume], UNESCO World Heritage tentative list {{In lang|fr}}</ref> An gina ramin zuwa tafkin gishiri a cikin 1804, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 1805. Samar da gishiri ya bunƙasa a mafi yawan karni na 19, amma ya shiga raguwa bayan 1887, lokacin da Brazil, babban wurin fitarwa, ya sanya haramtacciyar gishiri da aka shigo da ita.<ref name="wh" /> Kamfanin Salins du Cap Vert na Faransa ne ya farfado da samar da gishiri, wanda ya shigar da hanyar Jirgin sama ta 1100 m don jigilar gishiri a 1921. A halin yanzu samar da shi karami ne, kuma galibi an yi niyya ne don kayan ado da thalassotherapy.<ref name="wh" /> == Shahararrun mutane == * Ildo Lobo, mawaƙi * Mirri Lobo, mawaƙi == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde * Jerin wuraren da aka kare a Cape Verde == Manazarta == o64x0ueyv7bbrifs8ub2xo3b22huxy3 0 159062 862725 2026-06-21T09:06:52Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315012890|Labeobarbus tropidolepis]]" 862725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Labeobarbus tropidolepis''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a [[Burundi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] inda yake a cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. Yanayinta na halitta [[Kogi|koguna]] ne, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] na ruwa mai laushi, marshes na ruwa mai kyau, da kuma cikin gida. IUCN ba ta dauke shi nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana ba. == Manazarta == mw695z7d29516l7dc6afn6vybcyulxu 862726 862725 2026-06-21T09:07:05Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Labeobarbus tropidolepis''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a [[Burundi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] inda yake a cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. Yanayinta na halitta [[Kogi|koguna]] ne, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] na ruwa mai laushi, marshes na ruwa mai kyau, da kuma cikin gida. IUCN ba ta dauke shi nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana ba. == Manazarta == gyzwgeo6d83iiq9ew7gfh2b5y59xos1 0 159063 862729 2026-06-21T09:08:14Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353215128|Lake Tanganyika sardine]]" 862729 wikitext text/x-wiki Lake Tanganyika sardine (''''''''''Limnothrissa''''' miodon''''') wani nau'in kifi ne na ruwa mai laushi a cikin dangin Dorosomatidae wanda ya kasance a cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] amma wanda yanzu aka gabatar da shi ga wasu tabkuna a Afirka a matsayin tushen abinci.<ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |title=''Limnothrissa miodon'' (Boulenger, 1906) Lake Tanganyika sardine |url=http://fishbase.org/summary/1550 |access-date=20 August 2016 |publisher=fishbase.org}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'i biyu a cikin jinsin Limnothrissa, ɗayan kuma shine Lake Mweru endemic, ''[[Limnothrissa strappersi|L. strappersi]]'' . Wannan nau'in da tafkin Tanganyika sun san gaba ɗaya a matsayin [[kapenta]]. == Rarraba == Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna cewa tafkin Tanganyika sardine ya kasance a cikin tafkin Tanganica wanda ya kai ga ƙananan [[Kogin Malagarasi]]. An gabatar da shi zuwa [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a 1959 da kuma [[Tafkin Kariba]] da aka yi da mutum a kwarin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] tsakanin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]], kuma kwanan nan a cikin madatsar ruwan Itezhi-Tezhi a Zambia. Ya mallaki tafkin [[Cahora Bassa]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] daga Tafkin Kariba - kifin sun tsira daga wucewa ta hanyar turbines na lantarki a cikin madatsar ruwan Kariba kuma sun yi hanyarsu ta sauka, suna mallaki Cahora Bass.<ref name="Chifamba" /> == Bayyanawa == Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, wannan karamin kifi ne na azurfa tare da layin da ya fi haske a gefen, hanci mai faɗi tare da bangarorin da ke raguwa. Yana da babban tafkin ruwa wanda ke ba shi damar tafiya mai nisa a tsaye ginshiƙi na ruwa.<ref name="fishbase" /> Matsakaicin tsawon shine 17 centimeters (6.7 in), amma yawancin samfurori suna da kimanin 10 centimeters (3.9 in) tsawo kuma ana zaton suna da balaga na jima'i a 6.8 centimeters (2.7 in). <ref name="fishbase" /> == Ilimin halittu == Tafkin Tanganyika sardines suna fuskantar ƙaura a tsaye, suna ciyar da rana a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna tashi zuwa farfajiyar da asuba da faɗuwar yayin da suke ciyar da ragowar dare a ko'ina cikin ruwan teku, kodayake a Tafkin Kivu kifi yana motsawa zuwa farfajiya a farkon safiya da ƙarshen rana. An yi tunanin cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna bin waɗanda ke cikin tushen abinci, zooplankton amma a Tafkin Kariba ba su yi ba. Da alama kifi da plankton suna amsawa ga irin wannan motsawa ma'ana cewa suna faruwa a wurare iri ɗaya a lokuta iri ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar ita ce wannan na iya zama martani ga ƙarfin haske kuma ya zama kariya daga masu cin nama, kama da wanda aka ruwaito a cikin clupeids na ruwa. q7yjpb7qrmneq9wu4ihorgdv3w7db2k 862730 862729 2026-06-21T09:08:32Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Tanganyika sardine (''''''''''Limnothrissa''''' miodon''''') wani nau'in kifi ne na ruwa mai laushi a cikin dangin Dorosomatidae wanda ya kasance a cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] amma wanda yanzu aka gabatar da shi ga wasu tabkuna a Afirka a matsayin tushen abinci.<ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |title=''Limnothrissa miodon'' (Boulenger, 1906) Lake Tanganyika sardine |url=http://fishbase.org/summary/1550 |access-date=20 August 2016 |publisher=fishbase.org}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'i biyu a cikin jinsin Limnothrissa, ɗayan kuma shine Lake Mweru endemic, ''[[Limnothrissa strappersi|L. strappersi]]'' . Wannan nau'in da tafkin Tanganyika sun san gaba ɗaya a matsayin [[kapenta]]. == Rarraba == Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna cewa tafkin Tanganyika sardine ya kasance a cikin tafkin Tanganica wanda ya kai ga ƙananan [[Kogin Malagarasi]]. An gabatar da shi zuwa [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a 1959 da kuma [[Tafkin Kariba]] da aka yi da mutum a kwarin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] tsakanin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]], kuma kwanan nan a cikin madatsar ruwan Itezhi-Tezhi a Zambia. Ya mallaki tafkin [[Cahora Bassa]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] daga Tafkin Kariba - kifin sun tsira daga wucewa ta hanyar turbines na lantarki a cikin madatsar ruwan Kariba kuma sun yi hanyarsu ta sauka, suna mallaki Cahora Bass.<ref name="Chifamba" /> == Bayyanawa == Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, wannan karamin kifi ne na azurfa tare da layin da ya fi haske a gefen, hanci mai faɗi tare da bangarorin da ke raguwa. Yana da babban tafkin ruwa wanda ke ba shi damar tafiya mai nisa a tsaye ginshiƙi na ruwa.<ref name="fishbase" /> Matsakaicin tsawon shine 17 centimeters (6.7 in), amma yawancin samfurori suna da kimanin 10 centimeters (3.9 in) tsawo kuma ana zaton suna da balaga na jima'i a 6.8 centimeters (2.7 in). <ref name="fishbase" /> == Ilimin halittu == Tafkin Tanganyika sardines suna fuskantar ƙaura a tsaye, suna ciyar da rana a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna tashi zuwa farfajiyar da asuba da faɗuwar yayin da suke ciyar da ragowar dare a ko'ina cikin ruwan teku, kodayake a Tafkin Kivu kifi yana motsawa zuwa farfajiya a farkon safiya da ƙarshen rana. An yi tunanin cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna bin waɗanda ke cikin tushen abinci, zooplankton amma a Tafkin Kariba ba su yi ba. Da alama kifi da plankton suna amsawa ga irin wannan motsawa ma'ana cewa suna faruwa a wurare iri ɗaya a lokuta iri ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar ita ce wannan na iya zama martani ga ƙarfin haske kuma ya zama kariya daga masu cin nama, kama da wanda aka ruwaito a cikin clupeids na ruwa. qy29h2f4ztn5rear49ynus63uxg1q7z 862732 862730 2026-06-21T09:08:52Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Tanganyika sardine (''''''''''Limnothrissa''''' miodon''''') wani nau'in kifi ne na ruwa mai laushi a cikin dangin Dorosomatidae wanda ya kasance a cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] amma wanda yanzu aka gabatar da shi ga wasu tabkuna a Afirka a matsayin tushen abinci.<ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |title=''Limnothrissa miodon'' (Boulenger, 1906) Lake Tanganyika sardine |url=http://fishbase.org/summary/1550 |access-date=20 August 2016 |publisher=fishbase.org}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'i biyu a cikin jinsin Limnothrissa, ɗayan kuma shine Lake Mweru endemic, ''[[Limnothrissa strappersi|L. strappersi]]'' . Wannan nau'in da tafkin Tanganyika sun san gaba ɗaya a matsayin [[kapenta]]. == Rarraba == Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna cewa tafkin Tanganyika sardine ya kasance a cikin tafkin Tanganica wanda ya kai ga ƙananan [[Kogin Malagarasi]]. An gabatar da shi zuwa [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a 1959 da kuma [[Tafkin Kariba]] da aka yi da mutum a kwarin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] tsakanin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]], kuma kwanan nan a cikin madatsar ruwan Itezhi-Tezhi a Zambia. Ya mallaki tafkin [[Cahora Bassa]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] daga Tafkin Kariba - kifin sun tsira daga wucewa ta hanyar turbines na lantarki a cikin madatsar ruwan Kariba kuma sun yi hanyarsu ta sauka, suna mallaki Cahora Bass.<ref name="Chifamba" /> == Bayyanawa == Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, wannan karamin kifi ne na azurfa tare da layin da ya fi haske a gefen, hanci mai faɗi tare da bangarorin da ke raguwa. Yana da babban tafkin ruwa wanda ke ba shi damar tafiya mai nisa a tsaye ginshiƙi na ruwa.<ref name="fishbase" /> Matsakaicin tsawon shine 17 centimeters (6.7 in), amma yawancin samfurori suna da kimanin 10 centimeters (3.9 in) tsawo kuma ana zaton suna da balaga na jima'i a 6.8 centimeters (2.7 in). <ref name="fishbase" /> == Ilimin halittu == Tafkin Tanganyika sardines suna fuskantar ƙaura a tsaye, suna ciyar da rana a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna tashi zuwa farfajiyar da asuba da faɗuwar yayin da suke ciyar da ragowar dare a ko'ina cikin ruwan teku, kodayake a Tafkin Kivu kifi yana motsawa zuwa farfajiya a farkon safiya da ƙarshen rana. An yi tunanin cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna bin waɗanda ke cikin tushen abinci, zooplankton amma a Tafkin Kariba ba su yi ba. Da alama kifi da plankton suna amsawa ga irin wannan motsawa ma'ana cewa suna faruwa a wurare iri ɗaya a lokuta iri ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar ita ce wannan na iya zama martani ga ƙarfin haske kuma ya zama kariya daga masu cin nama, kama da wanda aka ruwaito a cikin clupeids na ruwa. ==manazartarr 64k0g4fiy89hyyvg0hdc90o9r94dojo 862733 862732 2026-06-21T09:09:06Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lake Tanganyika sardine (''''''''''Limnothrissa''''' miodon''''') wani nau'in kifi ne na ruwa mai laushi a cikin dangin Dorosomatidae wanda ya kasance a cikin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] amma wanda yanzu aka gabatar da shi ga wasu tabkuna a Afirka a matsayin tushen abinci.<ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |title=''Limnothrissa miodon'' (Boulenger, 1906) Lake Tanganyika sardine |url=http://fishbase.org/summary/1550 |access-date=20 August 2016 |publisher=fishbase.org}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'i biyu a cikin jinsin Limnothrissa, ɗayan kuma shine Lake Mweru endemic, ''[[Limnothrissa strappersi|L. strappersi]]'' . Wannan nau'in da tafkin Tanganyika sun san gaba ɗaya a matsayin [[kapenta]]. == Rarraba == Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna cewa tafkin Tanganyika sardine ya kasance a cikin tafkin Tanganica wanda ya kai ga ƙananan [[Kogin Malagarasi]]. An gabatar da shi zuwa [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a 1959 da kuma [[Tafkin Kariba]] da aka yi da mutum a kwarin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] tsakanin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]], kuma kwanan nan a cikin madatsar ruwan Itezhi-Tezhi a Zambia. Ya mallaki tafkin [[Cahora Bassa]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] daga Tafkin Kariba - kifin sun tsira daga wucewa ta hanyar turbines na lantarki a cikin madatsar ruwan Kariba kuma sun yi hanyarsu ta sauka, suna mallaki Cahora Bass.<ref name="Chifamba" /> == Bayyanawa == Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, wannan karamin kifi ne na azurfa tare da layin da ya fi haske a gefen, hanci mai faɗi tare da bangarorin da ke raguwa. Yana da babban tafkin ruwa wanda ke ba shi damar tafiya mai nisa a tsaye ginshiƙi na ruwa.<ref name="fishbase" /> Matsakaicin tsawon shine 17 centimeters (6.7 in), amma yawancin samfurori suna da kimanin 10 centimeters (3.9 in) tsawo kuma ana zaton suna da balaga na jima'i a 6.8 centimeters (2.7 in). <ref name="fishbase" /> == Ilimin halittu == Tafkin Tanganyika sardines suna fuskantar ƙaura a tsaye, suna ciyar da rana a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna tashi zuwa farfajiyar da asuba da faɗuwar yayin da suke ciyar da ragowar dare a ko'ina cikin ruwan teku, kodayake a Tafkin Kivu kifi yana motsawa zuwa farfajiya a farkon safiya da ƙarshen rana. An yi tunanin cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna bin waɗanda ke cikin tushen abinci, zooplankton amma a Tafkin Kariba ba su yi ba. Da alama kifi da plankton suna amsawa ga irin wannan motsawa ma'ana cewa suna faruwa a wurare iri ɗaya a lokuta iri ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar ita ce wannan na iya zama martani ga ƙarfin haske kuma ya zama kariya daga masu cin nama, kama da wanda aka ruwaito a cikin clupeids na ruwa. ==manazarta== sjkvs5rxmv6l6m08okunnf0oivu138s 0 159064 862731 2026-06-21T09:08:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324513319|Ponta do Sol, Cape Verde]]" 862731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ponta do Sol''' (formerly: ''Vila Dona Maria Pia'') is the northernmost city on the island of Santo Antão and [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. It is situated on the coast, 4&nbsp;km northwest of Ribeira Grande and 20&nbsp;km north of the island capital Porto Novo. It is the seat of Ribeira Grande municipality. [[Fayil:Ponta_do_Sol_-_puerto.JPG|right|thumb|Tashar kamun kifi ta Ponta do Sol]] Ponta do Sol ya kasu kashi biyu cikin unguwanni Casinhas, Cavouquinho das Tintas, Chã de Cemitério, Chãde Ponta do Sun, Lombinho, Lombo da Cruz, Lombo de Paço, Os Órgãos, Ponta do Soleil da Ribeira da Ponta do Solel. Ponta do Sol ya ɗauki sunansa daga yankin da ke kusa da shi Ponta do sol, mafi arewacin Cape Verde. Tsohon sunan ''Vila Dona María Pia'' yana nufin Maria Pia ta Savoy, sarauniya ta Portugal tsakanin 1862 da 1889. Ci gaban birni na Ponta do Sol ya fara ne a cikin 1880s; kafin, ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne. : 25 An gina cocin Nossa Senhora do Livramento a shekara ta 1894. <ref name="lopes" /> : 37-38 Akwai makabartar Yahudawa a garin.<ref name="lopes" /> == Yawan jama'a na tarihi == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 (Ƙidaya) |1,505 |- |2010 (Ƙidaya) |2,143 |} == Shahararrun mutane == * Jorge Ferreira Chaves, masanin gine-gine na Portugal * Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves, ma'aikacin Portuguese == Dubi kuma == * Filin jirgin saman Agostinho Neto * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] p4do68mt43z2bgej26xp6hck9o8nooc 862734 862731 2026-06-21T09:09:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324513319|Ponta do Sol, Cape Verde]]" 862734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ponta do Sol''' (wanda a da: ''Vila Dona Maria Pia'' ) birni ne mafi arewa a tsibirin Santo Antão da [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Tana bakin teku, 4&nbsp;km arewa maso yamma da Ribeira Grande da 20&nbsp;km arewa da babban birnin tsibirin Porto Novo . Ita ce wurin zama na gundumar Ribeira Grande. [[Fayil:Ponta_do_Sol_-_puerto.JPG|right|thumb|Tashar kamun kifi ta Ponta do Sol]] Ponta do Sol ya kasu kashi biyu cikin unguwanni Casinhas, Cavouquinho das Tintas, Chã de Cemitério, Chãde Ponta do Sun, Lombinho, Lombo da Cruz, Lombo de Paço, Os Órgãos, Ponta do Soleil da Ribeira da Ponta do Solel. Ponta do Sol ya ɗauki sunansa daga yankin da ke kusa da shi Ponta do sol, mafi arewacin Cape Verde. Tsohon sunan ''Vila Dona María Pia'' yana nufin Maria Pia ta Savoy, sarauniya ta Portugal tsakanin 1862 da 1889. Ci gaban birni na Ponta do Sol ya fara ne a cikin 1880s; kafin, ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne. : 25 An gina cocin Nossa Senhora do Livramento a shekara ta 1894. <ref name="lopes" /> : 37-38 Akwai makabartar Yahudawa a garin.<ref name="lopes" /> == Yawan jama'a na tarihi == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 (Ƙidaya) |1,505 |- |2010 (Ƙidaya) |2,143 |} == Shahararrun mutane == * Jorge Ferreira Chaves, masanin gine-gine na Portugal * Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves, ma'aikacin Portuguese == Dubi kuma == * Filin jirgin saman Agostinho Neto * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 4aoo2qqya01mqhpa8mgzkpqftv6ng6j 862735 862734 2026-06-21T09:10:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 862735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ponta do Sol''' (wanda a da: ''Vila Dona Maria Pia'' ) birni ne mafi arewa a tsibirin Santo Antão da [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Tana bakin teku, 4&nbsp;km arewa maso yamma da Ribeira Grande da 20&nbsp;km arewa da babban birnin tsibirin Porto Novo . Ita ce wurin zama na gundumar Ribeira Grande. [[Fayil:Ponta_do_Sol_-_puerto.JPG|right|thumb|Tashar kamun kifi ta Ponta do Sol]] Ponta do Sol ya kasu kashi biyu cikin unguwanni Casinhas, Cavouquinho das Tintas, Chã de Cemitério, Chãde Ponta do Sun, Lombinho, Lombo da Cruz, Lombo de Paço, Os Órgãos, Ponta do Soleil da Ribeira da Ponta do Solel.<ref>2010 Census results". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016</ref> Ponta do Sol ya ɗauki sunansa daga yankin da ke kusa da shi Ponta do sol, mafi arewacin Cape Verde. Tsohon sunan ''Vila Dona María Pia'' yana nufin Maria Pia ta Savoy, sarauniya ta Portugal tsakanin 1862 da 1889. Ci gaban birni na Ponta do Sol ya fara ne a cikin 1880s; kafin, ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne. : 25 An gina cocin Nossa Senhora do Livramento a shekara ta 1894. <ref name="lopes" /> : 37-38 Akwai makabartar Yahudawa a garin.<ref name="lopes" /> == Yawan jama'a na tarihi == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 (Ƙidaya) |1,505 |- |2010 (Ƙidaya) |2,143 |} == Shahararrun mutane == * Jorge Ferreira Chaves, masanin gine-gine na Portugal * Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves, ma'aikacin Portuguese == Dubi kuma == * Filin jirgin saman Agostinho Neto * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] ihc372lnomcjc1z2mvl8nq2gm1ig94p 0 159065 862736 2026-06-21T09:10:16Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314926317|Lake Tanganyika sprat]]" 862736 wikitext text/x-wiki Tafkin Tanganyika (''''''''''Stolothrissa''''' tanganicae''''') nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Dorosomatidae . Yana da nau'i ɗaya a cikin jinsin Stolothrissa . Ana samunsa a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Gidansa na halitta [[Tafki|tabkuna]] ne na ruwa mai laushi. Shi da Lake Tanganyika sardine an san su gaba ɗaya a matsayin [[kapenta]] . == Manazarta == a4ioimi5m7syxjuo0oiwz1jnhwgnse7 862737 862736 2026-06-21T09:10:37Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tafkin Tanganyika (''''''''''Stolothrissa''''' tanganicae''''') nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Dorosomatidae . Yana da nau'i ɗaya a cikin jinsin Stolothrissa . Ana samunsa a [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Gidansa na halitta [[Tafki|tabkuna]] ne na ruwa mai laushi. Shi da Lake Tanganyika sardine an san su gaba ɗaya a matsayin [[kapenta]] . == Manazarta == 51ux9vmcanhph296w867satszf61ker 0 159066 862738 2026-06-21T09:11:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359608317|Porto Inglês]]" 862738 wikitext text/x-wiki Porto Inglês ([[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]] for "English port", kuma: Cidade do [[Cape Verde]]">Mayu, Vila do Maio) birni ne a yankin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Maio a kudu maso gabashin Cape Verde . Ita ce babban birni na tsibirin, kuma ita ce wurin zama na Maio Municipality. Yawan jama'arta ya kai 2,971 a shekarar 2010. Sunan Porto Inglês yana nufin jirgin ruwa na Ingila waɗanda ke fitar da gishiri da aka samar a tsibirin Maio daga wannan garin. Amfani da gishiri ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19.<ref>[http://municipiodomaio.cv/historia-2/ Historia], Municipio do Maio {{In lang|pt}}</ref> An yi yakin Maio wanda bai kammala ba tsakanin 'yan bindigar Burtaniya da Faransa kusa da garin a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 1814 a matakai na karshe na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Inglês tana da sabis na jirgin ruwa zuwa Praia a tsibirin Santiago . Har ila yau memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa (IAPH). Filin jirgin saman Mayu na cikin gida yana da nisan kilomita 1 a arewacin birnin.&nbsp; Abubuwan da ke faruwa: * Forte de São José da hasumiyar da ke kusa da ita * Cocin Nossa Senhora da Luz (Our Lady of Light), an buɗe shi a 1872 * Salinas na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ingila == Yawan jama'a na tarihi == {| class="wikitable" |+Yawan jama'a na tarihi |- bgcolor="#efefef" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 (''Yuni 23'', Ƙidaya) |1,573 |- |2000 (''Yuni 16'', Ƙidaya) |2,673 |- |2010 (Ƙidaya) |2,971 |} == Kasuwanci na birni == * [[Loures]], [[Portugal]]{{Flagicon|Portugal}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde * [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Cape Verde|Yawon shakatawa a Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] rpggbbz81wdqv25txz4h8ss5db9bfe2 862739 862738 2026-06-21T09:11:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 862739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Porto Inglês ([[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]] for "English port", kuma: Cidade do [[Cape Verde]]">Mayu, Vila do Maio) birni ne a yankin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Maio a kudu maso gabashin Cape Verde . Ita ce babban birni na tsibirin, kuma ita ce wurin zama na Maio Municipality. Yawan jama'arta ya kai 2,971 a shekarar 2010. Sunan Porto Inglês yana nufin jirgin ruwa na Ingila waɗanda ke fitar da gishiri da aka samar a tsibirin Maio daga wannan garin. Amfani da gishiri ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19.<ref>[http://municipiodomaio.cv/historia-2/ Historia], Municipio do Maio {{In lang|pt}}</ref> An yi yakin Maio wanda bai kammala ba tsakanin 'yan bindigar Burtaniya da Faransa kusa da garin a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 1814 a matakai na karshe na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Inglês tana da sabis na jirgin ruwa zuwa Praia a tsibirin Santiago . Har ila yau memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa (IAPH). Filin jirgin saman Mayu na cikin gida yana da nisan kilomita 1 a arewacin birnin.&nbsp; Abubuwan da ke faruwa: * Forte de São José da hasumiyar da ke kusa da ita * Cocin Nossa Senhora da Luz (Our Lady of Light), an buɗe shi a 1872 * Salinas na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ingila == Yawan jama'a na tarihi == {| class="wikitable" |+Yawan jama'a na tarihi |- bgcolor="#efefef" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 (''Yuni 23'', Ƙidaya) |1,573 |- |2000 (''Yuni 16'', Ƙidaya) |2,673 |- |2010 (Ƙidaya) |2,971 |} == Kasuwanci na birni == * [[Loures]], [[Portugal]]{{Flagicon|Portugal}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde * [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Cape Verde|Yawon shakatawa a Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 3jjo54ofeovay8zc6brdxtrck9svikw 0 159067 862740 2026-06-21T09:12:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337149720|Porto Novo, Cape Verde]]" 862740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Porto Novo''' is a city in the island of Santo Antão, in [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. It is the seat of the Porto Novo municipality. At the 2010 census, the town had 9,310 inhabitants, which makes it the most populous settlement of the island. == Yanayin ƙasa == Porto Novo tana kan kudu maso gabashin gabar Santo Antão, a gaban tsibirin San Vicente. Birnin ya kasu kashi masu zuwa:   == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Yawan jama'ar garin Porto Novo (1990-2010) |- style="text-align:center;" |'''1990''' |'''2000'''<ref name="citypop" /> |'''2010''' |- style="text-align:center;" |4867 |7685 |9310 |} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:CaisPortoNovo.JPG|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Novo, da kuma bayan, tsibirin San Vicente]] Saboda busassun kudancin Santo Antão, an fara zama da wuri. Birnin da farko ƙauyen kamun kifi ne da ake kira ''Porto dos Carvoeiros'' . Daga gine-gine 30 kawai da aka warwatsa a cikin 1901, ya fara girma a cikin 1910s. : 21 An kaddamar da tashar jiragen ruwa a 1962, kuma an sabunta ta a 2012-14.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto Novo |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Kafin 1962, jiragen ruwa dole ne su tsaya a bakin tekun Alto Peixinho, kuma dole ne a kawo kayayyaki da fasinjoji zuwa bakin teku tare da ƙananan jiragen ruwa.<ref name="dias" /> : 24 Gidan karamar hukumar Porto Novo da aka kirkira a 1962, <ref name="dias" />: 29 a hankali ya zama mafi girman birni na tsibirin. A shekara ta 2005 Garin Porto Novo ya zama birni.<ref name="dias" /> : 40 {{Rp|40}} == Yanayi == Porto Novo tana da Yanayi mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''BWh''). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 191 millimeters ko 7.52 inci. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|23.8|C|F}} ° C (74.8 ° F). {{Weather box}} == Sufuri == Tun lokacin sabuntawa na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2014, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Novo tana da tashar jiragen kasa 3, wurin shakatawa na kwantena 1, ramuka 2 da kuma tashar jirgin ruwa. Jimlar tsawon tashar jiragen ruwa shine 268 m, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine 8 m.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto Novo |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo "Porto Novo"] (in Portuguese). </cite></ref> A cikin 2017 an sarrafa ton 134,141 na kaya da fasinjoji 301,813 (2017). Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa 4 na yau da kullun daga Porto Novo zuwa Mindelo a tsibirin San Vicente . Porto Novo memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa (IAPH). Hanyar ƙasa EN1-SA01 ta haɗa Porto Novo da Ribeira Grande, ta wuce cikin tsaunuka. EN1-SA03 tana kaiwa Pombas a bakin tekun gabas. EN1-SA04 tana kaiwa yamma zuwa Ponte Sul. Tun lokacin da aka rufe Filin jirgin saman Agostinho Neto, wanda ke cikin Ponta do Sol, babu filin jirgin sama mai aiki a tsibirin. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] i45yi2lko3sn1tb9yh2iex4hyogkb8w 862741 862740 2026-06-21T09:13:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337149720|Porto Novo, Cape Verde]]" 862741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Porto Novo''' birni ne a tsibirin Santo Antão, a [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ita ce cibiyar karamar hukumar Porto Novo . A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2010, garin yana da mazauna 9,310, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wurin zama mafi yawan jama'a a tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Porto Novo tana kan kudu maso gabashin gabar Santo Antão, a gaban tsibirin San Vicente. Birnin ya kasu kashi masu zuwa:   == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Yawan jama'ar garin Porto Novo (1990-2010) |- style="text-align:center;" |'''1990''' |'''2000'''<ref name="citypop" /> |'''2010''' |- style="text-align:center;" |4867 |7685 |9310 |} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:CaisPortoNovo.JPG|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Novo, da kuma bayan, tsibirin San Vicente]] Saboda busassun kudancin Santo Antão, an fara zama da wuri. Birnin da farko ƙauyen kamun kifi ne da ake kira ''Porto dos Carvoeiros'' . Daga gine-gine 30 kawai da aka warwatsa a cikin 1901, ya fara girma a cikin 1910s. : 21 An kaddamar da tashar jiragen ruwa a 1962, kuma an sabunta ta a 2012-14.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto Novo |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Kafin 1962, jiragen ruwa dole ne su tsaya a bakin tekun Alto Peixinho, kuma dole ne a kawo kayayyaki da fasinjoji zuwa bakin teku tare da ƙananan jiragen ruwa.<ref name="dias" /> : 24 Gidan karamar hukumar Porto Novo da aka kirkira a 1962, <ref name="dias" />: 29 a hankali ya zama mafi girman birni na tsibirin. A shekara ta 2005 Garin Porto Novo ya zama birni.<ref name="dias" /> : 40 {{Rp|40}} == Yanayi == Porto Novo tana da Yanayi mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''BWh''). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 191 millimeters ko 7.52 inci. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|23.8|C|F}} ° C (74.8 ° F). {{Weather box}} == Sufuri == Tun lokacin sabuntawa na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2014, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Novo tana da tashar jiragen kasa 3, wurin shakatawa na kwantena 1, ramuka 2 da kuma tashar jirgin ruwa. Jimlar tsawon tashar jiragen ruwa shine 268 m, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine 8 m.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto Novo |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo "Porto Novo"] (in Portuguese). </cite></ref> A cikin 2017 an sarrafa ton 134,141 na kaya da fasinjoji 301,813 (2017). Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa 4 na yau da kullun daga Porto Novo zuwa Mindelo a tsibirin San Vicente . Porto Novo memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa (IAPH). Hanyar ƙasa EN1-SA01 ta haɗa Porto Novo da Ribeira Grande, ta wuce cikin tsaunuka. EN1-SA03 tana kaiwa Pombas a bakin tekun gabas. EN1-SA04 tana kaiwa yamma zuwa Ponte Sul. Tun lokacin da aka rufe Filin jirgin saman Agostinho Neto, wanda ke cikin Ponta do Sol, babu filin jirgin sama mai aiki a tsibirin. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] oro2eijd9t9l4xgmv393nph9blpe0uc 862744 862741 2026-06-21T09:13:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 862744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Porto Novo''' birni ne a tsibirin Santo Antão, a [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ita ce cibiyar karamar hukumar Porto Novo . A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2010, garin yana da mazauna 9,310, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wurin zama mafi yawan jama'a a tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Porto Novo tana kan kudu maso gabashin gabar Santo Antão, a gaban tsibirin San Vicente. Birnin ya kasu kashi masu zuwa:   == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Yawan jama'ar garin Porto Novo (1990-2010) |- style="text-align:center;" |'''1990''' |'''2000'''<ref name="citypop" /> |'''2010''' |- style="text-align:center;" |4867 |7685 |9310 |} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:CaisPortoNovo.JPG|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Novo, da kuma bayan, tsibirin San Vicente]] Saboda busassun kudancin Santo Antão, an fara zama da wuri. Birnin da farko ƙauyen kamun kifi ne da ake kira ''Porto dos Carvoeiros'' . Daga gine-gine 30 kawai da aka warwatsa a cikin 1901, ya fara girma a cikin 1910s. : 21 An kaddamar da tashar jiragen ruwa a 1962, kuma an sabunta ta a 2012-14.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto Novo |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Kafin 1962, jiragen ruwa dole ne su tsaya a bakin tekun Alto Peixinho, kuma dole ne a kawo kayayyaki da fasinjoji zuwa bakin teku tare da ƙananan jiragen ruwa.<ref name="dias" /> : 24 Gidan karamar hukumar Porto Novo da aka kirkira a 1962, <ref name="dias" />: 29 a hankali ya zama mafi girman birni na tsibirin. A shekara ta 2005 Garin Porto Novo ya zama birni.<ref name="dias" /> : 40 {{Rp|40}} == Yanayi == Porto Novo tana da Yanayi mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''BWh''). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 191 millimeters ko 7.52 inci. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|23.8|C|F}} ° C (74.8 ° F). {{Weather box}} == Sufuri == Tun lokacin sabuntawa na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2014, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto Novo tana da tashar jiragen kasa 3, wurin shakatawa na kwantena 1, ramuka 2 da kuma tashar jirgin ruwa. Jimlar tsawon tashar jiragen ruwa shine 268 m, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine 8 m.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto Novo |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo "Porto Novo"] (in Portuguese). </cite></ref> A cikin 2017 an sarrafa ton 134,141 na kaya da fasinjoji 301,813 (2017). Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa 4 na yau da kullun daga Porto Novo zuwa Mindelo a tsibirin San Vicente . Porto Novo memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa (IAPH). Hanyar ƙasa EN1-SA01 ta haɗa Porto Novo da Ribeira Grande, ta wuce cikin tsaunuka. EN1-SA03 tana kaiwa Pombas a bakin tekun gabas. EN1-SA04 tana kaiwa yamma zuwa Ponte Sul. Tun lokacin da aka rufe Filin jirgin saman Agostinho Neto, wanda ke cikin Ponta do Sol, babu filin jirgin sama mai aiki a tsibirin. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] kawtt8ynafedsv8uvrjf2sj6uis89eu 0 159068 862742 2026-06-21T09:13:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334931717|Lepidiolamprologus boulengeri]]" 862742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lepidiolamprologus boulengeri''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda aka san shi daga bakin tekun Tanzaniya a arewacin tafkin. Biyu na wannan nau'in suna zaune tare a cikin yankinsu kuma mace tana rayuwa a cikin kwarangwal a cikin rami da suka haƙa a cikin yashi. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 6.2 centimeters (2.4 in) TL. Hakanan ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. == Magana == takamaiman suna wannan cichlid yana girmama masanin ilimin ichthyologist na [[Birtaniya]] da masanin ilimin herpetologist George Albert Boulenger (1858-1937). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3dnlpicphbkei59xfeiyngs1s7br4at 862745 862742 2026-06-21T09:13:44Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lepidiolamprologus boulengeri''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda aka san shi daga bakin tekun Tanzaniya a arewacin tafkin. Biyu na wannan nau'in suna zaune tare a cikin yankinsu kuma mace tana rayuwa a cikin kwarangwal a cikin rami da suka haƙa a cikin yashi. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 6.2 centimeters (2.4 in) TL. Hakanan ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. == Magana == takamaiman suna wannan cichlid yana girmama masanin ilimin ichthyologist na [[Birtaniya]] da masanin ilimin herpetologist George Albert Boulenger (1858-1937). <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == qychg4tqw01je1agsseruqfmq2pk6nz 0 159069 862746 2026-06-21T09:14:38Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316063768|Masked julie]]" 862746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Julidochromis transcriptus''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka inda ake samunsa ne kawai a gefen arewa maso yammacin yankunan da ke da dutse. Suna cin zooplankton da benthic invertebrates da aka samu a cikin algae girma a cikin daji. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 7 centimeters (2.8 in) TL. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin nau'ikan kifi na aquarium == Manazarta == gpt0ul450xeuz9pgjk9bts23g1te0te 862747 862746 2026-06-21T09:14:53Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Julidochromis transcriptus''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka inda ake samunsa ne kawai a gefen arewa maso yammacin yankunan da ke da dutse. Suna cin zooplankton da benthic invertebrates da aka samu a cikin algae girma a cikin daji. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon 7 centimeters (2.8 in) TL. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin nau'ikan kifi na aquarium == Manazarta == 1teh9k9o3c875s4506kakglc4fyh50a 0 159070 862750 2026-06-21T09:16:03Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357171696|Zalul Environmental Association]]" 862750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zalul''' Environmental Association (Ko a takaice "Zalul", Evansול, lit:clear) kungiya ce ta muhalli ta Isra'ila da aka kafa a 1999 tare da burin kare tekuna da koguna na Isra'ila ta hanyar kiyayewa, gwagwarmaya, bincike, wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi. Zalul yana neman dakatar da zubar da datti da sauran [[Doka|shari'a]] gida mai guba a cikin kogunan Isra'ila ta hanyar sake fasalin doka da doka. == Ayyuka da kamfen == Zalul ya yi aiki don ceton coral reef a cikin Gulf of Eilat da kuma ceton Kogin Naaman kusa da Acre, Isra'ila. Yakin coral reef ya haifar da kirkirar tsarin phosphate mai aminci a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Eilat da inganta Tsarin datti na birnin. Za a cire gidajen kifi a cikin Tekun Eilat waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da lahani ga rayuwar kogi daga teku. An gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gurɓatawar Kishon. Rahoton Zalul ya sa [[Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta Israel|Ma'aikatar Muhalli]] ta bincika matsalar kuma ta gabatar da matakan tsaftacewa. Kogin Naaman kusa da Acre a arewacin Isra'ila an gurɓata shi da sharar masana'antu. Yakin Zalul ya haifar da gina wurin kula da datti na farko na Acco. Zalul ya ja hankalin jama'a ga zubar da ruwa a cikin teku a Herzliya, kusa da wasu rairayin bakin teku da suka fi shahara a kasar. Shafdan, babbar cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta Isra'ila kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, tana zubar da laka a cikin [[Bahar Rum]]. Yakin zanga-zangar Zalul ya kai ga shari'a a kan Shafdan. "Kada ku ce Kaddish ga Lachish" shine taken Zalul don kamfen don ceton [[Kogin Lakhish|Kogin Lachish]], wanda ke gudana tsakanin biranen Ashkelon da Ashdod. Zalul ya yi korafin da aka yi game da aikin bututun ALA, wanda ke zubar da datti a cikin Gulf of Acco an sanya hannu kan mazauna Acco sama da 10,000. == Ilimi da fadakarwa == Ci gaba da burin Zalul na samar da mafita na kankare don ingantaccen [[Manufofin muhalli]], Cibiyar Ruwa da Tattalin Arziki ta Muhalli tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arzikin muhalli da kuma ba da shawara. Da yake fahimtar bukatar shirye-shiryen ilimi don inganta kariya ga [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] da yanayin halittu, Zalul yana haɓaka tsarin karatu da shirye-shirye na darasi ga makarantu da kungiyoyin matasa. Ana rarraba kayan a cikin [[Ibrananci]] da [[Larabci]]. g69a9cnnr3jgn9v3jzc6yprznq2zslb 862751 862750 2026-06-21T09:16:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 862751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zalul''' Environmental Association (Ko a takaice "Zalul", Evansול, lit:clear) kungiya ce ta muhalli ta Isra'ila da aka kafa a 1999 tare da burin kare tekuna da koguna na Isra'ila ta hanyar kiyayewa, gwagwarmaya, bincike, wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi. Zalul yana neman dakatar da zubar da datti da sauran [[Doka|shari'a]] gida mai guba a cikin kogunan Isra'ila ta hanyar sake fasalin doka da doka. == Ayyuka da kamfen == Zalul ya yi aiki don ceton coral reef a cikin Gulf of Eilat da kuma ceton Kogin Naaman kusa da Acre, Isra'ila. Yakin coral reef ya haifar da kirkirar tsarin phosphate mai aminci a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Eilat da inganta Tsarin datti na birnin. Za a cire gidajen kifi a cikin Tekun Eilat waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da lahani ga rayuwar kogi daga teku. An gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gurɓatawar Kishon. Rahoton Zalul ya sa [[Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta Israel|Ma'aikatar Muhalli]] ta bincika matsalar kuma ta gabatar da matakan tsaftacewa. Kogin Naaman kusa da Acre a arewacin Isra'ila an gurɓata shi da sharar masana'antu. Yakin Zalul ya haifar da gina wurin kula da datti na farko na Acco. Zalul ya ja hankalin jama'a ga zubar da ruwa a cikin teku a Herzliya, kusa da wasu rairayin bakin teku da suka fi shahara a kasar. Shafdan, babbar cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta Isra'ila kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, tana zubar da laka a cikin [[Bahar Rum]]. Yakin zanga-zangar Zalul ya kai ga shari'a a kan Shafdan. "Kada ku ce Kaddish ga Lachish" shine taken Zalul don kamfen don ceton [[Kogin Lakhish|Kogin Lachish]], wanda ke gudana tsakanin biranen Ashkelon da Ashdod. Zalul ya yi korafin da aka yi game da aikin bututun ALA, wanda ke zubar da datti a cikin Gulf of Acco an sanya hannu kan mazauna Acco sama da 10,000. == Ilimi da fadakarwa == Ci gaba da burin Zalul na samar da mafita na kankare don ingantaccen [[Manufofin muhalli]], Cibiyar Ruwa da Tattalin Arziki ta Muhalli tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arzikin muhalli da kuma ba da shawara. Da yake fahimtar bukatar shirye-shiryen ilimi don inganta kariya ga [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] da yanayin halittu, Zalul yana haɓaka tsarin karatu da shirye-shirye na darasi ga makarantu da kungiyoyin matasa. Ana rarraba kayan a cikin [[Ibrananci]] da [[Larabci]]. ==manazarta== m05q4x6ae5690bkc1gqcjanu7kwyxw6 0 159071 862752 2026-06-21T09:16:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324513617|Preguiça, São Nicolau]]" 862752 wikitext text/x-wiki Preguiça wani yanki ne a tsakiyar tsibirin San Nicolau, Cape Verde . Tana kan iyakar kudu, kilomita 6 kudu da Ribeira Brava . Ya yi aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ribeira Brava, bayan tsohuwar Porto de Lapa, kilomita 6 zuwa arewa maso gabas, an watsar da ita a shekara ta 1653 saboda hare-haren 'yan fashi. An ambaci ƙauyen a matsayin ''Paraghisi'' a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 1820 an gina Forte do Príncipe Real, wanda yanzu ya lalace, don kare tashar jiragen ruwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Preguiça ta kunshi tashar dutse da gajeren dutse. Filin jirgin saman Preguiça yana da nisan kilomita 3 a arewacin ƙauyen.&nbsp; == Tarihin yawan jama'a == * 2000: 465 * 2010: 567 == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manazarta == rq0tjmxgz8xzxd3ko4g7eistxppbjus 862753 862752 2026-06-21T09:17:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 862753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Preguiça wani yanki ne a tsakiyar tsibirin San Nicolau, Cape Verde . Tana kan iyakar kudu, kilomita 6 kudu da Ribeira Brava . Ya yi aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ribeira Brava, bayan tsohuwar Porto de Lapa, kilomita 6 zuwa arewa maso gabas, an watsar da ita a shekara ta 1653 saboda hare-haren 'yan fashi. An ambaci ƙauyen a matsayin ''Paraghisi'' a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 1820 an gina Forte do Príncipe Real, wanda yanzu ya lalace, don kare tashar jiragen ruwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Preguiça ta kunshi tashar dutse da gajeren dutse. Filin jirgin saman Preguiça yana da nisan kilomita 3 a arewacin ƙauyen.&nbsp; == Tarihin yawan jama'a == * 2000: 465 * 2010: 567 == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manazarta == b49d4g29dkj9lnxaatlzff0sxuxmv54 0 159072 862754 2026-06-21T09:18:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324513334|Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde]]" 862754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ribeira Grande''' (kuma: Povoação) ita ce birni mafi girma a cikin [[Ribeira Grande (stream)|Ribeira Grande]], [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] (municipality)">Garin Ribeira Grande a tsibirin Santo Antão, Cape Verde . Ya zama birni a shekara ta 2010. A shekara ta 2010 ''Yawan jama'a'' ya kai 2,564. Tana cikin arewa maso gabashin tsibirin, kusa da fitowar kogin Ribeira Grande da kuma [[Ribeira da Torre]] zuwa cikin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Makwabta sun hada da Tarrafal, Rua de Agua, Rua d'Horta da Penha de França. [[Fayil:Ribera_Grande.jpg|right|thumb|Hanyar da ke nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka]] == Tarihi == Kodayake an riga an gano tsibirin a cikin shekara ta 1462, shaidar farko ta zama ta kasance daga shekara ta 1548. Babban wurin zama shine Ribeira Grande, wanda ya zama wurin zama na gari na Santo Antão a cikin 1732. An gina gine-ginen da suka gabata tare da gine-ginin mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Cocin Nossa Senhora do Rosário shine cocin Ikklisiya. Shahararrun mutane sun hada da likitan kimiyya [[Roberto Duarte Silva]], mawaki Manuel de Novas, da José Luís Yesu, tsohon ministan harkokin waje kuma shugaban Kotun Kasa da Kasa don Dokar Tekun. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 |2,550 |- |2005 |2,950 |- |2010 |2,564<ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Census results |url=http://www.ine.cv/censo/censo2010.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409053633/http://www.ine.cv/censo/censo2010.aspx |archive-date=9 April 2014 |access-date=17 March 2014 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde |language=pt}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 94dqffdwutjdcutmrnpdxdfbhoi9pcx 862755 862754 2026-06-21T09:18:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 862755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ribeira Grande''' (kuma: Povoação) ita ce birni mafi girma a cikin [[Ribeira Grande (stream)|Ribeira Grande]], [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] (municipality)">Garin Ribeira Grande a tsibirin Santo Antão, Cape Verde . Ya zama birni a shekara ta 2010. A shekara ta 2010 ''Yawan jama'a'' ya kai 2,564. Tana cikin arewa maso gabashin tsibirin, kusa da fitowar kogin Ribeira Grande da kuma [[Ribeira da Torre]] zuwa cikin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Makwabta sun hada da Tarrafal, Rua de Agua, Rua d'Horta da Penha de França. [[Fayil:Ribera_Grande.jpg|right|thumb|Hanyar da ke nuna gine-ginen mulkin mallaka]] == Tarihi == Kodayake an riga an gano tsibirin a cikin shekara ta 1462, shaidar farko ta zama ta kasance daga shekara ta 1548. Babban wurin zama shine Ribeira Grande, wanda ya zama wurin zama na gari na Santo Antão a cikin 1732. An gina gine-ginen da suka gabata tare da gine-ginin mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Cocin Nossa Senhora do Rosário shine cocin Ikklisiya. Shahararrun mutane sun hada da likitan kimiyya [[Roberto Duarte Silva]], mawaki Manuel de Novas, da José Luís Yesu, tsohon ministan harkokin waje kuma shugaban Kotun Kasa da Kasa don Dokar Tekun. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1990 |2,550 |- |2005 |2,950 |- |2010 |2,564<ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Census results |url=http://www.ine.cv/censo/censo2010.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409053633/http://www.ine.cv/censo/censo2010.aspx |archive-date=9 April 2014 |access-date=17 March 2014 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde |language=pt}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] ct4qvn1ub0zduv66311x4v0v2wjin07 0 159073 862756 2026-06-21T09:19:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303839572|Rincão, Cape Verde]]" 862756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rincão''' (kuma: ''Porto Rincão'') wani yanki ne a yammacin tsibirin Santiago, Cape Verde . A shekara ta 2010, yawan jama'arta ya kai 1,048 kuma tana kan iyakar yamma, kilomita 6 kudu maso yammacin Assomada. Yankin yammacin tsibirin, ''Ponta da Janela'', yana da nisan kilomita 2 zuwa arewa maso yamma. == Manazarta == 16h97jabm0bdu0dtymcw4n88036yqvv 862757 862756 2026-06-21T09:20:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 862757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rincão''' (kuma: ''Porto Rincão'') wani yanki ne a yammacin tsibirin Santiago, Cape Verde . A shekara ta 2010, yawan jama'arta ya kai 1,048 kuma tana kan iyakar yamma, kilomita 6 kudu maso yammacin Assomada. Yankin yammacin tsibirin, ''Ponta da Janela'', yana da nisan kilomita 2 zuwa arewa maso yamma.<ref>2010 Census results". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016</ref> == Manazarta == 3posdxspketgx2eady0ofp2tkihecd0 0 159074 862758 2026-06-21T09:22:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339601689|Sal Rei]]" 862758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sal Rei''' birni ne a bakin tekun arewa maso yammacin tsibirin Boa Vista a gabashin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. Sal Rei ita ce babban mazaunin birnin tsibirin, kuma cibiyar gundumar Boa Vista . A shekarar 2010, yawan jama'arta ya kai 5,778. Sunan mazaunin yana nufin "King Salt" a cikin [[Harshen Portuguese|harshen Portugal]]. Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da babban masana'antar tsibirin ke samar da gishiri. Sal Rei tana da tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun tare da hanyoyin jirgin ruwa zuwa tsibirin Santiago (Praia), Sal (Santa Maria) da Mayu (Cidade do Maio). An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porto Sal Rei (also as Porto da Boa Vista) |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-sal-rei |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827013459/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-sal-rei |archive-date=27 August 2018 |access-date=18 February 2017 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa akwai karamin tsibirin Ilhéu na Sal Rei . Yawon shakatawa yana mai da hankali ne a yankin Praia de Cabral . Port de Sal-Rei memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa (IAPH). == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Sal_Rei_in_Boa_Vista.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi na Sal Rei daga Kudu]] An kafa garin ne a cikin gishiri na Boa Vista . A cikin 1815 da 1817, 'yan fashi sun kori garin. An gina Forte Duque de Bragança a tsibirin Ilhéu na Sal Rei da ke kusa don kare garin daga ƙarin hare-haren 'yan fashi. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Yawan jama'ar garin Sal Rei (1990-yanzu) |- style="background-color:#0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |'''1991''' |'''2000'''<ref name="citypop" /> |'''2010'''<ref name="citypop" /> |- style="text-align:center;" |1,522 |1,995 |5,778 |} == Yanayi == Sal Rei tana cikin yankin hamada kamar sauran tsibirin. Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Cvt|67|mm}} in), kuma matsakaicin zafin jikinsa shine {{Cvt|24.1|°C}} ° C (75.4 ° F). Watan da ya fi sanyi shine Fabrairu wanda ke da matsakaicin {{Cvt|21.7|°C}} ° C (71.1 ° F) kuma mafi zafi shine Satumba wanda ke da Matsakaicin {{Cvt|27.2|°C}} ° C (81.0 ° F). {{Weather box}} == Shahararrun mutane == * Aristides Raimundo Lima, shugaban Majalisar Dokoki daga 2001 zuwa 2011.<ref name="parlamento.cv">{{Cite web |title=Biography at the National Assembly website |url=http://www.parlamento.cv/Downloads/Biografia%20de%20Aristides%20R%20Lima.pdf}} </ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde * [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Cape Verde|Yawon shakatawa a Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 0q1qn1xinj7k27rdpnpslxhjj98lnwz 862759 862758 2026-06-21T09:22:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 862759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sal Rei''' birni ne a bakin tekun arewa maso yammacin tsibirin Boa Vista a gabashin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. Sal Rei ita ce babban mazaunin birnin tsibirin, kuma cibiyar gundumar Boa Vista . A shekarar 2010, yawan jama'arta ya kai 5,778. Sunan mazaunin yana nufin "King Salt" a cikin [[Harshen Portuguese|harshen Portugal]]. Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da babban masana'antar tsibirin ke samar da gishiri. Sal Rei tana da tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun tare da hanyoyin jirgin ruwa zuwa tsibirin Santiago (Praia), Sal (Santa Maria) da Mayu (Cidade do Maio). An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porto Sal Rei (also as Porto da Boa Vista) |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-sal-rei |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827013459/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-sal-rei |archive-date=27 August 2018 |access-date=18 February 2017 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa akwai karamin tsibirin Ilhéu na Sal Rei . Yawon shakatawa yana mai da hankali ne a yankin Praia de Cabral . Port de Sal-Rei memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa (IAPH).<ref>2010 Census results". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016.</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Sal_Rei_in_Boa_Vista.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi na Sal Rei daga Kudu]] An kafa garin ne a cikin gishiri na Boa Vista . A cikin 1815 da 1817, 'yan fashi sun kori garin. An gina Forte Duque de Bragança a tsibirin Ilhéu na Sal Rei da ke kusa don kare garin daga ƙarin hare-haren 'yan fashi. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Yawan jama'ar garin Sal Rei (1990-yanzu) |- style="background-color:#0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |'''1991''' |'''2000'''<ref name="citypop" /> |'''2010'''<ref name="citypop" /> |- style="text-align:center;" |1,522 |1,995 |5,778 |} == Yanayi == Sal Rei tana cikin yankin hamada kamar sauran tsibirin. Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Cvt|67|mm}} in), kuma matsakaicin zafin jikinsa shine {{Cvt|24.1|°C}} ° C (75.4 ° F). Watan da ya fi sanyi shine Fabrairu wanda ke da matsakaicin {{Cvt|21.7|°C}} ° C (71.1 ° F) kuma mafi zafi shine Satumba wanda ke da Matsakaicin {{Cvt|27.2|°C}} ° C (81.0 ° F). {{Weather box}} == Shahararrun mutane == * Aristides Raimundo Lima, shugaban Majalisar Dokoki daga 2001 zuwa 2011.<ref name="parlamento.cv">{{Cite web |title=Biography at the National Assembly website |url=http://www.parlamento.cv/Downloads/Biografia%20de%20Aristides%20R%20Lima.pdf}} </ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin birane da garuruwa a Cape Verde * [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Cape Verde|Yawon shakatawa a Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] r65d4dbmnumwn4vh8xqlnc0fl9rhd8r 0 159075 862760 2026-06-21T09:24:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326902054|São Filipe, Cape Verde]]" 862760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''São Filipe''' ([[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]] for "Saint Philip") is a city on the west coast of Africa on the island of Fogo, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. It is the capital of the island, and the seat of the São Filipe Municipality. The island's airport, São Filipe Airport, is located on the southeastern edge of the town and the island's port is 4&nbsp;km north of the center at Vale de Cavaleiros.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information about the port |url=http://www.enapor.cv/portal/v10/PT/aspx/portos/index.aspx?id_linha=608&ms=1-51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022001720/http://www.enapor.cv/portal/v10/PT/aspx/portos/index.aspx?id_linha=608 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> The town's elevation is 20 meters. [[Fayil:Porto_de_Vale_de_Cavaleiros.jpg|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Vale de Cavaleiros]] == Tarihi == An kafa São Filipe a karni na 16 kuma an dauke shi birni na biyu mafi tsufa a Cape Verde bayan Ribeira Grande, amma ba a ba da takardar shaidar gari ba kafin 1922 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2006 |title=Djar'fogo assinala 84 anos de S. Filipe com mostra fotográfica |url=http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article018683&ak=1 |access-date=22 March 2017 |language=pt}}</ref> Ya bunƙasa saboda noman auduga, wanda aka sayar a bakin tekun Afirka. A shekara ta 1655 'yan fashi na Flemish sun lalata São Filipe. A cikin karni na 18 ya shiga cikin tattalin arziki, kamar yadda Ribeira Grande ya yi. An maye gurbin noman auduga da ruwan inabi, kofi da jatropha (don samar da man fetur da sabulu), wanda ya haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki a karni na 19. An gina gidajen wakilci na gari (sobrados) a tsakiyar gari, a kusa da cocin Ikklisiya. A halin yanzu, kashi 70% na gidaje a tsakiyar gari sun kasance daga karni na 19.<ref name="unesco" /> == Abubuwan da aka gani == * Cibiyar tarihi ta gari, da ake kira ''Bila Baxo'' . An san shi da gine-ginen mulkin mallaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, an gyara gidaje da yawa. Gidaje da yawa suna da launi mai launi ko kayan ado, balconies na katako ko windows. Baya ga tituna masu kyau tare da ƙananan gidajen mulkin mallaka akwai kimanin gidaje 50 da za a gani. Cibiyar tarihi ta São Filipe tana cikin jerin sunayen wuraren tarihi na duniya. * Ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen da suka fi wakilci shine zauren gari (Camara Municipal) wanda aka gina a 1928. Yana cikin wani wuri mai ban sha'awa da ake kira Praça 12 de Setembro inda karamin wurin shakatawa da ɗakin katako ya cancanci ziyarar. * Mafi mahimmancin cocin Katolika na garin shine Nossa Senhora da Conceição wanda aka gina shi a cikin salon da ya dace a cikin 1849.<ref name="unesco" /> Cocin tare da hasumiyoyin agogo guda biyu an gyara su sau da yawa. An kammala gyare-gyare na ƙarshe a cikin 2007. A gaban cocin akwai gidaje masu yawa na mulkin mallaka da aka kiyaye sosai daga karni na 18. * Gidan Kasuwanci yana kan iyakar Bila Baxo zuwa ɓangaren zamani na birnin a Praça Francisco de Assis, wurin da ya fi yawan jama'a. Babban tashar bas da ofishin gidan waya ma a nan ne. * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Casa da Memória yana a Praça 12 de Setembro a gidan ɗan kasuwa wanda aka gina a 1820. Gidan da ke makwabtaka shi ne [[Museu Municipal de São Filipe|Gidan kayan gargajiya na gari]] (Museu Municipal). A cikin kotun ciki an dasa shuke-shuke da yawa na Fogo, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, misali Crabo bravo (''Erysimum caboverdiana'') da Língua de vaca (''Echium vulcanorum''). An sake gina wani karamin gida (''Funco'') a cikin salon gargajiya ta amfani da duwatsun dutse. Wani bangare na shimfidar filin ciki ya ƙunshi duwatsu na basalt. * Wurin tarihi Praça Serpa Pinto yana cikin arewa maso yammacin cibiyar kimanin 40 m sama da rairayin bakin teku Praia da Bila wanda ya kunshi yashi mai baƙar fata. Akwai gidaje masu yawa na mulkin mallaka, abubuwan tunawa da karamin wurin shakatawa. Gidan kallo na ''Miradouro da Bila Baxo'' a arewacin wurin yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da rairayin bakin teku da tsibirin Brava makwabta. * Wani bangare na sansanin ''Fortim Carlota'' wanda ya fara daga shekara ta 1667 an kiyaye shi a kudancin. Ana iya ganin littafi mai ban sha'awa a gaba. An yi amfani da ginin a matsayin kurkuku har zuwa shekara ta 2005. * A kudancin cibiyar, tsohuwar makabartar Antigo Cemitério, wacce aka yi amfani da ita har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, ta cancanci ziyarar. Akwai kaburbura da yawa a cikin salon gargajiya wanda ya fara daga karni na 19. * A waje da cibiyar tarihi, Praça Alberto da Silva, wani wuri mai siffar rectangular tare da karamin wurin shakatawa da ɗakin sujada a cikin wani yanki mai zaman kansa wanda masu yawon bude ido ba sa ziyarta, ya cancanci ziyarar. Akwai shaguna da yawa, gidan burodi da karamin gidan cin abinci na intanet. Wurin yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na wani ɓangare na birnin da kewayenta. * Baya ga Nossa Senhora da Conceição, cocin Katolika mafi tsufa, akwai masallatai masu kyau a Praça Alberto da Silva, Sabon Cocin Manzanni da unguwanni biyu na Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe. == Yankin rairayin bakin teku == Praia da Bila, wani baƙar rairayin bakin teku, yana da mita 40 a ƙasa da tsakiyar gari. Ba mai tsabta ba ne, kuma a cikin kwanaki da yawa teku tana da tsananin gaske. Mazaunan garin sun fi son rairayin bakin teku a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto de Vale de Cavaleiros, kimanin kilomita 4 a arewacin Sao Filipe wanda shine mafi yammacin tsibirin kuma daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan cewa sashi ne na wucin gadi, wasu a Cape Verde sune Ponta do Sol a Santo Antão. Duk da tashar jiragen ruwa, ruwa ya fi tsabta kuma teku ba ta da tsayi. Mafi shahararren rairayin bakin teku na tsibirin shine ''Ponta da Sallina'' a San Jorge. [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] npurdbalwtlzjk056ft27lt5orv0zt9 862761 862760 2026-06-21T09:24:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326902054|São Filipe, Cape Verde]]" 862761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''São Filipe''' ( [[Harshen Portuguese|daga harshen Portugal]] zuwa "Saint Philip") birni ne a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka a tsibirin Fogo, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ita ce babban birnin tsibirin, kuma mazaunin karamar hukumar São Filipe . Filin jirgin saman tsibirin, Filin jirgin saman São Filipe, yana gefen kudu maso gabashin garin kuma tashar jiragen ruwan tsibirin tana da nisan mil 4.&nbsp;kilomita arewa da tsakiya a Vale de Cavaleiros . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Information about the port |url=http://www.enapor.cv/portal/v10/PT/aspx/portos/index.aspx?id_linha=608&ms=1-51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022001720/http://www.enapor.cv/portal/v10/PT/aspx/portos/index.aspx?id_linha=608 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Tsawon garin mita 20 ne. [[Fayil:Porto_de_Vale_de_Cavaleiros.jpg|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Vale de Cavaleiros]] == Tarihi == An kafa São Filipe a karni na 16 kuma an dauke shi birni na biyu mafi tsufa a Cape Verde bayan Ribeira Grande, amma ba a ba da takardar shaidar gari ba kafin 1922 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2006 |title=Djar'fogo assinala 84 anos de S. Filipe com mostra fotográfica |url=http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article018683&ak=1 |access-date=22 March 2017 |language=pt}}</ref> Ya bunƙasa saboda noman auduga, wanda aka sayar a bakin tekun Afirka. A shekara ta 1655 'yan fashi na Flemish sun lalata São Filipe. A cikin karni na 18 ya shiga cikin tattalin arziki, kamar yadda Ribeira Grande ya yi. An maye gurbin noman auduga da ruwan inabi, kofi da jatropha (don samar da man fetur da sabulu), wanda ya haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki a karni na 19. An gina gidajen wakilci na gari (sobrados) a tsakiyar gari, a kusa da cocin Ikklisiya. A halin yanzu, kashi 70% na gidaje a tsakiyar gari sun kasance daga karni na 19.<ref name="unesco" /> == Abubuwan da aka gani == * Cibiyar tarihi ta gari, da ake kira ''Bila Baxo'' . An san shi da gine-ginen mulkin mallaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, an gyara gidaje da yawa. Gidaje da yawa suna da launi mai launi ko kayan ado, balconies na katako ko windows. Baya ga tituna masu kyau tare da ƙananan gidajen mulkin mallaka akwai kimanin gidaje 50 da za a gani. Cibiyar tarihi ta São Filipe tana cikin jerin sunayen wuraren tarihi na duniya. * Ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen da suka fi wakilci shine zauren gari (Camara Municipal) wanda aka gina a 1928. Yana cikin wani wuri mai ban sha'awa da ake kira Praça 12 de Setembro inda karamin wurin shakatawa da ɗakin katako ya cancanci ziyarar. * Mafi mahimmancin cocin Katolika na garin shine Nossa Senhora da Conceição wanda aka gina shi a cikin salon da ya dace a cikin 1849.<ref name="unesco" /> Cocin tare da hasumiyoyin agogo guda biyu an gyara su sau da yawa. An kammala gyare-gyare na ƙarshe a cikin 2007. A gaban cocin akwai gidaje masu yawa na mulkin mallaka da aka kiyaye sosai daga karni na 18. * Gidan Kasuwanci yana kan iyakar Bila Baxo zuwa ɓangaren zamani na birnin a Praça Francisco de Assis, wurin da ya fi yawan jama'a. Babban tashar bas da ofishin gidan waya ma a nan ne. * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Casa da Memória yana a Praça 12 de Setembro a gidan ɗan kasuwa wanda aka gina a 1820. Gidan da ke makwabtaka shi ne [[Museu Municipal de São Filipe|Gidan kayan gargajiya na gari]] (Museu Municipal). A cikin kotun ciki an dasa shuke-shuke da yawa na Fogo, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, misali Crabo bravo (''Erysimum caboverdiana'') da Língua de vaca (''Echium vulcanorum''). An sake gina wani karamin gida (''Funco'') a cikin salon gargajiya ta amfani da duwatsun dutse. Wani bangare na shimfidar filin ciki ya ƙunshi duwatsu na basalt. * Wurin tarihi Praça Serpa Pinto yana cikin arewa maso yammacin cibiyar kimanin 40 m sama da rairayin bakin teku Praia da Bila wanda ya kunshi yashi mai baƙar fata. Akwai gidaje masu yawa na mulkin mallaka, abubuwan tunawa da karamin wurin shakatawa. Gidan kallo na ''Miradouro da Bila Baxo'' a arewacin wurin yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da rairayin bakin teku da tsibirin Brava makwabta. * Wani bangare na sansanin ''Fortim Carlota'' wanda ya fara daga shekara ta 1667 an kiyaye shi a kudancin. Ana iya ganin littafi mai ban sha'awa a gaba. An yi amfani da ginin a matsayin kurkuku har zuwa shekara ta 2005. * A kudancin cibiyar, tsohuwar makabartar Antigo Cemitério, wacce aka yi amfani da ita har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, ta cancanci ziyarar. Akwai kaburbura da yawa a cikin salon gargajiya wanda ya fara daga karni na 19. * A waje da cibiyar tarihi, Praça Alberto da Silva, wani wuri mai siffar rectangular tare da karamin wurin shakatawa da ɗakin sujada a cikin wani yanki mai zaman kansa wanda masu yawon bude ido ba sa ziyarta, ya cancanci ziyarar. Akwai shaguna da yawa, gidan burodi da karamin gidan cin abinci na intanet. Wurin yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na wani ɓangare na birnin da kewayenta. * Baya ga Nossa Senhora da Conceição, cocin Katolika mafi tsufa, akwai masallatai masu kyau a Praça Alberto da Silva, Sabon Cocin Manzanni da unguwanni biyu na Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe. == Yankin rairayin bakin teku == Praia da Bila, wani baƙar rairayin bakin teku, yana da mita 40 a ƙasa da tsakiyar gari. Ba mai tsabta ba ne, kuma a cikin kwanaki da yawa teku tana da tsananin gaske. Mazaunan garin sun fi son rairayin bakin teku a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto de Vale de Cavaleiros, kimanin kilomita 4 a arewacin Sao Filipe wanda shine mafi yammacin tsibirin kuma daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan cewa sashi ne na wucin gadi, wasu a Cape Verde sune Ponta do Sol a Santo Antão. Duk da tashar jiragen ruwa, ruwa ya fi tsabta kuma teku ba ta da tsayi. Mafi shahararren rairayin bakin teku na tsibirin shine ''Ponta da Sallina'' a San Jorge. [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 3fxfj4fb6scwjzs2gas52ni1zvjeba4 862762 862761 2026-06-21T09:25:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 862762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''São Filipe''' ( [[Harshen Portuguese|daga harshen Portugal]] zuwa "Saint Philip") birni ne a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka a tsibirin Fogo, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ita ce babban birnin tsibirin, kuma mazaunin karamar hukumar São Filipe . Filin jirgin saman tsibirin, Filin jirgin saman São Filipe, yana gefen kudu maso gabashin garin kuma tashar jiragen ruwan tsibirin tana da nisan mil 4.&nbsp;kilomita arewa da tsakiya a Vale de Cavaleiros . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Information about the port |url=http://www.enapor.cv/portal/v10/PT/aspx/portos/index.aspx?id_linha=608&ms=1-51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022001720/http://www.enapor.cv/portal/v10/PT/aspx/portos/index.aspx?id_linha=608 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Tsawon garin mita 20 ne. [[Fayil:Porto_de_Vale_de_Cavaleiros.jpg|right|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Vale de Cavaleiros]] == Tarihi == An kafa São Filipe a karni na 16 kuma an dauke shi birni na biyu mafi tsufa a Cape Verde bayan Ribeira Grande, amma ba a ba da takardar shaidar gari ba kafin 1922 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2006 |title=Djar'fogo assinala 84 anos de S. Filipe com mostra fotográfica |url=http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article018683&ak=1 |access-date=22 March 2017 |language=pt}}</ref> Ya bunƙasa saboda noman auduga, wanda aka sayar a bakin tekun Afirka. A shekara ta 1655 'yan fashi na Flemish sun lalata São Filipe. A cikin karni na 18 ya shiga cikin tattalin arziki, kamar yadda Ribeira Grande ya yi. An maye gurbin noman auduga da ruwan inabi, kofi da jatropha (don samar da man fetur da sabulu), wanda ya haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki a karni na 19. An gina gidajen wakilci na gari (sobrados) a tsakiyar gari, a kusa da cocin Ikklisiya. A halin yanzu, kashi 70% na gidaje a tsakiyar gari sun kasance daga karni na 19.<ref name="unesco" /> == Abubuwan da aka gani == * Cibiyar tarihi ta gari, da ake kira ''Bila Baxo'' . An san shi da gine-ginen mulkin mallaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, an gyara gidaje da yawa. Gidaje da yawa suna da launi mai launi ko kayan ado, balconies na katako ko windows. Baya ga tituna masu kyau tare da ƙananan gidajen mulkin mallaka akwai kimanin gidaje 50 da za a gani. Cibiyar tarihi ta São Filipe tana cikin jerin sunayen wuraren tarihi na duniya. * Ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen da suka fi wakilci shine zauren gari (Camara Municipal) wanda aka gina a 1928. Yana cikin wani wuri mai ban sha'awa da ake kira Praça 12 de Setembro inda karamin wurin shakatawa da ɗakin katako ya cancanci ziyarar. * Mafi mahimmancin cocin Katolika na garin shine Nossa Senhora da Conceição wanda aka gina shi a cikin salon da ya dace a cikin 1849.<ref name="unesco" /> Cocin tare da hasumiyoyin agogo guda biyu an gyara su sau da yawa. An kammala gyare-gyare na ƙarshe a cikin 2007. A gaban cocin akwai gidaje masu yawa na mulkin mallaka da aka kiyaye sosai daga karni na 18. * Gidan Kasuwanci yana kan iyakar Bila Baxo zuwa ɓangaren zamani na birnin a Praça Francisco de Assis, wurin da ya fi yawan jama'a. Babban tashar bas da ofishin gidan waya ma a nan ne. * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Casa da Memória yana a Praça 12 de Setembro a gidan ɗan kasuwa wanda aka gina a 1820. Gidan da ke makwabtaka shi ne [[Museu Municipal de São Filipe|Gidan kayan gargajiya na gari]] (Museu Municipal). A cikin kotun ciki an dasa shuke-shuke da yawa na Fogo, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, misali Crabo bravo (''Erysimum caboverdiana'') da Língua de vaca (''Echium vulcanorum''). An sake gina wani karamin gida (''Funco'') a cikin salon gargajiya ta amfani da duwatsun dutse. Wani bangare na shimfidar filin ciki ya ƙunshi duwatsu na basalt. * Wurin tarihi Praça Serpa Pinto yana cikin arewa maso yammacin cibiyar kimanin 40 m sama da rairayin bakin teku Praia da Bila wanda ya kunshi yashi mai baƙar fata. Akwai gidaje masu yawa na mulkin mallaka, abubuwan tunawa da karamin wurin shakatawa. Gidan kallo na ''Miradouro da Bila Baxo'' a arewacin wurin yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da rairayin bakin teku da tsibirin Brava makwabta. * Wani bangare na sansanin ''Fortim Carlota'' wanda ya fara daga shekara ta 1667 an kiyaye shi a kudancin. Ana iya ganin littafi mai ban sha'awa a gaba. An yi amfani da ginin a matsayin kurkuku har zuwa shekara ta 2005. * A kudancin cibiyar, tsohuwar makabartar Antigo Cemitério, wacce aka yi amfani da ita har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, ta cancanci ziyarar. Akwai kaburbura da yawa a cikin salon gargajiya wanda ya fara daga karni na 19. * A waje da cibiyar tarihi, Praça Alberto da Silva, wani wuri mai siffar rectangular tare da karamin wurin shakatawa da ɗakin sujada a cikin wani yanki mai zaman kansa wanda masu yawon bude ido ba sa ziyarta, ya cancanci ziyarar. Akwai shaguna da yawa, gidan burodi da karamin gidan cin abinci na intanet. Wurin yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na wani ɓangare na birnin da kewayenta. * Baya ga Nossa Senhora da Conceição, cocin Katolika mafi tsufa, akwai masallatai masu kyau a Praça Alberto da Silva, Sabon Cocin Manzanni da unguwanni biyu na Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe. == Yankin rairayin bakin teku == Praia da Bila, wani baƙar rairayin bakin teku, yana da mita 40 a ƙasa da tsakiyar gari. Ba mai tsabta ba ne, kuma a cikin kwanaki da yawa teku tana da tsananin gaske. Mazaunan garin sun fi son rairayin bakin teku a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Porto de Vale de Cavaleiros, kimanin kilomita 4 a arewacin Sao Filipe wanda shine mafi yammacin tsibirin kuma daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan cewa sashi ne na wucin gadi, wasu a Cape Verde sune Ponta do Sol a Santo Antão. Duk da tashar jiragen ruwa, ruwa ya fi tsabta kuma teku ba ta da tsayi. Mafi shahararren rairayin bakin teku na tsibirin shine ''Ponta da Sallina'' a San Jorge. [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 29pvv8dinta25ece8om9k5jqk5cq1d1 0 159076 862765 2026-06-21T09:32:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324513781|Tarrafal de Monte Trigo]]" 862765 wikitext text/x-wiki Tarrafal de Monte Trigo wani yanki ne a yankin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin [[Cape Verde]]">Santo Antão, Cape Verde . A shekara ta 2010 yawan jama'arta ya kai 841. Tana kan iyakar tekun, kilomita 27 a yammacin babban birnin tsibirin Porto Novo . An ambaci ƙauyen a matsayin Terrafal a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref>&nbsp; == Tarihi == Tarrafal de Monte Trigo wani dogon suna ne da ake la'akari da shi da mahimmanci don kauce wa rikitar da shi tare da wasu tarrafals a [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. Akwai sama da hudu daga cikinsu, daya a São Nicolau, har ma da wani a tsibirin Santo Antão, wanda ba ƙauye ba ne, amma wani ɓangare na Ribeira Grande, ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwa a tsibirin. Sunan Tarrafal ya fito ne daga itacen ''Tamarix senegalensis'' ko Tamarisk, wanda ake kira Tarrafe a Cape Verde. A watan Fabrairun 2021, an ayyana aikin a kan hanyar zuwa ƙauyen tare da bikin rantsar da shi. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manazarta == it6dprcfo9qzsek6wy7z7ow6253y8am 862766 862765 2026-06-21T09:33:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 862766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tarrafal de Monte Trigo wani yanki ne a yankin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin [[Cape Verde]]">Santo Antão, Cape Verde . A shekara ta 2010 yawan jama'arta ya kai 841. Tana kan iyakar tekun, kilomita 27 a yammacin babban birnin tsibirin Porto Novo . An ambaci ƙauyen a matsayin Terrafal a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref>&nbsp; == Tarihi == Tarrafal de Monte Trigo wani dogon suna ne da ake la'akari da shi da mahimmanci don kauce wa rikitar da shi tare da wasu tarrafals a [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. Akwai sama da hudu daga cikinsu, daya a São Nicolau, har ma da wani a tsibirin Santo Antão, wanda ba ƙauye ba ne, amma wani ɓangare na Ribeira Grande, ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwa a tsibirin. Sunan Tarrafal ya fito ne daga itacen ''Tamarix senegalensis'' ko Tamarisk, wanda ake kira Tarrafe a Cape Verde. A watan Fabrairun 2021, an ayyana aikin a kan hanyar zuwa ƙauyen tare da bikin rantsar da shi. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manazarta == 2bi02wxn5w3j4uzes3isql9fslqpjxv 0 159077 862768 2026-06-21T09:35:15Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344254359|Bunka Fashion College]]" 862768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bunka_fashion_college_main_building_may_2014.jpg|thumb|Babban gini na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bunka]] {{nihongo|'''Bunka Fashion College'''|文化服装学院|Bunka Fukusō Gakuin}} is a Japanese [[Vocational education|vocational]] school specializing in [[fashion design]] and related disciplines. It is headquartered in [[Shinjuku]], Tokyo, and has more than 70 branches throughout Japan. == Tarihi == [[Isaburō Namiki]] ne ya kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1919 a matsayin karamin makarantar yin tufafi ga 'yan mata da ake kira Namiki Dressmaking School, a lokacin da tufafin Turai na mata ke samuwa ne kawai ga iyalai masu arziki. A cikin 1936, sunan makarantar ya zama Bunka Fashion College, kuma ya fara buga So-en, mujallar tufafi ta farko ta Japan. Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bunka ta shiga cikin manyan lokuta uku. Da farko, ya koya wa mutane da iyalai yadda za su yi tufafi. Sa'an nan a cikin shekarun 1960, masu zanen kaya daga makarantar kamar Kenzo Takada (wanda ya shiga cikin 1958 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenzo Takada |date=8 October 2017 |title=Kenzo Takada (7) A poor student's struggle with the sewing machine |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/My-Personal-History/Kenzo-Takada/Kenzo-Takada-7-A-poor-student-s-struggle-with-the-sewing-machine |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Nikkei.com}}</ref>) da mai zanen Yohji Yamamoto sun fito a cikin yanayin tufafi na duniya kuma sun fitar da hauhawar salon Jafananci na zamani. Tun daga shekarun 2000, makarantar ta yi niyyar bunkasa masana'antar kayan ado ta duniya da mai ɗorewa.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}</ref> == Dalibai == Alumni na makarantar sun hada da (masu zanen kayan ado sai dai idan an bayyana ba haka ba): * Tsumori Chisato<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> * Misha Janette (mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo) * H. Naoto * Takeo Kikuchi * Asami Kiyokawa (mai tsara kayan kwalliya) * Yoshiyuki Konishi * Mariko Mori (mai zane) * Nigo * Naomi Nishida (actress) * Peeco (mai sukar kayan ado) * Sebastiano Serafini (mai raira waƙa / marubucin waƙa) * Tomoe Shinohara * Kenzō Takada * Jun Takahashi * Junya Watanabe * Yohji Yamamoto * [[Hiromichi Ochiai]]<ref name="businessoffashion method" /> * Soshi Otsuki<ref name="businessoffashion method" /> * [[Shingo Sato]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2018 |title=Japanese fashion innovator conducts first workshop in Manila |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/319311/japanese-fashion-innovator-conducts-first-workshop-in-manila/ |access-date=8 January 2019 |website=Inquirer.net}}</ref> == Malamai == Bunka tana da shirye-shirye da suka mayar da hankali kan Zane-zanen Zane, Fasahar Zane, Talla da Rarraba Zane, Kayan Haɗi na Zamani da Yadi. A shekarar 2012, Jami'ar Bunka Gakuen, maƙwabciyar cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin, ta buɗe kwas na matakin Masters a Nazarin Zane-zane da aka yi niyya ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje. Ana kiran wannan kwas ɗin da Global Fashion Concentration kuma ana koyar da shi gaba ɗaya cikin Turanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master's Program in Clothing Science Studies |url=http://bwu.bunka.ac.jp/other-language/english/study/in/skk.php#part2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517234431/http://bwu.bunka.ac.jp/other-language/english/study/in/skk.php#part2#part2 |archive-date=2015-05-17 |access-date=2014-06-27 |publisher=Bunka Gakuen University}}</ref> Kowace shekara, ana kirkirar sabbin mannequins waɗanda ke nuna matsakaicin ma'auni na ɗalibai na wannan shekarar, a ƙoƙarin yin aiki a kan ƙididdigar zahiri. Ana buƙatar dukkan ɗalibai suyi nazarin siffar jikin mutum da kuma yadda jikin mutum ke motsawa.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Makarantar Bunka tana darajar ''Satori'' da ''Kaizen'' a cikin iliminta. Ana gudanar da shirin Master guda ɗaya a Turanci.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Dole ne dalibai su wuce gwajin ƙwarewar harshen Jafananci, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin aiki na ɗan lokaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bunka Fashion College |url=https://fashionista.com/page/bunka-fashion-college2016 |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Fashionista.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> Ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke buƙatar koyon Jafananci kafin su shiga kwalejin. Bunka ta mallaki Cibiyar Harshen Bunka a gare su. Yana cikin wannan harabar, kuma yana cikin wannan rukuni Bunka Gakuen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FEATURE OF B.I.L. {{!}} EN/BUNKA INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE |url=https://www.bunka-bi.ac.jp/en/school/feature/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.bunka-bi.ac.jp}}</ref> == Babban harabar == Bunka tana da rassa sama da 70 a kusa da Japan, amma babban harabarta tana cikin yammacin yankin Shinjuku na Tokyo.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Babban ginin yana da hawa 21, kuma ya haɗa da kayan aiki kamar ɗakin karatu, gidan kayan gargajiya, da cibiyar hanya. Babban harabar tana da kimanin tafiya ta minti 8 daga tashar JR Shinjuku kuma kusan tafiya ta minti 3 daga tashar tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Toei Shinjuku. An raba harabar tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'i 4 daga Bunka Gakuen. Sauran kwalejoji 3 sune Jami'ar Bunka Fashion Graduate, Jami'ar Bunka Gakuen da Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta Bunka. == Kyaututtuka == * # 2 Mafi kyawun Makarantar Fasaha ta 2015 ta Kasuwancin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grace O'Neill |date=25 August 2015 |title=The best fashion schools of 2015 |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/the-best-fashion-schools-of-2015-3386 |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Harpersbazaar.com.au}}</ref> * 2013: # 7 a cikin manyan makarantun tufafi 50 a duniya bisa ga Fashionista <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2013 |title=The top 50 fashion schools in the world |url=https://fashionista.com/2013/06/top-fashion-schools-2013 |website=Fashionista.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gujmtbv6rc450j1p30gn8zs4tcfn0kn 862774 862768 2026-06-21T09:41:15Z Pretty Fulani 44366 862774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bunka_fashion_college_main_building_may_2014.jpg|thumb|Babban gini na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bunka]] {{nihongo|'''Bunka Fashion College'''|文化服装学院|Bunka Fukusō Gakuin}} is a Japanese [[Vocational education|vocational]] school specializing in [[fashion design]] and related disciplines. It is headquartered in [[Shinjuku]], Tokyo, and has more than 70 branches throughout Japan. == Tarihi == [[Isaburō Namiki]] ne ya kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1919 a matsayin karamin makarantar yin tufafi ga 'yan mata da ake kira Namiki Dressmaking School, a lokacin da tufafin Turai na mata ke samuwa ne kawai ga iyalai masu arziki. A cikin 1936, sunan makarantar ya zama Bunka Fashion College, kuma ya fara buga So-en, mujallar tufafi ta farko ta Japan. Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bunka ta shiga cikin manyan lokuta uku. Da farko, ya koya wa mutane da iyalai yadda za su yi tufafi. Sa'an nan a cikin shekarun 1960, masu zanen kaya daga makarantar kamar Kenzo Takada (wanda ya shiga cikin 1958 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenzo Takada |date=8 October 2017 |title=Kenzo Takada (7) A poor student's struggle with the sewing machine |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/My-Personal-History/Kenzo-Takada/Kenzo-Takada-7-A-poor-student-s-struggle-with-the-sewing-machine |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Nikkei.com}}</ref>) da mai zanen Yohji Yamamoto sun fito a cikin yanayin tufafi na duniya kuma sun fitar da hauhawar salon Jafananci na zamani. Tun daga shekarun 2000, makarantar ta yi niyyar bunkasa masana'antar kayan ado ta duniya da mai ɗorewa.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}</ref> == Dalibai == Alumni na makarantar sun hada da (masu zanen kayan ado sai dai idan an bayyana ba haka ba): * Tsumori Chisato<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> * Misha Janette (mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo) * H. Naoto * Takeo Kikuchi * Asami Kiyokawa (mai tsara kayan kwalliya) * Yoshiyuki Konishi * Mariko Mori (mai zane) * Nigo * Naomi Nishida (actress) * Peeco (mai sukar kayan ado) * Sebastiano Serafini (mai raira waƙa / marubucin waƙa) * Tomoe Shinohara * Kenzō Takada * Jun Takahashi * Junya Watanabe * Yohji Yamamoto * [[Hiromichi Ochiai]]<ref name="businessoffashion method" /> * Soshi Otsuki<ref name="businessoffashion method" /> * [[Shingo Sato]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2018 |title=Japanese fashion innovator conducts first workshop in Manila |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/319311/japanese-fashion-innovator-conducts-first-workshop-in-manila/ |access-date=8 January 2019 |website=Inquirer.net}}</ref> == Malamai == Bunka tana da shirye-shirye da suka mayar da hankali kan Zane-zanen Zane, Fasahar Zane, Talla da Rarraba Zane, Kayan Haɗi na Zamani da Yadi. A shekarar 2012, Jami'ar Bunka Gakuen, maƙwabciyar cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin, ta buɗe kwas na matakin Masters a Nazarin Zane-zane da aka yi niyya ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje. Ana kiran wannan kwas ɗin da Global Fashion Concentration kuma ana koyar da shi gaba ɗaya cikin Turanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master's Program in Clothing Science Studies |url=http://bwu.bunka.ac.jp/other-language/english/study/in/skk.php#part2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517234431/http://bwu.bunka.ac.jp/other-language/english/study/in/skk.php#part2#part2 |archive-date=2015-05-17 |access-date=2014-06-27 |publisher=Bunka Gakuen University}}</ref> Kowace shekara, ana kirkirar sabbin mannequins waɗanda ke nuna matsakaicin ma'auni na ɗalibai na wannan shekarar, a ƙoƙarin yin aiki a kan ƙididdigar zahiri. Ana buƙatar dukkan ɗalibai suyi nazarin siffar jikin mutum da kuma yadda jikin mutum ke motsawa.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Makarantar Bunka tana darajar ''Satori'' da ''Kaizen'' a cikin iliminta. Ana gudanar da shirin Master guda ɗaya a Turanci.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Dole ne dalibai su wuce gwajin ƙwarewar harshen Jafananci, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin aiki na ɗan lokaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bunka Fashion College |url=https://fashionista.com/page/bunka-fashion-college2016 |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Fashionista.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> Ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke buƙatar koyon Jafananci kafin su shiga kwalejin. Bunka ta mallaki Cibiyar Harshen Bunka a gare su. Yana cikin wannan harabar, kuma yana cikin wannan rukuni Bunka Gakuen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FEATURE OF B.I.L. {{!}} EN/BUNKA INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE |url=https://www.bunka-bi.ac.jp/en/school/feature/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.bunka-bi.ac.jp}}</ref> == Babban harabar == Bunka tana da rassa sama da 70 a kusa da Japan, amma babban harabarta tana cikin yammacin yankin Shinjuku na Tokyo.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Babban ginin yana da hawa 21, kuma ya haɗa da kayan aiki kamar ɗakin karatu, gidan kayan gargajiya, da cibiyar hanya. Babban harabar tana da kimanin tafiya ta minti 8 daga tashar JR Shinjuku kuma kusan tafiya ta minti 3 daga tashar tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Toei Shinjuku. An raba harabar tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'i 4 daga Bunka Gakuen. Sauran kwalejoji 3 sune Jami'ar Bunka Fashion Graduate, Jami'ar Bunka Gakuen da Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta Bunka. == Kyaututtuka == * # 2 Mafi kyawun Makarantar Fasaha ta 2015 ta Kasuwancin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grace O'Neill |date=25 August 2015 |title=The best fashion schools of 2015 |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/the-best-fashion-schools-of-2015-3386 |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Harpersbazaar.com.au}}</ref> * 2013: # 7 a cikin manyan makarantun tufafi 50 a duniya bisa ga Fashionista <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2013 |title=The top 50 fashion schools in the world |url=https://fashionista.com/2013/06/top-fashion-schools-2013 |website=Fashionista.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h2vdq2vdea1o8hcw6akrstlkcv40kw7 862777 862774 2026-06-21T09:43:22Z Pretty Fulani 44366 Gyara 862777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bunka_fashion_college_main_building_may_2014.jpg|thumb|Babban gini na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bunka]] "Nihongo". Makarantar koyon sana'o'i ce ta ƙasar Japan wadda ta ƙware a fannin ƙirar kayan kwalliya da fannoni masu alaƙa. Hedkwatarta tana Shinjuku, Tokyo, kuma tana da rassa sama da 70 a faɗin ƙasar Japan. == Tarihi == [[Isaburō Namiki]] ne ya kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1919 a matsayin karamin makarantar yin tufafi ga 'yan mata da ake kira Namiki Dressmaking School, a lokacin da tufafin Turai na mata ke samuwa ne kawai ga iyalai masu arziki. A cikin 1936, sunan makarantar ya zama Bunka Fashion College, kuma ya fara buga So-en, mujallar tufafi ta farko ta Japan. Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bunka ta shiga cikin manyan lokuta uku. Da farko, ya koya wa mutane da iyalai yadda za su yi tufafi. Sa'an nan a cikin shekarun 1960, masu zanen kaya daga makarantar kamar Kenzo Takada (wanda ya shiga cikin 1958 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenzo Takada |date=8 October 2017 |title=Kenzo Takada (7) A poor student's struggle with the sewing machine |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/My-Personal-History/Kenzo-Takada/Kenzo-Takada-7-A-poor-student-s-struggle-with-the-sewing-machine |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Nikkei.com}}</ref>) da mai zanen Yohji Yamamoto sun fito a cikin yanayin tufafi na duniya kuma sun fitar da hauhawar salon Jafananci na zamani. Tun daga shekarun 2000, makarantar ta yi niyyar bunkasa masana'antar kayan ado ta duniya da mai ɗorewa.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}</ref> == Dalibai == Alumni na makarantar sun hada da (masu zanen kayan ado sai dai idan an bayyana ba haka ba): * Tsumori Chisato<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> * Misha Janette (mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo) * H. Naoto * Takeo Kikuchi * Asami Kiyokawa (mai tsara kayan kwalliya) * Yoshiyuki Konishi * Mariko Mori (mai zane) * Nigo * Naomi Nishida (actress) * Peeco (mai sukar kayan ado) * Sebastiano Serafini (mai raira waƙa / marubucin waƙa) * Tomoe Shinohara * Kenzō Takada * Jun Takahashi * Junya Watanabe * Yohji Yamamoto * [[Hiromichi Ochiai]]<ref name="businessoffashion method" /> * Soshi Otsuki<ref name="businessoffashion method" /> * [[Shingo Sato]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2018 |title=Japanese fashion innovator conducts first workshop in Manila |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/319311/japanese-fashion-innovator-conducts-first-workshop-in-manila/ |access-date=8 January 2019 |website=Inquirer.net}}</ref> == Malamai == Bunka tana da shirye-shirye da suka mayar da hankali kan Zane-zanen Zane, Fasahar Zane, Talla da Rarraba Zane, Kayan Haɗi na Zamani da Yadi. A shekarar 2012, Jami'ar Bunka Gakuen, maƙwabciyar cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin, ta buɗe kwas na matakin Masters a Nazarin Zane-zane da aka yi niyya ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje. Ana kiran wannan kwas ɗin da Global Fashion Concentration kuma ana koyar da shi gaba ɗaya cikin Turanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master's Program in Clothing Science Studies |url=http://bwu.bunka.ac.jp/other-language/english/study/in/skk.php#part2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517234431/http://bwu.bunka.ac.jp/other-language/english/study/in/skk.php#part2#part2 |archive-date=2015-05-17 |access-date=2014-06-27 |publisher=Bunka Gakuen University}}</ref> Kowace shekara, ana kirkirar sabbin mannequins waɗanda ke nuna matsakaicin ma'auni na ɗalibai na wannan shekarar, a ƙoƙarin yin aiki a kan ƙididdigar zahiri. Ana buƙatar dukkan ɗalibai suyi nazarin siffar jikin mutum da kuma yadda jikin mutum ke motsawa.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Makarantar Bunka tana darajar ''Satori'' da ''Kaizen'' a cikin iliminta. Ana gudanar da shirin Master guda ɗaya a Turanci.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Dole ne dalibai su wuce gwajin ƙwarewar harshen Jafananci, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin aiki na ɗan lokaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bunka Fashion College |url=https://fashionista.com/page/bunka-fashion-college2016 |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Fashionista.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> Ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke buƙatar koyon Jafananci kafin su shiga kwalejin. Bunka ta mallaki Cibiyar Harshen Bunka a gare su. Yana cikin wannan harabar, kuma yana cikin wannan rukuni Bunka Gakuen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FEATURE OF B.I.L. {{!}} EN/BUNKA INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE |url=https://www.bunka-bi.ac.jp/en/school/feature/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.bunka-bi.ac.jp}}</ref> == Babban harabar == Bunka tana da rassa sama da 70 a kusa da Japan, amma babban harabarta tana cikin yammacin yankin Shinjuku na Tokyo.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Babban ginin yana da hawa 21, kuma ya haɗa da kayan aiki kamar ɗakin karatu, gidan kayan gargajiya, da cibiyar hanya. Babban harabar tana da kimanin tafiya ta minti 8 daga tashar JR Shinjuku kuma kusan tafiya ta minti 3 daga tashar tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Toei Shinjuku. An raba harabar tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'i 4 daga Bunka Gakuen. Sauran kwalejoji 3 sune Jami'ar Bunka Fashion Graduate, Jami'ar Bunka Gakuen da Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta Bunka. == Kyaututtuka == * # 2 Mafi kyawun Makarantar Fasaha ta 2015 ta Kasuwancin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grace O'Neill |date=25 August 2015 |title=The best fashion schools of 2015 |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/the-best-fashion-schools-of-2015-3386 |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Harpersbazaar.com.au}}</ref> * 2013: # 7 a cikin manyan makarantun tufafi 50 a duniya bisa ga Fashionista <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2013 |title=The top 50 fashion schools in the world |url=https://fashionista.com/2013/06/top-fashion-schools-2013 |website=Fashionista.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i1nanygimtbuuorp37mwyk55wm9k0hv 0 159078 862769 2026-06-21T09:36:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337148945|Tarrafal de São Nicolau, Cape Verde]]" 862769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarrafal na [[Cape Verde]]">San Nicolau''' birni ne a yammacin tsibirin São Nicolau, Cape Verde . Tare da yawan mutane 3,733 (ƙidayar 2010), ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a tsibirin. Shi ne wurin zama na Tarrafal de São Nicolau Municipality, da kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin. Tana kan iyakar yamma, kilomita 9 kudu maso yammacin Ribeira Brava .&nbsp; == Rarrabawar == Birnin ya kasu kashi biyu (bairros) ciki har da: * Babban Fontainas * Alto Saco * Yellow Painted * Gidan shakatawa * Chã na Poça * João Baptista * Telha == Tarihi == Kafin karni na 19, ba a yi amfani da hanyar Tarrafal sosai ba saboda tana da nisa daga babban mazaunin tsibirin, Ribeira Brava . : 14 An ambaci shi a matsayin Terrafal a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> Ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin karni na 19, kuma an gina kayan aikin sarrafa kifi, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban ƙauyen.<ref name="dgt" /> : 14-16 Ginin ya zama gari a farkon shekarun 1990 <ref name="dgt" />: 16 da birni a cikin 2010 == Sufuri == An gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tarrafal a shekarar 1991. Yana da tashar jiragen ruwa 2 da kuma tashar fasinja. Jimlar tsawon tashar jiragen ruwa shine 137 m, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine 7 m.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto do Tarrafal |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-do-tarrafal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219003005/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-do-tarrafal |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=10 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa daga Tarrafal zuwa tsibirin San Vicente (Mindelo) da Santiago (Praia). Porto Tarrafal memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH). == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 2djz04rvb2ru9r6uiwdfpkkyqk72xj2 862771 862769 2026-06-21T09:37:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 862771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarrafal na San Nicolau''' birni ne a yammacin tsibirin São Nicolau, Cape Verde . Tare da yawan mutane 3,733 (ƙidayar 2010), ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a tsibirin. Shi ne wurin zama na Tarrafal de São Nicolau Municipality, da kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin. Tana kan iyakar yamma, kilomita 9 kudu maso yammacin Ribeira Brava .&nbsp; == Rarrabawar == Birnin ya kasu kashi biyu (bairros) ciki har da: * Babban Fontainas * Alto Saco * Yellow Painted * Gidan shakatawa * Chã na Poça * João Baptista * Telha == Tarihi == Kafin karni na 19, ba a yi amfani da hanyar Tarrafal sosai ba saboda tana da nisa daga babban mazaunin tsibirin, Ribeira Brava . : 14 An ambaci shi a matsayin Terrafal a cikin taswirar 1747 ta Jacques-Nicolas Bellin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |author-link=Jacques-Nicolas Bellin |year=1747 |title=Carte des Isles du Cap Verd = Kaart van de Eilanden van Kabo Verde |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/12504 |language=fr}}</ref> Ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin karni na 19, kuma an gina kayan aikin sarrafa kifi, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban ƙauyen.<ref name="dgt" /> : 14-16 Ginin ya zama gari a farkon shekarun 1990 <ref name="dgt" />: 16 da birni a cikin 2010 == Sufuri == An gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tarrafal a shekarar 1991. Yana da tashar jiragen ruwa 2 da kuma tashar fasinja. Jimlar tsawon tashar jiragen ruwa shine 137 m, kuma matsakaicin zurfin shine 7 m.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{Cite web |title=Porto do Tarrafal |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-do-tarrafal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219003005/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-do-tarrafal |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=10 September 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyin jirgin ruwa daga Tarrafal zuwa tsibirin San Vicente (Mindelo) da Santiago (Praia). Porto Tarrafal memba ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH). == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a Cape Verde == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Kyap Bad]] 588vxaxm4nt0mj419hqd12126bs3ri9 0 159079 862810 2026-06-21T10:30:53Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348666267|Bosun Tijani]]" 862810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.1,2.............Tijani was born in [[:en:Agege|Agege]], [[:en:Lagos|Lagos, Nigeria]] and spent his formative years there before moving to [[:en:Abeokuta|Abeokuta]], Nigeria for his secondary education. In 1996, he then went on to [[:en:Jos|Jos]], Nigeria to study at the [[:en:University_of_Jos|University of Jos]] where he first started off studying for a diploma in Computer Science before going on to study [[:en:Economics|Economics]], A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya 3............. kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.4............. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.5.............Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.6............. Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.7............. '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.8............. '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9twgqyx70al8adnkmxdope3syazg96g 862811 862810 2026-06-21T10:32:01Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya 3............. kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.4............. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.5.............Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.6............. Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.7............. '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.8............. '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qpe4brgmwvxw1lsdpvcu2b367sfbhb9 862812 862811 2026-06-21T10:32:45Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya 3............. kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.4............. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.5.............Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.6............. Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.7............. '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.8............. '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dmko3zzfi4xvk0poyoa2wxwla1tq2qv 862813 862812 2026-06-21T10:33:33Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.4............. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.5.............Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.6............. Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.7............. '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.8............. '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kn8bm081j29tyurvw7lf8wpu9o5kimw 862814 862813 2026-06-21T10:34:39Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.5.............Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.6............. Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.7............. '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.8............. '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sfecvvsmh4zrytn8qdz5f7yuptgrqou 862815 862814 2026-06-21T10:35:27Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.6............. Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.7............. '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.8............. '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ruo73y0d7vdtk835vyg48e6o7vxejv7 862817 862815 2026-06-21T10:36:08Z Saad Nuhu 43323 # 862817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.7............. '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.8............. '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jrjnv6sb5r43u7ll6rn77t0d2c3x74v 862819 862817 2026-06-21T10:37:36Z Saad Nuhu 43323 # 862819 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.8............. '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] crxjqfx0lzuti3h2j1d4h73e8ql0f56 862827 862819 2026-06-21T10:43:53Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201439/http://mea-i.org/</ref> '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.9............. A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 00ygll6csnyf18gdummrzjul6z14btb 862828 862827 2026-06-21T10:44:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201439/http://mea-i.org/</ref> '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>https://www.chathamhouse.org/london-conference/2018/speakers/bosun-tijani</ref> A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.10.............A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9xonhhl1sp9jc7y4ivfk64moungohi7 862830 862828 2026-06-21T10:45:29Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201439/http://mea-i.org/</ref> '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>https://www.chathamhouse.org/london-conference/2018/speakers/bosun-tijani</ref> A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/tech/innovation/nigeria-cc-hub/index.html</ref>.A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.11,12............. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 63b0t22y8grbym8bfd0dd3r8dbexwe3 862832 862830 2026-06-21T10:46:16Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201439/http://mea-i.org/</ref> '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>https://www.chathamhouse.org/london-conference/2018/speakers/bosun-tijani</ref> A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/tech/innovation/nigeria-cc-hub/index.html</ref>.A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.<ref>https://techcabal.com/2013/11/20/tech-startups-lagos-will-want-move-yaba-soon/</ref> A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sk5uwxifhkv3b74s68udfgzfg3nnrq8 862833 862832 2026-06-21T10:47:02Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201439/http://mea-i.org/</ref> '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>https://www.chathamhouse.org/london-conference/2018/speakers/bosun-tijani</ref> A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/tech/innovation/nigeria-cc-hub/index.html</ref>.A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.<ref>https://techcabal.com/2013/11/20/tech-startups-lagos-will-want-move-yaba-soon/</ref><ref>https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/bosun-tijani-2/</ref> A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.13............. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 32nrhs0ic5vq343kdmjqj4vgkysiv3p 862835 862833 2026-06-21T10:47:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 # 862835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201439/http://mea-i.org/</ref> '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>https://www.chathamhouse.org/london-conference/2018/speakers/bosun-tijani</ref> A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/tech/innovation/nigeria-cc-hub/index.html</ref>.A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.<ref>https://techcabal.com/2013/11/20/tech-startups-lagos-will-want-move-yaba-soon/</ref><ref>https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/bosun-tijani-2/</ref> A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.<ref>https://www.businessforafricaforum.com/speaker/bosun-tijani-2/</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9qxrztf825spzwznw4bhjq8xzug2unj 862838 862835 2026-06-21T10:49:16Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 862838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201439/http://mea-i.org/</ref> '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>https://www.chathamhouse.org/london-conference/2018/speakers/bosun-tijani</ref> A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/tech/innovation/nigeria-cc-hub/index.html</ref>.A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.<ref>https://techcabal.com/2013/11/20/tech-startups-lagos-will-want-move-yaba-soon/</ref><ref>https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/bosun-tijani-2/</ref> A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.<ref>https://www.businessforafricaforum.com/speaker/bosun-tijani-2/</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] elzs4g0dbft6mbzie52bbaj0nw7se3c 0 159080 862816 2026-06-21T10:36:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337148473|Vale de Cavaleiros]]" 862816 wikitext text/x-wiki Vale de Caveiros ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta tsibirin Fogo, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Tana da nisan kilomita 3 a arewacin birnin São Filipe . Hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa ENAPOR ce ke kula da tashar jiragen sama. An sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa kuma an faɗaɗa ta a cikin 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information about the port |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-vale-cavaleiros |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218235957/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-vale-cavaleiros |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Yana da memba na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa (IAPH). [[Fayil:Fogo-94-114-03.jpg|left|thumb|Porto de Vale de Cavaleiros a cikin 1994]] == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == ct3ovb4ieqceetefx5kob76v2rmahpb 862818 862816 2026-06-21T10:36:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 862818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Vale de Caveiros ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta tsibirin Fogo, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Tana da nisan kilomita 3 a arewacin birnin São Filipe . Hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa ENAPOR ce ke kula da tashar jiragen sama. An sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa kuma an faɗaɗa ta a cikin 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information about the port |url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-vale-cavaleiros |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218235957/http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-vale-cavaleiros |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=[[ENAPOR]] |language=pt}}</ref> Yana da memba na tashar jiragen ruwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa (IAPH). [[Fayil:Fogo-94-114-03.jpg|left|thumb|Porto de Vale de Cavaleiros a cikin 1994]] == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == 25iynlw9m1hmcod9p13byukmn2v7ma6 0 159081 862821 2026-06-21T10:40:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355712489|Obock]]" 862821 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Obock''' (kuma '''Obok''', Larabci: , {{Lang|aa|Hayyú}}) ƙaramin gari ne na tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . Tana kan iyakar Arewacin [[Tekun Tadjoura]], inda ta buɗe zuwa [[Tekun Aden]]. Garin yana da filin jirgin sama kuma yana da jiragen ruwa zuwa [[Jibuti (birni)|Birnin Djibouti]]. Hanyar Faransanci Obock ta samo asali ne daga Larabci "Oboh", wanda shine lalacewar Oboki, sunan da aka ba wa wani Wadi na gida. == Tarihi == An gina ƙauyen kamun fili ne a kan tudu na Dala-h Húgub kusa da Dar'i Wadi, tare da wasu gidaje da aka gina da laka da dutse da Daboyta. Yawancin mazauna suna rayuwa ta hanyar kiwon dabbobi, kamun kifi, Kasuwanci kuma suna amfani da rijiyar ruwa don sha. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Ifat Sultanate ne ke mulkin Obock sannan [[Adal Sultanate]]. Sultans na Raheita sun fito ne daga Adal Sultanate . Kodayake an sanya shi a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] tun daga shekara ta 1554, tsakanin 1821 da 1841, [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali]], Pasha na Masar, ya zo ya mallaki [[Yemen]] da [[Eritrea]] ta zamani, kuma ya yi ikirarin Habasha har zuwa [[Harar]].<ref name="awdalpress.com">{{Cite web |title=French Somali coast Timeline |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609002748/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |archive-date=2013-06-09 |access-date=2013-04-19}}</ref> A shekara ta 1884, kwamandan jirgin ruwa mai suna L'Inferent, jirgin Faransa, ya tabbatar da kasancewar Masar a yankin da ke kusa da Obock. Kwamandan jirgin ruwa mai suna Le Vaudreuil ya kuma ba da rahoton cewa Masarawa suna zaune a cikin ciki tsakanin Obock da Tadjoura. A zahiri, duk da haka, Masar ba ta da iko a cikin gida kuma lokacin mulkin su a bakin tekun ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya kasance kawai 'yan shekaru kafin a janye sojojin Masar daga yankin a 1862, === Somaliland na Faransa === [[Fayil:Obock_panorama_1882.jpg|left|thumb|Panorama na Obock a cikin 1882 tare da masana'antar Faransa ta farko a hagu]] A lokacin Scramble for Africa, karuwar sha'awar [[Faransa|Faransanci]] a yankin ya faru ne a bayan aikin Burtaniya a [[Misra|Misira]] da kuma bude Suez Canal a 1869. Tsakanin 1883 da 1887, Faransa ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban tare da masu mulkin Somaliya da Afar Sultans, wanda ya ba ta damar fadada kariya don hada da [[Tekun Tadjoura]]. Obock da farko yana da mahimmanci a matsayin shafin yanar gizon mulkin mallaka na Faransa na farko a yankin, wanda aka kafa ta yarjejeniya tare da sarakunan Afar na gida a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1862. Faransanci suna da sha'awar samun Tashar kwal don Jiragen ruwa, wanda zai zama mahimmanci musamman a lokacin bude Suez Canal a 1869. (Har zuwa wannan lokacin jiragen ruwa na Faransa dole ne su sayi kwal a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Burtaniya ta Aden a fadin gulf, wani dogaro mara kyau idan akwai yaƙi.) [[Fayil:Obock_coal_depot_mid-1880s.png|right|thumb|240x240px|'Yan kasuwa na Faransa sun zauna da kuma ajiyar kwal a tsakiyar shekarun 1880.]] Shafin ba batun kowane aiki ba ne, kawai jirgin ruwa na rundunar sojan ruwa da aka sanya a [[Tekun Indiya]] suka ziyarta, har zuwa shigar da dan kasuwa Pierre Arnoux a 1881, sannan Paul Soleillet ya biyo baya. Obock ya zama mulkin mallaka na gaskiya a shekara ta 1884 tare da isowar Léonce Lagarde a watan Agusta, wanda ya kafa gwamnati kuma ya faɗaɗa mallakar Faransa a [[Tekun Tadjoura]], ya kafa Yankin Obock da gine-gine, tare da Obock a matsayin babban birninta. A shekara ta 1885, Obock yana da mazauna 800 da makaranta. Koyaya, an fallasa tashar fiye da shafin [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]] a gefen kudu na [[Tekun Tadjoura]], kuma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta koma can a cikin 1894. Yawan mutanen Obock daga baya ya ragu.<ref>"{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Obok}}</ref> == Manazarta == jwmktbl608acxxy3rfw57jq9ifsy38z 862822 862821 2026-06-21T10:40:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 862822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Obock''' (kuma '''Obok''', Larabci: , {{Lang|aa|Hayyú}}) ƙaramin gari ne na tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . Tana kan iyakar Arewacin [[Tekun Tadjoura]], inda ta buɗe zuwa [[Tekun Aden]]. Garin yana da filin jirgin sama kuma yana da jiragen ruwa zuwa [[Jibuti (birni)|Birnin Djibouti]]. Hanyar Faransanci Obock ta samo asali ne daga Larabci "Oboh", wanda shine lalacewar Oboki, sunan da aka ba wa wani Wadi na gida. == Tarihi == An gina ƙauyen kamun fili ne a kan tudu na Dala-h Húgub kusa da Dar'i Wadi, tare da wasu gidaje da aka gina da laka da dutse da Daboyta. Yawancin mazauna suna rayuwa ta hanyar kiwon dabbobi, kamun kifi, Kasuwanci kuma suna amfani da rijiyar ruwa don sha. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Ifat Sultanate ne ke mulkin Obock sannan [[Adal Sultanate]]. Sultans na Raheita sun fito ne daga Adal Sultanate . Kodayake an sanya shi a cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] tun daga shekara ta 1554, tsakanin 1821 da 1841, [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali]], Pasha na Masar, ya zo ya mallaki [[Yemen]] da [[Eritrea]] ta zamani, kuma ya yi ikirarin Habasha har zuwa [[Harar]].<ref name="awdalpress.com">{{Cite web |title=French Somali coast Timeline |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609002748/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |archive-date=2013-06-09 |access-date=2013-04-19}}</ref> A shekara ta 1884, kwamandan jirgin ruwa mai suna L'Inferent, jirgin Faransa, ya tabbatar da kasancewar Masar a yankin da ke kusa da Obock. Kwamandan jirgin ruwa mai suna Le Vaudreuil ya kuma ba da rahoton cewa Masarawa suna zaune a cikin ciki tsakanin Obock da Tadjoura. A zahiri, duk da haka, Masar ba ta da iko a cikin gida kuma lokacin mulkin su a bakin tekun ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya kasance kawai 'yan shekaru kafin a janye sojojin Masar daga yankin a 1862, === Somaliland na Faransa === [[Fayil:Obock_panorama_1882.jpg|left|thumb|Panorama na Obock a cikin 1882 tare da masana'antar Faransa ta farko a hagu]] A lokacin Scramble for Africa, karuwar sha'awar [[Faransa|Faransanci]] a yankin ya faru ne a bayan aikin Burtaniya a [[Misra|Misira]] da kuma bude Suez Canal a 1869. Tsakanin 1883 da 1887, Faransa ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban tare da masu mulkin Somaliya da Afar Sultans, wanda ya ba ta damar fadada kariya don hada da [[Tekun Tadjoura]]. Obock da farko yana da mahimmanci a matsayin shafin yanar gizon mulkin mallaka na Faransa na farko a yankin, wanda aka kafa ta yarjejeniya tare da sarakunan Afar na gida a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1862. Faransanci suna da sha'awar samun Tashar kwal don Jiragen ruwa, wanda zai zama mahimmanci musamman a lokacin bude Suez Canal a 1869. (Har zuwa wannan lokacin jiragen ruwa na Faransa dole ne su sayi kwal a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Burtaniya ta Aden a fadin gulf, wani dogaro mara kyau idan akwai yaƙi.) [[Fayil:Obock_coal_depot_mid-1880s.png|right|thumb|240x240px|'Yan kasuwa na Faransa sun zauna da kuma ajiyar kwal a tsakiyar shekarun 1880.]] Shafin ba batun kowane aiki ba ne, kawai jirgin ruwa na rundunar sojan ruwa da aka sanya a [[Tekun Indiya]] suka ziyarta, har zuwa shigar da dan kasuwa Pierre Arnoux a 1881, sannan Paul Soleillet ya biyo baya. Obock ya zama mulkin mallaka na gaskiya a shekara ta 1884 tare da isowar Léonce Lagarde a watan Agusta, wanda ya kafa gwamnati kuma ya faɗaɗa mallakar Faransa a [[Tekun Tadjoura]], ya kafa Yankin Obock da gine-gine, tare da Obock a matsayin babban birninta. A shekara ta 1885, Obock yana da mazauna 800 da makaranta. Koyaya, an fallasa tashar fiye da shafin [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]] a gefen kudu na [[Tekun Tadjoura]], kuma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta koma can a cikin 1894. Yawan mutanen Obock daga baya ya ragu.<ref>"{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Obok}}</ref> == Manazarta == f6d347nqz8eu75ie8olf24jl86jss83 0 159082 862825 2026-06-21T10:42:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346149362|Tadjoura]]" 862825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tadjoura''' ( Afar ; Arabic ; Somali ) yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin garuruwa a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] kuma babban birnin yankin Tadjoura . Garin ya shahara a farkon ƙarni na 19 a matsayin madadin tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Zeila da ke kusa. Tana kan [[Tekun Tadjoura]], tana da yawan jama'a kusan 19,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadjourah (City, Djibouti) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/djibouti/admin/tadjourah/41__tadjourah/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Ita ce birni na uku mafi girma a ƙasar bayan [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]] da Ali Sabieh . Tadjoura tana da filin jirgin sama kuma tana da alaƙa da jirgin ruwa tare da Birnin Djibouti . Har ila yau, an san shi da gine-ginen da aka fararen fata da rairayin bakin teku da ke kusa, tare da [[Masallaci|Masallatai]]. == Magana == Sunan Afar ''Tagórri'' ya samo asali ne daga sunan tágor ko tógor, (pl. ''targar'' ma'ana "bayan puiser" ("flask na fatar awaki don jawo ruwa"). Sunan ''Tagórri'' ya samo asali ne daga *''tagór-li'', wanda ke nufin "wanda ke da kwalban fatar awaki don jawo ruwa"), a zahiri yana nufin "abondante en eau" ("mai yawa da ruwa"). == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Johann_Martin_Bernatz,_Tajura_(Tadjoura)_landscape_with_a_small_town_beside_the_bay_in_1841.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Zane shimfidar wuri na Tadjoura a cikin 1841 na Johann Martin Bernatz .]] Fitowar Tadjoura ya faru ne bayan tashiwar Adoimara ko "farin gidan" na Mutanen Afar waɗanda ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar Danakil kuma suna da alaƙa da sarakunan Shewa. A cikin 1810 sun kayar da abokan hamayyarsu, Asa-yamara ko "gidan ja" na Afar, wanda ya buɗe hanya don ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa da cikin Habasha. Tadjoura ya zama wurin zama na wani sultan Afar da aka sani da ''Dardar'', wanda "ya yi ikirarin iko a kan duk arewacin Adoimara Afar zuwa iyakokin Showa. Koyaya, kodayake gaskiya ne cewa wasu ƙananan dangin Adoimara sun yi tafiya har zuwa iyakokin Ifat, har ma da magoya bayan Sultan sun amince cewa ainihin ikonsa bai wuce Lake Assal ba, ɗan gajeren nesa daga Tadjoura. " Richard Pankhurst ya lura cewa ya bambanta da tashar jiragen ruwa makwabta ta hanyar kula da kusan dukkanin kasuwancin Shewa da Aussa, "maimakon na [[Harar]] ko Ogaden". Ya yi nuni da William Cornwallis Harris' bayanin wani kasuwar shekara-shekara da ta fara a kowace Satumba, lokacin da "na tsawon watanni biyu rairayin bakin teku ya cika da kayayyaki, kuma yankunan da ke kusa da su cika da [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] ruwa, alfadur da [[jaki]]. Pankhur ya ambaci C. Tankhurth da aka ambata cewa kasuwancin tare da mazauna da mazauna na farkon shekarun nan ya riga ya sayar da Sanna babbar hanyar wad da wannan kasuwar gaba ɗaya, duk mutane da suka yi amfani da su, duk mutanen nan suka yi amfani a farkon shekarun nan 'yanci gaba ɗaya a tsakiyar shekarun nan suka yi nuni, suna da su' yanka da su' yarinya suna da su, suna da juna, suna da haka suna da su ne da su, mutanen da su, sun kasance suna da su 'yanci'. Sauran mahimman kayayyaki da aka siyar a Tadjoura a karni na 19 shine hauren giwa, wanda aka kawo ta hanyar motoci daga Aliyu Amba . Sauran kayayyakin da aka fitar da su sun hada da alkama, [[Sorghum|durra]], zuma, [[Zinare|zinariya]], gashin tsuntsaye, senna, madder, da Civietone. An kiyasta darajar kasuwanci a cikin 1880-1 a lokacin a matsayin rupees 29,656 a cikin fitarwa da rupees 18,513 a cikin shigo da kayayyaki.<ref name="Pankhurst-429" /> === Somaliland na Faransa === [[Fayil:Tadjoura_in_1887.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Tadjoura a cikin 1887]] Sha'awar [[Faransa]] a bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] kusa da Tadjoura ya fara ne da binciken Rochet d'Hericourt a cikin Shoa (1839-42). Ci gaba da bincike da Henri Lambert, wakilin jakadancin Faransa a Aden, da Kyaftin Fleuriot na Langle suka yi ya haifar da yarjejeniyar abota da taimako tsakanin Faransa da sarakunan Raheita, Tadjoura, da Gobaad. Wani kwararren dan kasuwa na Somaliya Haji Sharmarke Ali Saleh ya kuma tattara haraji na 1,200-1,600 Thalers a kowace shekara daga mazaunan Tadjourah, daidai da babban adadin kuɗi a cikin kuɗin zamani kuma an kore shi bayan kisan Lambert na mazaunin Faransa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joint-Daguenet |first=Roger |year=1992 |title=Outre-MersRevue d'histoire |volume=294 |issue=La côte africaine du golfe d'Aden au milieu du XIXe siècle |pages=87–113}}</ref> Girman sha'awar Faransanci a yankin ya faru ne a bayan aikin Burtaniya a [[Misra|Misira]] da kuma bude [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] a 1869. Tsakanin 1883 da 1887, Faransa ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban tare da masu mulkin Somalia da [[Mutanen Afar|Afar]] Sultans, wanda ya ba ta damar fadada kariya don hada da [[Tekun Tadjoura]]. Daga baya aka sanya Léonce Lagarde a matsayin gwamnan mai kariya. A shekara ta 1894, ya kafa gwamnatin Faransa ta dindindin a Birnin Djibouti kuma ya ba da sunan yankin Côte française des Somalis (Faransa Somaliland). An soke [[TARIHIN BAUTAR BAYI|Cinikin bayi]] ta hanyar doka a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1889; duk da haka, Noel-Buxton ya ba da rahoton cewa Tajoura har yanzu ya kasance cibiyar cinikin bayi, amma "an iyakance shi ga ƙananan jigilar kayayyaki akai-akai. " Yayinda a cikin shekarun 1880 tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama wurin rarraba bindigogi da harsashi zuwa Shewa da Habasha (a wannan lokacin, Arthur Rimbaud ya zauna a cikin birni), muhimmancin Tajoura ya ragu tare da gina titin Ethio-Djibouti, wanda ya haɗa Djiboutilands. Jirgin ya fara ɗaukar zirga-zirga a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1901, an tsawaita shi zuwa Dire Dawa watanni 17 bayan haka, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa [[Addis Ababa]] a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1929. == Manazarta == cw4ilxwluk0n50kk3sjdom0amnnn1ea 862826 862825 2026-06-21T10:43:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 862826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tadjoura''' ( mAfar;Arabic; Somali) yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin garuruwa a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] kuma babban birnin yankin Tadjoura . Garin ya shahara a farkon ƙarni na 19 a matsayin madadin tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Zeila da ke kusa. Tana kan [[Tekun Tadjoura]], tana da yawan jama'a kusan 19,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadjourah (City, Djibouti) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/djibouti/admin/tadjourah/41__tadjourah/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Ita ce birni na uku mafi girma a ƙasar bayan [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]] da Ali Sabieh . Tadjoura tana da filin jirgin sama kuma tana da alaƙa da jirgin ruwa tare da Birnin Djibouti . Har ila yau, an san shi da gine-ginen da aka fararen fata da rairayin bakin teku da ke kusa, tare da [[Masallaci|Masallatai]]. == Magana == Sunan Afar ''Tagórri'' ya samo asali ne daga sunan tágor ko tógor, (pl. ''targar'' ma'ana "bayan puiser" ("flask na fatar awaki don jawo ruwa"). Sunan ''Tagórri'' ya samo asali ne daga *''tagór-li'', wanda ke nufin "wanda ke da kwalban fatar awaki don jawo ruwa"), a zahiri yana nufin "abondante en eau" ("mai yawa da ruwa"). == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Johann_Martin_Bernatz,_Tajura_(Tadjoura)_landscape_with_a_small_town_beside_the_bay_in_1841.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Zane shimfidar wuri na Tadjoura a cikin 1841 na Johann Martin Bernatz .]] Fitowar Tadjoura ya faru ne bayan tashiwar Adoimara ko "farin gidan" na Mutanen Afar waɗanda ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar Danakil kuma suna da alaƙa da sarakunan Shewa. A cikin 1810 sun kayar da abokan hamayyarsu, Asa-yamara ko "gidan ja" na Afar, wanda ya buɗe hanya don ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa da cikin Habasha. Tadjoura ya zama wurin zama na wani sultan Afar da aka sani da ''Dardar'', wanda "ya yi ikirarin iko a kan duk arewacin Adoimara Afar zuwa iyakokin Showa. Koyaya, kodayake gaskiya ne cewa wasu ƙananan dangin Adoimara sun yi tafiya har zuwa iyakokin Ifat, har ma da magoya bayan Sultan sun amince cewa ainihin ikonsa bai wuce Lake Assal ba, ɗan gajeren nesa daga Tadjoura. " Richard Pankhurst ya lura cewa ya bambanta da tashar jiragen ruwa makwabta ta hanyar kula da kusan dukkanin kasuwancin Shewa da Aussa, "maimakon na [[Harar]] ko Ogaden". Ya yi nuni da William Cornwallis Harris' bayanin wani kasuwar shekara-shekara da ta fara a kowace Satumba, lokacin da "na tsawon watanni biyu rairayin bakin teku ya cika da kayayyaki, kuma yankunan da ke kusa da su cika da [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] ruwa, alfadur da [[jaki]]. Pankhur ya ambaci C. Tankhurth da aka ambata cewa kasuwancin tare da mazauna da mazauna na farkon shekarun nan ya riga ya sayar da Sanna babbar hanyar wad da wannan kasuwar gaba ɗaya, duk mutane da suka yi amfani da su, duk mutanen nan suka yi amfani a farkon shekarun nan 'yanci gaba ɗaya a tsakiyar shekarun nan suka yi nuni, suna da su' yanka da su' yarinya suna da su, suna da juna, suna da haka suna da su ne da su, mutanen da su, sun kasance suna da su 'yanci'. Sauran mahimman kayayyaki da aka siyar a Tadjoura a karni na 19 shine hauren giwa, wanda aka kawo ta hanyar motoci daga Aliyu Amba . Sauran kayayyakin da aka fitar da su sun hada da alkama, [[Sorghum|durra]], zuma, [[Zinare|zinariya]], gashin tsuntsaye, senna, madder, da Civietone. An kiyasta darajar kasuwanci a cikin 1880-1 a lokacin a matsayin rupees 29,656 a cikin fitarwa da rupees 18,513 a cikin shigo da kayayyaki.<ref name="Pankhurst-429" /> === Somaliland na Faransa === [[Fayil:Tadjoura_in_1887.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Tadjoura a cikin 1887]] Sha'awar [[Faransa]] a bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] kusa da Tadjoura ya fara ne da binciken Rochet d'Hericourt a cikin Shoa (1839-42). Ci gaba da bincike da Henri Lambert, wakilin jakadancin Faransa a Aden, da Kyaftin Fleuriot na Langle suka yi ya haifar da yarjejeniyar abota da taimako tsakanin Faransa da sarakunan Raheita, Tadjoura, da Gobaad. Wani kwararren dan kasuwa na Somaliya Haji Sharmarke Ali Saleh ya kuma tattara haraji na 1,200-1,600 Thalers a kowace shekara daga mazaunan Tadjourah, daidai da babban adadin kuɗi a cikin kuɗin zamani kuma an kore shi bayan kisan Lambert na mazaunin Faransa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joint-Daguenet |first=Roger |year=1992 |title=Outre-MersRevue d'histoire |volume=294 |issue=La côte africaine du golfe d'Aden au milieu du XIXe siècle |pages=87–113}}</ref> Girman sha'awar Faransanci a yankin ya faru ne a bayan aikin Burtaniya a [[Misra|Misira]] da kuma bude [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] a 1869. Tsakanin 1883 da 1887, Faransa ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban tare da masu mulkin Somalia da [[Mutanen Afar|Afar]] Sultans, wanda ya ba ta damar fadada kariya don hada da [[Tekun Tadjoura]]. Daga baya aka sanya Léonce Lagarde a matsayin gwamnan mai kariya. A shekara ta 1894, ya kafa gwamnatin Faransa ta dindindin a Birnin Djibouti kuma ya ba da sunan yankin Côte française des Somalis (Faransa Somaliland). An soke [[TARIHIN BAUTAR BAYI|Cinikin bayi]] ta hanyar doka a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1889; duk da haka, Noel-Buxton ya ba da rahoton cewa Tajoura har yanzu ya kasance cibiyar cinikin bayi, amma "an iyakance shi ga ƙananan jigilar kayayyaki akai-akai. " Yayinda a cikin shekarun 1880 tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama wurin rarraba bindigogi da harsashi zuwa Shewa da Habasha (a wannan lokacin, Arthur Rimbaud ya zauna a cikin birni), muhimmancin Tajoura ya ragu tare da gina titin Ethio-Djibouti, wanda ya haɗa Djiboutilands. Jirgin ya fara ɗaukar zirga-zirga a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1901, an tsawaita shi zuwa Dire Dawa watanni 17 bayan haka, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa [[Addis Ababa]] a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1929. == Manazarta == 6gjn11ifh4st280xc83br2vjim55jo6 0 159083 862834 2026-06-21T10:47:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351659149|Peru-nefer]]" 862834 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''Peru-nefer''' wani muhimmin sansanin sojan ruwa ne da kuma fadar da aka kafa a lokacin Daular goma sha takwas na [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabon Masarautar Masar]], kuma ya ga amfani a cikin Daular goma ta goma sha tara. Peru-nefer, a cewar Manfred Bietak da Labib Habaki, an gano shi da Tell el-Daba ko Ezbet Helmy . == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Asalin da aka sake ganowa a 1883, Peru-nefer yana kan reshen gabashin Nilu Delta . Matsayinta a gefen kogi ya sa ya zama mai fa'ida idan aka kwatanta da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa na zamani, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da nisa gabas kuma ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye da manyan hanyoyin ruwa na Nilu. Samun damar shafin da kusanci da hanyoyin kasuwanci mai yiwuwa ya ba da gudummawa ga shahararsa a matsayin cibiyar sojan ruwa da gudanarwa. [[Fir'auna]] da aka yi imanin cewa suna da alhakin Peru-nefer sune Tuthmosis III (ya yi sarauta 1479 - 1425 BC) da Amenhotep II (ya yi mulki 1427-1401 BC) na Daular goma sha takwas. An gano shafin ne tare da Tell el-Dabʿa (tsohon Avaris kuma, daga baya, Pi-Ramesses) da Qantir a gabashin Nilu Delta, ganowa da Labib Habachi ya fara gabatar kuma daga baya ya tabbatar da shi ta hanyar tonowar da Manfred Bietak na Jami'ar Vienna, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Pelizaeus a Hildesheim. Kodayake bincike na farko ya samar da iyakantaccen ragowar da za a iya danganta da Daular goma sha takwas, daga baya aikin ya gano cikakken zane-zanen bango daga mulkin Tuthmosis III da Amenhotep II. Wadannan gine-ginen sun ƙunshi zane-zane masu yawa na Minoan, gami da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da alamar bijimi, alamar fasahar Minoan. Bietak ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan abubuwan da aka gano suna tallafawa kasancewar abubuwan da suka faru a baya a shafin. Ƙarin shaidu don hulɗa ta duniya sun haɗa da hotuna na jiragen ruwa na Keftiu (Minoan ko Aegean), kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin British Museum Papyrus 10056, yana nuna cewa jiragen ruwa na Aegean sun tsaya a Peru-nefer . Paleogeographers Jean-Phiippe Goiran da Hervé Tronchère sun kuma gano kayan aikin soja da siffofin gine-gine waɗanda suka dace da babban sansanin sojan ruwa wanda ke da tashar jiragen ruwa da manyan tashar jiragen teku guda biyu waɗanda zasu iya saukar da daruruwan jiragen ruwa a lokacin Daular goma sha takwas. Shaidar ta nuna cewa tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko da aka yi aikin gini daga baya, a lokacin Horemheb. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu tana kusa da manyan gidaje biyu na Hyksos (Fadar F da G) waɗanda ke rufe kusan kadada goma sha uku, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan mai yiwuwa na Khyan ne, yana nuna cewa ɓangarorin hadaddun sun samo asali ne daga Daular goma sha biyar. Wannan matsayi tare da tsohuwar tashar Nilu, mai yiwuwa tafkin yanayi, ya dace da wani sashi a cikin stela na [[Kamose]] na Daular goma sha bakwai, wanda ke bayyana lalacewar jiragen ruwa da yawa a cikin babban kwandon, mai yiwuwa wannan tashar jiragen ruwa. Peru-nefer ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin Daular goma sha tara. Papyrus Anastasi III ya yi nuni da shafin, kuma an sami tukwane da gine-gine daga wannan lokacin a kusa. == Manazarta == l2t6i25fba1z23cas51hbu1bs7pid2l 862836 862834 2026-06-21T10:48:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 862836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peru-nefer''' wani muhimmin sansanin sojan ruwa ne da kuma fadar da aka kafa a lokacin Daular goma sha takwas na [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabon Masarautar Masar]], kuma ya ga amfani a cikin Daular goma ta goma sha tara. Peru-nefer, a cewar Manfred Bietak da Labib Habaki, an gano shi da Tell el-Daba ko Ezbet Helmy.<ref>Manfred Bietak, “Minoan Presence in the Pharaonic Naval Base of “Peru-nefer”. Cretan Offerings: Studies in Honour of Peter Warren, BSA Studies 18, London 2010: British School at Athens, 11-24., 2010.</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Asalin da aka sake ganowa a 1883, Peru-nefer yana kan reshen gabashin Nilu Delta . Matsayinta a gefen kogi ya sa ya zama mai fa'ida idan aka kwatanta da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa na zamani, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da nisa gabas kuma ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye da manyan hanyoyin ruwa na Nilu. Samun damar shafin da kusanci da hanyoyin kasuwanci mai yiwuwa ya ba da gudummawa ga shahararsa a matsayin cibiyar sojan ruwa da gudanarwa. [[Fir'auna]] da aka yi imanin cewa suna da alhakin Peru-nefer sune Tuthmosis III (ya yi sarauta 1479 - 1425 BC) da Amenhotep II (ya yi mulki 1427-1401 BC) na Daular goma sha takwas. An gano shafin ne tare da Tell el-Dabʿa (tsohon Avaris kuma, daga baya, Pi-Ramesses) da Qantir a gabashin Nilu Delta, ganowa da Labib Habachi ya fara gabatar kuma daga baya ya tabbatar da shi ta hanyar tonowar da Manfred Bietak na Jami'ar Vienna, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Pelizaeus a Hildesheim. Kodayake bincike na farko ya samar da iyakantaccen ragowar da za a iya danganta da Daular goma sha takwas, daga baya aikin ya gano cikakken zane-zanen bango daga mulkin Tuthmosis III da Amenhotep II. Wadannan gine-ginen sun ƙunshi zane-zane masu yawa na Minoan, gami da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da alamar bijimi, alamar fasahar Minoan. Bietak ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan abubuwan da aka gano suna tallafawa kasancewar abubuwan da suka faru a baya a shafin. Ƙarin shaidu don hulɗa ta duniya sun haɗa da hotuna na jiragen ruwa na Keftiu (Minoan ko Aegean), kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin British Museum Papyrus 10056, yana nuna cewa jiragen ruwa na Aegean sun tsaya a Peru-nefer . Paleogeographers Jean-Phiippe Goiran da Hervé Tronchère sun kuma gano kayan aikin soja da siffofin gine-gine waɗanda suka dace da babban sansanin sojan ruwa wanda ke da tashar jiragen ruwa da manyan tashar jiragen teku guda biyu waɗanda zasu iya saukar da daruruwan jiragen ruwa a lokacin Daular goma sha takwas. Shaidar ta nuna cewa tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko da aka yi aikin gini daga baya, a lokacin Horemheb. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu tana kusa da manyan gidaje biyu na Hyksos (Fadar F da G) waɗanda ke rufe kusan kadada goma sha uku, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan mai yiwuwa na Khyan ne, yana nuna cewa ɓangarorin hadaddun sun samo asali ne daga Daular goma sha biyar. Wannan matsayi tare da tsohuwar tashar Nilu, mai yiwuwa tafkin yanayi, ya dace da wani sashi a cikin stela na [[Kamose]] na Daular goma sha bakwai, wanda ke bayyana lalacewar jiragen ruwa da yawa a cikin babban kwandon, mai yiwuwa wannan tashar jiragen ruwa. Peru-nefer ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin Daular goma sha tara. Papyrus Anastasi III ya yi nuni da shafin, kuma an sami tukwane da gine-gine daga wannan lokacin a kusa. == Manazarta == 58c1w3zzle9bltwmzzxrfftyclpmeih 0 159084 862839 2026-06-21T10:49:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359530033|Suez Canal Container Terminal]]" 862839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] Container Terminal ('''SCCT''') (Arabic) tashar kwantena ce da ke Port Said East kuma tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki ga Gabashin [[Bahar Rum]] a ƙofar arewacin Suez Canal . Tashar ta fara aiki tun watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2004. Suez Canal Container Terminal (SCCT) [[kamfani]] ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya sami izinin gina, aiki, da kuma gudanar da wannan sabon tashar. Mafi rinjaye (55%) hannun jari na SCCT yana hannun APM Terminals. COSCO ce ke riƙe da kashi 20% na hannun jari, Suez Canal & Affiliates ne ke riƙe da shi, Bankin Kasa na Masar (NBE) ne ke riƙe na kashi 5% kuma sauran kashi 10% kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Masar ne ke riƙewa.<ref name="scct2">{{Cite web |title=SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL |url=http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php |access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Masar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rangwame na tsawon shekaru 30 dangane da buƙatar tashar kwantena a [[Port Said]] m. A cikin 2002, Masar ta amince da ƙarin yarjejeniyar rangwame, bayan amincewa da ƙirar tashar jiragen ruwa a baya a shekara ta 2001. An fara gina SCCT a shekarar 2003, kuma an kafa ranar da aka tsara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba na shekara mai zuwa. Tashar Kwantena ta Suez Canal ta fara aiki a watan Oktoba na 2004. <ref name="scct2">{{Cite web |title=SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL |url=http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php |access-date=September 30, 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php "SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, Gwamnatin Masar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar izini <ref name="eloginet1">{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=E-Logi.net Suez Canal Container Terminal (SCCT) signs concession agreement for Phase II of the East Port Said terminal development |url=http://www.e-logi.net/?ID=382 |access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> don ci gaba da "Mataki na II" na kayan aikin SCCT. <ref name="scct2">{{Cite web |title=SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL |url=http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php |access-date=September 30, 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php "SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tashoshin APM * Kungiyar A. P. Moller-Maersk * Hukumar Port Said == Manazarta == giyuaql5ty4d2wflz9h9ccqxd82gc8w 862841 862839 2026-06-21T10:49:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 862841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] Container Terminal ('''SCCT''') (Arabic) tashar kwantena ce da ke Port Said East kuma tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki ga Gabashin [[Bahar Rum]] a ƙofar arewacin Suez Canal . Tashar ta fara aiki tun watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2004. Suez Canal Container Terminal (SCCT) [[kamfani]] ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya sami izinin gina, aiki, da kuma gudanar da wannan sabon tashar. Mafi rinjaye (55%) hannun jari na SCCT yana hannun APM Terminals. COSCO ce ke riƙe da kashi 20% na hannun jari, Suez Canal & Affiliates ne ke riƙe da shi, Bankin Kasa na Masar (NBE) ne ke riƙe na kashi 5% kuma sauran kashi 10% kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Masar ne ke riƙewa.<ref name="scct2">{{Cite web |title=SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL |url=http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php |access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Masar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rangwame na tsawon shekaru 30 dangane da buƙatar tashar kwantena a [[Port Said]] m. A cikin 2002, Masar ta amince da ƙarin yarjejeniyar rangwame, bayan amincewa da ƙirar tashar jiragen ruwa a baya a shekara ta 2001. An fara gina SCCT a shekarar 2003, kuma an kafa ranar da aka tsara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba na shekara mai zuwa. Tashar Kwantena ta Suez Canal ta fara aiki a watan Oktoba na 2004. <ref name="scct2">{{Cite web |title=SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL |url=http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php |access-date=September 30, 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php "SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, Gwamnatin Masar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar izini <ref name="eloginet1">{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=E-Logi.net Suez Canal Container Terminal (SCCT) signs concession agreement for Phase II of the East Port Said terminal development |url=http://www.e-logi.net/?ID=382 |access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> don ci gaba da "Mataki na II" na kayan aikin SCCT. <ref name="scct2">{{Cite web |title=SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL |url=http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php |access-date=September 30, 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scct.com.eg/general_info.php "SCCT - SUEZ CANAL CONTAINER TERMINAL"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tashoshin APM * Kungiyar A. P. Moller-Maersk * Hukumar Port Said == Manazarta == 9f6nfl74720nvsxrh4v1eev6910adw2 0 159085 862842 2026-06-21T10:51:55Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333650548|Rouina District]]" 862842 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Gundumar Rouina</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Districts of Algeria|Gundumar]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:DZ_44_Rouina_District.svg|250x250px]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Algeria|Aljeriya]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Provinces of Algeria|Lardin]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Aïn Defla Province|Lardin Aïn Defla]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]] | class="infobox-data" |[[UTC+1]] ([[Central European Time|CET]]) |} '''gundumar Rouina''' wani yanki ne a Lardin Aïn Defla, [[Aljeriya]] . == Manyan hukumomi == * '''Ruwan''' * Zeddine * Maine {{Aïn Defla Province}} d6s7mt4u0u49al8rmfgto0quznrbz35 0 159086 862844 2026-06-21T10:55:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359406955|Wadi al-Jarf]]" 862844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wadi al-Jarf''' (Arabic) yanki ne a bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] ta Masar, kilomita {{Convert|119|km|mi}} (74 kudu da [[Suez]], wannan shine shafin yanar gizon da aka fi sani da tashar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka haɓaka kimanin shekaru 4500 da suka gabata. Tana a bakin Wadi Araba, babbar hanyar sadarwa tsakanin [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] da [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], ta haye Gabashin Gabas. Shafin yana fadin Tekun Suez daga karamin sansanin Sina'i na Tell Ras Budran . Wani irin wannan tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa yana [[Ain Sokhna|Ain Sukhna]], dan kadan a arewacin Wadi al-Jarf. J. G. Wilkinson ne ya fara gano shafin a cikin 1832. Wata ƙungiyar Faransa ce ta sake gano shi a cikin shekarun 1950, wanda ya ba shi suna '''Rod el-Khawaga''' . An yi watsi da aikin binciken kayan tarihi da sauri lokacin da Rikicin Suez ya ɓarke a shekarar 1956. Wata ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar Faransa da Masar ta ci gaba da tonowa a cikin 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Museum - Tallet |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801105841mp_/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_journals/bmsaes/issue_18/tallet.aspx |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa a shafin ta kasance a zamanin Daular Masar ta huɗu, kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata. Har ila yau, an gano su a shafin fiye da 100 anchors, na farko Old Kingdom anchors samu a cikin asalin su, da kuma da yawa ajiya gwangwani. An haɗa kwalban tare da na wani shafin a fadin Bahar Maliya, yana nuna cinikayya tsakanin shafuka biyu. An sami adadi mai yawa na gutsuttsarin [[papyrus]] a Wadi al-Jarf, yana ba da haske game da rayuwa a lokacin Daular Na huɗu. Papyri sune mafi tsufa da aka samu a Misira. == Bincike == Takardun farko da aka sani game da tsoffin gine-ginen tashar jiragen ruwa a Wadi al-Jarf sun kasance a shekarar 1832, lokacin da JG Wilkinson ya lura da wanzuwarsu. Ya gano jerin gidajen tarihi da aka sassaka a cikin dutsen wanda ya yi imanin cewa katakombin gine -ginen Girka ne. A cikin shekarun 1950, wani gungun Faransawa masu son ilimin kayan tarihi sun fara binciken wasu sassan wurin, wanda suka sanya wa suna Rod el-Khawaga, amma an kore su a lokacin rikicin Suez na 1956. An buga bayanansu a shekarar 2008, wanda ya jawo sha'awar ci gaba da aiki. <ref name="BritishMuseum">{{Cite journal |last=Tallet |first=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf |url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan |volume=18 |pages=147–68 |issn=2049-5021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128123352/https://research.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> An sake fara tono kayan tarihi a cikin 2011 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar kayan tarihi ta Masar da Faransa karkashin jagorancin Pierre Tallet (Jami'ar Paris IV-La Sorbonne) da Gregory Marouard (Cibiyar Oriental, Chicago). A watan Afrilun 2013, masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun sanar da gano wani tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa da takardu da dama [[Papyrus|na papyrus]] a wurin. Waɗannan su ne tsoffin takardun papyri da aka taɓa samu a Masar (kimanin 2560–2550 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ƙarshen mulkin Khufu ). == Abubuwan tarihi == === Gilashin ajiya da papyri === An kuma sami kwalba da yawa na abinci na dutse da ajiyar ruwa, masana'antu da raguwar itace, da tarin daruruwan raguwar papyrus a shafin.<ref name="Marouard">{{Cite journal |last=Marouard |first=Gregory |last2=Tallet |first2=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Wadi al-Jarf - An early pharaonic harbour on the Red Sea coast |url=https://www.academia.edu/1819574 |journal=Egyptian Archaeology |volume=40 |pages=40–43 |access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> Yawancin kwalba suna da sunayen mutane ko jiragen ruwa a cikin jan tawada, suna nuna masu su. Ana nuna kwalba ta hanyar wani nau'i na musamman wanda aka gano a baya a cikin Daular Daular ta huɗu a wasu shafuka, gami da fadin Tekun Suez a Tell Ras Budran . <ref name="Marouard" /> Goma daga cikin papyri an kiyaye su sosai. Yawancin waɗannan takardun sun kasance ne a shekara bayan ƙididdigar shanu ta 13 na mulkin Khufu kuma sun bayyana yadda gwamnatin tsakiya ta aika da abinci da kayayyaki ga matafiya na Masar.<ref name="Discovery" /> Ɗaya daga cikin takardun yana da ban sha'awa ta musamman: Diary of Merer, wani jami'in da ke da hannu a gina Babban Pyramid na Khufu . Yin amfani da littafin, masu bincike sun sake gina watanni uku na rayuwarsa, suna ba da sabon haske game da rayuwar yau da kullun na mutanen Daular Na huɗu.<ref name="Discovery" /><ref name="Global" /> Papyri sune mafi tsufa da aka taɓa samu a Misira. === Gidaje === An sami rukuni uku na gine-gine {{Convert|500|m|ft}} m (1,600 zuwa arewa maso yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa. Ginin rectangular da shirya ɗakuna a cikin tsari mai kama da tantanin halitta ya nuna cewa gine-ginen sun zama wuraren zama.<ref name="Marouard">{{Cite journal |last=Marouard |first=Gregory |last2=Tallet |first2=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Wadi al-Jarf - An early pharaonic harbour on the Red Sea coast |url=https://www.academia.edu/1819574 |journal=Egyptian Archaeology |volume=40 |pages=40–43 |access-date=18 April 2013}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarouardTallet2012">Marouard, Gregory; Tallet, Pierre (2012). [https://www.academia.edu/1819574 "Wadi al-Jarf - An early pharaonic harbour on the Red Sea coast"]. ''Egyptian Archaeology''. '''40''': <span class="nowrap">40–</span>43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == fye59bvx0tohc1k7luet9yhzkouh5pz 862845 862844 2026-06-21T10:55:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 862845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wadi al-Jarf''' (Arabic) yanki ne a bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] ta Masar, kilomita {{Convert|119|km|mi}} (74 kudu da [[Suez]], wannan shine shafin yanar gizon da aka fi sani da tashar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka haɓaka kimanin shekaru 4500 da suka gabata. Tana a bakin Wadi Araba, babbar hanyar sadarwa tsakanin [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] da [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], ta haye Gabashin Gabas. Shafin yana fadin Tekun Suez daga karamin sansanin Sina'i na Tell Ras Budran . Wani irin wannan tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa yana [[Ain Sokhna|Ain Sukhna]], dan kadan a arewacin Wadi al-Jarf. J. G. Wilkinson ne ya fara gano shafin a cikin 1832. Wata ƙungiyar Faransa ce ta sake gano shi a cikin shekarun 1950, wanda ya ba shi suna '''Rod el-Khawaga''' . An yi watsi da aikin binciken kayan tarihi da sauri lokacin da Rikicin Suez ya ɓarke a shekarar 1956. Wata ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar Faransa da Masar ta ci gaba da tonowa a cikin 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Museum - Tallet |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801105841mp_/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_journals/bmsaes/issue_18/tallet.aspx |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa a shafin ta kasance a zamanin Daular Masar ta huɗu, kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata. Har ila yau, an gano su a shafin fiye da 100 anchors, na farko Old Kingdom anchors samu a cikin asalin su, da kuma da yawa ajiya gwangwani. An haɗa kwalban tare da na wani shafin a fadin Bahar Maliya, yana nuna cinikayya tsakanin shafuka biyu. An sami adadi mai yawa na gutsuttsarin [[papyrus]] a Wadi al-Jarf, yana ba da haske game da rayuwa a lokacin Daular Na huɗu. Papyri sune mafi tsufa da aka samu a Misira. == Bincike == Takardun farko da aka sani game da tsoffin gine-ginen tashar jiragen ruwa a Wadi al-Jarf sun kasance a shekarar 1832, lokacin da JG Wilkinson ya lura da wanzuwarsu. Ya gano jerin gidajen tarihi da aka sassaka a cikin dutsen wanda ya yi imanin cewa katakombin gine -ginen Girka ne. A cikin shekarun 1950, wani gungun Faransawa masu son ilimin kayan tarihi sun fara binciken wasu sassan wurin, wanda suka sanya wa suna Rod el-Khawaga, amma an kore su a lokacin rikicin Suez na 1956. An buga bayanansu a shekarar 2008, wanda ya jawo sha'awar ci gaba da aiki. <ref name="BritishMuseum">{{Cite journal |last=Tallet |first=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf |url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan |volume=18 |pages=147–68 |issn=2049-5021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128123352/https://research.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> An sake fara tono kayan tarihi a cikin 2011 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar kayan tarihi ta Masar da Faransa karkashin jagorancin Pierre Tallet (Jami'ar Paris IV-La Sorbonne) da Gregory Marouard (Cibiyar Oriental, Chicago). A watan Afrilun 2013, masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun sanar da gano wani tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa da takardu da dama [[Papyrus|na papyrus]] a wurin. Waɗannan su ne tsoffin takardun papyri da aka taɓa samu a Masar (kimanin 2560–2550 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ƙarshen mulkin Khufu ). == Abubuwan tarihi == === Gilashin ajiya da papyri === An kuma sami kwalba da yawa na abinci na dutse da ajiyar ruwa, masana'antu da raguwar itace, da tarin daruruwan raguwar papyrus a shafin.<ref name="Marouard">{{Cite journal |last=Marouard |first=Gregory |last2=Tallet |first2=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Wadi al-Jarf - An early pharaonic harbour on the Red Sea coast |url=https://www.academia.edu/1819574 |journal=Egyptian Archaeology |volume=40 |pages=40–43 |access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> Yawancin kwalba suna da sunayen mutane ko jiragen ruwa a cikin jan tawada, suna nuna masu su. Ana nuna kwalba ta hanyar wani nau'i na musamman wanda aka gano a baya a cikin Daular Daular ta huɗu a wasu shafuka, gami da fadin Tekun Suez a Tell Ras Budran . <ref name="Marouard" /> Goma daga cikin papyri an kiyaye su sosai. Yawancin waɗannan takardun sun kasance ne a shekara bayan ƙididdigar shanu ta 13 na mulkin Khufu kuma sun bayyana yadda gwamnatin tsakiya ta aika da abinci da kayayyaki ga matafiya na Masar.<ref name="Discovery" /> Ɗaya daga cikin takardun yana da ban sha'awa ta musamman: Diary of Merer, wani jami'in da ke da hannu a gina Babban Pyramid na Khufu . Yin amfani da littafin, masu bincike sun sake gina watanni uku na rayuwarsa, suna ba da sabon haske game da rayuwar yau da kullun na mutanen Daular Na huɗu.<ref name="Discovery" /><ref name="Global" /> Papyri sune mafi tsufa da aka taɓa samu a Misira. === Gidaje === An sami rukuni uku na gine-gine {{Convert|500|m|ft}} m (1,600 zuwa arewa maso yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa. Ginin rectangular da shirya ɗakuna a cikin tsari mai kama da tantanin halitta ya nuna cewa gine-ginen sun zama wuraren zama.<ref name="Marouard">{{Cite journal |last=Marouard |first=Gregory |last2=Tallet |first2=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Wadi al-Jarf - An early pharaonic harbour on the Red Sea coast |url=https://www.academia.edu/1819574 |journal=Egyptian Archaeology |volume=40 |pages=40–43 |access-date=18 April 2013}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarouardTallet2012">Marouard, Gregory; Tallet, Pierre (2012). [https://www.academia.edu/1819574 "Wadi al-Jarf - An early pharaonic harbour on the Red Sea coast"]. ''Egyptian Archaeology''. '''40''': <span class="nowrap">40–</span>43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == ior3zen4vulah35os7uebqyelfmd2lc 0 159087 862846 2026-06-21T10:57:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342998678|Alexandria Port]]" 862846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]]''' tana kan iyakar arewacin Masar, zuwa Yammacin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. A zamanin d ̄ a an gina Iskandariya tsakanin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] da [[Tafkin Mariout|Tafkin Mariut]]. An haɗa ƙarshen zuwa Kogin Nilu ta hanyar canals, yana ba da damar kaya a tashar jiragen ruwa don tafiya zuwa da kuma daga cikin ƙasar. Ana ɗaukar Iskandariya a matsayin birni na biyu mafi muhimmanci a Misira kuma tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Iskandariya ita ce babbar tashar jiragen sama a ƙasar. Ya ƙunshi tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu (Gabas da Yamma) waɗanda aka raba su da tsibirin T-shaped. [[Eastern Port of Alexandria|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabas]] ba ta da zurfi kuma ba za a iya tafiya da manyan jiragen ruwa ba. Ana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yamma don jigilar kayayyaki. An kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar ruwa guda biyu. == Tarihi == === Lokaci na dā === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a duniya. An gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko a cikin 1900 BC a cikin ƙauyen Rhakotis na lokacin, don ba da sabis ga jigilar jiragen ruwa da kuma samar da tsibirin Pharos (yanzu wani ɓangare na [[Alexandria|"Ras al-Tin" kwata]]). A cikin ƙarni da yawa yashi da yashi sun sanya tashar jiragen ruwa ba za a iya tafiya ba. Sojoji a karkashin umurnin Alexander the Great ne suka share shi a cikin 331 BC a matsayin wani ɓangare na gina birnin Alexandria don zama tushen ruwa na rundunarsa. Injiniyan Alexander Dinocrat ya haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria da tsibirin Pharos tare da gada mai tsawon mita 1200 da faɗin mita 200, yana haifar da tafkunan tashar jiragen sama guda biyu don jigilar kasuwanci da soja. An tsara tafkin arewa maso gabas (''Portus Magnus'', a halin yanzu tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabas) don jiragen ruwa na soja kuma tafkin kudu maso yamma (''Portus Eunostus'', a halin jaanong babban tashar jiragen sama na Alexandria) don amfani da kasuwanci ne. A zamanin Ptolemy an gina gada ta biyu zuwa Pharos, ta kara raba tashar jiragen ruwa ta gabas zuwa hanyoyi biyu daban-daban. A cewar [[Strabo]], Iskandariya tana da tashar jiragen ruwa a kan [[Tafkin Mariout|Tafkin Mareotis]] da kuma tashar jiragen sama a kan Bahar Rum. Tafkin ba shi da bakin da ke haɗa shi da teku amma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi da Kogin Nilu ta hanyar canals. Strabo ya bayyana tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin mai yawan jama'a fiye da tashar jiragen sama a teku. A lokacin Roman Misira, an fitar da hatsi da yawa daga Yammacin Harbour na birnin, wanda ya sami sunan "Portus Magnus". An kawo hatsi a cikin Kogin Nilu ta jirgin ruwa kuma an adana shi a cikin manyan hatsi kusa da bakin Tekun Mareotis kafin jigilar kaya. A lokacin da Daular Roma ta kasance, Alexandria tana jigilar tan 83,000 na hatsi a kowace shekara zuwa Roma. A lokacin marigayi Daular, birnin yana jigilar tan 220,000 na hatsi a kowace shekara zuwa Constantinople. === Zamanin zamani === [[Fayil:Air_views_of_Palestine._Alexandria_harbour._Closer_view_looking_along_the_quay_LOC_matpc.15927.jpg|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a cikin 1932]] [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali na Masar]] ya gyara tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa a kokarinsa na farfado da Iskandariya wanda aka rage zuwa karamin ƙauyen kamun kifi a ƙarshen zamanin da. Muhammad Ali ya ba da umarni don dawo da kuma wani ɓangare na tashar ruwa mai laushi daga Kogin Nilu a lokacin da ya hau mulki. Bayan kammala shi a 1820 an kira shi Mahmoudiyah Canal . A karkashin mulkin Muhammad Ali, an kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, rundunar sojan Burtaniya ta Bahar Rum wacce ta shiga cikin Yakin Gallipoli ta yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a matsayin babban tushe don sojoji da kayayyaki da aka ɗaure don saukowa a Cape Helles . A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 cinikin teku ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria ya wuce ƙarfinsa. An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a El-Dekheila a cikin shekarun 1980 tare da kayan aiki don jigilar kwantena da ababen more rayuwa don yin hidima ga masana'antar ƙarfe da ke kusa. Baya ga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dekheila da tashar jiragen ruwan Yammacin Alexandria, tashar jiragen saman birnin sun hada da wadanda ke Abu Qir da Sidi Krer, da kuma tsohuwar tashar jiragen kasa ta Gabas ta Alexandria wacce ba a amfani da ita don jigilar kaya. An fara haɓaka tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a cikin shekarun 1960 tare da taimakon gwamnatin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] kuma a cikin 2004 an canja mallakar tashar jiragen zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsaro Masar tana da tashar jiragen ruwa 15 a bakin tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria, wacce Hukumar Kula da Tashar jiragen kasa ta Alexandria ke sarrafawa, ita ce mafi girma a kasar kuma tana kula da kusan kashi 55% na kasuwancin duniya na Masar. Gabaɗaya tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban na Alexandria suna kula da fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na kasuwancin ƙasashen waje na Masar, tare da kusan kashi 80% na shigo da ƙasar da fitarwa suna wucewa ta cikin birni. == Yanayin ƙasa == An raba tashar jiragen ruwa ta yamma zuwa yankuna da yawa: # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kaya gaba ɗaya. # Yana hulɗa da nau'ikan ayyuka guda huɗu: jigilar kaya ciki har da Ro Ro da tashar fasinja, jigilar kaya, da fitar da jirgin ruwa. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kaya da fitar da jirgin ruwa. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kwantena, [[siminti]], kwal, fitar da jirgin ruwa, taki, da kaya gaba ɗaya. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafawa: molasses, katako, wasu nau'ikan kaya, fitar da jirgin ruwa, [[hatsi]] da gari. # (Oil Dock): Yana zaune a iyakar yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa, ana amfani dashi don sarrafa [[mai]] mai, kayayyakin mai da kuma samar da bunkers. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wuraren da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa dabbobi. Tashar jiragen ruwa ba ta haɗa da wuraren ajiyar mai ba, amma ana haɗa wuraren da ake amfani da man fetur zuwa wani matattarar ruwa ta hanyar bututun mai mai mai nisan kilomita 2.&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * [[Alexandria|Sufuri a Iskandariya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s0qc1bsl31azl6iozl9xn6slgxckglq 862847 862846 2026-06-21T10:58:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 862847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]]''' tana kan iyakar arewacin Masar, zuwa Yammacin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. A zamanin d ̄ a an gina Iskandariya tsakanin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] da [[Tafkin Mariout|Tafkin Mariut]]. An haɗa ƙarshen zuwa Kogin Nilu ta hanyar canals, yana ba da damar kaya a tashar jiragen ruwa don tafiya zuwa da kuma daga cikin ƙasar. Ana ɗaukar Iskandariya a matsayin birni na biyu mafi muhimmanci a Misira kuma tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Iskandariya ita ce babbar tashar jiragen sama a ƙasar. Ya ƙunshi tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu (Gabas da Yamma) waɗanda aka raba su da tsibirin T-shaped. [[Eastern Port of Alexandria|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabas]] ba ta da zurfi kuma ba za a iya tafiya da manyan jiragen ruwa ba. Ana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yamma don jigilar kayayyaki. An kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar ruwa guda biyu. == Tarihi == === Lokaci na dā === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a duniya. An gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko a cikin 1900 BC a cikin ƙauyen Rhakotis na lokacin, don ba da sabis ga jigilar jiragen ruwa da kuma samar da tsibirin Pharos (yanzu wani ɓangare na [[Alexandria|"Ras al-Tin" kwata]]). A cikin ƙarni da yawa yashi da yashi sun sanya tashar jiragen ruwa ba za a iya tafiya ba. Sojoji a karkashin umurnin Alexander the Great ne suka share shi a cikin 331 BC a matsayin wani ɓangare na gina birnin Alexandria don zama tushen ruwa na rundunarsa. Injiniyan Alexander Dinocrat ya haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria da tsibirin Pharos tare da gada mai tsawon mita 1200 da faɗin mita 200, yana haifar da tafkunan tashar jiragen sama guda biyu don jigilar kasuwanci da soja. An tsara tafkin arewa maso gabas (''Portus Magnus'', a halin yanzu tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabas) don jiragen ruwa na soja kuma tafkin kudu maso yamma (''Portus Eunostus'', a halin jaanong babban tashar jiragen sama na Alexandria) don amfani da kasuwanci ne. A zamanin Ptolemy an gina gada ta biyu zuwa Pharos, ta kara raba tashar jiragen ruwa ta gabas zuwa hanyoyi biyu daban-daban. A cewar [[Strabo]], Iskandariya tana da tashar jiragen ruwa a kan [[Tafkin Mariout|Tafkin Mareotis]] da kuma tashar jiragen sama a kan Bahar Rum. Tafkin ba shi da bakin da ke haɗa shi da teku amma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi da Kogin Nilu ta hanyar canals. Strabo ya bayyana tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin mai yawan jama'a fiye da tashar jiragen sama a teku. A lokacin Roman Misira, an fitar da hatsi da yawa daga Yammacin Harbour na birnin, wanda ya sami sunan "Portus Magnus". An kawo hatsi a cikin Kogin Nilu ta jirgin ruwa kuma an adana shi a cikin manyan hatsi kusa da bakin Tekun Mareotis kafin jigilar kaya. A lokacin da Daular Roma ta kasance, Alexandria tana jigilar tan 83,000 na hatsi a kowace shekara zuwa Roma. A lokacin marigayi Daular, birnin yana jigilar tan 220,000 na hatsi a kowace shekara zuwa Constantinople. === Zamanin zamani === [[Fayil:Air_views_of_Palestine._Alexandria_harbour._Closer_view_looking_along_the_quay_LOC_matpc.15927.jpg|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a cikin 1932]] [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali na Masar]] ya gyara tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa a kokarinsa na farfado da Iskandariya wanda aka rage zuwa karamin ƙauyen kamun kifi a ƙarshen zamanin da. Muhammad Ali ya ba da umarni don dawo da kuma wani ɓangare na tashar ruwa mai laushi daga Kogin Nilu a lokacin da ya hau mulki. Bayan kammala shi a 1820 an kira shi Mahmoudiyah Canal . A karkashin mulkin Muhammad Ali, an kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, rundunar sojan Burtaniya ta Bahar Rum wacce ta shiga cikin Yakin Gallipoli ta yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a matsayin babban tushe don sojoji da kayayyaki da aka ɗaure don saukowa a Cape Helles . A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 cinikin teku ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria ya wuce ƙarfinsa. An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a El-Dekheila a cikin shekarun 1980 tare da kayan aiki don jigilar kwantena da ababen more rayuwa don yin hidima ga masana'antar ƙarfe da ke kusa. Baya ga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dekheila da tashar jiragen ruwan Yammacin Alexandria, tashar jiragen saman birnin sun hada da wadanda ke Abu Qir da Sidi Krer, da kuma tsohuwar tashar jiragen kasa ta Gabas ta Alexandria wacce ba a amfani da ita don jigilar kaya. An fara haɓaka tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a cikin shekarun 1960 tare da taimakon gwamnatin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] kuma a cikin 2004 an canja mallakar tashar jiragen zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsaro Masar tana da tashar jiragen ruwa 15 a bakin tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria, wacce Hukumar Kula da Tashar jiragen kasa ta Alexandria ke sarrafawa, ita ce mafi girma a kasar kuma tana kula da kusan kashi 55% na kasuwancin duniya na Masar. Gabaɗaya tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban na Alexandria suna kula da fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na kasuwancin ƙasashen waje na Masar, tare da kusan kashi 80% na shigo da ƙasar da fitarwa suna wucewa ta cikin birni. == Yanayin ƙasa == An raba tashar jiragen ruwa ta yamma zuwa yankuna da yawa: # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kaya gaba ɗaya. # Yana hulɗa da nau'ikan ayyuka guda huɗu: jigilar kaya ciki har da Ro Ro da tashar fasinja, jigilar kaya, da fitar da jirgin ruwa. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kaya da fitar da jirgin ruwa. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kwantena, [[siminti]], kwal, fitar da jirgin ruwa, taki, da kaya gaba ɗaya. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafawa: molasses, katako, wasu nau'ikan kaya, fitar da jirgin ruwa, [[hatsi]] da gari. # (Oil Dock): Yana zaune a iyakar yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa, ana amfani dashi don sarrafa [[mai]] mai, kayayyakin mai da kuma samar da bunkers. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wuraren da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa dabbobi. Tashar jiragen ruwa ba ta haɗa da wuraren ajiyar mai ba, amma ana haɗa wuraren da ake amfani da man fetur zuwa wani matattarar ruwa ta hanyar bututun mai mai mai nisan kilomita 2.&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * [[Alexandria|Sufuri a Iskandariya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4qomr9hyr0j707pf5gu32gfjzxlab6m 862848 862847 2026-06-21T10:59:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 862848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]]''' tana kan iyakar arewacin Masar, zuwa Yammacin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. A zamanin d ̄ a an gina Iskandariya tsakanin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] da [[Tafkin Mariout|Tafkin Mariut]]. An haɗa ƙarshen zuwa Kogin Nilu ta hanyar canals, yana ba da damar kaya a tashar jiragen ruwa don tafiya zuwa da kuma daga cikin ƙasar. Ana ɗaukar Iskandariya a matsayin birni na biyu mafi muhimmanci a Misira kuma tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Iskandariya ita ce babbar tashar jiragen sama a ƙasar. Ya ƙunshi tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu (Gabas da Yamma) waɗanda aka raba su da tsibirin T-shaped. [[Eastern Port of Alexandria|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabas]] ba ta da zurfi kuma ba za a iya tafiya da manyan jiragen ruwa ba. Ana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yamma don jigilar kayayyaki. An kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Cooper, John (2014). The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 69. <nowiki>ISBN 9789774166143</nowiki>.</ref> == Tarihi == === Lokaci na dā === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a duniya. An gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko a cikin 1900 BC a cikin ƙauyen Rhakotis na lokacin, don ba da sabis ga jigilar jiragen ruwa da kuma samar da tsibirin Pharos (yanzu wani ɓangare na [[Alexandria|"Ras al-Tin" kwata]]). A cikin ƙarni da yawa yashi da yashi sun sanya tashar jiragen ruwa ba za a iya tafiya ba. Sojoji a karkashin umurnin Alexander the Great ne suka share shi a cikin 331 BC a matsayin wani ɓangare na gina birnin Alexandria don zama tushen ruwa na rundunarsa. Injiniyan Alexander Dinocrat ya haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria da tsibirin Pharos tare da gada mai tsawon mita 1200 da faɗin mita 200, yana haifar da tafkunan tashar jiragen sama guda biyu don jigilar kasuwanci da soja. An tsara tafkin arewa maso gabas (''Portus Magnus'', a halin yanzu tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabas) don jiragen ruwa na soja kuma tafkin kudu maso yamma (''Portus Eunostus'', a halin jaanong babban tashar jiragen sama na Alexandria) don amfani da kasuwanci ne. A zamanin Ptolemy an gina gada ta biyu zuwa Pharos, ta kara raba tashar jiragen ruwa ta gabas zuwa hanyoyi biyu daban-daban. A cewar [[Strabo]], Iskandariya tana da tashar jiragen ruwa a kan [[Tafkin Mariout|Tafkin Mareotis]] da kuma tashar jiragen sama a kan Bahar Rum. Tafkin ba shi da bakin da ke haɗa shi da teku amma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi da Kogin Nilu ta hanyar canals. Strabo ya bayyana tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin mai yawan jama'a fiye da tashar jiragen sama a teku. A lokacin Roman Misira, an fitar da hatsi da yawa daga Yammacin Harbour na birnin, wanda ya sami sunan "Portus Magnus". An kawo hatsi a cikin Kogin Nilu ta jirgin ruwa kuma an adana shi a cikin manyan hatsi kusa da bakin Tekun Mareotis kafin jigilar kaya. A lokacin da Daular Roma ta kasance, Alexandria tana jigilar tan 83,000 na hatsi a kowace shekara zuwa Roma. A lokacin marigayi Daular, birnin yana jigilar tan 220,000 na hatsi a kowace shekara zuwa Constantinople. === Zamanin zamani === [[Fayil:Air_views_of_Palestine._Alexandria_harbour._Closer_view_looking_along_the_quay_LOC_matpc.15927.jpg|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a cikin 1932]] [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali na Masar]] ya gyara tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa a kokarinsa na farfado da Iskandariya wanda aka rage zuwa karamin ƙauyen kamun kifi a ƙarshen zamanin da. Muhammad Ali ya ba da umarni don dawo da kuma wani ɓangare na tashar ruwa mai laushi daga Kogin Nilu a lokacin da ya hau mulki. Bayan kammala shi a 1820 an kira shi Mahmoudiyah Canal . A karkashin mulkin Muhammad Ali, an kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, rundunar sojan Burtaniya ta Bahar Rum wacce ta shiga cikin Yakin Gallipoli ta yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a matsayin babban tushe don sojoji da kayayyaki da aka ɗaure don saukowa a Cape Helles . A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 cinikin teku ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria ya wuce ƙarfinsa. An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a El-Dekheila a cikin shekarun 1980 tare da kayan aiki don jigilar kwantena da ababen more rayuwa don yin hidima ga masana'antar ƙarfe da ke kusa. Baya ga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dekheila da tashar jiragen ruwan Yammacin Alexandria, tashar jiragen saman birnin sun hada da wadanda ke Abu Qir da Sidi Krer, da kuma tsohuwar tashar jiragen kasa ta Gabas ta Alexandria wacce ba a amfani da ita don jigilar kaya. An fara haɓaka tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria a cikin shekarun 1960 tare da taimakon gwamnatin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] kuma a cikin 2004 an canja mallakar tashar jiragen zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsaro Masar tana da tashar jiragen ruwa 15 a bakin tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria, wacce Hukumar Kula da Tashar jiragen kasa ta Alexandria ke sarrafawa, ita ce mafi girma a kasar kuma tana kula da kusan kashi 55% na kasuwancin duniya na Masar. Gabaɗaya tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban na Alexandria suna kula da fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na kasuwancin ƙasashen waje na Masar, tare da kusan kashi 80% na shigo da ƙasar da fitarwa suna wucewa ta cikin birni. == Yanayin ƙasa == An raba tashar jiragen ruwa ta yamma zuwa yankuna da yawa: # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kaya gaba ɗaya. # Yana hulɗa da nau'ikan ayyuka guda huɗu: jigilar kaya ciki har da Ro Ro da tashar fasinja, jigilar kaya, da fitar da jirgin ruwa. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kaya da fitar da jirgin ruwa. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafa kwantena, [[siminti]], kwal, fitar da jirgin ruwa, taki, da kaya gaba ɗaya. # An yi amfani da shi don sarrafawa: molasses, katako, wasu nau'ikan kaya, fitar da jirgin ruwa, [[hatsi]] da gari. # (Oil Dock): Yana zaune a iyakar yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa, ana amfani dashi don sarrafa [[mai]] mai, kayayyakin mai da kuma samar da bunkers. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wuraren da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa dabbobi. Tashar jiragen ruwa ba ta haɗa da wuraren ajiyar mai ba, amma ana haɗa wuraren da ake amfani da man fetur zuwa wani matattarar ruwa ta hanyar bututun mai mai mai nisan kilomita 2.&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * [[Alexandria|Sufuri a Iskandariya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ht1ufd7png0a81w8hr5mdp00fjec1xq 0 159088 862852 2026-06-21T11:11:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334571254|Damietta Port]]" 862852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Damietta''' ta Masar tana da nisan kilomita 10 a yammacin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] na reshen Damietta zuwa yammacin Ras El-Bar, nisan kilomita 70 zuwa yammacin [[Port Said]] da nisan km ² daga Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria. Ginin tashar jiragen ruwa ya kai yanki na 11.8 km2. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da iyaka da layin tunanin da ke haɗa gabashin da yammacin ruwa. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Hanyar shiga === Tashar shigarwa tana da tsawon kilomita 11.4, zurfin mita 15, da faɗin mita 300 yana raguwa yana kaiwa 250m a gefen ruwa, tashar kusanci tana da iyaka da 18 na dare.&nbsp; === Rashin ruwa === Yammacin ruwa yana da tsawon 1640m tare da ƙasa mai zurfi 140m da yankin teku mai zurfi 1500m. Rashin ruwa na gabas yana da tsawon mita 738 tare da 200m na ƙasa da kuma 538m na teku. Dukkanin murfin ruwa an yi su ne da tarin acrobod na wucin gadi wanda aka ɗora shi da kankare. === Hanyar Jirgin Ruwa === Tashar jirgin ruwa ta kunshi sassan biyu; daya yana da tsawon mita 1350 wanda ke haɗa tashar jirgin ruwa zuwa teku ɗayan kuma yana da mita 3750 wanda ke haɗawa da tashar zuwa bakin Kogin Nilu. Juyawa Dock Girman tashar yana da 500m tare da zurfin 14.5m a tashar kwantena, da zurfin 12m a tashoshin jigilar kaya. == Dubi kuma == * Damietta * [[Sufuri a Masar|Sufuri a Misira]] == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222065551/http://www.emdb.gov.eg/english_v/ports_e/dam_ports_e.htm Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Damietta] dsrs0m1gb20191k0nxhwtml1fguvzv3 862853 862852 2026-06-21T11:12:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 862853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Damietta''' ta Masar tana da nisan kilomita 10 a yammacin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] na reshen Damietta zuwa yammacin Ras El-Bar, nisan kilomita 70 zuwa yammacin [[Port Said]] da nisan km ² daga Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria. Ginin tashar jiragen ruwa ya kai yanki na 11.8 km2. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da iyaka da layin tunanin da ke haɗa gabashin da yammacin ruwa. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Hanyar shiga === Tashar shigarwa tana da tsawon kilomita 11.4, zurfin mita 15, da faɗin mita 300 yana raguwa yana kaiwa 250m a gefen ruwa, tashar kusanci tana da iyaka da 18 na dare.&nbsp; === Rashin ruwa === Yammacin ruwa yana da tsawon 1640m tare da ƙasa mai zurfi 140m da yankin teku mai zurfi 1500m. Rashin ruwa na gabas yana da tsawon mita 738 tare da 200m na ƙasa da kuma 538m na teku. Dukkanin murfin ruwa an yi su ne da tarin acrobod na wucin gadi wanda aka ɗora shi da kankare. === Hanyar Jirgin Ruwa === Tashar jirgin ruwa ta kunshi sassan biyu; daya yana da tsawon mita 1350 wanda ke haɗa tashar jirgin ruwa zuwa teku ɗayan kuma yana da mita 3750 wanda ke haɗawa da tashar zuwa bakin Kogin Nilu. Juyawa Dock Girman tashar yana da 500m tare da zurfin 14.5m a tashar kwantena, da zurfin 12m a tashoshin jigilar kaya. == Dubi kuma == * Damietta * [[Sufuri a Masar|Sufuri a Misira]] == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222065551/http://www.emdb.gov.eg/english_v/ports_e/dam_ports_e.htm Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Damietta] nul7frnpnhr2ccwwbtimhux07npz9ok 0 159089 862854 2026-06-21T11:13:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334570927|Port Said Port Authority]]" 862854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hukumar [[Port Said]]''' Port Authority ('''PSPA''') hukuma ce ta gwamnati ta Masar, wacce ke da alhakin gudanarwa, tsarawa da haɓaka wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a kusa da Port Said a cikin Bahar Rum, a arewacin tashar [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]]. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Manyan tashar jiragen ruwa na Port Said sun hada da: * Port Said West Port * Port Said East Port * Tashar jiragen ruwa ta El Arish An gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta asali a Port Said a 1859, tana fadada sannu a hankali ta hanyar shekaru goma. Bayan Yaƙin Oktoba 1973 jiragen ruwa da yawa sun fara kira kuma gwamnatin Masar ta sami karuwar hukuncin kwangila da ta biya ga Kamfanonin sufuri saboda jinkirin aiki da tarwatsawa a tashar jiragen ruwa. Sakamakon haka, wurarensa sun fara lokacin fadadawa mai girma. A yau tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta duniya. Port Said East Port shine wurin sabon [[Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Suez]] Canal ta zamani. == Dubi kuma == * [[Sufuri a Masar|Sufuri a Misira]] == Manazarta == cwyl6u12atxrvb6djd58urm6cvyuxix 862856 862854 2026-06-21T11:14:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 862856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Hukumar [[Port Said]]''' Port Authority ('''PSPA''') hukuma ce ta gwamnati ta Masar, wacce ke da alhakin gudanarwa, tsarawa da haɓaka wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a kusa da Port Said a cikin Bahar Rum, a arewacin tashar [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]].<ref>PSPA, PSPA in Brief, Historical background</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Manyan tashar jiragen ruwa na Port Said sun hada da: * Port Said West Port * Port Said East Port * Tashar jiragen ruwa ta El Arish An gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta asali a Port Said a 1859, tana fadada sannu a hankali ta hanyar shekaru goma. Bayan Yaƙin Oktoba 1973 jiragen ruwa da yawa sun fara kira kuma gwamnatin Masar ta sami karuwar hukuncin kwangila da ta biya ga Kamfanonin sufuri saboda jinkirin aiki da tarwatsawa a tashar jiragen ruwa. Sakamakon haka, wurarensa sun fara lokacin fadadawa mai girma. A yau tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta duniya. Port Said East Port shine wurin sabon [[Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Suez]] Canal ta zamani. == Dubi kuma == * [[Sufuri a Masar|Sufuri a Misira]] == Manazarta == 4naekqvn1un5et9wx3cq2igffuh62zs 0 159090 862857 2026-06-21T11:15:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1143918197|List of ports in Eritrea]]" 862857 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin ruwa a [[Eritrea]] sun ba da cikakken bayani game da tashoshan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ruwa a bakin tekun Eritrea. == Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen mmiri a Eritrea == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa / tashar jiragen sama !Yankin !Sunan garin !Ma'auni !Majalisar Dinkin Duniya / Wuri !Max. Ruwa (m) !Max. nauyi mai nauyi (t) !Magana |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Massawa |Massawa |Yankin Bahar Maliya ta Arewa |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|36|N|39|27|E}} |ERMSW |11 |58802 |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da tashar jiragen mmiri na Mitsiwa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massawa Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/19476?name=MASSAWA&country=Eritrea |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa tana a arewacin Tekun Zula . |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Assab |Assab |Yankin Kudancin Bahar Maliya |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|12|59|N|42|44|E}} |Rashin Rashin Ruwa | | |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assab Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/19475?name=ASSAB&country=Eritrea |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == lp3fwkf4thxgs43rb1zx74zta9eqlnx 862858 862857 2026-06-21T11:16:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 862858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin ruwa a [[Eritrea]] sun ba da cikakken bayani game da tashoshan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ruwa a bakin tekun Eritrea. == Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen mmiri a Eritrea == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa / tashar jiragen sama !Yankin !Sunan garin !Ma'auni !Majalisar Dinkin Duniya / Wuri !Max. Ruwa (m) !Max. nauyi mai nauyi (t) !Magana |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Massawa |Massawa |Yankin Bahar Maliya ta Arewa |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|36|N|39|27|E}} |ERMSW |11 |58802 |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da tashar jiragen mmiri na Mitsiwa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massawa Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/19476?name=MASSAWA&country=Eritrea |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa tana a arewacin Tekun Zula . |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Assab |Assab |Yankin Kudancin Bahar Maliya |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|12|59|N|42|44|E}} |Rashin Rashin Ruwa | | |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assab Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/19475?name=ASSAB&country=Eritrea |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == j2kk7guuggj483bl4e1dzoef9zepdpc 0 159091 862859 2026-06-21T11:17:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1236990984|Akosombo Port]]" 862859 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Akosombo_Port_Signage.jpg|right|thumb|320x320px|Alamar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Akosombo.]] '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Akosombo''' tashar jiragen ruwa ce a [[Tafkin Volta]] . Tana kusa da madatsar ruwan Akosombo a Akosombo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaw Addae-Affoakwa |title=Passenger and Goods Terminal at Akosombo Port |url=http://ir.knust.edu.gh/xmlui/handle/123456789/1459 |website=ir.knust.edu.gh}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Boankra Inland Port]] * [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Takoradi]] * [[Tashar Tema|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema]] == Manazarta == o6bhvdkyubq0xouq0mhvxtl1facpeq4 862860 862859 2026-06-21T11:17:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 862860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Akosombo_Port_Signage.jpg|right|thumb|320x320px|Alamar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Akosombo.]] '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Akosombo''' tashar jiragen ruwa ce a [[Tafkin Volta]] . Tana kusa da madatsar ruwan Akosombo a Akosombo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaw Addae-Affoakwa |title=Passenger and Goods Terminal at Akosombo Port |url=http://ir.knust.edu.gh/xmlui/handle/123456789/1459 |website=ir.knust.edu.gh}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Boankra Inland Port]] * [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Takoradi]] * [[Tashar Tema|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema]] == Manazarta == r3v9id03s1ybp1p2f0cjvsx7w7slszt 0 159092 862862 2026-06-21T11:18:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292512608|Boké]]" 862862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boké''' ita ce babban birnin Yankin Boké a cikin yankin Boké na Lower Guinea kusa da iyakar [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] . Har ila yau, karamar hukuma ce ta Guinea. Da yake tare da Rio Nuñez wanda ke gudana zuwa bakin da ba shi da nisa a kan Tekun Atlantika, Boké tashar jiragen ruwa ce. An san shi da Gidan Tarihi na Boké, wanda a baya ya kasance sansanin bawa. Filin jirgin saman Boké Baralande ne ke ba da sabis ga garin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 birnin da kewayen yankin suna da yawan mutane 61,449. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124030052/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=27 August 2014 |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique, Guinea, accessed via Geohive}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cewar ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', bugu na 11:<blockquote>Wannan bangare na bakin tekun Guinea ya zama sananne ga masu tafiya na Portugal na karni na 15. Sakamakon haka, galibi, na haɗarin da ke halartar tafiyarta, 'yan kasuwa na Turai na ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18 ba su ziyarta ba sau da yawa kamar sauran yankuna arewa da gabas, amma a cikin Rio Pongo, a Matakong (ƙananan tsibiri kusa da bakin Forekaria), da kuma wasu wurare,' yan kasuwa na bayi sun kafa kansu, da rushewar garuruwan da suka gina da kuma kare su da canon, har yanzu suna nan '' (misali, Fortin de Boké) ''. Lokacin da aka kore su daga wasu sassan Guinea masu bautar sun sanya wannan bakin teku mai wahala kuma ba a san shi sosai ba ɗaya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙarshe, kuma an gina ''Barikin'' da yawa a ƙarshen shekarun karni na 18. Ba sai bayan maido da Goree a gare ta a ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon ba ne Faransa ta nuna duk wani sha'awa a yankin. A wannan lokacin Birtaniya, daga sansanonin su a Gambiya da Saliyo, suna mai da hankali sosai ga waɗannan Rivières du Sud (''watau,'' kudancin Senegal) da kuma Futa Jallon. René Caillié, wanda ya fara tafiyarsa zuwa [[Timbuktu]] a 1827, ya yi yawa don hanzarta sha'awar Faransa a cikin gundumar, kuma daga 1838 zuwa gaba jami'an sojan ruwa na Faransa, Bouèt-Willaumez da magajinsa, sun yi cikakken nazarin bakin teku.</blockquote>A shekara ta 1849, Faransanci sun haifar da mummunan fushi da Faransa ta karɓi yankin Boké. A shekara ta 1895, ya zama wani ɓangare na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. == Yanayi == Boké yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen climate classification ''Aw'').{{Weather box}} == Manazarta == 233d2l5is7lnvpzyii6wp4rtajpco4x 862863 862862 2026-06-21T11:18:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 862863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boké''' ita ce babban birnin Yankin Boké a cikin yankin Boké na Lower Guinea kusa da iyakar [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] . Har ila yau, karamar hukuma ce ta Guinea. Da yake tare da Rio Nuñez wanda ke gudana zuwa bakin da ba shi da nisa a kan Tekun Atlantika, Boké tashar jiragen ruwa ce. An san shi da Gidan Tarihi na Boké, wanda a baya ya kasance sansanin bawa. Filin jirgin saman Boké Baralande ne ke ba da sabis ga garin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 birnin da kewayen yankin suna da yawan mutane 61,449. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124030052/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=27 August 2014 |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique, Guinea, accessed via Geohive}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cewar ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', bugu na 11:<blockquote>Wannan bangare na bakin tekun Guinea ya zama sananne ga masu tafiya na Portugal na karni na 15. Sakamakon haka, galibi, na haɗarin da ke halartar tafiyarta, 'yan kasuwa na Turai na ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18 ba su ziyarta ba sau da yawa kamar sauran yankuna arewa da gabas, amma a cikin Rio Pongo, a Matakong (ƙananan tsibiri kusa da bakin Forekaria), da kuma wasu wurare,' yan kasuwa na bayi sun kafa kansu, da rushewar garuruwan da suka gina da kuma kare su da canon, har yanzu suna nan '' (misali, Fortin de Boké) ''. Lokacin da aka kore su daga wasu sassan Guinea masu bautar sun sanya wannan bakin teku mai wahala kuma ba a san shi sosai ba ɗaya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙarshe, kuma an gina ''Barikin'' da yawa a ƙarshen shekarun karni na 18. Ba sai bayan maido da Goree a gare ta a ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon ba ne Faransa ta nuna duk wani sha'awa a yankin. A wannan lokacin Birtaniya, daga sansanonin su a Gambiya da Saliyo, suna mai da hankali sosai ga waɗannan Rivières du Sud (''watau,'' kudancin Senegal) da kuma Futa Jallon. René Caillié, wanda ya fara tafiyarsa zuwa [[Timbuktu]] a 1827, ya yi yawa don hanzarta sha'awar Faransa a cikin gundumar, kuma daga 1838 zuwa gaba jami'an sojan ruwa na Faransa, Bouèt-Willaumez da magajinsa, sun yi cikakken nazarin bakin teku.</blockquote>A shekara ta 1849, Faransanci sun haifar da mummunan fushi da Faransa ta karɓi yankin Boké. A shekara ta 1895, ya zama wani ɓangare na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. == Yanayi == Boké yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen climate classification ''Aw'').{{Weather box}} == Manazarta == s9737ho9wla4ffdtczfu3w33hrvme75 0 159093 862864 2026-06-21T11:20:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1142522050|List of ports in Kenya]]" 862864 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin ruwa a [[Kenya]] sun ba da cikakken bayani game da tashoshan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ruwa a bakin tekun Kenya. == Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen mmiri a Kenya == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa / tashar jiragen sama !Gundumar !Sunan garin !Ma'auni !Magana |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini |Gundumar Mombasa |[[Mombasa]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|04|02|S|39|38|E}} |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa ita ce kawai tashar jiragen ruwa a Kenya kuma babbar tashar jiragen sama a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilifi |Gundumar Kilifi |Kilifi |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|03|38|S|39|50|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu |Gundumar Lamu |[[Lamu]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|02|09|S|40|56|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |Bayar Malindi |Gundumar Kilifi |Malindi |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|03|12|S|40|07|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |} == Manazarta == j7p5mdv2iynlmjq09ufhlkaei97bd4q 862865 862864 2026-06-21T11:21:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 862865 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin ruwa a [[Kenya]] sun ba da cikakken bayani game da tashoshan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ruwa a bakin tekun Kenya.<ref>Africa's ports: The bottleneck: New investment alone will not fix Africa's ports. Governments need to deal with pilfering officials, too". The Economist. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2023</ref> == Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen mmiri a Kenya == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa / tashar jiragen sama !Gundumar !Sunan garin !Ma'auni !Magana |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini |Gundumar Mombasa |[[Mombasa]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|04|02|S|39|38|E}} |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa ita ce kawai tashar jiragen ruwa a Kenya kuma babbar tashar jiragen sama a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilifi |Gundumar Kilifi |Kilifi |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|03|38|S|39|50|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu |Gundumar Lamu |[[Lamu]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|02|09|S|40|56|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |Bayar Malindi |Gundumar Kilifi |Malindi |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|03|12|S|40|07|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |} == Manazarta == bjf7h8dp1jhxpajvrk871qidt4w4xvt 862866 862865 2026-06-21T11:21:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 862866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin ruwa a [[Kenya]] sun ba da cikakken bayani game da tashoshan jiragen ruwa, tashoshin jirgin ruwa a bakin tekun Kenya.<ref>Africa's ports: The bottleneck: New investment alone will not fix Africa's ports. Governments need to deal with pilfering officials, too". The Economist. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2023</ref> == Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen mmiri a Kenya == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa / tashar jiragen sama !Gundumar !Sunan garin !Ma'auni !Magana |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini |Gundumar Mombasa |[[Mombasa]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|04|02|S|39|38|E}} |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa ita ce kawai tashar jiragen ruwa a Kenya kuma babbar tashar jiragen sama a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilifi |Gundumar Kilifi |Kilifi |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|03|38|S|39|50|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu |Gundumar Lamu |[[Lamu]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|02|09|S|40|56|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |Bayar Malindi |Gundumar Kilifi |Malindi |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|03|12|S|40|07|E}} |Matsakaicin tashar jiragen ruwa |- |} == Manazarta == 9zbdg0oz277wox2ikxs21r7j4goc79n 0 159094 862867 2026-06-21T11:24:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343809512|Kilifi]]" 862867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kilifi''' wani gari ne a bakin tekun [[Kenya]], kilomita 56 (35 arewa maso gabashin [[Mombasa]] ta hanyar hanya. Garin yana kan Kilifi Creek kuma yana zaune a bakin Kogin Goshi . <ref name="Weiss">{{Cite journal |last=Weiss, Robert |last2=Bahlburg, Heinrich |year=2006 |title=The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami |url=http://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/pdf/10.1193/1.2201970 |url-status=dead |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=22 |pages=S235–S240 |doi=10.1193/1.2201970 |s2cid=110486072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127144534/http://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/pdf/10.1193/1.2201970 |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2012-08-19}}</ref> Kilifi ita ce babban birnin Kilifi County kuma tana da yawan mutane 122,899 a lokacin ƙidayar shekara ta 2009. An san Kilifi da rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da kuma tarkacen Mnarani, gami da [[Masallaci|masallatai]] da kaburbura, tun daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa na 17. == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == Garin Kilifi yana zaune a bangarorin biyu na bakin kogin kuma yana da alaƙa da gadar Kilifi wacce ke kallon bakin kogin.<ref name="Weiss">{{Cite journal |last=Weiss, Robert |last2=Bahlburg, Heinrich |year=2006 |title=The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami |url=http://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/pdf/10.1193/1.2201970 |url-status=dead |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=22 |pages=S235–S240 |doi=10.1193/1.2201970 |s2cid=110486072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127144534/http://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/pdf/10.1193/1.2201970 |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2012-08-19}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWeiss,_RobertBahlburg,_Heinrich2006">Weiss, Robert; Bahlburg, Heinrich (2006). </cite></ref> Yankin kudu yana da rushewar Mnarani da rairayin bakin teku na Shauri Moyo yayin da gefen arewa shine babban ɓangare na Kilifi Town da Bofa Beach. Yanayin yana da dumi a ko'ina cikin shekara (sama da 25 ° C) tare da lokutan ruwan sama mai matsakaici (kimanin 800-1000 mm). Tsawon lokacin ruwan sama yana farawa a kusa da Maris kuma yana ƙarshe zuwa Yuli, yayin da gajeren lokaci ke farawa a kusa le Oktoba kuma yana ƙarshe har zuwa Disamba.&nbsp;&nbsp; Yankin gabaɗaya yana da faɗi tare da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai yashi tare da itatuwa na yau da kullun sune ''Cocos nucifera'', Anacadium occidentale, Azadirachta indica, da ''Mangifera indica''. == Yawan jama'a == Kilifi birni ne mai cike da kabilun da suka haɗu. Yawancin mazauna (kimanin 80%) sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin Mijikenda (musamman Giriama da Chonyi). Sauran kungiyoyi sun hada da zuriyar Swahili-Arab, Barawas, Bajunis, Somalis da sauran kungiyoyi daga cikin gida. Akwai 'yan Indiya da yawa, da Turawa, galibi Birtaniya, Jamusanci da Italiyanci. == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Dhows_in_Kilifi_Creek.JPG|thumb|Dhows a kan Kilifi Creek]] Kamar kowane gari na bakin teku, kamun kifi a Kilifi yana daya daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki na tarihi. Tare da lokaci, garin ya sannu a hankali yana canzawa daga ƙauyen kamun kifi zuwa masana'antu da sabis na asali. Ci gaban garin yafi bunkasa ta hanyar masana'antar niƙa na cashew tsakanin 1976 da 1990; gundumar ta kasance mai samar da cashews tun 1930. Garin kusan ya zama gari mai fatalwa lokacin da aka rufe masana'antar a cikin 1990 saboda raguwar samar da kwayoyi, rashin kula da masana'antar da karuwar gasa ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=Kenya: How Brokers Drove Cashew Nut Farmers into Poverty |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202105190758.html}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan masana'antu sun haɗa da noma na sisal a Kilifi Plantations . Tun daga shekara ta 2008 tare da sauya Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Kilifi zuwa [[Jami'ar Pwani]] an sami fadada bangaren sabis sosai sakamakon wannan. Ayyukan banki suna girma tare da kusan bankunan bakwai da kuma cibiyoyin microfinance. Kasuwancin tallace-tallace da otal-otal sun kasance muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a tarihi. == Yawon shakatawa == Yawon shakatawa muhimmiyar aiki ce ta tattalin arziki a Kilifi, wanda rairayin bakin teku, wuraren tarihi, da al'adun al'adu ke tallafawa. Kilifi tana da bakin teku tare da kilomita da yawa na rairayin bakin teku, gami da Bofa Beach, wanda aka sani da ruwa mai tsabta da fararen yashi. Yankin yana ba da madadin kasuwanci idan aka kwatanta da wuraren da ke kusa da su kamar Malindi da Watamu. Abubuwan tarihi, irin su Mnarani Ruins daga karni na 14, suna ba da gudummawa ga roƙon Kilifi, suna ba da haske game da tarihin Swahili na yankin. Bukukuwan al'adu a Kilifi suna nuna al'adun al'ummomin Mijikenda na gida, suna jawo baƙi daga Kenya da ƙasashen waje. Yawon shakatawa a Kilifi yana ba da gudummawa ga aikin gida kuma yana tallafawa kasuwanci kamar otal-otal, gidajen cin abinci, da masu yawon shakatawa. Ana inganta shirye-shiryen yawon bude ido masu ɗorewa don adana albarkatun ƙasa da al'adu na yankin. == Lafiya == Asibitin Kilifi County, wanda kuma asibitin turawa ne, yana aiki da duk yankin Kilifi kuma yana tallafawa Shirin Binciken KEMRI-Wellcome Trust, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2013 |title=KEMRI Wellcome Trust |url=http://www.kemri-wellcome.org/ |access-date=9 December 2013 |publisher=KEMRI Wellcome Trust}}</ref> babban cibiyar bincike ta kiwon lafiya da ke hadin gwiwa tsakanin KEMRI na Kenya da British Wellcome Trust, wanda aka sani da aikinsa kan zazzabin cizon sauro da ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan yara. Ana iya samun wasu asibitoci masu zaman kansu da yawa a nan. Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Khairat wacce aka buɗe kwanan nan tana da kayan aiki tare da dakin gwaje-gwaje na zamani, x-ray, da na'urorin bincike tare da ƙwararrun ma'aikata kuma tana cikin yankin Mtaani na Sokoni Sub-Location a gaban Masjid Hudaa. Asibitin Mephi kuma asibiti ne mai rijista kuma mai takardar shaidar matakin 4 wanda ke cikin Mephi Plaza, Hanyar Kurkuku a kan babbar hanyar Mombasa - Malindi, tana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai zurfi ciki har da dialysis, ƙananan tiyata da sabis na radiological. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] afqixut5sn00nmrnwx2bciz8zghbwob 862868 862867 2026-06-21T11:24:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 862868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kilifi''' wani gari ne a bakin tekun [[Kenya]], kilomita 56 (35 arewa maso gabashin [[Mombasa]] ta hanyar hanya. Garin yana kan Kilifi Creek kuma yana zaune a bakin Kogin Goshi.<ref name="Weiss">{{Cite journal |last=Weiss, Robert |last2=Bahlburg, Heinrich |year=2006 |title=The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami |url=http://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/pdf/10.1193/1.2201970 |url-status=dead |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=22 |pages=S235–S240 |doi=10.1193/1.2201970 |s2cid=110486072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127144534/http://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/pdf/10.1193/1.2201970 |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2012-08-19}}</ref> Kilifi ita ce babban birnin Kilifi County kuma tana da yawan mutane 122,899 a lokacin ƙidayar shekara ta 2009. An san Kilifi da rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da kuma tarkacen Mnarani, gami da [[Masallaci|masallatai]] da kaburbura, tun daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa na 17. == Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi == Garin Kilifi yana zaune a bangarorin biyu na bakin kogin kuma yana da alaƙa da gadar Kilifi wacce ke kallon bakin kogin.<ref name="Weiss">{{Cite journal |last=Weiss, Robert |last2=Bahlburg, Heinrich |year=2006 |title=The Coast of Kenya Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami |url=http://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/pdf/10.1193/1.2201970 |url-status=dead |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=22 |pages=S235–S240 |doi=10.1193/1.2201970 |s2cid=110486072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127144534/http://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/pdf/10.1193/1.2201970 |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2012-08-19}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWeiss,_RobertBahlburg,_Heinrich2006">Weiss, Robert; Bahlburg, Heinrich (2006). </cite></ref> Yankin kudu yana da rushewar Mnarani da rairayin bakin teku na Shauri Moyo yayin da gefen arewa shine babban ɓangare na Kilifi Town da Bofa Beach. Yanayin yana da dumi a ko'ina cikin shekara (sama da 25 ° C) tare da lokutan ruwan sama mai matsakaici (kimanin 800-1000 mm). Tsawon lokacin ruwan sama yana farawa a kusa da Maris kuma yana ƙarshe zuwa Yuli, yayin da gajeren lokaci ke farawa a kusa le Oktoba kuma yana ƙarshe har zuwa Disamba.&nbsp;&nbsp; Yankin gabaɗaya yana da faɗi tare da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai yashi tare da itatuwa na yau da kullun sune ''Cocos nucifera'', Anacadium occidentale, Azadirachta indica, da ''Mangifera indica''. == Yawan jama'a == Kilifi birni ne mai cike da kabilun da suka haɗu. Yawancin mazauna (kimanin 80%) sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin Mijikenda (musamman Giriama da Chonyi). Sauran kungiyoyi sun hada da zuriyar Swahili-Arab, Barawas, Bajunis, Somalis da sauran kungiyoyi daga cikin gida. Akwai 'yan Indiya da yawa, da Turawa, galibi Birtaniya, Jamusanci da Italiyanci. == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Dhows_in_Kilifi_Creek.JPG|thumb|Dhows a kan Kilifi Creek]] Kamar kowane gari na bakin teku, kamun kifi a Kilifi yana daya daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki na tarihi. Tare da lokaci, garin ya sannu a hankali yana canzawa daga ƙauyen kamun kifi zuwa masana'antu da sabis na asali. Ci gaban garin yafi bunkasa ta hanyar masana'antar niƙa na cashew tsakanin 1976 da 1990; gundumar ta kasance mai samar da cashews tun 1930. Garin kusan ya zama gari mai fatalwa lokacin da aka rufe masana'antar a cikin 1990 saboda raguwar samar da kwayoyi, rashin kula da masana'antar da karuwar gasa ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=Kenya: How Brokers Drove Cashew Nut Farmers into Poverty |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202105190758.html}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan masana'antu sun haɗa da noma na sisal a Kilifi Plantations . Tun daga shekara ta 2008 tare da sauya Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Kilifi zuwa [[Jami'ar Pwani]] an sami fadada bangaren sabis sosai sakamakon wannan. Ayyukan banki suna girma tare da kusan bankunan bakwai da kuma cibiyoyin microfinance. Kasuwancin tallace-tallace da otal-otal sun kasance muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a tarihi. == Yawon shakatawa == Yawon shakatawa muhimmiyar aiki ce ta tattalin arziki a Kilifi, wanda rairayin bakin teku, wuraren tarihi, da al'adun al'adu ke tallafawa. Kilifi tana da bakin teku tare da kilomita da yawa na rairayin bakin teku, gami da Bofa Beach, wanda aka sani da ruwa mai tsabta da fararen yashi. Yankin yana ba da madadin kasuwanci idan aka kwatanta da wuraren da ke kusa da su kamar Malindi da Watamu. Abubuwan tarihi, irin su Mnarani Ruins daga karni na 14, suna ba da gudummawa ga roƙon Kilifi, suna ba da haske game da tarihin Swahili na yankin. Bukukuwan al'adu a Kilifi suna nuna al'adun al'ummomin Mijikenda na gida, suna jawo baƙi daga Kenya da ƙasashen waje. Yawon shakatawa a Kilifi yana ba da gudummawa ga aikin gida kuma yana tallafawa kasuwanci kamar otal-otal, gidajen cin abinci, da masu yawon shakatawa. Ana inganta shirye-shiryen yawon bude ido masu ɗorewa don adana albarkatun ƙasa da al'adu na yankin. == Lafiya == Asibitin Kilifi County, wanda kuma asibitin turawa ne, yana aiki da duk yankin Kilifi kuma yana tallafawa Shirin Binciken KEMRI-Wellcome Trust, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2013 |title=KEMRI Wellcome Trust |url=http://www.kemri-wellcome.org/ |access-date=9 December 2013 |publisher=KEMRI Wellcome Trust}}</ref> babban cibiyar bincike ta kiwon lafiya da ke hadin gwiwa tsakanin KEMRI na Kenya da British Wellcome Trust, wanda aka sani da aikinsa kan zazzabin cizon sauro da ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan yara. Ana iya samun wasu asibitoci masu zaman kansu da yawa a nan. Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Khairat wacce aka buɗe kwanan nan tana da kayan aiki tare da dakin gwaje-gwaje na zamani, x-ray, da na'urorin bincike tare da ƙwararrun ma'aikata kuma tana cikin yankin Mtaani na Sokoni Sub-Location a gaban Masjid Hudaa. Asibitin Mephi kuma asibiti ne mai rijista kuma mai takardar shaidar matakin 4 wanda ke cikin Mephi Plaza, Hanyar Kurkuku a kan babbar hanyar Mombasa - Malindi, tana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai zurfi ciki har da dialysis, ƙananan tiyata da sabis na radiological. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p3n2mucv8djc1h6lvhih474h7wz76r4 0 159095 862869 2026-06-21T11:27:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357735031|Kilindini Harbour]]" 862869 wikitext text/x-wiki Kilindini Harbour (''Bandari ya [[Mombasa]]'', a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) babban ruwa ne mai zurfi wanda ya kai cikin ƙasa daga [[Mombasa]] , [[Kenya]] . Yana da 25-30 fathoms (46-55 a tsakiya mafi zurfi, kodayake zurfin sarrafawa shine tashar waje a cikin tashar [[JIRGIN RUWA NA FASINJA DON SHKATAWA SHAKATWA|Jiragen ruwa]] tare da zurfin zurfin {{Convert|17.5|m}} . <ref name="Fap-1">{{Cite web |title=Port of Mombasa, Kenya |url=http://www.findaport.com/port-of-mombasa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708082324/http://www.findaport.com/port-of-mombasa |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=findaport.com |publisher=Shipping Guides Ltd}}</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa''', tare da yankin da ya kai zuwa [[Uganda]]. '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini''' ita ce babban bangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Mombasa, ita ce kawai tashar jiragen sama ta kasa da kasa a Kenya kuma babbar tashar jiragen kasa a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Kenya (KPA) ce ke sarrafa shi. Baya ga sarrafa kaya, jiragen ruwa suna yawan zuwa Mombasa. Kilindini kalma ce ta Swahili wacce ke nufin "zurfi" ko "a cikin zurfin" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Translate |url=https://translate.google.com/?sl=sw&tl=en&text=Kilindini%20&op=translate |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> dangane da zurfin tashar. Kilindini Harbor misali ne na wani abu na halitta wanda ake kira ria, wanda aka kafa miliyoyin shekaru da Ruwa gabata lokacin da matakin teku ya tashi ya mamaye kogi wanda ke gudana daga yankin. == Tarihi == Mombasa tana da tarihin ƙarni da yawa a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa. An kaddamar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini a 1896 lokacin da aka fara aiki a kan gina tashar Jirgin kasa na Uganda. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da Kenya ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Kilindini ya zama tushen wucin gadi na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Gabas ta Burtaniya daga farkon 1942 har sai an cire barazanar sojan ruwa ta Japan zuwa [[Kolombo|Colombo]], Ceylon (yanzu [[Sri Lanka]]). A kusa, Ofishin Haɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wani tashar aiki na karya lambar Burtaniya a Bletchley Park, an sanya shi a cikin wata makarantar da aka nema (Allidina Visram High School, Mombasa) kuma ya sami nasara wajen karya lambobin sojan ruwa na Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coastweek.com Mombasa was Base for High-level U.K. Espionage Operation |url=http://www.coastweek.com/codes.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515123737/http://www.coastweek.com/codes.htm |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=15 October 2006}}</ref> == Faɗakarwa == A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, fadada tashar jiragen ruwa ta ba shi damar sarrafa jiragen ruwa na Panamax. An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a watan Yulin 2011 a farashin dala miliyan 82.15 daga Gwamnatin Kenya kuma Kamfanin China Roads and Bridge Corporation ne ya aiwatar da shi. Wani sabon wurin zama, Berth 19, tare da {{Convert|15|acre|ha}} ha (15 acres) na ɗakunan ɗakunan, ya samar da ƙarin ƙarfin shekara-shekara na 200,000 TEU. Aikin shine kara yawan tashar jiragen ruwa da kashi 33%, karfafa matsayin Mombasa da Kenya a Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-29 |title=Newly expanded port berth reopens in Kenya's Mombasa |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-08/29/c_132673420.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919004112/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-08/29/c_132673420.htm |archive-date=19 September 2013 |access-date=2013-12-10 |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> Wannan fadada ya zo tare da shirye-shiryen gina layin dogo wanda ya fi haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Uganda da Rwanda. == Dongo Kundu Freeport == Gwamnatin Kenya ta kuma fara taimakawa wajen gina tashar jiragen ruwa mai 'yanci a kan wani jirgin ruwa mai nauyin tan {{Convert|3000|acre|ha}} na fili mallakar Hukumar a yankin Dongo Kundu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa na gwamnati masu zaman kansu. Haka kuma ana ci gaba da aikin Hanyar Tafiya don haɗa yankin aikin da Babbar Hanya ta Mombasa - Lunga Lunga - Nairobi. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Managing Directors Speech |url=http://www.kpa.co.ke/INFOCENTER/NEWS/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103054515/http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/News/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Kpa.co.ke}}</ref> Wanda aka fi sani da hanyar Dongo Kundu, manufar ayyukan ita ce rage zirga-zirgar ababen hawa zuwa gabar tekun Kudu ta Kenya. Za a fara ginin a ƙarshen 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of road to South Coast will start this year – Business |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/business/Construction-of-road-to-South-Coast-will-start-this-year/-/996/1998568/-/1tu0fdz/-/index.html |access-date=2013-12-10 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> An kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2024 kuma yanzu yana aiki. == Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu == Sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa, tashar jiragen kasa ta [[Lamu]] tana cikin gini a Lamu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-07 |title=Dredging Today – Kenya: Prime Minister Speaks at Ground Breaking Ceremony of Proposed Lamu Port |url=http://www.dredgingtoday.com/2012/03/07/kenya-prime-minister-speaks-at-ground-breaking-ceremony-of-proposed-lamu-port/ |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Dredgingtoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndaiga |first=Hellen |date=2012-03-02 |title=Lamu Port, LAPSSET Corridor Groundbreaking Held |url=http://www.constructionkenya.com/2428/ground-breaking-held-for-sh2-trillion-lamu-port/ |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Constructionkenya.com}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu za ta fi girma fiye da tashar jiragen ruwa na Kilindini amma Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Kenya ta ce tashar jiragen sama biyu ba za su yi gasa ba amma za su hada juna. Tashar jiragen ruwa za ta sami tashoshi 32 da tashar shigarwa da aka yi zuwa {{Convert|18|m}} don ba da damar saukar da jiragen ruwa na 120,000 DWT (Post-Panamax Vessels) Kudin Shirin gajeren lokaci na Lamu Port Project, gami da tashoshi 3 na farko, an kiyasta ya zama dala miliyan 664. Za a kammala Mataki na Farko a shekarar 2016.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Managing Directors Speech |url=http://www.kpa.co.ke/INFOCENTER/NEWS/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103054515/http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/News/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Kpa.co.ke}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103054515/http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/News/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx "Managing Directors Speech"]. </cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Gidajen Swahili na Tarihi * Gine-gine na Swahili == Manazarta == 1xv0d51r8kctineqo487pac7nb2rwxg 862870 862869 2026-06-21T11:27:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 862870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kilindini Harbour''' (''Bandari ya [[Mombasa]]'', a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) babban ruwa ne mai zurfi wanda ya kai cikin ƙasa daga [[Mombasa]] , [[Kenya]] . Yana da 25-30 fathoms (46-55 a tsakiya mafi zurfi, kodayake zurfin sarrafawa shine tashar waje a cikin tashar [[JIRGIN RUWA NA FASINJA DON SHKATAWA SHAKATWA|Jiragen ruwa]] tare da zurfin zurfin {{Convert|17.5|m}} . <ref name="Fap-1">{{Cite web |title=Port of Mombasa, Kenya |url=http://www.findaport.com/port-of-mombasa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708082324/http://www.findaport.com/port-of-mombasa |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=findaport.com |publisher=Shipping Guides Ltd}}</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa''', tare da yankin da ya kai zuwa [[Uganda]]. '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini''' ita ce babban bangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Mombasa, ita ce kawai tashar jiragen sama ta kasa da kasa a Kenya kuma babbar tashar jiragen kasa a [[Gabashin Afirka]]. Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Kenya (KPA) ce ke sarrafa shi. Baya ga sarrafa kaya, jiragen ruwa suna yawan zuwa Mombasa. Kilindini kalma ce ta Swahili wacce ke nufin "zurfi" ko "a cikin zurfin" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Translate |url=https://translate.google.com/?sl=sw&tl=en&text=Kilindini%20&op=translate |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> dangane da zurfin tashar. Kilindini Harbor misali ne na wani abu na halitta wanda ake kira ria, wanda aka kafa miliyoyin shekaru da Ruwa gabata lokacin da matakin teku ya tashi ya mamaye kogi wanda ke gudana daga yankin. == Tarihi == Mombasa tana da tarihin ƙarni da yawa a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa. An kaddamar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini a 1896 lokacin da aka fara aiki a kan gina tashar Jirgin kasa na Uganda. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da Kenya ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Kilindini ya zama tushen wucin gadi na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Gabas ta Burtaniya daga farkon 1942 har sai an cire barazanar sojan ruwa ta Japan zuwa [[Kolombo|Colombo]], Ceylon (yanzu [[Sri Lanka]]). A kusa, Ofishin Haɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wani tashar aiki na karya lambar Burtaniya a Bletchley Park, an sanya shi a cikin wata makarantar da aka nema (Allidina Visram High School, Mombasa) kuma ya sami nasara wajen karya lambobin sojan ruwa na Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coastweek.com Mombasa was Base for High-level U.K. Espionage Operation |url=http://www.coastweek.com/codes.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515123737/http://www.coastweek.com/codes.htm |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=15 October 2006}}</ref> == Faɗakarwa == A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, fadada tashar jiragen ruwa ta ba shi damar sarrafa jiragen ruwa na Panamax. An ƙaddamar da aikin ne a watan Yulin 2011 a farashin dala miliyan 82.15 daga Gwamnatin Kenya kuma Kamfanin China Roads and Bridge Corporation ne ya aiwatar da shi. Wani sabon wurin zama, Berth 19, tare da {{Convert|15|acre|ha}} ha (15 acres) na ɗakunan ɗakunan, ya samar da ƙarin ƙarfin shekara-shekara na 200,000 TEU. Aikin shine kara yawan tashar jiragen ruwa da kashi 33%, karfafa matsayin Mombasa da Kenya a Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-29 |title=Newly expanded port berth reopens in Kenya's Mombasa |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-08/29/c_132673420.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919004112/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-08/29/c_132673420.htm |archive-date=19 September 2013 |access-date=2013-12-10 |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> Wannan fadada ya zo tare da shirye-shiryen gina layin dogo wanda ya fi haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Uganda da Rwanda. == Dongo Kundu Freeport == Gwamnatin Kenya ta kuma fara taimakawa wajen gina tashar jiragen ruwa mai 'yanci a kan wani jirgin ruwa mai nauyin tan {{Convert|3000|acre|ha}} na fili mallakar Hukumar a yankin Dongo Kundu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa na gwamnati masu zaman kansu. Haka kuma ana ci gaba da aikin Hanyar Tafiya don haɗa yankin aikin da Babbar Hanya ta Mombasa - Lunga Lunga - Nairobi. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Managing Directors Speech |url=http://www.kpa.co.ke/INFOCENTER/NEWS/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103054515/http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/News/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Kpa.co.ke}}</ref> Wanda aka fi sani da hanyar Dongo Kundu, manufar ayyukan ita ce rage zirga-zirgar ababen hawa zuwa gabar tekun Kudu ta Kenya. Za a fara ginin a ƙarshen 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of road to South Coast will start this year – Business |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/business/Construction-of-road-to-South-Coast-will-start-this-year/-/996/1998568/-/1tu0fdz/-/index.html |access-date=2013-12-10 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> An kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2024 kuma yanzu yana aiki. == Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu == Sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa, tashar jiragen kasa ta [[Lamu]] tana cikin gini a Lamu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-07 |title=Dredging Today – Kenya: Prime Minister Speaks at Ground Breaking Ceremony of Proposed Lamu Port |url=http://www.dredgingtoday.com/2012/03/07/kenya-prime-minister-speaks-at-ground-breaking-ceremony-of-proposed-lamu-port/ |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Dredgingtoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndaiga |first=Hellen |date=2012-03-02 |title=Lamu Port, LAPSSET Corridor Groundbreaking Held |url=http://www.constructionkenya.com/2428/ground-breaking-held-for-sh2-trillion-lamu-port/ |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Constructionkenya.com}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu za ta fi girma fiye da tashar jiragen ruwa na Kilindini amma Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Kenya ta ce tashar jiragen sama biyu ba za su yi gasa ba amma za su hada juna. Tashar jiragen ruwa za ta sami tashoshi 32 da tashar shigarwa da aka yi zuwa {{Convert|18|m}} don ba da damar saukar da jiragen ruwa na 120,000 DWT (Post-Panamax Vessels) Kudin Shirin gajeren lokaci na Lamu Port Project, gami da tashoshi 3 na farko, an kiyasta ya zama dala miliyan 664. Za a kammala Mataki na Farko a shekarar 2016.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Managing Directors Speech |url=http://www.kpa.co.ke/INFOCENTER/NEWS/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103054515/http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/News/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Kpa.co.ke}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103054515/http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/News/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx "Managing Directors Speech"]. </cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Gidajen Swahili na Tarihi * Gine-gine na Swahili == Manazarta == 3fgfjq9kf19nw9q7kwbvvdd3pgf313k 0 159096 862871 2026-06-21T11:29:10Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345231252|Shayda Award]]" 862871 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kyautar Shayda''' ([[Gujarati]]) Kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara da ake bayarwa ga wani matashin mawakin ghazal na Gujarati. Cibiyar Fasaha da Bincike ta INT Aditya Birla ce ta kafa ta. An sanya wa kyautar suna ne bayan mawakin ghazal na Gujarati Harji Lavji Damani, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na alkalami Shayda. Ana bayar da kyautar ₹ 10000 don girmama da kuma haɓaka mawakan ghazal na Gujarati. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010-08-15 |title=Gujarati ghazal has evolved with time |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2110220191.html |url-status=dead |journal=DNA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807094505/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2110220191.html |archive-date=2018-08-07}}</ref> == Masu karɓa == An ba da lambar yabo ta Shayda a kowace shekara tun 1998 ga mutane masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mushairas |url=http://www.int-abc.org/mushairas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407103556/http://www.int-abc.org/mushairas.htm |archive-date=2019-04-07 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Mai karɓa |- |1998 |Sanju Vala |- |1999 |Vivek Kane 'Sahaj' |- |2000 |Mukesh Joshi |- |2001 |Raeesh Maniar |- |2002 |Shobhit Desai |- |2003 |Rashid Meer |- |2004 |Makarand Musale |- |2005 |Kiransinh Chauhan |- |2006 |Hiten Anandpara |- |2008 |Ankit Trivedi |- |2009 |Gaurang Thaker |- |2010 |Brahmbhatt mai tsauri<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=આઈએનટી દ્વારા કવિ હર્ષ બ્રહ્નભટ્ટને 'શયદા' એવોર્ડ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/KUT-760684-1256056.html |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2011 |Anil Chavda |- |2012 |Chandresh Makwana <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=આઇએનટીના વર્ષ ૨૦૧૨ના અૅવોર્ડ હર્ષ બ્ર્રહ્મભટ્ટ અને ચંદ્રેશ મકવાણાને |url=http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=60486 |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Mumbai Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2013 |Bharat Vinzuda |- |2014 |Bhavesh Bhatt<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=ભાવેશ ભટ્ટને શયદા એવોર્ડ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-AHM-MAT-latest-ahmedabad-news-044005-500855-NOR.html |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2015 |Jigar Joshi 'Prem' |- |2016 |Bhavin Gopani |- |2017 |Snehi Parmar |- |2018 |Hemant Punekar |- |2019 |Pranav Pandya<ref name="Akila News 2019">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=ઉદયન ઠકકર અને પ્રણવ પંડ્યાને આઈએનટીનો એવોર્ડ અપાશેઃ ૩ ઓગષ્ટના કાર્યક્રમ |url=https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/30-07-2019/111802 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029122133/https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/30-07-2019/111802 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=Akila News |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2025 |Harshvi Patel |} == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Kalapi == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} s0ex7zmuawn2c3rwzcplwfckeba5tkm 862872 862871 2026-06-21T11:29:34Z Pretty Fulani 44366 862872 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Kyautar Shayda''' ([[Gujarati]]) Kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara da ake bayarwa ga wani matashin mawakin ghazal na Gujarati. Cibiyar Fasaha da Bincike ta INT Aditya Birla ce ta kafa ta. An sanya wa kyautar suna ne bayan mawakin ghazal na Gujarati Harji Lavji Damani, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na alkalami Shayda. Ana bayar da kyautar ₹ 10000 don girmama da kuma haɓaka mawakan ghazal na Gujarati. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010-08-15 |title=Gujarati ghazal has evolved with time |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2110220191.html |url-status=dead |journal=DNA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807094505/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2110220191.html |archive-date=2018-08-07}}</ref> == Masu karɓa == An ba da lambar yabo ta Shayda a kowace shekara tun 1998 ga mutane masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mushairas |url=http://www.int-abc.org/mushairas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407103556/http://www.int-abc.org/mushairas.htm |archive-date=2019-04-07 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Mai karɓa |- |1998 |Sanju Vala |- |1999 |Vivek Kane 'Sahaj' |- |2000 |Mukesh Joshi |- |2001 |Raeesh Maniar |- |2002 |Shobhit Desai |- |2003 |Rashid Meer |- |2004 |Makarand Musale |- |2005 |Kiransinh Chauhan |- |2006 |Hiten Anandpara |- |2008 |Ankit Trivedi |- |2009 |Gaurang Thaker |- |2010 |Brahmbhatt mai tsauri<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=આઈએનટી દ્વારા કવિ હર્ષ બ્રહ્નભટ્ટને 'શયદા' એવોર્ડ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/KUT-760684-1256056.html |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2011 |Anil Chavda |- |2012 |Chandresh Makwana <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=આઇએનટીના વર્ષ ૨૦૧૨ના અૅવોર્ડ હર્ષ બ્ર્રહ્મભટ્ટ અને ચંદ્રેશ મકવાણાને |url=http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=60486 |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Mumbai Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2013 |Bharat Vinzuda |- |2014 |Bhavesh Bhatt<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=ભાવેશ ભટ્ટને શયદા એવોર્ડ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-AHM-MAT-latest-ahmedabad-news-044005-500855-NOR.html |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2015 |Jigar Joshi 'Prem' |- |2016 |Bhavin Gopani |- |2017 |Snehi Parmar |- |2018 |Hemant Punekar |- |2019 |Pranav Pandya<ref name="Akila News 2019">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=ઉદયન ઠકકર અને પ્રણવ પંડ્યાને આઈએનટીનો એવોર્ડ અપાશેઃ ૩ ઓગષ્ટના કાર્યક્રમ |url=https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/30-07-2019/111802 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029122133/https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/30-07-2019/111802 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=Akila News |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2025 |Harshvi Patel |} == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Kalapi == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} egiqth207suwmdclujdaetm8jv0nwn5 862873 862872 2026-06-21T11:30:00Z Pretty Fulani 44366 Gyara 862873 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Kyautar Shayda''' ([[Gujarati]]) Kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara da ake bayarwa ga wani matashin mawakin ghazal na Gujarati. Cibiyar Fasaha da Bincike ta INT Aditya Birla ce ta kafa ta. An sanya wa kyautar suna ne bayan mawakin ghazal na Gujarati Harji Lavji Damani, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na alkalami Shayda. Ana bayar da kyautar ₹ 10000 don girmama da kuma haɓaka mawakan ghazal na Gujarati. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010-08-15 |title=Gujarati ghazal has evolved with time |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2110220191.html |url-status=dead |journal=DNA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807094505/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2110220191.html |archive-date=2018-08-07}}</ref> == Masu karɓa == An ba da lambar yabo ta Shayda a kowace shekara tun 1998 ga mutane masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mushairas |url=http://www.int-abc.org/mushairas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407103556/http://www.int-abc.org/mushairas.htm |archive-date=2019-04-07 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Mai karɓa |- |1998 |Sanju Vala |- |1999 |Vivek Kane 'Sahaj' |- |2000 |Mukesh Joshi |- |2001 |Raeesh Maniar |- |2002 |Shobhit Desai |- |2003 |Rashid Meer |- |2004 |Makarand Musale |- |2005 |Kiransinh Chauhan |- |2006 |Hiten Anandpara |- |2008 |Ankit Trivedi |- |2009 |Gaurang Thaker |- |2010 |Brahmbhatt mai tsauri<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=આઈએનટી દ્વારા કવિ હર્ષ બ્રહ્નભટ્ટને 'શયદા' એવોર્ડ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/KUT-760684-1256056.html |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2011 |Anil Chavda |- |2012 |Chandresh Makwana <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=આઇએનટીના વર્ષ ૨૦૧૨ના અૅવોર્ડ હર્ષ બ્ર્રહ્મભટ્ટ અને ચંદ્રેશ મકવાણાને |url=http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=60486 |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Mumbai Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2013 |Bharat Vinzuda |- |2014 |Bhavesh Bhatt<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=ભાવેશ ભટ્ટને શયદા એવોર્ડ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-AHM-MAT-latest-ahmedabad-news-044005-500855-NOR.html |access-date=2018-08-07 |website=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2015 |Jigar Joshi 'Prem' |- |2016 |Bhavin Gopani |- |2017 |Snehi Parmar |- |2018 |Hemant Punekar |- |2019 |Pranav Pandya<ref name="Akila News 2019">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=ઉદયન ઠકકર અને પ્રણવ પંડ્યાને આઈએનટીનો એવોર્ડ અપાશેઃ ૩ ઓગષ્ટના કાર્યક્રમ |url=https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/30-07-2019/111802 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029122133/https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/30-07-2019/111802 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=Akila News |language=gu}}</ref> |- |2025 |Harshvi Patel |} == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Kalapi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ju8snvwhonrtv14e1vya8zubeky5aie 0 159097 862874 2026-06-21T11:30:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356665936|Malindi]]" 862874 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malindi''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Melinde''' a zamanin d ̄ a) wani gari ne a kan Malindi Bay a bakin [[Kogin Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Kogin Galana]], yana kwance a bakin [[Tekun Indiya]] na [[Kenya]] . Yana da kilomita 120 a arewa maso gabashin [[Mombasa]]. Yawan mutanen Malindi ya kai 119,859 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2019. Ita ce cibiyar birni mafi girma a cikin Kilifi County.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malindi Destination Guide - Kenyan Coastal Resort Town |url=https://www.kenyasafari.com/malindi-guide.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Yawon shakatawa shine babban masana'antu a Malindi. Shahararrun wuraren tarihi sun haɗa da [[Vasco da gama pillar, Malinda|Ginin Vasco da Gama]], Cocin Portuguese, Gidan Ginshiƙai da Gidan Tarihin Malindi. Malindi tana aiki tare da filin jirgin sama na cikin gida da babbar hanyar tsakanin [[Mombasa]] da [[Lamu]]. Garin Watamu da ke kusa da Gedi Ruins (wanda aka fi sani da Gede) suna kudu da Malindi. Bakin [[Kogin Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Kogin Sabaki]] yana cikin arewacin Malindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-28 |title=Top Affordable Places to Visit in Malindi Kenya |url=https://www.wakenyawataliitourstravel.com/top-affordable-places-to-visit-in-malindi-kenya/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidan shakatawa na Watamu da Malindi sun samar da yankin da aka kiyaye a kudancin Malindi. Yankin yana nuna misalai na gargajiya na gine-ginen Swahili. Yawancin mutanen Malindi Musulmi ne. Malindi gida ce ga Filin jirgin saman Malindi da Cibiyar sararin samaniya ta Broglio (''San Marco Equatorial Range'' na baya). == Tarihi == Malindi ya ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na wayewar [[Mutanen Swahili|Swahili]] mai tasowa a ƙarni na 5 zuwa 10. Manoma masu magana da [[Yaren Bantu|Bantu]] sun koma yankin, inda suka narkar da baƙin ƙarfe, suka gina katako da gidaje masu laushi da ganyen dabino, suna magana da yaren [[Harshen Swahili|kiSwahili]], kuma suna shiga cikin yanki da kuma wani lokacin kasuwanci mai nisa. Fitowar hanyoyin cinikayya na Tekun Indiya a ƙarshen karni na farko ya haifar da manyan ƙauyuka, karuwar cinikayya mai nisa, da kuma rikitarwa ta zamantakewa. Da farko a karni na 11, Swahili a bakin tekun suna aiki a matsayin matsakanci ga 'yan kasuwa na Somaliya, Masar, [[Nubians (ƙabila)|Nubian]], [[Larabawa]], Farisa, da Indiya. Sun fara gina garuruwa masu ganuwa, gidajen murjani, da kuma fitattun mutane da suka tuba zuwa Islama, sau da yawa suna magana da Larabci. Da alama an kafa Masarautar Malindi ne a kusan karni na 9 AD kuma ta yi ƙarfi a ƙarni biyu kafin Vasco da Gama ya kawo mulkin mallaka na [[Portugal]] a yankin, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar wayewar. Birnin Malindi, wanda aka kafa a kusan shekara ta 850 AD, yana cikin wani wuri mafi arewa fiye da birnin na zamani, kuma da alama an lalata shi a kusan shekara ta 1000 AD. Akwai ƙananan alamun zama a ƙarni biyu masu zuwa, sannan murmurewa da wadata a cikin shekarun 1200. == Yanayi == Malindi tana da Yanayin zafi mai bushe (Köppen climate classification As).{{Weather box}} == Gudanar da Ƙasa == Malindi yanzu ya fada karkashin Kilifi County kamar yadda sauye-sauyen gudanarwa a cikin sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka zartar a watan Agusta 2010. Malindi ya kafa majalisa tare da unguwanni goma sha uku masu zuwa: Barani, Ganda / Mkaumoto, Gede, Gede North, Gede South, Kijiwetanga, Madunguni, Malimo, Malindi Central, Malindi North, Maweni, Shella, da Watamu Town. Dukansu suna cikin mazabar Malindi. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:House_of_Columns_Malindi.jpg|The front of the "House of Columns" Fayil:Robinson_Island_Kenya.jpg|Near Robinson Island north of Malindi Fayil:Sun_rise_Malindi.jpg|Sunrise over the Indian Ocean at Malindi Fayil:Colours_of_the_sea.jpg|Beach close to Malindi Fayil:Malindi.jpg|Boats at sunset in Malindi </gallery> 1taxnf3fyh4ogvi5kpn2741c6e1hau8 862877 862874 2026-06-21T11:33:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 862877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malindi''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Melinde''' a zamanin d ̄ a) wani gari ne a kan Malindi Bay a bakin [[Kogin Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Kogin Galana]], yana kwance a bakin [[Tekun Indiya]] na [[Kenya]] . Yana da kilomita 120 a arewa maso gabashin [[Mombasa]]. Yawan mutanen Malindi ya kai 119,859 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2019. Ita ce cibiyar birni mafi girma a cikin Kilifi County.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malindi Destination Guide - Kenyan Coastal Resort Town |url=https://www.kenyasafari.com/malindi-guide.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Yawon shakatawa shine babban masana'antu a Malindi. Shahararrun wuraren tarihi sun haɗa da [[Vasco da gama pillar, Malinda|Ginin Vasco da Gama]], Cocin Portuguese, Gidan Ginshiƙai da Gidan Tarihin Malindi. Malindi tana aiki tare da filin jirgin sama na cikin gida da babbar hanyar tsakanin [[Mombasa]] da [[Lamu]]. Garin Watamu da ke kusa da Gedi Ruins (wanda aka fi sani da Gede) suna kudu da Malindi. Bakin [[Kogin Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Kogin Sabaki]] yana cikin arewacin Malindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-28 |title=Top Affordable Places to Visit in Malindi Kenya |url=https://www.wakenyawataliitourstravel.com/top-affordable-places-to-visit-in-malindi-kenya/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidan shakatawa na Watamu da Malindi sun samar da yankin da aka kiyaye a kudancin Malindi. Yankin yana nuna misalai na gargajiya na gine-ginen Swahili. Yawancin mutanen Malindi Musulmi ne. Malindi gida ce ga Filin jirgin saman Malindi da Cibiyar sararin samaniya ta Broglio (''San Marco Equatorial Range'' na baya). == Tarihi == Malindi ya ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na wayewar [[Mutanen Swahili|Swahili]] mai tasowa a ƙarni na 5 zuwa 10. Manoma masu magana da [[Yaren Bantu|Bantu]] sun koma yankin, inda suka narkar da baƙin ƙarfe, suka gina katako da gidaje masu laushi da ganyen dabino, suna magana da yaren [[Harshen Swahili|kiSwahili]], kuma suna shiga cikin yanki da kuma wani lokacin kasuwanci mai nisa. Fitowar hanyoyin cinikayya na Tekun Indiya a ƙarshen karni na farko ya haifar da manyan ƙauyuka, karuwar cinikayya mai nisa, da kuma rikitarwa ta zamantakewa. Da farko a karni na 11, Swahili a bakin tekun suna aiki a matsayin matsakanci ga 'yan kasuwa na Somaliya, Masar, [[Nubians (ƙabila)|Nubian]], [[Larabawa]], Farisa, da Indiya. Sun fara gina garuruwa masu ganuwa, gidajen murjani, da kuma fitattun mutane da suka tuba zuwa Islama, sau da yawa suna magana da Larabci. Da alama an kafa Masarautar Malindi ne a kusan karni na 9 AD kuma ta yi ƙarfi a ƙarni biyu kafin Vasco da Gama ya kawo mulkin mallaka na [[Portugal]] a yankin, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar wayewar. Birnin Malindi, wanda aka kafa a kusan shekara ta 850 AD, yana cikin wani wuri mafi arewa fiye da birnin na zamani, kuma da alama an lalata shi a kusan shekara ta 1000 AD. Akwai ƙananan alamun zama a ƙarni biyu masu zuwa, sannan murmurewa da wadata a cikin shekarun 1200. == Yanayi == Malindi tana da Yanayin zafi mai bushe (Köppen climate classification As).{{Weather box}} == Gudanar da Ƙasa == Malindi yanzu ya fada karkashin Kilifi County kamar yadda sauye-sauyen gudanarwa a cikin sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka zartar a watan Agusta 2010. Malindi ya kafa majalisa tare da unguwanni goma sha uku masu zuwa: Barani, Ganda / Mkaumoto, Gede, Gede North, Gede South, Kijiwetanga, Madunguni, Malimo, Malindi Central, Malindi North, Maweni, Shella, da Watamu Town. Dukansu suna cikin mazabar Malindi. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:House_of_Columns_Malindi.jpg|The front of the "House of Columns" Fayil:Robinson_Island_Kenya.jpg|Near Robinson Island north of Malindi Fayil:Sun_rise_Malindi.jpg|Sunrise over the Indian Ocean at Malindi Fayil:Colours_of_the_sea.jpg|Beach close to Malindi Fayil:Malindi.jpg|Boats at sunset in Malindi </gallery> majr9m8be2f9jxnd7opy6k8ai7eizu4 0 159098 862900 2026-06-21T11:49:05Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347063063|Francis Soertsz]]" 862900 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Sir Francis Joseph Soertsz''' Sir Francis Joseph Soertsz KC (14 Maris 1886 - 10 Janairu 1951) ya kasance Mukaddashin Babban Alkali na Ceylon wanda ya yi aiki sau uku, a 1939, 1945 da 1946<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulugalle |first=Arjuna |title=A Memorial Essay When Kadirgamar was killed, the Indian Prime Minister was moved to tears |url=http://www.island.lk/2008/08/10/features1.html |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Island.lk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons from Jennings |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/000102/sup7.html |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=The Sunday Times}}</ref> An haifi Soertsz a shekarar 1886, ɗan Francis William da Emily Josephine Soertsz. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Saint Joseph, Colombo da Kwalejin Shari'a ta Ceylon. An ba shi lambar yabo a cikin Kyautar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 1 JANUARY, 1947 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37835/supplement/3/data.pdf |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=thegazette.co.uk |publisher=London Gazette}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] oanedmhdyzepkf777igwhyv904ngugx 862901 862900 2026-06-21T11:49:28Z Pretty Fulani 44366 862901 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}}{{Reflist}}'''Sir Francis Joseph Soertsz''' Sir Francis Joseph Soertsz KC (14 Maris 1886 - 10 Janairu 1951) ya kasance Mukaddashin Babban Alkali na Ceylon wanda ya yi aiki sau uku, a 1939, 1945 da 1946<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulugalle |first=Arjuna |title=A Memorial Essay When Kadirgamar was killed, the Indian Prime Minister was moved to tears |url=http://www.island.lk/2008/08/10/features1.html |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Island.lk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons from Jennings |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/000102/sup7.html |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=The Sunday Times}}</ref> An haifi Soertsz a shekarar 1886, ɗan Francis William da Emily Josephine Soertsz. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Saint Joseph, Colombo da Kwalejin Shari'a ta Ceylon. An ba shi lambar yabo a cikin Kyautar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 1 JANUARY, 1947 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37835/supplement/3/data.pdf |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=thegazette.co.uk |publisher=London Gazette}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] frpxygn8j6ysdz26ahighqwhl558gtr