Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2491 883636 873723 2026-07-15T17:29:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 883636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref>[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref>Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]]. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} b4449i38lfv8cn2d4risyimsj0xpy4w 883637 883636 2026-07-15T17:29:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 883637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref> Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref>Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]]. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} p0f9npvuek038wk9wx5kc2l99ig02t9 883638 883637 2026-07-15T17:29:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 883638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref> Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]]. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} jzgtsybl8xcct286l702256qozsbaol 883639 883638 2026-07-15T17:30:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 883639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref> Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa Bagobira. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]]. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} meektacdt2i0yglscpylq6x3p0rka4p 883640 883639 2026-07-15T17:30:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 883640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref> Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa Bagobira. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da BAWA. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]]. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} p0zfhscab5ybed88x72wdlv8u0qpcqu 883641 883640 2026-07-15T17:30:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 883641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref> Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa Bagobira. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da BAWA. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar 'ƴar Goje. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} fngmhe8t4bv0wni6zf7ex2r8vemaysr 883642 883641 2026-07-15T17:30:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 883642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref> Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa Bagobira. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da BAWA. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar 'ƴar Goje. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna Bakurukuru ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} pxi4bajvwayifbn5032zmofft931ydf 883646 883642 2026-07-15T17:34:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 883646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref> Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa Bagobira. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da BAWA. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar 'ƴar Goje. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna Bakurukuru ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} tk15fvyg6upf2h97zelibatsx8gmuaf 0 4509 883596 580414 2026-07-15T17:14:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 883596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{databox}} [[File:Thomas M. Anderson (3).jpg|thumb|Hoton Malam ]] [[Fayil:Thomas F. Anderson (journalist).png|thumb|Thomas Anderson ]] '''Thomas Anderson''' (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da sha shida 1916) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na ƙasar [[Scotland]] wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai gaba.<ref>Stapler (22 August 1921). "First Division prospects. Bradford City". Athletic News. Manchester. p. 5. </ref> == Aiki == Anderson ya yi wasa da Bathgate da Bradford City.<ref>Frost, p. 391.</ref>Ga Bradford City, ya bayyana 12 a Cikin Ƙungiyar Buga Bugu.<ref>Frost, p. 379</ref> == Tushen == Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City cikakken littafin 1903-1988. Breedon Books Sport. <nowiki>ISBN 0-907969-38-0</nowiki>. {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Thomas}} [[Category:'Yan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Ingila]] szxjyuoigb9j19nrzzvg5xyhbnfug65 883598 883596 2026-07-15T17:15:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 883598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{databox}} [[File:Thomas M. Anderson (3).jpg|thumb|Hoton Malam ]] [[Fayil:Thomas F. Anderson (journalist).png|thumb|Thomas Anderson ]] '''Thomas Anderson''' (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da sha shida 1916) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na ƙasar [[Scotland]] wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai gaba.<ref>Stapler (22 August 1921). "First Division prospects. Bradford City". Athletic News. Manchester. p. 5. </ref> == Aiki == Anderson ya yi wasa da Bathgate da Bradford City.<ref>Frost, p. 391.</ref> Ga Bradford City, ya bayyana 12 a Cikin Ƙungiyar Buga Bugu.<ref>Frost, p. 379</ref> == Tushen == Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City cikakken littafin 1903-1988. Breedon Books Sport. <nowiki>ISBN 0-907969-38-0</nowiki>. {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Thomas}} [[Category:'Yan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Ingila]] hjhcb0km8puoxihiebhfn28gl859vm3 0 5514 883497 873573 2026-07-15T15:31:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shine ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na China, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A cikin 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, amma ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekaran 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] 477gvlyencfgzovvcwxmtwgvytx1aw7 883500 883497 2026-07-15T15:33:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na China, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A cikin 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, amma ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekaran 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] 9zv8i2ii4475ejgsns80l8e48c81i32 883510 883500 2026-07-15T15:52:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A cikin 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, amma ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekaran 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] e1rz80kf1ooc0dxaed576whbxsgcw4f 883511 883510 2026-07-15T15:53:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A cikin 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, amma ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekaran 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] kikyeiz7tdyv4pmeqjxw16xeazb033j 883512 883511 2026-07-15T15:54:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A cikin 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, amma ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekarar 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] flb93h4on7ipo0wipsyxuxbfnx6tb53 883514 883512 2026-07-15T15:55:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, Shekarar 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A cikin 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, amma ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekarar 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] 40gx2aek4l36k28lgjbhy7ekweg1b2m 883517 883514 2026-07-15T15:57:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, Shekarar 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A cikin 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, amma ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekarar 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] 8p13kc2ho2efyx51roj5uwzvwxf07zo 883519 883517 2026-07-15T15:58:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, Shekarar 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A Shekara ta 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, amma ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekarar 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] mxe0q20xiijdo6wjqmxiuqzjbnyeljf 883525 883519 2026-07-15T16:01:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, Shekarar 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A Shekara ta 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, ammah ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekarar 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] 7tbpa0ol4d9q40tk9ldgflldoyx8bx9 883526 883525 2026-07-15T16:05:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, Shekarar 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A Shekara ta 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, ammah ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu Shekarar 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, amma ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekarar 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] qki4mhr2uk4u953xo96cvkhd875hxnl 883536 883526 2026-07-15T16:20:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tauraron dan Adam''' ko '''tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi''' wani abu ne, yawanci jirgin sama, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya. Suna da fa'ida iri-iri, gami da hanyar sadarwa, hasashen yanayi, kewayawa (GPS), watsa shirye-shirye, binciken kimiyya, da kuma lura da duniya. Ƙarin amfani da soja shi ne bincike, faɗakarwa da wuri, bayanan sirri da, yuwuwar isar da makamai. Sauran tauraron dan adam sun hada da matakin karshe na roka da ke sanya tauraron dan adam a cikin kewayawa da tauraron dan adam a da masu amfani wadanda daga baya suka lalace. Ban da tauraron dan adam masu wucewa, yawancin tauraron dan adam suna da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki don kayan aikin da ke cikin jirgin, kamar hasken rana ko na'urorin wutar lantarki na rediyoisotope (RTGs). Yawancin tauraron dan adam kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa zuwa tashoshin ƙasa, wanda ake kira transponders. Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da daidaitaccen bas don adana farashi da aiki, wanda mafi shaharar su shi ne ƙananan CubeSats. Irin wannan tauraron dan adam na iya aiki tare a matsayin rukuni, suna samar da taurari. Saboda tsadar harbawa sararin samaniya, yawancin tauraron dan adam an tsara su don su kasance masu nauyi da ƙarfi gwargwadon yuwuwar. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tashoshi ne na rediyo a cikin kewayawa kuma suna ɗauke da ɗimbin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto, kowanne yana da bandwidth na dubun megahertz. Jiragen sararin samaniya sun zama tauraron dan adam ta hanyar hanzari ko raguwa don isa ga saurin sararin samaniya, suna mamaye sararin samaniya mai tsayi don guje wa ruɓar sararin samaniya saboda ja a gaban yanayi kuma sama da iyakar Roche. Tauraron dan Adam jirgi ne da aka harba daga sama zuwa sararin samaniya ta tsarin harba shi. Tauraron dan Adam na iya canzawa ko kula da kewayawar su ta hanyar motsa jiki, yawanci ta hanyar sinadarai ko ion thrusters. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, kusan kashi 90% na tauraron dan adam da ke zagayawa a doron kasa suna cikin kewayar duniya kadan ne ko kuma yanayin yanayin kasa; geostationary yana nufin tauraron dan adam ya tsaya har yanzu a sararin sama (dangane da tsayayyen wuri a ƙasa). Wasu tauraron dan adam na hoto suna zaɓar kewayawar Rana-synchronous saboda suna iya bincika duk duniya tare da irin wannan haske. Yayin da adadin tauraron dan adam da adadin tarkacen sararin samaniya ya karu, barazanar karo ya kara tsananta. Mai kewayawa wani jirgin sama ne wanda aka kera shi don yin shigar da sararin samaniya, yana shiga kewayen jikin falaki daga wani,<ref name="d979">{{cite web | title=Definition of ORBITER | website=Merriam-Webster | date=2024-08-05 | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbiter | access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> kuma ya zama tauraron dan adam. Kadan na tauraron dan adam suna kewaya wasu jikkuna (kamar Wata, Mars, da Rana) ko jikkuna da yawa a lokaci daya (biyu don kewayar halo, uku don kewayawar Lissajous). Taurari na kallon duniya suna tattara bayanai don bincike, taswira, lura da yanayi, teku, dazuzzuka, da dai sauransu. Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna amfani da fa'idar sararin samaniya kusa da cikakkiyar injin don lura da abubuwa tare da dukkan nau'ikan bakan na lantarki. Saboda tauraron dan adam na iya ganin babban yanki na duniya a lokaci daya, tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na iya isar da bayanai zuwa wurare masu nisa. Ana amfani da jinkirin siginar daga tauraron dan adam da tsinkayen su a cikin tsarin kewayawa tauraron dan adam, kamar GPS. Ƙirƙirar jiragen sama waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama a sararin samaniya, kamar tashoshin sararin samaniya, tauraron dan adam ne kuma. Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka harba a sararin samaniya shi ne Sputnik 1 na Tarayyar Soviet, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 1957. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba, Shekarar 2022, akwai tauraron dan adam 6,718 da ke aiki a sararin duniya, wanda 4,529 na Amurka ne (3,996 na yan kasuwa), 5904 na Chaina, 174 na Rasha ne, sai kuma 1425 kuma na sauran kasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |title=UCS Satellite Database |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220002901/https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lokuntar da sukashudde== === Shawarwari na farko === Nazarin lissafi na farko da aka buga game da yiwuwar tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi shine Newton's cannonball, gwajin tunani na [[Isaac Newton]] don bayyana motsi na tauraron dan Adam na halitta, a cikin ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687). Hoton farko na tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya wani ɗan [[gajeren labari]] ne na Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century) |url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a cikin littafin Jules Verne mai suna The Begum's Fortune (1879). A Shekara ta 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) ya buga Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, wanda shine rubutun ilimi na farko game da amfani da roket don kaddamar da jirgin sama. Ya lissafa saurin orbital da ake buƙata don ƙaramin orbital, kuma ya ƙaddara cewa Rocket mai matakai da yawa wanda ke amfani da ruwa zai iya cimma wannan. Herman Potočnik ya binciki ra'ayin yin amfani da jirgin sararin samaniya don cikakken bayani game da zaman lafiya da kuma lura da ƙasa a cikin littafinsa na 1928, The Problem of Space Travel . Ya bayyana yadda yanayin sararin samaniya na musamman zai iya zama da amfani ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya. Littafin ya bayyana tauraron dan adam na geostationary (wanda Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya gabatar da shi) kuma ya tattauna sadarwa tsakanin su da ƙasa ta amfani da rediyo, ammah ya kasa da ra'ayin amfani da tauraron dan Adam don watsa shirye-shiryen taro da kuma sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Introduction to satellite |url=http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.sasmac.cn}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Wireless World ta 1945, marubucin almara na kimiyya na Ingilishi Arthur C. Clarke ya bayyana dalla-dalla yiwuwar amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don sadarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam guda uku za su samar da ɗaukar hoto a duk duniya.: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Timothy |url= |title=Satellite Communications |last2=Allnutt |first2=Jeremy E. |year=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]] |isbn=978-1-119-48217-8 |edition=3rd |oclc=1098222848}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}} A cikin Mayu Shekarar 1946, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka RAND ta fitar da Tsarin Farko na Jirgin Jirgin Ruwa na Gwaji na Duniya, wanda ya bayyana "Ana iya sa ran motar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aikin da ya dace ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin kimiyya mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na ashirin."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |title=Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship |journal=[[RAND]] |date=July 1946 |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Project RAND a ƙarshe ya fitar da rahoton, ammah ya ɗauki tauraron dan adam kayan aiki na kimiyya, siyasa, da farfaganda, maimakon makamin soja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center |first=Alfred |last=Rosenthal |publisher=NASA |year=1968 |page=15}}</ref> A cikin 1946, masanin ilimin taurari na Amurka Lyman Spitzer ya ba da shawarar na'urar hangen nesa mai kewaya sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr. |publisher=Hubble Site |url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php |url-status=live}}</ref> === Tauraron dan adam na farko === [[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|alt=Steel ball with 4 antennas|thumb|Kwafi na Sputnik 1]] Tauraron dan Adam na farko na wucin gadi shine Sputnik 1, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta harba a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1957 a karkashin shirin Sputnik, tare da Sergei Korolev a matsayin babban mai zane. Sputnik 1 ya taimaka wajen gano yawan manyan yadudduka na yanayi ta hanyar auna canjin yanayinta da kuma bayar da bayanai kan rarraba siginar rediyo a cikin ionosphere. Sanarwar nasarar Sputnik 1 da ba a yi tsammani ba ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik a Amurka tare da kunna abin da ake kira Space Race a cikin yakin cacar baki. A cikin mahallin ayyukan da aka tsara don Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya (1957-1958), Fadar White House ta sanar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1955 cewa Amurka ta yi niyyar harba tauraron dan adam a cikin bazara na 1958. Wannan ya zama sananne da Project Vanguard. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, Tarayyar Soviet ta sanar da aniyar ta harba tauraron dan adam nan da faduwar shekara ta 1957. An ƙaddamar da Sputnik 2 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba Shekara ta 1957 kuma ya ɗauki fasinja mai rai na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, kare mai suna Laika.<ref name="nasa_animals">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Animals in Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |first1=Tara |last1=Gray |first2=Steve |last2=Garber |publisher=NASA |date=2 August 2004 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An aika kare ba tare da yiwuwar dawowa ba. A farkon 1955, bayan da Ƙungiyar Rocket Society ta Amurka, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya suka matsa masa lamba, Sojoji da Navy sunyi aiki akan Project Orbiter tare da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu fafatawa. Sojojin sun yi amfani da rokar Jupiter C, yayin da shirin farar hula-Navy yayi amfani da rokar Vanguard wajen harba tauraron dan adam. Explorer 1 ya zama tauraron dan adam na farko na Amurka, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1958.<ref>{{cite news |title=50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL |agency=Associated Press |first=Alicia |last=Chang |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL}}</ref> Bayanin da aka mayar daga na'urar gano radiation ta kai ga gano bel na duniya na Van Allen.<ref name="Allen">{{cite web |title=James A. Van Allen |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=nmspacemuseum.org |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History}}</ref> Kumbon TIROS-1, wanda aka harba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1960, a matsayin wani bangare na shirin NASA Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), ya mayar da hoton talabijin na farko na yanayin yanayi da za a dauka daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David S. F. |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph P. Jr. |last2=Loftus |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |page=18 |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2000 |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> === Cigaban taurarin dan Adam na daga baya === An gina tauraron dan adam na farko zuwa zane na musamman. Tare da ci gaba a fasaha, an fara gina tauraron dan adam da yawa akan dandamalin samfuri guda ɗaya da ake kira bas ɗin tauraron dan adam. Ƙirar bas ɗin tauraron dan adam na farko da aka daidaita shi ne tauraron dan adam na HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) wanda aka harba a cikin 1972. Tun daga 1997, FreeFlyer shine aikace-aikacen software na kashe-kashe na kasuwanci don nazarin aikin tauraron dan adam, ƙira, da ayyuka. Bayan karshen shekarar 2010, kuma musamman bayan kirkira da kuma aiki filin wasa na manyan tauraron dan adam internet constellations-inda on-orbit aiki tauraron dan adam fiye da ninki biyu a tsawon shekaru biyar-kamfanonin gina taurari fara bayar da shawarar yau da kullum shirya deorbiting na mazan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kai karshen rayuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari tsari na samun wani tauraron dan adam tashar da ake bukata ta kasa da kasa da lasisin har abada.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Rosanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |title=Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes] |last2=Lamphier |first2=Peg A. |year=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-094-2 |page=126 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon farko farkon shekarar 2000, musamman bayan zuwan CubeSats da ƙara ƙaddamar da microsats - akai-akai ana ƙaddamar da su zuwa ƙananan tuddai na ƙananan kewayar duniya (LEO) - tauraron dan adam ya fara tsarawa akai-akai don lalata, ko rushewa da ƙonewa gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slejko |first1=E. A. |last2=Gregorio |first2=A. |last3=Lughi |first3=V. |year=2021 |title=Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1476 |bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1468S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037 |s2cid=233841294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Misali, SpaceX Starlink tauraron dan adam, babban tauraron tauraron dan adam na farko da ya wuce tauraron dan adam 1000 a sararin samaniya a cikin 2020, an tsara su don su zama masu lalacewa 100% kuma suna ƙonewa gaba ɗaya akan sake shigar da sararin samaniya a ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ko kuma a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya fara gazawa.<ref name="tasia202104">{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=John |last2=Husar |first2=Arndt |date=April 2021 |title=Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific |work=think-asia.org |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626 |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban, kasashe da yawa kamar [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Masar]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Indiya]], [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Italiya]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Poland]], [[Rasha]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tailandia]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Ukraine]], [[Ingila]] da [[Amurka]], suna da wasu tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchholz |first1=Katharina |title=The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=statista |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004102936/https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) da NASA sun shirya aika wani samfurin tauraron dan adam na katako mai suna LingoSat zuwa sararin samaniya a lokacin rani na 2024. Sun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na shekaru kadan kuma sun aika da samfurin katako na farko zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2021 don gwada ƙarfin kayan ga yanayin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cairns |first1=Rebecca |title=Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space |date=11 November 2023 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Bangaren wucin gadi == === Orbit da kula da tsarin tsayin === [[File:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg|thumb|Firing of ''Deep Space 1''<nowiki/>'s ion thruster]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da sinadarai ko ion propulsion don daidaitawa ko kula da kewayawarsu, tare da motsin motsi don sarrafa kusurwoyinsu guda uku na juyawa ko hali. Tauraron dan Adam da ke kusa da Duniya ya fi shafan su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen maganadisu na duniya, filin gravitational da matsi na hasken rana; Tauraron dan adam da ke da nisa ya fi shafan sauran sassan jiki na wata da Rana. Tauraron tauraron dan adam na amfani da sutura masu haske mai haske don hana lalacewa daga hasken UV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space – American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications |url=https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205215/https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |newspaper=American Elements}}</ref> Idan ba tare da kewayawa da daidaitawa ba, tauraron dan adam a cikin orbit ba zai iya sadarwa tare da tashoshin ƙasa a duniya ba. Masu tura sinadarai a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci suna amfani da monopropellant (bangare ɗaya) ko bipropellant (ɓangarorin biyu) waɗanda suke hypergolic. Hypergolic yana nufin iya ƙonewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da ake hulɗa da juna ko ga mai kara kuzari. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a kan tauraron dan adam sune monopropellants na tushen hydrazine ko monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters a kan tauraron dan adam yawanci su ne ƙwanƙwasa-tasirin Hall, waɗanda ke haifar da tursasawa ta hanzarin ions masu kyau ta hanyar grid mara kyau. Ion propulsion ya fi ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-hikima fiye da haɓakar sinadarai amma yunƙurin sa kadan ne (kusan 0.5 N ko 0.1 lbf), don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin lokacin ƙonewa. Masu matsawa yawanci suna amfani da xenon saboda ba shi da ƙarfi, ana iya sanya shi cikin sauƙi, yana da babban adadin atomic kuma ana iya adana shi azaman ruwa mai ƙarfi. === Power === [[File:ISS-54 ELC-1, main solar arrays and radiators seen from the Cupola.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Tashar sararin samaniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa na baƙaƙen hasken rana a hagu da farar radiyo a dama]] Yawancin tauraron dan adam suna amfani da hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki, kuma wasu kaɗan a cikin sararin samaniya mai ƙarancin hasken rana suna amfani da janareta na thermoelectric radioisotope. Zobba masu zamewa suna haɗa sassan hasken rana zuwa tauraron dan adam; zoben zamewa na iya juyawa su kasance daidai da hasken rana kuma suna samar da mafi ƙarfi. Duk tauraron dan adam masu amfani da hasken rana dole ne su kasance suna da batura, saboda hasken rana yana toshe a cikin motar harba da daddare. Mafi yawan nau'ikan batura don tauraron dan adam sune lithium-ion, da kuma nickel-hydrogen da suka gabata. == Aikace-aikace == === Duban duniya === [[File:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.jpg|thumb|Deployment of the [[Earth Radiation Budget Satellite]] on [[STS-41-G]], collecting data on Earth's weather and climate]] An ƙera tauraron dan adam na lura da duniya don sa ido da kuma bincikar Duniya, wanda ake kira remote sensing. Yawancin tauraron dan adam na kallon duniya ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kodayake wasu ana sanya su a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa don ɗaukar hoto mara yankewa. Wasu tauraron dan adam ana sanya su a cikin kewayawar Rana-synchronous don samun daidaiton haske da samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi na duniya. Dangane da ayyukan tauraron dan adam, ƙila su sami kyamara ta al'ada, radar, lidar, photometer, ko kayan aikin yanayi. An fi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zane, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, da aikace-aikacen bincike.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021? |url=https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |last1=Andy |website=Pixalytics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Kamar yadda na 2021, akwai sama da 950 tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya, tare da mafi girman adadin tauraron dan adam da ake sarrafa tare da Labs Planet.<ref>{{cite web |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |title=Drought and Vegetation Monitoring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819121047/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Drought/ |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=4 July 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Sadarwa === Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa tauraron dan adam ne na wucin gadi wanda ke watsawa da haɓaka siginar sadarwar rediyo ta hanyar transponder; yana samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin na'ura mai ba da labari da mai karɓa a wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ana amfani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don talabijin, tarho, rediyo, intanet, da aikace-aikacen soja.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication</ref> Tauraron tauraron dan adam da yawa suna cikin kewayar ƙasa mai nisan mil 22,236 (kilomita 35,785) sama da equator, ta yadda tauraron dan adam ya bayyana a tsaye a wuri ɗaya a sararin sama; don haka eriya ta tauraron dan adam na tashoshin ƙasa za a iya yin niyya ta dindindin a wannan wurin kuma ba dole ba ne su matsa don gano tauraron dan adam. Wasu kuma suna samar da taurarin tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya, inda eriya a ƙasa dole ne su bi matsayin tauraron dan adam kuma su canza tsakanin tauraron dan adam akai-akai. Radiyon da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tafiya ta layin gani don haka karkarwar duniya ta toshe ta. Manufar tauraron dan adam na sadarwa shine don isar da sigina a kusa da lanƙwan duniya don ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin wuraren da ba su rabu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-25 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002308/http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tauraron dan adam na sadarwa yana amfani da mitoci masu yawa na rediyo da microwave. Don guje wa tsoma bakin sigina, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna da ƙa'idodi waɗanda kewayon mitar ko "ƙungiya" wasu ƙungiyoyi an ba su izinin amfani da su. Wannan rabon makada yana rage haɗarin kutse cikin sigina.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/</ref> === Telescope === [[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] Taurari tauraron dan adam tauraron dan adam ne da ake amfani da su don kallon taurari masu nisa, taurari, da sauran abubuwan sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericsson |first=Karin |date=2018-06-13 |title=8 types of satellites that make your modern world work |url=https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113138/https://www.melbournespace.com.au/post/8-types-of-satellites-that-make-your-modern-world-work |archive-date=2024-03-30 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Melbourne Space |language=en}}</ref> === Makami === Tun daga tsakiyar 2000s, ƙungiyoyin tsageru suna yin kutse ta tauraron dan adam don watsa farfaganda da tattara bayanan sirri daga hanyoyin sadarwar soja.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Hack a Satellite while it is in orbit |url=http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320084037/http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/dmorrill/archives/hack-a-satellite-while-it-is-in-orbit-15690 |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[ITtoolbox]] Blogs |date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2004 |title=AsiaSat accuses Falungong of hacking satellite signals |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5205866_ITM |via=AccessMyLibrary |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719005250/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14557996_ITM |url-status=dead}}</ref> Don dalilai na gwaji, tauraron dan adam a cikin ƙananan kewayar duniya an lalata su da makamai masu linzami na ballistic da aka harba daga Duniya. Rasha, Amurka, China da Indiya sun nuna ikon kawar da tauraron dan adam.<ref name="asat">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=18 January 2007 |title=China Tests Anti-Satellite Weapon, Unnerving U.S. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417190320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/world/asia/18cnd-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, sojojin kasar Sin sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam da ya tsufa, sannan sojojin ruwan Amurka sun harbo wani tauraron dan adam na leken asiri a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Navy Missile Successful as Spy Satellite Is Shot Down (With Video) |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |archive-date=1 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054054/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blogs/science_news/4251430.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2015, bayan da aka gaza yin yunƙuri guda biyu, Rasha ta yi nasarar yin gwajin jirgi na wani makami mai linzami na tauraron dan adam da ake kira Nudol. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, Indiya ta harbo tauraron dan adam a tsayin kilomita 300 cikin mintuna 3, inda ta zama kasa ta hudu da ke da ikon lalata tauraron dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite weapon: Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712020749/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/27/india-test-anti-satellite-weapon-modi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasani |first=Harsh |date=June 14, 2016 |title=India's Anti-Satellite Weapons |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131652/https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/indias-anti-satellite-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sararin sama‎]] [[Category:taurarun Hamidu]] qnpjkduxq62z845f78p0hi3mk4k82tj 0 5532 883738 874150 2026-07-15T20:45:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Crilogo.jpg|thumbnail|100px]] [[Fayil:CRI headquarters (20210503185450).jpg|thumb|China Radio International]] [[Fayil:QSB 9640 kHz - 20140118@2245UTC China Radio International.png|thumb|China Radio International service plot]] '''Sin Radio International''' [da Turanci: China Radio International] (CRI) gidan rediyo ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC). A halin yanzu hedkwatarsa ​​na a Babaoshan, wani subdistrict na Beijing. Da Radio Beijing, da kuma asali Radio Peking, da aka kafa a 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1941. CRI adopts da PRC gwamnatin ta ra'ayi a kan siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi irin su siyasa matsayi na Taiwan da matsayi na Dalai Lama. CRI fitattu inganta m dangantakar tsakanin PRC da kuma duniya. Kamar yadda tare da wasu kasashe 'external gabatarda shirye shiryen kamar Muryar Amurka, BBC Radio kuma Australia, CRI taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin PRC ta taushi ikon dabarun. Ya na 30 ofisoshin kasashen waje, da kuma watsa shirye 1.520 hours na shirye-shirye a kowace rana (24 hours a Turanci), ciki har da labarai, a halin yanzu harkokin, kuma fasali a kan siyasa, da tattalin arziki, al'adu, kimiyya da fasaha. Fiye da 50 gajeren zango na tashar watsa ake amfani da su rufe mafi yawansu duniya. an watsa shirye-shirye via internet da yawa da tauraron dan adam. da shirye-shiryen da ake rebroadcast da yawa na gida FM da kuma AM gidajen rediyo a duk duniya. ==Tarihi== Radio aka fara gabatar a kasar Sin a cikin shekarar 1920s kuma 1930s. Duk da haka, 'yan gidaje da rediyo masu karba. Bayan 'yan birane da kasuwanci tashoshin. Mai of rediyo ta kasance a gare siyasa manufa, akai-akai a kan wani gida yankin matakin. Kasar Sin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta farko amfani da rediyo a Yanan a watan Maris shekarar 1940 da watsawa shigo da daga Moscow. Xinhua na kasar Sin Sabuwar Radio (XNCR) ya tafi a kan iska daga Yanan a watan Disamba 30, shekarar 1940. XNCR daukar kwayar cutar zuwa fi girma Gwargwadon yankin bayan shekarar 1945, da kuma shirye-shirye zama mafi yau da kullum da kuma slavonic tare da watsa shirye-shiryen na labarai, hukuma sanar, yaki karanta labarai, da kuma gwaninta da wallafe-wallafen shirye-shirye. Da Turanci sabis fara a ranar 11 Ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1947, yada a matsayin XNCR daga wani kogo a Shahe a cikin Taihang Mountains, <ref>"[http://english.cri.cn/6909/2011/11/25/2941s668956.htm CRI Marks China's First English Radio Show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194513/http://english.cri.cn/6909/2011/11/25/2941s668956.htm |date=2014-02-22 }}." () CRI English. November 25, 2011. Retrieved on November 16, 2013.</ref> a lokacin da kasar Sin shi ne a tsakiyar wani yakin basasa, in bãyar sabuwar nasara da yankunan da watsa shirye-shirye a kasar Sin siyasa da al'adu hangen zaman gaba ga duniya baki daya. <ref>Chang, Won Ho, "Mass Media in China: The History and the Future", Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1989, pp. 151-152.</ref><ref>China Radio International, [http://english.cri.cn/about/history.htm History and Milestones: CRI English Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824113926/http://english.cri.cn/about/history.htm |date=2013-08-24 }}()</ref> A tashar koma daga Taihang Mountains zuwa babban birnin kasar, Peking, a lõkacin da ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin da aka kafa a shekarar 1949. Da sunan da aka canza zuwa Radio Peking a 10 ga watan Afrilu , shekarar 1950 kuma zuwa Radio Beijing a shekarar 1983. A 1 ga watan Janairu , shekarar 1993 sunan tashar aka sake canza, wannan lokaci zuwa kasar Sin Radio International, domin kauce wa duk wani rikice da na gida Beijing rediyo watsa labarai. ==M kalaman / kasa da kasa watsa labarai== CRI watsa shirye via gajeren zango na tashar radio, tauraron dan adam da yanar-gizo a cikin harshen Turanci da kuma sauran harsuna da yawa (duba ƙasa). Haka kuma akwai m AM da FM relays. [[File:Radio China International.svg|thumb|Cri china radio]] Gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen a Turanci da ake niyya a Arewacin Amirka, Caribbean, Turai, Afirka, Asiya da Pacific ta Kudu. CRI kula kai tsaye gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen zuwa raya, kafofin watsa labarai mai arzikin kasashen, a Arewacin Amirka da Turai, kamar yadda manyan yammacin gabatarda shirye shiryen (kamar BBC World Service, Muryar Amurka da kuma Radio Netherlands) rage ko yanke irin wannan watsa shirye-shiryen. ==Shirye-shirye== ===Mandarin Channel=== A farkon shekarar 1984, shi ya fara watsa shirye-shirye gida sabis na Beijing yankin a AM da FM mitoci. Da sabis daga baya fadada zuwa dama, manyan birane a fadin PRC, samar da sauraro a cikin PRC da labarai da rahotanni dace, music, weather, Turanci da kasar Sin koyo basira, kazalika da sauran ayyuka. ====CRI News Radio (90.5 FM)==== CRI News Radio (CRI 环球 资讯 广播) da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2005, wanda ya riƙi amfani da CRI ta 'yan jarida daga ko ina cikin duniya, kuma bayar da rahoton kasa da kasa (da kuma partially gida) labarai, wasanni, nisha da kuma salon shirye-shirye domin cikin gida sauraro a Mandarin na kasar Sin. Da nufin yin CRI News Radio na farko-aji na kasa labarai rediyo iri da taken ne 'Na farko News, News Farko', 'A-da-Spot kasar Sin, Live Duniya' da dai sauransu. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://gb.cri.cn/21344/2007/09/29/1885@1788552.htm|title=Ѷ㲥 CRI News Radio|publisher=|access-date=2015-03-14|archive-date=2012-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523180021/http://gb.cri.cn/21344/2007/09/29/1885@1788552.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> CRI News Radio za a iya ji online da kuma a birnin [[Beijing]] a radiyo a kan 90.5 FM; a [[Tianjin]] 90.6 FM; a [[Chongqing]] 91.7 FM; a [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]], da kuma [[Macau]] 107.1 FM; a [[Shandong]] 89.8 FM; a [[Anhui]] 90,1 FM. ====Sin kwasfan fayiloli==== Da wadannan shirye-shirye da za a iya ji a Mandarin version daga cikin podcast daga World Radio Network: *News (China:新闻节目PinYin: Xin Wen jiè Mu), wanda ya zo daga kasar News Agency. *Tángrénjiē (China:唐人街Turanci translation: "Chinatown"), a shirin game da kasashen waje na kasar Sin (China waje) *Hasashen yanayi a kusa da kasar Sin *Wasanni Wannan watsa shirye-shirye da aka asali niyya a London a cikin United Kingdom. A shekara ta 2006, suka kawar da "London" tunani, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na gabatarwar a matsayin "Ni Hao London. Sannu London " <ref>{{Cite web |title=China Broadcast |url=http://gb.chinabroadcast.cn/ |access-date=2015-03-14 |archive-date=2006-10-06 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20061006010928/http%3A//gb.chinabroadcast.cn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Turanci Channel=== ====CRI a Turanci (88.0 FM, 88,7 FM, 91,5 FM, 846 AM, 1008 AM)==== Da CRI Hausa tashoshi da za a iya ji online su ne: * ''[[Round the Clock (radio)|Round the Clock]]'' (Internet kawai) * ''News Centre''(846 AM a birnin Beijing) * ''[[Hit FM (Beijing)|Hit FM]]'' (88.7 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 88.5 FM a Guangzhou (06: 00-21: 00 lokacin Beijing)) *''[[Easy FM]]'' (91.5 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 87.9 FM a birnin Shanghai (Shanghai Edition) (24H duk rana), 98.5 FM a Lanzhou) *''Language Studio'' (1008 AM a birnin Beijing) - wani sa'a ​​daya shirin da ya koyar da Turanci ga wanda ya san kawai Mandarin (ba za a gauraye da [[Chinese Studio]]). Shirin sauti kamar kindergarten Turanci darasi a Amurka ta yin amfani da mai sauqi qwarai sentences (misali ''Mary goes to the bank''). * [[CRI 91.9 FM]] (''Kenya 91.9 FM'') * [[Chinese Studio]] ne mai 5 minti kashi cewa ya bi mafi CRI Hausa shirye-shirye * [[China Drive]] ne Turanci rediyo show game da rayuwa a cikin PRC * [[CRI FM 102]] a [[Sri Lanka]] a Sinhala, Tamil, Turanci da kasar Sin (05: 30-19: 30 lokacin Sri Lanka) [http://www.crienglish.com CRIENGLISH.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318001711/http://www.crienglish.com/ |date=2021-03-18 }} yayi wani m kewayon abun ciki na bidiyo a kan ta [http://english.cri.cn/video/ video channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315235847/http://english.cri.cn/video/ |date=2015-03-15 }} , ciki har da da dama flagship nuna rufe music, fina-finai da kuma comedy. da cikin hannu na m shirin gaskiya style guntun wando focussing on al'ada da tafiya a cikin kasar Sin. ====Turanci Taskar labarai==== Da Turanci podcast daga World Radio Network hada da wadannan shirye-shirye, duk wanda aka taka leda a [[Easy FM]], [[CRI 91.9 FM]] a Kenya, kuma a gidajen rediyo a ko'ina cikin duniya. * ''Hourly News'' * ''The Beijing Hour'' (maye gurbin weekday 'News & Reports' tun farkon 2010) * ''News & Reports'' * ''People in the Know'' * ''Press Clippings'' * ''Studio Plus'' * ''Today'' * ''[[China Drive]]'' * ''[[Realtime China]]'' * ''Africa Express'' * ''[[Chinese Studio]]'' (tallafa ta Bridge School) ===Holiday watsa shirye-shiryen=== A lokacin manyan Sin holidays (An Kwafa [[Golden Week (China)|Golden Week]]), irin su kasar [[Chinese New Year|Sin Sabuwar Shekara]], [[May Day]], da kuma [[Mid-Autumn Festival|tsakiyar-Autumn Festival]], kasar Sin Radio International yawanci watsa shirye na musamman shirye-shirye kamar: *Girma Up A kasar Sin (a lokacin May Day biki) Mafi yawa daga shirye-shirye ba hali na watsa shirye-shirye a lokacin da wasu sassa na shekara. Da misalin shi ne kama da Kirsimeti music watsa shirye-shiryen, a Amirka. ===Harsuna=== Sin Radio International watsa shirye-shiryen da wadannan harsunan: <ref name="cri._CRIO">{{Cite web| title = CRI Online| work = cri.cn| accessdate = 2015-02-15| url = http://www.cri.cn/index1.htm| archive-date = 2015-02-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150213071402/http://www.cri.cn/index1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> {|width=45% |-valign=top |width=15%| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]<br> [[Arabic language|Arabic]]<br> [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]<br> [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br> [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]<br> [[Burmese language|Burmese]]<br> [[Croatian language|Croatian]]<br> [[Cambodian language|Cambodian]]<br> [[Mandarin Chinese]]<br> [[Czech language|Czech]]<br> [[Danish language|Danish]]<br> [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<br> [[English language|English]]<br> [[Esperanto language|Esperanto]]<br> |width=15%| [[Estonian language|Estonian]]<br> [[Filipino language|Filipino]]<br> [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<br> [[French language|French]]<br> [[German language|German]]<br> [[Greek language|Greek]]<br> [[Hausa language|Hausa]]<br> [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<br> [[Hindi]]<br> [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<br> [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<br> [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br> [[Italian language|Italian]]<br> [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<br> |width=15%| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]<br> [[Korean language|Korean]]<br> [[Laotian language|Laotian]]<br> [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]<br> [[Malay language|Malay]]<br> [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<br> [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br> [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]<br> [[Persian language|Persian]]<br> [[Polish language|Polish]]<br> [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br> [[Pashto language|Pashto]]<br> [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<br> [[Russian language|Russian]]<br> |width=15%| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]<br> [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]<br> [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<br> [[Swahili language|Swahili]]<br> [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<br> [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br> [[Thai language|Thai]]<br> [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan (Lhasa and Kangba)]]<br> [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<br> [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<br> [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br> [[Uygur language|Uygur (China and Central Asia)]]<br> [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<br> |} Da Tibet, da Uygur da kuma Kazakh ayyuka suna watsa shirye-shirye cikin tarayya, da na gida rediyo (Tibet Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station kuma Xinjiang Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station). ===Olympics Radio=== A watan Yuli 2006, CRI ta kaddamar da wani sabon rediyo tashar da ake kira CRI Olympic Radio a 900 AM a birnin Beijing. Wannan na musamman watsa shirye-shirye da aka yi a Mandarin, Yaren mutanen Koriya, Turanci, Rasha, Faransa, Mutanen Espanya, Larabci, Japan da Jamus 24 hours a rana. Wannan sabis kare a marigayi 2008 da kuma a yanzu da mita 900 AM aka shagaltar da CRI News Radio (Beijing kawai). <!--==Kwatanta== {{External program hours}}--> == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== <!--{{Portal|China|Radio}}--> * [http://hausa.cri.cn/ CRI Hausa] * [http://english.cri.cn CRI English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205193827/http://english.cri.cn/ |date=2020-12-05 }} * [http://www.wcetv.com/v5_2015v1/menu_detail_tv.asp WCETV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214420/http://www.wcetv.com/v5_2015v1/menu_detail_tv.asp |date=2014-05-12 }} Free Online Stream * [http://www.short-wave.info/?station=CHINA%20RADIO%20INTER. List of short-wave frequencies and sites currently on-air] * [http://www.am880.net Hawaii KHCM AM880] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528161635/http://www.am880.net/ |date=2010-05-28 }} * [http://english.cri.cn/beyondbeijing Beyond Beijing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305163752/http://english.cri.cn/beyondbeijing/ |date=2016-03-05 }} * [http://newsradio.cri.cn/index.htm CRI News Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615182211/http://newsradio.cri.cn/index.htm |date=2012-06-15 }} <!--{{Zh icon}}--> * [http://www.npr.org/about/press/000417.wrn.html Commentary about CRI in the US] * [http://dxradio.50webs.com SWDXER] ¨The SWDXER¨ - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips. * [http://misterscience.blogspot.com Mr Science segment from China Drive] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021042806/http://geocities.com/Tokyo/Harbor/6080/Thesis/Ch2-1.htm The History of Culture and Mass Media in China] * [http://www.radio86.com Radio86, Chinese news and culture in 10 European languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205044317/http://radio86.com/ |date=2006-12-05 }} [[Category:Kafofin watsa labarai a birnin Beijing]] 96s0uj6iplp35wi5ak114rkfs42rhej 3 6214 883773 883127 2026-07-15T21:27:51Z ~2026-40126-77 46998 /* Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki */ sabon sashe 883773 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ajhsr16qgg35r0bpt1ho3zncrof3vo7 0 6309 883841 865990 2026-07-16T05:29:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:A village in Cross River State.jpg|thumb|wani yanki a jihar cross river]] [[File:Eastern Boki Market, Wula, Cross River State.jpg|thumb|Babbar kasuwa ]] [[Fayil:Kwafalls.jpg|thumb|Kogin kwafall ]] [[Fayil:Cross River Boatman 3.jpg|thumb|Cross River]] '''Jihar Cross River,''' Jiha ce dake yankin kudu maso kudancin [[Najeriya]]. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta, ne daga [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross River]], wacce aka samar daga tsohuwar [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya]] a ranar 27 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1967. Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Kalaba|Calabar]], kuma ta hada iyaka da [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]] daga arewa, daga yamma da jihohin [[Ebonyi]] da [[Abiya]], daga kudu maso yamma da Jihar [[Akwa Ibom]], yayinda iyakokinta na gabas suka hada iyaka da kasar [[Kamaru]].<ref>E.J. Alagoa, Tekena N. Tamuno (1989). ''Land and people of Nigeria: Rivers State''.</ref> A da an fi saninta da suna Jihar Kudu maso Gabas kafin a canza mata suna a shekarar 1987, Jihar Cross River a da ta hada da yankin Jihar [[Akwa Ibom]] ta yau, wacce ta zamo jiha mai zaman kanta a shekara ta 1987.<ref name=":0">"This is how the 36 states were created". ''Pulse.ng''. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 December2021.</ref> Acikin, [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jerin jihohi 36 dake Nijeriya]], Jihar Akwai Ibom itace ta goma sha tara a fadin kasa, kuma itace ta ashirin da bakwai a [[Jerin yawan habakar mutane a jahohin Najeriya|yawan jama'a a Najeriya]] tare da kiyasi na kimanin mutum miliyan 3.8 bisa shekara ta 2016.<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> Ta fuskar yanayin kasa, jihar ta rabu tsakanin ''Guinean forest–savanna mosaic'' daga kuryar arewacin jihar da kuma ''Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests'' a daukakin yankunan cikin Jihar. Kananun yankunan jihar sun hada da '' Central African mangroves'' daga gafen teku na kurya kudancin jihar a matsayin sashin ''montane Cameroonian Highlands forests'' daga karshen yankin arewa maso gabas. Wani muhimmin al'amari na yanayin kasar jihar itace [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross River]], wacce ta raba cikin garin Cross River biyu kafin ta samar da iyakar yammacin jihar, yayinda take fada wa cikin gabar kogin Cross River. Sauran muhimman ruwayen yankin sune [[Kogin Calaba]] da kuma [[Kwararar ruwa|Kogin Great Kwa]] wanda suke gudana daga cikin gari na yankin tsaunukan Oba kafin su hayo ta birnin Calaba kafin sannan su kwarara cikin gabar Kogin Cross River suma. Daga cikin garin kuma akwai dazukan da gwamnati ke kula da su kamarsu: ''Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, da kuma Mbe Mountains Community Forest''. Wadannnan gandun dajin suna dauke da nau'ikan dabbobi iri-irin kamar kadoji, biran gorilla da makamantansu.<ref>"Cross River National Park (Oban Division)". ''[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division)". ''[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria''. Retrieved 16 December2021.</ref><ref>"Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary". ''[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Mbe Mountains". ''[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Cross River ta yau tana dauke da kabilu da dama na tsawon karni da dama; irinsu [[Mutanen Efik]] dake zaune a yankin kudancin Kogin Calabar; [[Mutanen Ekoi]], dake kudancin cikin gari; [[Akunakuna|Kabilar Akunakuna]], [[Mutanen Boki]], [[Mutanen Bahumono]], da kuma [[Mutanen Yakö]] dake zaune a yankin tsakiyar jihar, da kuma Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, Ukelle (Kukele) dake yankin arewacin jihar. Jihar Cross River ta yau kafin zuwan Turawan mulki mallaka ta rabu zuwa kashi daban daban yayin da wasu ke karkashin "Kungiyar Aro" su kuma kabilar Aro suka hada [[Duke Town|Akwa Akpa]] na (tsohuwa Calabar). Yankin kungiyar Aro ta zamo sashe na mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1884 a matsayin babban birnin yankin mulkin mallaka na Oil River, amma turawa basu gama samun cikakke iko a yankin ba sai a shekarar 1900. A wannan lokacin ne har wayau aka hade wannan yankin (wacce aka sake wa suna zuwa "Niger Coast Protectorate") acikin Yankin mulkin mallakar Turawa na Kudan in Najeriya wacce daga baya ta zamo Najeriya ta Birtaniya. Bayan an hade yankunan Kasar, mafi akasarin Jihar Cross River ta fada karkashin yankunan da suka bijirewa mulkin mallaka na turawa da kuma "rikicin mata" da kuma cinikayya ta hanyar tashar jirgin kasa dake Calabar.<ref>"Calabar". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Amedi, E. (1982). ''Ethics in Nigerian culture''. Heinemann.</ref> [[Fayil:River cliffs on the Cross River valley - geograph.org.uk - 3356935.jpg|thumb|Cross River]] Bayan Najeriya ta samun 'yancin kai a 1960, mafi akasarin yankunan Jihar Cross River ta yau na daga cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya, har zuwa shekarar 1967, lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma jihar ta fada karkashin Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Kwanaki kadan bayan haka ne yankin Inyamurai na gabas suka janyo [[Yakin basasar Najeriya]] wanda aka kwashe tsawon shekaru uku ana gwabzawa, a kokarinsu na samar da kasa mai zaman kanta na [[Biyafara]]; Anyi tarzoma sosai a yankin tashar jirgin ruwa na Calabar ([[Operation Tiger Claw]]), yayi da sojojin Biyafara sukai ta kwashe asalin mutanen Cross River saboda su ba Inyamurai bane.<ref>Omaka, Arua Oko (17 February 2014). "The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970". ''Journal of Retracing Africa''. '''1'''(1): 25–40. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> Bayan yakin basasar, bayan an hade yankin cikin Kasar Najeriya, jihar ta fada karkashin Jihar Kudu maso Gabas har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da aka canza mata suna zuwa Jihar Cross River.<ref>Kiebel, C.B. (1976). ''Juju belief and practice in Nigeria: Rivers State''.</ref> Shekaru goma sha daya bayan haka, an sake raba yankin yammacin jihar inda aka kirkiri sabuwa Jihar [[Akwa Ibom]].<ref name=":0" /> Jihar a da ta kunshi yanki mai arzikin man fetur na [[Bakassi]] amma daga baya an mika ta zuwa ga Kasar [[Kamaru]] a karkashin wata yarjejeniya ta [[Yarjejeniyar "Greentree Agreement"]]. Kasancewar akwai yankunan da ake noma a jihar, tattalin arzikin Jihar sun ta'allakane ta wani fannin akan noman cocoyam, roba, manja, doya, cocoa, kashuw da ayabar plantain da kuma kamun kifi. Sauran muhimman harkoki sun hada da yawon bude idanu a yankunan tarihi, bikin Calabar Carnival, wurin shakatawa na tsibiri Obudu. Jihar Cross River na da itace goma sha uku acikin [[Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban Jama'a]] sannan akwai ma yan makarantu na gaba da sakandare a jihar.<ref>"Nigeria hands Bakassi to Cameroon". ''BBC News''. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> [[Fayil:A mud house in Cross River State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb]] Jihar nada yawan filin kasa kimanin kilomita araba’i 20,156 da yawan jama’a milyan uku da dubu dari bakwai da talatin da bakwai da dari biyar da sha bakwai (kidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). Babban birnin jahar ita ce [[Calabar]]. [[Benedict Ayade]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ivara Esu]]. Dattijan jihar sun hada da: [[Gershom Bassey]], [[Rose Okoji Oko]] da [[John Enoh]].<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> == Yanayin kasa == Jihar Cross River ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross River]] wacce ta rasa ta tsakiyar jihar. Jiha ce dake gabar teku a yankin [[Niger Delta]], kuma ta mamaye fili mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 20,156kmsq. Jihar ta hada iyaka da jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Benue]] daga arewa, jihohin [[Ebonyi]] da [[Abiya]] daga yamma, daga gabas kuwa da gundumar [[Sud-Ouest Province, Cameroon|Sud-Ouest]] na Kasar Kamaru, sannan daga kudu kuwa da jihar [[Akwa Ibom]] da [[Tekun Atalanta]].<ref>Andem, A. B; Udofia, U. U; Okorafor, K. A; George, U. U (11 August 2013). "Bioaccumulation of some Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon (THC) in the Tissues of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus Fuscatus Var Radula) in the Intertidal Regions of Qua Iboe River Basin, Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria". ''Greener Journal of Biological Sciences''. '''3''' (7): 258–264. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.15580/gjbs.2013.7.072913762. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 2276-7762.</ref> Akwai kananan hukumomi 18 a jihar. === Kananan Hukumomi === Jihar Cross River tanada [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha bakwai (17). Sune: * [[Abi]] * [[Akamkpa]] * [[Akpabuyo]] * [[Bakassi]] * [[Bekwarra]] * [[Biase]] * [[Boki]] * [[Etung]] * [[Ikom]] * [[Kalabar Municipal]] * [[Kalabar ta Kudu]] * [[Obanliku]] * [[Obubra]] * [[Obudu]] * [[Odukpani]] * [[Ogoja]] * [[Yakuur]] * [[Yala]] == Tarihi == An kirkiri Jihar Kudu maso Kudancin Najeriya a ranar 27 Mayun shekarar 1967, daga tsohuwar [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya]], a lokacin mulkin tsohon shugaban kasa [[Yakubu Gowon|Gen. Yakubu Gowon]]. An canza mata suna zuwa Jihar Cross River a shekarar 1976 a lokacin mulkin soja na Gen. [[Murtala Mohammed]] daga Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya.<ref>Benjamin Obi Nwabueze (1982). ''A Constitutional History of Nigeria''. C. Hurst and Co LTD, UK. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780905838793|<bdi>9780905838793</bdi>]].</ref> An cire Jihar [[Akwa Ibom]] daga ciki ta bisa ga sabon tsarin jihohi da aka fidda a watan Satumban 1987 na lokacin mulkin shubagan kasa [[Ibrahim Babangida]].<ref>"Brief History of Cross-River State:: Nigeria Information & Guide". ''www.nigeriagalleria.com''. Retrieved 5 July 2018.</ref> Gwagwarmayar samar da sabbin jihohi ta soma a shekarar 1980, a lokacin mulkin farar hula ta [[Shehu Shagari]], a yayin da sanata [[Joseph Oqua Ansa]](MON) mai wakiltar mazabar Calabar na kan iko. Babban birnin jihar itace Calabar. Muhimman biranenta sun hada da [[Akamkpa|Calabar Municipality, Akamkpa]], [[Biase]], [[Kalabar ta Kudu]], [[Ikom]], [[Igede]], [[Obubra]], [[Odukpani]], [[Ogoja]], Bekwarra, [[Ugep]], [[Obudu]], [[Obanliku]], [[Akpabuyo]], Ofutop, Iso-bendghe, Danare, [[Boki, Nigeria|Boki]], [[Yala, Nigeria|Yala]], Bendeghe Ekiem, Etomi, [[Ediba]], Itigidi, [[Ugep]], Ukpe da kuma [[Ukelle]].<ref>"Cross River State, Nigeria". ''Maryland Sister States''. Retrieved 8 August 2021.</ref> Shugabanni da dama sun jagoranta jihar wanda suka hada da: Udoakaha J. Esuene, Paul Omu, Tunde Elegbede, [[Clement Isong]], Donald Etiebet, [[Dan Archibong|Daniel Archibong]], Ibim Princewill, Ernest Atta, Clement Ebri, Ibrahim Kefas, Gregory Agboneni, Umar Faoruk Ahmed, Christopher Osondu, [[Donald Duke]], [[Liyel Imoke]] da kujma [[Benedict Ayade]]. Gwamna mai ci shine [[Benedict Ayade]], wanda aka rantsar a ranar 29 Mayun 2015. An sake zabar sa a karo na biyu a zaben shekara ta 2019 a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. == Jama'a == Jihar ta hada kabilu da dama,<ref>"List of Tribes in Cross River State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". Retrieved 8 August 2021.</ref><ref>"Cross River | state, Nigeria". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> wanda suka hada da [[Mutanen Efik|Efik]], [[Mutanen Ekoi|Ejagham]], [[Mutanen Yakö|Yakurr]], [[Mutanen Bahumono|Bahumono]], Bette, Yala, [[Igede]], [[Ukelle]] da kuma kabilar Bekwarra da dai sauransu. Akwai muhimman harsuna hudu da akafi amfani dasu a jihar, Faransanci, Efik, Bekwarra, da kuma Ejagham. Ana amfani da harshen [[Mutanen Efik]] a kowanne sashi na jihar, musamman a garuruwan Calabar Municipality, Calabar ta kudu, Akpabuyo, Bakassi, Akampkpa, Biase, da kuam Odukpani. Akwai kuma harshen Jagham wanda ake amfani dashi a duk fadin Jihar Cross River. Mafi akasarin masu magana da harshen Efik na zaune ne a yankin mazabar Kudancin Cross River, ko kamar yadda akafi saninta da gundumar ''Greater Calabar,'' wacce ta hada da kananan hukumomin Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, da kuma Akamkpa. Har wayau, akwai kuma shugaban mutanen Qua a Calabar, wadanda ke magana da harshen Ejagham. Kabilar Ejagham ta asali sun mamaye yankunan Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase da kuma Akampkpa na Jihar Cross River. Haka zalika kuma, akwai kabilun Yakurr/Agoi/Bahumono a kananan hukumomin Yakurr da Abi, yayinda su kuma Mbembe ake samunsu a karamar hukumar Obubra. Daga can tsakiyar arewacin jihar kuma akwai harsuna da dama da suka hada da; Etung, Olulumo, Ofutop, Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke da kuma [[Boki people|Boki]] duka a kananan hukumomin Ikom, Etung da Boki. Har ila yau ana samun mutanen Yala/Yache, Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuk, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra da kuma Utukwang a yankunan Ogoja, Yala, Obudu da Obanliku da kuma karamar hukumar Bekwarra. Yaren Yala sun kasance wani reshe na yaren Idoma, daga cikin reshen Yala kuwa akwai mutanen Igede wanda ake zaton sunyi kaura daga Oju na Jihar [[Benue]], da Ora, na Jihar [[Edo]]. Yaren Bekwarra na daya daga cikin harsuna da akafi amfani dasu a Jihar Cross River. har sauran yaruka na yankin na fahimtar yaren. Ana amfani da wannen harshe tare da sauran harsuna irinsu Efik da Ejagham a wajen watsa labarai a tashohin rediyo da na telebijin na jihar. Duk da rabe-raben harsuna daban daban na jihar, dukkannin wadanna harsuna sun samo asali ne daga Yarukan Niger-Congo. Daga karshe, A jihar ake gudanar da bikin Carnival mafi girma a [[Afirka]].<ref>"25 Interesting Facts About Cross River State". 17 July 2020.</ref><ref>"Cross River State History, LGA & Senatorial Districts". ''Aziza Goodnews''. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2022.</ref> ==Harsuna== Harsunan Cross River dangane da kananan hukumomin da ake amfani dasu sun hada da:<ref name=e22>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Abi ||[[Gwune language|Agwagwune]]; [[humono language|Humono]]; Ikwo-Igbo |- | Akamkpa ||[[Agoi language|Agoi]]; [[Bakpinka language|Bakpinka]]; [[Uyanga language|Doko-Uyanga]]; [[Efik language|Efik]]; [[Lubila language|Lubila]]; [[Nkukoli language|Nkukoli]]; [[Akpet language|Ukpet-Ehom]]; Ejagham; [[Kiong language|Kiong]]; [[Dorop language|Korop]]; [[Ubaghara language|Ubaghara]]; [[Ukwa language|Ukwa]]; [[Umon language|Umon]] |- | Bekwarra ||[[Bekwarra language|Bekwarra]]; [[Tiv language|Tiv]]; [[Putukwam language|Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike]] |- | Biase ||[[Gwune language|Agwagwune]]; [[Efik language|Efik]]; [[Ubaghara language|Ubaghara]]; [[Ukwa language|Ukwa]];[[Umon language|Umon]] |- | Boki ||[[Bete-Bendi language|Bete-Bendi]]; [[Bokyi language|Bokyi]] |- | Calabar ||[[Efik language|Efik]]; [[Jagham language|Ejagham]] |- | Ikom || [[Efik language|Efik]]; [[Jagham language|Ejagham]]; [[Abanyom language|Abanyom]]; Bukpe; [[Futop language|Efutop]]; [[Mbembe language|Mbembe]],; [[Nde-Nsele-Nta language|Nde-Nsele-Nta]]; [[Ndoe language|Ndoe]]; [[Nkukoli language|Nkukoli]]; [[Nnam language|Nnam]]; [[Ikom language|Olulumo-Ikom]]; Yala |- | Obanliku ||[[Bete-Bendi language|Bete-Bendi]]; [[Evant language|Evant]]; [[Iceve-Maci language|Iceve-Maci]]; [[Obanliku language|Obanliku]]; [[Otank language|Otank]]; Tiv |- | Obubra || Agoi; [[Humono language|Hohumono]]; Legbo; [[Nyima language|Lenyima]]; [[Yigha language|Leyigha]]; Lokaa; Mbembe; [[Nkukoli language|Nkukoli]]; Yala; Ikwo-Igbo |- | Obudu || Bete-Bendi; Bukpe; [[Bumaji language|Bumaji]]; Elege; Tiv; [[Ubang language|Ubang]]; [[Putukwam language|Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike]]; [[Efik language|Efik]] |- | Odukpani || [[Efik language|Efik]]; Ejagham; Idere; Kiong; Korop; Odut; Usaghade |- | Ogoja || Ekajuk; Igede; Kukele; Mbe; Nkem-Nkum; Nnam; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; Uzekwe; [[Efik language|Efik]] |- | Yakurr || Lokaah; Agoi, Asiga |- | Yala || Izii-Igbo; Mbembe; Igede; Yace; Yala; Kukelle |} Other languages spoken in Cross State are Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, and Okobo.<ref name=e22/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Willamson|first=Kay|title=Languages of Niger Delta|year=1968|pages=124–130}}</ref> ==Bukukuwa== Bukukuwan da ake gudanarwa a Jihar Cross River sun hada da: *Bikin Kirismeti na Jihar Cross River – 1 December to 31 December annually<ref>{{Cite web|title=Be part of the famous Cross River State Christmas Festival - Nigeria|url=http://www.nigeria-direct.com/activity/be-part-of-the-famous-cross-river-state-christmas-festival#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20spectacular%20occasion,and%20celebrate%20its%20African%20heritage.|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.nigeria-direct.com|archive-date=2021-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919055941/http://www.nigeria-direct.com/activity/be-part-of-the-famous-cross-river-state-christmas-festival#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20spectacular%20occasion,and%20celebrate%20its%20African%20heritage.|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Bikin Carnival Float na Jihar Cross River – 26 and 27 December yearly *Bikin Yakurr Leboku Yam festival – 28 August annually *Bikin Calabar Boat Regata *Bikin Anong Bahumono Festival wanda ake gudanarwa a Kauyen Anong, inda ake raye-raye iri-iri, wanda suka hada da Ikpobin (wanda ake dauka matsayin rawa na nishadi a jihar), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei da kuma Eta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festivals and Carnivals in Rivers State :: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Rivers/Festivals-Carnivals-Rivers-State.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> *[[Ediba]] Bikin Bahumono Festival wandaake gudanarwa a Kauyen [[Ediba]] Duk ranar [[Asabar]] ta karshen kowanne watan [[Juli]] *Bikin Bekwarra, Obudu, Obanliku, Igede New yam festival wanda ake gudanarwa a duk ranar Asabar ta farko na watan Satumban kowacce shekara. == Bude Idanu == [[File:Boshi extension, Okwangwo Division of Cross River National Park.3.jpg|300px|thumb|Cross River National Park]] Wuraren bude idanu a jihar sun hada da: Waterfalls of Agbokim, Kogin Calabar, Tinapa Business Resort, Calabar Marina, Calabar Residency Museum da Calabar Slave Park, Ikom Monoliths, Mary Slessor Tomb, Calabar Drill Monkey Sanctuary, Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain walkway canopy, Kwa falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa Business Resort, titin jirgin kasa na Mono da kuma bikin shekara-shekara Calabar Carnival da ake gudanarwa a lokacin bikin kirismeti. Za'a iya riskar Jihar Cross River ta tashar [[Filin jirgin saman Kalaba]], ana sufurin mutane da kayayyaki zuwa yankun daban daban na kasar. Akwai kuma sauran filayen jirgi kamar su Air peace Airlines, Ibom Air Airlines da kuma na kwanannan Cally Air,wanda Aero Contractors ke gudanar da ita. == Addini == Yawancin mutanen Cross Rivers galibi Kiristoci ne, tare da tsiraru suna bin addinai daban-daban na asali. Cocin Katolika ya haɗa da Archdiocese na Calabar tare da parishes 51<ref>"Calabar (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 16 February 2025</ref> a ƙarƙashin Archbishop Joseph Effiong Ekuwem<ref>"Ogoja (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</ref> da kuma Suffragan Diocese na Ogoja<ref>"Ogoja (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 16 February 2025</ref> tare da parishes 79 a ƙarƙashin Bishop Donatus Edet Akpan.<ref>"Bishop Donatus Edet Akpan [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</ref> Lardin Anglican na Niger Delta ya haɗa da Diocese na Calabar wanda Bishop Nneoyi O. Egbe ke jagoranta.<ref>"Province of Niger Delta | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". 26 March 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2025</ref> ==Ilimi== An fara karatu da harsunan gargajiya a jihar. Makarantu da dama na amfani da harsunan gargjiya a wajen koyarwa a jihar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willamson|first=Key|title=The Rivers Readers project in Nigeria in Bamgbose. A.ed. mother tongue education; the west African experience.|publisher=UNESCO press|year=1976}}</ref> The Tertiary educational institutions in the State includes: * [[Jami'ar Calabar]], * [[Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Jihar Cross River]] * [[College of Health Technology]], [[Calabar]] * [[Ibrahim Babangida College of Agriculture]], [[Obubra]] * Cross River State College of Education wanda ke, [[Akamkpa]] * Federal College of Education, [[Obudu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fceobudu.edu.ng/ |title=Home |website=fceobudu.edu.ng}}</ref> * Technical College Ugep, [[Yakurr Local Government Area|Yakurr]] * [[Arthur Javis University|Arthur Jarvis University]], [[Akpabuyo]]<ref>"Cross River State History, LGA & Senatorial Districts". Aziza Goodnews. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2022</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbte.gov.ng/institutions.html |title=Institutions |publisher=National Board for Technical Education |access-date=2010-03-20 |archive-date=2017-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215044312/http://www.nbte.gov.ng/institutions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba Kuma == *[[Tinapa Resort]] *[[Akwa Akpa]] *[[Cross River language]] == Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cross River}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] d3lwcda9cron8epqd3qhip4t4uh2zlb 0 9029 883861 866753 2026-07-16T07:03:26Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Alkaluma */ 883861 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SkillsAquisitionChikunLGA-This project is among the constituency projects facillated by the Distinguished Sen. Uba Sani.jpg|thumb|SkillsAquisitionChikunLGA-This_project_is_among_the_constituency_projects_facillated_by_the_Distinguished_Sen._Uba_Sani]]{{databox}} [[File:SkillAquisitionSabonGarinNassarawChikunLGA.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Group picture maskless 29.01.2022.jpg|thumb|Group_picture_maskless_29.01.2022]] '''Chikun ƙaramar''' [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce da ke tsakiyar [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna a]] [[Najeriya]].Tana da yanki 4,466&nbsp;km {{Sup|2}}, kuma tana da yawan jama'a da ya kai 372,272 kamar,yadda yake a lissafin ƙidayar 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Kujama. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ita ce 2438000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA019 |title=Kaduna State of Nigeria |website=City Population |access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> == Iyakoki == Ƙaramar hukumar Chikun tana da iyaka da ƙaramar hukumar [[Kachia]] a kudu, [[Kajuru|ƙaramar hukumar Kajuru]] a gabas, ƙaramar hukumar [[Kaduna ta Kudu|Kaduna ta kudu]] a arewa maso gabas, ƙaramar hukumar [[Igabi]] a arewa maso gabas, [[Birnin Gwari|ƙaramar hukumar Birnin Gwari]] a arewa maso yamma da [[Neja|Niger. Jiha]] zuwa yamma, bi da bi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref><ref>"Latest violence in Southern Kaduna Longest on record - Report". Premium Times. February 12, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa == Karamar hukumar Chikun ta kunshi gundumomi 12 da ake kira Wards (bangaren gudanarwa na biyu), wato:<ref>"Kaduna-State-Political-Map". Voice of Nigeria. Retrieved August 7, 2020</ref><ref>"Weather Forecast Chikun - Nigeria (Kaduna) : free 15 day weather forecasts". Weather Crave. 2024-08-21. Retrieved 2024-08-21.</ref><ref>"Factors Militating Against The Introduction Of Computer Education In Secondary Schools: A Case Study Of Five Schools In Chikun Local Government Area Of Kaduna State | Eduprojects.ng". eduprojects.ng. Retrieved 2026-05-30.</ref> # Chikun # Gwagwada # Kakau # Kujama # Kunai # Kuriga # Narayi # Nassarawa # Rido # Sabon Gari Nassarawa # Sabon Tasha # Yelwa == Tarihi == Ƙaramar hukumar Chikun ta samo sunan ta ne daga wani kauyen [[Gbagyi]] mai suna Chikun dake kudu maso gabashin Kujama . Asalin yankin mutanen [[Gbagyi|Gbagyi ne ke zaune]] amma yanzu an mamaye shi ta hanyar birnewa ya zama yanki na [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna baki]] ɗaya.<ref>"Chikun, Nigeria Hourly Weather Forecast | Weather Underground". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-08-21.</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2021, an yi garkuwa da daliban makarantar sakandare sama da 100.<ref>"Chikun Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2024-08-21.</ref> == Alkaluma == === Yawan jama'a === Karamar hukumar Chikun bisa kididdigar da aka yi a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2006, ta nuna cewa, a kidayar jama’arta ta kai kimanin 372,272. [https://citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA019, ''Hukumar Kididdiga ta Najeriya da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa''] ta yi hasashen yawanta zai kai 502,500 nan da 21 ga Maris, 2016. === Mutane === ==== Mutanen asali ==== ’Yan asalin ƙasar su ne mutanen [[Gbagyi]] . Su ma su ne mafi yawan al'ummar yankin. ==== Sauran mutane ==== == Mulki == Esu Chikun ( ''Sa-Gbagyi'' kwanan nan), Danjuma Shekwonugaza Barde na [[Gbagyi]], shi ne sarkin gargajiya na yankin. Hukuncin Sarkin ya shafi daukacin karamar hukumar Chikun da wasu sassan karamar hukumar [[Kaduna ta Kudu]] na kauyen Talabijin da kuma Romi New <ref>"Chikun, Kaduna State, Nigeria". Retrieved September 25, 2020.</ref>Extension.<ref>"mindtrip". Mindtrip. Retrieved 2025-08-29.</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|Jerin kauyukan jihar Kaduna]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Kaduna State}} g7k03rc4q67bbvkm62q08ih4pz4tfp3 0 9035 883859 866903 2026-07-16T06:52:33Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Tarihi */ 883859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Jaba the Great in 2022.jpg|thumb|Jaba_the_Great_in_2022]] Jaba Listenⓘ yanki ne na Ƙaramar Hukuma a kudancin Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 531.<ref>"Kaduna State of Nigeria". City Population. Retrieved September 26, 2020.</ref> Tana kusa da yankin Jos Plateau da Abuja a tsakiyar Najeriya a Yammacin Afirka. Babban birnin gwamnatin yana cikin garin Kwoi. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 801.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> Shugaban ƙaramar hukuma yana kula da harkokin tattalin arziki da ci gaba a yankin.<ref>"Jaba Local Government Area". www.finelib.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.</ref> Locus bean == Etymology == An sanya mata suna bayan Jaba kalma ce ta Hausa da ake amfani da ita wajen kwatanta mutanen Ham waɗanda ke mamaye mafi yawan ƙananan hukumomin.<ref>Koelle, S. W., Hair, P. E. H., & Dalby, D (1854). Polyglotta Africana: or a comparative vocabulary of nearly three hundred words and phrases in more than one hundred distinct African languages. OCLC 457998516.</ref><ref>John, P. H (2017). Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: A discourse analysis investigation (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University).</ref> == Tarihi == An ƙirƙiri Ƙaramar Hukuma a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1991.<ref>Kaduna State Government (2018). Jaba Local Government Development Plan 2018-2020 (PDF). Kaduna: Kaduna State Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-07.</ref> An fitar da ita ne daga ƙaramar hukumar Jema'a.[7] Karamar hukumar tana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin wurare a kudancin Kaduna, waɗanda Jaba ke da manyan sarakuna tun lokacin mulkin mallaka daga 1910 har zuwa yau.<ref>James, Ibrahim (2007). The politics of chiefdoms in Kaduna state. Kaduna: Vanguard Publishers Ltd.</ref> Yanayin Ƙasa Yankin karamar hukumar Jaba yana da matsakaicin zafin yanayi na digiri 32 na Celsius ko digiri 89.6 na Fahrenheit kuma jimillar fadin murabba'in kilomita 368. An ruwaito cewa matsakaicin danshi na yankin karamar hukumar shine kashi 34%, kuma matsakaicin saurin iska a yankin shine kilomita 10/h (6.2 mph).<ref>"Jaba Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2023-08-18.</ref><ref>"Latest violence in Southern Kaduna Longest on record - Report". Premium Times. February 12, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</ref> == Iyakoki == Yankin karamar hukumar Jaba (LGA) yana da iyaka da karamar hukumar Kachia zuwa arewa maso yamma, karamar hukumar Kagarko zuwa kudu maso yamma, karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf a arewa, karamar hukumar Jema'a a gabas; da kuma karamar hukumar Karu ta jihar Nasarawa a kudu, bi da bi.<ref>"Latest violence in Southern Kaduna Longest on record - Report". Premium Times. February 12, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</ref><ref>"Kaduna-State-Political-Map". Voice of Nigeria. Retrieved August 7, 2020</ref> == Tsarin Arziki == An san Jaba da matsayinta na noma na musamman a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan yankunan da ake noma citta a duniya, tare da sayarwa da fitar da kayayyaki da ke kara habaka tattalin arzikin yankin sosai. Rago, awaki, rakuma, da jakuna kadan ne daga cikin dabbobin gida da ake kiwonsu da sayar da su a karamar hukumar. Farauta da ciniki wasu muhimman ayyuka ne guda biyu na tattalin arziki da mazauna karamar hukumar Jaba ke gudanarwa. Rarrabuwar Gudanarwa Ƙaramar Hukumar Jaba ta ƙunshi sassa 10 (sassan gudanarwa na biyu) ko kuma gundumomin zaɓe, wato:<ref>EDU (2020-08-07). "EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA". FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION. Retrieved 2026-06-13.</ref> Chori (Kyoli) - wanda ya ƙunshi masu magana da Kyoli<ref>Decker, Ken, John Muniru, Julius Dabet, Benard Abraham and Jonah Innocent. 2020. A Sociolinguistic Profile of the Kyoli (Cori) [cry] Language of Kaduna State, Nigeria. SIL Electronic Survey Reports.</ref> # Daddu # Dura Bitaro # Fada # Fai # Nduya # Nok # Sabchem # Sabzuro # Samban == Ƙididdiga == A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2000 da 2006, akwai mutane 155,973 a yankin gwamnatin da kuma hasashen 2016 na mutane 210,500.<ref>Population Council. "Report of Nigeria's National Population Commission on the 2006 Census". Population and Development Review. 33: 206–210.</ref> Mutanen Ham ne ke zaune a ciki, wani ɓangare na mutanen da ake kyautata zaton sun ƙirƙiri al'adun Nok.[7] Mazauna yankin galibi Kiristoci ne. Kayayyakin more rayuwa Hanyoyi Daga babban birnin Jihar Filato, Jos, tafiya ce ta mota zuwa Kafanchan zuwa Sambang, Kwain, Nok, da sauran ƙauyuka. Daga Kaduna, tafiya ce ta ratsa Kachia, Ngboodub, Ghikyaar da kuma Har Kwain.[an buƙaci ambato] Ilimi Akwai ofisoshin/hukumomin gudanarwa da cibiyoyin ilimi, inda babbar cibiya ɗaya tilo da ta fi girma ita ce Kwalejin Horar da Fastoci ta ECWA da ke Kwain (Kwoi).[15][[File:Jaba', Jenin 001.jpg|thumb |Jaba',_Jenin_001]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT: Jaba}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Kaduna]] 6g5fxyrlmlfg7cddumv4zqe6sdjjw27 0 9403 883633 296716 2026-07-15T17:28:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 883633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''' Arewa Dandi ''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|ƙaramar hukuma]] ce dake a [[Jihar Kebbi]], a Arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya]].helkwatar ta tana cikin garin arewa dandi, sunan shugaban karamar hukumar Alhaji salihu Garba Dila. {{Hujja}}{{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Dandi, Arewa}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Kebbi]] 9ysixra66ef2wakfo53ljrz6ibzega3 0 9748 883466 843760 2026-07-15T14:00:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Burutu''' [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma ce ta]] [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].<ref>"Burutu | Nigeria | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2022-01-31.</ref> Tana nan a gabar tekun Niger-Delta. Burutu na da alaka da hanyoyin ruwa zuw tituna. Mafi akasarin mutanen wannan yanki sun fito ne daga harshen [[Ijaw people|Ijo]]. == Bayani == === Birane da Kauyukan Burutu === Karamar Hukumar Burutu na da kananan hukumomi da suka hada da;<ref>places (1970-01-01). "Towns & Villages in Burutu « Delta State « Nigeria". ''Towns & Villages''. Retrieved 2022-01-31.</ref> # Burutu-Forcados: Burutu, Forcados, Keremo2 # Iduwun: Kolorugbene, Odimodi, Osamayigben Ogulagha:nBenibayo, Ogulagha, Yobebe, Yokrisobo # Obatebe: Abadima, Okorogbene, Kalagfionene, Kenlogbene, Obatebe, Opuapale # Ngbilebiri/Main: Agbodobiri, Akparegmobini, Amasuomo, Biokorgha, Egodor, Egologbene, Gbekebor, Kiagbo, New Town, Ngbilebiri, Ogbeingbene, Ogbolugbiri, Okrika, Yayogbene, Zion-Oyagbene. # Operemor: Abadiama, Bolu-Ojobo, Bolou Ndoro, Egrangbene, Ekogbene, Ekumugbene, Ojobo, Rougbene. # Seimibiri: Dunu-Ogusu, Edegbene, Nikorogha, Oboro, Ogbene, Okpokunon, Okuamo # Toumo: Bolua-Tamigbe, Botu-Mangbebe, Bolu-Tebegbe, Douebido-zion, Founkoro-Gbene, Isreallo-zion, Ogbogbabene, Toru-Temigbe, Torugbene, Toubo Town. === Harkokin Kasuwanci === A farkon karni na 20, birnin ta fadada a dalilin ayyukan kamfanin Niger da kuma daga baya United African Company (UAC), wacce ke da harajin sufurin kayayyaki na kamfanin Niger (Niger Company) a Burutu.<ref name=":0">"Report". Lagos: Commission of Enquiry into the Disturbances Which Occurred at Burutu on 21 June 1947. 1948: 1. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 34553671</ref> Kafin farkon. karni na 20, tashar kamfanin na Niger na can a Akassa amma daga baya sun koma yammacin yankin izuwa Burutu zuwa kusa da Forcados. Sai daga baya Burutu ta fara aiki a matsayin tashar jirgin ruwa na sufurin kayayyaki na kamfanonin Niger da kuma UAC, suna jigilar kayayyaki daga jiragen ruwa zuwa garuwan yankunan arewacin Najeriya da yankunan Faransa ta River Niger da River Benue.<ref name=":0" /> A da tashan jirgin ruwan na Burutu na karkashin kulawar UAC,<ref>"An Ocean-going Vessel Alongside the Main Wharves of the United Africa Company's Private Port at Burutu, in Nigeria." Financial Times, 1 June 1954, p. 8. The Financial Times Historical Archive</ref> amma daga baya ta koma karkashin tashar [[Nigeria Port Authority]].<ref>"Buxton, James. "Cargocats Revitalise Burutu." Financial Times, 18 Feb. 1976, p. 4. The Financial Times Historical Archive</ref> ==Yanayi== Ba kasafai yanayin zafin yankin ke sauka ƙasa da 64 °F ko kuma ya haura 89 °F ba a duk shekara, tare da lokacin damina mai ɗan dumi da kuma gajimare kaɗan-kaɗan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burutu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/51401/Average-Weather-in-Burutu-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Simulated historical climate & weather data for Burutu |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/burutu_nigeria_2346317 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yearly & Monthly weather - Burutu, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/burutu-climate |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="coord">{{Cite web |title=Burutu, Delta, Nigeria - City, Town and Village of the world |url=https://en.db-city.com/Nigeria--Delta--Burutu |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=en.db-city.com |language=en}}</ref> == Hanyoyin Waje == *http://cas.umkc.edu/GeoSciences/LCAM/NIGER_DELTA/PAGES/N_Burutu_FocusGroup.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201181640/http://cas.umkc.edu/GeoSciences/LCAM/NIGER_DELTA/PAGES/N_Burutu_FocusGroup.htm |date=2014-02-01 }} == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 2qdgrtmpl1lkxr6hkiqqz8yis0a232e 0 14041 883666 839476 2026-07-15T17:39:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 883666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Image:Locked In Sight.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] [[Image:Locked In Battle.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] '''Dambe''' fasaha ce ta gwagwarmayar [[Hausawa]] daga ƙasar Najeriya. Masu fafatawa a cikin wasa na yau da kullun suna son su rinjayi junansu cikin jimlar ƙaddamar wa galibi a cikin zagaye uku. Sau da yawa yana haifar da munanan raunuka na jiki ga masu ƙalubalen kamar karyayyun muƙamuki da haƙarƙari. Kalmar Hausa "daæmaænga" ana kiran 'yan dambe.<ref name="Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet">{{cite web|title=Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/dambe-ancient-form-nigerian-boxing-swept-internet-180608112430973.html|first1=Festus|last1=Iyorah|work=Al Jazeera|date=June 18, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Al'adun masunta ne da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na Hausa, kuma cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga dangin waɗannan sana'o'in da ke tafiya zuwa ƙauyukan gona a lokacin girbi, tare da haɗa ƙalubalen faɗa daga waje zuwa nishaɗin bikin girbi na gida. Hakanan an yi shi a zaman al'ada a matsayin hanyar maza don yin shiri don yaƙi, kuma yawancin dabaru da kalmomin da suka shafi yaƙi. A yau, kamfanonin 'yan dambe suna balaguro suna yin wasannin waje tare da biki da raye -raye, a ko'ina cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya, Kudancin Nijar da kudu maso yammacin Chadi. Wasan ya samu babbar kulawa daga Ma’aikatar Matasa da Raya Wasannin Tarayyar Najeriya yayin da minista, Sunday Dare ya yi alƙawarin a watan Disamba na 2019 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiya ta ƙasa tare da haɗin guiwa da Dambe Sport Association don kafa gungiya don shirya gasa da gasa a duk faɗin Najeriya da wajen Najeriya. Shirye-shirye sun riga sun fara aiki kafin barkewar COVID-19 da ta mamaye ƙasar a farkon shekarar 2020. ==Yadda ake dambe== A al'adance, ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin maza na gungun mahauta wadanda kuma za su kalubalanci maza daga masu sauraron kauyensu. An zana shi daga kananan kabilar Hausa wadanda su kadai ne za su iya yanka dabbobi da sarrafa nama, mahauta masu tafiya sun kafa ƙungiyoyin dambe daga darajarsu da ake kira "runduna". Gasar su ta faru ne a bukukuwan da ke nuna karshen lokacin girbi ko zuwan Kaka, yayin da dangin mahauta za su yi tafiya don yanka dabbobi ga al'ummomin gona. Lokacin Kaka yana nuna lokacin da al'ummomin karkara ke cike da kudi, don haka caca akan abubuwan karfi ya kasance yana da alaqa da wadannan bukukuwan. A yau, mahalarta galibi matasa ne na birni waɗanda ke yin horo a gidan motsa jiki ko bayan gida, suna yin gasa duk shekara. Duk da cewa ba a kiyaye rabe-raben mahautan Hausa ba, har yanzu yanayin yan uwantaka yana nan, yayin da matasan da suka shiga sahun kwararrun suka shiga gungiyar kwararru wadanda ke balaguro don yin fafatawa a bukukuwa kamar fitowan, cike da ingantattun sautunan sauti da kuma tsauraran al'adu kafin wasan. Yin fare na gefe don masu kallo da jakar kyaututtuka ga masu fafatawa sun kasance muhimmin sashi na taron. A lokacin fafatawar kauyuka, ana yin gasa a wani yanki da aka share wanda ake kira fagen fama, tare da masu kallo suna kafa iyakokin zobe. A cikin fadan birni na zamani, ana yin gasa ta gida a cikin zoben wucin gadi, galibi ana saitawa a waje da tsire-tsire na nama kamar yadda membobin kabilun mahauta na gargajiya har yanzu suka fi yawa. A cikin wadannan wasannin na birane, mahalarta suna sa gajeren wando maimakon sutura. Yashi ya cika filin wasan Lutte Traditionnelle na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda aka saba da shi a manyan garuruwa, ana amfani da shi don manyan fafatawa, kuma galibi ana hada shi da wasannin kokawa na gargajiya. Ko na gargajiya ko na zamani, kade-kade da kade-kade na gaba kafin a fara fafatawa. Kida da wakoki suna da alaqa da gungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane, kuma suna hidima don kiran masu dambe a zobe, suna kin abokan hamayya, da karfafa sa hannu na masu sauraro. A fadan gargajiya, galibi ana amfani da layu azaman sifofin kariya ta allahntaka. Ana kuma ganin layu a fadan birni na zamani, amma jami'ai gaba daya suna hana yin amfani da kariya ta sihiri bisa adalci. Har yanzu abu ne gama gari cewa ana sanya layu a cikin matashin kai cike da gashin tsuntsaye wanda mayaƙ Ka ke sanyawa a cikin dunkulensu, kuma mayaka galibi suna dora hannunsu mai bugawa, suna goge salves da resins cikin raunin warkarwa wanda ake nufin ba da jarfi ko kariya. Wasu kamfanonin damben zamani masu balaguro suna shiga shan sigari na al'ada na Hemp ko Marijuana kafin a fara. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Dambe_poses_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu sun take File:Le_dambe.jpg|Dan dambe File:Dembe_game.jpg|A take ana neman sa'a File:A_national_sport-Dambe_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu yan'dambe File:Glove_wrapping-Dambe_Deidei_2010.jpg|A dokar Dambe dole sai anyi Nadi na zare a hannu. Hannun da aka nada zare shi ke nuna mutum ba hago ne ko ba dame. File:Hausa_game.jpg|Kisa! (Taka kasa shine Kisa ko faduwa a gasar dambe) File:Taiye_(right)_-_a_champion_dambe_boxer.jpg|Taiye Wani jarumi daga kudu a gefen dama </gallery> [[Category:Hausa]] 73oputxmgt5qv73sobnzl8ncxh4yqit 883668 883666 2026-07-15T17:39:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 883668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Image:Locked In Sight.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] [[Image:Locked In Battle.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] '''Dambe''' fasaha ce ta gwagwarmayar [[Hausawa]] daga ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Masu fafatawa a cikin wasa na yau da kullun suna son su rinjayi junansu cikin jimlar ƙaddamar wa galibi a cikin zagaye uku. Sau da yawa yana haifar da munanan raunuka na jiki ga masu ƙalubalen kamar karyayyun muƙamuki da haƙarƙari. Kalmar Hausa "daæmaænga" ana kiran 'yan dambe.<ref name="Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet">{{cite web|title=Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/dambe-ancient-form-nigerian-boxing-swept-internet-180608112430973.html|first1=Festus|last1=Iyorah|work=Al Jazeera|date=June 18, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Al'adun masunta ne da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na Hausa, kuma cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga dangin waɗannan sana'o'in da ke tafiya zuwa ƙauyukan gona a lokacin girbi, tare da haɗa ƙalubalen faɗa daga waje zuwa nishaɗin bikin girbi na gida. Hakanan an yi shi a zaman al'ada a matsayin hanyar maza don yin shiri don yaƙi, kuma yawancin dabaru da kalmomin da suka shafi yaƙi. A yau, kamfanonin 'yan dambe suna balaguro suna yin wasannin waje tare da biki da raye -raye, a ko'ina cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya, Kudancin Nijar da kudu maso yammacin Chadi. Wasan ya samu babbar kulawa daga Ma’aikatar Matasa da Raya Wasannin Tarayyar Najeriya yayin da minista, Sunday Dare ya yi alƙawarin a watan Disamba na 2019 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiya ta ƙasa tare da haɗin guiwa da Dambe Sport Association don kafa gungiya don shirya gasa da gasa a duk faɗin Najeriya da wajen Najeriya. Shirye-shirye sun riga sun fara aiki kafin barkewar COVID-19 da ta mamaye ƙasar a farkon shekarar 2020. ==Yadda ake dambe== A al'adance, ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin maza na gungun mahauta wadanda kuma za su kalubalanci maza daga masu sauraron kauyensu. An zana shi daga kananan kabilar Hausa wadanda su kadai ne za su iya yanka dabbobi da sarrafa nama, mahauta masu tafiya sun kafa ƙungiyoyin dambe daga darajarsu da ake kira "runduna". Gasar su ta faru ne a bukukuwan da ke nuna karshen lokacin girbi ko zuwan Kaka, yayin da dangin mahauta za su yi tafiya don yanka dabbobi ga al'ummomin gona. Lokacin Kaka yana nuna lokacin da al'ummomin karkara ke cike da kudi, don haka caca akan abubuwan karfi ya kasance yana da alaqa da wadannan bukukuwan. A yau, mahalarta galibi matasa ne na birni waɗanda ke yin horo a gidan motsa jiki ko bayan gida, suna yin gasa duk shekara. Duk da cewa ba a kiyaye rabe-raben mahautan Hausa ba, har yanzu yanayin yan uwantaka yana nan, yayin da matasan da suka shiga sahun kwararrun suka shiga gungiyar kwararru wadanda ke balaguro don yin fafatawa a bukukuwa kamar fitowan, cike da ingantattun sautunan sauti da kuma tsauraran al'adu kafin wasan. Yin fare na gefe don masu kallo da jakar kyaututtuka ga masu fafatawa sun kasance muhimmin sashi na taron. A lokacin fafatawar kauyuka, ana yin gasa a wani yanki da aka share wanda ake kira fagen fama, tare da masu kallo suna kafa iyakokin zobe. A cikin fadan birni na zamani, ana yin gasa ta gida a cikin zoben wucin gadi, galibi ana saitawa a waje da tsire-tsire na nama kamar yadda membobin kabilun mahauta na gargajiya har yanzu suka fi yawa. A cikin wadannan wasannin na birane, mahalarta suna sa gajeren wando maimakon sutura. Yashi ya cika filin wasan Lutte Traditionnelle na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda aka saba da shi a manyan garuruwa, ana amfani da shi don manyan fafatawa, kuma galibi ana hada shi da wasannin kokawa na gargajiya. Ko na gargajiya ko na zamani, kade-kade da kade-kade na gaba kafin a fara fafatawa. Kida da wakoki suna da alaqa da gungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane, kuma suna hidima don kiran masu dambe a zobe, suna kin abokan hamayya, da karfafa sa hannu na masu sauraro. A fadan gargajiya, galibi ana amfani da layu azaman sifofin kariya ta allahntaka. Ana kuma ganin layu a fadan birni na zamani, amma jami'ai gaba daya suna hana yin amfani da kariya ta sihiri bisa adalci. Har yanzu abu ne gama gari cewa ana sanya layu a cikin matashin kai cike da gashin tsuntsaye wanda mayaƙ Ka ke sanyawa a cikin dunkulensu, kuma mayaka galibi suna dora hannunsu mai bugawa, suna goge salves da resins cikin raunin warkarwa wanda ake nufin ba da jarfi ko kariya. Wasu kamfanonin damben zamani masu balaguro suna shiga shan sigari na al'ada na Hemp ko Marijuana kafin a fara. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Dambe_poses_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu sun take File:Le_dambe.jpg|Dan dambe File:Dembe_game.jpg|A take ana neman sa'a File:A_national_sport-Dambe_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu yan'dambe File:Glove_wrapping-Dambe_Deidei_2010.jpg|A dokar Dambe dole sai anyi Nadi na zare a hannu. Hannun da aka nada zare shi ke nuna mutum ba hago ne ko ba dame. File:Hausa_game.jpg|Kisa! (Taka kasa shine Kisa ko faduwa a gasar dambe) File:Taiye_(right)_-_a_champion_dambe_boxer.jpg|Taiye Wani jarumi daga kudu a gefen dama </gallery> [[Category:Hausa]] rz183zrg634nefidi1gjrr5gl4c0v9i 883670 883668 2026-07-15T17:40:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 883670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Image:Locked In Sight.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] [[Image:Locked In Battle.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] '''Dambe''' fasaha ce ta gwagwarmayar [[Hausawa]] daga ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Masu fafatawa a cikin wasa na yau da kullun suna son su rinjayi junansu cikin jimlar ƙaddamar wa galibi a cikin zagaye uku. Sau da yawa yana haifar da munanan raunuka na jiki ga masu ƙalubalen kamar karyayyun muƙamuki da haƙarƙari. Kalmar Hausa "daæmaænga" ana kiran 'yan dambe.<ref name="Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet">{{cite web|title=Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/dambe-ancient-form-nigerian-boxing-swept-internet-180608112430973.html|first1=Festus|last1=Iyorah|work=Al Jazeera|date=June 18, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Al'adun masunta ne da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na Hausa, kuma cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga dangin waɗannan sana'o'in da ke tafiya zuwa ƙauyukan gona a lokacin girbi, tare da haɗa ƙalubalen faɗa daga waje zuwa nishaɗin bikin girbi na gida. Hakanan an yi shi a zaman al'ada a matsayin hanyar maza don yin shiri don yaƙi, kuma yawancin dabaru da kalmomin da suka shafi yaƙi. A yau, kamfanonin 'yan dambe suna balaguro suna yin wasannin waje tare da biki da raye -raye, a ko'ina cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya, Kudancin Nijar da kudu maso yammacin [[Cadi|Chadi]]. Wasan ya samu babbar kulawa daga Ma’aikatar Matasa da Raya Wasannin Tarayyar Najeriya yayin da minista, Sunday Dare ya yi alƙawarin a watan Disamba na 2019 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiya ta ƙasa tare da haɗin guiwa da Dambe Sport Association don kafa gungiya don shirya gasa da gasa a duk faɗin Najeriya da wajen Najeriya. Shirye-shirye sun riga sun fara aiki kafin barkewar COVID-19 da ta mamaye ƙasar a farkon shekarar 2020. ==Yadda ake dambe== A al'adance, ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin maza na gungun mahauta wadanda kuma za su kalubalanci maza daga masu sauraron kauyensu. An zana shi daga kananan kabilar Hausa wadanda su kadai ne za su iya yanka dabbobi da sarrafa nama, mahauta masu tafiya sun kafa ƙungiyoyin dambe daga darajarsu da ake kira "runduna". Gasar su ta faru ne a bukukuwan da ke nuna karshen lokacin girbi ko zuwan Kaka, yayin da dangin mahauta za su yi tafiya don yanka dabbobi ga al'ummomin gona. Lokacin Kaka yana nuna lokacin da al'ummomin karkara ke cike da kudi, don haka caca akan abubuwan karfi ya kasance yana da alaqa da wadannan bukukuwan. A yau, mahalarta galibi matasa ne na birni waɗanda ke yin horo a gidan motsa jiki ko bayan gida, suna yin gasa duk shekara. Duk da cewa ba a kiyaye rabe-raben mahautan Hausa ba, har yanzu yanayin yan uwantaka yana nan, yayin da matasan da suka shiga sahun kwararrun suka shiga gungiyar kwararru wadanda ke balaguro don yin fafatawa a bukukuwa kamar fitowan, cike da ingantattun sautunan sauti da kuma tsauraran al'adu kafin wasan. Yin fare na gefe don masu kallo da jakar kyaututtuka ga masu fafatawa sun kasance muhimmin sashi na taron. A lokacin fafatawar kauyuka, ana yin gasa a wani yanki da aka share wanda ake kira fagen fama, tare da masu kallo suna kafa iyakokin zobe. A cikin fadan birni na zamani, ana yin gasa ta gida a cikin zoben wucin gadi, galibi ana saitawa a waje da tsire-tsire na nama kamar yadda membobin kabilun mahauta na gargajiya har yanzu suka fi yawa. A cikin wadannan wasannin na birane, mahalarta suna sa gajeren wando maimakon sutura. Yashi ya cika filin wasan Lutte Traditionnelle na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda aka saba da shi a manyan garuruwa, ana amfani da shi don manyan fafatawa, kuma galibi ana hada shi da wasannin kokawa na gargajiya. Ko na gargajiya ko na zamani, kade-kade da kade-kade na gaba kafin a fara fafatawa. Kida da wakoki suna da alaqa da gungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane, kuma suna hidima don kiran masu dambe a zobe, suna kin abokan hamayya, da karfafa sa hannu na masu sauraro. A fadan gargajiya, galibi ana amfani da layu azaman sifofin kariya ta allahntaka. Ana kuma ganin layu a fadan birni na zamani, amma jami'ai gaba daya suna hana yin amfani da kariya ta sihiri bisa adalci. Har yanzu abu ne gama gari cewa ana sanya layu a cikin matashin kai cike da gashin tsuntsaye wanda mayaƙ Ka ke sanyawa a cikin dunkulensu, kuma mayaka galibi suna dora hannunsu mai bugawa, suna goge salves da resins cikin raunin warkarwa wanda ake nufin ba da jarfi ko kariya. Wasu kamfanonin damben zamani masu balaguro suna shiga shan sigari na al'ada na Hemp ko Marijuana kafin a fara. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Dambe_poses_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu sun take File:Le_dambe.jpg|Dan dambe File:Dembe_game.jpg|A take ana neman sa'a File:A_national_sport-Dambe_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu yan'dambe File:Glove_wrapping-Dambe_Deidei_2010.jpg|A dokar Dambe dole sai anyi Nadi na zare a hannu. Hannun da aka nada zare shi ke nuna mutum ba hago ne ko ba dame. File:Hausa_game.jpg|Kisa! (Taka kasa shine Kisa ko faduwa a gasar dambe) File:Taiye_(right)_-_a_champion_dambe_boxer.jpg|Taiye Wani jarumi daga kudu a gefen dama </gallery> [[Category:Hausa]] 08hd5qgdvsehr77algem7k8qn0705tl 883673 883670 2026-07-15T17:40:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 883673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Image:Locked In Sight.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] [[Image:Locked In Battle.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] '''Dambe''' fasaha ce ta gwagwarmayar [[Hausawa]] daga ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Masu fafatawa a cikin wasa na yau da kullun suna son su rinjayi junansu cikin jimlar ƙaddamar wa galibi a cikin zagaye uku. Sau da yawa yana haifar da munanan raunuka na jiki ga masu ƙalubalen kamar karyayyun muƙamuki da haƙarƙari. Kalmar Hausa "daæmaænga" ana kiran 'yan dambe.<ref name="Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet">{{cite web|title=Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/dambe-ancient-form-nigerian-boxing-swept-internet-180608112430973.html|first1=Festus|last1=Iyorah|work=Al Jazeera|date=June 18, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Al'adun masunta ne da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na Hausa, kuma cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga dangin waɗannan sana'o'in da ke tafiya zuwa ƙauyukan gona a lokacin girbi, tare da haɗa ƙalubalen faɗa daga waje zuwa nishaɗin bikin girbi na gida. Hakanan an yi shi a zaman al'ada a matsayin hanyar maza don yin shiri don yaƙi, kuma yawancin dabaru da kalmomin da suka shafi yaƙi. A yau, kamfanonin 'yan dambe suna balaguro suna yin wasannin waje tare da biki da raye -raye, a ko'ina cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya, Kudancin Nijar da kudu maso yammacin [[Cadi|Chadi]]. Wasan ya samu babbar kulawa daga Ma’aikatar Matasa da Raya Wasannin Tarayyar Najeriya yayin da minista, Sunday Dare ya yi alƙawarin a watan Disamba na 2019 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiya ta ƙasa tare da haɗin guiwa da Dambe Sport Association don kafa gungiya don shirya gasa da gasa a duk faɗin Najeriya da wajen Najeriya. Shirye-shirye sun riga sun fara aiki kafin barkewar COVID-19 da ta mamaye ƙasar a farkon shekarar 2020. ==Yadda ake dambe== A al'adance, ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin maza na gungun mahauta wadanda kuma za su kalubalanci maza daga masu sauraron kauyensu. An zana shi daga kananan kabilar Hausa wadanda su kadai ne za su iya yanka dabbobi da sarrafa nama, mahauta masu tafiya sun kafa ƙungiyoyin dambe daga darajarsu da ake kira "runduna". Gasar su ta faru ne a bukukuwan da ke nuna karshen lokacin girbi ko zuwan Kaka, yayin da dangin mahauta za su yi tafiya don yanka dabbobi ga al'ummomin gona. Lokacin Kaka yana nuna lokacin da al'ummomin karkara ke cike da kudi, don haka caca akan abubuwan karfi ya kasance yana da alaqa da wadannan bukukuwan. A yau, mahalarta galibi matasa ne na birni waɗanda ke yin horo a gidan motsa jiki ko bayan gida, suna yin gasa duk shekara. Duk da cewa ba a kiyaye rabe-raben mahautan Hausa ba, har yanzu yanayin yan uwantaka yana nan, yayin da matasan da suka shiga sahun kwararrun suka shiga gungiyar kwararru wadanda ke balaguro don yin fafatawa a bukukuwa kamar fitowan, cike da ingantattun sautunan sauti da kuma tsauraran al'adu kafin wasan. Yin fare na gefe don masu kallo da jakar kyaututtuka ga masu fafatawa sun kasance muhimmin sashi na taron. A lokacin fafatawar kauyuka, ana yin gasa a wani yanki da aka share wanda ake kira fagen fama, tare da masu kallo suna kafa iyakokin zobe. A cikin fadan birni na zamani, ana yin gasa ta gida a cikin zoben wucin gadi, galibi ana saitawa a waje da tsire-tsire na nama kamar yadda membobin kabilun mahauta na gargajiya har yanzu suka fi yawa. A cikin wadannan wasannin na birane, mahalarta suna sa gajeren wando maimakon sutura. Yashi ya cika filin wasan Lutte Traditionnelle na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda aka saba da shi a manyan garuruwa, ana amfani da shi don manyan fafatawa, kuma galibi ana hada shi da wasannin kokawa na gargajiya. Ko na gargajiya ko na zamani, kade-kade da kade-kade na gaba kafin a fara fafatawa. Kida da wakoki suna da alaqa da gungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane, kuma suna hidima don kiran masu dambe a zobe, suna kin abokan hamayya, da karfafa sa hannu na masu sauraro. A fadan gargajiya, galibi ana amfani da layu azaman sifofin kariya ta allahntaka. Ana kuma ganin layu a fadan birni na zamani, amma jami'ai gaba daya suna hana yin amfani da kariya ta sihiri bisa adalci. Har yanzu abu ne gama gari cewa ana sanya layu a cikin matashin kai cike da gashin tsuntsaye wanda mayaƙ Ka ke sanyawa a cikin dunkulensu, kuma mayaka galibi suna dora hannunsu mai bugawa, suna goge salves da resins cikin raunin warkarwa wanda ake nufin ba da jarfi ko kariya. Wasu kamfanonin damben zamani masu balaguro suna shiga shan sigari na al'ada na Hemp ko Marijuana kafin a fara. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Dambe_poses_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu sun take File:Le_dambe.jpg|Dan dambe File:Dembe_game.jpg|A take ana neman sa'a File:A_national_sport-Dambe_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu yan'dambe File:Glove_wrapping-Dambe_Deidei_2010.jpg|A dokar Dambe dole sai anyi Nadi na zare a hannu. Hannun da aka nada zare shi ke nuna mutum ba hago ne ko ba dame. File:Hausa_game.jpg|Kisa! (Taka kasa shine Kisa ko faduwa a gasar dambe) File:Taiye_(right)_-_a_champion_dambe_boxer.jpg|Taiye Wani jarumi daga kudu a gefen dama </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Category:Hausa]] 4szhcw7h1vfc8ljsf1s7cpo12o4u3rt 883675 883673 2026-07-15T17:41:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 883675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Image:Locked In Sight.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] [[Image:Locked In Battle.jpg|thumb|Dambe.]] '''Dambe''' fasaha ce ta gwagwarmayar [[Hausawa]] daga ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Masu fafatawa a cikin wasa na yau da kullun suna son su rinjayi junansu cikin jimlar ƙaddamar wa galibi a cikin zagaye uku. Sau da yawa yana haifar da munanan raunuka na jiki ga masu ƙalubalen kamar karyayyun muƙamuki da haƙarƙari. Kalmar Hausa "daæmaænga" ana kiran 'yan dambe.<ref name="Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet">{{cite web|title=Dambe: How an ancient form of Nigerian boxing swept the internet|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/dambe-ancient-form-nigerian-boxing-swept-internet-180608112430973.html|first1=Festus|last1=Iyorah|work=Al Jazeera|date=June 18, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Al'adun masunta ne da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na Hausa, kuma cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga dangin waɗannan sana'o'in da ke tafiya zuwa ƙauyukan gona a lokacin girbi, tare da haɗa ƙalubalen faɗa daga waje zuwa nishaɗin bikin girbi na gida. Hakanan an yi shi a zaman al'ada a matsayin hanyar maza don yin shiri don yaƙi, kuma yawancin dabaru da kalmomin da suka shafi yaƙi. A yau, kamfanonin 'yan dambe suna balaguro suna yin wasannin waje tare da biki da raye -raye, a ko'ina cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya, Kudancin Nijar da kudu maso yammacin [[Cadi|Chadi]]. Wasan ya samu babbar kulawa daga Ma’aikatar Matasa da Raya Wasannin Tarayyar Najeriya yayin da minista, Sunday Dare ya yi alƙawarin a watan Disamba na 2019 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiya ta ƙasa tare da haɗin guiwa da Dambe Sport Association don kafa gungiya don shirya gasa da gasa a duk faɗin Najeriya da wajen Najeriya. Shirye-shirye sun riga sun fara aiki kafin barkewar COVID-19 da ta mamaye ƙasar a farkon shekarar 2020. ==Yadda ake dambe== A al'adance, ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin maza na gungun mahauta wadanda kuma za su kalubalanci maza daga masu sauraron kauyensu. An zana shi daga kananan kabilar Hausa wadanda su kadai ne za su iya yanka dabbobi da sarrafa nama, mahauta masu tafiya sun kafa ƙungiyoyin dambe daga darajarsu da ake kira "runduna". Gasar su ta faru ne a bukukuwan da ke nuna karshen lokacin girbi ko zuwan Kaka, yayin da dangin mahauta za su yi tafiya don yanka dabbobi ga al'ummomin gona. Lokacin Kaka yana nuna lokacin da al'ummomin karkara ke cike da kudi, don haka caca akan abubuwan karfi ya kasance yana da alaqa da wadannan bukukuwan. A yau, mahalarta galibi matasa ne na birni waɗanda ke yin horo a gidan motsa jiki ko bayan gida, suna yin gasa duk shekara. Duk da cewa ba a kiyaye rabe-raben mahautan Hausa ba, har yanzu yanayin yan uwantaka yana nan, yayin da matasan da suka shiga sahun kwararrun suka shiga gungiyar kwararru wadanda ke balaguro don yin fafatawa a bukukuwa kamar fitowan, cike da ingantattun sautunan sauti da kuma tsauraran al'adu kafin wasan. Yin fare na gefe don masu kallo da jakar kyaututtuka ga masu fafatawa sun kasance muhimmin sashi na taron. A lokacin fafatawar kauyuka, ana yin gasa a wani yanki da aka share wanda ake kira fagen fama, tare da masu kallo suna kafa iyakokin zobe. A cikin fadan birni na zamani, ana yin gasa ta gida a cikin zoben wucin gadi, galibi ana saitawa a waje da tsire-tsire na nama kamar yadda membobin kabilun mahauta na gargajiya har yanzu suka fi yawa. A cikin wadannan wasannin na birane, mahalarta suna sa gajeren wando maimakon sutura. Yashi ya cika filin wasan Lutte Traditionnelle na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda aka saba da shi a manyan garuruwa, ana amfani da shi don manyan fafatawa, kuma galibi ana hada shi da wasannin kokawa na gargajiya. Ko na gargajiya ko na zamani, kade-kade da kade-kade na gaba kafin a fara fafatawa. Kida da wakoki suna da alaqa da gungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane, kuma suna hidima don kiran masu dambe a zobe, suna kin abokan hamayya, da karfafa sa hannu na masu sauraro. A fadan gargajiya, galibi ana amfani da layu azaman sifofin kariya ta allahntaka. Ana kuma ganin layu a fadan birni na zamani, amma jami'ai gaba daya suna hana yin amfani da kariya ta sihiri bisa adalci. Har yanzu abu ne gama gari cewa ana sanya layu a cikin matashin kai cike da gashin tsuntsaye wanda mayaƙ Ka ke sanyawa a cikin dunkulensu, kuma mayaka galibi suna dora hannunsu mai bugawa, suna goge salves da resins cikin raunin warkarwa wanda ake nufin ba da jarfi ko kariya. Wasu kamfanonin damben zamani masu balaguro suna shiga shan sigari na al'ada na Hemp ko Marijuana kafin a fara. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Dambe_poses_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu sun take File:Le_dambe.jpg|Dan dambe File:Dembe_game.jpg|A take ana neman sa'a File:A_national_sport-Dambe_-_Deidei_2010.jpg|Wasu yan'dambe File:Glove_wrapping-Dambe_Deidei_2010.jpg|A dokar Dambe dole sai anyi Nadi na zare a hannu. Hannun da aka nada zare shi ke nuna mutum ba hago ne ko ba dame. File:Hausa_game.jpg|Kisa! (Taka kasa shine Kisa ko faduwa a gasar dambe) File:Taiye_(right)_-_a_champion_dambe_boxer.jpg|Taiye Wani jarumi daga kudu a gefen dama </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa]] h8fbb9rhhrtwd94igsbx2asuyo1k8cv 0 14614 883603 690255 2026-07-15T17:16:32Z Kaddi123 38060 883603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Clexane-Injektionsl%C3%B6sung_40mg.JPG |thumb|Sirinji ]] [[File:Intramuscular (IM) Injection- Sites.webm|thumb|Allaurar hannu]] [[File:Injection.jpg|thumb|allurar ɗuwawu]] [[File:A young boy taking after an injection 1.jpg|thumb|ana yiwa yaro allura riga-kafi]] [[File:Injection BOSCH animée (2).gif|thumb|kalan wata allura]] [[File:A depiction of needle.JPG|thumb|wannan itace Allura wanda ake dinkin wani abu misali kamar kaya]] '''Allura''' wata aba ce da ake amfani da ita wurin dinkin tufafi ko jaka ko takalmi da dai sauransu. Ana samar da allura ne ta hanyan sarrafa karfe. Haka kuma akwai allura wadda ake amfani da ita a [[Asibiti]] don yiwa marasa lafiya allura, ko kuma riga-kafi.Allura ta kasan ce wadanan ma'akatan lafiya ke Amfani da ita domin bayar da magani ga manya ko Yara,ama kafin ka yi Amfani dolli Allura ta kasan ce,ba'ayi Amfani da ita ga wani Mara lafiya,ta kasance sabuwa ta.,Allura ta kasu kashe kashi akwai ta t Yara akwai ta manya.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/39311712</ref> Haka kuma har dabbobi ana amfani da allura wajen yi musu alluran neman magani, da dai sauransu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} mhp1li9jujkohmhd6xnhjdkzku60bey 0 14647 883619 776932 2026-07-15T17:23:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 883619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na [[VH1]], mai suna ''[[Love & Hip Hop: New York]]'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''[[Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1]]'' (2016) da kuma ''[[Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2|Vol. 2]]'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''[[Invasion of Privacy (album)|Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy]]'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Lamban girma == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] orrsau7be5zeiybx0a4h4vhl7zhksgt 883620 883619 2026-07-15T17:23:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 883620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na VH1, mai suna ''[[Love & Hip Hop: New York]]'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''[[Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1]]'' (2016) da kuma ''[[Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2|Vol. 2]]'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''[[Invasion of Privacy (album)|Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy]]'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Lamban girma == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] c89lbis7a4tl6emdyh0mlim0cdz8jfl 883621 883620 2026-07-15T17:23:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 883621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na VH1, mai suna ''Love & Hip Hop: New York'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''[[Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1]]'' (2016) da kuma ''[[Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2|Vol. 2]]'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''[[Invasion of Privacy (album)|Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy]]'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Lamban girma == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] 0xzygdh1z0f306pmk3rs9wfmyi7flht 883623 883621 2026-07-15T17:24:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 883623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na VH1, mai suna ''Love & Hip Hop: New York'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1'' (2016) da kuma ''[[Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2|Vol. 2]]'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''[[Invasion of Privacy (album)|Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy]]'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Lamban girma == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] bvxfquwrxlw3dm071rd7np65z0m5a6w 883625 883623 2026-07-15T17:24:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 883625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na VH1, mai suna ''Love & Hip Hop: New York'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1'' (2016) da kuma ''Vol. 2'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''[[Invasion of Privacy (album)|Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy]]'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Lamban girma == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] odies9rkbkyu3ir7tox94nqetzbpjf8 883628 883625 2026-07-15T17:25:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 883628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na VH1, mai suna ''Love & Hip Hop: New York'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1'' (2016) da kuma ''Vol. 2'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Lamban girma == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] gi18jbp33uh41wz7bz6g8pl6tw2bvua 883629 883628 2026-07-15T17:25:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 883629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na VH1, mai suna ''Love & Hip Hop: New York'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1'' (2016) da kuma ''Vol. 2'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Lamban girma == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] 9uzz27jgtx2dkhmykhokk3nu62oajur 883630 883629 2026-07-15T17:25:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 883630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na VH1, mai suna ''Love & Hip Hop: New York'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1'' (2016) da kuma ''Vol. 2'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Lamban girma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] rfp9xj8sfjrbyhe81yz6nl96zsrkqm2 883631 883630 2026-07-15T17:26:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 883631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardi_B_2021_01.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] [[File:Cardi_B_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Cardi B]] '''Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar,''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1992), anfi saninta da '''Cardi B''', mawaƙiya ce ƴar ƙasar [[Amurka]], tana rubuta waƙa tana rerawa a cikin salan waƙan zamani wato rap.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8463929/-i-like-it-hitting-no-1-means-to-latin-music-billboard-chart-cardi-b-j-balvin-bad-bunny</ref> Ta kuma yi fice da salon waƙarta na kai tsaye acikin sauri da zafi. An haife ta kuma ta tashi a babban Birnin [[New York]], ta kuma shahara a kafar yanar gizo inda tayi fice a kafafen sadarwa irinsu Vine da [[Instagram]]. A tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2017, ta fito a wani shiri na gidan telebijin na VH1, mai suna ''Love & Hip Hop: New York'', inda ta samu karfin gwiwar cigaba da fafutukar waƙa a yayinda ta saki waƙoƙi guda biyu, ''Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1'' (2016) da kuma ''Vol. 2'' (2017). Waƙarta na studiyo na farko, mai suna ''Invasion of Nicki Minaj's Privacy'' (2018), ya haye na daya a jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, kuma Billboard sun nada ta mawaƙiya rap mace ta farko a shekarun 2010s. == Haihuwa == An haifeta ne a wani gari mai suna Manhattan, to amma ta girma ne a garin [[Bronx]], dake jihar [[New York (jiha)|New York]]<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/22/cardi-b-cover-story-interview</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == == Sana'ar waƙa == Cardi B ta fara shahara ne a shekaran 2015 da kuma 2016.<ref>http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/29/cardi-b-interview</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Mawaka yan kasar Amurka]] [[Category:Mawaƙa]] [[Category:Mata mawaƙa]] 67sbzdftsa8n5z69m335xptkkympvfu 0 15288 883694 549891 2026-07-15T18:01:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cecelia Akagu''' Birgediya Janar ce a Sojojin Najeriya. Ita akawu ce kuma tana aiki a Daraktan Lissafi na Sojojin. Ta auri Clifford Wande wanda shi ma Birgediya Janar ne a Sojojin Najeriya. Su ne ma'aurata na farko da duka biyun suka samu mukamin Birgediya Janar a Sojojin Najeriya. == Aiki da rayuwar iyali == Cecelia Akagu ƴar asalin [[Ankpa]] ce a karamar hukumar Ankpa na [[Kogi|jihar Kogi]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. Ita akawu ce a ma’aikatar kudi a rundunar sojojin Najeriya. Ita ce Daraktan Kula da Asusun Sojoji.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-army-couple-who-are-both-generalshow-we-met-married-and-coped-with-war/|title=Nigerian Army couple who are both generals:How we met, married and coped with war}}</ref> Ta auri Mista Clifford Wanda shi ma Birgediya Janar ne a Sojojin Najeriya. Mista Clifford Wanda ya fito ne daga kauyen Enugu Ngwo da ke karamar hukumar Enugu ta Arewa a Jihar Enugu, Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interesting world of couple who are army generals|website=Pulse Nigeria|date=2016-03-13|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings/military-love-story-interesting-world-of-couple-who-are-army-generals/kxtj73s|access-date=2020-07-21|archive-date=2020-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219130045/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings/military-love-story-interesting-world-of-couple-who-are-army-generals/kxtj73s|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2015/12/06/nigeria%E2%80%99s-power-couple-brigadier-general-cecilia-u-akagu-and-brigadier-gen-clifford-b|title=Nigeria’s Power Couple: Brigadier General Cecilia U. Akagu and Brigadier Gen. Clifford B. Wanda|date=December 6, 2015|website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://howng.com/tag/brig-gen-cecelia-akagu/?nonamp=1|title=Brig.-Gen. Cecelia Akagu – How Nigeria News|website=howng.com}}</ref> Birgediya Janar Cecelia Akagu da Birgediya Janar Clifford Wanda ba su ne kwamishinoni na farko da aka ba da umarnin yin aure ba a cikin Sojojin Najeriya ba. Koyaya, su ne ma'aurata na farko da suka sami matsayin Birgediya Janar a matsayin ma'aurata.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2015/12/06/nigeria%E2%80%99s-power-couple-brigadier-general-cecilia-u-akagu-and-brigadier-gen-clifford-b|title=Nigeria’s Power Couple: Brigadier General Cecilia U. Akagu and Brigadier Gen. Clifford B. Wanda|date=December 6, 2015|website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> Cecelia Akagu da Clifford Wanda sun hadu a shekarar 1990 a lokacin da suke kan darasi a Sojojin Najeriya. Da yake an ba su aiki duka, sun kuma fara karatun koyar da su a Jaji. Abokan hulɗa ne yayin fuskantarwa duk da cewa Cecelia Akagu ta kasance Laftana ta Biyu kuma Clifford Wande ta kasance Laftana a lokacin karatun. Suna da yara biyu, namiji da mace.<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-army-couple-who-are-both-generalshow-we-met-married-and-coped-with-war/|title=Nigerian Army couple who are both generals:How we met, married and coped with war}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1126804-army-generals-fell-love-orientation-camp-story.html|title=Military love! Meet army generals who fell in love and got married in 1990|first=Seun|last=Durojaiye|date=September 23, 2017|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|access-date=November 6, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307123721/https://www.legit.ng/1126804-army-generals-fell-love-orientation-camp-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba Kuma == * [[:en:Nigerian_Army|Sojojin Najeriya]] * [[:en:Tukur_Yusuf_Buratai|Tukur Yusuf Buratai]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 1y6a695d0r7wutu52jtp9tdyltqwx8q 0 15710 883736 476037 2026-07-15T20:31:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amina Temitope Ajayi''' wacce aka sani da '''Mama Diaspora''' mazauniyar america yar [[Nijeriya]]. tana kasuwanci shawara wanda yake akawu da horo, a zaman yar kasuwa da kuma mabiyar al'umma himmar aiki. Temitope Ajayi itace tsohon Shugaban All Nigerian American Congress (ANAC). a koƙarinta da cigaba da ba da shawara game da al'amuran Diasporaan Diasporaasar Najeriya ya sa ta zama mai kira "Mama Diaspora"<ref name="Source">Sunday Oguntola, [http://issuu.com/thenation/docs/october_9__2011 "Sweet home-coming"], "The Nation", 7 June 2015.</ref> Cif Ajayi sananniyar sananniya ce don inganta ƙarfin mata da kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar kasuwancin Agri. Ta hanyar dandalin saka jari na Arkansas-Nigeria da sauran tarurrukan tattalin arzikin kasashen biyu a Amurka, tsayin daka da gaskiya na Cif Ajayi sun taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen gamsar da kuma jawo manyan masu saka jari a harkar kasuwanci daga Amurka zuwa Najeriya. [[File:Mama Diaspora (holding Key of Alaska).jpg|thumb|Chief Temitope Ajayi]] Ita ce Shugabar/Shugaba na Americanasar Amurkan ta Ba da Tallafin Noma (NAAEP), wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga aikin gona na manoma, mata da Manya Manya a Nijeriya don haɓaka wadataccen abinci da ɗorewar aikin yi ga mata da matasa a cikin harkar noma. NAAEP kungiya ce ta asali wacce take horarwa da kuma baiwa manoma karfi a tsarin noman kanikanci, tare da saukaka rancen kasuwanci, samun dama ga kayan aikin gona, da girbi da tallata kayan amfanin su na gida da na duniya. [[Fayil:Mama Diaspora.jpg|thumb|Chief Temitope Ajayi]] A shekarar 2010, Cif Ajayi tayi kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da ta rage yawan kudin ruwa a rance ga manoma domin bunkasa bangaren noma da kuma rage talauci a kasar. Cif Temitope Ajayi shi ne Jakadan Goodaunar na jihar Arkansas da Maryland, Amurka. Cif Ms. Ajayi ta kasance fitacciyar wakiliya a taron kasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2014 da ta gabata inda ta wakilci Majalisar Mata ta ciungiyoyin Mata (NCWS) a Nijeriya kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Confab na Aikin Gona. Cif Temitope Ajayi a jawabinta a wajen taron shekara-shekara na Kungiyar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, ta sanar da wakilai cewa “Mata injiniyoyi ne na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, mata ne ke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kowace kasa - saboda sun fi na maza kasuwanci. takwaransa, karfin kowane irin kudi yana cikin karfinsu don biyan bukata da samarwa ”. == Rayuwar farko == Amina Temitope Labinjo diyar marigayi Pa Hector Labinjo da Mrs. Elizabeth Labinjo ta Ita Garawu a Tsibirin Legas na Jihar Legas, Najeriya. == Aiki a Siyasa == Cif Ajayi itace ce tsohon Ko'odinetan Kasa na Goodluck Support Group (GSG) USA. Ta taya Mai Girma, [[Muhammadu Buhari]], GCFR, wanda a yanzu shine Shugaban [[Nijeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] na yanzu saboda karen da ya nuna wajen lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2015; sannan kuma ya yaba wa tsohon shugaban, Mista [[Goodluck Jonathan]] saboda nuna halin kirkinsa, da tsoron Allah da kuma karfin gwiwa ya zama Shugaban kasa na farko mai ci a Najeriya da ya fadi zabe kuma da zuciya daya ya yarda da shan kaye cikin lumana don hana rikici da tashin hankali bayan zabe a Najeriya A matsayina na mai fafutuka na Al'umma, Cif Ajai ya kasance yana neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a madadin dukkan thean Najeriya da ke zaune a ƙasashen ƙetare a cikin irin waɗannan yankuna kamar ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da kuma amincewa da shirin makirci ga mazaunan. == Kyauta == Alamun alheri na kyautatawa ta fara ne lokacin da ta kafa makarantar Fashion / Fasaha don ɗaliban da ba su da galihu a cikin Ibadan, Nijeriya a cikin 1980-1985. Cif Ajayi daga baya ta zama zakara tare da ba da gudummawa ga '''shirin Gidaje Miliyan Daya na Goodluck''' don Daraktan tare da hadin gwiwar Babban Bankin Mortgage na Najeriya a karkashin DIASPORA HOUSING LOAN SCHEME. Tare da zartar da kudurin dokar da ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kasashen Waje, Cif Ajayi ta yi kira ga Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari da ya nada mutane masu gaskiya daga cikin mazauna cikin hukumar don tabbatar da nasarar ta. [[File:Mama_Diaspora_(yellow+key).jpg|right|thumb| Cif Temitope Ajayi da Lilian Ajayi-Ore sun karɓi Takaddun girmamawa da '''Mabuɗin zuwa Birnin''' [[Atlanta]] daga Magajin Garin]] == Ganewa == Cif Temitope Ajayi ita ce wacce aka karrama da wasu manyan lambobin girmamawa na duniya da kyaututtuka: Saboda aikin da ta yi wa al'ummomin Afirka a Amurka, Cif Ajayi an ba ta lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa na Agaji da Shugaba [[George W. Bush|George W. Bush ya bayar]], wanda kyauta ce ta kasa a karkashin goyon bayan Shugaban Amurka ya amince da sa kai. [[File:Mama_Diaspora.jpg|right|thumb| Cif Temitope Ajayi ya gabatar da '''Mabuɗin zuwa Garin''' Little Rock, Arkansas daga Magajin Garin Mark Stodola]] A shekarar 2013, Gwamna Mike Beebe ya bai wa Cif Madam Temitope Ajayi lambar girmamawa ta Dan Kasa ta Jihar [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] tare da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya: Alhaji [[Aliko Dangote]], Shugaban Kamfanin Dangote; Gwamna [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabiu Kwankwaso]] na jihar Kano; Dakta Akinwunmi Adesina, Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara; Farfesa Tajudeen Gbadamosi, tsohon malamin jami’ar Legas; Farfesa Ade Adefuye, Jakadan Najeriya a Amurka; Farfesa Julius Okojie, Babban Sakataren Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa; Mista Robert Brunner, Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Arik Air]] International; da Mista Kester Ifeadi, Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Zamani na Kamfanin Ltd. [[File:Mama_Diaspora_(holding_Key_of_Alaska).jpg|right|thumb| Ajayi & Amb. Ibrahim Auwalu ya amshi Maballin zuwa Garin Dyersville daga Magajin Garin James Heavens (tsakiya)]] == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://gc4women.org/2015/03/12/ "GC4WOMEN.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728010011/https://gc4women.org/2015/03/12/ |date=2023-07-28 }} [http://gc4women.org/2015/03/12/ ORG "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728010011/https://gc4women.org/2015/03/12/ |date=2023-07-28 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085749/http://gc4women.org/category/news/ "GC4WOMEN.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085749/http://gc4women.org/category/news/ Kundin / labarai "] * [http://gc4women.org/2015/03/13/press-release-the-2nd-annual-gc4w-international-womens-day-awards-recap/ "Bikin karramawa na GC4W karo na biyu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226204945/https://gc4women.org/2015/03/13/press-release-the-2nd-annual-gc4w-international-womens-day-awards-recap/ |date=2024-02-26 }} * [http://president-joycebanda.blogspot.ie/ "SHUGABA JOYCE BANDA FOUNDATION"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329133353/http://president-joycebanda.blogspot.ie/ |date=2018-03-29 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150614085304/http://www.punchng.com/feature/super-saturday-lounge/i-rarely-attend-parties-but-when-i-do-im-there-to-dance-temitope-ajayi/ "Rayuwata: Cif Ajayi"] * == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] ax5e7h5ddcubizqn6q2efpzteh72mzz 0 15822 883879 730989 2026-07-16T07:27:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Daisy Wotube Okocha''' (An haife ta 15 [[Janairu]] 1951) itace babbar mai Shari'a a jihar Ribas ta 17.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivers gets first female chief judge|url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/rivers-gets-first-female-chief-judge/|last=Chioma|first=Unini|date=2016-01-05|website=TheNigeriaLawyer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> Gwamna [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike|Ezenwo Wike]] ne ya naɗa ta a a ranar 4 Janairu 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Governor Wike Swears In First Female Chief Judge In Rivers State, What She Said (PHOTOS)|url=https://www.legit.ng/685455-governor-wike-swears-first-female-chief-judge-rivers-state-said-photos.html|last=Ihunwo|first=Tony|date=2016-01-04|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=2022-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020184729/https://www.legit.ng/685455-governor-wike-swears-first-female-chief-judge-rivers-state-said-photos.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ta riƙe muƙamin har 15 Janairu 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As Justice Okocha Bids Rivers Judiciary Farewell|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/01/20/as-justice-okocha-bids-rivers-judiciary-farewell/|last=Amadi|first=Akujobi|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=2020-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116171153/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/01/20/as-justice-okocha-bids-rivers-judiciary-farewell/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Da farko ta fara zama muƙaddashiyar kafin ta zama cikakkiyar mai Shari'a daga bisani.<ref>{{cite news|title=Daisy Okocha Takes Oath As Substantive CJ|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/01/04/daisy-okocha-takes-oath-as-substantive-cj/|accessdate=11 February 2016|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|date=4 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Akujobi Amadi|title=As Justice Okocha Bids Rivers Judiciary Farewell|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/01/20/as-justice-okocha-bids-rivers-judiciary-farewell/|accessdate=11 February 2016|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|date=20 January 2016|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116171153/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/01/20/as-justice-okocha-bids-rivers-judiciary-farewell/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Farkon rayuwa da ilmin== An haifi Okocha ranar 15 ga Janairu 1951 a [[Obio-Akpor]], jihar [[Rivers]], [[Najeriya]]. Ita ƴar ƙabilar Ikwerre ce. Mahaifin ta Jonathan Okocha, tsohon Kwamishina ƴan sanda ne, mahaifiyar ta Helen Nonyelum Okocha, Mai kulawa ce.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivers gets first female chief judge|url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/rivers-gets-first-female-chief-judge/|last=Chioma|first=Unini|date=2016-01-05|website=TheNigeriaLawyer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> Daisy tayi karatun digiri ne a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello Zariya a 1978. A shekarar 1979 ta zama cikakkiyar lauya.<ref name=Daisy/> ==Aikin Shari'a== A 1981, Okocha ta shiga ma'aikatar Shari'a ta jihar Ribas. Ta sha samun ƙarin girma da dama. A 1991, ta zama babbar mai Shari'a a jihar Ribas inda tayi aiki a Fatakwal.<ref name=Daisy>{{cite web|title=Justice Daisy Okocha|url=http://www.riversjudiciary.com/judges/hon-justice-d-w-okocha/|website=Rivers State Judiciary|accessdate=3 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919005651/http://www.riversjudiciary.com/judges/hon-justice-d-w-okocha/|archive-date=19 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta maye gurbin [[Iche Ndu]] a matsayin muƙaddashiyar mai Shari'a a 2013. Da farko gwamna Chibuike Amaechi ya ki tabbatar da ita.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Onukwugha|first1=Anayo|title=I Hold Nothing Against Okocha – Amaechi|url=http://leadership.ng/news/386007/rivers-judicial-crisis-hold-nothing-okocha-amaechi|accessdate=3 June 2015|work=Leadership|date=3 October 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129045248/http://leadership.ng/news/386007/rivers-judicial-crisis-hold-nothing-okocha-amaechi|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Yuni 2015, ƙarƙashin jagoraci gwamnatin [[Ezenwo Wike]], Okocha tasha rantsuwa ta kama aiki a matsayin babbar mai Shari'a ta jihar Ribas. Itace mace ta farko da ta fara hawa wannan muƙamin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rivers Names Female CJ …As Iche Ndu Retires Next Month|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2013/07/29/rivers-names-female-cj-as-iche-ndu-retires-next-month/|accessdate=3 June 2015|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|date=29 July 2013|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011101019/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2013/07/29/rivers-names-female-cj-as-iche-ndu-retires-next-month/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Okocha ta taɓa rike matsayin ma'ajiya a ƙungiyar mata alƙalai ta Najeriya da kuma wasu muƙamai a ƙungiyoyi na gida dama na waje.<ref name=Daisy/> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Matan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mata]] 3acoqnbdxu1e9cl6ycwkxmo785y2pq2 0 17358 883707 781627 2026-07-15T18:35:56Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354329629|Aisha Pamela Sadauki]]" 883707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Pamela Sadauki''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] wacce ta kasance kwamishina kuma mataimakiyar gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a lokacin mulkin soja [[Abubakar Tanko Ayuba]] . == Tarihi == An haifi Pamela Sadauki a shekarar 1945. Ta AnTarihi haifi Pamela Sadauki a shekara ta 1945. Ta halarci makarantar mishan ta Katolika ta St-Louis a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arzikin gida tare da Major a fannin abinci mai gina jiki daga Jami'ar Jihar Iowa a shekarar 1968. An nada ta mataimakiyar gwamnan Jihar Kaduna a watan Agustan 1990 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An nada ta a matsayin Kwamishina a Jihar Kaduna, Ci gaban Al'umma, Matasa da Wasanni a shekarar 1988, Kwamishina na Ilimi a shekarar 1989 da Mataimakin Gwamna na Kaduna daga 1990 zuwa 1992. makarantar mishan ta Katolika ta St-Louis da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki na gida tare da digiri na biyu a fannin abinci mai gina jiki daga Jami'ar Jihar Iowa a shekarar 1968. An nada ta mataimakiyar gwamnan Jihar Kaduna a watan Agusta na shekarar 1990 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . A baya an nada ta Kwamishina a Jihar Kaduna, Ci gaban Al'umma, Matasa da Wasanni a shekarar 1988, Kwamishina a Ilimi a shekarar 1989 da Mataimakin Gwamnan Kaduna daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1992. == Rayuwa ta mutum == AishRayuwa ta mutuma Pamela Sadauki ta auri tsohon ministan Najeriya, David Ahmed Sadauki, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2008. ta auri tsohon ministan Najeriya David Ahmed Sadauki wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 2008. == Kyaututtuka == Kungiyar Manoma ta Najeriya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta girmamawa a shekarar 1999. Ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta kasa ta Jami'in Order of Nigeria (OON) a shekarar 2000. Manoman Dabbobin Najeriya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Medal of Honor a shekarar 1999. Ta sami lambar yabo ta National Honorary Medal of Officer of the Order of Nigeria (OON) a shekarar 2000. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] 648znyiqknqgm9ifl9y8c7wjd7srpp5 883708 883707 2026-07-15T18:36:29Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354329629|Aisha Pamela Sadauki]]" 883708 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Aisha Pamela Sadauki''' 'yar siyasa ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] wacce ta kasance kwamishina kuma mataimakiyar gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a lokacin mulkin soja [[Abubakar Tanko Ayuba]] . == Tarihi == An haifi Pamela Sadauki a shekarar 1945. Ta AnTarihi haifi Pamela Sadauki a shekara ta 1945. Ta halarci makarantar mishan ta Katolika ta St-Louis a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arzikin gida tare da Major a fannin abinci mai gina jiki daga Jami'ar Jihar Iowa a shekarar 1968. An nada ta mataimakiyar gwamnan Jihar Kaduna a watan Agustan 1990 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An nada ta a matsayin Kwamishina a Jihar Kaduna, Ci gaban Al'umma, Matasa da Wasanni a shekarar 1988, Kwamishina na Ilimi a shekarar 1989 da Mataimakin Gwamna na Kaduna daga 1990 zuwa 1992. makarantar mishan ta Katolika ta St-Louis da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki na gida tare da digiri na biyu a fannin abinci mai gina jiki daga Jami'ar Jihar Iowa a shekarar 1968. An nada ta mataimakiyar gwamnan Jihar Kaduna a watan Agusta na shekarar 1990 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . A baya an nada ta Kwamishina a Jihar Kaduna, Ci gaban Al'umma, Matasa da Wasanni a shekarar 1988, Kwamishina a Ilimi a shekarar 1989 da Mataimakin Gwamnan Kaduna daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1992. == Rayuwa ta mutum == AishRayuwa ta mutuma Pamela Sadauki ta auri tsohon ministan Najeriya, David Ahmed Sadauki, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2008. ta auri tsohon ministan Najeriya David Ahmed Sadauki wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 2008. == Kyaututtuka == Kungiyar Manoma ta Najeriya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta girmamawa a shekarar 1999. Ta sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta kasa ta Jami'in Order of Nigeria (OON) a shekarar 2000. Manoman Dabbobin Najeriya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Medal of Honor a shekarar 1999. Ta sami lambar yabo ta National Honorary Medal of Officer of the Order of Nigeria (OON) a shekarar 2000. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] 1c7mnlq36frfsfhjgwziky5kru5ezjy 0 18948 883853 681094 2026-07-16T06:18:54Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* */ 883853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Nigerian Air Force Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jet Iwelumo-2.jpg|thumb|kaduna airport]] [[File:Nigerian Air Force Dassault Falcon 7X Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Nigerian Air Force Mil Mi-35P Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb]] [[File:HS-KAD (15367212204).jpg|thumb]] [[File:8gu - SERVIVENSA Boeing 727; YV-768C@MIA;24.01.1998 (4706976279).jpg|thumb]] '''Tsohon Filin jirgin saman Kaduna, wani filin jirgin sama''' ne da ke hadahadar matafiya a babban birnin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna ta]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . An canza amfani da jama'a da lambobin filin jirgin sama zuwa [[Filin jirgin sama ta Kaduna|Filin jirgin saman Kaduna]], wanda ke da {{Convert|17|km}} zuwa arewa maso yamma. Haske mai ba da alkibla a kaduna (Ident: '''KD''' ) da VOR-DME (Ident: '''KUA''' ) suna kan filin. Ga alama ita ce hedikwatar rundunar horas da sojojin sama ta [[Najeriya]] tare da kungiyar horaswa ta jirgin sama da kuma kungiyar horar da kasa a sansanin. Umurnin shine ke da alhakin aiwatar da manufofin horar da sojojin saman najeriya NAF. Hakanan ana bayar da horo na ƙasa dan sabis na tallafi da ma'aikatan fasaha. <ref>www.bbc hausa. Com</ref> : 301 Makarantar Koyon Yawo, Kaduna : 303 Makarantar Koyon Yawo, Kano : Kungiyar Koyar da Fasaha ta 320, Kaduna : 325 Ground Training Group, Kaduna == Duba kuma == * Sufuri a Najeriya * [[Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Nijeriya|Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Najeriya]] == Manazarta ==  {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=14/10.5982/7.4457 OpenStreetMap - Kaduna] * [https://www.google.com/maps/@10.5984339,7.4478952,2593m/data=!3m1!1e3 Taswirar Google - Kaduna]  [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kaduna]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ctzvt9cd00lau9srl1qdd8beqs0q590 0 20058 883663 813484 2026-07-15T17:38:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Gernhardt in space during STS-69 in 1995.jpg|thumb|yanda Yan binciken sararin samani suke]] '''Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa (N.A.S.R.D.A)''' ita ce hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Babbar ma'aikata a karkashin Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya. Hukumar da ke Abuja babban birnin [[Abuja|Nijeriya]] kuma tana da tashar karɓar ƙasa, a tsakanin sauran shafuka. Tana da haɗin gwiwa kan fasahar sararin samaniya tare da, [[Birtaniya|Kasar Ingila]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha|Russia]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. == Tarihi == NASRDA da aka kafa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 bayan shirye-shiryen lokaci tun a shekara ta 1998 ta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da kuma gwamnatin Nijeriya tare da wani Babban burin kafa wata "da muhimman hakkokin siyasa domin cigaban sararin kimiyya da fasaha" da wani na farko kasafin kudin na $93 miliyan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, sabon tsarin sararin samaniya ya sami karbuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matignon|first=Louis de Gouyon|date=2019-11-24|title=The Nigerian space program|url=https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Space Legal Issues|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510193501/https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsayi == Matsayi na farko na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya na Najeriya (NSP) wanda Hukumar Bincike da raya Sararin Samaniya (NASRDA) za ta aiwatar ya kamata ya haɗa da: Nazarin kimiyyar sararin samaniya domin aza tushe don samun fa'idodi mafi yawa daga kasancewar al'umma cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya; Don samun damar sararin samaniya, kokarin Nijeriya yakamata ya mai da hankali kan bincike da tsauraran ilimi, cigaban injiniya, kere-kere da kerawa, musamman a bangaren kayan aiki, roket da kananan tauraron dan adam harma da samun bayanan tauraron dan adam, sarrafawa, bincike da kuma kula da makamantansu. software; damar da tashar lura da ƙasa ta ƙasa don hango nesa da samun bayanan yanayi na tauraron dan adam. Irin wannan kayan aikin zai haɓaka ikon igenan asalin asali don ɗauka, gyara da ƙirƙirar sababbin dabaru don ƙididdigar albarkatun ƙasa, saka idanu, kimantawa da gudanarwa; Samar da ingantaccen sabis na sadarwa a Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Yankunan da ke cikin Tsarin Sararin Samaniya (NSP) sun haɗa da: ''Basic Space Science and Technology'' don samar da fahimtar yadda duniya ke aiki da kuma yadda tasirinta yake a duniya. Wannan zai ba mu damar aza harsashin samar da mafi yawan fa'idodi daga shigar al'umma cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya. ''Sensing'' na nesa don taimaka wa 'yan Najeriya su fahimta da kuma kula da yanayin mu da albarkatun kasa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan da aka samu. Wannan fasahar zata bamu damar fahimtar filayen mu, iska da ruwa da kuma matsalolin dake tattare dasu. Tauraron Dan Adam ''Meteorology'' don nazarin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi ta amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam don sauƙaƙe gudanarwar muhalli mai kyau. Sadarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa don samar da ingantattun aiyukan sadarwa ga Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Tsaro da Tsaro. Gwamnatin Tarayya za ta samar da wani muhimmin shiri na kimiyyar sararin samaniya (SST) wanda zai magance bukatun kasa na Najeriya. A saboda wannan dalili gwamnati za ta kafa Kwamandan Sararin Samaniya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. Dokar za ta kunshi wakilai na tsaro, leken asiri, tsaro da kuma aiwatar da doka tare da bayar da rahoto ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ga Majalisar Sararin Samaniya. == Satellites == Gwamnatin Najeriya ta harba [[tauraron dan adam]] guda biyar zuwa sararin samaniya. Shirye-shiryen farko don harba tauraron dan adam na kasa a shekara ta 1976 ba a zartar ba. NigeriaSat-1 shi ne tauraron dan Adam na farko dan Najeriya kuma wani kamfanin fasahar tauraron dan adam dake zaune a kasar Ingila, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) ne ya gina shi karkashin tallafin gwamnatin Najeriya akan dala miliyan 30. An harba tauraron dan adam ne ta hanyar roka Kosmos-3M daga roka Plesetsk spaceport a ranar 27 ga Satumbar Shekarar 2003. Nigeriasat-1 na daga cikin Tsarukan Kula da Bala'i na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} Manufofin farko na Nigeriasat-1 sun kasance: ba da alamun gargaɗi na farko game da bala'in muhalli; don taimakawa gano da kuma kula da kwararar hamada a yankin arewacin Najeriya; don taimakawa cikin tsara alƙaluma; kulla alakar tsakanin dabbobi da muhallin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma ba da sakonnin gargadi game da barkewar cutar sankarau nan gaba ta amfani da fasahar hangen nesa don samar da fasahar da ake buƙata don kawo ilimi ga dukkan ɓangarorin ƙasar ta hanyar ilmantarwa mai nisa; da kuma taimakawa wajen sasanta rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen kan iyakoki ta hanyar tsara tashoshin jihohi da na Duniya. [[File:Launch_of_CRS-11_mission.jpg|alt=|thumb| SpaceX ƙaddamar CRS-11 tare da Nigeria EduSat-1 a jirgi a cikin shekara ta 2017]] NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X, tauraron dan adam na uku da na hudu, an gina su a matsayin tauraron dan adam mai karfin gaske ta hanyar SSTL don tsarin DMC kuma. Tana da panchromatic na ƙudurin mita 2.5 (mai matuƙar ƙuduri), 5-multispectral (babban ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada), da kuma mita 32 na multispectral (matsakaiciyar ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada) eriya. An gina kumbon NigeriaSat-2 / X ne a kan kudi sama da fam miliyan 35.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2011}} Wannan tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari guda ta Ukrainian Dnepr roka daga Yasny barikin soji a Rasha a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |title=NigeriaSat-2 and NigeriaSat-X Satellites Launched |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519093552/http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NigComSat-1, wani tauraron dan adam dan Najeriya da aka umarce shi kuma aka gina shi a China a shekara ta 2004, shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya kuma tauraron dan adam na farko na sadarwa a Afirka. An ƙaddamar da shi ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roka mai ɗauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin 3B, daga Cibiyar Kaddamar da Tauraron Dan Adam na Xichang da ke China. Kamfanin NigComSat ne ke aiki da kumbon da ke karkashin Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya, NASRDA . A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008, NigComSat-1 ya gaza yin kewaya bayan karewa daga mulki saboda wani yanayi da ya faru a cikin hasken rana. Yana da aka bisa ga Sin DFH-4 da tauraron dan adam bas, da kuma daukawa da dama transponders : 4 C band . 14 Ku band ; 8 Kwani band . da band 2 L Yana da aka tsara don samar da ɗaukar hoto zuwa wasu sassa na Afrika, da kuma K _wani band transponders zai kuma rufe Italiya. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam don nazari da kuma kaucewa yiwuwar karo da wasu tauraron dan adam. A cewar kamfanin sadarwa na Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, an sanya shi cikin "aikin yanayin gaggawa domin aiwatar da raguwa da gyare-gyare". Tauraron dan adam din daga karshe ya gaza bayan ya rasa iko a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2009, Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Najeriya, NigComSat Ltd. da CGWIC sun sanya hannu kan wani karin kwangila don jigilar tauraron dan adam na NigComSat-1R. NigComSat-1R shima tauraron dan adam ne na DFH-4, kuma ana sa ran isar dashi a zango na hudu na shekara ta 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya gaza. A ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin ta harba wani sabon tauraron dan adam na sadarwa a Xichang. Tauraron dan adam din a cewar shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan wanda aka biya kudin inshorar kan kamfanin na NigComSat-1 wanda aka sake kewaya shi a shekara ta 2009, zai yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaban kasa a fannoni daban daban kamar sadarwa, aiyukan intanet, kiwon lafiya, noma, muhalli. kariya da tsaron kasa. * NigeriaSat-1 tauraron dan adam ne na daidaitaccen tsarin tsara Bala'in Kulawa da Bala'i (DMC). Yana da 100&nbsp;nauyin kilogiram kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin biyan kuɗi na gani wanda SSTL ta haɓaka don samar da ƙudurin ƙasa na 32 m tare da faɗi mai faɗi na musamman sama da 640&nbsp;km Biyan kuɗin yana amfani da koren, ja da kusa da infrared bands daidai da Landsat TM + makada 2, 3 da 4. Ana adana hotuna a cikin mai rikodin bayanai mai ƙarfi na 1-gigabyte kuma an dawo dasu ta hanyar 8-Mbit / s S-band downlink. NigeriaSat-1 na iya ɗaukar hotuna da girma kamar 640 x 560&nbsp;km, yana samar da yanki mai fa'ida, matsakaiciyar bayanai. Za a yi amfani da bayanan ne a cikin Najeriyar don lura da gurbatar yanayi, amfani da filaye da sauran al'amuran matsakaici. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 Satumba 2003. * NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X tare da 300&nbsp;kilogram kowannensu - don maye gurbin NajeriyaSat-1, wanda aka fara daga Nuwamba 6, 2006, aka ƙaddamar da 17 ga Agusta 2011. * NigComSat-1 Communications tauraron dan adam wanda ke samar da intanet na karkara - wanda aka kaddamar a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roket mai dauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin, daga cibiyar harba tauraron dan adam ta Xichang da ke China. Tauraron dan adam din shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya da aka sanya shi cikin falaki. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam, saboda ya rasa dukkanin kayan aikin da ke amfani da hasken rana. Tauraron dan adam asara ce baki daya. Tauraron dan Adam mallakar da Sadarwa na Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Najeriya yana da iyaka, SPV, an sanya shi a matsayin kamfani na jiha, wanda aka ba da cikakken kuɗaɗe kuma mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. NigComSat Limited a yanzu haka yana karkashin kulawar da sabuwar sabuwar Ma’aikatar Fasahar Sadarwa wacce NCC da NBC ke kula da ita. * NigComSat-1R - don maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya ɓace, wanda China ta ƙaƙaddamar ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011 ba tare da an biya Nigeria kuɗi ba. == Ayyukan gaba == NigComSat-2 da NigComSat-3 - ƙarin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don faɗaɗa hanyoyin Sadarwa na Nijeriya wanda ke da niyyar farawa a cikin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2013. NigeriaSAT-1 - tauraron dan adam mai kula da sojan gona/mai lura da Duniya tare da na'urar hangen nesa, wanda a ke shirin kaddamarwa a shekara ta 2015. === Cigaban tauraron dan adam na cikin gida === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya sanar a wajen taron laccar da aka gabatar kan ci gaban fasahar sararin samaniya cewa Najeriya za ta iya gina tauraron dan adam na asali a cikin kasar ba tare da taimakon kasashen waje ba har zuwa shekara ta 2018. === Motar harba tauraron dan adam da sararin samaniya === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya kuma bayyana cewa Nijeriya za ta yi amfani da damar da take da shi wajen kaddamar da ita zuwa kasa-da-kasa ta hanyar samar da sararin samaniya na asali daga wani yanki na kasa da za a gina a kusa da shekara ta 2025 zuwa shekara ta 2028 tare da yiwuwar taimako daga Ukraine. === Binciken duniya === An shirya gudanar da bincike kan [[Wata]] a cikin shekara ta 2030. An tsara dan sama jannati na farko dan Najeriya a cikin jirgin kumbo na wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 2015 da shekara ta 2030. An yi shawarwari tare da Rasha a cikin shekara ta 2000s don jigilar 'yan sama jannati. Bayan haka, bayan da abokiyar huldar sararin samaniya ta kasar Sin ta harba kumbon Shenzhou a shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin tana shirin daukar 'yan sama jannatin kasashen waje. Ana ganin China a matsayin kasar da ta fi dacewa da tashin wani dan sama jannatin Najeriya zuwa sararin samaniya fiye da Rasha bisa la'akari da alakar yanzu. Lokacin da Ogbonnaya Onu ya sanar a shekara ta 2016 cewa Najeriya za ta tura dan sama jannati zuwa shekara ta 2030, ya gamu da suka. Ba wai kawai cewa akwai wani imel ɗin yaudara da ke yawo ba game da ɗan sama jannatin Najeriya da ya ɓace a sararin samaniya ba, amma masana da yawa game da sararin samaniya ba sa tsammanin abin da Nijeriya ke buƙata. == Duba kuma == * Jerin hukumomin hukumomin sararin samaniya. * Najeriya EduSat-1 (an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2017). == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/nigeria/index.html Labarin GlobalSecurity.org] * NigeriaSat-1 information * NigeriaSat-2 information * NigeriaSat-2 signing press release * Nigeria Aggressively Pursues Space Program — Muryar Amurka, 23 ga Mayu 2006 == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/ NASRDA Shafin Farko] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Kimiyya]] [[Category:Fasaha]] [[Category:Kimiyya da Fasaha a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sararin sama]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] as4qtlxyc53lvm1m2a8x8dn7q9kjtd4 883674 883663 2026-07-15T17:40:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Gernhardt in space during STS-69 in 1995.jpg|thumb|yanda Yan binciken sararin samani suke]] '''Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa (N.A.S.R.D.A)''' ita ce hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Babbar ma'aikata a karkashin Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya. Hukumar da ke Abuja babban birnin [[Abuja|Nijeriya]] kuma tana da tashar karɓar ƙasa, a tsakanin sauran shafuka. Tana da haɗin gwiwa kan fasahar sararin samaniya tare da, [[Birtaniya|Kasar Ingila]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha|Russia]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. == Tarihi == NASRDA da aka kafa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 bayan shirye-shiryen lokaci tun a shekara ta 1998 ta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da kuma gwamnatin Nijeriya tare da wani Babban burin kafa wata "da muhimman hakkokin siyasa domin cigaban sararin kimiyya da fasaha" da wani na farko kasafin kudin na $93 miliyan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, sabon tsarin sararin samaniya ya sami karbuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matignon|first=Louis de Gouyon|date=2019-11-24|title=The Nigerian space program|url=https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Space Legal Issues|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510193501/https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsayi == Matsayi na farko na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya na Najeriya (NSP) wanda Hukumar Bincike da raya Sararin Samaniya (NASRDA) za ta aiwatar ya kamata ya haɗa da: Nazarin kimiyyar sararin samaniya domin aza tushe don samun fa'idodi mafi yawa daga kasancewar al'umma cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya; Don samun damar sararin samaniya, kokarin Nijeriya yakamata ya mai da hankali kan bincike da tsauraran ilimi, cigaban injiniya, kere-kere da kerawa, musamman a bangaren kayan aiki, roket da kananan tauraron dan adam harma da samun bayanan tauraron dan adam, sarrafawa, bincike da kuma kula da makamantansu. software; damar da tashar lura da ƙasa ta ƙasa don hango nesa da samun bayanan yanayi na tauraron dan adam. Irin wannan kayan aikin zai haɓaka ikon igenan asalin asali don ɗauka, gyara da ƙirƙirar sababbin dabaru don ƙididdigar albarkatun ƙasa, saka idanu, kimantawa da gudanarwa; Samar da ingantaccen sabis na sadarwa a Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Yankunan da ke cikin Tsarin Sararin Samaniya (NSP) sun haɗa da: ''Basic Space Science and Technology'' don samar da fahimtar yadda duniya ke aiki da kuma yadda tasirinta yake a duniya. Wannan zai ba mu damar aza harsashin samar da mafi yawan fa'idodi daga shigar al'ummah cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya. ''Sensing'' na nesa don taimaka wa 'yan Najeriya su fahimta da kuma kula da yanayin mu da albarkatun kasa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan da aka samu. Wannan fasahar zata bamu damar fahimtar filayen mu, iska da ruwa da kuma matsalolin dake tattare dasu. Tauraron Dan Adam ''Meteorology'' don nazarin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi ta amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam don sauƙaƙe gudanarwar muhalli mai kyau. Sadarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa don samar da ingantattun aiyukan sadarwa ga Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Tsaro da Tsaro. Gwamnatin Tarayya za ta samar da wani muhimmin shiri na kimiyyar sararin samaniya (SST) wanda zai magance bukatun kasa na Najeriya. A saboda wannan dalili gwamnati za ta kafa Kwamandan Sararin Samaniya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. Dokar za ta kunshi wakilai na tsaro, leken asiri, tsaro da kuma aiwatar da doka tare da bayar da rahoto ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ga Majalisar Sararin Samaniya. == Satellites == Gwamnatin Najeriya ta harba [[tauraron dan adam]] guda biyar zuwa sararin samaniya. Shirye-shiryen farko don harba tauraron dan adam na kasa a shekara ta 1976 ba a zartar ba. NigeriaSat-1 shi ne tauraron dan Adam na farko dan Najeriya kuma wani kamfanin fasahar tauraron dan adam dake zaune a kasar Ingila, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) ne ya gina shi karkashin tallafin gwamnatin Najeriya akan dala miliyan 30. An harba tauraron dan adam ne ta hanyar roka Kosmos-3M daga roka Plesetsk spaceport a ranar 27 ga Satumbar Shekarar 2003. Nigeriasat-1 na daga cikin Tsarukan Kula da Bala'i na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} Manufofin farko na Nigeriasat-1 sun kasance: ba da alamun gargaɗi na farko game da bala'in muhalli; don taimakawa gano da kuma kula da kwararar hamada a yankin arewacin Najeriya; don taimakawa cikin tsara alƙaluma; kulla alakar tsakanin dabbobi da muhallin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma ba da sakonnin gargadi game da barkewar cutar sankarau nan gaba ta amfani da fasahar hangen nesa don samar da fasahar da ake buƙata don kawo ilimi ga dukkan ɓangarorin ƙasar ta hanyar ilmantarwa mai nisa; da kuma taimakawa wajen sasanta rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen kan iyakoki ta hanyar tsara tashoshin jihohi da na Duniya. [[File:Launch_of_CRS-11_mission.jpg|alt=|thumb| SpaceX ƙaddamar CRS-11 tare da Nigeria EduSat-1 a jirgi a cikin shekara ta 2017]] NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X, tauraron dan adam na uku da na hudu, an gina su a matsayin tauraron dan adam mai karfin gaske ta hanyar SSTL don tsarin DMC kuma. Tana da panchromatic na ƙudurin mita 2.5 (mai matuƙar ƙuduri), 5-multispectral (babban ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada), da kuma mita 32 na multispectral (matsakaiciyar ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada) eriya. An gina kumbon NigeriaSat-2 / X ne a kan kudi sama da fam miliyan 35.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2011}} Wannan tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari guda ta Ukrainian Dnepr roka daga Yasny barikin soji a Rasha a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |title=NigeriaSat-2 and NigeriaSat-X Satellites Launched |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519093552/http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NigComSat-1, wani tauraron dan adam dan Najeriya da aka umarce shi kuma aka gina shi a Chaina a shekara ta 2004, shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya kuma tauraron dan adam na farko na sadarwa a Afirka. An ƙaddamar da shi ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roka mai ɗauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin 3B, daga Cibiyar Kaddamar da Tauraron Dan Adam na Xichang da ke Chaina. Kamfanin NigComSat ne ke aiki da kumbon da ke karkashin Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya, NASRDA . A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008, NigComSat-1 ya gaza yin kewaya bayan karewa daga mulki saboda wani yanayi da ya faru a cikin hasken rana. Yana da aka bisa ga Sin DFH-4 da tauraron dan adam bas, da kuma daukawa da dama transponders : 4 C band . 14 Ku band ; 8 Kwani band . da band 2 L Yana da aka tsara don samar da ɗaukar hoto zuwa wasu sassa na Afrika, da kuma K _wani band transponders zai kuma rufe Italiya. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam don nazari da kuma kaucewa yiwuwar karo da wasu tauraron dan adam. A cewar kamfanin sadarwa na Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, an sanya shi cikin "aikin yanayin gaggawa domin aiwatar da raguwa da gyare-gyare". Tauraron dan adam din daga karshe ya gaza bayan ya rasa iko a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2009, Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Najeriya, NigComSat Ltd. da CGWIC sun sanya hannu kan wani karin kwangila don jigilar tauraron dan adam na NigComSat-1R. NigComSat-1R shima tauraron dan adam ne na DFH-4, kuma ana sa ran isar dashi a zango na hudu na shekara ta 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya gaza. A ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin ta harba wani sabon tauraron dan adam na sadarwa a Xichang. Tauraron dan adam din a cewar shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan wanda aka biya kudin inshorar kan kamfanin na NigComSat-1 wanda aka sake kewaya shi a shekara ta 2009, zai yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaban kasa a fannoni daban daban kamar sadarwa, aiyukan intanet, kiwon lafiya, noma, muhalli. kariya da tsaron kasa. * NigeriaSat-1 tauraron dan adam ne na daidaitaccen tsarin tsara Bala'in Kulawa da Bala'i (DMC). Yana da 100&nbsp;nauyin kilogiram kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin biyan kuɗi na gani wanda SSTL ta haɓaka don samar da ƙudurin ƙasa na 32 m tare da faɗi mai faɗi na musamman sama da 640&nbsp;km Biyan kuɗin yana amfani da koren, ja da kusa da infrared bands daidai da Landsat TM + makada 2, 3 da 4. Ana adana hotuna a cikin mai rikodin bayanai mai ƙarfi na 1-gigabyte kuma an dawo dasu ta hanyar 8-Mbit / s S-band downlink. NigeriaSat-1 na iya ɗaukar hotuna da girma kamar 640 x 560&nbsp;km, yana samar da yanki mai fa'ida, matsakaiciyar bayanai. Za a yi amfani da bayanan ne a cikin Najeriyar don lura da gurbatar yanayi, amfani da filaye da sauran al'amuran matsakaici. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 Satumba 2003. * NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X tare da 300&nbsp;kilogram kowannensu - don maye gurbin NajeriyaSat-1, wanda aka fara daga Nuwamba 6, 2006, aka ƙaddamar da 17 ga Agusta 2011. * NigComSat-1 Communications tauraron dan adam wanda ke samar da intanet na karkara - wanda aka kaddamar a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roket mai dauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin, daga cibiyar harba tauraron dan adam ta Xichang da ke China. Tauraron dan adam din shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya da aka sanya shi cikin falaki. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam, saboda ya rasa dukkanin kayan aikin da ke amfani da hasken rana. Tauraron dan adam asara ce baki daya. Tauraron dan Adam mallakar da Sadarwa na Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Najeriya yana da iyaka, SPV, an sanya shi a matsayin kamfani na jiha, wanda aka ba da cikakken kuɗaɗe kuma mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. NigComSat Limited a yanzu haka yana karkashin kulawar da sabuwar sabuwar Ma’aikatar Fasahar Sadarwa wacce NCC da NBC ke kula da ita. * NigComSat-1R - don maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya ɓace, wanda China ta ƙaƙaddamar ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011 ba tare da an biya Nigeria kuɗi ba. == Ayyukan gaba == NigComSat-2 da NigComSat-3 - ƙarin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don faɗaɗa hanyoyin Sadarwa na Nijeriya wanda ke da niyyar farawa a cikin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2013. NigeriaSAT-1 - tauraron dan adam mai kula da sojan gona/mai lura da Duniya tare da na'urar hangen nesa, wanda a ke shirin kaddamarwa a shekara ta 2015. === Cigaban tauraron dan adam na cikin gida === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya sanar a wajen taron laccar da aka gabatar kan ci gaban fasahar sararin samaniya cewa Najeriya za ta iya gina tauraron dan adam na asali a cikin kasar ba tare da taimakon kasashen waje ba har zuwa shekara ta 2018. === Motar harba tauraron dan adam da sararin samaniya === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya kuma bayyana cewa Nijeriya za ta yi amfani da damar da take da shi wajen kaddamar da ita zuwa kasa-da-kasa ta hanyar samar da sararin samaniya na asali daga wani yanki na kasa da za a gina a kusa da shekara ta 2025 zuwa shekara ta 2028 tare da yiwuwar taimako daga Ukraine. === Binciken duniya === An shirya gudanar da bincike kan [[Wata]] a cikin shekara ta 2030. An tsara dan sama jannati na farko dan Najeriya a cikin jirgin kumbo na wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 2015 da shekara ta 2030. An yi shawarwari tare da Rasha a cikin shekara ta 2000s don jigilar 'yan sama jannati. Bayan haka, bayan da abokiyar huldar sararin samaniya ta kasar Sin ta harba kumbon Shenzhou a shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin tana shirin daukar 'yan sama jannatin kasashen waje. Ana ganin China a matsayin kasar da ta fi dacewa da tashin wani dan sama jannatin Najeriya zuwa sararin samaniya fiye da Rasha bisa la'akari da alakar yanzu. Lokacin da Ogbonnaya Onu ya sanar a shekara ta 2016 cewa Najeriya za ta tura dan sama jannati zuwa shekara ta 2030, ya gamu da suka. Ba wai kawai cewa akwai wani imel ɗin yaudara da ke yawo ba game da ɗan sama jannatin Najeriya da ya ɓace a sararin samaniya ba, amma masana da yawa game da sararin samaniya ba sa tsammanin abin da Nijeriya ke buƙata. == Duba kuma == * Jerin hukumomin hukumomin sararin samaniya. * Najeriya EduSat-1 (an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2017). == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/nigeria/index.html Labarin GlobalSecurity.org] * NigeriaSat-1 information * NigeriaSat-2 information * NigeriaSat-2 signing press release * Nigeria Aggressively Pursues Space Program — Muryar Amurka, 23 ga Mayu 2006 == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/ NASRDA Shafin Farko] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Kimiyya]] [[Category:Fasaha]] [[Category:Kimiyya da Fasaha a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sararin sama]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 56444nd5if8jq0dgfd75bne5jionkor 883676 883674 2026-07-15T17:41:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Gernhardt in space during STS-69 in 1995.jpg|thumb|yanda Yan binciken sararin samani suke]] '''Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa (N.A.S.R.D.A)''' ita ce hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Babbar ma'aikata a karkashin Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya. Hukumar da ke Abuja babban birnin [[Abuja|Nijeriya]] kuma tana da tashar karɓar ƙasa, a tsakanin sauran shafuka. Tana da haɗin gwiwa kan fasahar sararin samaniya tare da, [[Birtaniya|Kasar Ingila]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha|Russia]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. == Tarihi == NASRDA da aka kafa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 bayan shirye-shiryen lokaci tun a shekara ta 1998 ta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da kuma gwamnatin Nijeriya tare da wani Babban burin kafa wata "da muhimman hakkokin siyasa domin cigaban sararin kimiyya da fasaha" da wani na farko kasafin kudin na $93 miliyan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, sabon tsarin sararin samaniya ya sami karbuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matignon|first=Louis de Gouyon|date=2019-11-24|title=The Nigerian space program|url=https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Space Legal Issues|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510193501/https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsayi == Matsayi na farko na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya na Najeriya (NSP) wanda Hukumar Bincike da raya Sararin Samaniya (NASRDA) za ta aiwatar ya kamata ya haɗa da: Nazarin kimiyyar sararin samaniya domin aza tushe don samun fa'idodi mafi yawa daga kasancewar al'umma cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya; Don samun damar sararin samaniya, kokarin Nijeriya yakamata ya mai da hankali kan bincike da tsauraran ilimi, cigaban injiniya, kere-kere da kerawa, musamman a bangaren kayan aiki, roket da kananan tauraron dan adam harma da samun bayanan tauraron dan adam, sarrafawa, bincike da kuma kula da makamantansu. software; damar da tashar lura da ƙasa ta ƙasa don hango nesa da samun bayanan yanayi na tauraron dan adam. Irin wannan kayan aikin zai haɓaka ikon igenan asalin asali don ɗauka, gyara da ƙirƙirar sababbin dabaru don ƙididdigar albarkatun ƙasa, saka idanu, kimantawa da gudanarwa; Samar da ingantaccen sabis na sadarwa a Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Yankunan da ke cikin Tsarin Sararin Samaniya (NSP) sun haɗa da: ''Basic Space Science and Technology'' don samar da fahimtar yadda duniya ke aiki da kuma yadda tasirinta yake a duniya. Wannan zai ba mu damar aza harsashin samar da mafi yawan fa'idodi daga shigar al'ummah cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya. ''Sensing'' na nesa don taimaka wa 'yan Najeriya su fahimta da kuma kula da yanayin mu da albarkatun kasa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan da aka samu. Wannan fasahar zata bamu damar fahimtar filayen mu, iska da ruwa da kuma matsalolin dake tattare dasu. Tauraron Dan Adam ''Meteorology'' don nazarin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi ta amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam don sauƙaƙe gudanarwar muhalli mai kyau. Sadarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa don samar da ingantattun aiyukan sadarwa ga Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Tsaro da Tsaro. Gwamnatin Tarayya za ta samar da wani muhimmin shiri na kimiyyar sararin samaniya (SST) wanda zai magance bukatun kasa na Najeriya. A saboda wannan dalili gwamnati za ta kafa Kwamandan Sararin Samaniya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. Dokar za ta kunshi wakilai na tsaro, leken asiri, tsaro da kuma aiwatar da doka tare da bayar da rahoto ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ga Majalisar Sararin Samaniya. == Satellites == Gwamnatin Najeriya ta harba [[tauraron dan adam]] guda biyar zuwa sararin samaniya. Shirye-shiryen farko don harba tauraron dan adam na kasa a shekara ta 1976 ba a zartar ba. NigeriaSat-1 shi ne tauraron dan Adam na farko dan Najeriya kuma wani kamfanin fasahar tauraron dan adam dake zaune a kasar Ingila, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) ne ya gina shi karkashin tallafin gwamnatin Najeriya akan dala miliyan 30. An harba tauraron dan adam ne ta hanyar roka Kosmos-3M daga roka Plesetsk spaceport a ranar 27 ga Satumbar Shekarar 2003. Nigeriasat-1 na daga cikin Tsarukan Kula da Bala'i na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} Manufofin farko na Nigeriasat-1 sun kasance: ba da alamun gargaɗi na farko game da bala'in muhalli; don taimakawa gano da kuma kula da kwararar hamada a yankin arewacin Najeriya; don taimakawa cikin tsara alƙaluma; kulla alakar tsakanin dabbobi da muhallin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma ba da sakonnin gargadi game da barkewar cutar sankarau nan gaba ta amfani da fasahar hangen nesa don samar da fasahar da ake buƙata don kawo ilimi ga dukkan ɓangarorin ƙasar ta hanyar ilmantarwa mai nisa; da kuma taimakawa wajen sasanta rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen kan iyakoki ta hanyar tsara tashoshin jihohi da na Duniya. [[File:Launch_of_CRS-11_mission.jpg|alt=|thumb| SpaceX ƙaddamar CRS-11 tare da Nigeria EduSat-1 a jirgi a cikin shekara ta 2017]] NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X, tauraron dan adam na uku da na hudu, an gina su a matsayin tauraron dan adam mai karfin gaske ta hanyar SSTL don tsarin DMC kuma. Tana da panchromatic na ƙudurin mita 2.5 (mai matuƙar ƙuduri), 5-multispectral (babban ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada), da kuma mita 32 na multispectral (matsakaiciyar ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada) eriya. An gina kumbon NigeriaSat-2 / X ne a kan kudi sama da fam miliyan 35.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2011}} Wannan tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari guda ta Ukrainian Dnepr roka daga Yasny barikin soji a Rasha a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |title=NigeriaSat-2 and NigeriaSat-X Satellites Launched |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519093552/http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NigComSat-1, wani tauraron dan adam dan Najeriya da aka umarce shi kuma aka gina shi a Chaina a shekara ta 2004, shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya kuma tauraron dan adam na farko na sadarwa a Afirka. An ƙaddamar da shi ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roka mai ɗauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin 3B, daga Cibiyar Kaddamar da Tauraron Dan Adam na Xichang da ke Chaina. Kamfanin NigComSat ne ke aiki da kumbon da ke karkashin Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya, NASRDA . A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba Shekara ta 2008, NigComSat-1 ya gaza yin kewaya bayan karewa daga mulki saboda wani yanayi da ya faru a cikin hasken rana. Yana da aka bisa ga Sin DFH-4 da tauraron dan adam bas, da kuma daukawa da dama transponders : 4 C band . 14 Ku band ; 8 Kwani band . da band 2 L Yana da aka tsara don samar da ɗaukar hoto zuwa wasu sassa na Afrika, da kuma K _wani band transponders zai kuma rufe Italiya. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam don nazari da kuma kaucewa yiwuwar karo da wasu tauraron dan adam. A cewar kamfanin sadarwa na Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, an sanya shi cikin "aikin yanayin gaggawa domin aiwatar da raguwa da gyare-gyare". Tauraron dan adam din daga karshe ya gaza bayan ya rasa iko a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2009, Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Najeriya, NigComSat Ltd. da CGWIC sun sanya hannu kan wani karin kwangila don jigilar tauraron dan adam na NigComSat-1R. NigComSat-1R shima tauraron dan adam ne na DFH-4, kuma ana sa ran isar dashi a zango na hudu na shekara ta 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya gaza. A ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin ta harba wani sabon tauraron dan adam na sadarwa a Xichang. Tauraron dan adam din a cewar shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan wanda aka biya kudin inshorar kan kamfanin na NigComSat-1 wanda aka sake kewaya shi a shekara ta 2009, zai yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaban kasa a fannoni daban daban kamar sadarwa, aiyukan intanet, kiwon lafiya, noma, muhalli. kariya da tsaron kasa. * NigeriaSat-1 tauraron dan adam ne na daidaitaccen tsarin tsara Bala'in Kulawa da Bala'i (DMC). Yana da 100&nbsp;nauyin kilogiram kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin biyan kuɗi na gani wanda SSTL ta haɓaka don samar da ƙudurin ƙasa na 32 m tare da faɗi mai faɗi na musamman sama da 640&nbsp;km Biyan kuɗin yana amfani da koren, ja da kusa da infrared bands daidai da Landsat TM + makada 2, 3 da 4. Ana adana hotuna a cikin mai rikodin bayanai mai ƙarfi na 1-gigabyte kuma an dawo dasu ta hanyar 8-Mbit / s S-band downlink. NigeriaSat-1 na iya ɗaukar hotuna da girma kamar 640 x 560&nbsp;km, yana samar da yanki mai fa'ida, matsakaiciyar bayanai. Za a yi amfani da bayanan ne a cikin Najeriyar don lura da gurbatar yanayi, amfani da filaye da sauran al'amuran matsakaici. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 Satumba 2003. * NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X tare da 300&nbsp;kilogram kowannensu - don maye gurbin NajeriyaSat-1, wanda aka fara daga Nuwamba 6, 2006, aka ƙaddamar da 17 ga Agusta 2011. * NigComSat-1 Communications tauraron dan adam wanda ke samar da intanet na karkara - wanda aka kaddamar a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roket mai dauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin, daga cibiyar harba tauraron dan adam ta Xichang da ke China. Tauraron dan adam din shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya da aka sanya shi cikin falaki. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam, saboda ya rasa dukkanin kayan aikin da ke amfani da hasken rana. Tauraron dan adam asara ce baki daya. Tauraron dan Adam mallakar da Sadarwa na Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Najeriya yana da iyaka, SPV, an sanya shi a matsayin kamfani na jiha, wanda aka ba da cikakken kuɗaɗe kuma mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. NigComSat Limited a yanzu haka yana karkashin kulawar da sabuwar sabuwar Ma’aikatar Fasahar Sadarwa wacce NCC da NBC ke kula da ita. * NigComSat-1R - don maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya ɓace, wanda China ta ƙaƙaddamar ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011 ba tare da an biya Nigeria kuɗi ba. == Ayyukan gaba == NigComSat-2 da NigComSat-3 - ƙarin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don faɗaɗa hanyoyin Sadarwa na Nijeriya wanda ke da niyyar farawa a cikin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2013. NigeriaSAT-1 - tauraron dan adam mai kula da sojan gona/mai lura da Duniya tare da na'urar hangen nesa, wanda a ke shirin kaddamarwa a shekara ta 2015. === Cigaban tauraron dan adam na cikin gida === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya sanar a wajen taron laccar da aka gabatar kan ci gaban fasahar sararin samaniya cewa Najeriya za ta iya gina tauraron dan adam na asali a cikin kasar ba tare da taimakon kasashen waje ba har zuwa shekara ta 2018. === Motar harba tauraron dan adam da sararin samaniya === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya kuma bayyana cewa Nijeriya za ta yi amfani da damar da take da shi wajen kaddamar da ita zuwa kasa-da-kasa ta hanyar samar da sararin samaniya na asali daga wani yanki na kasa da za a gina a kusa da shekara ta 2025 zuwa shekara ta 2028 tare da yiwuwar taimako daga Ukraine. === Binciken duniya === An shirya gudanar da bincike kan [[Wata]] a cikin shekara ta 2030. An tsara dan sama jannati na farko dan Najeriya a cikin jirgin kumbo na wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 2015 da shekara ta 2030. An yi shawarwari tare da Rasha a cikin shekara ta 2000s don jigilar 'yan sama jannati. Bayan haka, bayan da abokiyar huldar sararin samaniya ta kasar Sin ta harba kumbon Shenzhou a shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin tana shirin daukar 'yan sama jannatin kasashen waje. Ana ganin China a matsayin kasar da ta fi dacewa da tashin wani dan sama jannatin Najeriya zuwa sararin samaniya fiye da Rasha bisa la'akari da alakar yanzu. Lokacin da Ogbonnaya Onu ya sanar a shekara ta 2016 cewa Najeriya za ta tura dan sama jannati zuwa shekara ta 2030, ya gamu da suka. Ba wai kawai cewa akwai wani imel ɗin yaudara da ke yawo ba game da ɗan sama jannatin Najeriya da ya ɓace a sararin samaniya ba, amma masana da yawa game da sararin samaniya ba sa tsammanin abin da Nijeriya ke buƙata. == Duba kuma == * Jerin hukumomin hukumomin sararin samaniya. * Najeriya EduSat-1 (an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2017). == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/nigeria/index.html Labarin GlobalSecurity.org] * NigeriaSat-1 information * NigeriaSat-2 information * NigeriaSat-2 signing press release * Nigeria Aggressively Pursues Space Program — Muryar Amurka, 23 ga Mayu 2006 == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/ NASRDA Shafin Farko] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Kimiyya]] [[Category:Fasaha]] [[Category:Kimiyya da Fasaha a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sararin sama]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5pmwl1zk23lfr8x2mvag6d1gagyq0hr 883682 883676 2026-07-15T17:43:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Gernhardt in space during STS-69 in 1995.jpg|thumb|yanda Yan binciken sararin samani suke]] '''Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa (N.A.S.R.D.A)''' ita ce hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Babbar ma'aikata a karkashin Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya. Hukumar da ke Abuja babban birnin [[Abuja|Nijeriya]] kuma tana da tashar karɓar ƙasa, a tsakanin sauran shafuka. Tana da haɗin gwiwa kan fasahar sararin samaniya tare da, [[Birtaniya|Kasar Ingila]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha|Russia]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. == Tarihi == NASRDA da aka kafa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 bayan shirye-shiryen lokaci tun a shekara ta 1998 ta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da kuma gwamnatin Nijeriya tare da wani Babban burin kafa wata "da muhimman hakkokin siyasa domin cigaban sararin kimiyya da fasaha" da wani na farko kasafin kudin na $93 miliyan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, sabon tsarin sararin samaniya ya sami karbuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matignon|first=Louis de Gouyon|date=2019-11-24|title=The Nigerian space program|url=https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Space Legal Issues|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510193501/https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsayi == Matsayi na farko na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya na Najeriya (NSP) wanda Hukumar Bincike da raya Sararin Samaniya (NASRDA) za ta aiwatar ya kamata ya haɗa da: Nazarin kimiyyar sararin samaniya domin aza tushe don samun fa'idodi mafi yawa daga kasancewar al'umma cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya; Don samun damar sararin samaniya, kokarin Nijeriya yakamata ya mai da hankali kan bincike da tsauraran ilimi, cigaban injiniya, kere-kere da kerawa, musamman a bangaren kayan aiki, roket da kananan tauraron dan adam harma da samun bayanan tauraron dan adam, sarrafawa, bincike da kuma kula da makamantansu. software; damar da tashar lura da ƙasa ta ƙasa don hango nesa da samun bayanan yanayi na tauraron dan adam. Irin wannan kayan aikin zai haɓaka ikon igenan asalin asali don ɗauka, gyara da ƙirƙirar sababbin dabaru don ƙididdigar albarkatun ƙasa, saka idanu, kimantawa da gudanarwa; Samar da ingantaccen sabis na sadarwa a Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Yankunan da ke cikin Tsarin Sararin Samaniya (NSP) sun haɗa da: ''Basic Space Science and Technology'' don samar da fahimtar yadda duniya ke aiki da kuma yadda tasirinta yake a duniya. Wannan zai ba mu damar aza harsashin samar da mafi yawan fa'idodi daga shigar al'ummah cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya. ''Sensing'' na nesa don taimaka wa 'yan Najeriya su fahimta da kuma kula da yanayin mu da albarkatun kasa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan da aka samu. Wannan fasahar zata bamu damar fahimtar filayen mu, iska da ruwa da kuma matsalolin dake tattare dasu. Tauraron Dan Adam ''Meteorology'' don nazarin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi ta amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam don sauƙaƙe gudanarwar muhalli mai kyau. Sadarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa don samar da ingantattun aiyukan sadarwa ga Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Tsaro da Tsaro. Gwamnatin Tarayya za ta samar da wani muhimmin shiri na kimiyyar sararin samaniya (SST) wanda zai magance bukatun kasa na Najeriya. A saboda wannan dalili gwamnati za ta kafa Kwamandan Sararin Samaniya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. Dokar za ta kunshi wakilai na tsaro, leken asiri, tsaro da kuma aiwatar da doka tare da bayar da rahoto ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ga Majalisar Sararin Samaniya. == Satellites == Gwamnatin Najeriya ta harba [[tauraron dan adam]] guda biyar zuwa sararin samaniya. Shirye-shiryen farko don harba tauraron dan adam na kasa a shekara ta 1976 ba a zartar ba. NigeriaSat-1 shi ne tauraron dan Adam na farko dan Najeriya kuma wani kamfanin fasahar tauraron dan adam dake zaune a kasar Ingila, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) ne ya gina shi karkashin tallafin gwamnatin Najeriya akan dala miliyan 30. An harba tauraron dan adam ne ta hanyar roka Kosmos-3M daga roka Plesetsk spaceport a ranar 27 ga Satumbar Shekarar 2003. Nigeriasat-1 na daga cikin Tsarukan Kula da Bala'i na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} Manufofin farko na Nigeriasat-1 sun kasance: ba da alamun gargaɗi na farko game da bala'in muhalli; don taimakawa gano da kuma kula da kwararar hamada a yankin arewacin Najeriya; don taimakawa cikin tsara alƙaluma; kulla alakar tsakanin dabbobi da muhallin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma ba da sakonnin gargadi game da barkewar cutar sankarau nan gaba ta amfani da fasahar hangen nesa don samar da fasahar da ake buƙata don kawo ilimi ga dukkan ɓangarorin ƙasar ta hanyar ilmantarwa mai nisa; da kuma taimakawa wajen sasanta rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen kan iyakoki ta hanyar tsara tashoshin jihohi da na Duniya. [[File:Launch_of_CRS-11_mission.jpg|alt=|thumb| SpaceX ƙaddamar CRS-11 tare da Nigeria EduSat-1 a jirgi a cikin shekara ta 2017]] NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X, tauraron dan adam na uku da na hudu, an gina su a matsayin tauraron dan adam mai karfin gaske ta hanyar SSTL don tsarin DMC kuma. Tana da panchromatic na ƙudurin mita 2.5 (mai matuƙar ƙuduri), 5-multispectral (babban ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada), da kuma mita 32 na multispectral (matsakaiciyar ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada) eriya. An gina kumbon NigeriaSat-2 / X ne a kan kudi sama da fam miliyan 35.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2011}} Wannan tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari guda ta Ukrainian Dnepr roka daga Yasny barikin soji a Rasha a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |title=NigeriaSat-2 and NigeriaSat-X Satellites Launched |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519093552/http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NigComSat-1, wani tauraron dan adam dan Najeriya da aka umarce shi kuma aka gina shi a Chaina a shekara ta 2004, shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya kuma tauraron dan adam na farko na sadarwa a Afirka. An ƙaddamar da shi ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roka mai ɗauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin 3B, daga Cibiyar Kaddamar da Tauraron Dan Adam na Xichang da ke Chaina. Kamfanin NigComSat ne ke aiki da kumbon da ke karkashin Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya, NASRDA . A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba Shekara ta 2008, NigComSat-1 ya gaza yin kewaya bayan karewa daga mulki saboda wani yanayi da ya faru a cikin hasken rana. Yana da aka bisa ga Sin DFH-4 da tauraron dan adam bas, da kuma daukawa da dama transponders : 4 C band . 14 Ku band ; 8 Kwani band . da band 2 L Yana da aka tsara don samar da ɗaukar hoto zuwa wasu sassa na Afrika, da kuma K _wani band transponders zai kuma rufe Italiya. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam don nazari da kuma kaucewa yiwuwar karo da wasu tauraron dan adam. A cewar kamfanin sadarwa na Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, an sanya shi cikin "aikin yanayin gaggawa domin aiwatar da raguwa da gyare-gyare". Tauraron dan adam din daga karshe ya gaza bayan ya rasa iko a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2009, Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Najeriya, NigComSat Ltd. da CGWIC sun sanya hannu kan wani karin kwangila don jigilar tauraron dan adam na NigComSat-1R. NigComSat-1R shima tauraron dan adam ne na DFH-4, kuma ana sa ran isar dashi a zango na hudu na shekara ta 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya gaza. A ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin ta harba wani sabon tauraron dan adam na sadarwa a Xichang. Tauraron dan adam din a cewar shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan wanda aka biya kudin inshorar kan kamfanin na NigComSat-1 wanda aka sake kewaya shi a shekara ta 2009, zai yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaban kasa a fannoni daban daban kamar sadarwa, aiyukan intanet, kiwon lafiya, noma, muhalli. kariya da tsaron kasa. * NigeriaSat-1 tauraron dan adam ne na daidaitaccen tsarin tsara Bala'in Kulawa da Bala'i (DMC). Yana da 100&nbsp;nauyin kilogiram kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin biyan kuɗi na gani wanda SSTL ta haɓaka don samar da ƙudurin ƙasa na 32 m tare da faɗi mai faɗi na musamman sama da 640&nbsp;km Biyan kuɗin yana amfani da koren, ja da kusa da infrared bands daidai da Landsat TM + makada 2, 3 da 4. Ana adana hotuna a cikin mai rikodin bayanai mai ƙarfi na 1-gigabyte kuma an dawo dasu ta hanyar 8-Mbit / s S-band downlink. NigeriaSat-1 na iya ɗaukar hotuna da girma kamar 640 x 560&nbsp;km, yana samar da yanki mai fa'ida, matsakaiciyar bayanai. Za a yi amfani da bayanan ne a cikin Najeriyar don lura da gurbatar yanayi, amfani da filaye da sauran al'amuran matsakaici. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 Satumba Shekarar 2003. * NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X tare da 300&nbsp;kilogram kowannensu - don maye gurbin NajeriyaSat-1, wanda aka fara daga Nuwamba 6, 2006, aka ƙaddamar da 17 ga Agusta 2011. * NigComSat-1 Communications tauraron dan adam wanda ke samar da intanet na karkara - wanda aka kaddamar a ranar 13 ga Mayu Shekara ta 2007, a cikin roket mai dauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin, daga cibiyar harba tauraron dan adam ta Xichang da ke China. Tauraron dan adam din shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya da aka sanya shi cikin falaki. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam, saboda ya rasa dukkanin kayan aikin da ke amfani da hasken rana. Tauraron dan adam asara ce baki daya. Tauraron dan Adam mallakar da Sadarwa na Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Najeriya yana da iyaka, SPV, an sanya shi a matsayin kamfani na jiha, wanda aka ba da cikakken kuɗaɗe kuma mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. NigComSat Limited a yanzu haka yana karkashin kulawar da sabuwar sabuwar Ma’aikatar Fasahar Sadarwa wacce NCC da NBC ke kula da ita. * NigComSat-1R - don maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya ɓace, wanda China ta ƙaƙaddamar ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011 ba tare da an biya Nigeria kuɗi ba. == Ayyukan gaba == NigComSat-2 da NigComSat-3 - ƙarin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don faɗaɗa hanyoyin Sadarwa na Nijeriya wanda ke da niyyar farawa a cikin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2013. NigeriaSAT-1 - tauraron dan adam mai kula da sojan gona/mai lura da Duniya tare da na'urar hangen nesa, wanda a ke shirin kaddamarwa a shekara ta 2015. === Cigaban tauraron dan adam na cikin gida === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya sanar a wajen taron laccar da aka gabatar kan ci gaban fasahar sararin samaniya cewa Najeriya za ta iya gina tauraron dan adam na asali a cikin kasar ba tare da taimakon kasashen waje ba har zuwa shekara ta 2018. === Motar harba tauraron dan adam da sararin samaniya === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya kuma bayyana cewa Nijeriya za ta yi amfani da damar da take da shi wajen kaddamar da ita zuwa kasa-da-kasa ta hanyar samar da sararin samaniya na asali daga wani yanki na kasa da za a gina a kusa da shekara ta 2025 zuwa shekara ta 2028 tare da yiwuwar taimako daga Ukraine. === Binciken duniya === An shirya gudanar da bincike kan [[Wata]] a cikin shekara ta 2030. An tsara dan sama jannati na farko dan Najeriya a cikin jirgin kumbo na wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 2015 da shekara ta 2030. An yi shawarwari tare da Rasha a cikin shekara ta 2000s don jigilar 'yan sama jannati. Bayan haka, bayan da abokiyar huldar sararin samaniya ta kasar Sin ta harba kumbon Shenzhou a shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin tana shirin daukar 'yan sama jannatin kasashen waje. Ana ganin China a matsayin kasar da ta fi dacewa da tashin wani dan sama jannatin Najeriya zuwa sararin samaniya fiye da Rasha bisa la'akari da alakar yanzu. Lokacin da Ogbonnaya Onu ya sanar a shekara ta 2016 cewa Najeriya za ta tura dan sama jannati zuwa shekara ta 2030, ya gamu da suka. Ba wai kawai cewa akwai wani imel ɗin yaudara da ke yawo ba game da ɗan sama jannatin Najeriya da ya ɓace a sararin samaniya ba, amma masana da yawa game da sararin samaniya ba sa tsammanin abin da Nijeriya ke buƙata. == Duba kuma == * Jerin hukumomin hukumomin sararin samaniya. * Najeriya EduSat-1 (an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2017). == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/nigeria/index.html Labarin GlobalSecurity.org] * NigeriaSat-1 information * NigeriaSat-2 information * NigeriaSat-2 signing press release * Nigeria Aggressively Pursues Space Program — Muryar Amurka, 23 ga Mayu 2006 == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/ NASRDA Shafin Farko] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Kimiyya]] [[Category:Fasaha]] [[Category:Kimiyya da Fasaha a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sararin sama]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lgf7y4t38oth35kuvagwo9b4iqg98k7 883705 883682 2026-07-15T18:33:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Gernhardt in space during STS-69 in 1995.jpg|thumb|yanda Yan binciken sararin samani suke]] '''Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa (N.A.S.R.D.A)''' ita ce hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Babbar ma'aikata a karkashin Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya. Hukumar da ke Abuja babban birnin [[Abuja|Nijeriya]] kuma tana da tashar karɓar ƙasa, a tsakanin sauran shafuka. Tana da haɗin gwiwa kan fasahar sararin samaniya tare da, [[Birtaniya|Kasar Ingila]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha|Russia]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. == Tarihi == NASRDA da aka kafa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 bayan shirye-shiryen lokaci tun a shekara ta 1998 ta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da kuma gwamnatin Nijeriya tare da wani Babban burin kafa wata "da muhimman hakkokin siyasa domin cigaban sararin kimiyya da fasaha" da wani na farko kasafin kudin na $93 miliyan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, sabon tsarin sararin samaniya ya sami karbuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matignon|first=Louis de Gouyon|date=2019-11-24|title=The Nigerian space program|url=https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Space Legal Issues|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510193501/https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsayi == Matsayi na farko na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya na Najeriya (NSP) wanda Hukumar Bincike da raya Sararin Samaniya (NASRDA) za ta aiwatar ya kamata ya haɗa da: Nazarin kimiyyar sararin samaniya domin aza tushe don samun fa'idodi mafi yawa daga kasancewar al'umma cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya; Don samun damar sararin samaniya, kokarin Nijeriya yakamata ya mai da hankali kan bincike da tsauraran ilimi, cigaban injiniya, kere-kere da kerawa, musamman a bangaren kayan aiki, roket da kananan tauraron dan adam harma da samun bayanan tauraron dan adam, sarrafawa, bincike da kuma kula da makamantansu. software; damar da tashar lura da ƙasa ta ƙasa don hango nesa da samun bayanan yanayi na tauraron dan adam. Irin wannan kayan aikin zai haɓaka ikon igenan asalin asali don ɗauka, gyara da ƙirƙirar sababbin dabaru don ƙididdigar albarkatun ƙasa, saka idanu, kimantawa da gudanarwa; Samar da ingantaccen sabis na sadarwa a Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Yankunan da ke cikin Tsarin Sararin Samaniya (NSP) sun haɗa da: ''Basic Space Science and Technology'' don samar da fahimtar yadda duniya ke aiki da kuma yadda tasirinta yake a duniya. Wannan zai ba mu damar aza harsashin samar da mafi yawan fa'idodi daga shigar al'ummah cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya. ''Sensing'' na nesa don taimaka wa 'yan Najeriya su fahimta da kuma kula da yanayin mu da albarkatun kasa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan da aka samu. Wannan fasahar zata bamu damar fahimtar filayen mu, iska da ruwa da kuma matsalolin dake tattare dasu. Tauraron Dan Adam ''Meteorology'' don nazarin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi ta amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam don sauƙaƙe gudanarwar muhalli mai kyau. Sadarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa don samar da ingantattun aiyukan sadarwa ga Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Tsaro da Tsaro. Gwamnatin Tarayya za ta samar da wani muhimmin shiri na kimiyyar sararin samaniya (SST) wanda zai magance bukatun kasa na Najeriya. A saboda wannan dalili gwamnati za ta kafa Kwamandan Sararin Samaniya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. Dokar za ta kunshi wakilai na tsaro, leken asiri, tsaro da kuma aiwatar da doka tare da bayar da rahoto ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ga Majalisar Sararin Samaniya. == Satellites == Gwamnatin Najeriya ta harba [[tauraron dan adam]] guda biyar zuwa sararin samaniya. Shirye-shiryen farko don harba tauraron dan adam na kasa a shekara ta 1976 ba a zartar ba. NigeriaSat-1 shi ne tauraron dan Adam na farko dan Najeriya kuma wani kamfanin fasahar tauraron dan adam dake zaune a kasar Ingila, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) ne ya gina shi karkashin tallafin gwamnatin Najeriya akan dala miliyan 30. An harba tauraron dan adam ne ta hanyar roka Kosmos-3M daga roka Plesetsk spaceport a ranar 27 ga Satumbar Shekarar 2003. Nigeriasat-1 na daga cikin Tsarukan Kula da Bala'i na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} Manufofin farko na Nigeriasat-1 sun kasance: ba da alamun gargaɗi na farko game da bala'in muhalli; don taimakawa gano da kuma kula da kwararar hamada a yankin arewacin Najeriya; don taimakawa cikin tsara alƙaluma; kulla alakar tsakanin dabbobi da muhallin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma ba da sakonnin gargadi game da barkewar cutar sankarau nan gaba ta amfani da fasahar hangen nesa don samar da fasahar da ake buƙata don kawo ilimi ga dukkan ɓangarorin ƙasar ta hanyar ilmantarwa mai nisa; da kuma taimakawa wajen sasanta rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen kan iyakoki ta hanyar tsara tashoshin jihohi da na Duniya. [[File:Launch_of_CRS-11_mission.jpg|alt=|thumb| SpaceX ƙaddamar CRS-11 tare da Nigeria EduSat-1 a jirgi a cikin shekara ta 2017]] NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X, tauraron dan adam na uku da na hudu, an gina su a matsayin tauraron dan adam mai karfin gaske ta hanyar SSTL don tsarin DMC kuma. Tana da panchromatic na ƙudurin mita 2.5 (mai matuƙar ƙuduri), 5-multispectral (babban ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada), da kuma mita 32 na multispectral (matsakaiciyar ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada) eriya. An gina kumbon NigeriaSat-2 / X ne a kan kudi sama da fam miliyan 35.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2011}} Wannan tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari guda ta Ukrainian Dnepr roka daga Yasny barikin soji a Rasha a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |title=NigeriaSat-2 and NigeriaSat-X Satellites Launched |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519093552/http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NigComSat-1, wani tauraron dan adam dan Najeriya da aka umarce shi kuma aka gina shi a Chaina a shekara ta 2004, shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya kuma tauraron dan adam na farko na sadarwa a Afirka. An ƙaddamar da shi ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roka mai ɗauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin 3B, daga Cibiyar Kaddamar da Tauraron Dan Adam na Xichang da ke Chaina. Kamfanin NigComSat ne ke aiki da kumbon da ke karkashin Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya, NASRDA . A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba Shekara ta 2008, NigComSat-1 ya gaza yin kewaya bayan karewa daga mulki saboda wani yanayi da ya faru a cikin hasken rana. Yana da aka bisa ga Sin DFH-4 da tauraron dan adam bas, da kuma daukawa da dama transponders : 4 C band . 14 Ku band ; 8 Kwani band . da band 2 L Yana da aka tsara don samar da ɗaukar hoto zuwa wasu sassa na Afrika, da kuma K _wani band transponders zai kuma rufe Italiya. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam don nazari da kuma kaucewa yiwuwar karo da wasu tauraron dan adam. A cewar kamfanin sadarwa na Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, an sanya shi cikin "aikin yanayin gaggawa domin aiwatar da raguwa da gyare-gyare". Tauraron dan adam din daga karshe ya gaza bayan ya rasa iko a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2009, Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Najeriya, NigComSat Ltd. da CGWIC sun sanya hannu kan wani karin kwangila don jigilar tauraron dan adam na NigComSat-1R. NigComSat-1R shima tauraron dan adam ne na DFH-4, kuma ana sa ran isar dashi a zango na hudu na shekara ta 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya gaza. A ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin ta harba wani sabon tauraron dan adam na sadarwa a Xichang. Tauraron dan adam din a cewar shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan wanda aka biya kudin inshorar kan kamfanin na NigComSat-1 wanda aka sake kewaya shi a shekara ta 2009, zai yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaban kasa a fannoni daban daban kamar sadarwa, aiyukan intanet, kiwon lafiya, noma, muhalli. kariya da tsaron kasa. * NigeriaSat-1 tauraron dan adam ne na daidaitaccen tsarin tsara Bala'in Kulawa da Bala'i (DMC). Yana da 100&nbsp;nauyin kilogiram kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin biyan kuɗi na gani wanda SSTL ta haɓaka don samar da ƙudurin ƙasa na 32 m tare da faɗi mai faɗi na musamman sama da 640&nbsp;km Biyan kuɗin yana amfani da koren, ja da kusa da infrared bands daidai da Landsat TM + makada 2, 3 da 4. Ana adana hotuna a cikin mai rikodin bayanai mai ƙarfi na 1-gigabyte kuma an dawo dasu ta hanyar 8-Mbit / s S-band downlink. NigeriaSat-1 na iya ɗaukar hotuna da girma kamar 640 x 560&nbsp;km, yana samar da yanki mai fa'ida, matsakaiciyar bayanai. Za'a yi amfani da bayanan ne a cikin Najeriyar don lura da gurbatar yanayi, amfani da filaye da sauran al'amuran matsakaici. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 Satumba Shekarar 2003. * NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X tare da 300&nbsp;kilogram kowannensu - don maye gurbin NajeriyaSat-1, wanda aka fara daga Nuwamba 6, 2006, aka ƙaddamar da 17 ga Agusta 2011. * NigComSat-1 Communications tauraron dan adam wanda ke samar da intanet na karkara - wanda aka kaddamar a ranar 13 ga Mayu Shekara ta 2007, a cikin roket mai dauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin, daga cibiyar harba tauraron dan adam ta Xichang da ke China. Tauraron dan adam din shi ne tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya da aka sanya shi cikin falaki. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam, saboda ya rasa dukkanin kayan aikin da ke amfani da hasken rana. Tauraron dan adam asara ce baki daya. Tauraron dan Adam mallakar da Sadarwa na Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Najeriya yana da iyaka, SPV, an sanya shi a matsayin kamfani na jiha, wanda aka ba da cikakken kuɗaɗe kuma mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. NigComSat Limited a yanzu haka yana karkashin kulawar da sabuwar sabuwar Ma’aikatar Fasahar Sadarwa wacce NCC da NBC ke kula da ita. * NigComSat-1R - don maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya ɓace, wanda China ta ƙaƙaddamar ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011 ba tare da an biya Nigeria kuɗi ba. == Ayyukan gaba == NigComSat-2 da NigComSat-3 - ƙarin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don faɗaɗa hanyoyin Sadarwa na Nijeriya wanda ke da niyyar farawa a cikin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2013. NigeriaSAT-1 - tauraron dan adam mai kula da sojan gona/mai lura da Duniya tare da na'urar hangen nesa, wanda a ke shirin kaddamarwa a shekara ta 2015. === Cigaban tauraron dan adam na cikin gida === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya sanar a wajen taron laccar da aka gabatar kan ci gaban fasahar sararin samaniya cewa Najeriya za ta iya gina tauraron dan adam na asali a cikin kasar ba tare da taimakon kasashen waje ba har zuwa shekara ta 2018. === Motar harba tauraron dan adam da sararin samaniya === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya kuma bayyana cewa Nijeriya za ta yi amfani da damar da take da shi wajen kaddamar da ita zuwa kasa-da-kasa ta hanyar samar da sararin samaniya na asali daga wani yanki na kasa da za a gina a kusa da shekara ta 2025 zuwa shekara ta 2028 tare da yiwuwar taimako daga Ukraine. === Binciken duniya === An shirya gudanar da bincike kan [[Wata]] a cikin shekara ta 2030. An tsara dan sama jannati na farko dan Najeriya a cikin jirgin kumbo na wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 2015 da shekara ta 2030. An yi shawarwari tare da Rasha a cikin shekara ta 2000s don jigilar 'yan sama jannati. Bayan haka, bayan da abokiyar huldar sararin samaniya ta kasar Sin ta harba kumbon Shenzhou a shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin tana shirin daukar 'yan sama jannatin kasashen waje. Ana ganin China a matsayin kasar da ta fi dacewa da tashin wani dan sama jannatin Najeriya zuwa sararin samaniya fiye da Rasha bisa la'akari da alakar yanzu. Lokacin da Ogbonnaya Onu ya sanar a shekara ta 2016 cewa Najeriya za ta tura dan sama jannati zuwa shekara ta 2030, ya gamu da suka. Ba wai kawai cewa akwai wani imel ɗin yaudara da ke yawo ba game da ɗan sama jannatin Najeriya da ya ɓace a sararin samaniya ba, amma masana da yawa game da sararin samaniya ba sa tsammanin abin da Nijeriya ke buƙata. == Duba kuma == * Jerin hukumomin hukumomin sararin samaniya. * Najeriya EduSat-1 (an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2017). == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/nigeria/index.html Labarin GlobalSecurity.org] * NigeriaSat-1 information * NigeriaSat-2 information * NigeriaSat-2 signing press release * Nigeria Aggressively Pursues Space Program — Muryar Amurka, 23 ga Mayu 2006 == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/ NASRDA Shafin Farko] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Kimiyya]] [[Category:Fasaha]] [[Category:Kimiyya da Fasaha a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sararin sama]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hqixhv2ah8h2cqza1ubegtno1bja3kh 883706 883705 2026-07-15T18:35:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Gernhardt in space during STS-69 in 1995.jpg|thumb|yanda Yan binciken sararin samani suke]] '''Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa (N.A.S.R.D.A)''' ita ce hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Babbar ma'aikata a karkashin Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya. Hukumar da ke Abuja babban birnin [[Abuja|Nijeriya]] kuma tana da tashar karɓar ƙasa, a tsakanin sauran shafuka. Tana da haɗin gwiwa kan fasahar sararin samaniya tare da, [[Birtaniya|Kasar Ingila]], [[Sin|China]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da [[Rasha|Russia]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}. == Tarihi == NASRDA da aka kafa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 bayan shirye-shiryen lokaci tun a shekara ta 1998 ta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da kuma gwamnatin Nijeriya tare da wani Babban burin kafa wata "da muhimman hakkokin siyasa domin cigaban sararin kimiyya da fasaha" da wani na farko kasafin kudin na $93 miliyan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, sabon tsarin sararin samaniya ya sami karbuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matignon|first=Louis de Gouyon|date=2019-11-24|title=The Nigerian space program|url=https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Space Legal Issues|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510193501/https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-nigerian-space-program/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsayi == Matsayi na farko na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya na Najeriya (NSP) wanda Hukumar Bincike da raya Sararin Samaniya (NASRDA) za ta aiwatar ya kamata ya haɗa da: Nazarin kimiyyar sararin samaniya domin aza tushe don samun fa'idodi mafi yawa daga kasancewar al'umma cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya; Don samun damar sararin samaniya, kokarin Nijeriya yakamata ya mai da hankali kan bincike da tsauraran ilimi, cigaban injiniya, kere-kere da kerawa, musamman a bangaren kayan aiki, roket da kananan tauraron dan adam harma da samun bayanan tauraron dan adam, sarrafawa, bincike da kuma kula da makamantansu. software; damar da tashar lura da ƙasa ta ƙasa don hango nesa da samun bayanan yanayi na tauraron dan adam. Irin wannan kayan aikin zai haɓaka ikon igenan asalin asali don ɗauka, gyara da ƙirƙirar sababbin dabaru don ƙididdigar albarkatun ƙasa, saka idanu, kimantawa da gudanarwa; Samar da ingantaccen sabis na sadarwa a Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Yankunan da ke cikin Tsarin Sararin Samaniya (NSP) sun haɗa da: ''Basic Space Science and Technology'' don samar da fahimtar yadda duniya ke aiki da kuma yadda tasirinta yake a duniya. Wannan zai ba mu damar aza harsashin samar da mafi yawan fa'idodi daga shigar al'ummah cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya. ''Sensing'' na nesa don taimaka wa 'yan Najeriya su fahimta da kuma kula da yanayin mu da albarkatun kasa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan da aka samu. Wannan fasahar zata bamu damar fahimtar filayen mu, iska da ruwa da kuma matsalolin dake tattare dasu. Tauraron Dan Adam ''Meteorology'' don nazarin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi ta amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam don sauƙaƙe gudanarwar muhalli mai kyau. Sadarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa don samar da ingantattun aiyukan sadarwa ga Najeriya domin bunkasa ci gaban masana'antu, kasuwanci da harkokin mulki na tattalin arziki. Tsaro da Tsaro. Gwamnatin Tarayya za ta samar da wani muhimmin shiri na kimiyyar sararin samaniya (SST) wanda zai magance bukatun kasa na Najeriya. A saboda wannan dalili gwamnati za ta kafa Kwamandan Sararin Samaniya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. Dokar za ta kunshi wakilai na tsaro, leken asiri, tsaro da kuma aiwatar da doka tare da bayar da rahoto ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ga Majalisar Sararin Samaniya. == Satellites == Gwamnatin Najeriya ta harba [[tauraron dan adam]] guda biyar zuwa sararin samaniya. Shirye-shiryen farko don harba tauraron dan adam na kasa a shekara ta 1976 ba a zartar ba. NigeriaSat-1 shi ne tauraron dan Adam na farko dan Najeriya kuma wani kamfanin fasahar tauraron dan adam dake zaune a kasar Ingila, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) ne ya gina shi karkashin tallafin gwamnatin Najeriya akan dala miliyan 30. An harba tauraron dan adam ne ta hanyar roka Kosmos-3M daga roka Plesetsk spaceport a ranar 27 ga Satumbar Shekarar 2003. Nigeriasat-1 na daga cikin Tsarukan Kula da Bala'i na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} Manufofin farko na Nigeriasat-1 sun kasance: ba da alamun gargaɗi na farko game da bala'in muhalli; don taimakawa gano da kuma kula da kwararar hamada a yankin arewacin Najeriya; don taimakawa cikin tsara alƙaluma; kulla alakar tsakanin dabbobi da muhallin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma ba da sakonnin gargadi game da barkewar cutar sankarau nan gaba ta amfani da fasahar hangen nesa don samar da fasahar da ake buƙata don kawo ilimi ga dukkan ɓangarorin ƙasar ta hanyar ilmantarwa mai nisa; da kuma taimakawa wajen sasanta rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen kan iyakoki ta hanyar tsara tashoshin jihohi da na Duniya. [[File:Launch_of_CRS-11_mission.jpg|alt=|thumb| SpaceX ƙaddamar CRS-11 tare da Nigeria EduSat-1 a jirgi a cikin shekara ta 2017]] NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X, tauraron dan adam na uku da na hudu, an gina su a matsayin tauraron dan adam mai karfin gaske ta hanyar SSTL don tsarin DMC kuma. Tana da panchromatic na ƙudurin mita 2.5 (mai matuƙar ƙuduri), 5-multispectral (babban ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada), da kuma mita 32 na multispectral (matsakaiciyar ƙuduri, NIR ja, kore da jan makada) eriya. An gina kumbon NigeriaSat-2 / X ne a kan kudi sama da fam miliyan 35.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2011}} Wannan tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari guda ta Ukrainian Dnepr roka daga Yasny barikin soji a Rasha a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |title=NigeriaSat-2 and NigeriaSat-X Satellites Launched |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519093552/http://www.educationgis.com/2011/08/nigeriasat-2-and-nigeriasat-x.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NigComSat-1, wani tauraron dan adam dan Najeriya da aka umarce shi kuma aka gina shi a Chaina a shekara ta 2004, shine tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya kuma tauraron dan adam na farko na sadarwa a Afirka. An ƙaddamar da shi ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2007, a cikin roka mai ɗauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin 3B, daga Cibiyar Kaddamar da Tauraron Dan Adam na Xichang da ke Chaina. Kamfanin NigComSat ne ke aiki da kumbon da ke karkashin Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya, NASRDA . A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba Shekara ta 2008, NigComSat-1 ya gaza yin kewaya bayan karewa daga mulki saboda wani yanayi da ya faru a cikin hasken rana. Yana da aka bisa ga Sin DFH-4 da tauraron dan adam bas, da kuma daukawa da dama transponders : 4 C band . 14 Ku band ; 8 Kwani band . da band 2 L Yana da aka tsara don samar da ɗaukar hoto zuwa wasu sassa na Afrika, da kuma K _wani band transponders zai kuma rufe Italiya. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam don nazari da kuma kaucewa yiwuwar karo da wasu tauraron dan adam. A cewar kamfanin sadarwa na Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, an sanya shi cikin "aikin yanayin gaggawa domin aiwatar da raguwa da gyare-gyare". Tauraron dan adam din daga karshe ya gaza bayan ya rasa iko a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2008. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2009, Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Najeriya, NigComSat Ltd. da CGWIC sun sanya hannu kan wani karin kwangila don jigilar tauraron dan adam na NigComSat-1R. NigComSat-1R shima tauraron dan adam ne na DFH-4, kuma ana sa ran isar dashi a zango na hudu na shekara ta 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya gaza. A ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin ta harba wani sabon tauraron dan adam na sadarwa a Xichang. Tauraron dan adam din a cewar shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan wanda aka biya kudin inshorar kan kamfanin na NigComSat-1 wanda aka sake kewaya shi a shekara ta 2009, zai yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaban kasa a fannoni daban daban kamar sadarwa, aiyukan intanet, kiwon lafiya, noma, muhalli. kariya da tsaron kasa. * NigeriaSat-1 tauraron dan adam ne na daidaitaccen tsarin tsara Bala'in Kulawa da Bala'i (DMC). Yana da 100&nbsp;nauyin kilogiram kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin biyan kuɗi na gani wanda SSTL ta haɓaka don samar da ƙudurin ƙasa na 32 m tare da faɗi mai faɗi na musamman sama da 640&nbsp;km Biyan kuɗin yana amfani da koren, ja da kusa da infrared bands daidai da Landsat TM + makada 2, 3 da 4. Ana adana hotuna a cikin mai rikodin bayanai mai ƙarfi na 1-gigabyte kuma an dawo dasu ta hanyar 8-Mbit / s S-band downlink. NigeriaSat-1 na iya ɗaukar hotuna da girma kamar 640 x 560&nbsp;km, yana samar da yanki mai fa'ida, matsakaiciyar bayanai. Za'a yi amfani da bayanan ne a cikin Najeriyar don lura da gurbatar yanayi, amfani da filaye da sauran al'amuran matsakaici. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 Satumba Shekarar 2003. * NigeriaSat-2 da NigeriaSat-X tare da 300&nbsp;kilogram kowannensu - don maye gurbin NajeriyaSat-1, wanda aka fara daga Nuwamba 6, 2006, aka ƙaddamar da 17 ga Agusta 2011. * NigComSat-1 Communications tauraron dan adam wanda ke samar da intanet na karkara - wanda aka kaddamar a ranar 13 ga Mayu Shekara ta 2007, a cikin roket mai dauke da dogon zango na kasar Sin, daga cibiyar harba tauraron dan adam ta Xichang da ke China. Tauraron dan adam din shi ne tauraron dan adam na biyu na Najeriya da aka sanya shi cikin falaki. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 2008 (0900 GMT), rahotanni sun ce an kashe tauraron dan adam, saboda ya rasa dukkanin kayan aikin da ke amfani da hasken rana. Tauraron dan adam asara ce baki daya. Tauraron dan Adam mallakar da Sadarwa na Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Najeriya yana da iyaka, SPV, an sanya shi a matsayin kamfani na jiha, wanda aka ba da cikakken kuɗaɗe kuma mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. NigComSat Limited a yanzu haka yana karkashin kulawar da sabuwar sabuwar Ma’aikatar Fasahar Sadarwa wacce NCC da NBC ke kula da ita. * NigComSat-1R - don maye gurbin NigComSat-1 da ya ɓace, wanda China ta ƙaƙaddamar ranar 19 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2011 ba tare da an biya Nigeria kuɗi ba. == Ayyukan gaba == NigComSat-2 da NigComSat-3 - ƙarin tauraron dan adam na sadarwa don faɗaɗa hanyoyin Sadarwa na Nijeriya wanda ke da niyyar farawa a cikin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2013. NigeriaSAT-1 - tauraron dan adam mai kula da sojan gona/mai lura da Duniya tare da na'urar hangen nesa, wanda a ke shirin kaddamarwa a shekara ta 2015. === Cigaban tauraron dan adam na cikin gida === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya sanar a wajen taron laccar da aka gabatar kan ci gaban fasahar sararin samaniya cewa Najeriya za ta iya gina tauraron dan adam na asali a cikin kasar ba tare da taimakon kasashen waje ba har zuwa shekara ta 2018. === Motar harba tauraron dan adam da sararin samaniya === Robert Ajayi Boroffice ya kuma bayyana cewa Nijeriya za ta yi amfani da damar da take da shi wajen kaddamar da ita zuwa kasa-da-kasa ta hanyar samar da sararin samaniya na asali daga wani yanki na kasa da za a gina a kusa da shekara ta 2025 zuwa shekara ta 2028 tare da yiwuwar taimako daga Ukraine. === Binciken duniya === An shirya gudanar da bincike kan [[Wata]] a cikin shekara ta 2030. An tsara dan sama jannati na farko dan Najeriya a cikin jirgin kumbo na wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 2015 da shekara ta 2030. An yi shawarwari tare da Rasha a cikin shekara ta 2000s don jigilar 'yan sama jannati. Bayan haka, bayan da abokiyar huldar sararin samaniya ta kasar Sin ta harba kumbon Shenzhou a shekara ta 2011, kasar Sin tana shirin daukar 'yan sama jannatin kasashen waje. Ana ganin China a matsayin kasar da ta fi dacewa da tashin wani dan sama jannatin Najeriya zuwa sararin samaniya fiye da Rasha bisa la'akari da alakar yanzu. Lokacin da Ogbonnaya Onu ya sanar a shekara ta 2016 cewa Najeriya za ta tura dan sama jannati zuwa shekara ta 2030, ya gamu da suka. Ba wai kawai cewa akwai wani imel ɗin yaudara da ke yawo ba game da ɗan sama jannatin Najeriya da ya ɓace a sararin samaniya ba, amma masana da yawa game da sararin samaniya ba sa tsammanin abin da Nijeriya ke buƙata. == Duba kuma == * Jerin hukumomin hukumomin sararin samaniya. * Najeriya EduSat-1 (an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Shekara ta 2017). == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/nigeria/index.html Labarin GlobalSecurity.org] * NigeriaSat-1 information * NigeriaSat-2 information * NigeriaSat-2 signing press release * Nigeria Aggressively Pursues Space Program — Muryar Amurka, 23 ga Mayu 2006 == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/ NASRDA Shafin Farko] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Kimiyya]] [[Category:Fasaha]] [[Category:Kimiyya da Fasaha a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sararin sama]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f3y09npwvmeiujjumt25547rn4ef3ec 0 20066 883860 856292 2026-07-16T07:01:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_53.jpg |thumb| Surar a Qur'ani da aka buga a shekarar 1874]] [[File:Sura-Title-12.png |thumb| Taken Surar Yusuf]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} , {{Transl|ar|Yūsuf}} ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf") [[Shin ko ka san Ilimi|shi ne]] [[surah]] ta 12 ( [[Surah|Surar]] )Ta [[Kasancewar|kasan]] ce Surah ce ta [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] kuma tana da Ayah (111). <ref>[https://quran.com/12]|The Noble Quran (Surah 12)</ref> Sūrah [[Hudubar Bankwana|Hud]] ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( ''asbāb al-nuzūl'' ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref>wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Deris|first=SM|title=Surah Yusuf: The Story That Brings Comfort (Part 1 of 5)|url=http://smderis.blogspot.ca/2011/12/surah-yusuf-story-that-brings-comfort_28.html|access-date=28 March 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2014}}</ref> rubutu da labarin Yusuf (Joseph) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno. Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler, Brannon.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128453246|title=Prophets in the Quran : an Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.|date=2002|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=978-1-4411-0405-2|oclc=1128453246}}</ref>abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf, an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a ƙasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref> Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> == Takaitawa == [[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb| Joseph tare da mahaifinsa Yakubu da 'yan'uwansa a Misira daga Zubdat-al Tawarikh a cikin Tashar Turkiyya da ta Addinin Musulunci da ke [[Istanbul]], wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Sultan Murad III a 1583]] [[File:Yusef_Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|382x382px| Yusuf da Zulaikha ( matar matar Fotifa ce ta kori Yusufu ), Dan Karamin farisanci na Behzād, 1488.]] : '''1-3''' Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu : '''4''' Yusuf ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi : '''5''' Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa : '''6''' Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba : '''7''' Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah : '''8''' ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu : '''9''' Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa : '''10''' Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya : '''11-12''' Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su : '''13''' Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''14-15''' 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya : '''15''' Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar : '''16-17''' 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''18''' Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba : '''19-20''' Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta : '''21''' Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu ya ba shi shawarar Da shi : '''22''' Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi : '''23''' Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu : '''24''' Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta : '''25''' Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna : '''26-27''' Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu : '''28-29''' Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa : '''30''' Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari : '''31''' Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika : '''32''' Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba : '''33''' Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah : '''34''' Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu : '''35 An saka''' Yusuf a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba : '''36-37''' Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare : '''38-40''' Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni : '''41''' Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu : '''42''' Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi : '''43''' Mafarkan sarkin Masar : '''44''' Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki : '''45-49''' Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki : '''50''' Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku : '''51''' Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya : '''52-53''' Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba. : '''54''' Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu : '''55-57''' Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa : '''58''' 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba : '''59-61''' Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu : '''62''' Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa : '''63-66''' Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa : '''67''' Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa : '''68''' Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba : '''69''' Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi : '''70-76''' Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata : '''77, 79''' Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa : '''80-82''' Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan : '''83''' Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah : '''84-86''' Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa : '''87''' Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu : '''88-90''' Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa : '''91-93''' Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa : '''94-97''' Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa : '''98-99 Yanã n pman''' gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta : '''100''' Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar : '''101''' Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada : '''102''' Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai : '''103-107 Kafirai ba''' za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba : '''[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/12/108/ 108]''' Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi : '''109''' Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane : 109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta '''sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah''' : '''111''' Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko<ref name=":04"/> == Labari == Labarin surat Yūsuf game da [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi]] Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku. Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, tayi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, amma ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ”<ref>Alastair Hamilton, "A Lutheran Translator for the Qur'an: A Late Seventeenth-Century Quest". Taken from ''The Republic of Letters And the Levant'', p. 197. Eds. Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. Van Den Boogert and Bart Westerweel. Volume 5 of ''Intersections''. [[Leiden]]: [[Mawallafin Brill|Brill Publishers]], 2005. {{ISBN|9789004147614}}</ref> Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf gidan yari. A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shine game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf iko a Misira. A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wherry|first1=Elwood Morris|author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry|title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes|date=1896|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roki cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa karami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yussuf sannan Yussuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wahayin Yahaya == Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, amma an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin [[hijira]] (Hijira) daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shine mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah.]] Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da sakonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin [[Ta'if]], Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sauran binciken === Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa suna]] so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. <ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf|url=http://www3.pmo.gov.my/webNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160508/http://www.pmo.gov.my/WebNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=Profile of the Sura|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of tawheed|url=http://wordpress.com|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin. == Al'adar Hadisi == Ya kasance daga [[Jafar ibn Muhammad|Ja’afarus Sadik]], jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|title=Thawab Al-A'mal wa I'qab Al-A'mal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref> An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada " <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabarsi|first1=Sheikh Hasan|title=Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran|date=1963|publisher=Dar al-Marefah|location=Iran|page=Volume 5|edition=reprint}}</ref> {{Rp|315}} == Manyan jigogi == === Bangaskiyar annabawa === Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa [[Ibrahim]], Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Halin Musulmi === * Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum * Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara * Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi * Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya === A duk tarihin Y ofsuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Manufofin wannan Surar === # Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi. # Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] (Kabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo karshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya" <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html Suratu Yusuf Mp3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html |date=2021-10-23 }} * [https://quran.com/12 Qur'ani 12] bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani == manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pwjsbgaw049nrm3axw41oscj9uul3zs 883863 883860 2026-07-16T07:03:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_53.jpg |thumb| Surar a Qur'ani da aka buga a shekarar 1874]] [[File:Sura-Title-12.png |thumb| Taken Surar Yusuf]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} , {{Transl|ar|Yūsuf}} ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf") [[Shin ko ka san Ilimi|shi ne]] [[surah]] ta 12 ( [[Surah|Surar]] )Ta [[Kasancewar|kasan]] ce Surah ce ta [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] kuma tana da Ayah (111). <ref>[https://quran.com/12]|The Noble Quran (Surah 12)</ref> Sūrah [[Hudubar Bankwana|Hud]] ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( ''asbāb al-nuzūl'' ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref>wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Deris|first=SM|title=Surah Yusuf: The Story That Brings Comfort (Part 1 of 5)|url=http://smderis.blogspot.ca/2011/12/surah-yusuf-story-that-brings-comfort_28.html|access-date=28 March 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2014}}</ref> rubutu da labarin Yusuf (Joseph) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno. Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler, Brannon.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128453246|title=Prophets in the Quran : an Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.|date=2002|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=978-1-4411-0405-2|oclc=1128453246}}</ref>abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf, an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a ƙasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref> Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> == Taƙaitawa == [[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb| Joseph tare da mahaifinsa Yakubu da 'yan'uwansa a Misira daga Zubdat-al Tawarikh a cikin Tashar Turkiyya da ta Addinin Musulunci da ke [[Istanbul]], wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Sultan Murad III a 1583]] [[File:Yusef_Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|382x382px| Yusuf da Zulaikha ( matar matar Fotifa ce ta kori Yusufu ), Dan Karamin farisanci na Behzād, 1488.]] : '''1-3''' Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu : '''4''' Yusuf ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi : '''5''' Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa : '''6''' Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba : '''7''' Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah : '''8''' ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu : '''9''' Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa : '''10''' Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya : '''11-12''' Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su : '''13''' Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''14-15''' 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya : '''15''' Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar : '''16-17''' 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''18''' Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba : '''19-20''' Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta : '''21''' Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu A.S ya ba shi shawarar Da shi : '''22''' Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi : '''23''' Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu : '''24''' Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta : '''25''' Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna : '''26-27''' Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu : '''28-29''' Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa : '''30''' Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari : '''31''' Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika : '''32''' Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba : '''33''' Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah : '''34''' Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu : '''35 An saka''' Yusuf (A.S) a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba : '''36-37''' Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare : '''38-40''' Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni : '''41''' Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu : '''42''' Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi : '''43''' Mafarkan sarkin Masar : '''44''' Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki : '''45-49''' Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki : '''50''' Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku : '''51''' Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya : '''52-53''' Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba. : '''54''' Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu : '''55-57''' Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa : '''58''' 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba : '''59-61''' Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu : '''62''' Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa : '''63-66''' Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa : '''67''' Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa : '''68''' Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba : '''69''' Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi : '''70-76''' Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata : '''77, 79''' Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa : '''80-82''' Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan : '''83''' Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah : '''84-86''' Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa : '''87''' Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu : '''88-90''' Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa : '''91-93''' Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa : '''94-97''' Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa : '''98-99 Yanã n pman''' gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta : '''100''' Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar : '''101''' Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada : '''102''' Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai : '''103-107 Kafirai ba''' za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba : '''[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/12/108/ 108]''' Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi : '''109''' Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane : 109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta '''sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah''' : '''111''' Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko<ref name=":04"/> == Labari == Labarin surat Yūsuf game da [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi]] Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku. Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, tayi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, amma ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ”<ref>Alastair Hamilton, "A Lutheran Translator for the Qur'an: A Late Seventeenth-Century Quest". Taken from ''The Republic of Letters And the Levant'', p. 197. Eds. Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. Van Den Boogert and Bart Westerweel. Volume 5 of ''Intersections''. [[Leiden]]: [[Mawallafin Brill|Brill Publishers]], 2005. {{ISBN|9789004147614}}</ref> Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf gidan yari. A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shine game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf iko a Misira. A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wherry|first1=Elwood Morris|author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry|title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes|date=1896|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roki cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa karami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yussuf sannan Yussuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wahayin Yahaya == Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, amma an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin [[hijira]] (Hijira) daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shine mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah.]] Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da sakonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin [[Ta'if]], Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sauran binciken === Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa suna]] so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. <ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf|url=http://www3.pmo.gov.my/webNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160508/http://www.pmo.gov.my/WebNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=Profile of the Sura|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of tawheed|url=http://wordpress.com|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin. == Al'adar Hadisi == Ya kasance daga [[Jafar ibn Muhammad|Ja’afarus Sadik]], jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|title=Thawab Al-A'mal wa I'qab Al-A'mal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref> An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada " <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabarsi|first1=Sheikh Hasan|title=Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran|date=1963|publisher=Dar al-Marefah|location=Iran|page=Volume 5|edition=reprint}}</ref> {{Rp|315}} == Manyan jigogi == === Bangaskiyar annabawa === Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa [[Ibrahim]], Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Halin Musulmi === * Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum * Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara * Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi * Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya === A duk tarihin Y ofsuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Manufofin wannan Surar === # Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi. # Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] (Kabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo karshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya" <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html Suratu Yusuf Mp3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html |date=2021-10-23 }} * [https://quran.com/12 Qur'ani 12] bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani == manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2fenbugfrxqcr0gy1ortj3ioq6ukiom 883864 883863 2026-07-16T07:05:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_53.jpg |thumb| Surar a Qur'ani da aka buga a shekarar 1874]] [[File:Sura-Title-12.png |thumb| Taken Surar Yusuf]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} , {{Transl|ar|Yūsuf}} ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf"A.S) [[Shin ko ka san Ilimi|shi ne]] [[surah]] ta 12 ( [[Surah|Surar]] )Ta [[Kasancewar|kasan]] ce Surah ce ta [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] kuma tana da Ayah (111). <ref>[https://quran.com/12]|The Noble Quran (Surah 12)</ref> Sūrah [[Hudubar Bankwana|Hud]] ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( ''asbāb al-nuzūl'' ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref>wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Deris|first=SM|title=Surah Yusuf: The Story That Brings Comfort (Part 1 of 5)|url=http://smderis.blogspot.ca/2011/12/surah-yusuf-story-that-brings-comfort_28.html|access-date=28 March 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2014}}</ref> rubutu da labarin Yusuf (Joseph) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno. Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler, Brannon.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128453246|title=Prophets in the Quran : an Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.|date=2002|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=978-1-4411-0405-2|oclc=1128453246}}</ref>abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf,(A.S) an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a ƙasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref> Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> == Taƙaitawa == [[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb| Joseph tare da mahaifinsa Yakubu da 'yan'uwansa a Misira daga Zubdat-al Tawarikh a cikin Tashar Turkiyya da ta Addinin Musulunci da ke [[Istanbul]], wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Sultan Murad III a 1583]] [[File:Yusef_Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|382x382px| Yusuf da Zulaikha ( matar matar Fotifa ce ta kori Yusufu ), Dan Karamin farisanci na Behzād, 1488.]] : '''1-3''' Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu : '''4''' Yusuf ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi : '''5''' Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa : '''6''' Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba : '''7''' Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah : '''8''' ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu : '''9''' Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa : '''10''' Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya : '''11-12''' Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su : '''13''' Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''14-15''' 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya : '''15''' Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar : '''16-17''' 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''18''' Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba : '''19-20''' Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta : '''21''' Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu A.S ya ba shi shawarar Da shi : '''22''' Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi : '''23''' Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu : '''24''' Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta : '''25''' Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna : '''26-27''' Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu : '''28-29''' Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa : '''30''' Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari : '''31''' Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika : '''32''' Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba : '''33''' Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah : '''34''' Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu : '''35 An saka''' Yusuf (A.S) a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba : '''36-37''' Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare : '''38-40''' Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni : '''41''' Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu : '''42''' Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi : '''43''' Mafarkan sarkin Masar : '''44''' Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki : '''45-49''' Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki : '''50''' Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku : '''51''' Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya : '''52-53''' Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba. : '''54''' Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu : '''55-57''' Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa : '''58''' 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba : '''59-61''' Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu : '''62''' Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa : '''63-66''' Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa : '''67''' Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa : '''68''' Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba : '''69''' Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi : '''70-76''' Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata : '''77, 79''' Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa : '''80-82''' Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan : '''83''' Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah : '''84-86''' Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa : '''87''' Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu : '''88-90''' Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa : '''91-93''' Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa : '''94-97''' Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa : '''98-99 Yanã n pman''' gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta : '''100''' Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar : '''101''' Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada : '''102''' Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai : '''103-107 Kafirai ba''' za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba : '''[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/12/108/ 108]''' Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi : '''109''' Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane : 109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta '''sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah''' : '''111''' Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko<ref name=":04"/> == Labari == Labarin surat Yūsuf game da [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi]] Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku. Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, tayi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, amma ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ”<ref>Alastair Hamilton, "A Lutheran Translator for the Qur'an: A Late Seventeenth-Century Quest". Taken from ''The Republic of Letters And the Levant'', p. 197. Eds. Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. Van Den Boogert and Bart Westerweel. Volume 5 of ''Intersections''. [[Leiden]]: [[Mawallafin Brill|Brill Publishers]], 2005. {{ISBN|9789004147614}}</ref> Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf gidan yari. A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shine game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf iko a Misira. A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wherry|first1=Elwood Morris|author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry|title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes|date=1896|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roki cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa karami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yussuf sannan Yussuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wahayin Yahaya == Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, amma an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin [[hijira]] (Hijira) daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shine mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah.]] Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da sakonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin [[Ta'if]], Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sauran binciken === Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa suna]] so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. <ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf|url=http://www3.pmo.gov.my/webNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160508/http://www.pmo.gov.my/WebNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=Profile of the Sura|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of tawheed|url=http://wordpress.com|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin. == Al'adar Hadisi == Ya kasance daga [[Jafar ibn Muhammad|Ja’afarus Sadik]], jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|title=Thawab Al-A'mal wa I'qab Al-A'mal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref> An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada " <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabarsi|first1=Sheikh Hasan|title=Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran|date=1963|publisher=Dar al-Marefah|location=Iran|page=Volume 5|edition=reprint}}</ref> {{Rp|315}} == Manyan jigogi == === Bangaskiyar annabawa === Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa [[Ibrahim]], Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Halin Musulmi === * Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum * Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara * Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi * Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya === A duk tarihin Y ofsuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Manufofin wannan Surar === # Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi. # Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] (Kabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo karshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya" <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html Suratu Yusuf Mp3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html |date=2021-10-23 }} * [https://quran.com/12 Qur'ani 12] bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani == manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aa39ctg8xu4ixmnc42hilztclsd0lvi 883865 883864 2026-07-16T07:07:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_53.jpg |thumb| Surar a Qur'ani da aka buga a shekarar 1874]] [[File:Sura-Title-12.png |thumb| Taken Surar Yusuf]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} , {{Transl|ar|Yūsuf}} ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf"A.S) [[Shin ko ka san Ilimi|shi ne]] [[surah]] ta 12 ( [[Surah|Surar]] )Ta [[Kasancewar|kasan]] ce Surah ce ta [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] kuma tana da Ayah (111). <ref>[https://quran.com/12]|The Noble Quran (Surah 12)</ref> Sūrah [[Hudubar Bankwana|Hud]] ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( ''asbāb al-nuzūl'' ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref>wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Deris|first=SM|title=Surah Yusuf: The Story That Brings Comfort (Part 1 of 5)|url=http://smderis.blogspot.ca/2011/12/surah-yusuf-story-that-brings-comfort_28.html|access-date=28 March 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2014}}</ref> rubutu da labarin Yusuf (Joseph) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno. Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler, Brannon.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128453246|title=Prophets in the Quran : an Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.|date=2002|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=978-1-4411-0405-2|oclc=1128453246}}</ref>abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf,(A.S) an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a ƙasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref> Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> == Taƙaitawa == [[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb| Joseph tare da mahaifinsa Yakubu da 'yan'uwansa a Misira daga Zubdat-al Tawarikh a cikin Tashar Turkiyya da ta Addinin Musulunci da ke [[Istanbul]], wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Sultan Murad III a 1583]] [[File:Yusef_Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|382x382px| Yusuf da Zulaikha ( matar matar Fotifa ce ta kori Yusufu ), Dan Karamin farisanci na Behzād, 1488.]] : '''1-3''' Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu : '''4''' Yusuf ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi : '''5''' Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa : '''6''' Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba : '''7''' Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah : '''8''' ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu : '''9''' Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa : '''10''' Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya : '''11-12''' Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su : '''13''' Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''14-15''' 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya : '''15''' Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar : '''16-17''' 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''18''' Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba : '''19-20''' Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta : '''21''' Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu A.S ya ba shi shawarar Da shi : '''22''' Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi : '''23''' Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu : '''24''' Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta : '''25''' Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna : '''26-27''' Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu : '''28-29''' Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa : '''30''' Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari : '''31''' Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika : '''32''' Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba : '''33''' Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah : '''34''' Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu : '''35 An saka''' Yusuf (A.S) a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba : '''36-37''' Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare : '''38-40''' Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni : '''41''' Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu : '''42''' Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi : '''43''' Mafarkan sarkin Masar : '''44''' Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki : '''45-49''' Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki : '''50''' Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku : '''51''' Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya : '''52-53''' Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba. : '''54''' Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu : '''55-57''' Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa : '''58''' 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba : '''59-61''' Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu : '''62''' Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa : '''63-66''' Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa : '''67''' Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa : '''68''' Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba : '''69''' Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi : '''70-76''' Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata : '''77, 79''' Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa : '''80-82''' Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan : '''83''' Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah : '''84-86''' Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa : '''87''' Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu : '''88-90''' Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa : '''91-93''' Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa : '''94-97''' Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa : '''98-99 Yanã n pman''' gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta : '''100''' Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar : '''101''' Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada : '''102''' Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai : '''103-107 Kafirai ba''' za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba : '''[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/12/108/ 108]''' Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi : '''109''' Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane : 109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta '''sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah''' : '''111''' Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko<ref name=":04"/> == Labari == Labarin surat Yūsuf game da [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi]] Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku. Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf (A.S) ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, tayi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, ammah ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ”<ref>Alastair Hamilton, "A Lutheran Translator for the Qur'an: A Late Seventeenth-Century Quest". Taken from ''The Republic of Letters And the Levant'', p. 197. Eds. Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. Van Den Boogert and Bart Westerweel. Volume 5 of ''Intersections''. [[Leiden]]: [[Mawallafin Brill|Brill Publishers]], 2005. {{ISBN|9789004147614}}</ref> Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf (A.S) gidan yari. A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shine game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf iko a Misira. A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wherry|first1=Elwood Morris|author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry|title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes|date=1896|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roki cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa karami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yussuf sannan Yussuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wahayin Yahaya == Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, amma an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin [[hijira]] (Hijira) daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shine mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah.]] Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da sakonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin [[Ta'if]], Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sauran binciken === Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa suna]] so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. <ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf|url=http://www3.pmo.gov.my/webNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160508/http://www.pmo.gov.my/WebNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=Profile of the Sura|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of tawheed|url=http://wordpress.com|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin. == Al'adar Hadisi == Ya kasance daga [[Jafar ibn Muhammad|Ja’afarus Sadik]], jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|title=Thawab Al-A'mal wa I'qab Al-A'mal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref> An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada " <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabarsi|first1=Sheikh Hasan|title=Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran|date=1963|publisher=Dar al-Marefah|location=Iran|page=Volume 5|edition=reprint}}</ref> {{Rp|315}} == Manyan jigogi == === Bangaskiyar annabawa === Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa [[Ibrahim]], Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Halin Musulmi === * Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum * Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara * Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi * Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya === A duk tarihin Y ofsuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Manufofin wannan Surar === # Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi. # Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] (Kabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo karshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya" <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html Suratu Yusuf Mp3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html |date=2021-10-23 }} * [https://quran.com/12 Qur'ani 12] bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani == manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tbh0gpqouu5g6jr4r7d33law9cgovl6 883868 883865 2026-07-16T07:10:56Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_53.jpg |thumb| Surar a Qur'ani da aka buga a shekarar 1874]] [[File:Sura-Title-12.png |thumb| Taken Surar Yusuf]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} , {{Transl|ar|Yūsuf}} ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf"A.S) [[Shin ko ka san Ilimi|shi ne]] [[surah]] ta 12 ( [[Surah|Surar]] )Ta [[Kasancewar|kasan]] ce Surah ce ta [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] kuma tana da Ayah (111). <ref>[https://quran.com/12]|The Noble Quran (Surah 12)</ref> Sūrah [[Hudubar Bankwana|Hud]] ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( ''asbāb al-nuzūl'' ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref>wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Deris|first=SM|title=Surah Yusuf: The Story That Brings Comfort (Part 1 of 5)|url=http://smderis.blogspot.ca/2011/12/surah-yusuf-story-that-brings-comfort_28.html|access-date=28 March 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2014}}</ref> rubutu da labarin Yusuf (Joseph) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno. Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler, Brannon.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128453246|title=Prophets in the Quran : an Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.|date=2002|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=978-1-4411-0405-2|oclc=1128453246}}</ref>abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf,(A.S) an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a ƙasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref> Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> == Taƙaitawa == [[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb| Joseph tare da mahaifinsa Yakubu da 'yan'uwansa a Misira daga Zubdat-al Tawarikh a cikin Tashar Turkiyya da ta Addinin Musulunci da ke [[Istanbul]], wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Sultan Murad III a 1583]] [[File:Yusef_Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|382x382px| Yusuf da Zulaikha ( matar matar Fotifa ce ta kori Yusufu ), Dan Karamin farisanci na Behzād, 1488.]] : '''1-3''' Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu : '''4''' Yusuf ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi : '''5''' Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa : '''6''' Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba : '''7''' Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah : '''8''' ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu : '''9''' Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa : '''10''' Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya : '''11-12''' Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su : '''13''' Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''14-15''' 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya : '''15''' Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar : '''16-17''' 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''18''' Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba : '''19-20''' Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta : '''21''' Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu A.S ya ba shi shawarar Da shi : '''22''' Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi : '''23''' Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu : '''24''' Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta : '''25''' Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna : '''26-27''' Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu : '''28-29''' Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa : '''30''' Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari : '''31''' Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika : '''32''' Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba : '''33''' Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah : '''34''' Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu : '''35 An saka''' Yusuf (A.S) a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba : '''36-37''' Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare : '''38-40''' Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni : '''41''' Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu : '''42''' Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi : '''43''' Mafarkan sarkin Masar : '''44''' Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki : '''45-49''' Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki : '''50''' Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku : '''51''' Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya : '''52-53''' Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba. : '''54''' Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu : '''55-57''' Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa : '''58''' 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba : '''59-61''' Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu : '''62''' Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa : '''63-66''' Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa : '''67''' Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa : '''68''' Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba : '''69''' Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi : '''70-76''' Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata : '''77, 79''' Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa : '''80-82''' Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan : '''83''' Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah : '''84-86''' Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa : '''87''' Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu : '''88-90''' Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa : '''91-93''' Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa : '''94-97''' Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa : '''98-99 Yanã n pman''' gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta : '''100''' Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar : '''101''' Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada : '''102''' Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai : '''103-107 Kafirai ba''' za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba : '''[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/12/108/ 108]''' Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi : '''109''' Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane : 109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta '''sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah''' : '''111''' Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko<ref name=":04"/> == Labari == Labarin surat Yūsuf game da [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi]] Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku. Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf (A.S) ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, tayi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, ammah ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ”<ref>Alastair Hamilton, "A Lutheran Translator for the Qur'an: A Late Seventeenth-Century Quest". Taken from ''The Republic of Letters And the Levant'', p. 197. Eds. Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. Van Den Boogert and Bart Westerweel. Volume 5 of ''Intersections''. [[Leiden]]: [[Mawallafin Brill|Brill Publishers]], 2005. {{ISBN|9789004147614}}</ref> Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf (A.S) gidan yari. A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shi ne game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf (A.S) iko a Misira. A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wherry|first1=Elwood Morris|author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry|title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes|date=1896|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roƙi cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa ƙarami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yusuf sannan Yusuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wahayin Yahaya == Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, amma an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin [[hijira]] (Hijira) daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shine mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah.]] Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da sakonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin [[Ta'if]], Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sauran binciken === Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa suna]] so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. <ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf|url=http://www3.pmo.gov.my/webNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160508/http://www.pmo.gov.my/WebNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=Profile of the Sura|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of tawheed|url=http://wordpress.com|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin. == Al'adar Hadisi == Ya kasance daga [[Jafar ibn Muhammad|Ja’afarus Sadik]], jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|title=Thawab Al-A'mal wa I'qab Al-A'mal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref> An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada " <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabarsi|first1=Sheikh Hasan|title=Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran|date=1963|publisher=Dar al-Marefah|location=Iran|page=Volume 5|edition=reprint}}</ref> {{Rp|315}} == Manyan jigogi == === Bangaskiyar annabawa === Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa [[Ibrahim]], Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Halin Musulmi === * Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum * Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara * Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi * Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya === A duk tarihin Y ofsuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Manufofin wannan Surar === # Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi. # Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] (Kabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo karshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya" <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html Suratu Yusuf Mp3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html |date=2021-10-23 }} * [https://quran.com/12 Qur'ani 12] bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani == manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] otect5yyerh9yy6zavhvcbcls339qtw 883870 883868 2026-07-16T07:13:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_53.jpg |thumb| Surar a Qur'ani da aka buga a shekarar 1874]] [[File:Sura-Title-12.png |thumb| Taken Surar Yusuf]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} , {{Transl|ar|Yūsuf}} ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf"A.S) [[Shin ko ka san Ilimi|shi ne]] [[surah]] ta 12 ( [[Surah|Surar]] )Ta [[Kasancewar|kasan]] ce Surah ce ta [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] kuma tana da Ayah (111). <ref>[https://quran.com/12]|The Noble Quran (Surah 12)</ref> Sūrah [[Hudubar Bankwana|Hud]] ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( ''asbāb al-nuzūl'' ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref>wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Deris|first=SM|title=Surah Yusuf: The Story That Brings Comfort (Part 1 of 5)|url=http://smderis.blogspot.ca/2011/12/surah-yusuf-story-that-brings-comfort_28.html|access-date=28 March 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2014}}</ref> rubutu da labarin Yusuf (Joseph) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno. Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler, Brannon.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128453246|title=Prophets in the Quran : an Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.|date=2002|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=978-1-4411-0405-2|oclc=1128453246}}</ref>abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf,(A.S) an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a ƙasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref> Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> == Taƙaitawa == [[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb| Joseph tare da mahaifinsa Yakubu da 'yan'uwansa a Misira daga Zubdat-al Tawarikh a cikin Tashar Turkiyya da ta Addinin Musulunci da ke [[Istanbul]], wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Sultan Murad III a 1583]] [[File:Yusef_Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|382x382px| Yusuf da Zulaikha ( matar matar Fotifa ce ta kori Yusufu ), Dan Karamin farisanci na Behzād, 1488.]] : '''1-3''' Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu : '''4''' Yusuf ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi : '''5''' Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa : '''6''' Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba : '''7''' Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah : '''8''' ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu : '''9''' Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa : '''10''' Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya : '''11-12''' Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su : '''13''' Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''14-15''' 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya : '''15''' Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar : '''16-17''' 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''18''' Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba : '''19-20''' Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta : '''21''' Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu A.S ya ba shi shawarar Da shi : '''22''' Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi : '''23''' Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu : '''24''' Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta : '''25''' Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna : '''26-27''' Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu : '''28-29''' Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa : '''30''' Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari : '''31''' Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika : '''32''' Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba : '''33''' Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah : '''34''' Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu : '''35 An saka''' Yusuf (A.S) a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba : '''36-37''' Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare : '''38-40''' Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni : '''41''' Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu : '''42''' Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi : '''43''' Mafarkan sarkin Masar : '''44''' Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki : '''45-49''' Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki : '''50''' Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku : '''51''' Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya : '''52-53''' Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba. : '''54''' Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu : '''55-57''' Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa : '''58''' 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba : '''59-61''' Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu : '''62''' Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa : '''63-66''' Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa : '''67''' Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa : '''68''' Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba : '''69''' Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi : '''70-76''' Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata : '''77, 79''' Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa : '''80-82''' Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan : '''83''' Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah : '''84-86''' Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa : '''87''' Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu : '''88-90''' Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa : '''91-93''' Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa : '''94-97''' Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa : '''98-99 Yanã n pman''' gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta : '''100''' Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar : '''101''' Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada : '''102''' Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai : '''103-107 Kafirai ba''' za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba : '''[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/12/108/ 108]''' Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi : '''109''' Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane : 109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta '''sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah''' : '''111''' Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko<ref name=":04"/> == Labari == Labarin surat Yūsuf game da [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi]] Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku. Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf (A.S) ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, tayi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, ammah ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ”<ref>Alastair Hamilton, "A Lutheran Translator for the Qur'an: A Late Seventeenth-Century Quest". Taken from ''The Republic of Letters And the Levant'', p. 197. Eds. Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. Van Den Boogert and Bart Westerweel. Volume 5 of ''Intersections''. [[Leiden]]: [[Mawallafin Brill|Brill Publishers]], 2005. {{ISBN|9789004147614}}</ref> Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf (A.S) gidan yari. A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shi ne game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf (A.S) iko a Misira. A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wherry|first1=Elwood Morris|author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry|title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes|date=1896|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roƙi cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa ƙarami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yusuf sannan Yusuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wahayin Yahaya == Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, ammah an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin [[hijira]] (Hijira) daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shi ne mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah.]] Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da saƙonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin [[Ta'if]], Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sauran binciken === Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa suna]] so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. <ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf|url=http://www3.pmo.gov.my/webNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160508/http://www.pmo.gov.my/WebNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=Profile of the Sura|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of tawheed|url=http://wordpress.com|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin. == Al'adar Hadisi == Ya kasance daga [[Jafar ibn Muhammad|Ja’afarus Sadik]], jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|title=Thawab Al-A'mal wa I'qab Al-A'mal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref> An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada " <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabarsi|first1=Sheikh Hasan|title=Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran|date=1963|publisher=Dar al-Marefah|location=Iran|page=Volume 5|edition=reprint}}</ref> {{Rp|315}} == Manyan jigogi == === Bangaskiyar annabawa === Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa [[Ibrahim]], Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Halin Musulmi === * Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum * Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara * Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi * Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya === A duk tarihin Y ofsuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Manufofin wannan Surar === # Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi. # Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] (Kabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo karshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya" <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html Suratu Yusuf Mp3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html |date=2021-10-23 }} * [https://quran.com/12 Qur'ani 12] bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani == manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lolr9f2q2ec0bgxqi8he4agk1qdvzzu 883871 883870 2026-07-16T07:15:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_53.jpg |thumb| Surar a Qur'ani da aka buga a shekarar 1874]] [[File:Sura-Title-12.png |thumb| Taken Surar Yusuf]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} , {{Transl|ar|Yūsuf}} ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf"A.S) [[Shin ko ka san Ilimi|shi ne]] [[surah]] ta 12 ( [[Surah|Surar]] )Ta [[Kasancewar|kasan]] ce Surah ce ta [[Al Kur'ani|Alqurani]] kuma tana da Ayah (111). <ref>[https://quran.com/12]|The Noble Quran (Surah 12)</ref> Sūrah [[Hudubar Bankwana|Hud]] ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( ''asbāb al-nuzūl'' ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref>wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Deris|first=SM|title=Surah Yusuf: The Story That Brings Comfort (Part 1 of 5)|url=http://smderis.blogspot.ca/2011/12/surah-yusuf-story-that-brings-comfort_28.html|access-date=28 March 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2014}}</ref> rubutu da labarin Yusuf (Joseph) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno. Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler, Brannon.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128453246|title=Prophets in the Quran : an Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.|date=2002|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=978-1-4411-0405-2|oclc=1128453246}}</ref>abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf,(A.S) an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a ƙasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali, author.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002857525|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|isbn=978-1-59784-000-2|pages=471|oclc=1002857525}}</ref> Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> == Taƙaitawa == [[File:Joseph_with_his_father_Jacob_and_brothers_in_Egypt.JPG|thumb| Joseph tare da mahaifinsa Yakubu da 'yan'uwansa a Misira daga Zubdat-al Tawarikh a cikin Tashar Turkiyya da ta Addinin Musulunci da ke [[Istanbul]], wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Sultan Murad III a 1583]] [[File:Yusef_Zuleykha.jpg|thumb|382x382px| Yusuf da Zulaikha ( matar matar Fotifa ce ta kori Yusufu ), Dan Karamin farisanci na Behzād, 1488.]] : '''1-3''' Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu : '''4''' Yusuf ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi : '''5''' Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa : '''6''' Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba : '''7''' Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah : '''8''' ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu : '''9''' Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa : '''10''' Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya : '''11-12''' Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su : '''13''' Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''14-15''' 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya : '''15''' Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar : '''16-17''' 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu : '''18''' Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba : '''19-20''' Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta : '''21''' Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu A.S ya ba shi shawarar Da shi : '''22''' Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi : '''23''' Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu : '''24''' Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta : '''25''' Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna : '''26-27''' Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu : '''28-29''' Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa : '''30''' Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari : '''31''' Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika : '''32''' Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba : '''33''' Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah : '''34''' Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu : '''35 An saka''' Yusuf (A.S) a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba : '''36-37''' Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare : '''38-40''' Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni : '''41''' Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu : '''42''' Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi : '''43''' Mafarkan sarkin Masar : '''44''' Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki : '''45-49''' Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki : '''50''' Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku : '''51''' Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya : '''52-53''' Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba. : '''54''' Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu : '''55-57''' Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa : '''58''' 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba : '''59-61''' Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu : '''62''' Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa : '''63-66''' Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa : '''67''' Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa : '''68''' Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba : '''69''' Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi : '''70-76''' Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata : '''77, 79''' Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa : '''80-82''' Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan : '''83''' Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah : '''84-86''' Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa : '''87''' Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu : '''88-90''' Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa : '''91-93''' Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa : '''94-97''' Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa : '''98-99 Yanã n pman''' gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta : '''100''' Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar : '''101''' Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada : '''102''' Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai : '''103-107 Kafirai ba''' za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba : '''[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/12/108/ 108]''' Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi : '''109''' Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane : 109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta '''sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah''' : '''111''' Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko<ref name=":04"/> == Labari == Labarin surat Yūsuf game da [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi]] Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku. Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf (A.S) ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, tayi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, ammah ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ”<ref>Alastair Hamilton, "A Lutheran Translator for the Qur'an: A Late Seventeenth-Century Quest". Taken from ''The Republic of Letters And the Levant'', p. 197. Eds. Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. Van Den Boogert and Bart Westerweel. Volume 5 of ''Intersections''. [[Leiden]]: [[Mawallafin Brill|Brill Publishers]], 2005. {{ISBN|9789004147614}}</ref> Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf (A.S) gidan yari. A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shi ne game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf (A.S) iko a Misira. A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wherry|first1=Elwood Morris|author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry|title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes|date=1896|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co|location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roƙi cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa ƙarami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yusuf sannan Yusuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wahayin Yahaya == Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, ammah an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin [[hijira]] (Hijira) daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shi ne mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar [[Khadija Yar Khuwailid|Khadijah.]] Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da saƙonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin [[Ta'if]], Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi. <ref>{{cite web|title=PROPHET Joseph(YUSUF) (peace be upon him)|url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184500/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/joseph.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sauran binciken === Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa suna]] so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. <ref>{{cite web|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=The Best of Stories: Pearls from Surah Yusuf {{!}} Part 1|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/22/the-best-of-stories-pearls-from-surah-yusuf-part-1/|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. <ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf|url=http://www3.pmo.gov.my/webNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618160508/http://www.pmo.gov.my/WebNotesApp/RqrMainE.nsf/f9456c14e74da6bb482566ba0022537b/467ee60e72019729482566dc001c8814?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2008|work=Profile of the Sura|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of tawheed|url=http://wordpress.com|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin. == Al'adar Hadisi == Ya kasance daga [[Jafar ibn Muhammad|Ja’afarus Sadik]], jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|title=Thawab Al-A'mal wa I'qab Al-A'mal|date=May 16, 2015|publisher=Door of Light|isbn=9781312807587|page=106|edition=1st}}</ref> An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada " <ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabarsi|first1=Sheikh Hasan|title=Majma al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran|date=1963|publisher=Dar al-Marefah|location=Iran|page=Volume 5|edition=reprint}}</ref> {{Rp|315}} == Manyan jigogi == === Bangaskiyar annabawa === Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa [[Ibrahim]], Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Halin Musulmi === * Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum * Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara * Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi * Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya === A duk tarihin Yusuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara. <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> === Manufofin wannan Surar === # Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi. # Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] (ƙabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo ƙarshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya" <ref>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Muhammad|title=English Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran: The Guidance for Mankind|year=1997|publisher=The Institute of Islamic Knowledge|location=Houston: Texas|isbn=0 911119 80 9|pages=340–354}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html Suratu Yusuf Mp3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193959/http://www.islamikbooks.com/2016/06/surah-yusuf-with-urdu-full-mp3-download.html |date=2021-10-23 }} * [https://quran.com/12 Qur'ani 12] bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani == manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 09ulvzvld0ngzitv98fbkfbkz83b7qf 0 21209 883909 711226 2026-07-16T09:18:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Chad Libya Locator.png|thumb|Taswirar ƙasashen Chadi da Libiya, Chadi a kore Libiya a Ja.]] '''Dangantakar Chadi–Libya''' ta samo asali ne daga ƙarnonin da suka gabata na ƙabilanci, addini, da kasuwanci. == Tarihi == === Shekarun 1960 === A ƙarƙashin [[Faransa|mulkin mallakar Turawan Faransa]] da na [[Italiya|Italia]], bi da bi, [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Libya]] sun karkata kan manufa da ci gaba. Amma ko da bayan 'yancin Chadi a shekarar 1960, yawancin' yan arewa har ila yau sun fi kusanci da mutanen Libya fiye da gwamnatin kudanci da ke mamaye a [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena]]. Bayan kwace mulki a shekarata 1969, shugaban kasar [[Muammar Gaddafi|Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya]] sake jaddada ikirarin Libya ga Yankin Aozou, yanki mai murabba'in kilomita 100,000 na arewacin Chadi wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin garin Aozou. Libya ta kafa hujja ne da daya daga cikin yarjeniyoyi masu yawa da suka shafi iyakokin mulkin mallaka, kuma ta karfafa waɗannan ikirarin ta hanyar sanya dakaru a Zirin Aozou tun daga shekarar 1972 Gaddafi ta sha'awar ƙarin gini da Aozou Gaza girma daga wani tsararru na damuwa, ciki har da yankin ta ruwaito ma'adinai dũkiya, ciki har da uranium .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} Ya kuma fatan kafa wani m gwamnati a Chadi da kuma mika Musulunci tasiri a cikin yankin Sahel ta hanyar Chadi da kuma Sudan. Shugaban Chadi [[Hissène Habré|Hissène Habré ya]] kasance mai karfin gwiwa daga tsohuwar ikon mulkin mallaka, Faransa, wacce ke son takaita ayyukan fadada Libya a yankin da ke da kusanci da [[Faris|Paris]]. Tallafin Faransawa ya haɗa da tura sojoji don yaƙar 'yan Libiya a yankin na Chadi. A yin hakan, Faransa ta sami goyon bayan Amurka a siyasance, tare da damuwa da ƙaruwar faɗaɗa Gaddafi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} Hadadden tsari na buƙatun masarufi kuma ya lalata bin Libya na neman yanki da tasiri a cikin Sahel. Kalaman adawa da mulkin mallaka da na adawa da mulkin mallaka na Gaddafi waɗanda suka lalata tsakanin hare-haren da aka kaiwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da yakin neman zaɓe da ya mayar da hankali kan kasancewar Turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Yana kuma fatan raunana alakar Chadi da Yammacin duniya ta hakan zai rage shigar da Afirka cikin tsarin mulkin kasashe masu mulkin Yamma. Tilasta sake sabunta daya daga cikin iyakokin mulkin mallaka da ƙungiyar ta OAU ta tabbatar a shekarar 1963 wani mataki ne a wannan hanyar - wacce ta zama mai yuwuwa a cikin yanayin ƙasar Chadi da ke fama da rikici, wanda mambobin ƙungiyar ta OAU suka kira ta "mahada mafi rauni". === Shekarun 1970 === Gaddafi ya yi kokarin kawance da wasu shugabannin ‘yan tawaye masu adawa da gwamnati a Chadi a cikin shekarun 1970, ciki har da Goukouni, Siddick, [[Acyl Ahmat]] (dan asalin Chadi dan asalin Larabawa), da Kamougué, dan kudu. Goukouni da Acyl sun fi nuna juyayi ga burin Gaddafi na yankin, amma waɗannan mutane biyu sun yi arangama a 1979, wanda ya sa Acyl ya kafa CDR. Bayan mutuwar Acyl a cikin 1982, tallafin Libya ya koma GUNT mai ƙarfi na Goukouni. Libya ta tsoma baki a aikin soji a Chadi a 1978 da 1979, inda ta fara rikicin Chadi-Libya .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} === Shekarun 1980 === A shekarar 1980, Libya ta sake shiga tsakani a yaƙin basasar Chadi, inda ta mamaye mafi yawan kasar ciki har da babban birnin N'Djamena a watan Disamba. A ranar 6 ga Janairun 1981, shugaban 'yan uwa na [[Muammar Gaddafi|Libya Ghaddafi]] da shugaban' yan tawayen Chadi Goukouni suka fitar da sanarwar sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa a Libya cewa Libya da Chadi sun yanke shawarar "yin aiki don samun cikakken hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu". Da yake fuskantar duka kakkausar suka daga ƙasashen duniya da kuma adawa ta ciki daga 'yan tawayen Chadi, Gaddafi da Goukouni sun mara baya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba alaƙar su ta ɓarke lokacin da Goukouni ya yi ƙoƙari ya karɓi matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo ƙarshen kasancewar sojojin na Libya. Daga karshe, a ranar 29 ga Oktoba Goukouni ya bukaci a dawo da sojojin Libya a ƙarshen shekara, kuma abin mamaki da sauri Gaddafi ya yi biyayya kuma ya janye dukkan sojojin Libya zuwa Zirin Aouzou kafin 16 ga Nuwamba. Bangaren ‘yan tawayen FAN [[Hissène Habré|karkashin jagorancin Hissène Habré]] sun hau kan karagar mulki kuma a 1982 sun kori Goukouni daga N’Djamena, lamarin da ya tilasta wa kungiyarsa ta GUNT komawa arewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} GUNT ya sake tunkuɗe Habré a watan Disamba da Janairun 1983, duk da haka, kuma daga ƙarshe Gaddafi ya yanke shawarar tallafawa GUNT din Goukouni kuma. Wani sabon shiga tsakani na Libya ya biyo baya a watan Yuni, kodayake yawanci ya kasance ta hanyar tallafi na kayan GUNT. Faransa (a karkashin Operation Manta ), Amurka da Zaire sun sa baki a madadin Habré kuma sun fatattaki GUNT da Libya ke marawa baya a ƙarshen Yuli.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} A tsakiyar shekarata 1988 Gaddafi ya fi son ya zo ya sasanta da Habré fiye da ci gaba da marawa kawayen Gaddafi baya, waɗanda suka yi asara a hannun Habré. Ministocin harkokin wajen Chadi da na Libya sun haɗu a watan Agustan 1988, kuma gwamnatocin biyu sun amince a ci gaba da tattaunawa. A lokaci guda, sojojin Libya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Zirin Aozou. A hankali, dangantaka a tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta inganta, inda Ghaddafi ya ba da alamun cewa yana son daidaita alaƙar da gwamnatin Chadi, har ta kai ga cewa yaƙin ya kasance kuskure. A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1988 shugaban Libya ya ayyana zai amince da Habré a matsayin halattaccen shugaban Chadi "a matsayin kyauta ga Afirka"; wannan ya haifar a ranar 3 ga Oktoba don sake dawo da cikakkiyar dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1989, wakilan Chadi da na Libya sun hadu a [[Aljir|Algiers]] don sasantawa kan Tsarin Tsarin Yarjejeniyar sasanta rikicin Yankin, wanda Gaddafi ya amince ya tattauna da Habré na Yankin Aouzou tare da gabatar da batun zuwa Kotun Duniya na Shari'a (ICJ) don yanke hukunci mai daurewa idan tattaunawar ɓangarorin biyu ta gaza. Sabili da haka, bayan shekara guda na tattaunawar da ba ta dace ba, ɓangarorin sun gabatar a cikin Satumbar 1990 takaddamar zuwa Kotun ICJ. <ref>G. Simons, p. 58, 60</ref> <ref>S. Nolutshungu, p. 227</ref> <ref name="Brecher95">M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 95</ref> Dangantakar Chadi da Libya ta kara inganta yayin da [[Idriss Déby]] mai samun goyon bayan Libya ya cire sunan Habré a ranar 2 ga Disamba. Gaddafi shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya amince da sabon mulkin, sannan kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjeniyoyin abota da hadin kai a matakai daban-daban; amma game da Zirin Aouzou Déby ya bi wanda ya gabace shi, yana mai bayyana cewa idan ya zama dole zai yi yaki don ganin an cire zirin daga hannun Libya. <ref>M. Azevedo, p. 150</ref> === Shekarun 1990 === An kammala rikicin na Aouzou da kyau a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1994, lokacin [[Alkali|da alƙalai]] na ICJ da rinjayen 16 zuwa 1 suka yanke hukuncin cewa Yankin Aouzou na ƙasar Chadi ne. An zartar da hukuncin kotun ba tare da bata lokaci ba, bangarorin biyu suka sanya hannu tun a ranar 4 ga Afrilu kan yarjejeniya game da hanyoyin aiwatar da hukuncin. Masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa sun sa ido, ficewar sojojin Libya daga Zirin ya fara ne a ranar 15 ga Afrilu kuma an kammala shi da 10 ga Mayu. Canja wuri zuwa ƙarshe zuwa Hutu daga Libya zuwa Chadi ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga Mayu, lokacin da ɓangarorin suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar haɗin gwiwa da ke nuna cewa ficewar Libya ta samu aiki. <ref name="Brecher95">M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, p. 95</ref> <ref>G. Simons, p. 78</ref> === Shekarun 2000 === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2007, ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye huɗu a Chadi suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da gwamnatin ƙasar su, inda shugaban Libya Kanar Muammar Gaddafi ya ɗauki nauyin tattaunawar. Shugabannin Chadi da na Sudan sun halarci wannan taron su ma. A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2009, tawagogin ministocin daga Chadi da Libya suka amince da yarjejeniyoyi bakwai da nufin ƙara matakan da suka shafi tsaro da kasuwanci gami da inganta haɗin gwiwar siyasa tsakanin kasashen. Firayim Ministan Chadi [[Youssouf Saleh Abbas]] da Firayim Ministan Libya Baghdadi Mahmudi ne suka jagoranci tattaunawar ministocin. Da sauran wurare da kuma Chadi [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Cadi|Shugaban kasar]] [[Idriss Déby|Idriss Deby]] da kuma Libya shugaban [[Muammar Gaddafi]] zo tare a kan al'amurran da suka shafi kamar yadda ceton da hanzari ƙunci [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] da kuma aiki yadda da ƙungiyar tarayyar Afirka zai iya zama mafi shiga a cikin sulhu rikice-rikice na Afirka muhimmanci. A wani ci gaban kuma, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya jagoranci Gidauniyar kasa da kasa ta Gaddafi don ƙungiyoyin agaji da ci gaba, a rubuce a ''jaridar Oya'', ta yi karin bayani kan aniyarta ta tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira daga Chadi a Libya tare da bayar da godiya ga waɗanda suka taimaka. === Shekarun 2010 === Tun daga yakin basasar Libya a shekarar 2011, alaƙar ƙasashen biyu ta kara tabarbarewa. A shekara ta 2013 shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby ya zargi sabbin hukumomin Libya da barin sojojin haya na Chadi su kafa sansanoni a Libya daga inda suka shirya kai hare-hare zuwa arewacin Chadi. <ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/04/2013427173751845270.html Chad says Libya not tackling 'mercenaries']. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. Published 27 April 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</ref> Tun lokacin da yakin basasar Libya na biyu ya fara tsakanin bangarori daban-daban a Libya, sojojin haya daga Chadi da sauran kasashen yankin suna shiga cikin rikicin. <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-violence/armed-chadian-group-attacks-forces-loyal-to-haftar-in-southern-libya-idUSKCN1OQ0TK Armed Chadian group attacks forces loyal to Haftar in southern Libya]. ''[[Reuters]]''. Published 27 December 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, hukumomin Libya sun rufe ofishin jakadancinsu a N'Djamena tare da kiran jakadanta, Mohammed Khalifa, bisa shawarar da Chadi ta yanke. Hakan ya faru ne bayan ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Chadi ta kori jami’an diflomasiyyar Libya 13 daga Chadi. A cewar wata sanarwa daga ma'aikatar, "Mun lura cewa akwai dimbin jami'an diflomasiyya na mulki da sojoji da ke aiki a ofishin jakadancin. Zaman su a Chadi bai dace ba. ” <ref>[https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libya-shuts-down-embassy-chad Libya shuts down embassy in Chad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122083444/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libya-shuts-down-embassy-chad |date=2021-11-22 }}. ''Libya Observer''. Published 28 August 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</ref> Gwamnatin Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar ta kasa da kasa da aka amince da ita a Libya ta lura da damuwar da ake da ita game da yawan ma'aikata na ofisoshin jakadancin Libya a ƙasashen waje. <ref>[https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/08/28/chad-orders-libyan-embassy-to-close/ Chad orders Libyan embassy to close]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Libya Herald''. Published 18 August 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</ref> A cikin watan Janairun 2017, Chadi ta rufe iyakarta ta arewa tare da Libya saboda rashin amincewar ƙasar cikin ruɗani zai tilasta wa wasu mayaka tserewa zuwa cikin ita kanta Chadi. A sakamakon haka, Chadi ta ba da umarnin tura dakaru a kan iyaka don yin kokarin dakatar da duk wani dan bindiga da ke tserewa cikin kasar. == Manazarta == [[Category:Tarihin Afrika]] [[Category:Tarihin Chadi]] [[Category:Tarihin Cadi]] [[Category:Libya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0i93ficpp6d7u6qpfwpz6of67n2lse7 4 21908 883778 883088 2026-07-15T21:28:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 883778 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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|[[Special:Contributions/Ooarii|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Saoud54321|Saoud54321]] |[[Special:Contributions/Saoud54321|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Forever30|Forever30]] |[[Special:Contributions/Forever30|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Galessandroni|Galessandroni]] |[[Special:Contributions/Galessandroni|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |54 |[[User:Salim Iliyasu|Salim Iliyasu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Salim Iliyasu|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |55 |[[User:Yayekit|Yayekit]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yayekit|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |56 |[[User:SonOfNuhu|SonOfNuhu]] |[[Special:Contributions/SonOfNuhu|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Dodore92|Dodore92]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dodore92|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |58 |[[User:RavishJagarlamudi|RavishJagarlamudi]] |[[Special:Contributions/RavishJagarlamudi|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |59 |[[User:Aliyu hader|Aliyu hader]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aliyu hader|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Yuli 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Muzari ahemd|Muzari ahemd]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muzari ahemd|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Lacawe83|Lacawe83]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lacawe83|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |62 |[[User:Mepyeusese|Mepyeusese]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mepyeusese|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Hammer freak !|Hammer freak !]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hammer freak !|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |64 |[[User:Scuper501|Scuper501]] |[[Special:Contributions/Scuper501|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Brackeb|Brackeb]] |[[Special:Contributions/Brackeb|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |66 |[[User:TheBigD Afro lingo Community Revitalizer|TheBigD Afro lingo Community Revitalizer]] |[[Special:Contributions/TheBigD Afro lingo Community Revitalizer|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |67 |[[User:Փերի Սիմոնյան|Փերի Սիմոնյան]] |[[Special:Contributions/Փերի Սիմոնյան|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |68 |[[User:Benbaahi|Benbaahi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Benbaahi|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |69 |[[User:BollywoodMusic123|BollywoodMusic123]] |[[Special:Contributions/BollywoodMusic123|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Τολάρας|Τολάρας]] |[[Special:Contributions/Τολάρας|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |71 |[[User:Realmarious|Realmarious]] |[[Special:Contributions/Realmarious|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |72 |[[User:Ald-Ki|Ald-Ki]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ald-Ki|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |73 |[[User:Habu2844|Habu2844]] |[[Special:Contributions/Habu2844|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |74 |[[User:UniqueMonik|UniqueMonik]] |[[Special:Contributions/UniqueMonik|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Uiykea|Uiykea]] |[[Special:Contributions/Uiykea|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Pnelson (WMGH)|Pnelson (WMGH)]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pnelson (WMGH)|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Truthnymph|Truthnymph]] |[[Special:Contributions/Truthnymph|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Wikeyea|Wikeyea]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wikeyea|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |79 |[[User:CommunicationLaw|CommunicationLaw]] |[[Special:Contributions/CommunicationLaw|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |80 |[[User:Autquis|Autquis]] |[[Special:Contributions/Autquis|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |81 |[[User:Maitakobi01|Maitakobi01]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maitakobi01|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Rafaelthegreat2|Rafaelthegreat2]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rafaelthegreat2|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Bnabbas75|Bnabbas75]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bnabbas75|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |84 |[[User:EdgarCabreraFariña|EdgarCabreraFariña]] |[[Special:Contributions/EdgarCabreraFariña|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |85 |[[User:Babajulee|Babajulee]] |[[Special:Contributions/Babajulee|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Yuli 2026 |- |} shz70ucgw52ls7fxtkiqlw2h0pn4rm8 0 22054 883899 705213 2026-07-16T08:42:15Z ~2026-40016-38 47011 Date of birth 883899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenneth Uwadi''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1972) shi ne mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, masanin kafofin watsa labarai sannan kuma kwararren marubuci ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abun cikiId = 1000 |url=http://www.newsbearerweeklymagazine.com/portal/content.asp?ContentId=1000 |access-date=2021-07-06 |archive-date=2016-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221816/http://www.newsbearerweeklymagazine.com/portal/content.asp?ContentId=1000 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://innocentonyeukwu.blogspot.com.ng/2014/04/imo-speaker-fraud-scandal-samuelson.html</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Coordinator na kungiyar Matasan da ke Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam da Ayyukan Cin Hanci daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2014.<ref>http://www.elombah.com/index.php/opinion/8547-sam-onwuemeodo-s-garment-of-many-troubles-part-one{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya ci gaba da samo Matasa don Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Bayyanar da Gaskiya (YARPTI), matasa dama da cigaban kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2015. Labaran nasa sun bayyana a kafafen yada labarai na yanar gizo da dama a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://theicon.ng/2015/05/18/imo-speakers-aide-threatens-activist-over-corruption-petition/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815174331/http://theicon.ng/2015/05/18/imo-speakers-aide-threatens-activist-over-corruption-petition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.imotrumpeta.com/?p=11192</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Uwadi an haife shi a Mmahu-Egbema na karamar hukumar [[Ohaji/Egbema]] na [[Imo|jihar Imo]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/176338/1/free-samuelson-iwuoha-now.html</ref> Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilimin harsuna da sadarwa. Kuma ya yi aiki da kamfanin Alcon Nigeria Limited daga watan Mayun shekara ta 2003 zuwa watan Mayun shekara ta 2016 a matsayin akawu.<ref>http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/news/20819-huriwa-clears-imo-speaker-of-corruption-ritual-killings-allegations</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/detail.php?news=11447&title=Corruption-Dont-make-Uwajumogu-a-Minister-Group-tells-Buhari-Im-innocent-Imo-Speaker |access-date=2021-07-06 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816091759/http://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/detail.php?news=11447&title=Corruption-Dont-make-Uwajumogu-a-Minister-Group-tells-Buhari-Im-innocent-Imo-Speaker |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da yake aiki a kamfanin Alcon Nigeria limited, ya shiga kungiyar Matasa kan Cin zarafin 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ayyukan Cin Hanci da Rasha a shekara ta 2007 kuma ya zama Babban Jami'inta a shekara ta 2011.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201502090375.html</ref><ref>[https://www.newsghana.com.gh/continues-illegal-detention-by-police-of-samuelson-iwuoha/ </ref> == Kunnawa == Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu fada a ji a kasar Najeriya da ke haifar da sauyin zamantakewar jama'a ta kafofin sada zumunta sannan kuma mai sukar lamirin gwamnoni da dama na [[Imo|jihar Imo]] da wasu Shugabannin Najeriya. Uwadi ya jagoranci mummunan jaridar tarihin [[Rochas Okorocha|“zunuban” Gwamna Rochas Okorocha]].<ref>http://newswirengr.com/2014/04/12/group-demands-the-immediate-release-of-activist-umar-goodman-unlawfully-arrested-by-gov-idris-wada/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://newsofthesouth.com/anti-corruption-group-hits-streets-over-fraud-in-imo-speakers-office/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185245/http://newsofthesouth.com/anti-corruption-group-hits-streets-over-fraud-in-imo-speakers-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya taka rawar gani wajen yakin neman mulki na gari da samarwa matasa aikin yi a Najeriya, gami da gwagwarmaya da take hakkin bil adama da rashin kulawa da yankunan da ake hako mai a [[Imo|jihar Imo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://africanheraldexpress.com/blog8/2014/06/12/human-rights-violation-in-imo-state/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |archive-date=2020-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401125513/http://africanheraldexpress.com/blog8/2014/06/12/human-rights-violation-in-imo-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da wani dan damfara na zamantakewar al'umma a [[Owerri]], Citizen Ikenna Samuelson Iwuoha da matarsa aka zarge su da kisan kai kuma aka kama su a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2014, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar sake su.<ref>https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/216920/popular-socio-political-crusader-comrade-kenneth-uwadi-res.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://famousnaijaz.com/about-us/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |archive-date=2017-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124080508/http://famousnaijaz.com/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.newsghana.com.gh/a ci gaba-da-ba da umarnin-doka- ta hanyar 'yan sanda- na-samuelson-iwuoha/]</ref> == Duba kuma == * Matasa Don Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam Da Tsarin Nuna Gaskiya * Citizen Ikenna Samuelson Iwuoha * Jerin masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo a Najeriya == Rayuwar mutum == Yayi aure. Yana da yara biyu. == Duba kuma == * Jerin masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo a Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * http://yarpti.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108130216/http://yarpti.org/ |date=2018-11-08 }} * http://famousnaijaz.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218141539/http://www.famousnaijaz.com/ |date=2020-02-18 }} [[Category:Mutane daga jihar imo]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mbsdpthemt0y425d1nai5iso2micbek 0 22305 883847 296747 2026-07-16T05:54:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cutar Rayuwa ta Al'adu,''' (wanda aka kafa ta a shekara ta 1972) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Cambridge, [[Massachusetts]], Amurka], waɗanda aka keɓe don kare [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] na 'yan asalin ƙasar. == Tarihi == Al'adu Survival aka kafa ta Anthropology, David Maybury-Lewis da matarsa, Pia, <ref>[http://www.credoreference.com/entry/routsca/maybury_lewis_david_h_p Credo Reference - Maybury-Lewis, David H.P. b. 1929, Hyderabad, Pakistan]</ref>, a mayar da martani ga bude kofa na Amazonian da kuma kudancin Amurka hinterlands a lokacin shekara ta 1960s, da kuma m effects wannan yana a kan 'Yan asalin mazaunan. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya yi aiki tare da al'ummomin Asiya a Asiya, Afirka, Kudancin Amurka, Arewacin Amurka, da Ostiraliya, suna zama manyan ƙungiyoyi na Amurka waɗanda ke kare haƙƙin igenan Asalin a duk duniya. Cibiyarsa a Cambridge, Massachusetts, Tsira da Al'adu kuma tana da ofishin tauraron dan adam don.<ref name=cnav>{{cite web |url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=10875 |title=Cultural Survival |publisher=Charity Navigator |access-date=8 December 2012 |archive-date=9 December 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ClvCveCc?url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=10875 |url-status=live }}</ref> aikin Rediyon Guatemala a Guatemala. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Rayuwa ta Al'adu tana da darajar tauraruwa huɗu daga ƙungiyar Sadaka . == PONSACS == Shirin akan takunkumin hana tashin hankali a rikici (PNS), wani sashin bincike na Harvard's Center for International Affairs, Gene Sharp ne ya kirkireshi a shekarar 1983. Abinda ta mai da hankali shi ne yin amfani da takunkumi ba bisa doka ba a matsayin madadin ayyukan tsoma baki. Sharp ya kuma kafa ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta Albert Einstein Institution (AEI) 'yan watanni daga baya, wanda ya zama ƙungiyar kuɗi don Shirin.<ref name=memoriam>{{cite web| title=In Memoriam: Gene Sharp, 1928–2018| website=Weatherhead Center for International Affairs| url=https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/centerpiece/spring2018/in_memoriam| access-date=26 April 2021| archive-date=22 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322172113/https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/centerpiece/spring2018/in_memoriam| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=aei1983>{{cite report| url=https://www.aeinstein.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/1983-1988.pdf| title=The First Five Years: 1983–1988 and Plans for the Future: President's report| publisher=The Albert Einstein Institution| date=1988| access-date=26 April 2021| archive-date=29 May 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529064222/https://www.aeinstein.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/1983-1988.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1995 (wasu shekaru bayan tafiyar Sharp) PNS sun haɗu tare da Rayuwa ta Al'adu, ƙirƙirar Shirin kan Takunkumi na Rashin andarfafawa da Cutar Al'adu (PONSACS). PONSACS ya mai da hankali kan "hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba don kiyaye dukkan mutane da al'adunsu", ya bunkasa tsawon shekaru goma kafin daga karshe ya rufe a shekara ta 2005. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Abokan Mutanen Kusa da Yanayi * [[Survival International|Tsira International]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.culturalsurvival.org/}} *   [[Category:Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] peesxx4r4boubdoqlpxq48l2s2lfets 0 24197 883735 874138 2026-07-15T20:30:58Z Bikhrah 15061 Gyararraki 883735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Hujja}}<ref>"Microsoft buys Nokia's Devices and Services Unit, unites Windows Phone 8 and its hardware maker". The Verge. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.</ref>[[Fayil:Nokia 6230 Black.jpg|thumb|mota kirar nokiya]] Kamfanin '''Nokia''' (asalin Nokia Oyj, wanda ake kira Nokia; salo a matsayin NOKIA) <ref>Natively Nokia Oyj in Finnish, and Nokia Abp in Swedish. UK: /ˈnɒkiə/, US: /ˈnoʊkiə/, Finnish: [ˈnokiɑ</ref> <ref>Articles of Association of Nokia Corporation" (PDF). Nokia Corporation. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</ref>shi ne sadarwa ta ƙasashe da yawa na Finnish, fasahar bayanai, da kamfanin lantarki, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1865. Babban hedkwatar Nokia yana Espoo, Finland, a cikin babban [[Helsinki]] yankin birni, amma ainihin tushen kamfanin yana cikin yankin [[Tampere]] na Pirkanmaa. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Nokia ta ɗauki kusan mutane 92,000 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 100, sun yi kasuwanci a cikin ƙasashe sama da 130, kuma sun ba da rahoton kudaden shiga na shekara -shekara na kusan billion 23 biliyan. <ref>"Nokia" (in Finnish). YTJ.fi. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</ref>Nokia kamfani ne mai iyaka na jama'a wanda aka jera a kan Helsinki Stock Exchange da New York Stock Exchange.<ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref> Shi ne kamfani mafi girma na 415 a duniya wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na <ref>Morris, Iain. "Nokia has cut 11,000 jobs in effort to boost profit". Light Reading.</ref>shekara ta 2016, bisa ga Fortune Global 500, inda ya hau matsayi na 85 a shekara ta 2009. Sashi ne na ƙimar kasuwar hannun jari ta Euro Stoxx 50.<ref>Report for Q4 and Full Year 2018" (PDF). Nokia Corporation. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</ref> [[Fayil:CeBIT 2005 Nokia-branded Mini.jpg|thumb|Mota kirar nokiya]] Kamfanin ya yi aiki a masana'antu daban -daban a cikin shekaru 150 da suka gabata. <ref>"Nokia – FAQ". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</ref>An kafa ta ne a matsayin injin daskarewa kuma an daɗe ana haɗa ta da roba da igiyoyi amma tun daga shekarun 1990. ta mai da hankali kan manyan hanyoyin sadarwa, haɓaka fasaha, da lasisi<ref>"Fortune Global 500 (100) – 2009 (Fortune ) – Ranking The Brands". ''Rankingthebrands.com''. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref>. Nokia babbar mai ba da gudummawa ce ga masana'antar wayar tafi -da -gidanka, bayan da ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙa'idodin GSM, 3G, da LTE (kuma a halin yanzu a cikin 5G), <ref>Global 500 2016". Fortune. 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</ref><ref>"Euro Stoxx 50". Boerse-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</ref><ref>Thom Holwerda (11 October 2012). "The story of Nokia's Maemo and MeeGo". OS News.</ref>kuma ya kasance babban mai siyar da wayoyin hannu da wayoyin hannu a duk duniya. Nokia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan samfuran da Samsung ke biye da su a farkon shekarun 2000. amma ya yi <ref>"This is the new Nokia". ''The Verge''. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.</ref>gwagwarmaya a kasuwanni saboda Nokia ba ta saka hannun jari wajen kera wayoyin hannu na taɓawa ba a lokacin. <ref>"Full Text: Nokia CEO Stephen Elop's 'Burning Platform' Memo". The Wall Street Journal. 9 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011.</ref><ref>Sampsa Kurri (11 October 2012), The story of Nokia MeeGo, archived from the original on 16 October 2012</ref>Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft da gwagwarmayar kasuwar Nokia ta gaba, Microsoft ta sayi kasuwancin wayar salula, ta ƙirƙirar Microsoft Mobile a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta a shekarar 2014.<ref>Ovide, Shira. "Microsoft in $7.17 Billion Deal for Nokia Cellphone Business". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 September 2013</ref> Bayan siyarwar, Nokia ta fara mai da hankali sosai kan kasuwancin kayayyakin sadarwar ta da Intanet na fasahar abubuwa, alama. karkatar da sashen taswirar ta Anan da siyan Alcatel-Lucent, gami da ƙungiyar bincike ta Bell Labs. Kamfanin sannan kuma yayi gwaji tare da haƙiƙanin gaskiya da lafiyar dijital, na ƙarshe ta hanyar siyan Withings<ref>Microsoft closes Nokia deal, pays more than expected". CNET</ref>. Alamar Nokia ta koma kasuwar wayar hannu da wayoyin hannu a cikin shekara ta 2016. ta hanyar tsarin lasisi tare da HMD Global. Nokia na ci gaba da zama babban mai ba da lasisin lasisi ga mafi yawan manyan dillalan wayar hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 2018, Nokia ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da kayan aikin sadarwa.<ref>Coupland, Douglas. "The Ghost of Invention: A Visit to Bell Labs". Wired.</ref> Finns sun kalli kamfanin da alfahari da ƙasa, kamar yadda kasuwancin wayoyin salula ya sa ya zama babban kamfani mafi girma a duniya da alama daga Finland. A mafi girmansa a cikin shekara ta 2000, <ref>"How Nokia reinvented itself". ''CNNMoney Switzerland''. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref><ref>"Nokia celebrates first day of combined operations with Alcatel-Lucent". Nokia. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref>"Nokia plans to acquire Withings to accelerate entry into Digital Health". 26 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref><ref>Best, Jo. "'Mobile phones are our history, not our future': Nokia on where next for hardware". ZDNet. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref>yayin kumbon sadarwa,<ref>Scott Barr, Chris (18 May 2016). "Microsoft sells Nokia brand use to Foxconn and HMD global". SlashGear. Retrieved 16 May 2017.</ref> <ref>"Nokia's key to success: A strong portfolio combined with aggressive licensing – Filing Analytics". Filinganalytics.io. Retrieved 28 March 2019</ref>Nokia ta kai kashi 4% na GDP na ƙasar, 21% na jimlar fitar da kayayyaki, da 70% na babban birnin kasuwar musayar hannayen jari na Helsinki.<ref>"Ericsson, Samsung gain share in network gear as ZTE slumps". Reuters.com. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref><ref>Vilpponen, Antti (4 September 2013). "Nokia: Finland mourns the demise of its proud tech heritage". The Guardian.</ref><ref>Kelly, Gordon. "Finland and Nokia: an affair to remember". Wired UK.</ref><ref>Bloomberg (4 September 2013). "Finland mourns loss of national icon Nokia".</ref> == Labari== === 1865–1967 === [[File:Nokia_Toilet_paper.JPG|thumb| Rolls na bayan gida wadanda kamfanin Nokia suka samar a shekarun 1960, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Vapriikki, Tampere]] Tarihin Nokia ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1865, lokacin da injiniyan hakar ma'adinai na Finnish-Swede Fredrik Idestam ya kafa injin sarrafa ruwa a bakin tekun Tammerkoski kusa da garin Tampere, Finland (sannan a Daular Rasha)<ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref>. An buɗe injin injin na biyu a cikin shekara ta 1868. kusa da garin makwabta na <ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref>Nokia, inda aka sami ingantattun albarkatun ruwa. A cikin shekara ta 1871, Idestam, tare da abokinsa Leo Mechelin, sun kafa kamfani ɗaya kuma sun kira shi Nokia Ab (a cikin Yaren mutanen [[Sweden]], Kamfanin Nokia shine kwatankwacin Ingilishi), bayan wurin da injin daskarewa na biyu. Idestam ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1896, inda ya mayar da Mechelin shugaban kamfanin; ya fadada zuwa samar da wutar lantarki ta shekarar ta 1902, wanda Idestam ya yi adawa da shi. A cikin shekara ta 1904. Suomen Gummitehdas (Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish), kasuwancin roba wanda Eduard Polón ya kafa, ya kafa masana'anta kusa da garin Nokia kuma ya yi amfani da sunanta. A cikin shekara ta 1922, a cikin Finland mai cin gashin kanta a yanzu, Nokia Ab ta shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Finber Rubber Works da Kaapelitehdas (masana'antar kebul), duk a yanzu tare a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Polón. Kamfanin roba ya yi girma cikin sauri lokacin da ya koma yankin Nokia a cikin shekara ta 1930. don cin gajiyar samar da wutar lantarki, kuma kamfanin kebul ba da jimawa ba ma ya yi. Nokia a lokacin ta kuma sanya masu ba da agaji don amfanin farar hula da na soja, daga shekara ta 1930. har zuwa farkon shekara ta 1990.<ref>"Start01". Gasmasklexikon.com. Retrieved 23 November 2016.</ref> === 1967–1990 === [[File:Patteriston_komentopaikka_Hämeenlinna_4.JPG|thumb| LV 317M rediyo na soja a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Hämeenlinna]] A cikin shekara ta 1967, kamfanoni uku - Nokia, Kaapelitehdas, da Finber Rubber Works - sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar sabon Kamfanin Nokia, wanda aka sake tsara shi zuwa manyan kamfanoni huɗu: gandun daji, kebul, roba, da lantarki. A farkon shekara ta 1970, ta shiga harkar sadarwa da masana'antar rediyo. Nokia ta fara kera kayan aikin soji ga dakarun tsaron Finland (Puolustusvoimat), kamar mai magana da yawun Sanomalaite M/90 a shekara ta 1983, da kuma mashin gas na M61 wanda aka fara kirkirar shi a shekara ta 1960. Yanzu Nokia kuma tana kera ƙwararrun rediyo ta wayar hannu, sauya wayoyin tarho, capacitors da sunadarai. Bayan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta Finland da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a shekara ta 1960, Nokia ta fadada zuwa kasuwar Soviet. Ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa kasuwanci, wanda ya fara daga musayar tarho ta atomatik zuwa robotik da sauransu; a ƙarshen shekara ta 1970, Tarayyar Soviet ta zama babbar kasuwa ga Nokia, tana taimakawa wajen samar da riba mai yawa. Nokia kuma ta yi aiki tare da fasahar kimiyya tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙara shakkar wannan haɗin gwiwar bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cacar Baki détente a farkon shekara ta 1980s. Nokia ta shigo da abubuwa da yawa da Amurka ta ƙera kuma ta yi amfani da su cikin samfura don Soviets, kuma a cewar Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro na Amurka, Richard Perle, Nokia tana da haɗin gwiwa a asirce tare da The Pentagon wanda ya ba Amurka damar bin diddigin ci gaban fasaha a cikin. Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar kasuwanci tare da Nokia. Wannan zanga -zangar ce ta kasuwancin Finland tare da ɓangarorin biyu, saboda ba ta tsaka tsaki ba a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki.<ref>COMPANY NEWS; Nokia Oy Buys Stake in Ericsson". ''The New York Times''. Reuters. 21 January 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 August 2017</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1977, Kari Kairamo ya zama Shugaba kuma ya canza kasuwancin kamfanin. A wannan lokacin, Finland ta zama abin da ake kira "Nordic [[Japan]]". A karkashin jagorancinsa, Nokia ta sami kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da mai yin talabijin Salora a shekara ta 1984, sai kuma kayan lantarki na Sweden da mai yin kwamfuta kwamfuta Luxor AB a 1985, da kuma kamfanin kera talabijin na Faransa Oceanic a shekara ta 1987. Wannan ya sanya Nokia ta zama mafi girman masana'antar talabijin ta Turai (bayan Philips da Thomson). An ci gaba da amfani da samfuran da ake da su har zuwa ƙarshen kasuwancin talabijin a shekara ta 1996. [[File:Nokia_Mikko_display_and_keyboard.JPG|thumb| Nokia Mikko 3 karamin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, 1978]] [[File:Mobira_Cityman_450.JPG|thumb| Mobira Cityman 450, 1985]] A cikin shekara ta 1987, Nokia ta sami Schaub-Lorenz, ayyukan mabukaci na Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL) na Jamus, wanda ya haɗa da samfuran "Schaub-Lorenz" da "Graetz"<ref>"Nokia's Secret Code Perhaps the least hierarchical big company in the world, Nokia has been winning big in wireless. But its Finnish recipe for innovation is about to be put to the test. – May 1, 2000". Fortune (magazine).</ref>. Asalinsa wani ɓangare ne na Kamfanin Hadin gwiwar Ƙasashen Duniya da Telegraph (ITT) na Amurka, kuma bayan da aka siyar da samfuran a ƙarƙashin alamar "ITT Nokia", duk da siyar da SEL ga Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE), magabacin Alcatel, a shekara ta 1986 . A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1988, Nokia ta sayi sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Ericsson, wanda ya samo asali a matsayin rukunin komputa na Datasaab na jirgin saman Sweden da kamfanin kera mota Saab. Tsarin Bayani na Ericsson ya yi tashoshin Alfaskop, masu buga rubutu, masu amfani da ƙananan na'urori da PCS masu jituwa na IBM. Haɗin tare da sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Nokia - wanda tun a shekara ta 1981. yana da layin kwamfutoci na sirri da ake kira MikroMikko - ya haifar da sunan Nokia Data. Nokia ta kuma mallaki Mobira, wani kamfanin wayar tafi da gidanka, wanda shine ginshiƙin kasuwancin wayar hannu ta gaba. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da sabis na Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), cibiyar sadarwar wayar salula ta duniya ta farko kuma ta farko don ba da izinin yawo na ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1982, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da wayar mota ta Mobira Senator, wayar Nokia ta farko. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ba shi da sha'awar kera wayoyin hannu, wanda hukumar zartarwa ke ɗauka daidai da na James Bond: na'urori masu yuwuwa da na gaba. Bayan duk waɗannan abubuwan da aka saya, tushen samun kuɗin Nokia ya zama dalar Amurka biliyan 2.7. Shugaba Kairamo ya kashe kansa a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1988. A cikin shekara ta 1987, Kaapelitehdas ya daina kera igiyoyi a masana'antar ta Helsinki bayan shekaru 44, yana rufe ƙananan kamfanin.<gallery> File:Mobira 800-NDB.JPG|Mobira 800-NDB fitilar da ba ta shugabanci wacce take a cikin sigar gidan kayan gargajiyar ta Sojojin Sama na Finland File:Lasersuunnin merivoimien vuosipäivä 2013 Kotka 3.JPG|Nokia MAC 8532 wajan kera laser a baya wadanda manyan bindigogin bakin ruwa na kasar Finnish suke amfani dasu File:Patteriston komentopaikka Hämeenlinna 2.JPG|Nunin gidan kayan tarihin Hämeenlinna wanda ke dauke da jami'in kula da wuta tare da kalkuleta na Nokia a cikin rundunar kwamandan manyan bindigogi na Finnish File:MikroMikko 4 TT m216 Tekniikan museo 02.jpg|Late 1980s MikroMikko 4 TT m216 computer desktop in the Museum of Technology, Helsinki, Finland File:Itt-nokia television and vhs-video.jpeg|ITT Nokia talabijin tare da ITT Nokia VCR (ITT / SEL) File:Mobira kaukohakulaite.png|Motar Mobira ta 1986 </gallery> === 1990–2010 === [[File:Jorma_Ollila_2013.jpg|thumb| Jorma Ollila, wacce ta lura da hauhawar kamfanin Nokia a kasuwar wayoyin hannu a matsayin Shugaba daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 2006]] Bayan nadin Simo Vuorilehto a matsayin <ref>"Nokia Announces Final Sale of its Television Manufacturing Business". Nokia.</ref>Shugaba, an shirya wani babban gyara. Tare da ƙungiyoyi 11 a cikin kamfanin, Vuorilehto ya karkatar da sassan masana'antu da ya ɗauka a matsayin marasa dabaru. Nokian Tires (Nokian Renkaat), mai kera taya da aka kirkira a matsayin wani bangare na Ayyukan Rubber na Finland a shekara ta 1932, ya rabu da Kamfanin Nokia a shekara ta 1988<ref>Nokia First to Launch Digital Satellite Receiver in The UK". Nokia.</ref>. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekara ta 1990, Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish sun bi sahu. A shekara ta 1991, Nokia ta sayar da sashen na’urar kwamfuta, Nokia Data, ga Kamfanin International Computers Limited (ICL), wanda ya kasance farkon Fujitsu Siemens. Masu saka hannun jari sun yi tunanin hakan a matsayin matsalar kudi kuma farashin hannun jarin Nokia ya fadi sakamakon hakan. Finland yanzu ma tana fuskantar koma bayan tattalin arziki mafi muni a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rayuwa, kuma rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, babban abokin ciniki, ya kara dagula al'amura. [[Fayil:Nokia ST.jpg|thumb]] Vuorilehto ya yi murabus a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 1992, kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Jorma Ollila, wacce ta kasance shugabar kasuwancin wayar hannu daga shekara ta 1990, kuma ta ba da shawara game da sayar da wannan rukunin. Ollila ya yanke shawarar juyar da Nokia zuwa kamfanin 'telecom-oriented', daga ƙarshe ya kawar da rarrabuwa kamar kasuwancin wutar lantarki. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da nasara sosai kuma kamfanin ya haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ribar aikin Nokia ya tashi daga mara kyau a shekara ta 1991, zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekara ta 1995, kuma kusan dala biliyan Hudu 4 a shekara ta 1999. Wayar Nokia ta farko mai cikakken šaukuwa bayan Sanatan Mobira shine Mobira Cityman 900 a shekara ta 1987. Nokia ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙirar wayar hannu ta GSM a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kuma ta haɓaka hanyar sadarwar GSM ta farko tare da Siemens, magabacin Nokia Siemens Network. Firayim Ministan Finland Harri Holkeri ne ya yi kiran GSM na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1991, ta amfani da kayan aikin Nokia a kan hanyar sadarwa ta MHz 900 da Nokia ta gina kuma Radiolinja ke sarrafawa. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1992, Nokia 1011 ta ƙaddamar, wanda ya sa ta zama farkon wayar salula ta GSM ta kasuwanci. Salora Oy a matsayin reshen Nokia ya ƙare a shekarar 1989 lokacin da aka haɗa rarrabuwa zuwa Nokia-Mobira Oy. An ci gaba da amfani da alamar don talabijin har zuwa shekara ta 1995. A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1996, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar sayar da kasuwancin tallan ta ga Kamfanin Semi-Tech na Kanada/Hong Kong. An rufe kamfanin kera talabijin a Jamus a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 1996. Sayarwar ta haɗa da masana'anta a [[Turku]], da haƙƙin amfani da samfuran Nokia, Finlux, Luxor, Salora, Schaub-Lorenz da Oceanic har zuwa ƙarshen shkara ta 1999. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan samfuran daga baya an sayar da su ga wasu kamfanoni. Nokia ita ce ta fara ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam na dijital a Burtaniya, wanda aka sanar a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 1997. A watan Agusta shekara ta 1997 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tauraron dan adam ta farko tare da tallafin Common Interface (CI). A cikin shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta zama zaɓaɓɓen mai siyar da kayayyaki don samar da akwatunan akwatin gidan talabijin na dijital na farko na duniya ta British Digital Broadcasting (BDB), wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin ONdigital.[[File:Digital-tv-box_från_Nokia.jpg|thumb| Babban Mediamaster na Nokia saiti]] A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta riski Motorola ta zama babbar wayar salula mafi siyarwa, kuma a watan Disamba ta kera wayar salula ta miliyan dari. Babban dalilin da yasa Nokia tayi girma akan manyan masu fafatawa da ita Motorola da Ericsson shine cewa ta sami damar kula da kasuwar matasa masu amfani da masu amfani da kayan kwalliya, mafi mahimmanci tare da wayoyin hannu na Nokia 5110 da 3210 waɗanda ke nuna babban kewayon launuka masu canzawa da canzawa- murfin da ake kira Xpress-on. Daya daga cikin wayoyin zamani na farko a cikin shekara ta 1992, daga agogon Switzerland Swatch, ya dogara ne akan wayar Nokia ta 101. <ref>"Nokia Announces Heads of Agreement to Sell Its Remaining Television Business". Nokia.</ref>Kamfanin zai kuma samar da rukunin Vertu, yana ƙirƙirar wayoyin hannu masu alatu. Nokia ta yi iƙirarin a watan Afrilu shekara ta 1996, masu sa ido na 447Xav da 447K su zama na farko tare da masu magana da sitiriyo da ƙaramin woofer. A watan Mayu shekara ta 1999 Nokia ta gabatar da samfuran LAN na farko mara waya. A watan Janairun 2000 ViewSonic ya sayi samfuran Nuni na Nokia, rabon yin nunin don kwamfutoci na sirri. A ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2001, Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Telefonica don samar da modem ɗin DSL da magudanar ruwa a [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. A cikin shekara ta 1997, Nokia ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin lantarki na Brazil Gradiente inda aka basu lasisin kera ire -iren wayoyin salula na Nokia a cikin gida ƙarƙashin sunayen Nokia da Gradiente. A cikin shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta kafa kamfanin Symbian Ltd. wanda Psion ke jagoranta don ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin aiki don PDAs da wayoyin hannu masu wayo a matsayin magajin EPOC32. Sun saki Nokia 9210 Communicator da ke gudanar da Symbian OS a shekara ta 2001, kuma daga baya a waccan shekarar ta kirkiri dandalin Symbian Series 60, daga baya suka gabatar da ita tare da wayar kyamarar su ta farko, Nokia 7650. Dukansu Nokia da Symbian sun zama manyan kayan masarufi na wayoyi da mai yin software bi da bi, kuma a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004 Nokia ta zama babban mai hannun jari na Symbian Ltd. Nokia ta mallaki kamfani baki daya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2008, sannan ta kafa Gidauniyar Symbian a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta. A cikin shekara ta 1998, kawai, kamfanin yana da kuɗin shiga na dala biliyan 20 wanda ya sami ribar dala biliyan 2.6. Zuwa shekarar 2000 Nokia ta dauki mutane sama da 55,000 aiki, kuma tana da kaso 30% a kasuwar wayar tafi da gidanka, kusan ninki biyu na babbar gasa, Motorola. Kamfanin yana aiki a kasashe 140 tun daga shekara ta 1999. An ba da rahoton a lokacin cewa wasu mutane sun yi imanin Nokia kamfanin Japan ne. Tsakanin shekara ta 1996, zuwa shekara ta 2001, yawan kudin da Nokia ta samu ya karu ninki biyar, daga € 6.5 biliyan zuwa € 31bn. [[File:Nokia_mobile_phones.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Tarin wayoyin hannu na Nokia daga shekarun 2000]] Daga nan za a san kamfanin a matsayin mai nasara kuma mai kirkirar wayoyin kyamara. Nokia 3600/3650 ita ce wayar kamara ta farko da aka sayar a Arewacin Amurka a shekasra ta 2003. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2005, Nokia ta yi hadin gwiwa da mai kera kyamarar kyamarar Jamus Carl Zeiss AG. A cikin wannan watan Nokia ta gabatar da Nseries, wanda zai zama layin wayoyin salula na shekaru shida masu zuwa. Nokia N95 da aka gabatar a watan Satumba na shekarar 2006 ya yi nasara sosai kuma an kuma ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin "mafi kyawun na'urar daukar hoto" a Turai a shekara ta 2007. Wanda ya gaje shi N82 ya nuna walƙiyar xenon, wanda ya taimaka mata lashe lambar "mafi kyawun hoton wayar hannu" a Turai a shekara ta 2008. N93 a shekara ta 2006, an san shi da camcorder na musamman da kuma karkatacciyar ƙirar da ke sauyawa tsakanin clamshell da matsayi kamar camcorder. An kuma san su sosai da N8 tare da babban firikwensin 12-megapixel a cikin shekara ta 2010; 808 PureView a cikin shekara ta 2012, tare da firikwensin 41-megapixel; da tutar Lumia 920 a cikin shekara ta 2012, wanda ya aiwatar da ingantattun fasahar PureView. Nokia ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara wasan caca ta hannu saboda shaharar Snake, wanda aka riga aka ɗora shi akan samfura da yawa. A cikin shekara ta 2002, Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin kutsawa cikin kasuwar caca ta hannu tare da N-Gage. Shugaban nishaɗi da kafofin watsa labarai na Nokia, Ilkka Raiskinen, ya taɓa yin ƙaulin "Game Boy na yara 'yan shekara 10", yana mai bayyana cewa N-Gage ya fi dacewa da masu sauraro da suka manyanta. Koyaya, na'urar ta gaza, ta kasa ƙalubalantar jagoran kasuwar Nintendo. Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin farfado da N-Gage a matsayin dandamali na wayoyin salula na S60, wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da su a shekara ta 2008. A cikin Q1a shekara ta 2004, kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta ragu sosai zuwa 28.9%, ƙasa daga 34.6% a shekara da ta gabata. Koyaya, zuwa shekara ta 2006 kamfanin ya sake samun ci gaba kuma a cikin Q4 a shekara ta 2007 ya kai adadi mafi girma na 40.4%. Rabon kasuwar wayoyin salula a waccan kwata shine 51%. Nokia ita ce babbar mai siyarwa a lokacin a duk yankuna bar Arewacin Amurka. Nokia ta ƙaddamar da gwajin talabijin ta wayar hannu a 2005 a Finland tare da abun ciki wanda mai watsa labarai na jama'a Yle ya bayar. Ayyukan suna dogara ne akan ma'aunin DVB-H. Ana iya duba shi tare da babbar wayar Nokia 7710 tare da kayan haɗi na musamman wanda ke ba shi damar karɓar siginar DVB-H. Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Arqiva da O2 don ƙaddamar da gwaji a Burtaniya a watan Satumba shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2005 Nokia ta haɓaka tsarin aiki na tushen Linux wanda ake kira Maemo, wanda ya yi jigilar wannan shekarar akan Nokia 770 Internet Tablet. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2006, Jorma Ollila ta zama shugaban kamfanin kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaba, wanda Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo ya maye gurbinsa.[[File:Nokia_Sao_Paulo_Flagship.jpg|left|thumb| Babban shagon Nokia a [[São Paulo]], Brazil a shekara 2009]] A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2007, Nokia ta gabatar da Ovi, sunan laima don sabbin aiyukan Intanet na kamfanin wanda ya haɗa da dandalin N-Gage da Nokia Music Store. Shagon Ovi ya fuskanci gagarumar gasa da Apple App Store lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a shekara ta 2008. A watan Oktobar shekara ta 2008 Nokia ta sanar da Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, na’urar farko da za ta yi jigilar kaya tare da sabon S60 5th Edition, wanda aka fi sani da Symbian^1, farkon maimaita dandamali tun lokacin da aka kirkiro Gidauniyar Symbian. A watan Nuwambashekara ta 2008 Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta kawo karshen sayar da wayoyin hannu a Japan saboda karancin kasuwa. Kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta kai kololuwa a shekarar 2008 da kashi 38.6. A wannan shekarar, Nokia ta sanar da siyan Trolltech da haɓaka software ta Qt. Qt ya kasance babban ɓangaren dabarun Nokia har zuwa shekara ta 2011, kuma a ƙarshe an sayar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2012. Nokia a takaice ta koma kasuwar kwamfuta tare da ɗan littafin netbook 3G a watan Agusta shekara ta 2009. === 2010–2014 === [[File:As_Time_Goes_By_(Nokia_9000_Communicator_&_E7).jpg|thumb| Mai Sadarwa na Nokia 9000 (1996) kusa da Nokia E7 Sadarwa (2011)]] [[File:Nokia_&_Microsoft_Lumia_devices.png|thumb| Nokia da Microsoft Lumia na'urorin.]] [[File:Ristoonstage.jpg|left|thumb| Risto Siilasmaa, shugaban Nokia daga 2012 zuwa 2020.]] [[File:Bürogebäude_früheres_Nokia-Werk_Bochum-Riemke_(2009).jpg|thumb| Tsohon kamfanin Nokia a Bochum, Jamus]] [[File:Nokia_(8111386420).jpg|thumb| Alamar talla ta Nokia a Dublin, Ireland]]A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010, an gabatar da Xseries da ke mai da hankali kan kiɗa da Cseries mai mai da hankali. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tafi da gidanka ta gaba, Nokia N8, wacce za ta kasance ta farko da za ta fara aiki a kan Symbian^3. Sai dai an yi jinkiri tsawon watanni da dama wanda hakan ya bata sunan kamfanin, musamman bayan gazawar tutar da ta yi a baya N97 da gasa mai tsauri daga Apple da kamfanin Google mai tasowa. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2010, an kori Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo a matsayin Shugaba kuma an sanar da cewa Stephen Elop daga Microsoft zai dauki matsayin Babban Daraktan Nokia, inda ya zama darakta na farko da ba Finnish ba a tarihin Nokia. An yi iƙirarin cewa masu saka hannun jari sun matsa wa hukumar Nokia lamba don ɗaukar wani baƙo don girgiza gudanarwa kuma ya rabu da al'adar "Nokia hanya". Ollila ya kuma sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga shugabancin Nokia kafin shekarar 2012. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2011 Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta biya Elop dala miliyan shida na sanya hannu a matsayin "diyyar asarar kudin shiga daga tsohon ma'aikacin sa", a kan dala miliyan 1.4 na shekara albashi. Tsohon Symbian OS ya zama tushen budewa gaba daya a watan Fabrairu 2010. Sai dai, a watan Nuwamban 2010 an sanar da cewa Symbian Foundation na rufe kuma Nokia za ta sake karbe ikon tsarin aikin Symbian a karkashin lasisin rufewa. Zuwa yanzu Nokia ita ce kawai kamfanin da ya rage ta amfani da dandamali, tare da mai jigilar NTT DoCoMo a Japan, bayan duka Samsung da Sony Ericsson sun koma Android. A halin da ake ciki, a cikin 2010 don burin Nokia na Linux, Nokia ta haɗu tare da Intel don ƙirƙirar aikin MeeGo, bayan haɗuwar Maemo na Nokia da Moblin na Intel. Dandalin Symbian na Nokia wanda ya kasance babban dandamali na wayoyin hannu a Turai da [[Asiya]] tsawon shekaru da yawa yana saurin tsufa kuma yana da wahala ga masu haɓakawa bayan bayyanar iOS da Android. Don magance wannan, Nokia ta shirya yin tsarin aikin su na MeeGo Linux, a ƙarƙashin ci gaba, ƙirar kamfanin akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara aikin Shugaba na Elop, hukumar Nokia ta kore shi ikon canza dabarun wayoyin hannu na kamfanin, gami da canza tsarin aiki. Tsohon soja Anssi Vanjoki, shugaban sashen wayoyin salula, ya bar kamfanin a wannan lokacin. Fitowar sa ta ƙarshe shine a Nokia World 2010 lokacin da aka gabatar da Nokia E7 da wasu na'urorin Symbian^3. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar "haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci" tare da Microsoft, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa zai karɓi Windows Phone 7 a matsayin babban tsarin aikin sa akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka, tare da haɗa ayyukansa da dandamali tare da nasa, gami da Bing azaman injin bincike, da haɗawa. Bayanan Maps na Nokia cikin Taswirorin Bing. Elop ya bayyana cewa Nokia ta zabi kada ta yi amfani da Android saboda a bayyane yake cewa ba zai iya "bambance" abubuwan da ake bayarwa ba, tare da masu sukar sun kuma lura cewa alakar sa ta baya da Microsoft na iya yin tasiri ga shawarar. Kodayake MeeGo "Harmattan" -bn N9 an sadu da kyakkyawar tarba a cikin 2011, Nokia ta riga ta yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen ci gaba akan MeeGo kuma kawai ta mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kodayake Shugaba ya ce "sabbin abubuwa" na N9 za su ci gaba makomar, wacce a ƙarshe ta hau kan dandalin Asha a 2013. Bayan sanarwar haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kasuwar kasuwar Nokia ta lalace; wannan ya faru ne saboda buƙatar faduwar Symbian lokacin da masu amfani suka fahimci hankalin Nokia da kulawa zai kasance a wani wuri. Kamfanin ya sanya babban asara a cikin kwata na biyu na 2011 - kawai asarar su ta biyu a cikin shekaru 19. Wayar Nokia ta farko ta Wayar Windows ita ce Lumia 800, wacce ta iso a watan Nuwamba na 2011. Faduwar tallace -tallace a 2011, wanda ba a inganta shi sosai tare da layin Lumia a 2012, ya haifar da manyan asara a jere. Zuwa tsakiyar 2012 farashin hannayen jarin kamfanin ya fadi kasa da $ 2. Shugaba Elop ya ba da sanarwar rage farashin farashi a watan Yuni ta hanyar zubar da ma’aikata 10,000 zuwa karshen shekara da kuma rufe masana'antar kera Salo. Firayim Ministan na Finland ya kuma ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati ba za ta ceci kamfanin daga asusun jihar na gaggawa ba. A kusa da wannan lokacin Nokia ta fara sabon aikin da aka yiwa lakabi da "Meltemi", dandamali ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Tare da kawancen Microsoft kuma a ƙarƙashin kulawar Elop, Nokia kuma ta sake mai da hankali kan kasuwar Arewacin Amurka inda wayoyin Nokia suke, sabanin sauran ƙasashen duniya, kusan ba su da mahimmanci na shekaru da yawa. Wannan dabarar ta fara ne a cikin Janairu 2012 tare da gabatar da wayar Nokia Lumia 900 tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin AT&T na Amurka. A watan Maris na shekarar 2011, Nokia ta bullo da wani sabon nau'in kamfani mai suna "Pure". A ranar 1 ga Agustan 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yi amfani da sabon tsarin lambar lambobi uku don samfuran wayar hannu kuma ta daina amfani da haruffa, ta yadda za a kawo ƙarshen Nseries, Eseries, da Cseries na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A wannan ranar aka gabatar da Nokia 500 tare da sabon tsarin. Nokia ta yi amfani da sunaye masu lamba uku a wayoyin analog a shekarun 1990. Lokacin da aka sanar da Lumia 920 a watan Satumbar 2012, 'yan jaridu sun gan ta a matsayin babbar babbar Windows Phone wacce za ta iya ƙalubalanci abokan hamayya saboda tsarinta na ci gaba. Elop ya ce kyakkyawan martanin da aka yi masa ya haifar da bege da kyakkyawan fata a kamfanin. Kamfanin yana kuma samun nasarori a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa tare da jerin Asha, waɗanda ke siyarwa da ƙarfi. Kodayake tallace -tallace da wayoyin salula na Nokia sun karu sosai a cikin 2013, gami da a kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, har yanzu bai isa ba don gujewa asarar kuɗi. Ollila ta sauka daga kujerarta a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2012 kuma Risto Siilasmaa ya maye gurbin ta A watan Satumba na shekarar 2013 Nokia ta sanar da sayar da sashen wayar salula da na’urorinta ga Microsoft. Sayarwar tana da kyau ga Nokia don gujewa ƙarin adadi na kuɗi mara kyau, kazalika ga Babban Manajan Microsoft Steve Ballmer, wanda ke son Microsoft ta samar da ƙarin kayan masarufi kuma ta mayar da ita zuwa kamfanin na'urori da sabis. Shugaban Nokia, Risto Siilasmaa, ya bayyana yarjejeniyar a matsayin mai hankali (a cikin fa'idar masu hannun jarin Nokia), amma mai wahalar gaske - masana sun yarda cewa Nokia za ta kasance cikin rikicin kuɗi idan ba ta sayar da rabon ga Microsoft ba. Manazarta sun yi imanin cewa Ballmer ya matsa don siyan saboda tsoron cewa Nokia tana gab da ɗaukar Android kuma ta yi watsi da ƙawancen su da Microsoft. Tabbas, a cikin Janairu 2014 an gabatar da Nokia X wanda ke gudana akan sigar Android ta musamman. Abin mamaki ne da ɗan ban mamaki wanda ke zuwa makonni kaɗan kacal daga ƙarshen siyan Microsoft. Wasu, ciki har da magajin Ballmer Satya Nadella, suna jin cewa Microsoft na tunanin haɗe ƙungiyoyin software ɗin su da injiniyan kayan masarufi na Nokia da zai “hanzarta” haɓaka Windows Phone. An kammala siyarwar a watan Afrilun 2014, inda Microsoft Mobile ta zama magajin sashen na'urorin wayoyin Nokia. Nokia kuma ta tashi daga hedkwatarsa ​​zuwa wani katafaren gini da ke Karaportti. A lokacin, Ballmer da kansa yana yin ritaya a matsayin Shugaba na Microsoft kuma Satya Nadella ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya yi adawa da siyan wayoyin salula na Nokia, tare da shugaban [[Bill gate|Bill Gates]]. Microsoft ya rubuta kadarorin da aka saya daga Nokia a shekarar 2015. A shekara ta 2014, darajar tambarin Nokia a duniya bisa ga Interbrand ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na 98, raguwa mai kaifi daga wuri na 5 da yake a 2009. Faduwar Nokia a kasuwar wayar tafi -da -gidanka ya sami bayanai daban -daban daga manazarta, tare da rarrabuwar kawuna game da shawarar Shugaba na yin watsi da shi. tsarin aiki na cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da Windows Phone a 2011. Masu bincike da yawa sun yanke shawarar cewa Nokia ta sha wahala daga zurfafa gwagwarmaya a cikin gudanarwa. Tsoffin ma’aikatan sun yi iƙirarin cewa gudanarwar ta yi kumbura ta hanyar nasarar farko da suka zama masu gamsuwa da lokaci. Wasu daga ƙungiyar masu tasowa ta Symbian sun yi iƙirarin cewa babban jami'in kamfanin ya ƙi ɗaruruwan sabbin abubuwa a cikin shekarun 2000 da suka gabatar, gami da sake rubuta lambar Symbian gaba ɗaya. Wani tsohon ma'aikacin Nokia ya yi ikirarin cewa ana gudanar da kamfanin ne a matsayin "tsarin mulki irin na Soviet". A watan Yulin 2013, Nokia ta sayi hannun jarin Siemens a cikin haɗin gwiwar Nokia Siemens Networks na dala biliyan 2.2, ta mai da shi wani kamfani mallakinsa gaba ɗaya wanda ake kira Nokia Solutions and Networks, har sai da aka sake masa suna zuwa Nokia Networks ba da daɗewa ba. A lokacin fafutukar neman kuɗaɗen kuɗi na Nokia, sashen sadarwar sa mai riba tare da Siemens ya ba da kuɗin shiga da yawa; don haka, sayan ya tabbatar da inganci, musamman bayan siyar da na’urorin wayar salularsa. === 2014–2016 === Bayan siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu, Nokia ta mai da hankali kan kayan aikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar Nokia Networks. A watan Oktoba na 2014, Nokia da China Mobile sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsarin dala miliyan 970 don isar da kayayyaki tsakanin 2014 da 2015. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamban 2014, shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia Ramzi Haidamus ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin kayan masarufi a matsayin mai kera ƙira na asali, yana ba da lasisin ƙirar kayan cikin gida da fasaha ga masana<nowiki>'antun na uku. Haidamus ya bayyana cewa alamar Nokia tana da '' mahimmanci '' amma '' yana raguwa da ƙima, kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci mu canza wannan yanayin cikin sauri, nan ba da jimawa ba ''. Kashegari, Nokia ta ƙaddamar da N1, kwamfutar hannu ta Android da Foxconn ta ƙera, a matsayin samfur na farko bayan siyarwar Microsoft. Haidamus ya jaddada cewa na'</nowiki>urorin da aka fito da su a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yarjejeniyar lasisi za a riƙe su cikin manyan ƙimar ingancin samarwa, kuma za su "yi kama da jin kamar Nokia ta gina ta". Shugaban kamfanin Nokia Rajeev Suri ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin wayar salula ta wannan hanyar a cikin 2016, bayan karewar sharuddan da ba ta gasa da Microsoft. A cewar Robert Morlino, mai magana da yawun Nokia Technologies, Nokia ta shirya bin tsarin lasisin alama maimakon tallan na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka kai tsaye saboda siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Kamfanin ya ɗauki tsauraran matakai don farfado da kansa, a bayyane ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙwararrun software, gwajin sabbin samfura da neman abokan hulɗa. A ranar 14 ga Yuli 2015, Shugaba Rajeev Suri ya tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai dawo kasuwar wayoyin hannu a cikin 2016. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2015, Nokia ta sanar da OZO, kyamarar gaskiya ta 360-digiri, tare da firikwensin hoto na 2K guda takwas. Rarraba bayan samfurin, Nokia Technologies, ya yi iƙirarin cewa OZO zai kasance mafi ingantaccen dandamali na yin fim na VR. Sanarwar manema labarai ta Nokia ta bayyana cewa OZO zai kasance "na farko a cikin shirin da aka tsara na hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital," tare da tsammanin samfuran fasaha a nan gaba. An bayyana OZO cikakke a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba a Los Angeles. OZO, wanda aka ƙera don amfani da ƙwararru, an yi niyyar siyar da shi akan dalar Amurka 60,000; duk da haka, an rage farashinsa da $ 15,000 kafin a sake shi, kuma an jera shi akan gidan yanar gizon sa a matsayin $ 40,000. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2015, Nokia ta tabbatar da cewa tana tattaunawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa na Faransa Alcatel-Lucent dangane da yiwuwar hadewa. Kashegari, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta amince ta sayi Alcatel-Lucent akan € 15.6 biliyan a cikin yarjejeniyar hannun jari. Shugaba Rajeev Suri yana jin cewa siyan zai ba Nokia wata fa'ida mai mahimmanci a haɓaka fasahar mara waya ta 5G. Sayen ya haifar da gasa mai ƙarfi ga kamfanoni masu hamayya da Ericsson da Huawei, waɗanda Nokia da Alcatel-Lucent suka zarce ta jimlar kuɗin shiga a 2014. Masu hannun jarin Nokia suna riƙe da kashi 66.5% na sabon haɗin kamfani, yayin da masu hannun jarin Alcatel-Lucent ke riƙe da 33.5% . Ya kamata a kula da rukunin Bell Labs, amma Nokia za ta maye gurbin alamar Alcatel-Lucent. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, bayan amincewar yarjejeniyar da ma'aikatar kasuwanci ta kasar Sin ta yi, hadakar tana jiran amincewar hukumomin Faransa. Duk da niyyar farko ta siyar da rukunin kebul na jirgin ruwa daban daban, daga baya Alcatel-Lucent ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi ba. An rufe hadewar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2016, amma bai cika ba sai ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2016. Daga saye, yanzu Nokia kuma ita ce mai mallakar alamar wayar hannu ta Alcatel, wacce ke ci gaba da samun lasisin kamfanin TCL. A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2015, Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya don sayar da sashen taswirar dijital na nan ga ƙungiyar BMW, Daimler AG da Volkswagen Group akan € 2.8 biliyan. An rufe yarjejeniyar a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2015.[[File:NokiaBuilding4.jpg|thumb| Ginin ofishin Nokia a Markham, Ontario, Kanada a cikin 2016-asalin ofishin Alcatel-Lucent]] [[File:Nokia_Flexi_Zone_Micro_BTS_FWEA_spec_tag_20150811.jpg|thumb| Tashar watsa labarai ta tushe ta Flexi Zone (2015)]] === 2016–2019 === A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2016, Nokia ta sanar da aniyarta ta sayen kamfanin kera na’urar lafiya na Faransa mai suna Andings kan dalar Amurka miliyan 191. An haɗa kamfanin zuwa sabon sashin Lafiya na Dijital na Fasahar Nokia. Daga baya Nokia ta kashe kuɗin siyan kuma a watan Mayu 2018 an sake sayar da sashin lafiya ga Éric Carreel, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Withings kuma tsohon Shugaba. A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2016, Microsoft Mobile ta sayar da kasuwancin wayar ta Nokia mai alama ga HMD Global, sabon kamfani wanda tsohon babban jami'in Nokia Jean-Francois Baril ya kafa, da wata masana'anta mai alaƙa a Vietnam ga kamfanin FoxHn na FIH Mobile. Daga baya Nokia ta shiga yarjejeniyar lasisin na dogon lokaci don sanya HMD keɓaɓɓen kera wayoyin Nokia da allunan da aka yi wa alama a wajen Japan, suna aiki tare da Foxconn. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba HMD haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da software na wayoyin hannu. Daga baya HMD ta sanar da wayar Nokia 6 mai tushen Android a cikin Janairu 2017. A Mobile World Congress, HMD ya kuma ƙaddamar da wayoyin salula na Nokia 3 da Nokia 5, da kuma sake tunanin ƙirar wayar Nokia mai lamba 3310. Duk da cewa Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin, suna da wasu bayanai a cikin sabbin na'urorin. A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2016 Nokia ta nuna a karon farko cibiyar sadarwa mai shirye-shiryen 5G. A watan Fabrairun 2017 Nokia ta aiwatar da haɗin 5G a [[Oulu]], Finland ta amfani da ma'aunin 5GTF, wanda Verizon ke goyan baya, akan kayan aikin gine-gine na Intel. A watan Yuli na 2017, Nokia da Xiaomi sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da yarjejeniyar patent na shekaru da yawa, gami da lasisin ƙetare ga kowane kamfani mai daidaitattun lamuran salula. A waccan shekarar, darajar alama ta Nokia ta kasance ta 188th ta Brand Finance, tsallake wurare 147 daga 2016. An danganta hauhawar ta ga fayil ɗin lafiya da sabbin wayoyin hannu da HMD Global suka haɓaka. A cikin Janairu 2018, Nokia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da NTT Docomo, babban kamfanin wayar hannu na Japan, don samar da tashoshin rediyo mara waya na 5G a cikin kasar nan da 2020. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta sanar da layin ReefShark na chipsets 5G, tana mai cewa tana ninka bandwidth zuwa 84 Gbit/s. A watan Maris, Solidium, hannun jarin gwamnatin Finland, ya sayi hannun jarin 3.3% a Nokia wanda darajarsa ta kai million 844 miliyan. A watan Mayu, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta sami kamfanin IoT na California, SpaceTime Insight.[[File:Nokia_6_12.jpg|thumb| 2017 Nokia 6]]A watan Janairun 2019, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta ba da dala miliyan 40 don tallafawa binciken Nokia kan fasahar 5G. Wani bincike na 2019 ya nuna cewa wayoyin Nokia sun yi aiki mafi kyau fiye da abokan hamayyar Samsung, LG, Xiaomi, da Huawei wajen sabuntawa zuwa sabon sigar Android. Binciken, wanda Counterpoint Research ya yi, ya gano cewa kashi 96 na wayoyin Nokia ko dai an aika su ko an sabunta su zuwa sabuwar sigar Android tun lokacin da aka saki Pie a cikin 2018. An gano masu fafatawa da Nokia kusan kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari. === 2020 - yanzu === A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2020, Nokia ta sanar da Pekka Lundmark a matsayin sabon Shugaba. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta kammala siyan Elenion Technologies, wani kamfani da ke Amurka wanda ke mai da hankali kan fasahar silikon photonics don haɓaka tattalin arziƙin samfuran haɗin haɗin kai. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020, Sari Baldauf ya gaji Risto Siilasmaa a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa, kuma an nada Kari Stadigh a matsayin mataimakiyar kujera. A watan Yuni, Nokia ta lashe kwangilar 5G mai kimanin dala miliyan 450 daga Taiwan Mobile don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta gaba mai aiki na telecom a matsayin mai siyarwa kawai. A watan Oktoba, Nokia ta sanar da kwangila tare da NASA don gina hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu ta 4G don amfani da 'yan sama jannati a duniyar wata. Kwangilar dala miliyan 14.1 ta hannun kamfanin Bell Labs ne, kuma ana sa ran fara shirin a 2022. A cikin 2020, Flipkart ya haɗu tare da Nokia don tallata samfuran masu amfani da Nokia a Indiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da talabijin, kwamfutar tafi -da -gidanka da na’urar sanyaya daki. == Ayyuka na yanzu == Nokia julkinen osakeyhtiö (kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na jama'a) da aka jera akan Nasdaq Nordic/Helsinki da New York. Nokia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Finland, kuma babban ma'aikaci ne a cikin ƙasar, yana aiki tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na gida da ƙananan kamfanoni. Nokia ta ba da gudummawar kashi 1.6% ga GDP na Finland kuma ya kai kusan kashi 16% na fitar da ƙasar a 2006. Nokia ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu tare da ƙarin rassa da kamfanoni masu alaƙa. === Nokia Networks === Nokia Networks shine babban kamfanin Nokia Corporation. Kamfanin sadarwar bayanai ne na ƙasashe da yawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Espoo, Finland, kuma shine masana'antun kayan aikin sadarwa na uku mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na 2017 (bayan Huawei da Cisco). A cikin Amurka tana gasa tare da Ericsson akan gina cibiyoyin sadarwa na 5G don masu aiki, yayin da aka hana Huawei Technologies da ZTE Corporation yadda yakamata. Tana da ayyuka a cikin kasashe kusan 150. Nokia Networks tana samar da hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya da madaidaiciya, hanyoyin sadarwa da dandamali na sabis da sabis na ƙwararru ga masu aiki da masu ba da sabis. Yana mai da hankali kan GSM, EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA, LTE da hanyoyin sadarwar rediyo na WiMAX, suna tallafawa manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da haɓaka IP da damar aiki da ayyuka da yawa. An ƙaddamar da asalin alamar Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) a Babban Taron Duniya na 3GSM a Barcelona a watan Fabrairu na 2007 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia (50.1%) da Siemens (49.9%), duk da cewa yanzu mallakar Nokia ce gaba ɗaya. A watan Yulin 2013, Nokia ta sake dawo da duk hannun jarin da ke cikin Nokia Siemens Networks kan kudi dalar Amurka biliyan 2.21 sannan ta sake mata suna zuwa Nokia Solutions da Networks, jim kadan bayan haka ta canza zuwa Nokia Networks.[[File:Nokia_Networks_Munich_Office,_April_2017_-02.jpg|thumb| A cikin ofishin Nokia Networks a [[München|Munich]], Jamus]] === Fasahar Nokia === Fasahar Nokia wani bangare ne na Nokia wanda ke haɓaka samfuran masu amfani da fasahar lasisi gami da alamar Nokia. Abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali sune hoto, fahimta, haɗin mara waya, sarrafa wutar lantarki da kayan aiki, da sauran fannoni kamar shirin lasisin IP. Ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje -gwaje guda uku: Labarin Tsarin Rediyo, a wuraren samun rediyo, haɗin gida mara waya da aiwatar da rediyo; Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren watsa labarai da hulɗa; da Sensor da Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren ingantattun hanyoyin gano hanyoyin, hanyoyin hulɗa, nanotechnologies da fasahar jimla. Fasahar Nokia kuma tana ba da gudummawar jama'a a cikin ci gaban ta ta Invent tare da shirin Nokia. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2014 bayan sake fasalin kamfanin Nokia. A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Nokia Technologies ta ƙaddamar da samfurin ta na farko, kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu ta Nokia N1. A watan Yuli na 2015, Nokia Technologies ta gabatar da kyamarar VR mai suna OZO, wanda aka ƙera don ƙwararrun masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki kuma aka haɓaka su a Tampere, Finland. Tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin rufewa guda 8 da makirufo 8, samfurin zai iya kama bidiyon 3D na stereoscopic da sauti na sararin samaniya. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Ramzi Haidamus ya sanar da cewa zai sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban kamfanin Nokia Technologies. Brad Rodrigues, tsohon shugaban dabaru da bunƙasa kasuwanci, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2017, Gregory Lee, tsohon Shugaba na Samsung Electronics a Arewacin Amurka, an nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia da Shugaba.[[File:NSN-tampere.jpg|thumb|180x180px| Ginin ofishin Nokia a Tampere, Finland.]] === Labarin Bell na Nokia ===  Nokia Bell Labs kamfani ne na bincike da ci gaban kimiyya wanda ya taɓa zama hannun R&D na Tsarin Bell na Amurka. Ya zama wani kamfani na Nokia Corporation bayan kwace Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016. === Farashin NGP === NGP Capital (tsohon Nokia Growth Partners) babban kamfani ne na kamfani na duniya, yana mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a matakin haɓaka "Intanet na abubuwa" (IoT) da kamfanonin fasahar wayar hannu. NGP tana riƙe da saka hannun jari a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Turai, China da Indiya. Fayil ɗin su ya ƙunshi kamfanoni a cikin fasahar tafi -da -gidanka waɗanda suka haɗa da ɓangarorin Haɗin Kasuwanci, Kiwon Lafiya na Dijital, Mai amfani da IoT, da Haɗin Mota. Bayan tallafin dala miliyan 350 ga kamfanonin IoT a cikin 2016, NGP tana sarrafa kadarorin dala biliyan 1. Nokia a baya ta inganta kirkire -kirkire ta hanyar tallafa wa kamfani tun daga 1998 tare da Nokia Venture Partners, wanda aka sake masa suna BlueRun Ventures kuma aka sake shi a 2005. Nokia Growth Partners (NGP) an kafa shi ne a 2005 a matsayin asusu na kamfani na ci gaba a matsayin ci gaban farkon nasarorin Nokia Venture Partners. A cikin 2017, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa NGP Capital. Manyan fitowar NGP sun haɗa da GanJi, UCWeb, Whistle, Rocket Fuel, Swype, Summit Microelectronics da Netmagic. === Networks na Nuage === Nuage Networks kamfani ne wanda ke ba da hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ayyana ta software. Alcatel-Lucent ne ya kafa shi a cikin 2013 don haɓaka rufin software don sarrafa kansa da tsara girgije. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Nokia biyo bayan siyan Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016. A cikin 2017 Nuage ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da Vodafone da Telefonica don samar da gine-ginen SD-WAN ga sabobin su. BT ya riga ya kasance abokin ciniki tun daga 2016. Yarjejeniyar da China Mobile a cikin Janairu 2017 kuma ta yi amfani da fasahar sadarwar da aka ayyana ta Nuage don sabobin girgije na jama'a 2,000 a cibiyoyin bayanan data kasance a China, kuma wani a watan Oktoba 2017 tare da Kamfanin Inshorar China Pacific. Kamfanin yana tushen Mountain View, California kuma Shugaba shine Sunil Khandekar. === Alcatel Mobile === Alcatel Mobile alama ce ta wayar hannu mallakar Nokia tun 2016. An ba shi lasisi tun 2005 ga kamfanin TCL na China lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Alcatel (daga baya Alcatel-Lucent) a cikin kwangilar har zuwa 2024. === HMD Global === HMD Global kamfani ne na wayar tafi da gidanka da ke Espoo, Finland. Alamar Nokia ta sami lasisin tsoffin ma’aikatan Nokia waɗanda suka kafa HMD Global kuma suka gabatar da na’urorin da ke da alamar Nokia a kasuwa a cikin 2017. Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin amma tana riƙe da wasu bayanai a ci gaban na'urorin ta. === Alcatel Submarine Networks === Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) shine mai ba da mafita na hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarƙashin teku. Ƙungiyar kasuwanci tana haɓaka fasaha kuma tana ba da sabis na shigarwa don hanyoyin haɗin kebul na jirgin ruwa na ruwa a cikin tekuna na duniya. == Harkokin kamfanoni == === Gudanar da kamfanoni === An raba iko da gudanar da Nokia tsakanin masu hannun jari a wani babban taro da Kungiyar Shugabancin Rukunan Nokia (hagu), karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa (dama). Shugaban hukumar da sauran membobin Kungiyar Jagorancin Nokia ne hukumar gudanarwa ta nada. Shugaban Kungiyar Shugabancin Nokia ne kaɗai zai iya zama membobin kwamitin daraktoci da ƙungiyar Jagorancin Nokia Group. Kwamitocin Kwamitin Daraktoci sun ƙunshi Kwamitin Bincike, Kwamitin Ma'aikata, da Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Nomination. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kamfanin a cikin tsarin da Dokar Kamfanonin Finnish, Labarin Ƙungiyar Nokia, da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Kamfanoni, waɗanda kwamitin riƙo na rikon kwarya suka ƙara. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2019, Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta daina aikin Babban Jami'in Aiki (COO) tare da rarraba ayyukanta ga sauran shugabannin kamfanin. A sakamakon haka, Babban Jami'in Ayyuka Joerg Erlemeier ya yanke shawarar sauka, daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 2020. ==== Tsoffin jami'an kamfanoni ==== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Manyan jami'an gudanarwa ! ! colspan="2" | Shugabannin kwamitin gudanarwa |- ! ''Suna'' ! ''Lokaci'' ! ! ''Suna'' ! ''Lokaci'' |- | Björn Westerlund | 1967-1977 | | Lauri J. Kivekäs | 1967-1977 |- | Kari Kairamo | 1977-1988 | | Björn Westerlund | 1977–1979 |- | | | | Mika Tiivola | 1979-1986 |- | | | | Kari Kairamo | 1986-1988 |- | Simo Vuorilehto | 1988-1992 | | Simo Vuorilehto | 1988-1990 |- | | | | Mika Tiivola | 1990-1992 |- | Jorma Ollila | 1992-2006 | | Casimir Ehrnrooth | 1992-1999 |- | Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo | 2006–2010 | | Jorma Ollila | 1999–2012 |- | Stephen Elop | 2010–2014 | | | |- | Rajeev Suuri | 2014–2020 | | Risto Siilasmaa | 2012–2020 |- | Pekka Lundmark | Aug 2020 | | Sari Baldauf | 2020 - yanzu |} === Hannun jari === Nokia kamfani ne mai iyakance na jama'a kuma shine mafi tsufa kamfanin da aka jera a ƙarƙashin wannan suna akan Helsinki Stock Exchange, wanda aka fara a 1915. Nokia tana da jeri na biyu a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York tun 1994. An cire hannun jarin Nokia daga hannun jari na London Musanya a 2003, Kasuwar Paris a 2004, Stockholm Stock Exchange a 2007 da Frankfurt Stock Exchange a 2012. Saboda samun Alcatel-Lucent a 2015, Nokia ta sake lissafa hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Paris kuma an haɗa shi a cikin alamar CAC 40 a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2016 amma daga baya aka cire ta a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2017. A 2007, Nokia tana da babban darajar kasuwa na billion 110 biliyan; zuwa 17 Yuli 2012 wannan ya faɗi zuwa € 6.28 biliyan, kuma zuwa 23 ga Fabrairu 2015, ya ƙaru zuwa billion 26.07 biliyan. Kasuwancin Nokia a shekarar 2020 ya kai biliyan 21.76. === Al'adar kamfanoni === Bayanin al'adun kamfani na hukuma na Nokia tun daga shekarun 1990 ana kiranta The Nokia Way. Yana nanata saurin da sassaucin yanke shawara a cikin ɗakin kwana, ƙungiyar yanar gizo. Harshen kasuwancin hukuma na Nokia shine Turanci. An rubuta duk takaddun a cikin Ingilishi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin sadarwar intra-company na hukuma. A cikin 1992, Nokia ta karɓi ƙimar da aka ayyana tare da mahimman kalmomin girmamawa, nasara, sabuntawa da ƙalubale. A watan Mayu 2007, kamfanin ya sake fasalta ƙimarsa bayan ya fara jerin tattaunawa a duk rassansa na duniya game da abin da sabbin ƙimar kamfanin ya kamata su kasance. Dangane da shawarwarin ma'aikaci, an ayyana sabbin dabi'un kamar: Shiga Kai, Cimma Tare, Sha'awar Innovation da Dan Adam. A watan Agustan 2014, Nokia ta sake fasalta darajarta bayan sayar da kasuwancin Na'urorin ta, ta sake amfani da ƙimar 1992 na asali. === Hedikwatar === Nokia tana tushen a Karaportti a Espoo, Finland, kusa da babban birnin Helsinki. Ya kasance babban ofishin su tun daga shekarar 2014 bayan ƙaura daga gidan Nokia da aka gina a cikin Espoo a matsayin wani ɓangare na siyar da kasuwancin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Ginin a Karaportti a baya shine hedikwatar NSN (yanzu Nokia Networks).[[File:Nokian_pääkonttori_Keilaniemessä.jpg|thumb| Tsohon gidan Nokia, babban ofishin Nokia har zuwa Afrilu 2014. Ginin yana gabar Tekun Finland a Keilaniemi, Espoo, kuma an gina shi tsakanin 1995 da 1997. Wurin aiki ne na ma'aikatan Nokia sama da 1,000. ]] == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A cikin 2018, Nokia ta sami lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Lights don mafi kyawun samfurin kebul/samfurin bidiyo kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin kamfanonin kamfanonin da'a na duniya na 2018 na Ethisphere. == Tarihin Logo == <gallery> File:Nokian logo (1865).svg|''Alamar Nokia Osakeyhtiö'', 1865. File:Nokia logo 1965.svg|''Alamar Nokia Osakeyhtiö'', 1965. File:Suomen Kumitehtaan logo (1965).svg|Alamar Rubber Finnish ( ''[[Suomen Kumitehdas]]'' ), 1965–1986. File:Nokia nuolilogo.svg|Alamar Nokia 'Arrows', bayan haɗewa da Kamfanin ''[[Kaapelitehdas|Kebul]]'' (Kaapelitehdas) da Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish (1966-1992). Ana amfani dashi a cikin talla da samfura har zuwa c. 1997. File:Nokia Connecting People.svg|Nokia ta gabatar da [[Advertising slogan|taken tallan]] ''ta "Haɗa Mutane"'' a 1992, wanda Ove Strandberg ya ƙirƙira. File:Nokia - 2005 logo.svg|An fara gabatar da sabon taken taken (Nokia Sans font) a 2005. Nokia Sans Nokia tayi amfani da ita a cikin samfura tun 2002. File:Nokia wordmark.svg|Bold version da aka gabatar a 2007. Kamfanin ya daina amfani da taken da tambarin sa a shekarar 2011. File:Nokia typefaces.png|Tarihin nau'in kamfanin Nokia </gallery> == Jayayya == === NSN ta samar da damar kutse ga Iran === A shekarar 2008, Nokia Siemens Networks, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia da Siemens AG, an ba da rahoton cewa sun bai wa kamfanin sadarwa na kasar Iran fasahar da ta ba ta damar katse hanyoyin sadarwar Intanet na 'yan kasarta. An ba da rahoton cewa fasahar ta ba Iran damar amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi don karantawa da canza abun cikin imel, kafofin watsa labarun, da kiran wayar kan layi. Fasahar "tana ba wa hukumomi damar toshe sadarwa ba kawai ba amma don sa ido don tattara bayanai game da daidaikun mutane, tare da canza shi don dalilai na ɓarna". A lokacin zanga-zangar bayan zabe a Iran a watan Yunin 2009, an ba da rahoton cewa, shiga Intanet ta Iran ya ragu zuwa kasa da goma na saurin sa na yau da kullun, wanda kwararru ke zargin ya faru ne saboda amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi. A watan Yulin 2009, Nokia ta fara fuskantar kauracewa kayayyakinsu da aiyukansu a Iran. Kauracewar ta kasance ta masu amfani da tausayawa motsin zanga-zangar bayan zaɓen da kuma farmakin kamfanonin da ake ganin suna haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin. Buƙatar wayar hannu ta faɗi kuma masu amfani sun fara guje wa saƙon SMS. Nokia Siemens Networks ta ba da sanarwar a cikin wata sanarwar manema labarai cewa ta ba wa Iran kawai "damar kutse na halal kawai don sa ido kan kiran murya na gida" kuma "ba ta ba da cikakken fakiti fakiti, takunkumin yanar gizo, ko damar tace Intanet ga Iran". === Lex Nokia === A cikin 2009, Nokia ta goyi bayan wata doka a Finland wanda ke ba kamfanoni damar sanya ido kan sadarwar ma'aikatan su a yayin da ake zargin bayanai sun ɓace. Nokia ta musanta jita -jitar cewa kamfanin ya yi tunanin cire babban ofishinta daga Finland idan ba a canza dokokin sa ido na lantarki ba. Kafafen yada labarai na kasar Finland sun yi wa dokar lakabi da Lex Nokia saboda an aiwatar da ita ne sakamakon matsin lambar Nokia. An kafa dokar, amma tare da tsauraran sharudda don aiwatar da tanade -tanaden ta. Babu wani kamfani da ya yi amfani da tanadinsa kafin 25 ga Fabrairu 2013, lokacin da Ofishin Ombudsman na Kariyar Bayanai ya tabbatar da cewa kwanan nan birnin Hämeenlinna ya ba da sanarwar da ake buƙata. === Rikicin patent na Nokia -Apple === A watan Oktoban 2009, Nokia ta shigar da karar Apple Inc. a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Delaware inda ta yi ikirarin cewa Apple ya keta hakkokinsa guda 10 da suka shafi sadarwa mara waya ciki har da canja wurin bayanai. Apple ya yi saurin mayar da martani tare da shigar da ƙara a cikin Disamba 2009 yana zargin Nokia da keta haƙƙin mallaka 11. Babban mashawarcin kamfanin Apple, Bruce Sewell ya ci gaba da wani mataki inda ya ce, "Dole ne sauran kamfanoni su yi gogayya da mu ta hanyar kirkirar fasahar su, ba kawai ta hanyar satar namu ba." Wannan ya haifar da takaddama ta doka tsakanin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa biyu tare da Nokia ta shigar da wata kara, a wannan karon tare da Hukumar Ciniki ta Amurka (ITC), tana zargin Apple da keta hakkin mallakarsa a "kusan dukkan wayoyin hannu, 'yan wasan kiɗa da kwamfutoci". . Nokia ta ci gaba da rokon kotu da ta hana duk kayayyakin da Amurka ke shigowa da su daga Apple, ciki har da iPhone, Macintosh da iPod. Apple ya musanta ta hanyar shigar da ƙara tare da ITC a cikin Janairu 2010. A watan Yunin 2011, Apple ya zauna tare da Nokia kuma ya amince da kimantawa da biyan dala miliyan 600 da sarauta ga Nokia. Kamfanonin biyu sun kuma amince kan wasu lasisin lasisi na wasu fasahohin da suka mallaka. === Ana zargin kaucewa biyan haraji a Indiya === An tuhumi reshen Indiya na Nokia a cikin Janairu 2013 tare da rashin biyan harajin Indiya da aka Rage daga Tushen da keta ƙa'idodin farashin canja wuri a Indiya. TDS ɗin da ba a biya ba na billion 30 biliyan, wanda aka tara a cikin shekaru shida, ya kasance saboda sarautar da reshen Indiya ya biya wa kamfanin mahaifanta. === Sabunta bayanan Nokia 7 Plus === A watan Maris na 2019, labarai sun bayyana cewa ana zargin wayoyin Nokia 7 Plus na kamfanin suna aika bayanan masu amfani na sirri zuwa China sama da watanni da yawa. A cewar masu binciken, na'urar ta aika da fakitin bayanan da ba a rufa masu asiri ba ciki har da wurin yanki, lambar katin SIM, da lambar serial na wayar zuwa ga uwar garken kasar Sin da ba a san ko wane lokaci ba da “aka kunna wayar, allon ya kunna ko budewa.” Bayanai sun isa su bi motsi da ayyukan wayar a ainihin lokacin. Mamallakin kamfanin Nokia HMD Global ya musanta cewa an yi irin wannan aika -aika, yana mai cewa maimakon hakan ya faru ne sakamakon kuskure a cikin tsarin shiryawa na software na wayar. Ofishin Ofishin Jakadancin Kariyar Bayanai na Finland ya kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin bisa zaton "an canja bayanan sirri." == Duba kuma == Nokia Networks Nokia - wani gari a Pirkanmaa, Finland Tarihin Nokia Jolla - kamfanin da tsoffin ma'aikatan Nokia suka fara wanda ke haɓaka Linux Sailfish OS, ci gaba da Linux MeeGo OS Twig Com - Asali Benefon, tsohon kamfanin kera wayar hannu ne wanda tsoffin mutanen Nokia suka fara, yanzu shine mai kera lafiyar mutum da samfuran bin diddigin GPS. Microsoft Mobile - sake sunan sabuwar na'urar Nokia da Sabis na Sabis bayan Microsoft ta saya HMD Global-ci gaban Microsoft na na'urorin Nokia na tushen Android == Manazarta == <references group="lower-alpha" /> mprk07bh9kld133cfemv7x53wnk4miv 883741 883735 2026-07-15T20:54:48Z Bikhrah 15061 Gyara 883741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Hujja}}<ref>"Microsoft buys Nokia's Devices and Services Unit, unites Windows Phone 8 and its hardware maker". The Verge. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.</ref>[[Fayil:Nokia 6230 Black.jpg|thumb|mota kirar nokiya]] Kamfanin '''Nokia''' (asalin Nokia Oyj, wanda ake kira Nokia; salo a matsayin NOKIA) <ref>Natively Nokia Oyj in Finnish, and Nokia Abp in Swedish. UK: /ˈnɒkiə/, US: /ˈnoʊkiə/, Finnish: [ˈnokiɑ</ref> <ref>Articles of Association of Nokia Corporation" (PDF). Nokia Corporation. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</ref>shi ne sadarwa ta ƙasashe da yawa na Finnish, fasahar bayanai, da kamfanin lantarki, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1865. Babban hedkwatar Nokia yana Espoo, Finland, a cikin babban [[Helsinki]] yankin birni, amma ainihin tushen kamfanin yana cikin yankin [[Tampere]] na Pirkanmaa. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Nokia ta ɗauki kusan mutane 92,000 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 100, sun yi kasuwanci a cikin ƙasashe sama da 130, kuma sun ba da rahoton kudaden shiga na shekara -shekara na kusan billion 23 biliyan. <ref>"Nokia" (in Finnish). YTJ.fi. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</ref>Nokia kamfani ne mai iyaka na jama'a wanda aka jera a kan Helsinki Stock Exchange da New York Stock Exchange.<ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref> Shi ne kamfani mafi girma na 415 a duniya wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na <ref>Morris, Iain. "Nokia has cut 11,000 jobs in effort to boost profit". Light Reading.</ref>shekara ta 2016, bisa ga Fortune Global 500, inda ya hau matsayi na 85 a shekara ta 2009. Sashi ne na ƙimar kasuwar hannun jari ta Euro Stoxx 50.<ref>Report for Q4 and Full Year 2018" (PDF). Nokia Corporation. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</ref> [[Fayil:CeBIT 2005 Nokia-branded Mini.jpg|thumb|Mota kirar nokiya]] Kamfanin ya yi aiki a masana'antu daban -daban a cikin shekaru 150 da suka gabata. <ref>"Nokia – FAQ". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</ref>An kafa ta ne a matsayin injin daskarewa kuma an daɗe ana haɗa ta da roba da igiyoyi amma tun daga shekarun 1990. ta mai da hankali kan manyan hanyoyin sadarwa, haɓaka fasaha, da lasisi<ref>"Fortune Global 500 (100) – 2009 (Fortune ) – Ranking The Brands". ''Rankingthebrands.com''. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref>. Nokia babbar mai ba da gudummawa ce ga masana'antar wayar tafi -da -gidanka, bayan da ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙa'idodin GSM, 3G, da LTE (kuma a halin yanzu a cikin 5G), <ref>Global 500 2016". Fortune. 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</ref><ref>"Euro Stoxx 50". Boerse-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</ref><ref>Thom Holwerda (11 October 2012). "The story of Nokia's Maemo and MeeGo". OS News.</ref>kuma ya kasance babban mai siyar da wayoyin hannu da wayoyin hannu a duk duniya. Nokia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan samfuran da Samsung ke biye da su a farkon shekarun 2000. amma ya yi <ref>"This is the new Nokia". ''The Verge''. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.</ref>gwagwarmaya a kasuwanni saboda Nokia ba ta saka hannun jari wajen kera wayoyin hannu na taɓawa ba a lokacin. <ref>"Full Text: Nokia CEO Stephen Elop's 'Burning Platform' Memo". The Wall Street Journal. 9 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011.</ref><ref>Sampsa Kurri (11 October 2012), The story of Nokia MeeGo, archived from the original on 16 October 2012</ref>Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft da gwagwarmayar kasuwar Nokia ta gaba, Microsoft ta sayi kasuwancin wayar salula, ta ƙirƙirar Microsoft Mobile a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta a shekarar 2014.<ref>Ovide, Shira. "Microsoft in $7.17 Billion Deal for Nokia Cellphone Business". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 September 2013</ref> Bayan siyarwar, Nokia ta fara mai da hankali sosai kan kasuwancin kayayyakin sadarwar ta da Intanet na fasahar abubuwa, alama. karkatar da sashen taswirar ta Anan da siyan Alcatel-Lucent, gami da ƙungiyar bincike ta Bell Labs. Kamfanin sannan kuma yayi gwaji tare da haƙiƙanin gaskiya da lafiyar dijital, na ƙarshe ta hanyar siyan Withings<ref>Microsoft closes Nokia deal, pays more than expected". CNET</ref>. Alamar Nokia ta koma kasuwar wayar hannu da wayoyin hannu a cikin shekara ta 2016. ta hanyar tsarin lasisi tare da HMD Global. Nokia na ci gaba da zama babban mai ba da lasisin lasisi ga mafi yawan manyan dillalan wayar hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 2018, Nokia ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da kayan aikin sadarwa.<ref>Coupland, Douglas. "The Ghost of Invention: A Visit to Bell Labs". Wired.</ref> Finns sun kalli kamfanin da alfahari da ƙasa, kamar yadda kasuwancin wayoyin salula ya sa ya zama babban kamfani mafi girma a duniya da alama daga Finland. A mafi girmansa a cikin shekara ta 2000, <ref>"How Nokia reinvented itself". ''CNNMoney Switzerland''. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref><ref>"Nokia celebrates first day of combined operations with Alcatel-Lucent". Nokia. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref>"Nokia plans to acquire Withings to accelerate entry into Digital Health". 26 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref><ref>Best, Jo. "'Mobile phones are our history, not our future': Nokia on where next for hardware". ZDNet. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref>yayin kumbon sadarwa,<ref>Scott Barr, Chris (18 May 2016). "Microsoft sells Nokia brand use to Foxconn and HMD global". SlashGear. Retrieved 16 May 2017.</ref> <ref>"Nokia's key to success: A strong portfolio combined with aggressive licensing – Filing Analytics". Filinganalytics.io. Retrieved 28 March 2019</ref>Nokia ta kai kashi 4% na GDP na ƙasar, 21% na jimlar fitar da kayayyaki, da 70% na babban birnin kasuwar musayar hannayen jari na Helsinki.<ref>"Ericsson, Samsung gain share in network gear as ZTE slumps". Reuters.com. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</ref><ref>Vilpponen, Antti (4 September 2013). "Nokia: Finland mourns the demise of its proud tech heritage". The Guardian.</ref><ref>Kelly, Gordon. "Finland and Nokia: an affair to remember". Wired UK.</ref><ref>Bloomberg (4 September 2013). "Finland mourns loss of national icon Nokia".</ref> == Labari== === 1865–1967 === [[File:Nokia_Toilet_paper.JPG|thumb| Rolls na bayan gida wadanda kamfanin Nokia suka samar a shekarun 1960, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Vapriikki, Tampere]] Tarihin Nokia ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1865, lokacin da injiniyan hakar ma'adinai na Finnish-Swede Fredrik Idestam ya kafa injin sarrafa ruwa a bakin tekun Tammerkoski kusa da garin Tampere, Finland (sannan a Daular Rasha)<ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref>. An buɗe injin injin na biyu a cikin shekara ta 1868. kusa da garin makwabta na <ref>HS: Nokian juuret ovat Tammerkosken rannalla (in Finnish)</ref>Nokia, inda aka sami ingantattun albarkatun ruwa. A cikin shekara ta 1871, Idestam, tare da abokinsa Leo Mechelin, sun kafa kamfani ɗaya kuma sun kira shi Nokia Ab (a cikin Yaren mutanen [[Sweden]], Kamfanin Nokia shine kwatankwacin Ingilishi), bayan wurin da injin daskarewa na biyu. Idestam ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1896, inda ya mayar da Mechelin shugaban kamfanin; ya fadada zuwa samar da wutar lantarki ta shekarar ta 1902, wanda Idestam ya yi adawa da shi. A cikin shekara ta 1904. Suomen Gummitehdas (Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish), kasuwancin roba wanda Eduard Polón ya kafa, ya kafa masana'anta kusa da garin Nokia kuma ya yi amfani da sunanta. A cikin shekara ta 1922, a cikin Finland mai cin gashin kanta a yanzu, Nokia Ab ta shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Finber Rubber Works da Kaapelitehdas (masana'antar kebul), duk a yanzu tare a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Polón. Kamfanin roba ya yi girma cikin sauri lokacin da ya koma yankin Nokia a cikin shekara ta 1930. don cin gajiyar samar da wutar lantarki, kuma kamfanin kebul ba da jimawa ba ma ya yi. Nokia a lokacin ta kuma sanya masu ba da agaji don amfanin farar hula da na soja, daga shekara ta 1930. har zuwa farkon shekara ta 1990.<ref>"Start01". Gasmasklexikon.com. Retrieved 23 November 2016.</ref> === 1967–1990 === [[File:Patteriston_komentopaikka_Hämeenlinna_4.JPG|thumb| LV 317M rediyo na soja a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Hämeenlinna]] A cikin shekara ta 1967, kamfanoni uku - Nokia, Kaapelitehdas, da Finber Rubber Works - sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar sabon Kamfanin Nokia, wanda aka sake tsara shi zuwa manyan kamfanoni huɗu: gandun daji, kebul, roba, da lantarki. A farkon shekara ta 1970, ta shiga harkar sadarwa da masana'antar rediyo. Nokia ta fara kera kayan aikin soji ga dakarun tsaron Finland (Puolustusvoimat), kamar mai magana da yawun Sanomalaite M/90 a shekara ta 1983, da kuma mashin gas na M61 wanda aka fara kirkirar shi a shekara ta 1960. Yanzu Nokia kuma tana kera ƙwararrun rediyo ta wayar hannu, sauya wayoyin tarho, capacitors da sunadarai. Bayan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta Finland da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a shekara ta 1960, Nokia ta fadada zuwa kasuwar Soviet. Ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa kasuwanci, wanda ya fara daga musayar tarho ta atomatik zuwa robotik da sauransu; a ƙarshen shekara ta 1970, Tarayyar Soviet ta zama babbar kasuwa ga Nokia, tana taimakawa wajen samar da riba mai yawa. Nokia kuma ta yi aiki tare da fasahar kimiyya tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙara shakkar wannan haɗin gwiwar bayan ƙarshen Yakin Cacar Baki détente a farkon shekara ta 1980s. Nokia ta shigo da abubuwa da yawa da Amurka ta ƙera kuma ta yi amfani da su cikin samfura don Soviets, kuma a cewar Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro na Amurka, Richard Perle, Nokia tana da haɗin gwiwa a asirce tare da The Pentagon wanda ya ba Amurka damar bin diddigin ci gaban fasaha a cikin. Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar kasuwanci tare da Nokia. Wannan zanga -zangar ce ta kasuwancin Finland tare da ɓangarorin biyu, saboda ba ta tsaka tsaki ba a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki.<ref>COMPANY NEWS; Nokia Oy Buys Stake in Ericsson". ''The New York Times''. Reuters. 21 January 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 August 2017</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1977, Kari Kairamo ya zama Shugaba kuma ya canza kasuwancin kamfanin. A wannan lokacin, Finland ta zama abin da ake kira "Nordic [[Japan]]". A karkashin jagorancinsa, Nokia ta sami kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da mai yin talabijin Salora a shekara ta 1984, sai kuma kayan lantarki na Sweden da mai yin kwamfuta kwamfuta Luxor AB a 1985, da kuma kamfanin kera talabijin na Faransa Oceanic a shekara ta 1987. Wannan ya sanya Nokia ta zama mafi girman masana'antar talabijin ta Turai (bayan Philips da Thomson). An ci gaba da amfani da samfuran da ake da su har zuwa ƙarshen kasuwancin talabijin a shekara ta 1996. [[File:Nokia_Mikko_display_and_keyboard.JPG|thumb| Nokia Mikko 3 karamin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, 1978]] [[File:Mobira_Cityman_450.JPG|thumb| Mobira Cityman 450, 1985]] A cikin shekara ta 1987, Nokia ta sami Schaub-Lorenz, ayyukan mabukaci na Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL) na Jamus, wanda ya haɗa da samfuran "Schaub-Lorenz" da "Graetz"<ref>"Nokia's Secret Code Perhaps the least hierarchical big company in the world, Nokia has been winning big in wireless. But its Finnish recipe for innovation is about to be put to the test. – May 1, 2000". Fortune (magazine).</ref>. Asalinsa wani ɓangare ne na Kamfanin Hadin gwiwar Ƙasashen Duniya da Telegraph (ITT) na Amurka, kuma bayan da aka siyar da samfuran a ƙarƙashin alamar "ITT Nokia", duk da siyar da SEL ga Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE), magabacin Alcatel, a shekara ta 1986 . A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1988, Nokia ta sayi sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Ericsson, wanda ya samo asali a matsayin rukunin komputa na Datasaab na jirgin saman Sweden da kamfanin kera mota Saab. Tsarin Bayani na Ericsson ya yi tashoshin Alfaskop, masu buga rubutu, masu amfani da ƙananan na'urori da PCS masu jituwa na IBM. Haɗin tare da sashen Tsarin Bayanai na Nokia - wanda tun a shekara ta 1981. yana da layin kwamfutoci na sirri da ake kira MikroMikko - ya haifar da sunan Nokia Data. Nokia ta kuma mallaki Mobira, wani kamfanin wayar tafi da gidanka, wanda shine ginshiƙin kasuwancin wayar hannu ta gaba. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da sabis na Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), cibiyar sadarwar wayar salula ta duniya ta farko kuma ta farko don ba da izinin yawo na ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1982, Mobira ta ƙaddamar da wayar mota ta Mobira Senator, wayar Nokia ta farko. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ba shi da sha'awar kera wayoyin hannu, wanda hukumar zartarwa ke ɗauka daidai da na James Bond: na'urori masu yuwuwa da na gaba. Bayan duk waɗannan abubuwan da aka saya, tushen samun kuɗin Nokia ya zama dalar Amurka biliyan 2.7. Shugaba Kairamo ya kashe kansa a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1988. A cikin shekara ta 1987, Kaapelitehdas ya daina kera igiyoyi a masana'antar ta Helsinki bayan shekaru 44, yana rufe ƙananan kamfanin.<gallery> File:Mobira 800-NDB.JPG|Mobira 800-NDB fitilar da ba ta shugabanci wacce take a cikin sigar gidan kayan gargajiyar ta Sojojin Sama na Finland File:Lasersuunnin merivoimien vuosipäivä 2013 Kotka 3.JPG|Nokia MAC 8532 wajan kera laser a baya wadanda manyan bindigogin bakin ruwa na kasar Finnish suke amfani dasu File:Patteriston komentopaikka Hämeenlinna 2.JPG|Nunin gidan kayan tarihin Hämeenlinna wanda ke dauke da jami'in kula da wuta tare da kalkuleta na Nokia a cikin rundunar kwamandan manyan bindigogi na Finnish File:MikroMikko 4 TT m216 Tekniikan museo 02.jpg|Late 1980s MikroMikko 4 TT m216 computer desktop in the Museum of Technology, Helsinki, Finland File:Itt-nokia television and vhs-video.jpeg|ITT Nokia talabijin tare da ITT Nokia VCR (ITT / SEL) File:Mobira kaukohakulaite.png|Motar Mobira ta 1986 </gallery> === 1990–2010 === [[File:Jorma_Ollila_2013.jpg|thumb| Jorma Ollila, wacce ta lura da hauhawar kamfanin Nokia a kasuwar wayoyin hannu a matsayin Shugaba daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 2006]] Bayan nadin Simo Vuorilehto a matsayin <ref>"Nokia Announces Final Sale of its Television Manufacturing Business". Nokia.</ref>Shugaba, an shirya wani babban gyara. Tare da ƙungiyoyi 11 a cikin kamfanin, Vuorilehto ya karkatar da sassan masana'antu da ya ɗauka a matsayin marasa dabaru. Nokian Tires (Nokian Renkaat), mai kera taya da aka kirkira a matsayin wani bangare na Ayyukan Rubber na Finland a shekara ta 1932, ya rabu da Kamfanin Nokia a shekara ta 1988<ref>Nokia First to Launch Digital Satellite Receiver in The UK". Nokia.</ref>. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekara ta 1990, Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish sun bi sahu. A shekara ta 1991, Nokia ta sayar da sashen na’urar kwamfuta, Nokia Data, ga Kamfanin International Computers Limited (ICL), wanda ya kasance farkon Fujitsu Siemens. Masu saka hannun jari sun yi tunanin hakan a matsayin matsalar kudi kuma farashin hannun jarin Nokia ya fadi sakamakon hakan. Finland yanzu ma tana fuskantar koma bayan tattalin arziki mafi muni a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rayuwa, kuma rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, babban abokin ciniki, ya kara dagula al'amura. [[Fayil:Nokia ST.jpg|thumb]] Vuorilehto ya yi murabus a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 1992, kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Jorma Ollila, wacce ta kasance shugabar kasuwancin wayar hannu daga shekara ta 1990, kuma ta ba da shawara game da sayar da wannan rukunin. Ollila ya yanke shawarar juyar da Nokia zuwa kamfanin 'telecom-oriented', daga ƙarshe ya kawar da rarrabuwa kamar kasuwancin wutar lantarki. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da nasara sosai kuma kamfanin ya haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ribar aikin Nokia ya tashi daga mara kyau a shekara ta 1991, zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekara ta 1995, kuma kusan dala biliyan Hudu 4 a shekara ta 1999. Wayar Nokia ta farko mai cikakken šaukuwa bayan Sanatan Mobira shine Mobira Cityman 900 a shekara ta 1987. Nokia ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙirar wayar hannu ta GSM a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kuma ta haɓaka hanyar sadarwar GSM ta farko tare da Siemens, magabacin Nokia Siemens Network. Firayim Ministan Finland Harri Holkeri ne ya yi kiran GSM na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1991, ta amfani da kayan aikin Nokia a kan hanyar sadarwa ta MHz 900 da Nokia ta gina kuma Radiolinja ke sarrafawa. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1992, Nokia 1011 ta ƙaddamar, wanda ya sa ta zama farkon wayar salula ta GSM ta kasuwanci. Salora Oy a matsayin reshen Nokia ya ƙare a shekarar 1989 lokacin da aka haɗa rarrabuwa zuwa Nokia-Mobira Oy. An ci gaba da amfani da alamar don talabijin har zuwa shekara ta 1995. A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1996, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar sayar da kasuwancin tallan ta ga Kamfanin Semi-Tech na Kanada/Hong Kong. An rufe kamfanin kera talabijin a Jamus a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 1996. Sayarwar ta haɗa da masana'anta a [[Turku]], da haƙƙin amfani da samfuran Nokia, Finlux, Luxor, Salora, Schaub-Lorenz da Oceanic har zuwa ƙarshen shkara ta 1999. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan samfuran daga baya an sayar da su ga wasu kamfanoni. Nokia ita ce ta fara ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam na dijital a Burtaniya, wanda aka sanar a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 1997. A watan Agusta shekara ta 1997 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tauraron dan adam ta farko tare da tallafin Common Interface (CI). A cikin shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta zama zaɓaɓɓen mai siyar da kayayyaki don samar da akwatunan akwatin gidan talabijin na dijital na farko na duniya ta British Digital Broadcasting (BDB), wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin ONdigital.[[File:Digital-tv-box_från_Nokia.jpg|thumb| Babban Mediamaster na Nokia saiti]] A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta riski Motorola ta zama babbar wayar salula mafi siyarwa, kuma a watan Disamba ta kera wayar salula ta miliyan dari. Babban dalilin da yasa Nokia tayi girma akan manyan masu fafatawa da ita Motorola da Ericsson shine cewa ta sami damar kula da kasuwar matasa masu amfani da masu amfani da kayan kwalliya, mafi mahimmanci tare da wayoyin hannu na Nokia 5110 da 3210 waɗanda ke nuna babban kewayon launuka masu canzawa da canzawa- murfin da ake kira Xpress-on. Daya daga cikin wayoyin zamani na farko a cikin shekara ta 1992, daga agogon Switzerland Swatch, ya dogara ne akan wayar Nokia ta 101. <ref>"Nokia Announces Heads of Agreement to Sell Its Remaining Television Business". Nokia.</ref>Kamfanin zai kuma samar da rukunin Vertu, yana ƙirƙirar wayoyin hannu masu alatu. Nokia ta yi iƙirarin a watan Afrilu shekara ta 1996, masu sa ido na 447Xav da 447K su zama na farko tare da masu magana da sitiriyo da ƙaramin woofer. A watan Mayu shekara ta 1999 Nokia ta gabatar da samfuran LAN na farko mara waya. A watan Janairun 2000 ViewSonic ya sayi samfuran Nuni na Nokia, rabon yin nunin don kwamfutoci na sirri. A ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2001, Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Telefonica don samar da modem ɗin DSL da magudanar ruwa a [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. A cikin shekara ta 1997, Nokia ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin lantarki na Brazil Gradiente inda aka basu lasisin kera ire -iren wayoyin salula na Nokia a cikin gida ƙarƙashin sunayen Nokia da Gradiente. A cikin shekara ta 1998, Nokia ta kafa kamfanin Symbian Ltd. wanda Psion ke jagoranta don ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin aiki don PDAs da wayoyin hannu masu wayo a matsayin magajin EPOC32. Sun saki Nokia 9210 Communicator da ke gudanar da Symbian OS a shekara ta 2001, kuma daga baya a waccan shekarar ta kirkiri dandalin Symbian Series 60, daga baya suka gabatar da ita tare da wayar kyamarar su ta farko, Nokia 7650. Dukansu Nokia da Symbian sun zama manyan kayan masarufi na wayoyi da mai yin software bi da bi, kuma a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004 Nokia ta zama babban mai hannun jari na Symbian Ltd. Nokia ta mallaki kamfani baki daya a watan Yunin shekara ta 2008, sannan ta kafa Gidauniyar Symbian a matsayin wanda zai gaje ta. A cikin shekara ta 1998, kawai, kamfanin yana da kuɗin shiga na dala biliyan 20 wanda ya sami ribar dala biliyan 2.6. Zuwa shekarar 2000 Nokia ta dauki mutane sama da 55,000 aiki, kuma tana da kaso 30% a kasuwar wayar tafi da gidanka, kusan ninki biyu na babbar gasa, Motorola. Kamfanin yana aiki a kasashe 140 tun daga shekara ta 1999. An ba da rahoton a lokacin cewa wasu mutane sun yi imanin Nokia kamfanin Japan ne. Tsakanin shekara ta 1996, zuwa shekara ta 2001, yawan kudin da Nokia ta samu ya karu ninki biyar, daga € 6.5 biliyan zuwa € 31bn. [[File:Nokia_mobile_phones.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Tarin wayoyin hannu na Nokia daga shekarun 2000]] Daga nan za a san kamfanin a matsayin mai nasara kuma mai kirkirar wayoyin kyamara. Nokia 3600/3650 ita ce wayar kamara ta farko da aka sayar a Arewacin Amurka a shekasra ta 2003. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2005, Nokia ta yi hadin gwiwa da mai kera kyamarar kyamarar Jamus Carl Zeiss AG. A cikin wannan watan Nokia ta gabatar da Nseries, wanda zai zama layin wayoyin salula na shekaru shida masu zuwa. Nokia N95 da aka gabatar a watan Satumba na shekarar 2006 ya yi nasara sosai kuma an kuma ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin "mafi kyawun na'urar daukar hoto" a Turai a shekara ta 2007. Wanda ya gaje shi N82 ya nuna walƙiyar xenon, wanda ya taimaka mata lashe lambar "mafi kyawun hoton wayar hannu" a Turai a shekara ta 2008. N93 a shekara ta 2006, an san shi da camcorder na musamman da kuma karkatacciyar ƙirar da ke sauyawa tsakanin clamshell da matsayi kamar camcorder. An kuma san su sosai da N8 tare da babban firikwensin 12-megapixel a cikin shekara ta 2010; 808 PureView a cikin shekara ta 2012, tare da firikwensin 41-megapixel; da tutar Lumia 920 a cikin shekara ta 2012, wanda ya aiwatar da ingantattun fasahar PureView. Nokia ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara wasan caca ta hannu saboda shaharar Snake, wanda aka riga aka ɗora shi akan samfura da yawa. A cikin shekara ta 2002, Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin kutsawa cikin kasuwar caca ta hannu tare da N-Gage. Shugaban nishaɗi da kafofin watsa labarai na Nokia, Ilkka Raiskinen, ya taɓa yin ƙaulin "Game Boy na yara 'yan shekara 10", yana mai bayyana cewa N-Gage ya fi dacewa da masu sauraro da suka manyanta. Koyaya, na'urar ta gaza, ta kasa ƙalubalantar jagoran kasuwar Nintendo. Nokia ta yi ƙoƙarin farfado da N-Gage a matsayin dandamali na wayoyin salula na S60, wanda a ƙarshe aka ƙaddamar da su a shekara ta 2008. A cikin Q1a shekara ta 2004, kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta ragu sosai zuwa 28.9%, ƙasa daga 34.6% a shekara da ta gabata. Koyaya, zuwa shekara ta 2006 kamfanin ya sake samun ci gaba kuma a cikin Q4 a shekara ta 2007 ya kai adadi mafi girma na 40.4%. Rabon kasuwar wayoyin salula a waccan kwata shine 51%. Nokia ita ce babbar mai siyarwa a lokacin a duk yankuna bar Arewacin Amurka. Nokia ta ƙaddamar da gwajin talabijin ta wayar hannu a 2005 a Finland tare da abun ciki wanda mai watsa labarai na jama'a Yle ya bayar. Ayyukan suna dogara ne akan ma'aunin DVB-H. Ana iya duba shi tare da babbar wayar Nokia 7710 tare da kayan haɗi na musamman wanda ke ba shi damar karɓar siginar DVB-H. Nokia ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Arqiva da O2 don ƙaddamar da gwaji a Burtaniya a watan Satumba shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2005 Nokia ta haɓaka tsarin aiki na tushen Linux wanda ake kira Maemo, wanda ya yi jigilar wannan shekarar akan Nokia 770 Internet Tablet. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2006, Jorma Ollila ta zama shugaban kamfanin kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaba, wanda Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo ya maye gurbinsa.[[File:Nokia_Sao_Paulo_Flagship.jpg|left|thumb| Babban shagon Nokia a [[São Paulo]], Brazil a shekara 2009]] A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2007, Nokia ta gabatar da Ovi, sunan laima don sabbin aiyukan Intanet na kamfanin wanda ya haɗa da dandalin N-Gage da Nokia Music Store. Shagon Ovi ya fuskanci gagarumar gasa da Apple App Store lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a shekara ta 2008. A watan Oktobar shekara ta 2008, Nokia ta sanar da Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, na’urar farko da za ta yi jigilar kaya tare da sabon S60 5th Edition, wanda aka fi sani da Symbian^1, farkon maimaita dandamali tun lokacin da aka kirkiro Gidauniyar Symbian. A watan Nuwambashekara ta 2008 Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta kawo karshen sayar da wayoyin hannu a Japan saboda karancin kasuwa. Kasuwar wayar salula ta Nokia ta kai kololuwa a shekarar 2008 da kashi 38.6. A wannan shekarar, Nokia ta sanar da siyan Trolltech da haɓaka software ta Qt. Qt ya kasance babban ɓangaren dabarun Nokia har zuwa shekara ta 2011, kuma a ƙarshe an sayar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2012. Nokia a takaice ta koma kasuwar kwamfuta tare da ɗan littafin netbook 3G a watan Agusta shekara ta 2009. === 2010–2014 === [[File:As_Time_Goes_By_(Nokia_9000_Communicator_&_E7).jpg|thumb| Mai Sadarwa na Nokia 9000 (1996) kusa da Nokia E7 Sadarwa (2011)]] [[File:Nokia_&_Microsoft_Lumia_devices.png|thumb| Nokia da Microsoft Lumia na'urorin.]] [[File:Ristoonstage.jpg|left|thumb| Risto Siilasmaa, shugaban Nokia daga 2012 zuwa 2020.]] [[File:Bürogebäude_früheres_Nokia-Werk_Bochum-Riemke_(2009).jpg|thumb| Tsohon kamfanin Nokia a Bochum, Jamus]] [[File:Nokia_(8111386420).jpg|thumb| Alamar talla ta Nokia a Dublin, Ireland]]A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010, an gabatar da Xseries da ke mai da hankali kan kiɗa da Cseries mai mai da hankali. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010 Nokia ta gabatar da na’urar tafi da gidanka ta gaba, Nokia N8, wacce za ta kasance ta farko da za ta fara aiki a kan Symbian^3. Sai dai an yi jinkiri tsawon watanni da dama wanda hakan ya bata sunan kamfanin, musamman bayan gazawar tutar da ta yi a baya N97 da gasa mai tsauri daga Apple da kamfanin Google mai tasowa. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2010, an kori Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo a matsayin Shugaba kuma an sanar da cewa Stephen Elop daga Microsoft zai dauki matsayin Babban Daraktan Nokia, inda ya zama darakta na farko da ba Finnish ba a tarihin Nokia. An yi iƙirarin cewa masu saka hannun jari sun matsa wa hukumar Nokia lamba don ɗaukar wani baƙo don girgiza gudanarwa kuma ya rabu da al'adar "Nokia hanya". Ollila ya kuma sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga shugabancin Nokia kafin shekarar 2012. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2011, Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta biya Elop dala miliyan shida na sanya hannu a matsayin "diyyar asarar kudin shiga daga tsohon ma'aikacin sa", a kan dala miliyan 1.4 na shekara albashi. Tsohon Symbian OS ya zama tushen budewa gaba daya a watan Fabrairu 2010. Sai dai, a watan Nuwamban 2010 an sanar da cewa Symbian Foundation na rufe kuma Nokia za ta sake karbe ikon tsarin aikin Symbian a karkashin lasisin rufewa. Zuwa yanzu Nokia ita ce kawai kamfanin da ya rage ta amfani da dandamali, tare da mai jigilar NTT DoCoMo a Japan, bayan duka Samsung da Sony Ericsson sun koma Android. A halin da ake ciki, a cikin 2010, don burin Nokia na Linux, Nokia ta haɗu tare da Intel don ƙirƙirar aikin MeeGo, bayan haɗuwar Maemo na Nokia da Moblin na Intel. Dandalin Symbian na Nokia wanda ya kasance babban dandamali na wayoyin hannu a Turai da [[Asiya]] tsawon shekaru da yawa yana saurin tsufa kuma yana da wahala ga masu haɓakawa bayan bayyanar iOS da Android. Don magance wannan, Nokia ta shirya yin tsarin aikin su na MeeGo Linux, a ƙarƙashin ci gaba, ƙirar kamfanin akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara aikin Shugaba na Elop, hukumar Nokia ta kore shi ikon canza dabarun wayoyin hannu na kamfanin, gami da canza tsarin aiki. Tsohon soja Anssi Vanjoki, shugaban sashen wayoyin salula, ya bar kamfanin a wannan lokacin. Fitowar sa ta ƙarshe shine a Nokia World 2010 lokacin da aka gabatar da Nokia E7 da wasu na'urorin Symbian^3. A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar "haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci" tare da Microsoft, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa zai karɓi Windows Phone 7 a matsayin babban tsarin aikin sa akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka, tare da haɗa ayyukansa da dandamali tare da nasa, gami da Bing azaman injin bincike, da haɗawa. Bayanan Maps na Nokia cikin Taswirorin Bing. Elop ya bayyana cewa Nokia ta zabi kada ta yi amfani da Android saboda a bayyane yake cewa ba zai iya "bambance" abubuwan da ake bayarwa ba, tare da masu sukar sun kuma lura cewa alakar sa ta baya da Microsoft na iya yin tasiri ga shawarar. Kodayake MeeGo "Harmattan" -bn N9 an sadu da kyakkyawar tarba a cikin 2011, Nokia ta riga ta yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen ci gaba akan MeeGo kuma kawai ta mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kodayake Shugaba ya ce "sabbin abubuwa" na N9 za su ci gaba makomar, wacce a ƙarshe ta hau kan dandalin Asha a shekarar 2013. Bayan sanarwar haɗin gwiwar Microsoft, kasuwar kasuwar Nokia ta lalace; wannan ya faru ne saboda buƙatar faduwar Symbian lokacin da masu amfani suka fahimci hankalin Nokia da kulawa zai kasance a wani wuri. Kamfanin ya sanya babban asara a cikin kwata na biyu na shekarar 2011 - kawai asarar su ta biyu a cikin shekaru 19. Wayar Nokia ta farko ta Wayar Windows ita ce Lumia 800, wacce ta iso a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011. Faduwar tallace -tallace a shekarar 2011, wanda ba a inganta shi sosai tare da layin Lumia a 2012, ya haifar da manyan asara a jere. Zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2012, farashin hannayen jarin kamfanin ya fadi kasa da $ 2. Shugaba Elop ya ba da sanarwar rage farashin farashi a watan Yuni ta hanyar zubar da ma’aikata 10,000 zuwa karshen shekara da kuma rufe masana'antar kera Salo. Firayim Ministan na Finland ya kuma ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati ba za ta ceci kamfanin daga asusun jihar na gaggawa ba. A kusa da wannan lokacin Nokia ta fara sabon aikin da aka yiwa lakabi da "Meltemi", dandamali ga wayoyin komai da ruwanka. Tare da kawancen Microsoft kuma a ƙarƙashin kulawar Elop, Nokia kuma ta sake mai da hankali kan kasuwar Arewacin Amurka inda wayoyin Nokia suke, sabanin sauran ƙasashen duniya, kusan ba su da mahimmanci na shekaru da yawa. Wannan dabarar ta fara ne a cikin watan Janairu ta shekarar 2012, tare da gabatar da wayar Nokia Lumia 900 tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin AT&T na Amurka. A watan Maris na shekarar 2011, Nokia ta bullo da wani sabon nau'in kamfani mai suna "Pure". A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yi amfani da sabon tsarin lambar lambobi uku don samfuran wayar hannu kuma ta daina amfani da haruffa, ta yadda za a kawo ƙarshen Nseries, Eseries, da Cseries na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A wannan ranar aka gabatar da Nokia 500 tare da sabon tsarin. Nokia ta yi amfani da sunaye masu lamba uku a wayoyin analog a shekarun 1990. Lokacin da aka sanar da Lumia 920 a watan Satumbar shekarar 2012, 'yan jaridu sun gan ta a matsayin babbar babbar Windows Phone wacce za ta iya ƙalubalanci abokan hamayya saboda tsarinta na ci gaba. Elop ya ce kyakkyawan martanin da aka yi masa ya haifar da bege da kyakkyawan fata a kamfanin. Kamfanin yana kuma samun nasarori a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa tare da jerin Asha, waɗanda ke siyarwa da ƙarfi. Kodayake tallace -tallace da wayoyin salula na Nokia sun karu sosai a cikin shekarar 2013, gami da a kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, har yanzu bai isa ba don gujewa asarar kuɗi. Ollila ta sauka daga kujerarta a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2012, kuma Risto Siilasmaa ya maye gurbin ta A watan Satumba na shekarar 2013 Nokia ta sanar da sayar da sashen wayar salula da na’urorinta ga Microsoft. Sayarwar tana da kyau ga Nokia don gujewa ƙarin adadi na kuɗi mara kyau, kazalika ga Babban Manajan Microsoft Steve Ballmer, wanda ke son Microsoft ta samar da ƙarin kayan masarufi kuma ta mayar da ita zuwa kamfanin na'urori da sabis. Shugaban Nokia, Risto Siilasmaa, ya bayyana yarjejeniyar a matsayin mai hankali (a cikin fa'idar masu hannun jarin Nokia), amma mai wahalar gaske - masana sun yarda cewa Nokia za ta kasance cikin rikicin kuɗi idan ba ta sayar da rabon ga Microsoft ba. Manazarta sun yi imanin cewa Ballmer ya matsa don siyan saboda tsoron cewa Nokia tana gab da ɗaukar Android kuma ta yi watsi da ƙawancen su da Microsoft. Tabbas, a cikin Janairu 2014 an gabatar da Nokia X wanda ke gudana akan sigar Android ta musamman. Abin mamaki ne da ɗan ban mamaki wanda ke zuwa makonni kaɗan kacal daga ƙarshen siyan Microsoft. Wasu, ciki har da magajin Ballmer Satya Nadella, suna jin cewa Microsoft na tunanin haɗe ƙungiyoyin software ɗin su da injiniyan kayan masarufi na Nokia da zai “hanzarta” haɓaka Windows Phone. An kammala siyarwar a watan Afrilun 2014, inda Microsoft Mobile ta zama magajin sashen na'urorin wayoyin Nokia. Nokia kuma ta tashi daga hedkwatarsa ​​zuwa wani katafaren gini da ke Karaportti. A lokacin, Ballmer da kansa yana yin ritaya a matsayin Shugaba na Microsoft kuma Satya Nadella ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya yi adawa da siyan wayoyin salula na Nokia, tare da shugaban [[Bill gate|Bill Gates]]. Microsoft ya rubuta kadarorin da aka saya daga Nokia a shekarar 2015. A shekara ta 2014, darajar tambarin Nokia a duniya bisa ga Interbrand ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na 98, raguwa mai kaifi daga wuri na 5 da yake a shekarar 2009. Faduwar Nokia a kasuwar wayar tafi -da -gidanka ya sami bayanai daban -daban daga manazarta, tare da rarrabuwar kawuna game da shawarar Shugaba na yin watsi da shi. tsarin aiki na cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da Windows Phone a shekarar 2011. Masu bincike da yawa sun yanke shawarar cewa Nokia ta sha wahala daga zurfafa gwagwarmaya a cikin gudanarwa. Tsoffin ma’aikatan sun yi iƙirarin cewa gudanarwar ta yi kumbura ta hanyar nasarar farko da suka zama masu gamsuwa da lokaci. Wasu daga ƙungiyar masu tasowa ta Symbian sun yi iƙirarin cewa babban jami'in kamfanin ya ƙi ɗaruruwan sabbin abubuwa a cikin shekarun 2000, da suka gabatar, gami da sake rubuta lambar Symbian gaba ɗaya. Wani tsohon ma'aikacin Nokia ya yi ikirarin cewa ana gudanar da kamfanin ne a matsayin "tsarin mulki irin na Soviet". A watan Yulin shekarar 2013, Nokia ta sayi hannun jarin Siemens a cikin haɗin gwiwar Nokia Siemens Networks na dala biliyan 2.2, ta mai da shi wani kamfani mallakinsa gaba ɗaya wanda ake kira Nokia Solutions and Networks, har sai da aka sake masa suna zuwa Nokia Networks ba da daɗewa ba. A lokacin fafutukar neman kuɗaɗen kuɗi na Nokia, sashen sadarwar sa mai riba tare da Siemens ya ba da kuɗin shiga da yawa; don haka, sayan ya tabbatar da inganci, musamman bayan siyar da na’urorin wayar salularsa. === 2014–2016 === Bayan siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu, Nokia ta mai da hankali kan kayan aikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar Nokia Networks. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2014, Nokia da China Mobile sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsarin dala miliyan 970 don isar da kayayyaki tsakanin shekarar 2014 da 2015. A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014, shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia Ramzi Haidamus ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin kayan masarufi a matsayin mai kera ƙira na asali, yana ba da lasisin ƙirar kayan cikin gida da fasaha ga masana<nowiki>'antun na uku. Haidamus ya bayyana cewa alamar Nokia tana da '' mahimmanci '' amma '' yana raguwa da ƙima, kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci mu canza wannan yanayin cikin sauri, nan ba da jimawa ba ''. Kashegari, Nokia ta ƙaddamar da N1, kwamfutar hannu ta Android da Foxconn ta ƙera, a matsayin samfur na farko bayan siyarwar Microsoft. Haidamus ya jaddada cewa na'</nowiki>urorin da aka fito da su a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yarjejeniyar lasisi za a riƙe su cikin manyan ƙimar ingancin samarwa, kuma za su "yi kama da jin kamar Nokia ta gina ta". Shugaban kamfanin Nokia Rajeev Suri ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya shirya sake shigar da kasuwancin wayar salula ta wannan hanyar a cikin shekarar 2016, bayan karewar sharuddan da ba ta gasa da Microsoft. A cewar Robert Morlino, mai magana da yawun Nokia Technologies, Nokia ta shirya bin tsarin lasisin alama maimakon tallan na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka kai tsaye saboda siyar da sashin na'urorin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Kamfanin ya ɗauki tsauraran matakai don farfado da kansa, a bayyane ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙwararrun software, gwajin sabbin samfura da neman abokan hulɗa. A ranar 14 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2015, Shugaba Rajeev Suri ya tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai dawo kasuwar wayoyin hannu a cikin shekarar 2016. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2015, Nokia ta sanar da OZO, kyamarar gaskiya ta 360-digiri, tare da firikwensin hoto na 2K guda takwas. Rarraba bayan samfurin, Nokia Technologies, ya yi iƙirarin cewa OZO zai kasance mafi ingantaccen dandamali na yin fim na VR. Sanarwar manema labarai ta Nokia ta bayyana cewa OZO zai kasance "na farko a cikin shirin da aka tsara na hanyoyin watsa labarai na dijital," tare da tsammanin samfuran fasaha a nan gaba. An bayyana OZO cikakke a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba a Los Angeles. OZO, wanda aka ƙera don amfani da ƙwararru, an yi niyyar siyar da shi akan dalar Amurka 60,000; duk da haka, an rage farashinsa da $ 15,000 kafin a sake shi, kuma an jera shi akan gidan yanar gizon sa a matsayin $ 40,000. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2015, Nokia ta tabbatar da cewa tana tattaunawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa na Faransa Alcatel-Lucent dangane da yiwuwar hadewa. Kashegari, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta amince ta sayi Alcatel-Lucent akan € 15.6 biliyan a cikin yarjejeniyar hannun jari. Shugaba Rajeev Suri yana jin cewa siyan zai ba Nokia wata fa'ida mai mahimmanci a haɓaka fasahar mara waya ta 5G. Sayen ya haifar da gasa mai ƙarfi ga kamfanoni masu hamayya da Ericsson da Huawei, waɗanda Nokia da Alcatel-Lucent suka zarce ta jimlar kuɗin shiga a 2014. Masu hannun jarin Nokia suna riƙe da kashi 66.5% na sabon haɗin kamfani, yayin da masu hannun jarin Alcatel-Lucent ke riƙe da 33.5% . Ya kamata a kula da rukunin Bell Labs, amma Nokia za ta maye gurbin alamar Alcatel-Lucent. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, bayan amincewar yarjejeniyar da ma'aikatar kasuwanci ta kasar Sin ta yi, hadakar tana jiran amincewar hukumomin Faransa. Duk da niyyar farko ta siyar da rukunin kebul na jirgin ruwa daban daban, daga baya Alcatel-Lucent ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi ba. An rufe hadewar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2016, amma bai cika ba sai ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2016. Daga saye, yanzu Nokia kuma ita ce mai mallakar alamar wayar hannu ta Alcatel, wacce ke ci gaba da samun lasisin kamfanin TCL. A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2015, Nokia ta sanar da cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya don sayar da sashen taswirar dijital na nan ga ƙungiyar BMW, Daimler AG da Volkswagen Group akan € 2.8 biliyan. An rufe yarjejeniyar a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2015.[[File:NokiaBuilding4.jpg|thumb| Ginin ofishin Nokia a Markham, Ontario, Kanada a cikin 2016-asalin ofishin Alcatel-Lucent]] [[File:Nokia_Flexi_Zone_Micro_BTS_FWEA_spec_tag_20150811.jpg|thumb| Tashar watsa labarai ta tushe ta Flexi Zone (2015)]] === 2016–2019 === A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2016, Nokia ta sanar da aniyarta ta sayen kamfanin kera na’urar lafiya na Faransa mai suna Andings kan dalar Amurka miliyan 191. An haɗa kamfanin zuwa sabon sashin Lafiya na Dijital na Fasahar Nokia. Daga baya Nokia ta kashe kuɗin siyan kuma a watan Mayu 2018 an sake sayar da sashin lafiya ga Éric Carreel, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Withings kuma tsohon Shugaba. A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2016, Microsoft Mobile ta sayar da kasuwancin wayar ta Nokia mai alama ga HMD Global, sabon kamfani wanda tsohon babban jami'in Nokia Jean-Francois Baril ya kafa, da wata masana'anta mai alaƙa a Vietnam ga kamfanin FoxHn na FIH Mobile. Daga baya Nokia ta shiga yarjejeniyar lasisin na dogon lokaci don sanya HMD keɓaɓɓen kera wayoyin Nokia da allunan da aka yi wa alama a wajen Japan, suna aiki tare da Foxconn. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba HMD haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da software na wayoyin hannu. Daga baya HMD ta sanar da wayar Nokia 6 mai tushen Android a cikin Janairu 2017. A Mobile World Congress, HMD ya kuma ƙaddamar da wayoyin salula na Nokia 3 da Nokia 5, da kuma sake tunanin ƙirar wayar Nokia mai lamba 3310. Duk da cewa Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin, suna da wasu bayanai a cikin sabbin na'urorin. A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2016 Nokia ta nuna a karon farko cibiyar sadarwa mai shirye-shiryen 5G. A watan Fabrairun 2017 Nokia ta aiwatar da haɗin 5G a [[Oulu]], Finland ta amfani da ma'aunin 5GTF, wanda Verizon ke goyan baya, akan kayan aikin gine-gine na Intel. A watan Yuli na 2017, Nokia da Xiaomi sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da yarjejeniyar patent na shekaru da yawa, gami da lasisin ƙetare ga kowane kamfani mai daidaitattun lamuran salula. A waccan shekarar, darajar alama ta Nokia ta kasance ta 188th ta Brand Finance, tsallake wurare 147 daga 2016. An danganta hauhawar ta ga fayil ɗin lafiya da sabbin wayoyin hannu da HMD Global suka haɓaka. A cikin Janairu 2018, Nokia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da NTT Docomo, babban kamfanin wayar hannu na Japan, don samar da tashoshin rediyo mara waya na 5G a cikin kasar nan da 2020. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta sanar da layin ReefShark na chipsets 5G, tana mai cewa tana ninka bandwidth zuwa 84 Gbit/s. A watan Maris, Solidium, hannun jarin gwamnatin Finland, ya sayi hannun jarin 3.3% a Nokia wanda darajarsa ta kai million 844 miliyan. A watan Mayu, Nokia ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta sami kamfanin IoT na California, SpaceTime Insight.[[File:Nokia_6_12.jpg|thumb| 2017 Nokia 6]]A watan Janairun 2019, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta ba da dala miliyan 40 don tallafawa binciken Nokia kan fasahar 5G. Wani bincike na 2019 ya nuna cewa wayoyin Nokia sun yi aiki mafi kyau fiye da abokan hamayyar Samsung, LG, Xiaomi, da Huawei wajen sabuntawa zuwa sabon sigar Android. Binciken, wanda Counterpoint Research ya yi, ya gano cewa kashi 96 na wayoyin Nokia ko dai an aika su ko an sabunta su zuwa sabuwar sigar Android tun lokacin da aka saki Pie a cikin 2018. An gano masu fafatawa da Nokia kusan kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari. === 2020 - yanzu === A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2020, Nokia ta sanar da Pekka Lundmark a matsayin sabon Shugaba. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nokia ta kammala siyan Elenion Technologies, wani kamfani da ke Amurka wanda ke mai da hankali kan fasahar silikon photonics don haɓaka tattalin arziƙin samfuran haɗin haɗin kai. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020, Sari Baldauf ya gaji Risto Siilasmaa a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa, kuma an nada Kari Stadigh a matsayin mataimakiyar kujera. A watan Yuni, Nokia ta lashe kwangilar 5G mai kimanin dala miliyan 450 daga Taiwan Mobile don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta gaba mai aiki na telecom a matsayin mai siyarwa kawai. A watan Oktoba, Nokia ta sanar da kwangila tare da NASA don gina hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu ta 4G don amfani da 'yan sama jannati a duniyar wata. Kwangilar dala miliyan 14.1 ta hannun kamfanin Bell Labs ne, kuma ana sa ran fara shirin a 2022. A cikin 2020, Flipkart ya haɗu tare da Nokia don tallata samfuran masu amfani da Nokia a Indiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da talabijin, kwamfutar tafi -da -gidanka da na’urar sanyaya daki. == Ayyuka na yanzu == Nokia julkinen osakeyhtiö (kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na jama'a) da aka jera akan Nasdaq Nordic/Helsinki da New York. Nokia ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Finland, kuma babban ma'aikaci ne a cikin ƙasar, yana aiki tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na gida da ƙananan kamfanoni. Nokia ta ba da gudummawar kashi 1.6% ga GDP na Finland kuma ya kai kusan kashi 16% na fitar da ƙasar a 2006. Nokia ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu tare da ƙarin rassa da kamfanoni masu alaƙa. === Nokia Networks === Nokia Networks shine babban kamfanin Nokia Corporation. Kamfanin sadarwar bayanai ne na ƙasashe da yawa da kamfanin kayan aikin sadarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Espoo, Finland, kuma shine masana'antun kayan aikin sadarwa na uku mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka auna ta kudaden shiga na 2017 (bayan Huawei da Cisco). A cikin Amurka tana gasa tare da Ericsson akan gina cibiyoyin sadarwa na 5G don masu aiki, yayin da aka hana Huawei Technologies da ZTE Corporation yadda yakamata. Tana da ayyuka a cikin kasashe kusan 150. Nokia Networks tana samar da hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya da madaidaiciya, hanyoyin sadarwa da dandamali na sabis da sabis na ƙwararru ga masu aiki da masu ba da sabis. Yana mai da hankali kan GSM, EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA, LTE da hanyoyin sadarwar rediyo na WiMAX, suna tallafawa manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da haɓaka IP da damar aiki da ayyuka da yawa. An ƙaddamar da asalin alamar Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) a Babban Taron Duniya na 3GSM a Barcelona a watan Fabrairu na 2007 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia (50.1%) da Siemens (49.9%), duk da cewa yanzu mallakar Nokia ce gaba ɗaya. A watan Yulin 2013, Nokia ta sake dawo da duk hannun jarin da ke cikin Nokia Siemens Networks kan kudi dalar Amurka biliyan 2.21 sannan ta sake mata suna zuwa Nokia Solutions da Networks, jim kadan bayan haka ta canza zuwa Nokia Networks.[[File:Nokia_Networks_Munich_Office,_April_2017_-02.jpg|thumb| A cikin ofishin Nokia Networks a [[München|Munich]], Jamus]] === Fasahar Nokia === Fasahar Nokia wani bangare ne na Nokia wanda ke haɓaka samfuran masu amfani da fasahar lasisi gami da alamar Nokia. Abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali sune hoto, fahimta, haɗin mara waya, sarrafa wutar lantarki da kayan aiki, da sauran fannoni kamar shirin lasisin IP. Ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje -gwaje guda uku: Labarin Tsarin Rediyo, a wuraren samun rediyo, haɗin gida mara waya da aiwatar da rediyo; Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren watsa labarai da hulɗa; da Sensor da Lab Technologies Lab, a cikin wuraren ingantattun hanyoyin gano hanyoyin, hanyoyin hulɗa, nanotechnologies da fasahar jimla. Fasahar Nokia kuma tana ba da gudummawar jama'a a cikin ci gaban ta ta Invent tare da shirin Nokia. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2014 bayan sake fasalin kamfanin Nokia. A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Nokia Technologies ta ƙaddamar da samfurin ta na farko, kwamfutar kwamfutar hannu ta Nokia N1. A watan Yuli na 2015, Nokia Technologies ta gabatar da kyamarar VR mai suna OZO, wanda aka ƙera don ƙwararrun masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki kuma aka haɓaka su a Tampere, Finland. Tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin rufewa guda 8 da makirufo 8, samfurin zai iya kama bidiyon 3D na stereoscopic da sauti na sararin samaniya. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Ramzi Haidamus ya sanar da cewa zai sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban kamfanin Nokia Technologies. Brad Rodrigues, tsohon shugaban dabaru da bunƙasa kasuwanci, ya ɗauki matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2017, Gregory Lee, tsohon Shugaba na Samsung Electronics a Arewacin Amurka, an nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Fasaha na Nokia da Shugaba.[[File:NSN-tampere.jpg|thumb|180x180px| Ginin ofishin Nokia a Tampere, Finland.]] === Labarin Bell na Nokia ===  Nokia Bell Labs kamfani ne na bincike da ci gaban kimiyya wanda ya taɓa zama hannun R&D na Tsarin Bell na Amurka. Ya zama wani kamfani na Nokia Corporation bayan kwace Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016. === Farashin NGP === NGP Capital (tsohon Nokia Growth Partners) babban kamfani ne na kamfani na duniya, yana mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a matakin haɓaka "Intanet na abubuwa" (IoT) da kamfanonin fasahar wayar hannu. NGP tana riƙe da saka hannun jari a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Turai, China da Indiya. Fayil ɗin su ya ƙunshi kamfanoni a cikin fasahar tafi -da -gidanka waɗanda suka haɗa da ɓangarorin Haɗin Kasuwanci, Kiwon Lafiya na Dijital, Mai amfani da IoT, da Haɗin Mota. Bayan tallafin dala miliyan 350 ga kamfanonin IoT a cikin 2016, NGP tana sarrafa kadarorin dala biliyan 1. Nokia a baya ta inganta kirkire -kirkire ta hanyar tallafa wa kamfani tun daga 1998 tare da Nokia Venture Partners, wanda aka sake masa suna BlueRun Ventures kuma aka sake shi a 2005. Nokia Growth Partners (NGP) an kafa shi ne a 2005 a matsayin asusu na kamfani na ci gaba a matsayin ci gaban farkon nasarorin Nokia Venture Partners. A cikin 2017, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa NGP Capital. Manyan fitowar NGP sun haɗa da GanJi, UCWeb, Whistle, Rocket Fuel, Swype, Summit Microelectronics da Netmagic. === Networks na Nuage === Nuage Networks kamfani ne wanda ke ba da hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ayyana ta software. Alcatel-Lucent ne ya kafa shi a cikin 2013 don haɓaka rufin software don sarrafa kansa da tsara girgije. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Nokia biyo bayan siyan Alcatel-Lucent a cikin 2016. A cikin 2017 Nuage ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da Vodafone da Telefonica don samar da gine-ginen SD-WAN ga sabobin su. BT ya riga ya kasance abokin ciniki tun daga 2016. Yarjejeniyar da China Mobile a cikin Janairu 2017 kuma ta yi amfani da fasahar sadarwar da aka ayyana ta Nuage don sabobin girgije na jama'a 2,000 a cibiyoyin bayanan data kasance a China, kuma wani a watan Oktoba 2017 tare da Kamfanin Inshorar China Pacific. Kamfanin yana tushen Mountain View, California kuma Shugaba shine Sunil Khandekar. === Alcatel Mobile === Alcatel Mobile alama ce ta wayar hannu mallakar Nokia tun 2016. An ba shi lasisi tun 2005 ga kamfanin TCL na China lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Alcatel (daga baya Alcatel-Lucent) a cikin kwangilar har zuwa 2024. === HMD Global === HMD Global kamfani ne na wayar tafi da gidanka da ke Espoo, Finland. Alamar Nokia ta sami lasisin tsoffin ma’aikatan Nokia waɗanda suka kafa HMD Global kuma suka gabatar da na’urorin da ke da alamar Nokia a kasuwa a cikin 2017. Nokia ba ta da saka hannun jari a kamfanin amma tana riƙe da wasu bayanai a ci gaban na'urorin ta. === Alcatel Submarine Networks === Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) shine mai ba da mafita na hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarƙashin teku. Ƙungiyar kasuwanci tana haɓaka fasaha kuma tana ba da sabis na shigarwa don hanyoyin haɗin kebul na jirgin ruwa na ruwa a cikin tekuna na duniya. == Harkokin kamfanoni == === Gudanar da kamfanoni === An raba iko da gudanar da Nokia tsakanin masu hannun jari a wani babban taro da Kungiyar Shugabancin Rukunan Nokia (hagu), karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa (dama). Shugaban hukumar da sauran membobin Kungiyar Jagorancin Nokia ne hukumar gudanarwa ta nada. Shugaban Kungiyar Shugabancin Nokia ne kaɗai zai iya zama membobin kwamitin daraktoci da ƙungiyar Jagorancin Nokia Group. Kwamitocin Kwamitin Daraktoci sun ƙunshi Kwamitin Bincike, Kwamitin Ma'aikata, da Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Nomination. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kamfanin a cikin tsarin da Dokar Kamfanonin Finnish, Labarin Ƙungiyar Nokia, da Ka'idodin Gudanar da Kamfanoni, waɗanda kwamitin riƙo na rikon kwarya suka ƙara. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2019, Nokia ta sanar da cewa za ta daina aikin Babban Jami'in Aiki (COO) tare da rarraba ayyukanta ga sauran shugabannin kamfanin. A sakamakon haka, Babban Jami'in Ayyuka Joerg Erlemeier ya yanke shawarar sauka, daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 2020. ==== Tsoffin jami'an kamfanoni ==== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Manyan jami'an gudanarwa ! ! colspan="2" | Shugabannin kwamitin gudanarwa |- ! ''Suna'' ! ''Lokaci'' ! ! ''Suna'' ! ''Lokaci'' |- | Björn Westerlund | 1967-1977 | | Lauri J. Kivekäs | 1967-1977 |- | Kari Kairamo | 1977-1988 | | Björn Westerlund | 1977–1979 |- | | | | Mika Tiivola | 1979-1986 |- | | | | Kari Kairamo | 1986-1988 |- | Simo Vuorilehto | 1988-1992 | | Simo Vuorilehto | 1988-1990 |- | | | | Mika Tiivola | 1990-1992 |- | Jorma Ollila | 1992-2006 | | Casimir Ehrnrooth | 1992-1999 |- | Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo | 2006–2010 | | Jorma Ollila | 1999–2012 |- | Stephen Elop | 2010–2014 | | | |- | Rajeev Suuri | 2014–2020 | | Risto Siilasmaa | 2012–2020 |- | Pekka Lundmark | Aug 2020 | | Sari Baldauf | 2020 - yanzu |} === Hannun jari === Nokia kamfani ne mai iyakance na jama'a kuma shine mafi tsufa kamfanin da aka jera a ƙarƙashin wannan suna akan Helsinki Stock Exchange, wanda aka fara a 1915. Nokia tana da jeri na biyu a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York tun 1994. An cire hannun jarin Nokia daga hannun jari na London Musanya a 2003, Kasuwar Paris a 2004, Stockholm Stock Exchange a 2007 da Frankfurt Stock Exchange a 2012. Saboda samun Alcatel-Lucent a 2015, Nokia ta sake lissafa hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Paris kuma an haɗa shi a cikin alamar CAC 40 a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2016 amma daga baya aka cire ta a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2017. A 2007, Nokia tana da babban darajar kasuwa na billion 110 biliyan; zuwa 17 Yuli 2012 wannan ya faɗi zuwa € 6.28 biliyan, kuma zuwa 23 ga Fabrairu 2015, ya ƙaru zuwa billion 26.07 biliyan. Kasuwancin Nokia a shekarar 2020 ya kai biliyan 21.76. === Al'adar kamfanoni === Bayanin al'adun kamfani na hukuma na Nokia tun daga shekarun 1990 ana kiranta The Nokia Way. Yana nanata saurin da sassaucin yanke shawara a cikin ɗakin kwana, ƙungiyar yanar gizo. Harshen kasuwancin hukuma na Nokia shine Turanci. An rubuta duk takaddun a cikin Ingilishi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin sadarwar intra-company na hukuma. A cikin 1992, Nokia ta karɓi ƙimar da aka ayyana tare da mahimman kalmomin girmamawa, nasara, sabuntawa da ƙalubale. A watan Mayu 2007, kamfanin ya sake fasalta ƙimarsa bayan ya fara jerin tattaunawa a duk rassansa na duniya game da abin da sabbin ƙimar kamfanin ya kamata su kasance. Dangane da shawarwarin ma'aikaci, an ayyana sabbin dabi'un kamar: Shiga Kai, Cimma Tare, Sha'awar Innovation da Dan Adam. A watan Agustan 2014, Nokia ta sake fasalta darajarta bayan sayar da kasuwancin Na'urorin ta, ta sake amfani da ƙimar 1992 na asali. === Hedikwatar === Nokia tana tushen a Karaportti a Espoo, Finland, kusa da babban birnin Helsinki. Ya kasance babban ofishin su tun daga shekarar 2014 bayan ƙaura daga gidan Nokia da aka gina a cikin Espoo a matsayin wani ɓangare na siyar da kasuwancin wayar hannu ga Microsoft. Ginin a Karaportti a baya shine hedikwatar NSN (yanzu Nokia Networks).[[File:Nokian_pääkonttori_Keilaniemessä.jpg|thumb| Tsohon gidan Nokia, babban ofishin Nokia har zuwa Afrilu 2014. Ginin yana gabar Tekun Finland a Keilaniemi, Espoo, kuma an gina shi tsakanin 1995 da 1997. Wurin aiki ne na ma'aikatan Nokia sama da 1,000. ]] == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A cikin 2018, Nokia ta sami lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Lights don mafi kyawun samfurin kebul/samfurin bidiyo kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin kamfanonin kamfanonin da'a na duniya na 2018 na Ethisphere. == Tarihin Logo == <gallery> File:Nokian logo (1865).svg|''Alamar Nokia Osakeyhtiö'', 1865. File:Nokia logo 1965.svg|''Alamar Nokia Osakeyhtiö'', 1965. File:Suomen Kumitehtaan logo (1965).svg|Alamar Rubber Finnish ( ''[[Suomen Kumitehdas]]'' ), 1965–1986. File:Nokia nuolilogo.svg|Alamar Nokia 'Arrows', bayan haɗewa da Kamfanin ''[[Kaapelitehdas|Kebul]]'' (Kaapelitehdas) da Ayyukan Rubber na Finnish (1966-1992). Ana amfani dashi a cikin talla da samfura har zuwa c. 1997. File:Nokia Connecting People.svg|Nokia ta gabatar da [[Advertising slogan|taken tallan]] ''ta "Haɗa Mutane"'' a 1992, wanda Ove Strandberg ya ƙirƙira. File:Nokia - 2005 logo.svg|An fara gabatar da sabon taken taken (Nokia Sans font) a 2005. Nokia Sans Nokia tayi amfani da ita a cikin samfura tun 2002. File:Nokia wordmark.svg|Bold version da aka gabatar a 2007. Kamfanin ya daina amfani da taken da tambarin sa a shekarar 2011. File:Nokia typefaces.png|Tarihin nau'in kamfanin Nokia </gallery> == Jayayya == === NSN ta samar da damar kutse ga Iran === A shekarar 2008, Nokia Siemens Networks, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Nokia da Siemens AG, an ba da rahoton cewa sun bai wa kamfanin sadarwa na kasar Iran fasahar da ta ba ta damar katse hanyoyin sadarwar Intanet na 'yan kasarta. An ba da rahoton cewa fasahar ta ba Iran damar amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi don karantawa da canza abun cikin imel, kafofin watsa labarun, da kiran wayar kan layi. Fasahar "tana ba wa hukumomi damar toshe sadarwa ba kawai ba amma don sa ido don tattara bayanai game da daidaikun mutane, tare da canza shi don dalilai na ɓarna". A lokacin zanga-zangar bayan zabe a Iran a watan Yunin 2009, an ba da rahoton cewa, shiga Intanet ta Iran ya ragu zuwa kasa da goma na saurin sa na yau da kullun, wanda kwararru ke zargin ya faru ne saboda amfani da binciken fakiti mai zurfi. A watan Yulin 2009, Nokia ta fara fuskantar kauracewa kayayyakinsu da aiyukansu a Iran. Kauracewar ta kasance ta masu amfani da tausayawa motsin zanga-zangar bayan zaɓen da kuma farmakin kamfanonin da ake ganin suna haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin. Buƙatar wayar hannu ta faɗi kuma masu amfani sun fara guje wa saƙon SMS. Nokia Siemens Networks ta ba da sanarwar a cikin wata sanarwar manema labarai cewa ta ba wa Iran kawai "damar kutse na halal kawai don sa ido kan kiran murya na gida" kuma "ba ta ba da cikakken fakiti fakiti, takunkumin yanar gizo, ko damar tace Intanet ga Iran". === Lex Nokia === A cikin 2009, Nokia ta goyi bayan wata doka a Finland wanda ke ba kamfanoni damar sanya ido kan sadarwar ma'aikatan su a yayin da ake zargin bayanai sun ɓace. Nokia ta musanta jita -jitar cewa kamfanin ya yi tunanin cire babban ofishinta daga Finland idan ba a canza dokokin sa ido na lantarki ba. Kafafen yada labarai na kasar Finland sun yi wa dokar lakabi da Lex Nokia saboda an aiwatar da ita ne sakamakon matsin lambar Nokia. An kafa dokar, amma tare da tsauraran sharudda don aiwatar da tanade -tanaden ta. Babu wani kamfani da ya yi amfani da tanadinsa kafin 25 ga Fabrairu 2013, lokacin da Ofishin Ombudsman na Kariyar Bayanai ya tabbatar da cewa kwanan nan birnin Hämeenlinna ya ba da sanarwar da ake buƙata. === Rikicin patent na Nokia -Apple === A watan Oktoban 2009, Nokia ta shigar da karar Apple Inc. a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Delaware inda ta yi ikirarin cewa Apple ya keta hakkokinsa guda 10 da suka shafi sadarwa mara waya ciki har da canja wurin bayanai. Apple ya yi saurin mayar da martani tare da shigar da ƙara a cikin Disamba 2009 yana zargin Nokia da keta haƙƙin mallaka 11. Babban mashawarcin kamfanin Apple, Bruce Sewell ya ci gaba da wani mataki inda ya ce, "Dole ne sauran kamfanoni su yi gogayya da mu ta hanyar kirkirar fasahar su, ba kawai ta hanyar satar namu ba." Wannan ya haifar da takaddama ta doka tsakanin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa biyu tare da Nokia ta shigar da wata kara, a wannan karon tare da Hukumar Ciniki ta Amurka (ITC), tana zargin Apple da keta hakkin mallakarsa a "kusan dukkan wayoyin hannu, 'yan wasan kiɗa da kwamfutoci". . Nokia ta ci gaba da rokon kotu da ta hana duk kayayyakin da Amurka ke shigowa da su daga Apple, ciki har da iPhone, Macintosh da iPod. Apple ya musanta ta hanyar shigar da ƙara tare da ITC a cikin Janairu 2010. A watan Yunin 2011, Apple ya zauna tare da Nokia kuma ya amince da kimantawa da biyan dala miliyan 600 da sarauta ga Nokia. Kamfanonin biyu sun kuma amince kan wasu lasisin lasisi na wasu fasahohin da suka mallaka. === Ana zargin kaucewa biyan haraji a Indiya === An tuhumi reshen Indiya na Nokia a cikin Janairu 2013 tare da rashin biyan harajin Indiya da aka Rage daga Tushen da keta ƙa'idodin farashin canja wuri a Indiya. TDS ɗin da ba a biya ba na billion 30 biliyan, wanda aka tara a cikin shekaru shida, ya kasance saboda sarautar da reshen Indiya ya biya wa kamfanin mahaifanta. === Sabunta bayanan Nokia 7 Plus === A watan Maris na 2019, labarai sun bayyana cewa ana zargin wayoyin Nokia 7 Plus na kamfanin suna aika bayanan masu amfani na sirri zuwa China sama da watanni da yawa. A cewar masu binciken, na'urar ta aika da fakitin bayanan da ba a rufa masu asiri ba ciki har da wurin yanki, lambar katin SIM, da lambar serial na wayar zuwa ga uwar garken kasar Sin da ba a san ko wane lokaci ba da “aka kunna wayar, allon ya kunna ko budewa.” Bayanai sun isa su bi motsi da ayyukan wayar a ainihin lokacin. Mamallakin kamfanin Nokia HMD Global ya musanta cewa an yi irin wannan aika -aika, yana mai cewa maimakon hakan ya faru ne sakamakon kuskure a cikin tsarin shiryawa na software na wayar. Ofishin Ofishin Jakadancin Kariyar Bayanai na Finland ya kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin bisa zaton "an canja bayanan sirri." == Duba kuma == Nokia Networks Nokia - wani gari a Pirkanmaa, Finland Tarihin Nokia Jolla - kamfanin da tsoffin ma'aikatan Nokia suka fara wanda ke haɓaka Linux Sailfish OS, ci gaba da Linux MeeGo OS Twig Com - Asali Benefon, tsohon kamfanin kera wayar hannu ne wanda tsoffin mutanen Nokia suka fara, yanzu shine mai kera lafiyar mutum da samfuran bin diddigin GPS. Microsoft Mobile - sake sunan sabuwar na'urar Nokia da Sabis na Sabis bayan Microsoft ta saya HMD Global-ci gaban Microsoft na na'urorin Nokia na tushen Android == Manazarta == <references group="lower-alpha" /> fhruh4n7xnpgpbcrx18ixsyvyxpns79 0 32443 883580 471499 2026-07-15T17:08:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 883580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Eupen-cologne 3.jpg|thumb]] '''Abdul Fatawu Issahaku,''' (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Maris 2004) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]], wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na [[Sporting CP]] U-23, kuma ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana.<ref>[[Ghana]] Football Awards: Full list of winners-MyJoyOnline.com" www.myjoyonline.com Retrieved 17 July 2021</ref> Kafar yada labarai ta Biritaniya ta bayyana Issahaku, The Guardian a matsayin wanda za a iya cewa shi ne mafi girman al'amuran Afirka na zamaninsa kuma an sanya sunansa a cikin "Masu Gabatarwa 2021 na gaba."<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] é Leão". www.sporting.pt (in European Portuguese). 6 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022</ref> == Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya == === Steadfast === A cikin 2019, yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, Issahaku ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob na [[Tamale]] Steadfast FC, a cikin Zone One of the Division One League, na Ghana na biyu. A lokacin wasansa na farko, nan da nan ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin hazikan 'yan wasa a gasar, inda ya zira kwallaye takwas tare da taimakawa biyar a wasanni 13 kafin a dakatar da gasar saboda [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|cutar ta COVID-19]].<ref>Abayomi, Tosin (15 September 2018). "Golden Eaglets beat Ghana 3-1 on penalties in final". Pulse [[Nigeria]]. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</ref> A kakar wasansa ta biyu, ya zura kwallaye 12 sannan ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye 12 a wasanni 14 da ya buga a gasar liga sannan kuma ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa 8. A cikin 2021, bayan gasar cin kofin Afirka na U-20, Fatawu yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Turai da yawa, kasancewar wasu daga cikinsu [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], Bayer 04 Lervekusen, da Sporting CP. A cikin Oktoba 2021, Issahaku ya shiga Dreams akan lamuni har zuwa 2022. A cikin wannan watan, an saka shi a cikin "Masu zuwa 2021" na The Guardian, kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun fata na Afirka na zamaninsa."<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] starts against Zimbabwe". www.[[ghana]]fa.org. [[Ghana]] Football Association. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021</ref> === Sporting CP === A cikin watan Afrilu 2022, Sporting CP ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da sakin Yuro miliyan 60. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshe ga jita-jita game da komawa Sporting CP a matsayin aro daga Liverpool da sauran jita-jita na canja wurin.<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] starts against [[Zimbabwe]]" . www.ghanafa.org . Ghana Football Association. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021</ref> Kafin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a hukumance Issahaku ya kasance a kungiyar tun watan Fabrairu kuma yana atisaye da kungiyar U-23. Da yake shi ɗan wasa ne wanda bai kai shekaru ba a lokacin, kuma tare da ci gaba da kakar wasa ta gaba, ba za a iya yi masa rajista da ƙungiyar farko ba har sai kakar 2022-23, sannan, ya fara horo tare da ƙungiyar B har sai ya kasance don yin wasa. ga ƙwararrun ƙungiyar.<ref>Prodígio ganês contratado pelo Sporting já trabalha na Academia" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2022</ref> == Ayyukan kasa == === Kungiyar matasa === A cikin shekarar 2018, Issahaku yana cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na Ghana, wanda Karim Zito ke jagoranta. Tawagar ta samu nasarar kai wa zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin kasashen U-17 na WAFU na 2018. Sai dai sun sha kashi a wasan karshe a hannun abokiyar hamayyarta Najeriya da ci 3-1 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 bayan da aka tashi wasan, inda Isshaku ya barar da bugun fanareti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Issahaku ya wakilci Ghana kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2020, inda ya taka leda a lokacin wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na U-17 na 2021. A gasar ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da Ghana ta buga 1-1 da Najeriya. An fitar da Ghana daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Ivory Coast da ci 3-1. Issahaku ne ya taimaka wa Ghana a wasan. A shekara mai zuwa, saboda rawar da ya taka, an kara masa girma zuwa cikin 'yan wasan 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 yana da shekaru 16, duk da cewa ya kasance mafi karancin shekaru fiye da yawancin abokan wasansa. Daga baya aka zabe shi don shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika U-20 na 2021. A lokacin gasar, ya buga dukkan wasannin ''Black Satellites'', inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a matakin rukuni wanda ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta lashe kambu a karo na hudu a tarihinta. A wannan lokacin, an kuma yanke masa hukunci a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan gasar. === Babban tawagar === A cikin watan Maris 2021, bayan cin nasararsa tare da ƙungiyar U-20, CK Akonnor ya ba shi kiran farko zuwa babban ƙungiyar, yayin da ''Black Stars'' ta kalubalanci Afirka ta Kudu da São Tomé da Principe a wasanni biyu na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. na Kasashe. An yi masa kiran ne tare da Philomon Baffour da Ibrahim Danlad, dukkansu abokan wasansa na U-20 AFCON. Ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karawar da suka yi da Uzbekistan lokacin da Black Stars'B Team ta buga wasan da Uzbekistan a filin wasa na Markaziy . Duk da cewa wasan ya kare da ci 2–1 a Uzbekistan, Fatawu ya samu yabo sosai saboda kwazonsa. A cikin watan Satumba 2021, Fatawu ya fara buga wa Black Stars nasara a kan Zimbabwe da ci 3-1 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 2022. Fatawu ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 28 da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021. Shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a tawagar Ghana kuma shi ne matashi na hudu a gasar. == Girmamawa == '''Ghana U-17''' * WAFU U-17 Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2018 '''Ghana U-20''' * Gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika ta U-20 : 2021 '''Mutum''' * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka U-20: 2021 * Mafi kyawun Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na U-20: 2021 <ref name=":2" /> * Odartey Lamptey Kyautar Tauraruwar Future : 2021 * Gwarzon dan wasan Premier na Ghana na watan: Nuwamba 2021 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Abdul Fatawu Issahaku at Global Sports Archive * {{Soccerway|id=690318}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2004]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fxj65mj3p6ptn6xc0r2k2knyp9zukg2 883581 883580 2026-07-15T17:08:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 883581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Eupen-cologne 3.jpg|thumb]] '''Abdul Fatawu Issahaku,''' (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Maris 2004) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]], wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na [[Sporting CP]] U-23, kuma ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana.<ref>[[Ghana]] Football Awards: Full list of winners-MyJoyOnline.com" www.myjoyonline.com Retrieved 17 July 2021</ref> Kafar yada labarai ta Biritaniya ta bayyana Issahaku, The Guardian a matsayin wanda za a iya cewa shi ne mafi girman al'amuran Afirka na zamaninsa kuma an sanya sunansa a cikin "Masu Gabatarwa 2021 na gaba."<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] é Leão". www.sporting.pt (in European Portuguese). 6 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022</ref> == Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya == === Steadfast === A cikin 2019, yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, Issahaku ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob na [[Tamale]] Steadfast FC, a cikin Zone One of the Division One League, na Ghana na biyu. A lokacin wasansa na farko, nan da nan ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin hazikan 'yan wasa a gasar, inda ya zira kwallaye takwas tare da taimakawa biyar a wasanni 13 kafin a dakatar da gasar saboda [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|cutar ta COVID-19]].<ref>Abayomi, Tosin (15 September 2018). "Golden Eaglets beat Ghana 3-1 on penalties in final". Pulse [[Nigeria]]. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</ref> A kakar wasansa ta biyu, ya zura kwallaye 12 sannan ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye 12 a wasanni 14 da ya buga a gasar liga sannan kuma ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa 8. A cikin 2021, bayan gasar cin kofin Afirka na U-20, Fatawu yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Turai da yawa, kasancewar wasu daga cikinsu [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], Bayer 04 Lervekusen, da Sporting CP. A cikin Oktoba 2021, Issahaku ya shiga Dreams akan lamuni har zuwa 2022. A cikin wannan watan, an saka shi a cikin "Masu zuwa 2021" na The Guardian, kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun fata na Afirka na zamaninsa."<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] starts against Zimbabwe". www.[[ghana]]fa.org. [[Ghana]] Football Association. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021</ref> === Sporting CP === A cikin watan Afrilu 2022, Sporting CP ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da sakin Yuro miliyan 60. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshe ga jita-jita game da komawa Sporting CP a matsayin aro daga Liverpool da sauran jita-jita na canja wurin.<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] starts against [[Zimbabwe]]" . www.ghanafa.org . Ghana Football Association. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021</ref> Kafin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a hukumance Issahaku ya kasance a kungiyar tun watan Fabrairu kuma yana atisaye da kungiyar U-23. Da yake shi ɗan wasa ne wanda bai kai shekaru ba a lokacin, kuma tare da ci gaba da kakar wasa ta gaba, ba za a iya yi masa rajista da ƙungiyar farko ba har sai kakar 2022-23, sannan, ya fara horo tare da ƙungiyar B har sai ya kasance don yin wasa. ga ƙwararrun ƙungiyar.<ref>Prodígio ganês contratado pelo Sporting já trabalha na Academia" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2022</ref> == Ayyukan kasa == === Kungiyar matasa === A cikin shekarar 2018, Issahaku yana cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na Ghana, wanda Karim Zito ke jagoranta. Tawagar ta samu nasarar kai wa zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin kasashen U-17 na WAFU na 2018. Sai dai sun sha kashi a wasan karshe a hannun abokiyar hamayyarta Najeriya da ci 3-1 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 bayan da aka tashi wasan, inda Isshaku ya barar da bugun fanareti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Issahaku ya wakilci Ghana kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2020, inda ya taka leda a lokacin wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na U-17 na 2021. A gasar ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da Ghana ta buga 1-1 da Najeriya. An fitar da Ghana daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Ivory Coast da ci 3-1. Issahaku ne ya taimaka wa Ghana a wasan. A shekara mai zuwa, saboda rawar da ya taka, an kara masa girma zuwa cikin 'yan wasan 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 yana da shekaru 16, duk da cewa ya kasance mafi karancin shekaru fiye da yawancin abokan wasansa. Daga baya aka zabe shi don shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika U-20 na 2021. A lokacin gasar, ya buga dukkan wasannin ''Black Satellites'', inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a matakin rukuni wanda ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta lashe kambu a karo na hudu a tarihinta. A wannan lokacin, an kuma yanke masa hukunci a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan gasar. === Babban tawagar === A cikin watan Maris 2021, bayan cin nasararsa tare da ƙungiyar U-20, CK Akonnor ya ba shi kiran farko zuwa babban ƙungiyar, yayin da ''Black Stars'' ta kalubalanci Afirka ta Kudu da São Tomé da Principe a wasanni biyu na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. na Kasashe. An yi masa kiran ne tare da Philomon Baffour da Ibrahim Danlad, dukkansu abokan wasansa na U-20 AFCON. Ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karawar da suka yi da Uzbekistan lokacin da Black Stars'B Team ta buga wasan da Uzbekistan a filin wasa na Markaziy . Duk da cewa wasan ya kare da ci 2–1 a Uzbekistan, Fatawu ya samu yabo sosai saboda kwazonsa. A cikin watan Satumba 2021, Fatawu ya fara buga wa Black Stars nasara a kan Zimbabwe da ci 3-1 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 2022. Fatawu ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 28 da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021. Shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a tawagar Ghana kuma shi ne matashi na hudu a gasar. == Girmamawa == '''Ghana U-17''' * WAFU U-17 Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2018 '''Ghana U-20''' * Gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika ta U-20 : 2021 '''Mutum''' * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka U-20: 2021 * Mafi kyawun Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na U-20: 2021 <ref name=":2" /> * Odartey Lamptey Kyautar Tauraruwar Future : 2021 * Gwarzon dan wasan Premier na Ghana na watan: Nuwamba 2021 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Abdul Fatawu Issahaku at Global Sports Archive * {{Soccerway|id=690318}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2004]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 012aa73ff0x84s09ncglbx6t3lkqm18 883582 883581 2026-07-15T17:09:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 883582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Eupen-cologne 3.jpg|thumb]] '''Abdul Fatawu Issahaku,''' (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Maris 2004) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]], wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na [[Sporting CP]] U-23, kuma ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Ghana]].<ref>[[Ghana]] Football Awards: Full list of winners-MyJoyOnline.com" www.myjoyonline.com Retrieved 17 July 2021</ref> Kafar yada labarai ta Biritaniya ta bayyana Issahaku, The Guardian a matsayin wanda za a iya cewa shi ne mafi girman al'amuran Afirka na zamaninsa kuma an sanya sunansa a cikin "Masu Gabatarwa 2021 na gaba."<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] é Leão". www.sporting.pt (in European Portuguese). 6 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022</ref> == Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya == === Steadfast === A cikin 2019, yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, Issahaku ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob na [[Tamale]] Steadfast FC, a cikin Zone One of the Division One League, na Ghana na biyu. A lokacin wasansa na farko, nan da nan ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin hazikan 'yan wasa a gasar, inda ya zira kwallaye takwas tare da taimakawa biyar a wasanni 13 kafin a dakatar da gasar saboda [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|cutar ta COVID-19]].<ref>Abayomi, Tosin (15 September 2018). "Golden Eaglets beat Ghana 3-1 on penalties in final". Pulse [[Nigeria]]. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</ref> A kakar wasansa ta biyu, ya zura kwallaye 12 sannan ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye 12 a wasanni 14 da ya buga a gasar liga sannan kuma ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa 8. A cikin 2021, bayan gasar cin kofin Afirka na U-20, Fatawu yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Turai da yawa, kasancewar wasu daga cikinsu [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], Bayer 04 Lervekusen, da Sporting CP. A cikin Oktoba 2021, Issahaku ya shiga Dreams akan lamuni har zuwa 2022. A cikin wannan watan, an saka shi a cikin "Masu zuwa 2021" na The Guardian, kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun fata na Afirka na zamaninsa."<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] starts against Zimbabwe". www.[[ghana]]fa.org. [[Ghana]] Football Association. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021</ref> === Sporting CP === A cikin watan Afrilu 2022, Sporting CP ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da sakin Yuro miliyan 60. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshe ga jita-jita game da komawa Sporting CP a matsayin aro daga Liverpool da sauran jita-jita na canja wurin.<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] starts against [[Zimbabwe]]" . www.ghanafa.org . Ghana Football Association. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021</ref> Kafin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a hukumance Issahaku ya kasance a kungiyar tun watan Fabrairu kuma yana atisaye da kungiyar U-23. Da yake shi ɗan wasa ne wanda bai kai shekaru ba a lokacin, kuma tare da ci gaba da kakar wasa ta gaba, ba za a iya yi masa rajista da ƙungiyar farko ba har sai kakar 2022-23, sannan, ya fara horo tare da ƙungiyar B har sai ya kasance don yin wasa. ga ƙwararrun ƙungiyar.<ref>Prodígio ganês contratado pelo Sporting já trabalha na Academia" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2022</ref> == Ayyukan kasa == === Kungiyar matasa === A cikin shekarar 2018, Issahaku yana cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na Ghana, wanda Karim Zito ke jagoranta. Tawagar ta samu nasarar kai wa zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin kasashen U-17 na WAFU na 2018. Sai dai sun sha kashi a wasan karshe a hannun abokiyar hamayyarta Najeriya da ci 3-1 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 bayan da aka tashi wasan, inda Isshaku ya barar da bugun fanareti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Issahaku ya wakilci Ghana kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2020, inda ya taka leda a lokacin wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na U-17 na 2021. A gasar ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da Ghana ta buga 1-1 da Najeriya. An fitar da Ghana daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Ivory Coast da ci 3-1. Issahaku ne ya taimaka wa Ghana a wasan. A shekara mai zuwa, saboda rawar da ya taka, an kara masa girma zuwa cikin 'yan wasan 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 yana da shekaru 16, duk da cewa ya kasance mafi karancin shekaru fiye da yawancin abokan wasansa. Daga baya aka zabe shi don shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika U-20 na 2021. A lokacin gasar, ya buga dukkan wasannin ''Black Satellites'', inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a matakin rukuni wanda ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta lashe kambu a karo na hudu a tarihinta. A wannan lokacin, an kuma yanke masa hukunci a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan gasar. === Babban tawagar === A cikin watan Maris 2021, bayan cin nasararsa tare da ƙungiyar U-20, CK Akonnor ya ba shi kiran farko zuwa babban ƙungiyar, yayin da ''Black Stars'' ta kalubalanci Afirka ta Kudu da São Tomé da Principe a wasanni biyu na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. na Kasashe. An yi masa kiran ne tare da Philomon Baffour da Ibrahim Danlad, dukkansu abokan wasansa na U-20 AFCON. Ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karawar da suka yi da Uzbekistan lokacin da Black Stars'B Team ta buga wasan da Uzbekistan a filin wasa na Markaziy . Duk da cewa wasan ya kare da ci 2–1 a Uzbekistan, Fatawu ya samu yabo sosai saboda kwazonsa. A cikin watan Satumba 2021, Fatawu ya fara buga wa Black Stars nasara a kan Zimbabwe da ci 3-1 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 2022. Fatawu ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 28 da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021. Shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a tawagar Ghana kuma shi ne matashi na hudu a gasar. == Girmamawa == '''Ghana U-17''' * WAFU U-17 Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2018 '''Ghana U-20''' * Gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika ta U-20 : 2021 '''Mutum''' * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka U-20: 2021 * Mafi kyawun Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na U-20: 2021 <ref name=":2" /> * Odartey Lamptey Kyautar Tauraruwar Future : 2021 * Gwarzon dan wasan Premier na Ghana na watan: Nuwamba 2021 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Abdul Fatawu Issahaku at Global Sports Archive * {{Soccerway|id=690318}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2004]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 06utvzciafz9dg1amolv9qillfhnluo 883583 883582 2026-07-15T17:09:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 883583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Eupen-cologne 3.jpg|thumb]] '''Abdul Fatawu Issahaku,''' (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Maris 2004) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]], wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na [[Sporting CP]] U-23, kuma ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Ghana]].<ref>[[Ghana]] Football Awards: Full list of winners-MyJoyOnline.com" www.myjoyonline.com Retrieved 17 July 2021</ref> Kafar yada labarai ta Biritaniya ta bayyana Issahaku, The Guardian a matsayin wanda za a iya cewa shi ne mafi girman al'amuran Afirka na zamaninsa kuma an sanya sunansa a cikin "Masu Gabatarwa 2021 na gaba."<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] é Leão". www.sporting.pt (in European Portuguese). 6 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022</ref> == Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya == === Steadfast === A cikin 2019, yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, Issahaku ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob na [[Tamale]] Steadfast FC, a cikin Zone One of the Division One League, na Ghana na biyu. A lokacin wasansa na farko, nan da nan ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin hazikan 'yan wasa a gasar, inda ya zira kwallaye takwas tare da taimakawa biyar a wasanni 13 kafin a dakatar da gasar saboda [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|cutar ta COVID-19]].<ref>Abayomi, Tosin (15 September 2018). "Golden Eaglets beat Ghana 3-1 on penalties in final". Pulse [[Nigeria]]. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</ref> A kakar wasansa ta biyu, ya zura kwallaye 12 sannan ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye 12 a wasanni 14 da ya buga a gasar liga sannan kuma ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa 8. A cikin 2021, bayan gasar cin kofin Afirka na U-20, Fatawu yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Turai da yawa, kasancewar wasu daga cikinsu [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], Bayer 04 Lervekusen, da Sporting CP. A cikin Oktoba 2021, Issahaku ya shiga Dreams akan lamuni har zuwa 2022. A cikin wannan watan, an saka shi a cikin "Masu zuwa 2021" na The Guardian, kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun fata na Afirka na zamaninsa."<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] starts against Zimbabwe". www.[[ghana]]fa.org. [[Ghana]] Football Association. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021</ref> === Sporting CP === A cikin watan Afrilu 2022, Sporting CP ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da sakin Yuro miliyan 60. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshe ga jita-jita game da komawa Sporting CP a matsayin aro daga Liverpool da sauran jita-jita na canja wurin.<ref>[[Abdul Fatawu Issahaku]] starts against [[Zimbabwe]]" . www.ghanafa.org . Ghana Football Association. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021</ref> Kafin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a hukumance Issahaku ya kasance a kungiyar tun watan Fabrairu kuma yana atisaye da kungiyar U-23. Da yake shi ɗan wasa ne wanda bai kai shekaru ba a lokacin, kuma tare da ci gaba da kakar wasa ta gaba, ba za a iya yi masa rajista da ƙungiyar farko ba har sai kakar 2022-23, sannan, ya fara horo tare da ƙungiyar B har sai ya kasance don yin wasa. ga ƙwararrun ƙungiyar.<ref>Prodígio ganês contratado pelo Sporting já trabalha na Academia" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2022</ref> == Ayyukan kasa == === Kungiyar matasa === A cikin shekarar 2018, Issahaku yana cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na Ghana, wanda Karim Zito ke jagoranta. Tawagar ta samu nasarar kai wa zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin kasashen U-17 na WAFU na 2018. Sai dai sun sha kashi a wasan karshe a hannun abokiyar hamayyarta Najeriya da ci 3-1 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 bayan da aka tashi wasan, inda Isshaku ya barar da bugun fanareti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Issahaku ya wakilci Ghana kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2020, inda ya taka leda a lokacin wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na U-17 na 2021. A gasar ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da Ghana ta buga 1-1 da Najeriya. An fitar da Ghana daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Ivory Coast da ci 3-1. Issahaku ne ya taimaka wa Ghana a wasan. A shekara mai zuwa, saboda rawar da ya taka, an kara masa girma zuwa cikin 'yan wasan 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 yana da shekaru 16, duk da cewa ya kasance mafi karancin shekaru fiye da yawancin abokan wasansa. Daga baya aka zabe shi don shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika U-20 na 2021. A lokacin gasar, ya buga dukkan wasannin ''Black Satellites'', inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a matakin rukuni wanda ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta lashe kambu a karo na hudu a tarihinta. A wannan lokacin, an kuma yanke masa hukunci a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan gasar. === Babban tawagar === A cikin watan Maris 2021, bayan cin nasararsa tare da ƙungiyar U-20, CK Akonnor ya ba shi kiran farko zuwa babban ƙungiyar, yayin da ''Black Stars'' ta kalubalanci Afirka ta Kudu da São Tomé da Principe a wasanni biyu na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. na Kasashe. An yi masa kiran ne tare da Philomon Baffour da Ibrahim Danlad, dukkansu abokan wasansa na U-20 AFCON. Ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karawar da suka yi da Uzbekistan lokacin da Black Stars'B Team ta buga wasan da Uzbekistan a filin wasa na Markaziy . Duk da cewa wasan ya kare da ci 2–1 a Uzbekistan, Fatawu ya samu yabo sosai saboda kwazonsa. A cikin watan Satumba 2021, Fatawu ya fara buga wa Black Stars nasara a kan Zimbabwe da ci 3-1 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 2022. Fatawu ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 28 da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2021. Shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a tawagar Ghana kuma shi ne matashi na hudu a gasar. == Girmamawa == '''Ghana U-17''' * WAFU U-17 Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya : 2018 '''Ghana U-20''' * Gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika ta U-20 : 2021 '''Mutum''' * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka U-20: 2021 * Mafi kyawun Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na U-20: 2021 <ref name=":2" /> * Odartey Lamptey Kyautar Tauraruwar Future : 2021 * Gwarzon dan wasan Premier na Ghana na watan: Nuwamba 2021 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Abdul Fatawu Issahaku at Global Sports Archive * {{Soccerway|id=690318}} [[Category:Haifaffun 2004]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] csa7ngiofx0p7nymxc7wdfgp91wii21 0 32842 883609 329961 2026-07-15T17:19:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 883609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bandile Shandu''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu 1995) ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kulob din Orlando Pirates na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. <ref>{{Soccerway|bandile-shandu/280189}}</ref> == Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya == An haife shi a Pietermaritzburg.<ref>Hadebe, Sazi (12 December 2019). "Shandu lookingnforward to lifting cup with United". The Sowetan. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</ref> An fara kiran shi zuwa tawagar ranar wasa a Maritzburg United a watan Disamba 2012 yana da shekaru 17 a lokacin da yake halartar Kwalejin Maritzburg.<ref>Peters, Carl (13 February 2013). "Rosslee still waiting for a victory". Daily News. Retrieved 4 October 2020–via pressreader.com.</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da AmaZulu a watan Fabrairun 2013.<ref>Burnard, Lloyd (9 May 2014). "United's Shandu called for SA U20s". The Witness. Retrieved 4 October 2020 – via pressreader.com.</ref> Ya bar kungiyar a karshen kwantiraginsa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/maritzburg-united-confirm-bandile-shandus-departure |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225050420/https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/maritzburg-united-confirm-bandile-shandus-departure |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin watan Yulin 2021, Shandu ya shiga kulob ɗin Orlando Pirates akan kwangilar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/shandu-i-always-strive-to-work-hard |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225031633/https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/shandu-i-always-strive-to-work-hard |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya wakilci Afrika ta Kudu a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20.<ref>SA U20 through to third round of qualifiers". SAFA.net. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] od3wgcd5ktszrxufg0dd13ge15fp1wq 883610 883609 2026-07-15T17:19:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 883610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bandile Shandu''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu 1995) ya kasance ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kulob din Orlando Pirates na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. <ref>{{Soccerway|bandile-shandu/280189}}</ref> == Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya == An haife shi a Pietermaritzburg.<ref>Hadebe, Sazi (12 December 2019). "Shandu lookingnforward to lifting cup with United". The Sowetan. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</ref> An fara kiran shi zuwa tawagar ranar wasa a Maritzburg United a watan Disamba 2012 yana da shekaru 17 a lokacin da yake halartar Kwalejin Maritzburg.<ref>Peters, Carl (13 February 2013). "Rosslee still waiting for a victory". Daily News. Retrieved 4 October 2020–via pressreader.com.</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da AmaZulu a watan Fabrairun 2013.<ref>Burnard, Lloyd (9 May 2014). "United's Shandu called for SA U20s". The Witness. Retrieved 4 October 2020 – via pressreader.com.</ref> Ya bar kungiyar a karshen kwantiraginsa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/maritzburg-united-confirm-bandile-shandus-departure |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225050420/https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/maritzburg-united-confirm-bandile-shandus-departure |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin watan Yulin 2021, Shandu ya shiga kulob ɗin Orlando Pirates akan kwangilar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/shandu-i-always-strive-to-work-hard |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225031633/https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/shandu-i-always-strive-to-work-hard |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya wakilci Afrika ta Kudu a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20.<ref>SA U20 through to third round of qualifiers". SAFA.net. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] dngcb35v5cxrh27urw6f4zijegseqy5 883612 883610 2026-07-15T17:19:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 883612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bandile Shandu''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu 1995) ya kasance ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kulob din Orlando Pirates na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Soccerway|bandile-shandu/280189}}</ref> == Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya == An haife shi a Pietermaritzburg.<ref>Hadebe, Sazi (12 December 2019). "Shandu lookingnforward to lifting cup with United". The Sowetan. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</ref> An fara kiran shi zuwa tawagar ranar wasa a Maritzburg United a watan Disamba 2012 yana da shekaru 17 a lokacin da yake halartar Kwalejin Maritzburg.<ref>Peters, Carl (13 February 2013). "Rosslee still waiting for a victory". Daily News. Retrieved 4 October 2020–via pressreader.com.</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da AmaZulu a watan Fabrairun 2013.<ref>Burnard, Lloyd (9 May 2014). "United's Shandu called for SA U20s". The Witness. Retrieved 4 October 2020 – via pressreader.com.</ref> Ya bar kungiyar a karshen kwantiraginsa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/maritzburg-united-confirm-bandile-shandus-departure |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225050420/https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/maritzburg-united-confirm-bandile-shandus-departure |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin watan Yulin 2021, Shandu ya shiga kulob ɗin Orlando Pirates akan kwangilar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/shandu-i-always-strive-to-work-hard |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225031633/https://global.fourfourtwo.com/en-za/news/shandu-i-always-strive-to-work-hard |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya wakilci Afrika ta Kudu a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20.<ref>SA U20 through to third round of qualifiers". SAFA.net. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] jkizq1xlrq7pxw2i0xtkyidqjpj6i1d 0 39757 883551 867143 2026-07-15T16:44:14Z Kaddi123 38060 883551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ummarun Kwabo''' an haifi shi a ranar 10 ga Maris shekarata 1954 Jihar Sokoto, Yana zaune a unguwar follow club dake cikin birni sokoto,Yana da Yara da jikoki dada ma [[File:Ummarun kwabo.ogg|thumb|Yadda ake furta Ummarun kwabo]]ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan agaji kuma ɗan kasuwa . Kuma shugaban STCC Group na kamfanoni tare da kamfanoni fiye da 10 sun shiga cikin Ginin, sufuri, mai da iskar gas, Real Estate, Pharmaceutical, Construction and General contractors<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/03/28/sokoto-state-apc-chieftains-arrested</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/rejoinder-on-meeting-of-pdp-bigwigs-with-senator-gobir-uncovered/</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202008120049.html</ref><ref>http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5158.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://pointblanknews.com/Articles/artopn3451.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725213348/http://pointblanknews.com/Articles/artopn3451.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/campaign-daniya-cautions-politicians-against-harassment-intimidation-of-opponents/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalpatriotnews.com/political-thuggery-sokoto-deputy-governor-spits-fire/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-23 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725214851/https://globalpatriotnews.com/political-thuggery-sokoto-deputy-governor-spits-fire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [ Jarma ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Peace Achievers International Award<ref>https://peaceachieversawards.com/2020/11/21/alh-dr-ummarun-kwabo-aa-jarman-sokoto-to-receive-peace-achievers-international-award/</ref><ref>https://www.xtra.net/news/nigeria/governor-sule-agf-malami-bags-peace-achievers-international-awards-330304{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Siyasa== Kwabo ya kasance mai muhimmanci a siyasar Sokoto shekaru da dama. Ya goyi bayan Attahiru Bafarawa da Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Jama'a (DPP) a zabukan 2007,wanda aka yi suka sosai kan rashin bin ka'ida.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummarun_Kwabo#cite_note-ThisDay2007-5</ref> Daga baya ya shiga Majalisar All Progressives Congress (APC), kafin ya koma jam'iyyar People PDP tare da magoya bayansa a shekarar 2023, yana mai nuni da rashin gamsuwa da APC. ==Marayu== Bayan [[Boko Haram]] sun kuma ruguza Maiduguri, yara da yawa sun zama marayu suna yawo akan titi. A shekararI 2018, Jarma ya kirkiri gidan marayu mai suna UK Jarma Academy a [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sokoto]] inda kwabo ya sadaukar da gidan shi a Abuja wanda yayi rancen kudi naira miliyan sittin a shekara a gidan marayun sannan ya ƙara da niyyar sa na karo marayu 200 daga [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], da [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] haɗi da kananonin hukumomi 23 na [[Sokoto (birni)|sokoto]] don karatun su daga Firamare har zuwa Jami'ah inda ya bayyana a hirar da akayi da shi a Muryar Amurka sashin Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nnn.ng/orphanages-in-north-east-seek-support-as-cultural-religious-factors-hamper-domestication-of-child-rights-act/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-23 |archive-date=2021-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213071843/https://nnn.ng/orphanages-in-north-east-seek-support-as-cultural-religious-factors-hamper-domestication-of-child-rights-act/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://mmawt.org/2018/03/10/wife-sokoto-state-governor-visits-orphans-adopted-idp-camps-sokoto-state-elder-statesman-philanthropist-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318014141/http://mmawt.org/2018/03/10/wife-sokoto-state-governor-visits-orphans-adopted-idp-camps-sokoto-state-elder-statesman-philanthropist-2/ |date=2018-03-18 }}</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=367000117227975&story_fbid=705473426713974</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/280971-eid-el-kabir-sokoto-govt-sultan-donate-cows-to-idps-camp.html?tztc=1</ref> A shekarar 2017 ya dauki nauyin daurin auren ma'aurata 100 da ba za su iya yin aure a jihar Sokoto ba.<ref>https://punchng.com/sokoto-philanthropist-to-sponsor-wedding-of-100-couples/</ref><ref>https://dailynigerian.com/hausa/ummarun-kwabo-aa-jarman-sakkwato-zai-aurar-da-samari-100-jihar-sakkwato-fit/</ref><ref>https://www.xtra.net/news/nigeria/philanthropist-sponsor-wedding-100-couples-sokoto-53903{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sarautar Gargajiya== Kwabo yana rike da sarautar Jarman Sokoto,daya daga cikin muhimman sarautun gargajiya a Masarautar Sakkwato, wanda ke da alaka da tsarin jagoranci na gargajiya da na siyasa.wannan sarauta sarkin margayi macido ya nada shi a lokaci Mulki a tsohon gwana sokoto Attahiru Dalhatu bafarawa.2023 umarum kwabo ya chanja sheka daga jamiyar PDP zuwa jamiyar Apc tare da dinbin magoyon bayan sa,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummarun_Kwabo#cite_note-DailyTrust2019-3</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar sokoto]] asiu85c4a6x9sgzzk4upsfuvnyh1kal 0 40705 883813 661685 2026-07-16T04:07:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Interior of St Andrew's Catholic Church in Roanoke, Virginia.jpg|thumb|Cocin katolika]] [[Fayil:Saint Patrick Catholic Church (Junction City, Ohio) - stained glass, Saint Patrick - detail.jpg|thumb|saint patric catholic]]  {{Databox}} '''Cocin Katolika''', wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Cocin Roman Katolika''', ita ce cocin Kirista mafi girma, tana da mabiya 1.3biliyan Katolika masu baftisma a duk duniya {{As of|2019}}. Tana daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi girma a cibiyoyi na duniya, kuma ta taka rawar gani a tarihi da ci gaban wayewar Yammacin Turai. <ref>Mark A. Noll. ''The New Shape of World Christianity'' (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2009), 191.</ref> <ref name="O'CollinsPref">[[Gerald O'Collins|O'Collins]], p. v (preface).</ref> Cocin ta kunshi majami'u 24 <nowiki><i id="mwOQ">sui iuris</i></nowiki>, ciki har da Cocin Latin da Cocin Katolika na Gabas 23, wadanda suka kunshi kusan 3,500 dioceses da eparchies a fadin duniya. Paparoma, wanda shi ne bishop na Roma, shi ne babban fasto na coci. Bishop na Roma, wanda aka sani da Holy See, shine babba mai ikon mulkin cocin. Kungiyar gudanarwa ta Holy See, Roman Curia, tana da manyan ofisoshi a cikin [[Vatican|Vatican City]], wani karamin yanki na birnin [[Rum|Roma]] na Italiya, wanda Paparoma shine [[Shugaban kasa|shugabanta]]. Ana samun ainihin gaskatawa a '''Katolika''' a cikin Nicene Creed. Cocin Katolika na koyar da cewa ita ce daya, mai tsarki, Katolika da Ikilisiyar Apostolic da Yesu Kristi ya kafa a cikin Babban Hukumarsa, {{Sfn|Bokenkotter|2004}} cewa bishops su ne magadan manzannin Kristi, kuma cewa Paparoma ne. magajin Saint Peter, wanda Yesu Almasihu ya ba da fifiko a kansa. <ref>Holy Bible: Matthew {{Bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:19|ESV}}</ref> Yana kiyaye cewa yana aiwatar da ainihin bangaskiyar Kiristanci da manzanni suka koyar, yana kiyaye bangaskiyar ta hanyar nassi da al'ada mai tsarki kamar yadda aka fassara ta wurin majistar cocin. Rikicin Roman da sauran Cocin Latin, Liturgies na Katolika na Gabas, da cibiyoyi irin su mendicant orders, enclosed monastic oders da ke rufe da third oders suna nuna fifikon tauhidi da ruhaniya iri-iri a cikin cocin. <ref name="Gunton2">Colin Gunton. "Christianity among the Religions in the Encyclopedia of Religion", Religious Studies, Vol. 24, number 1, page 14. In a review of an article from the Encyclopedia of Religion, Gunton writes: "[T]he article [on Catholicism in the encyclopedia] rightly suggests caution, suggesting at the outset that Roman Catholicism is marked by several different doctrinal, theological and liturgical emphases."</ref> [[File:Băile Herculane, katolika preĝejo, 1.jpeg|thumb|Cocin katolika kenan]] Daga cikin sacraments guda bakwai, Eucharist shine babba, wanda aka yi bikin liturgically a cikin Mass. Ikilisiya tana koyar da cewa ta wurin kebewa ta wurin firist, gurasar hadaya da ruwan inabi ta zama jiki da jinin Kristi. Ana girmama [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu]] a matsayin Budurwa Madawwamiya, mahaifiyar Yesu Almasihu, da Sarauniyar aljanna; tana da daraja a akida da ibada. {{Refn|{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/mary/general-information/the-four-marian-dogmas/|publisher=Catholic News Agency|title=The Four Marian Dogmas|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320070206/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/mary/general-information/the-four-marian-dogmas|url-status=dead}}|}} Koyarwar zamantakewa ta Katolika ta jaddada goyon bayan son rai ga marasa lafiya, matalauta, da wadanda ke fama da su ta wurin ayyukan jinkai da na ruhaniya. Cocin Katolika na gudanar da dubban makarantun Katolika, jami'o'i da kwalejoji, asibitoci, da gidajen marayu a duk fadin duniya, kuma ita ce mafi girma mai ba da ilimi da kiwon lafiya mara gwamnati a duniya. saga cikin sauran ayyukanta na zamantakewa akwai kungiyoyin agaji masu yawa da na jin kai. Cocin Katolika ta yi tasiri sosai a falsafar Yamma, al'adu, fasaha, kida da kimiyya. Katolika suna rayuwa a ko'ina cikin duniya ta hanyar mishan, kaura, da kuma tuba. Tun daga karni na 20, yawancin sun zauna a Kudancin, wani bangare saboda rashin zaman lafiya a Turai da kuma tsanantawa a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]]. Cocin Katolika ta yi tarayya da Cocin Orthodox na Gabas har zuwa Gabas-Yamma Schism a 1054, suna jayayya musamman akan ikon Paparoma. Kafin Majalisar Afisa a AD 431, Ikilisiyar Gabas ita ma ta yi tarayya cikin wannan tarayya, kamar yadda Ikklisiyoyi na Gabas suka yi a gaban Majalisar Chalcedon a AD 451; duk sun rabu da farko akan bambance-bambance a cikin Kiristi. Cocin Katolika na Gabas, wadanda ke da hadin gwiwar membobin kusan miliyan 18, suna wakiltar kungiyar Kiristocin Gabas wadanda suka dawo ko suka kasance cikin hadin gwiwa tare da Paparoma a lokacin ko bin wadannan rikice -rikice don yanayi daban-daban na tarihi. A cikin karni na 16, gyare -gyare ya kai ga [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] kuma ya rabu. Tun daga karshen karni na 20, an soki Cocin Katolika don koyarwarta game da jima'i, koyarwarta game da nada mata, da yadda take tafiyar da lamuran lalata da suka shafi limamai. [[File:Ignatius_of_Antiochie,_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_(17th_c.,_Pushkin_museum).jpg|thumb| Farkon amfani da kalmar "Cocin Katolika" (a zahiri ma'anar "ikilisiya ta duniya") shine mahaifin cocin Saint Ignatius na Antakiya a cikin ''Wasikarsa zuwa ga Smyrnaeans'' ( {{Circa|110}}&nbsp;AD). Ignatius na Antakiya kuma ana danganta shi da farkon rubutaccen amfani da kalmar “Kiristanci” ( {{Lang-el|Χριστιανισμός}}) {{Circa|100}}&nbsp;AD Ya mutu a Roma, tare da kayan tarihinsa dake cikin Basilica na San Clemente al Laterano.]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gvc3kiecqh9fvl549d5eu3dot5s0mxv 0 46561 883654 243052 2026-07-15T17:36:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 883654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} [[File:Chimaobi_Atu.jpg|thumb]] '''Chimaobi Sam Atu''' ɗan siyasar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne kuma mai haɓaka gidaje. A cikin shekarar 2023, an zaɓe shi ɗan [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa]] mai wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya [[Enugu ta Arewa|ta Enugu ta Arewa]]/[[Enugu ta Kudu|Enugu ta kudu]] a ƙarƙashin [[Nigeria Labour Party|jam'iyyar Labour]].<ref>https://www.jungle-journalist.com/hon-mazi-kingsley-uwanuakwa-congratulates-lps-chimaobi-atu-for-clinching-federal-house-of-reps-seat-for-enugu-north-south-constituency/</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/enugu-north-south-lps-chimaobi-atu-defeats-pdp-three-term-reps-member-chukwuegbo/</ref> == Fage == An haifi Chimaobi Sam Atu a garin Umumba Ndiaga Ugwuaji a ƙaramar hukumar Enugu ta kudu a [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] a cikin shekarar 1982. A shekara ta 2006, ya kammala digirinsa na farko a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]].<ref>https://www.bbc.com/igbo/articles/c98ygdw5v8jo</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Chimaobi Atu ya auri Ezinne Maureen Atu == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan Majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Enugu]] a71a36zezpqg7s55jo691v68vo2wwry 883655 883654 2026-07-15T17:37:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 883655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} [[File:Chimaobi_Atu.jpg|thumb]] '''Chimaobi Sam Atu''' ɗan siyasar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne kuma mai haɓaka gidaje. A cikin shekarar 2023, an zaɓe shi ɗan [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa]] mai wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya [[Enugu ta Arewa|ta Enugu ta Arewa]]/[[Enugu ta Kudu|Enugu ta kudu]] a ƙarƙashin [[Nigeria Labour Party|jam'iyyar Labour]].<ref>https://www.jungle-journalist.com/hon-mazi-kingsley-uwanuakwa-congratulates-lps-chimaobi-atu-for-clinching-federal-house-of-reps-seat-for-enugu-north-south-constituency/</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/enugu-north-south-lps-chimaobi-atu-defeats-pdp-three-term-reps-member-chukwuegbo/</ref> == Fage == An haifi Chimaobi Sam Atu a garin Umumba Ndiaga Ugwuaji a ƙaramar hukumar [[Enugu]] ta kudu a [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] a cikin shekarar 1982. A shekara ta 2006, ya kammala digirinsa na farko a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu]].<ref>https://www.bbc.com/igbo/articles/c98ygdw5v8jo</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Chimaobi Atu ya auri Ezinne Maureen Atu == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan Majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Enugu]] oau9qwz2e4n38qn47c46p16gbt57xhy 0 48332 883891 789279 2026-07-16T08:24:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Steenbras Dam catchment map.svg|thumb|taswirar dam in]] '''Dam ɗin Steenbras,''' ("STEE-un bruss"), Wanda yanzu ake kira '''Steenbras Lower Dam''', wani dam ne mai nauyi da ke cikin tsaunin Hottentots-Holland, sama da Gordons Bay, kusa da [[Cape Town]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da suka haɗa da Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape . Birnin Cape Town mallakarsa ne kuma yana hidima ne musamman don samar da ruwa ga wannan birni. Katangar dam tana da {{Convert|28|m}} tsayi da {{Convert|412|m}} dogon; yana ɗaukar tafki na {{Convert|36133|Ml}} sama da fili mai girman {{Convert|380|ha}} idan ya cika.<ref name="DSO">{{Cite web |title = List of Registered Dams |date = November 2019 |publisher = Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation |url = https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date = 12 August 2021 |archive-date = 24 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624181009/https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |url-status = dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1916 an naɗa Hukumar Injiniya don bayar da rahoto game da shirin ƙara ruwa ga birnin Cape Town . Shawarwarinsu shi ne makircin Steenbras wanda zai ƙunshi damshin nauyi da madatsar ruwa a kan kogin Steenbras. Za a haɗa wannan dam ɗin da tafkin Molteno ta hanyar rami a cikin tsaunin Hottentots Holland da bututun ƙarfe mai tsawon kilomita 64. An fara aiki a kan tsarin a cikin shekarar 1918 kuma an kammala shi bayan shekaru uku. Shirin na Steenbras zai iya baiwa Cape Town ruwa har lita miliyan 42 a kowace rana duk da cewa matsakaicin abin da ake amfani da shi yana cikin yanki na lita miliyan 29 a kowace rana. Yawan cin abinci ya ƙaru cikin sauri kuma ba a daɗe ba kafin Cape Town ta sake samun matsalar samar da ruwa. Don warware buƙatar ƙarin kayan ruwa an ɗaga katangar madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras kuma an shimfida ƙarin bututun ruwa a cikin birnin. An kammala wannan aikin a shekarar 1928. Yawancin rabin farkon ƙarni na ashirin shi ne babban tafki na Cape Town amma yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin madatsun ruwa da yawa da ke samar da birnin. An sami yuwuwar haɗarin Steenbras a matsayi babba (3).   [[File:Steenbras_Dam_catchment_map.svg|right|thumb| Taswirar madatsun ruwan Steenbras da yankin kamasu]] Dam ɗin yana kan kogin Steenbras, wanda, tare da yawancin koguna a Yammacin Cape, yana da ƙananan kaya kuma yana ba da ruwa mai inganci. Sunan kogin da dam suna da sunan steenbras, kifin da ya mamaye Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/waterb/waterb_v12_n2_a13.pdf|title = Steenbras Dam – Faithful supplier of water & power}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/civil_engineering/Ninham_Shand_inherits_Stewart's_mantle.pdf|title = Ninham Shand inherits Stewart’s mantle}}</ref> [[File:Pipe Line Bridge across the Lorensford River.jpg|right|thumb| Bututun mai daga Steenbras yana haye kogin Lourensford a Somerset West]] A cikin shekarar 1977 an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras wanda ke ƙara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dams|url = https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx|website = www.capetown.gov.za|access-date = 2015-09-27|archive-date = 2015-09-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150928214954/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx|url-status = dead}}</ref> Birnin Cape Town na binciken ƙarfafawa da kuma ɗaga katangar domin ƙara ƙarfin madatsar ruwan Steenbras. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bem00ng94ugi06eqcbqi69zp1sfkqsb 0 48433 883895 551541 2026-07-16T08:26:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Voëlvlei dam system map.svg|thumb|dam din voelvlei]] '''Dam ɗin Voëlvlei,''' dam ne da ke yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kusa da garin Gouda . Katangar da ke cike da ƙasa ita ce {{Convert|2910|m}} tsayi da {{Convert|10|m}} babba. Tafkin yana da faɗin ƙasa {{Convert|1524|ha}} kuma tana da ƙarfin {{Convert|168000|Ml}}<ref>{{Cite web |title = List of Registered Dams |publisher = Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation |url = https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date = 26 July 2021 |archive-date = 24 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624181009/https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |url-status = dead }}</ref> sanya ta zama tafki mafi girma na biyu a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape . Ana ba da ruwa daga tafkin zuwa ayyukan kula da ruwa na birnin Cape Town da gundumar West Coast Municipality, kuma ana iya fitar da su cikin kogin Berg don ayyukan noma ko don cike [[Misverstand Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Misverstand]] . An gina madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei a cikin shekarar 1952 don faɗaɗa ƙarfin tafkin Voëlvlei wanda ya samo asali a cikin yanayi na damuwa. Saboda tafkin yana da iyakacin wurin magudanar ruwa an kuma gina magudanar ruwan don samar da ruwa ga magudanar ruwa daga wata mashigar Nuwekloof a kan kogin Klein Berg . Don saduwa da ƙarin buƙatun ruwa daga Cape Town an ɗaga bangon madatsar ruwan a cikin shekarar 1969, kuma a cikin shekarar 1971 an gina magudanar ruwa ta biyu don samar da ruwa daga [[Leeu River (Western Cape)|kogin Leeu]] da [[Vier-en-Twintig River|kogin Vier-en-Twintig]], wanda ke zubar da Groot Winterhoek .<ref>{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |page=26 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609094334/https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Voëlvlei_dam_system_map.svg|right|thumb| Taswirar madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei da magudanar ruwa da kogunan da aka haɗa ta]] Tun shekara ta 1734 gonar da madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei ta kasance ta dangin Walters ne, waɗanda suka fito daga Jamus . A cikin shekarar 1948 gwamnati ta ƙwace filaye da gonar don Tsarin Ban ruwa na Kogin Berg. Jihar ta biya diyya ga dangin Walters a cikin adadin £44,000 da kuma Vogelvlei Quarries (Pty) Ltd wanda ya sayi ragowar Voëlvlei a cikin shekarar 1946 a kan £48,000. Iyalan Walters ba su yarda da ƙwacen ba kuma sun ci gaba da daɗe da rigima da gwamnatin kishin ƙasa a lokacin. Bayan Afirka ta Kudu, ta zama ƙasa mai mulkin demokraɗiyya a cikin shekarar 1994 ɗan tsohon mai Voëlvlei ya kafa da'awar filaye a ƙarƙashin Dokar Bayar da Gidaje. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hap4beyxktansqy3qorx8pqovu6wb6n 0 48775 883894 562259 2026-07-16T08:25:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam din Theewaterskloof,''' wani dam ne mai cike da ƙasa [[wanda]] ke kan kogin Sonderend kusa da Villiersdorp, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Gudanarwa yana cikin gundumar Theewaterskloof . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1978 kuma shi ne mafi girman dam a cikin Western Cape Water Supply System tare da damar 480 miliyan cubic mita, game da 41% na ikon ajiyar ruwa samuwa ga [[Cape Town]], wanda ke da sama da mutane miliyan 4. <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] from the [[Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> Dam ɗin dai ya fi yin amfani da ƙananan hukumomi da masana'antu da kuma ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3).<ref name="DSO" /> == Yanayin Dam == [[File:Theewaterskloof_Dam_water_extraction_point.jpg|thumb]] Katangar da ke cike da ƙasa ta Theewaterskloof Dam tana da {{Convert|646|m}} tsayi da {{Convert|35|m}} babba.<ref name="DSO">{{Cite web |title = List of Registered Dams |date = November 2019 |publisher = Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation |url = https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date = 12 August 2021 |archive-date = 24 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624181009/https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |url-status = dead }}</ref> Hasumiya mai shiga da mashigar ruwa ta bango tana ba da damar sakin ruwa a cikin Kogin Sonderend . Titin malalar na iya ɗaukar matsakaicin ambaliyar {{Convert|394|m3/s}} .<ref name="TWW">{{cite journal |first=Lani |last=van Vuuren |title=Blood, sweat and tears at Riviersonderend |date=May 2011 |journal=The Water Wheel |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=22–25 |publisher=Water Research Commission |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/10%20W%20history%20p%2022-25.pdf |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> Hasumiyar shayarwa ta Charmaine tana jawo ruwa daga tafki zuwa cikin Ramin Franschhoek, wanda ke kai shi ƙarƙashin [[Franschhoek Mountains|tsaunin Franschhoek]] zuwa mashigar ruwan Berg kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa cikin ruwan Cape Town. A cikin hunturu rami na iya yin aiki a baya, yana isar da rarar ruwa daga kogin Berg zuwa Theewaterskloof. <ref name="TWW" /> Wani ƙarin hasumiya mai ɗaukar ruwa yana ba da ruwa ga hukumar ban ruwa ta Vyeboom don ban ruwa na wuraren da ke kusa da dam ɗin. == Ƙuntataccen ruwa == [[File:Theewaterskloof_Dam_2018_02_10_(28425520089).jpg|right|thumb| Theewaterskloof a kusan iya aiki 12% akan 10 Fabrairu 2018]] Ruwan sama na ƙasa-matsakaici tun daga 2015 ya ga matakin ruwan Theewaterskloof ya ragu zuwa matakai masu mahimmanci. Birnin Cape Town ne ya sanya takunkumin hana ruwa a cikin 2016 don cimma burin ruwa na lita miliyan 600 a kowace rana, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/2016-residential-water-restrictions-explained|title=Residential water restrictions explained|website=www.capetown.gov.za|language=en|access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref> tare da mazaunan iyakance ga lita 100 na ruwa kowace rana da kuma hana wanke mota, shayar da lambuna da haɓaka sama. wuraren ninkaya da ruwan birni. A ƙarshen lokacin rani na 2017, Theewaterskloof ya ƙi zuwa matakin 12.9%, tare da 10% na ƙarshe ba zai iya isa ba. Wata guguwa a watan Yunin 2017 ta kawo ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya karu zuwa kashi 15 cikin dari, amma gaba ɗaya ruwan sama a shekarar 2017 ya ragu sosai. Hotunan kafofin watsa labarai na raguwar matakin dam ya haifar da mahimmancin kiyaye ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/western-cape-dam-levels-up-only-15-percent-after-storms|title=Western Cape dam levels up only 1.5% after storms|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-13|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612184718/http://www.enca.com/south-africa/western-cape-dam-levels-up-only-15-percent-after-storms|url-status=dead}}</ref>An ƙara hana ruwa a cikin Cape Town daga mataki na 4 zuwa mataki na 4b a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 87 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana. Ruwan sama a cikin 2017 ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaici, kuma a farkon 2018 dam ɗin ya sake kusantowa da ƙarancin ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da iyakancewar amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kawai ga kowane mutum a kowace rana, kuma yana shirin yuwuwar "Day Zero" a cikin Afrilu 2018 lokacin da Cape An yi hasashen za a rufe ruwan sha na ƙaramar hukumar. Sakamakon ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin lokacin sanyi na 2019 da 2020, matakin ruwan Theewaterskloof ya kai 100% a cikin Oktoba 2020.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lwandile |last=Bhengu |date=4 October 2020 |newspaper=Sowetan |title=Western Cape's largest dam overflows for the first time in six years |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-10-04-watch-western-capes-largest-dam-overflows-for-the-first-time-in-six-years/ |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> == Ruwan sama da iya aiki == Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|480406|Ml}} . na ruwa, kuma idan ta cika tafkin ya cika {{Convert|5059|ha}} . Yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Convert|500|km2}} ana amfani da shi ta rafukan da ke fitowa a cikin kewayon tsaunin Hottentots Holland. Wannan yanki yana da matsakaita na dogon lokaci na kwanaki 69 tare da hazo a kowace shekara<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yr.no/place/South_Africa/Western_Cape/Theewaterskloofdam/statistics.html|title=Weather statistics for Theewaterskloofdam|last=institutt|first=NRK og Meteorologisk|work=yr.no|access-date=2017-07-10|language=en-gb|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043904/https://www.yr.no/place/South_Africa/Western_Cape/Theewaterskloofdam/statistics.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Bayan tarihi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Verified/HyData.aspx?Station=H6E00110.00&DataType=Monthly&StartDT=1974-11-30&EndDT=2017-02-01&SiteType=MET&Format=Old|title=Rainfall History}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>sun nuna cewa muna cikin lokacin bushewa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Provincial%20Rain/Default.aspx|title=Western Cape rainfall|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2018-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115014055/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Provincial%20Rain/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1mm na ruwan sama a kowace murabba'in mita yayi daidai da 500 000 000 da ke fadowa a wannan yanki. Don haka yana buƙatar cikakken ruwan sama da mita 100 tare da zubar da ruwa 100% don cika dam ɗin daga komai, wanda da wuya ya faru a kowace shekara. Ana ɗaukar ƴan kwanaki kafin duk wani ruwan da ya gudu ya isa madatsar ruwan. Haɓaka da yadda ƙasa ta cika tana shafar adadin ruwan da ke isa dam ɗin. Matsakaicin adadin tsakanin 9% zuwa 15% ana amfani dashi don daidaita dabi'u a kan ƙazantar ƙashi da shayar ƙasa. Dam mai zurfi yana da ƙarancin ƙashin ruwa saboda ƙarancin ƙasa a kowane girma. == Abubuwan zamantakewa == Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof kuma shine gidan bikin kidan na Synergy Live na shekara-shekara, daya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan kide-kide na waje a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda yawanci ke faruwa a ƙarshen mako na Nuwamba ko ƙarshen mako na farko na Disamba.<ref name="Synergy">{{cite web|url=http://synergylive.co.za/|title=Synergy|date=2015|publisher=Synergy|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515194213/http://synergylive.co.za/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.twk.org.za Theewaterskloof Municipality] rbfdmkhhvr0tuei7det7toeth8qqrfq 0 48838 883892 257615 2026-07-16T08:25:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper,''' [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar]] ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wacce ke cikin tsaunin Hottentots Holland sama da Gordons Bay a Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana kama [[Steenbras River|kogin Steenbras]] a saman tsohuwar [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Dam Steenbras]]. An gina madatsar ruwa a cikin 1977 don birnin Cape Town kuma yana aiki da yawa don amfanin birni da masana'antu. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3).<ref>{{Cite web |title = List of Registered Dams |publisher = Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation |url = https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date = 26 July 2021 |archive-date = 24 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624181009/https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[File:Steenbras_Dam_catchment_map.svg|right|thumb| Taswirar madatsun ruwan Steenbras da yankin kamasu]] Steenbras Upper Dam shima yana aiki a matsayin babban tafki na Steenbras na birni mai tanadin wutar lantarki, tare da ƙaramin tafki a gindin dutsen. Har ila yau, an haɗa shi ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen tashar ruwa da bututun zuwa [[Rockview Dam|Dam din Rockview]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban tafki na Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme, wani tsari na daban-daban na ajiyar kayan aiki da Eskom da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace. Mahadar ta ba da damar canja wurin ruwa daga kogin Palmiet zuwa madatsar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dams|url = https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx|website = www.capetown.gov.za|accessdate = 2015-09-28|archive-date = 2015-09-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150928214954/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx|url-status = dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) 5ctcnnlq2sfpqhy5vgjd12s1h1wwoan 0 52815 883657 754469 2026-07-15T17:37:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 883657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ange Gabrielle Bawou''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu Shekarar alif 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Kamaru]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a [[Bayelsa]] Queens da kuma [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|ƙungiyar mata ta Kamaru]]. [[File:ANGE GABRIELLE BAWOU, gardien de but du Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Ange Bawou]] Kafin ta koma kingiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Bayelsa]] Queens, ta yi wa Louves Miniproff wasa. == Aikin kulob == Bawou ya bugawa Louves Miniproff a Kamaru. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bawou ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar a 2019 tare da tawagar mata ta Kamaru 'yan kasa da shekaru 20. Ta taka rawar gani a babban matakin yayin gasar cin kofin mata ta CAF ta shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] ce27ogcx4dm1s967v8z3m6hrn8ka0en 883658 883657 2026-07-15T17:37:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 883658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ange Gabrielle Bawou''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu Shekarar alif 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Kamaru]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a [[Bayelsa]] Queens da kuma [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|ƙungiyar mata ta Kamaru]]. [[File:ANGE GABRIELLE BAWOU, gardien de but du Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Ange Bawou]] Kafin ta koma kingiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Bayelsa]] Queens, ta yi wa Louves Miniproff wasa. == Aikin kulob == Bawou ya bugawa Louves Miniproff a Kamaru. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bawou ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar a 2019 tare da tawagar mata ta Kamaru 'yan kasa da shekaru 20. Ta taka rawar gani a babban matakin yayin gasar cin kofin mata ta CAF ta shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Stub}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] lun9j8dnpr21893uru8tru4hi6yu5ls 883659 883658 2026-07-15T17:37:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 883659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ange Gabrielle Bawou''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu Shekarar alif 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Kamaru]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a [[Bayelsa]] Queens da kuma [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|ƙungiyar mata ta Kamaru]]. [[File:ANGE GABRIELLE BAWOU, gardien de but du Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Ange Bawou]] Kafin ta koma kingiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Bayelsa]] Queens, ta yi wa Louves Miniproff wasa. == Aikin kulob == Bawou ya bugawa Louves Miniproff a Kamaru. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bawou ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar a 2019 tare da tawagar mata ta Kamaru 'yan kasa da shekaru 20. Ta taka rawar gani a babban matakin yayin gasar cin kofin mata ta CAF ta shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Hujja}}{{Stub}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] 5wmyni0p3qp2x2us50ooklfm5rg4wxt 883660 883659 2026-07-15T17:38:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 883660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ange Gabrielle Bawou''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu Shekarar alif 2000) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Kamaru]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a [[Bayelsa]] Queens da kuma [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|ƙungiyar mata ta Kamaru]]. [[File:ANGE GABRIELLE BAWOU, gardien de but du Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Ange Bawou]] Kafin ta koma kingiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Bayelsa]] Queens, ta yi wa Louves Miniproff wasa. == Aikin kulob == Bawou ya bugawa Louves Miniproff a Kamaru. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bawou ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar a 2019 tare da tawagar mata ta Kamaru 'yan kasa da shekaru 20. Ta taka rawar gani a babban matakin yayin gasar cin kofin mata ta CAF ta shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Hujja}}{{Stub}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] 6w4jatxsehugxkt7fhm3fdhblovcc9q 883661 883660 2026-07-15T17:38:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 883661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ange Gabrielle Bawou''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu Shekarar alif 2000) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Kamaru]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a [[Bayelsa]] Queens da kuma [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|ƙungiyar mata ta Kamaru]]. [[File:ANGE GABRIELLE BAWOU, gardien de but du Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Ange Bawou]] Kafin ta koma kingiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Bayelsa]] Queens, ta yi wa Louves Miniproff wasa. == Aikin kulob == Bawou ya bugawa Louves Miniproff a [[Kamaru]]. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Bawou ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar a 2019 tare da tawagar mata ta Kamaru 'yan kasa da shekaru 20. Ta taka rawar gani a babban matakin yayin gasar cin kofin mata ta CAF ta shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Hujja}}{{Stub}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] c1en6pafcvmof57ea001xg5rmy3lx8a 0 54931 883560 525212 2026-07-15T17:02:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 883560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amina Ally Bilali''' kwararriyar ' yar wasan kwallon kafa ce 'yar kasar Tanzaniya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' yar wasan tsakiya ga Gimbiya Yanga kuma kyaftin din [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Tanzaniya|kungiyar mata ta Tanzaniya]]. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ally ta zama kyaftin din tawagar mata ta Tanzaniya a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na COSAFA na shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin 2020 da Gasar Mata ta COSAFA ta shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin da daya 2021. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Tanfootball|title=Kikosi cha Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake @twigastars kilichopo Kambini kujiandaa na mashindano ya COSAFA yatakayoanza Novemba 3-14 Afrika Kusini.|date=16 October 2020|language=Swahili}}</ref> An yanke mata hukuncin dan wasan karshe da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|Malawi]] ta doke ta da daya da nema ci 1-0 ta hannun [[Enekia Lunyamila|Enekia Kasonga]] sannan kuma ta zama dan wasan gwagwalad gasar. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CECAFA : 2018 * Gasar Mata ta COSAFA : 2021 * COSAFA Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Gasar: 2021 == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Amina Bilali at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 0q625a79195r4xmgu6ajmb1mjy1biq6 883561 883560 2026-07-15T17:02:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 883561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amina Ally Bilali''' kwararriyar ' yar wasan kwallon kafa ce 'yar kasar [[Tanzaniya]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' yar wasan tsakiya ga Gimbiya Yanga kuma kyaftin din [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Tanzaniya|kungiyar mata ta Tanzaniya]]. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ally ta zama kyaftin din tawagar mata ta Tanzaniya a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na COSAFA na shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin 2020 da Gasar Mata ta COSAFA ta shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin da daya 2021. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Tanfootball|title=Kikosi cha Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake @twigastars kilichopo Kambini kujiandaa na mashindano ya COSAFA yatakayoanza Novemba 3-14 Afrika Kusini.|date=16 October 2020|language=Swahili}}</ref> An yanke mata hukuncin dan wasan karshe da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|Malawi]] ta doke ta da daya da nema ci 1-0 ta hannun [[Enekia Lunyamila|Enekia Kasonga]] sannan kuma ta zama dan wasan gwagwalad gasar. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CECAFA : 2018 * Gasar Mata ta COSAFA : 2021 * COSAFA Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Gasar: 2021 == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Amina Bilali at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 5p0km806pplb1prtu8imxm64onwu4o6 883563 883561 2026-07-15T17:02:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 883563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amina Ally Bilali''' kwararriyar ' yar wasan kwallon kafa ce 'yar kasar [[Tanzaniya]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' yar wasan tsakiya ga Gimbiya Yanga kuma kyaftin din [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Tanzaniya|kungiyar mata ta Tanzaniya]]. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ally ta zama kyaftin din tawagar mata ta Tanzaniya a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na COSAFA na shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin 2020 da Gasar Mata ta COSAFA ta shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin da daya 2021.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Tanfootball|title=Kikosi cha Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake @twigastars kilichopo Kambini kujiandaa na mashindano ya COSAFA yatakayoanza Novemba 3-14 Afrika Kusini.|date=16 October 2020|language=Swahili}}</ref> An yanke mata hukuncin dan wasan karshe da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|Malawi]] ta doke ta da daya da nema ci 1-0 ta hannun [[Enekia Lunyamila|Enekia Kasonga]] sannan kuma ta zama dan wasan gwagwalad gasar. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CECAFA : 2018 * Gasar Mata ta COSAFA : 2021 * COSAFA Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Gasar: 2021 == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Amina Bilali at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] fjlvzst3wanv6g92j4tsdbzv0runmxn 883564 883563 2026-07-15T17:03:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 883564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amina Ally Bilali''' kwararriyar ' yar wasan kwallon kafa ce 'yar kasar [[Tanzaniya]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' yar wasan tsakiya ga Gimbiya Yanga kuma kyaftin din [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Tanzaniya|kungiyar mata ta Tanzaniya]]. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ally ta zama kyaftin din tawagar mata ta Tanzaniya a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na COSAFA na shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin 2020 da Gasar Mata ta COSAFA ta shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin da daya 2021.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Tanfootball|title=Kikosi cha Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake @twigastars kilichopo Kambini kujiandaa na mashindano ya COSAFA yatakayoanza Novemba 3-14 Afrika Kusini.|date=16 October 2020|language=Swahili}}</ref> An yanke mata hukuncin dan wasan karshe da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|Malawi]] ta doke ta da daya da nema ci 1-0 ta hannun [[Enekia Lunyamila|Enekia Kasonga]] sannan kuma ta zama dan wasan gwagwalad gasar. == Girmamawa == * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CECAFA : 2018 * Gasar Mata ta COSAFA : 2021 * COSAFA Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Gasar: 2021 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Amina Bilali at Global Sports Archive [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 94mfyfiokzuaeylfxr5kw2nbnq7dpf8 0 58702 883567 499633 2026-07-15T17:04:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 883567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:River Leen - Salmon ladder - geograph.org.uk - 801854.jpg|thumb|Koginn yate]] '''Kogin Yaté''' kogin New Caledonia ne. Yana da yanki mai girman murabba'in kilomitas 450. Babban yanki mai hakar ma'adinai, Yaté Dam yana kusa da baki da garin Yaté . == Duba kuma == * Jerin koguna na New Caledonia == Nassoshi == {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} tkmxjwl43jh69dezxakzwsel9ihlkb9 883568 883567 2026-07-15T17:05:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 883568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:River Leen - Salmon ladder - geograph.org.uk - 801854.jpg|thumb|Koginn yate]] '''Kogin Yaté''' kogin New Caledonia ne. Yana da yanki mai girman murabba'in kilomitas 450. Babban yanki mai hakar ma'adinai, Yaté Dam yana kusa da baki da garin Yaté . == Duba kuma == * Jerin koguna na New Caledonia == Nassoshi == {{Hujja}}{{Stub}}{{Reflist}} jawvkie0a8coc2i8glepsz4di04m4wa 0 62171 883917 877908 2026-07-16T09:38:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's "Night With The Stars" delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor & Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. == Sana'a == === Shekarun 2010 === Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . <ref name="En">{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}</ref> Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018). A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi & Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film "Prey" on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226102826/https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's "Plan B" starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. <ref name="En" /> === 2020s === A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's "Fishbone" Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film "Storm" Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's "Skin" Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's "Skin" Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as "Collision Course" wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30. ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 & 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title="A Young Time Ago" Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare. A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019). A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's "The Herd" Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Bayanan kula ! Bayani |- | 2020 | ''Mataimakiyar Madams'' | | Kashi 1 | |- | 2019 | ''Castle da Castle'' | Mike Amenechi | | <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle & Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2018– | ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Ƙungiyar Maza]]'' | Lanre | | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2013 | ''[[Gidi Up]]'' | Folarin | | <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2012 | ''Allah sarki Yau Litinin ce'' | Womilee | Shirye-shirye 2 | |- | 2021 | ''Castle da Castle'' | Mike Amenechi | Shirye-shirye 15 | |- | 2022 | ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa Mata na Jini]]'' | Akin | Shirye-shirye 4 | |- | 2024 | ''Oloture: Tafiya'' | Tony | Shirye-shirye 3 | |} === Fina-finai === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''The Herd'' | |Also director |<ref name=":2"/> |- |''[[Aso Ebi Diaries]]'' | |Directed by [[Biodun Stephen]] | |- | rowspan="7" |2023 |''Barage'' |Mide |Directed by Emmanuel Akaemeh | |- |''Selina's Wedding'' |Reuben |with Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde | |- |''A Young Time Ago'' |Older Tayo |with Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde | |- |''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]]'' |Shima |Directed by Damola Ademola | |- |''Lily of the Valley'' |Bily |with Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin | |- |''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]'' |Maleek (father) |Directed by Niyi Akinmolayan |<ref name="MilMstImpFilm_Med">{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Different Strokes'' |Khalid |With Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' |Wale |Earned AFRIFF award and AMVCA nomination |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Selina'' |Reuben |With Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev | |- |''Jolly Roger'' |Brume |Earned Africa Movie Academy Award nomination | |- |2021 |''[[Still Falling]]'' |Captain Lagi |Alongside [[Sharon Ooja]] | |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Skin'' |Director |Documentary Featuring [[Eku Edewor]] and [[Beverly Naya]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Storm'' |Storm |Short film alongside [[Diane Russet]] | |- |''Fish Bone'' |Inspector |Shortfilm alongside [[Shafy Bello]] and Moshood Fattah |<ref name="bellanaija.com">{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's "Fishbone" Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' |Tony |Alongside Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''[[Makate Must Sell]]'' |Gbenro |Alongside Igwe 2pac, Toyin Abraham, Diipo Adeusi | |- |''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]]'' |Dele Coker |Lead role |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018 |''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|New Money]]'' |Ganiyu Osamede |Alongside Dakore Akande | |- |2017 |''Prey'' |Director |Short skit |<ref name="bellanaija.com" /> |} == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamako ! Bayani |- | 2022 | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] | Mafi Kyawun Jarumin Actor a Matsayin Jagora | ''Jolly Roger''|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards: Adjetey Anang wins, check out full list of winners – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-adjetey-anang-wins-check-out-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2022 | [[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Afirka]] | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Wasan Kwaikwayo, Fim ko Talabijin | rowspan="2" | ''Kofa''|{{Won}} | <ref name=":1"/> |- | 2023 | [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]] | Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Barkwanci, Fim ko Shirye-shiryen Talabijin|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA – Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}</ref> <ref name="Lawal 2023">{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Khadijat |date=2023-05-21 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> |} == Rayuwa ta sirri == Itim Eong ya auri Toyosi Etim-Effiong tun daga ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2017. Sun fara haduwa ne a watan Agusta 2016 yayin da suke aiki a kan aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2017 |title=WEDDINGSBN Celebrity Weddings: Toyosi Phillips & Daniel Etim Effiong's #3StrandCord #YorubaEfikMergerBellaNaija Weddings |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/toyosi-phillips-and-etim-effiongs-3strandcord-wedding/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na fari, jaririya mace, a watan Janairun 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Toyosi and Daniel Etim Effiong's baby girl is here and she is so cute! |url=https://www.informationnigeria.com/2019/01/toyosi-and-daniel-etim-effiongs-baby-girl-is-here-and-she-is-so-cute.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Mana bs0ee9jwbh3x3g8dh1h3kum3098j7fw 0 62205 883810 877000 2026-07-16T03:05:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Clare Ezeakacha''' // i (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1985) [[Ɗan wasa|'Yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Najeriya, furodusa, darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma mai ba da shawara ga yara da aka sani da fina-fakkawarta ''Arima'' da Gone Grey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Actress, Clare Ezeakacha Exposes ‘The Employee’ |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/248790/actress-clare-ezeakacha-exposes-the-employee.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Charming Nollywood Movie Producer, Clare Ezeakacha Celebrates Birthday With Darling Photos |url=https://diamondcelebrities.org/2017/05/26/charming-nollywood-movie-producer-clare-ezeakacha-celebrates-birthday-with-darling-photos/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=diamondcelebrities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=I Was Supposed to be a Reverend Sister…Nollywood Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/249858/i-was-supposed-to-be-a-reverend-sisternollywood-producer-c.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=After 5years at The Convent, My Parents Were Asked to Take me Away…Producer, Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.nollywoodgists.com/news/46325/after-5years-at-the-convent-my-parents-were-asked-.html |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=nollywoodgists.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=ARIMA |url=https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181017/https://worldfilmfair.com/film/arima |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=worldfilmfair.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Clare Ezeakacha a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] amma ta fito ne daga [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta tafi Charles Heery Memorial Junior da Secondary don karamin ilimi. Ezeakacha tana da BSc a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Madonna, Elele da kuma Digiri na Postgraduate daga Jami'an Najeriya Nsukka . == Ayyuka == Clare ta fara aikinta a shekara ta 2011 a matsayin mutum mai suna air.[1] A shekara ta 2016, ta shiga cikin Yin fim kuma ta samar da kuma ba da umarnin fina-finai da yawa na nollywood, ciki har da: "Jack of All Trade", "Two Wrongs", "Arima" da "Smok" wanda aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Gasar a Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka na 2018. [2] == Zaɓaɓɓen fim (a matsayin darektan) == * Shan sigari (2018) * ''Arima'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2017 |title=Arima |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7298372/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=imdb.com}}</ref> * Ordinary Fellow (2018) (Mataimakin darektan) == Zaɓin fim ɗin (a matsayin mai gabatarwa) == * ''Ya tafi Grey'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2016 |title=Kidnappers Turn Against Their Leader After Kidnapping Millionaire |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/76-behind-the-scene/36359-kidnappers-turn-against-their-leader-after-kidnapping-millionaire |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=nigeriafilms.com |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181008/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/76-behind-the-scene/36359-kidnappers-turn-against-their-leader-after-kidnapping-millionaire |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2016 |title=Xplore Reviews: Gone Grey |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/xplore-reviews-gone-grey/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=xplorenollywood.com}}</ref> * ''Arima'' (2017) * ''Ma'aikaci'' (2017) * Mystified (2017) (abokin hulɗa) <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2017 |title=Clare Ezeakacha |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9229615/?ref_=tt_ov_dr |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=imdb.com}}</ref> * ''JOAT, Jack na Duk Kasuwanci'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=Actor, Rotimi Salami is now Jack of all Trade ‘JOAT’ |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/31709/actor-rotimi-salami-is-now-jack-of-all-trade.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=modernghana.com}}</ref> * Kuskuren Biyu (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Two Wrongs |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/4496849/cast/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=kinopoisk.ru}}</ref> * ''Abokai Kawai'' (2020) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gch7ngwiv5370erdzx37mlvrf62buzo 0 63299 883866 636421 2026-07-16T07:08:14Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* */ 883866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Historic Monument Built to Immortalize Gen. Murtala Mohammed.jpg|thumb|kambun tarihi a barikin]] '''Barikin Dodan''' wani [[Military barrack|barikin sojoji]] ne da ke [[Ikoyi]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. Barikin ta kasance Hedikwatar Sojojin koli a lokacin [[yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] da kuma daga shekara ta [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|1966 zuwa 1979]] da [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|kuma shekarar 1983 zuwa 1985]]. Barikin Dodan ya kasance, [[Fadar Gwamnati|wurin zama a hukumance]] na [[Jerin shugabannin jihohin Najeriya|shugabannin mulkin]] [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|sojan Najeriya na 1966-79 da 1983–99]], haka nan kuma nan ya kasance babban hedikwatar sojoji daga shekarar 1966 har zuwa lokacin da ta koma [[Abuja]] a shekarar 1991.<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign policy decision-making in Nigeria |author=Ufot Bassey Inamete |publisher=Susquehanna University Press |year=2001 |page=46 |isbn=1-57591-048-9}}</ref> == Suna == Sunan "Dodan" ya samo asali ne daga wurin da aka gwabza yakin kasar Burma a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] da runduna ta 82 ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ta yi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/barrack4.htm |title=Barracks: The History Behind Those Names - Part 5 |author=Nowa Omoigui |publisher= Sir john timmzy |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> == Hedkwatar sojoji == Barikin Dodan na ɗaya daga cikin sansanonin wasu manyan sojojin Najeriya da suka hambarar da jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko a [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|watan Janairun 1966]]. Sojojin ne suka murƙushe juyin mulkin, wanda kwamandansu, Manjo Janar [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]], ya zama shugaban ƙasa.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Nigerian military: a sociological analysis of authority and revolt, 1960-1967 |author=Robin Luckham |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1971 |page=21}}</ref> A watan Yulin 1966 Barikin Dodan ya zama wurin kujerar mulki a Najeriya bayan [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|juyin mulkin]] da aka yi, inda aka kashe Ironsi sannan aka naɗa babban hafsan sa Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya shiga cikin ruɗani na jami'an tsaron tarayya. Barikin dai ita ce wurin da Gowon ya karɓi miƙa wuya na kafa [[Biyafara|kasar Biafra]] a karshen [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] a watan,Janairun shekarar 1970. Sarakunan da suka biyo baya sun ajiye sansaninsu a barikin a farko-farkon ƙarni na gaba.<ref name=siollun>{{cite book |page=124ff |title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966-1976) |author=Max Siollun |author-link=Max Siollun |publisher=Algora Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-87586-708-3}}</ref> [[File:Jimmy_Carter_and_Lt._Gen._Olusegun_Obasanjo_at_the_welcoming_ceremony_for_President_Carter's_visit_to_Nigeria._-_NARA_-_178581.tif|right|thumb|300x300px| Jimmy Carter da Laftanar Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a wurin bikin maraba da ziyarar Shugaba Carter a Najeriya: 04/01/1978]] An hambarar da Gowon a [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|juyin mulkin Yuli 1975]], Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] ya gaje shi. A [[Yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1976|wani yunkurin juyin mulki a watan Fabrairun 1976]], an kashe Murtala a lokacin da aka yi wa ayarin sa kwanton ɓauna. Obasanjo ya koma barikin ne saboda dalilan tsaro.<ref name=siollun/> A cikin shekarar 1977, sojoji sun mamaye harabar fitaccen mawakin nan [[Fela Kuti]], wanda ake kira da baban Afrobeat, wanda ke sukar gwamnatin soja. Sun yi wa maza duka, sun yi wa mata fyade, daga bisani suka jefa Fela a gidan yari. Mahaifiyarsa mai shekaru 78 ta mutu daga baya sakamakon raunukan da ta ji, biyo bayan da aka jefa ta daga tagar bene na biyu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/photoessay/protest/index14.html |title=Rebel Yells: A protest music mixtape |author=Matthew McKinnon |date=August 12, 2005 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |accessdate=2009-11-22}}</ref> A lokacin da aka saki shi, ya yi rikodin wani kundi mai suna ''Coffin For Head of State''. Fela da magoya bayansa sun yi tattaki babu komai a cikin akwatin gawar mahaifiyarsa zuwa Barikin Dodan, suka bar akwatin a can don kunyata Obasanjo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/11/world/lagos-journal-nigeria-echoes-to-the-beat-that-defied-tyrants.html?pagewanted=all |title=Lagos Journal; Nigeria Echoes to the Beat That Defied Tyrants |author=NORIMITSU ONISHI |date=September 11, 2000 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2009-11-22}}</ref> Barikin Dodan nan ne wurin da aka yi taro a watan Afrilun shekarar 1978 tsakanin Shugaban Amurka [[Jimmy Carter]] da [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/diary/1978/d040178t.pdf |title=The Daily Diary of President Jimmy Carter: April 1, 1978 |publisher=Jimmy Carter Library |accessdate=2009-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714163916/http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/diary/1978/d040178t.pdf |archivedate=2010-07-14 }}</ref> A cikin nasarar juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Disamban shekarar 1983, lokacin da Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya karɓe mulki daga hannun Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]], sojojin da ke bariki sun yi turjiya da farko, sai dai a washegarin da suka wuce.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/karticles/lt%20col%20eboma.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031023185845/http://nigerdeltacongress.com/karticles/lt%20col%20eboma.htm |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2003-10-23 |title = Lt. Col Eboma and the Shagari coup |author = NOWAMAGBE OMOIGUI |publisher = NigerDeltaCongress |accessdate = 2009-11-21 }}</ref> An [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, 1985| juyin mulki a watan Agustan 1985]] wanda Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya shirya, ya kwace mulki daga hannun Buhari. A watan Janairun shekarar 1986, an kafa wata kotun soji ta musamman domin shari’ar waɗanda ake zargi da yunƙurin kifar da gwamnatin Janar Babangida. Kotun ta gudanar da shari’ar a barikin Dodan, inda ta samu 17 daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma da laifin cin amanar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pointblanknews.com/artopn603.html |title=The Trial Of Mamman Vatsa |author=Max Siollun |publisher=PointBlank News |accessdate=2009-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925144222/http://www.pointblanknews.com/artopn603.html |archivedate=September 25, 2009 }}</ref> Barikin Dodan na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren da aka kwace a yunkurin juyin mulkin da Manjo [[Gideon Orkar]] ya yi wa Janar Ibrahim Babangida a watan Afrilun shekarar 1990. Babangida yana zaune ne a lokacin da aka kai wa barikin hari, amma ya tsere ta hanyar baya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui8.htm |title=The Orkar Coup of April 22, 1990 |author=Nowa Omoigui, MD |publisher=Segun Toyin Dawodu |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> Jami’an tsaron sun daƙile yunkurin juyin mulkin inda suka rasa mambobi biyar da ga cikin masu kare barikin Dodan ɗin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9461.html |title=Nigeria - Army |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> Matar Babangida, [[Maryam Babangida|Maryam]], wacce ita ma tana tare da ‘ya’yanta a lokacin yunƙurin juyin mulkin, ta tuna cewa lokacin da ta koma bariki a shekarar 1985 sai da ta shirya yin gyare-gyare da yawa don ganin ɗakunan sun dace da liyafar da aka saba yi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elombah.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2206:maryam-babangida-in-her-own-words&catid=36:omoba&Itemid=59 |title=ORKAR COUP: How we survived |publisher=Sun News |date=1 November 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-21 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mulkin farar hula == Bayan an koma hedikwatar sojoji zuwa Abuja a shekarar 1991, sannan aka dawo da mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999, an samu raguwar kuɗaɗen kula da bariki sosai. A ƙarshen shekarar 2003 filin ya ƙazantu kuma ba a tsaftace wurin ba, najasa ko'ina, bangon wasu gine-gine ya tsage kuma aka yi watsi da yawancin bangayen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/11/22/20031122plu01.html |title=Suffering and Smiling Inside Army Barracks |author=Justice Ilevbare |publisher=ThisDay |date=2003-11-22 |accessdate=2009-11-21 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 ne shugaban farar hula na lokacin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] - a matsayin wani mataki na ficewa daga mulkin kama-ƙarya na soji a karshe ya ba da umarnin miƙa barikin Dodan da duk wasu barikokin soji da ba sa amfani da su a faɗin kasar ga rundunar ƴan sandan ƙasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2009}} A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2006, cibiyar kula da muhalli da tsaftar muhalli ta Legas ta gano wata hanyar gurbataccen magudanar ruwa a [[wiktionary:mammy market|kasuwar mammy ta]] Obalende, bayan gidan gwamnati da Barikin Dodan. Wani bincike da aka yi a watan Agustan shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa ruwan ya gurɓace da kayan najasa sosai. Mutanen da ke zaune da aiki a kasuwa, Barikin Dodan da gidan gwamnati na cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka irin su zazzabin taifot, gudawa, ciwon daji da [[kwalara]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906250504.html |title=Blocked Drainage - Lagos CSOs Decry Health Hazards |author=Abimbola Akosile |date=24 June 2009 |publisher=ThisDay |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekarar 2009 ne aka ruwaito cewa shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru 'Yar'aduwa]] zai yi ɗan huta a barikin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.groundreport.com/Media_and_Tech/Uncertainty-Trails-YarAduas-Arrival-To-Dodan-Barra_1/2883190 |title=Uncertainty Trails Yar'Adua's Arrival To Dodan Barracks, Obudu |author=Hanson Okoh |date=January 31, 2009 |publisher=GroundReport |accessdate=2009-11-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174251/http://www.groundreport.com/Media_and_Tech/Uncertainty-Trails-YarAduas-Arrival-To-Dodan-Barra_1/2883190 |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idINLQ21837720090126 |title=Nigerian president to remain in country during leave |date=Jan 26, 2009 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=2009-11-22 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} lz6tsfpn6epll66pcj6wcvnwt8isupx 883869 883866 2026-07-16T07:12:31Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Hedkwatar sojoji */ 883869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Historic Monument Built to Immortalize Gen. Murtala Mohammed.jpg|thumb|kambun tarihi a barikin]] '''Barikin Dodan''' wani [[Military barrack|barikin sojoji]] ne da ke [[Ikoyi]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. Barikin ta kasance Hedikwatar Sojojin koli a lokacin [[yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] da kuma daga shekara ta [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|1966 zuwa 1979]] da [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|kuma shekarar 1983 zuwa 1985]]. Barikin Dodan ya kasance, [[Fadar Gwamnati|wurin zama a hukumance]] na [[Jerin shugabannin jihohin Najeriya|shugabannin mulkin]] [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|sojan Najeriya na 1966-79 da 1983–99]], haka nan kuma nan ya kasance babban hedikwatar sojoji daga shekarar 1966 har zuwa lokacin da ta koma [[Abuja]] a shekarar 1991.<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign policy decision-making in Nigeria |author=Ufot Bassey Inamete |publisher=Susquehanna University Press |year=2001 |page=46 |isbn=1-57591-048-9}}</ref> == Suna == Sunan "Dodan" ya samo asali ne daga wurin da aka gwabza yakin kasar Burma a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] da runduna ta 82 ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ta yi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/barrack4.htm |title=Barracks: The History Behind Those Names - Part 5 |author=Nowa Omoigui |publisher= Sir john timmzy |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> == Hedkwatar sojoji == Barikin Dodan na ɗaya daga cikin sansanonin wasu manyan sojojin Najeriya da suka hambarar da jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko a [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|watan Janairun 1966]]. Sojojin ne suka murƙushe juyin mulkin, wanda kwamandansu, Manjo Janar [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]], ya zama shugaban ƙasa.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Nigerian military: a sociological analysis of authority and revolt, 1960-1967 |author=Robin Luckham |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1971 |page=21}}</ref> A watan Yulin 1966 Barikin Dodan ya zama fadar mulki a Najeriya bayan [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|juyin mulkin]] da aka yi, inda aka kashe Ironsi sannan aka naɗa babban hafsan sa Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya shiga cikin ruɗani na jami'an tsaron tarayya. Barikin dai ita ce wurin da Gowon ya karɓi yancin kai na kafa [[Biyafara|kasar Biafra]] a karshen [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] a watan,Janairun shekarar 1970. Sarakunan da suka biyo baya sun ajiye sansaninsu a barikin a farko-farkon ƙarni na gaba.<ref name=siollun>{{cite book |page=124ff |title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966-1976) |author=Max Siollun |author-link=Max Siollun |publisher=Algora Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-87586-708-3}}</ref> [[File:Jimmy_Carter_and_Lt._Gen._Olusegun_Obasanjo_at_the_welcoming_ceremony_for_President_Carter's_visit_to_Nigeria._-_NARA_-_178581.tif|right|thumb|300x300px| Jimmy Carter da Laftanar Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a wurin bikin maraba da ziyarar Shugaba Carter a Najeriya: 04/01/1978]] An hambarar da Gowon a [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|juyin mulkin Yuli 1975]], Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] ya gaje shi. A [[Yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1976|wani yunkurin juyin mulki a watan Fabrairun 1976]], an kashe Murtala a lokacin da aka yi wa ayarin sa kwanton ɓauna. Obasanjo ya koma barikin ne saboda dalilan tsaro.<ref name=siollun/> A cikin shekarar 1977, sojoji sun mamaye harabar fitaccen mawakin nan [[Fela Kuti]], wanda ake kira da baban Afrobeat, wanda ke sukar gwamnatin soja. Sun yi wa maza duka, sun yi wa mata fyade, daga bisani suka jefa Fela a gidan yari. Mahaifiyarsa mai shekaru 78 ta mutu daga baya sakamakon raunukan da ta ji, biyo bayan da aka jefa ta daga tagar bene na biyu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/photoessay/protest/index14.html |title=Rebel Yells: A protest music mixtape |author=Matthew McKinnon |date=August 12, 2005 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |accessdate=2009-11-22}}</ref> A lokacin da aka saki shi, ya yi rikodin wani kundi mai suna ''Coffin For Head of State''. Fela da magoya bayansa sun yi tattaki babu komai a cikin akwatin gawar mahaifiyarsa zuwa Barikin Dodan, suka bar akwatin a can don kunyata Obasanjo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/11/world/lagos-journal-nigeria-echoes-to-the-beat-that-defied-tyrants.html?pagewanted=all |title=Lagos Journal; Nigeria Echoes to the Beat That Defied Tyrants |author=NORIMITSU ONISHI |date=September 11, 2000 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2009-11-22}}</ref> Barikin Dodan nan ne wurin da aka yi taro a watan Afrilun shekarar 1978 tsakanin Shugaban Amurka [[Jimmy Carter]] da [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/diary/1978/d040178t.pdf |title=The Daily Diary of President Jimmy Carter: April 1, 1978 |publisher=Jimmy Carter Library |accessdate=2009-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714163916/http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/diary/1978/d040178t.pdf |archivedate=2010-07-14 }}</ref> A cikin nasarar juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Disamban shekarar 1983, lokacin da Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya karɓe mulki daga hannun Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]], sojojin da ke bariki sun yi turjiya da farko, sai dai a washegarin da suka wuce.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/karticles/lt%20col%20eboma.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031023185845/http://nigerdeltacongress.com/karticles/lt%20col%20eboma.htm |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2003-10-23 |title = Lt. Col Eboma and the Shagari coup |author = NOWAMAGBE OMOIGUI |publisher = NigerDeltaCongress |accessdate = 2009-11-21 }}</ref> An [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, 1985| juyin mulki a watan Agustan 1985]] wanda Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya shirya, ya kwace mulki daga hannun Buhari. A watan Janairun shekarar 1986, an kafa wata kotun soji ta musamman domin shari’ar waɗanda ake zargi da yunƙurin kifar da gwamnatin Janar Babangida. Kotun ta gudanar da shari’ar a barikin Dodan, inda ta samu 17 daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma da laifin cin amanar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pointblanknews.com/artopn603.html |title=The Trial Of Mamman Vatsa |author=Max Siollun |publisher=PointBlank News |accessdate=2009-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925144222/http://www.pointblanknews.com/artopn603.html |archivedate=September 25, 2009 }}</ref> Barikin Dodan na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren da aka kwace a yunkurin juyin mulkin da Manjo [[Gideon Orkar]] ya yi wa Janar Ibrahim Babangida a watan Afrilun shekarar 1990. Babangida yana zaune ne a lokacin da aka kai wa barikin hari, amma ya tsere ta hanyar baya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui8.htm |title=The Orkar Coup of April 22, 1990 |author=Nowa Omoigui, MD |publisher=Segun Toyin Dawodu |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> Jami’an tsaron sun daƙile yunkurin juyin mulkin inda suka rasa mambobi biyar da ga cikin masu kare barikin Dodan ɗin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9461.html |title=Nigeria - Army |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> Matar Babangida, [[Maryam Babangida|Maryam]], wacce ita ma tana tare da ‘ya’yanta a lokacin yunƙurin juyin mulkin, ta tuna cewa lokacin da ta koma bariki a shekarar 1985 sai da ta shirya yin gyare-gyare da yawa don ganin ɗakunan sun dace da liyafar da aka saba yi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elombah.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2206:maryam-babangida-in-her-own-words&catid=36:omoba&Itemid=59 |title=ORKAR COUP: How we survived |publisher=Sun News |date=1 November 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-21 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mulkin farar hula == Bayan an koma hedikwatar sojoji zuwa Abuja a shekarar 1991, sannan aka dawo da mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999, an samu raguwar kuɗaɗen kula da bariki sosai. A ƙarshen shekarar 2003 filin ya ƙazantu kuma ba a tsaftace wurin ba, najasa ko'ina, bangon wasu gine-gine ya tsage kuma aka yi watsi da yawancin bangayen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/11/22/20031122plu01.html |title=Suffering and Smiling Inside Army Barracks |author=Justice Ilevbare |publisher=ThisDay |date=2003-11-22 |accessdate=2009-11-21 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 ne shugaban farar hula na lokacin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] - a matsayin wani mataki na ficewa daga mulkin kama-ƙarya na soji a karshe ya ba da umarnin miƙa barikin Dodan da duk wasu barikokin soji da ba sa amfani da su a faɗin kasar ga rundunar ƴan sandan ƙasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2009}} A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2006, cibiyar kula da muhalli da tsaftar muhalli ta Legas ta gano wata hanyar gurbataccen magudanar ruwa a [[wiktionary:mammy market|kasuwar mammy ta]] Obalende, bayan gidan gwamnati da Barikin Dodan. Wani bincike da aka yi a watan Agustan shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa ruwan ya gurɓace da kayan najasa sosai. Mutanen da ke zaune da aiki a kasuwa, Barikin Dodan da gidan gwamnati na cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka irin su zazzabin taifot, gudawa, ciwon daji da [[kwalara]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906250504.html |title=Blocked Drainage - Lagos CSOs Decry Health Hazards |author=Abimbola Akosile |date=24 June 2009 |publisher=ThisDay |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekarar 2009 ne aka ruwaito cewa shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru 'Yar'aduwa]] zai yi ɗan huta a barikin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.groundreport.com/Media_and_Tech/Uncertainty-Trails-YarAduas-Arrival-To-Dodan-Barra_1/2883190 |title=Uncertainty Trails Yar'Adua's Arrival To Dodan Barracks, Obudu |author=Hanson Okoh |date=January 31, 2009 |publisher=GroundReport |accessdate=2009-11-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174251/http://www.groundreport.com/Media_and_Tech/Uncertainty-Trails-YarAduas-Arrival-To-Dodan-Barra_1/2883190 |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idINLQ21837720090126 |title=Nigerian president to remain in country during leave |date=Jan 26, 2009 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=2009-11-22 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} obxqqz39zbwwkgntpdptim6ht42l86g 883876 883869 2026-07-16T07:23:32Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* Hedkwatar sojoji */ 883876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Historic Monument Built to Immortalize Gen. Murtala Mohammed.jpg|thumb|kambun tarihi a barikin]] '''Barikin Dodan''' wani [[Military barrack|barikin sojoji]] ne da ke [[Ikoyi]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. Barikin ta kasance Hedikwatar Sojojin koli a lokacin [[yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] da kuma daga shekara ta [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|1966 zuwa 1979]] da [[Majalisar Koli ta Soja ta Najeriya (1966-1979)|kuma shekarar 1983 zuwa 1985]]. Barikin Dodan ya kasance, [[Fadar Gwamnati|wurin zama a hukumance]] na [[Jerin shugabannin jihohin Najeriya|shugabannin mulkin]] [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|sojan Najeriya na 1966-79 da 1983–99]], haka nan kuma nan ya kasance babban hedikwatar sojoji daga shekarar 1966 har zuwa lokacin da ta koma [[Abuja]] a shekarar 1991.<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign policy decision-making in Nigeria |author=Ufot Bassey Inamete |publisher=Susquehanna University Press |year=2001 |page=46 |isbn=1-57591-048-9}}</ref> == Suna == Sunan "Dodan" ya samo asali ne daga wurin da aka gwabza yakin kasar Burma a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] da runduna ta 82 ta yammacin [[Afirka]] ta yi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/barrack4.htm |title=Barracks: The History Behind Those Names - Part 5 |author=Nowa Omoigui |publisher= Sir john timmzy |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> == Hedkwatar sojoji == Barikin Dodan na ɗaya daga cikin sansanonin wasu manyan sojojin Najeriya da suka hambarar da jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko a [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|watan Janairun 1966]]. Sojojin ne suka murƙushe juyin mulkin, wanda kwamandansu, Manjo Janar [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]], ya zama shugaban ƙasa.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Nigerian military: a sociological analysis of authority and revolt, 1960-1967 |author=Robin Luckham |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1971 |page=21}}</ref> A watan Yulin 1966 Barikin Dodan ya zama fadar mulki a Najeriya bayan [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|juyin mulkin]] da aka yi, inda aka kashe Ironsi sannan aka naɗa babban hafsan sa Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya shiga cikin ruɗani na jami'an tsaron tarayya. Barikin dai ita ce wurin da Gowon ya karɓi yancin kai na kafa [[Biyafara|kasar Biafra]] a karshen [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] a watan,Janairun shekarar 1970. Sarakunan da suka biyo baya sun ajiye sansaninsu a barikin a farko-farkon ƙarni na gaba.<ref name=siollun>{{cite book |page=124ff |title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966-1976) |author=Max Siollun |author-link=Max Siollun |publisher=Algora Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-87586-708-3}}</ref> [[File:Jimmy_Carter_and_Lt._Gen._Olusegun_Obasanjo_at_the_welcoming_ceremony_for_President_Carter's_visit_to_Nigeria._-_NARA_-_178581.tif|right|thumb|300x300px| Jimmy Carter da Laftanar Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a wurin bikin maraba da ziyarar Shugaba Carter a Najeriya: 04/01/1978]] An hambarar da Gowon a [[1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya|juyin mulkin Yuli 1975]], Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] ya gaje shi. A [[Yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1976|wani yunkurin juyin mulki a watan Fabrairun 1976]], an kashe Murtala a lokacin da aka yi wa ayarin sa kwanton ɓauna. Obasanjo ya koma barikin ne saboda dalilan tsaro.<ref name=siollun/> A cikin shekarar 1977, sojoji sun mamaye harabar fitaccen mawakin nan [[Fela Kuti]], wanda ake kira da baban Afrobeat, wanda ke sukar gwamnatin soja. Sun yi wa maza duka, sun yi wa mata fyade, daga bisani suka jefa Fela a gidan yari. Mahaifiyarsa mai shekaru 78 ta mutu daga baya sakamakon raunukan da ta ji, biyo bayan da aka jefo ta daga tagar bene na biyu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/photoessay/protest/index14.html |title=Rebel Yells: A protest music mixtape |author=Matthew McKinnon |date=August 12, 2005 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |accessdate=2009-11-22}}</ref> A lokacin da aka saki shi, ya yi rikodin wani kundi mai suna ''Coffin For Head of State''. Fela da magoya bayansa sun yi tattaki babu komai a cikin akwatin gawar mahaifiyarsa zuwa Barikin Dodan, suka bar akwatin a can don kunyata Obasanjo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/11/world/lagos-journal-nigeria-echoes-to-the-beat-that-defied-tyrants.html?pagewanted=all |title=Lagos Journal; Nigeria Echoes to the Beat That Defied Tyrants |author=NORIMITSU ONISHI |date=September 11, 2000 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2009-11-22}}</ref> Barikin Dodan nan ne wurin da aka yi taro a watan Afrilun shekarar 1978 tsakanin Shugaban Amurka [[Jimmy Carter]] da [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/diary/1978/d040178t.pdf |title=The Daily Diary of President Jimmy Carter: April 1, 1978 |publisher=Jimmy Carter Library |accessdate=2009-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714163916/http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/diary/1978/d040178t.pdf |archivedate=2010-07-14 }}</ref> A cikin nasarar juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Disamban shekarar 1983, lokacin da Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya karɓe mulki daga hannun Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]], sojojin da ke barikin sun yi turjiya da farko, sai dai a washegarin da suka wuce.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/karticles/lt%20col%20eboma.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031023185845/http://nigerdeltacongress.com/karticles/lt%20col%20eboma.htm |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2003-10-23 |title = Lt. Col Eboma and the Shagari coup |author = NOWAMAGBE OMOIGUI |publisher = NigerDeltaCongress |accessdate = 2009-11-21 }}</ref> An [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, 1985| juyin mulki a watan Agustan 1985]] wanda Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya shirya, ya kwace mulki daga hannun Buhari. A watan Janairun shekarar 1986, an kafa wata kotun soji ta musamman domin shari’ar waɗanda ake zargi da yunƙurin kifar da gwamnatin Janar Babangida. Kotun ta gudanar da shari’ar a barikin Dodan, inda ta samu 17 daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma da laifin cin amanar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pointblanknews.com/artopn603.html |title=The Trial Of Mamman Vatsa |author=Max Siollun |publisher=PointBlank News |accessdate=2009-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925144222/http://www.pointblanknews.com/artopn603.html |archivedate=September 25, 2009 }}</ref> Barikin Dodan na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren da aka kwace a yunkurin juyin mulkin da Manjo [[Gideon Orkar]] ya yi wa Janar Ibrahim Babangida a watan Afrilun shekarar 1990. Babangida yana zaune ne a lokacin da aka kai wa barikin hari, amma ya tsere ta hanyar baya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui8.htm |title=The Orkar Coup of April 22, 1990 |author=Nowa Omoigui, MD |publisher=Segun Toyin Dawodu |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> Jami’an tsaron sun daƙile yunkurin juyin mulkin inda suka rasa mambobi biyar da ga cikin masu kare barikin Dodan ɗin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9461.html |title=Nigeria - Army |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> Matar Babangida, [[Maryam Babangida|Maryam]], wacce ita ma tana tare da ‘ya’yanta a lokacin yunƙurin juyin mulkin, ta tuna cewa lokacin da ta koma bariki a shekarar 1985 sai da ta shirya yin gyare-gyare da yawa don ganin ɗakunan sun dace da liyafar da aka saba yi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elombah.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2206:maryam-babangida-in-her-own-words&catid=36:omoba&Itemid=59 |title=ORKAR COUP: How we survived |publisher=Sun News |date=1 November 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-21 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mulkin farar hula == Bayan an koma hedikwatar sojoji zuwa Abuja a shekarar 1991, sannan aka dawo da mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999, an samu raguwar kuɗaɗen kula da bariki sosai. A ƙarshen shekarar 2003 filin ya ƙazantu kuma ba a tsaftace wurin ba, najasa ko'ina, bangon wasu gine-gine ya tsage kuma aka yi watsi da yawancin bangayen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/11/22/20031122plu01.html |title=Suffering and Smiling Inside Army Barracks |author=Justice Ilevbare |publisher=ThisDay |date=2003-11-22 |accessdate=2009-11-21 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 ne shugaban farar hula na lokacin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] - a matsayin wani mataki na ficewa daga mulkin kama-ƙarya na soji a karshe ya ba da umarnin miƙa barikin Dodan da duk wasu barikokin soji da ba sa amfani da su a faɗin kasar ga rundunar ƴan sandan ƙasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2009}} A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2006, cibiyar kula da muhalli da tsaftar muhalli ta Legas ta gano wata hanyar gurbataccen magudanar ruwa a [[wiktionary:mammy market|kasuwar mammy ta]] Obalende, bayan gidan gwamnati da Barikin Dodan. Wani bincike da aka yi a watan Agustan shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa ruwan ya gurɓace da kayan najasa sosai. Mutanen da ke zaune da aiki a kasuwa, Barikin Dodan da gidan gwamnati na cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka irin su zazzabin taifot, gudawa, ciwon daji da [[kwalara]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906250504.html |title=Blocked Drainage - Lagos CSOs Decry Health Hazards |author=Abimbola Akosile |date=24 June 2009 |publisher=ThisDay |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekarar 2009 ne aka ruwaito cewa shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru 'Yar'aduwa]] zai yi ɗan huta a barikin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.groundreport.com/Media_and_Tech/Uncertainty-Trails-YarAduas-Arrival-To-Dodan-Barra_1/2883190 |title=Uncertainty Trails Yar'Adua's Arrival To Dodan Barracks, Obudu |author=Hanson Okoh |date=January 31, 2009 |publisher=GroundReport |accessdate=2009-11-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174251/http://www.groundreport.com/Media_and_Tech/Uncertainty-Trails-YarAduas-Arrival-To-Dodan-Barra_1/2883190 |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idINLQ21837720090126 |title=Nigerian president to remain in country during leave |date=Jan 26, 2009 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=2009-11-22 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} jxy4ry47e9yst4qt46gl86j59fr1z69 0 64743 883645 874068 2026-07-15T17:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Christian Van Lacke.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Castello Lukeba | hoto = Castello Lukeba 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Castello Junior Lukeba | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2002|12|17}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lyon, Faransa | ƙasa = Faransa | tsawo = 1.84 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | ƙungiyar_yanzu = RB Leipzig | lamba = 23 | matasan_kungiyoyi1 = Olympique Saint-Genis-Laval | matasan_kungiyoyi2 = Lyon | shekaru1 = 2021–2023 | kungiyoyi1 = Lyon | wasanni1 = 58 | ƙwallaye1 = 4 | shekaru2 = 2023– | kungiyoyi2 = RB Leipzig | wasanni2 = 30 | ƙwallaye2 = 1 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2021 | tawagar_kasa1 = Faransa U21 | wasannin_kasa1 = 10 | ƙwallayen_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2023– | tawagar_kasa2 = Faransa | wasannin_kasa2 = 1 | ƙwallayen_kasa2 = 0 }} '''Castello Junior Lukeba''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[RB Leipzig]] ta ƙasar Jamus da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. An haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2002 a birnin Lyon na ƙasar Faransa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan baya masu ƙwarewa a Turai saboda ƙarfinsa wajen tsaron gida, saurin gudu, da iya fara gina hari daga baya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/castello-lukeba|title=Castello Lukeba Profile|publisher=Bundesliga|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Castello Lukeba a Lyon, inda ya taso cikin iyali mai asalin Angola. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, lamarin da ya sa ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta Olympique Saint-Genis-Laval kafin daga bisani ya koma makarantar horas da matasa ta ƙungiyar Lyon. A lokacin yana matashi ya yi fice wajen nuna jajircewa da nutsuwa a fili, wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin masu horaswa a ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ol.fr/en/football/roster/players/castello-lukeba|title=Castello Lukeba Biography|publisher=Olympique Lyonnais|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙungiya == === Lyon === Lukeba ya fara taka leda a babban ƙungiyar Lyon a shekarar 2021 bayan ya kammala matakan horaswar matasa. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Ligue 1 cikin kakar 2021–22, inda ya nuna bajinta sosai duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa. Kwarewarsa wajen yanke ƙwallaye da kuma iya sarrafa ƙwallo daga baya ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da ake dogaro da su a ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=castello-lukeba|title=Castello Lukeba Statistics|publisher=Ligue 1|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A cikin ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci, Lukeba ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan masu tsaron baya a gasar Faransa. Ya taimaka wa Lyon wajen samun nasarori da dama ta hanyar dakile hare-haren abokan hamayya. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da ƙarfi, iya karanta wasa, da kuma ƙwarewar bayar da dogayen ƙwallaye daga baya zuwa gaba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-castello-lukeba-lyon-defender/blt123456|title=Who is Castello Lukeba?|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === RB Leipzig === A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar RB Leipzig ta Jamus ta sayi Lukeba daga Lyon domin ƙarfafa ɓangaren tsaronta. Komawarsa Bundesliga ya ba shi damar taka leda a manyan gasa irin su UEFA Champions League. Ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa a Jamus, inda ya dace da tsarin wasan ƙungiyar saboda saurin motsinsa da kuma iya buga ƙwallo cikin nutsuwa daga baya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rbleipzig.com/en/first-team/team/castello-lukeba/|title=Castello Lukeba RB Leipzig Profile|publisher=RB Leipzig|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun yaba da yadda Lukeba ya dace da salon Bundesliga duk da ƙuruciyarsa. Ana ganin yana da babban makoma saboda haɗa ƙarfin jiki da basirar fasaha a lokaci guda.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|title=RB Leipzig sign Castello Lukeba|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙasa == Castello Lukeba ya wakilci Faransa a matakan ‘yan ƙasa masu shekaru daban-daban, ciki har da tawagar ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21. Daga baya ya samu damar shiga babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa saboda bajintarsa a matakin ƙungiya. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan baya da za su taimaka wa Faransa a nan gaba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10123-lukeba-castello/fiche.html|title=Castello Lukeba France Profile|publisher=French Football Federation|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Lukeba yana taka leda ne a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen katse ƙwallaye, hana ‘yan gaba damar cin ƙwallo, da kuma fara kai hari daga baya. Hakanan yana da saurin gudu wanda ke taimaka masa wajen dawo da ƙwallo idan an kai masa hari cikin sauri. Masana suna kwatanta shi da wasu manyan masu tsaron baya na zamani saboda nutsuwarsa da iya sarrafa yanayin wasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoutingfootball.com/castello-lukeba-analysis|title=Castello Lukeba Tactical Analysis|publisher=Scouting Football|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === RB Leipzig === * DFL Supercup: 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfl.de/en/|title=DFL Supercup Winners|publisher=DFL|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.rbleipzig.com/en/first-team/team/castello-lukeba/ Castello Lukeba a shafin RB Leipzig] * [https://www.fff.fr/ Castello Lukeba a shafin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316050621/http://www.fff.fr/ |date=2011-03-16 }} {{Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa}} g6n001704hjmro341h8p19jzbo1vrr6 0 69313 883843 792816 2026-07-16T05:35:25Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339090994|The Arbitration]]" 883843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''The Arbitration''''' fim din wasan kwaikwayo ne na soyayya a Najeriya na shekarar 2016, wanda Chinaza Onuzo ta rubuta, [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ne ya ba da umarni, Chinaza Onuzo, Omotayo Adeola, da [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu Oyibo suka shirya.]] Fim din ya hada da [[OC Ukeje]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Iretiola Doyle]] da [[Somkele Iyamah|Somkele Iyamah-Idhalama]] . == Labari == Gbenga kwararren ɗan kasuwa ne, yana gudanar da wani kamfanin fasaha mai riba sosai, kuma shi ne wanda ake tuhuma a ƙarar da Dara, wani [[injiniyan kwamfuta]], ya shigar, wanda baiwar sa ta taimaka wa kamfanin Gbenga ta kai matsayin da ta kai. Abokan aikin sun kasance masoya waɗanda dangantakarsu ta ƙare lokacin da Gbenga ya gano matarsa tana da ciki da ɗansu na fari. Ƙarar da ta shigar ta nemi a biya diyya ga waɗannan asusun, kuma Dara ta kai ƙarar Gbenga saboda tilasta mata yin jima'i (wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin fyaɗe). == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Mr. Gbenga * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Dara Olujobi * [[Iretiola Doyle]] as Funlaya Johnson * [[Somkele Iyamah|Somkele Iyamah-Idhalama]] as Omawumi Horsfall * [[Lota Chukwu]] as Faridah * Pius Fatoke, Shugaban Jami'a * [[Sola Fosudo]] a matsayin Tomisin Bucknor * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Chiama Sanni * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Chijioke Utah * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Ebele * Owolo Hosana a matsayin Mai Martaba * Austin Nwaolie a matsayin Henchman * Ishaya Ogunowo a matsayin Barman * Bukola Ojeba a Matsayin Dalibi == Tsari == Gbenga wani ɗan kasuwa ne mai fara’a wanda ke tafiyar da kamfanin fasaha mai matuƙar riba. Shi ne ake ƙara a wata shari’a da Dara, wata injiniyar kwamfuta, ta shigar. Hazakar Dara ce ta taimaka wa kamfanin Gbenga ya kai matsayin da yake a yanzu.Abokan aikin sun kasance masoya, amma dangantakarsu ta ƙare ne lokacin da Gbenga ya gano cewa matarsa tana ɗauke da juna biyu na abin da ya kamata ya zama ɗansu na farko tareA cikin ƙarar da ta shigar, Dara tana neman a biya ta diyya saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ci gaban kamfanin. Haka kuma, tana zargin Gbenga da tilasta mata yin jima’i, abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin fyade.. == Samarwa == An ɗauki fim ɗin a wurare da dama a Legas. == Fitowa == An fitar da fim ɗin a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2016. An kuma fara nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Toronto <ref>[http://www.thenigeriamovienetwork.com/the-arbitration-nollywood-movie-official-trailer-62d...], The Arbitration Nollywood Movie-Official Trailer. {{Dead link}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|5811182}} 4x6rukpmsd4yyspmf6crayfa0slzi3j 0 70508 883687 379373 2026-07-15T17:46:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 883687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela''' fim ne na shekara ta 2005 game da wani ƙarni na maza, waɗanda gwamnatin Amurka ta ɗauka 'yan ta'adda, waɗanda suka bar Afirka ta Kudu don kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka kuma suka yada saƙonsu a duk faɗin duniya. Mai shirya fina-finai Thomas Allen Harris ya mai da hankali kan mahaifinsa Benjamin Pule Leinaeng, wanda ya kasance daga cikin mambobin ANC na farko da suka bar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/twelvedisciples/|title=Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela - POV - PBS|publisher=Pbs.org|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> An sadu da almajiran goma sha biyu na Nelson Mandela tare da yabo mai mahimmanci, inda suka lashe kyautar Independent Spirit Award don rukunin Stranger Than Fiction kuma an watsa su a kan PBS a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Point of View a shekara ta 2006. == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lyixy414xga99saoe9z3sl0bs6fdv6r 883688 883687 2026-07-15T17:46:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 883688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela''' fim ne na shekara ta 2005 game da wani ƙarni na maza, waɗanda gwamnatin [[Amurka]] ta ɗauka 'yan ta'adda, waɗanda suka bar Afirka ta Kudu don kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka kuma suka yada saƙonsu a duk faɗin duniya. Mai shirya fina-finai Thomas Allen Harris ya mai da hankali kan mahaifinsa Benjamin Pule Leinaeng, wanda ya kasance daga cikin mambobin ANC na farko da suka bar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/twelvedisciples/|title=Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela - POV - PBS|publisher=Pbs.org|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> An sadu da almajiran goma sha biyu na Nelson Mandela tare da yabo mai mahimmanci, inda suka lashe kyautar Independent Spirit Award don rukunin Stranger Than Fiction kuma an watsa su a kan PBS a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Point of View a shekara ta 2006. == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 702b2270xlpglk1jyv17qwip3pd5aq0 883689 883688 2026-07-15T17:50:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 883689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela''' fim ne na shekara ta 2005 game da wani ƙarni na maza, waɗanda gwamnatin [[Amurka]] ta ɗauka 'yan ta'adda, waɗanda suka bar Afirka ta Kudu don kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Afirka]] kuma suka yada saƙonsu a duk faɗin duniya. Mai shirya fina-finai Thomas Allen Harris ya mai da hankali kan mahaifinsa Benjamin Pule Leinaeng, wanda ya kasance daga cikin mambobin ANC na farko da suka bar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/twelvedisciples/|title=Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela - POV - PBS|publisher=Pbs.org|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> An sadu da almajiran goma sha biyu na Nelson Mandela tare da yabo mai mahimmanci, inda suka lashe kyautar Independent Spirit Award don rukunin Stranger Than Fiction kuma an watsa su a kan PBS a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Point of View a shekara ta 2006. == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1kydfih2bg6j8nli2x6t42ga3v0hnfh 883690 883689 2026-07-15T17:51:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 883690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela''' fim ne na shekara ta 2005 game da wani ƙarni na maza, waɗanda gwamnatin [[Amurka]] ta ɗauka 'yan ta'adda, waɗanda suka bar Afirka ta Kudu don kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Afirka]] kuma suka yada saƙonsu a duk faɗin duniya. Mai shirya fina-finai Thomas Allen Harris ya mai da hankali kan mahaifinsa Benjamin Pule Leinaeng, wanda ya kasance daga cikin mambobin ANC na farko da suka bar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/twelvedisciples/|title=Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela - POV - PBS|publisher=Pbs.org|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> An sadu da almajiran goma sha biyu na Nelson Mandela tare da yabo mai mahimmanci, inda suka lashe kyautar Independent Spirit Award don rukunin Stranger Than Fiction kuma an watsa su a kan PBS a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Point of View a shekara ta 2006. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2v1l33pjndmrlsemtqd0l2ql99gteqm 883691 883690 2026-07-15T17:52:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 883691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela''' fim ne na shekara ta 2005 game da wani ƙarni na maza, waɗanda gwamnatin [[Amurka]] ta ɗauka 'yan ta'adda, waɗanda suka bar Afirka ta Kudu don kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Afirka]] kuma suka yada saƙonsu a duk faɗin duniya. Mai shirya fina-finai Thomas Allen Harris ya mai da hankali kan mahaifinsa Benjamin Pule Leinaeng, wanda ya kasance daga cikin mambobin ANC na farko da suka bar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/twelvedisciples/|title=Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela - POV - PBS|publisher=Pbs.org|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> An sadu da almajiran goma sha biyu na [[Nelson Mandela]] tare da yabo mai mahimmanci, inda suka lashe kyautar Independent Spirit Award don rukunin Stranger Than Fiction kuma an watsa su a kan PBS a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Point of View a shekara ta 2006. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 76kbdtlugu4vihwnlmqc9f24sibrjdx 0 71387 883941 882806 2026-07-16T10:15:15Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359150275|Phone Swap]]" 883941 wikitext text/x-wiki   Phone Swap fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya [[Sinima a Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2012 wanda [[Kemi Adesoye]] ta rubuta, wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da shi. Tauraruwar [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], [[Wale Ojo]], [[Joke Silva]], [[Chika Okpala]], [[Lydia Forson]] da Afeez Oyetoro, kuma tana mai da hankali kan jerin abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da abokan adawar biyu suka musanya wayoyi ba zato ba tsammani. An yi fim din ne bayan taƙaitaccen bayani daga wata hukumar talla don ƙirƙirar fim wanda zai yanke a fadin shekaru 15 zuwa 45.<ref name="Daily Independent, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Wakeup call … Kunle Afolayan's Phone Swap |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/wakeup-call-kunle-afolayans-phone-swap/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202312/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/wakeup-call-kunle-afolayans-phone-swap/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Daily Independent Newspaper |publisher=Daily Independent, Nigeria}}</ref> Ya sami gabatarwa 4 a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards wanda ya haɗa da rukunin [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] kuma ya lashe kyautar Achievement in Production Design . <ref name="AMAA">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Africa Movie Academy Awards - Africa Film Academy |publisher=AMA Awards}}</ref> == Makirci == Mai tsara kayan ado Mary Oyenokwe da ɗan kasuwa mai girman kai Akin Cole an ba su wayoyin da ba daidai ba bayan sun yi karo a filin jirgin sama. Bayan rabuwa, Akin ta karɓi saƙo a wayar Maryamu daga shugabansu Alexis wanda ya karanta "Ku ji daɗin jirginku zuwa Owerri". Tunanin saƙon ya fito ne daga mai suna Alex - mataimakin Akin mai aminci amma mara ƙwarewa - ya ba da wani tikiti zuwa Owerri. Mary, wacce mahaifinta ya kira ta don yin aiki a matsayin matsakanci a taron iyali, ba zato ba tsammani ta sayi tikitin zuwa Abuja amma ta fahimci kuskuren ta bayan mai kula da jirgin ya sanar da ita cewa jirgin yana kan hanyar zuwa Abuja. Hakazalika, Akin ya gano cewa ya shiga jirgin da bai dace ba amma ya riga ya tashi sama. Mary ta isa Abuja kuma ta kira lambar ta kanta a wayar Akin; dukansu biyu ba su da masaniya da farko amma sun yarda su ba da hadin kai, kuma Akin ta ba da shawarar ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa mai 'yanci Kike, idan Mary ta ba da katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar wayar da ke dauke da fayiloli masu mahimmanci ga shugaban kamfaninsa a wani koma bayan kasuwanci. Da yake gaskata Maryamu ita ce budurwar ɗanta, Kike mai farin ciki nan da nan ya yi mata dumi, kuma duk ƙoƙarin Maryamu na bayyana faduwar kunnuwa. Ma'aurata suna da alaƙa da kayan ado, kuma Kike ya gayyaci Maryamu zuwa haɗuwa da abokai washegari. A halin yanzu a Owerri, bayan rikici da 'yar'uwar Maryamu Cynthia, wacce ke aiki a matsayin [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]], an kai Akin gidan mahaifin Maryamu da ya cika da mutane a cikin gundumar hoi polloi ta garin inda Cynthia ta gabatar da Akin ga mahaifinsu, ta yi imanin cewa shi saurayin' yar'uwarta ne. Akin ta yi ƙoƙari ta saba da salon rayuwarsu mai sauƙi, da yawa ga nishaɗin iyali, amma bayan Mary ta nemi ya yi magana da 'yar'uwarta a madadinta, Cynthia ta yarda ta juya sabon ganye kuma ta sarrafa fushinta saboda 'ya'yanta. A taron da Maryamu ta kasance matsakaici, Cynthia ta nemi gafara ga surukinta (Ta yi wa mijinta rauni a lokacin jayayya), kuma sun yarda da gafara. Da yake fahimtar cewa ba ta da tufafi masu dacewa don taron jama'a, Maryamu ta ranta rigar da take sawa, amma ta lura da mai mallakar da ta dace - abokin ciniki na Alexis - a bikin Kike. Kodayake abokin ciniki bai gamsu ba, ta amince da aikin Maryamu kuma ta ba da shawarar ba da shawarar ƙarin abokan ciniki. Akin da Maryamu suna kira akai-akai, suna narke sanyi na baya. A rana ta biyu na koma baya inda mahalarta ba su ɓata lokaci ba suna nuna raini ga Akin, Maryamu ta fuskanci tsohuwar budurwar Ghana ta Akin, Gina, wacce ta yi imanin cewa Maryamu ta sace Akin daga gare ta. A lokaci guda, tsohon saurayin Maryamu Tony ba zato ba tsammani ya isa gidan mahaifin Cynthia, a shirye ya fuskanci Akin. Maza biyu sun zo da rikici kamar yadda Maryamu da Gina ke da gwagwarmayar su a Abuja, kodayake masu kallo sun raba matan biyu. Cynthia ta gane Tony a matsayin mutumin da ya ɓoye matsayinsa na aure na gaskiya daga 'yar'uwarta, kuma 'yan uwan su biyu - Alpha da Omega - sun kore shi, suna gargadi shi kada ya dawo. Maryamu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta tafi neman sabon shugaban Akin wanda aka bayyana shi ne Kike; ta sami hannun jarin kamfanin don samun hankalin ɗanta bayan [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]] ya lalata dangantakarsu. Akin bai gamsu da wannan ba, amma mahaifiyarsa ta nemi gafara saboda abin da ya gabata. Mary, wacce yanzu ta fara lakabin tufafinta Mary O, ta kira mai tsananin Alexis don ya ba da murabus dinta. A filin jirgin sama, Akin da Mary a ƙarshe sun hadu a Legas, sun musanya wayoyinsu. Ya taimaka mata ta dauki jakarta, kuma dukansu biyu sun shiga motarsa yayin da ake karɓar kuɗi. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Fitarwa == === Ci gaba === An yi tunanin Swap na Wayar Wayar Wayara bayan taƙaitaccen bayani daga wata hukumar talla, waɗanda ke karɓar shawarwari a madadin [[Samsung]] don ƙirƙirar fim ɗin da zai yanke a tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 45, kuma an harbe shi a Legas kuma an yi shi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] da BlackBerry. Har ila yau, ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga Meelk Properties, IRS Airlines, Kamfanin Bottling guda bakwai, Honeywell Flour Mill da sauransu da yawa. Mataki na rubutun fim din ya ɗauki shekaru biyu, yayin da matakan samarwa da bayan samarwa ya ɗauki makonni shida da watanni uku bi da bi.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}</ref> Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma ya ci nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin. An gabatar da rubutun goma daga mutane da kamfanoni daban-daban, amma rubutun Afolayan ya lashe filin wasa.<ref name="Punch">{{Cite news |author=Augoye, Jayne |date=13 March 2012 |title=Swapping Sam Loco with Zebrudaya for comedy sake |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425041622/http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=25 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Kodayake Samsung daga baya ya fita daga aikin, Kunle Afolayan ya ci gaba da neman kudade daga wasu manyan masu tallafawa yayin da yake da sha'awar kammala aikin.<ref name="Daily Independent, Nigeria" /> Afolayan ya yi imanin cewa kodayake fim din ba "arty" ba ne kamar The Figurine, yana da damar yin kyau a ofishin akwatin saboda fim ne na kasuwanci. Afolayan duk da haka ya yanke shawarar kauce wa wasan kwaikwayo na slapstick, wanda ya zama al'ada ga nau'in wasan kwaikwayo a Nollywood.<ref name="Gaurdian">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914043905/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a lokacin da aka nuna fim din a Legas cewa zaɓin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ya dace da yunkurin rarraba kamfaninsa na samarwa; fina-finai biyu da suka gabata daga Golden Effects Studios sun kasance masu ban tsoro, don haka Phone Swap ya nuna cewa kamfaninsa ba ya gudana a kan "tafiye-tafiye".<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}</ref> Kemi Adesoye da Afolayan sun zo da ra'ayin labarin don fim din; tare da matakin rubutun da ke ɗaukar jimlar shekaru biyu.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria" /><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Kunle Afolayan ya lura cewa masu saka hannun jari sun yi jinkirin amsawa ga shirin kasuwancinsa.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref> Koyaya, fim ɗin ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga kamfanonin sadarwa kamar [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] da BlackBerry. An kuma kusanci wasu alamomi don shiga cikin samarwa kuma Wasu daga cikinsu sun sanya kayan aiki. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni sun haɗa da: Meelk Properties, IRS Airlines, Kamfanin Bottling guda bakwai, Berrys' Couture, Honeywell Flour Mill da Maclean.<ref name="9aijabooksandmovies">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere! |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425061134/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=9aija books and movies |publisher=9aijabooksandmovies}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen tallafawa kasafin kudin fim din da kashi talatin zuwa kashi arba'in.<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdeyemo,_Adeola2012">Adeyemo, Adeola (19 April 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Gaurdian">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914043905/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=The Guardian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema "Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world"]. </cite></ref> === Kasuwanci === Halin namiji mai jagora, Akin an yi la'akari da shi da farko ga Joseph Benjamin amma daga baya aka sauke shi lokacin da aka gano cewa kwanan nan an haɗa shi a matsayin ma'aurata tare da mai sa hannu [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Etim]] ga ''[[Mr. and Mrs. (2012 film)|Mr. da Mrs.]]'', fim wanda kuma ke cikin samarwa a lokacin kuma an sake shi a watan Maris na 2012. An kira [[Jim Iyke]] don taka rawar amma ba shi da shi a lokacin - harbi Last Flight to Abuja, don haka Wale Ojo ya zama sabon dan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}</ref> Halin mahaifin Maryamu an tsara shi ne ga Sam Loco, wanda ya mutu a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 2011 daga ciwon asma kafin a fara yin fim. Chika Okpala, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Zebrudaya a cikin The New Masquerade, an sanya hannu don maye gurbin marigayi dan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar keɓe fim din ga ƙwaƙwalwarsa a cikin kyautar buɗe fim din.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Punch" /><ref name="Dailytimes" /> Ada Ameh da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], wadanda suka fito daga Benue da [[Igbo language|Ibo]]" id="mwrA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akwa Ibom">Akwa Ibom bi da bi, ana buƙatar su koyi yaren Igbo na [[Owerri]] na tsawon watanni shida kafin fara daukar hoto don dacewa da haruffa Cynthia da Maryamu, kamar yadda dukansu biyu aka nuna su a matsayin 'yan asalin Owerri. <ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkon,Augusta*2012">Okon,Augusta* (25 April 2012). </cite></ref> Etim a cikin wata hira da Jaridar Leadership ta ce: "Ni ba ainihin rookie ba ne idan ya zo ga Harshen Igbo, amma har sai da Phone Swap ba na buƙatar yin magana da Igbo a matsayin ɗan asalin ƙasar. Zan yarda cewa yana da ƙalubale sosai, saboda dole ne in koyi takamaiman yaren. Ina matukar farin ciki da kwarewar, duk da haka. Igbo yare ne mai ban sha'awa sosai kuma na ji daɗin kaina sosai a cikin tsarin koyon shi".<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref> Darakta, Afolayan, yana da babban jayayya tare da [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]], game da jefa Hafeez Oyetoro a cikin fim din. Bayan ganin gyaran farko na fim din, [[Mike Adenuga]] ya nemi a sauke Oyetoro daga layin simintin, kuma al'amuransa sun sake farawa tare da wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Oyetoro a lokacin jakadan alama ne na Etisalat Najeriya, babban mai fafatawa a kasuwar sadarwa ta Najeriya. Afolayan duk da haka ya ki, tare da imanin cewa sauke Oyetoro zai "kashe" fim din. A sakamakon haka, [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] ya janye saka hannun jari daga fim din kuma ba a sabunta kwangilar jakadancin Afolayan tare da kamfanin ba. === Fim === An fara yin fim a [[Badagry]] <ref name="Rice, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Rice, Andrew |date=26 February 2012 |title=A Scorsese in Lagos: The Making of Nigeria's Film Industry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035031/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=24 March 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> a watan Agusta, kafin a koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=13 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121746/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> an harbe fim din a cikin makonni shida kuma bayan samar da fim din ya dauki watanni uku. A cewar Afolayan, mafi ƙalubale na harbi shine gina ciki na jirgin sama da filin jirgin sama wanda aka harbe shi na sa'o'i ashirin da hudu ba tare da hutu ba; <ref name="Rice, Andrew" /> Pat Nebo da tawagarsa sun sake gina gidan jirgin sama a cikin ɗakin studio.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdeyemo,_Adeola2012">Adeyemo, Adeola (19 April 2012). </cite></ref> == Waƙoƙi da sauti == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, Hotunan Golden Effects sun fitar da Original Soundtrack na Phone Swap don sauke dijital. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=17 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap – Official Soundtracks |url=http://tooxclusive.com/music/phone-swap-official-soundtracks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232800/http://tooxclusive.com/music/phone-swap-official-soundtracks/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Too Exclusive |publisher=tooXclusive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaydee |date=18 April 2014 |title=Truth - Truth Fate OST- Movie Phone Swap |url=http://www.mp3naija.com.ng/music/mp3/1816 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321001121/http://www.mp3naija.com.ng/music/mp3/1816 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=MP3 Naija |publisher=mp3naija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deji |date=17 April 2012 |title=[AUDIO] SoundTrack of the award winning PhoneSwap movie |url=http://www.gidilounge.com/music/audio-soundtrack-of-the-award-winning-phoneswap-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022131/http://www.gidilounge.com/music/audio-soundtrack-of-the-award-winning-phoneswap-movie/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Gidi Lounge}}</ref> Soundtrack of Phone Swap ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali guda uku waɗanda Gaskiya, [[Adekunle "Nodash" Adejuyigbe]] da Oyinkansola suka yi, waɗanda Gaskiya da Oyincansola suka yi da kuma waƙar gargajiya da [[Sunny Ade|Sarki Sunny Adé]] ya fitar a baya. Gaskiya ce ta yi zane-zane da ƙira kuma an yi amfani da rhythms da drum na gargajiya na Najeriya don ƙididdigar fim ɗin. Waƙoƙin sun haɗa da waƙoƙi, kalmomin da ke saurin haɓaka da kuma bugun gargajiya, amma an rage su zuwa wani abu mai sauƙi tare da saurin bugun a wasu al'amuran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=TBFF Film Review - Phone Swap |url=http://flickhunter.blogspot.com/2013/02/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233631/http://flickhunter.blogspot.com/2013/02/phone-swap.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Flick Hunter}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin "Fate" ita ce ta farko ta hukuma daga mai samar da kiɗa, Gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2012 |title=From The Phone Swap Original Soundtrack, Listen to Truth – Fate Has A Plan |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/23/from-the-phone-swap-ost-listen-to-truth-fate-has-a-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215319/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/23/from-the-phone-swap-ost-listen-to-truth-fate-has-a-plan/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo |date=23 April 2012 |title=Truth Presents: Fate Has a Plan [Phone Swap Soundtrack] |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2012/04/23/truth-presents-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215234/http://www.jaguda.com/2012/04/23/truth-presents-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Jaguda.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OG, Demola |date=20 April 2012 |title=Truth – Fate Has A Plan (Phone Swap Soundtrack) |url=http://notjustok.com/2012/04/20/truth-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215412/http://notjustok.com/2012/04/20/truth-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Not Just OK |publisher=NotJustOk.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2014 |title=Truth – Fate Has A Plan (Phone Swap Soundtrack) |url=http://kaaf.com/2012/04/Truth--Fate-Has-A-Plan-Phone-Swap-Soundtrack-90325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233228/http://kaaf.com/2012/04/Truth--Fate-Has-A-Plan-Phone-Swap-Soundtrack-90325 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Kaaf |publisher=Kaaf.com}}</ref> === Jerin waƙoƙi ===   == Saki == An saki trailer na farko na Phone Swap a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=On the Must Watch List! The First Official Trailer for Kunle Afolayan's New Film "Phone Swap" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/12/05/on-the-must-watch-list-the-first-official-trailer-for-kunle-afolayans-new-film-phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425035935/http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/12/05/on-the-must-watch-list-the-first-official-trailer-for-kunle-afolayans-new-film-phone-swap/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija}}</ref> kuma an saki trailer na biyu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2011 |title=Kunle Afolayan Releases "Phone Swap" Trailer |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/12/02/kunle-afolayan-releases-phone-swap-trailer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425052955/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/12/02/kunle-afolayan-releases-phone-swap-trailer/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Nollywood by Mindspace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Kunle Afolayan releases the second official trailer for his movie "Phone Swap". |url=http://www.1976ad.com/2012/02/23/kunle-afolayan-releases-the-second-official-trailer-for-his-movie-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225175647/http://www.1976ad.com/2012/02/23/kunle-afolayan-releases-the-second-official-trailer-for-his-movie-phone-swap/ |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=1976AD |publisher=1976AD.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dauda, Bola |date=23 February 2012 |title=Kunle Afolayan Releases Official Trailer 2 of Phone Swap |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/15946/10/kunle-afolayan-releases-official-trailer-2-of-phon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064924/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/15946/10/kunle-afolayan-releases-official-trailer-2-of-phon.html |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Nigeria Films |publisher=NigeriaFilms.com}}</ref> An nuna fim din a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban kafin a karshe a fara shi a zauren EXPO, Eko Hotels and suites, Legas a ranar 17 ga Maris 2012. <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="9aijabooksandmovies">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere! |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425061134/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=9aija books and movies |publisher=9aijabooksandmovies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ "Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere!"]. </cite></ref> An sake shi a Nationwide a ranar 30 ga Maris 2012, ya fara fitowa a [[Ghana]] a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2012 kuma daga baya ya sami fitowar kasa da kasa a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2012. <ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=Nollywood movie Phone Swap to premiere in London on November 10 |url=http://www.nigerianwatch.com/ents/nollywoodwatch/2371-nollywood-movie-phone-swap-to-premiere-in-london-on-november-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031432/http://www.nigerianwatch.com/ents/nollywoodwatch/2371-nollywood-movie-phone-swap-to-premiere-in-london-on-november-10 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Nigerian Watch Newspaper |publisher=Nigerian Watch}}</ref><ref name="Phone Swap">{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap |url=http://www.filmdates.co.uk/films/4980-phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226050119/http://www.filmdates.co.uk/films/4980-phone-swap/ |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Film Dates}}</ref> An kuma saki shi a kasuwannin da ba na gargajiya ba kamar [[Japan]], Jamus, [[Indiya]], [[Brazil]] da Athens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap Release info |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170527/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Internet Movie Data Base}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=German Premiere of Awarded Nollywood-Comedy "Phone Swap" by Kunle Afolayan, Thursday, 8 May 2014, 20h00, Hackesche Höfe Kino |url=http://www.africavenir.org/news-archive/newsdetails/datum/2014/04/04/deutschlandpremiere-der-nollywood-komoedie-phone-swap-von-kunle-afolayan-donnerstag-8-mai-2014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064339/http://www.africavenir.org/news-archive/newsdetails/datum/2014/04/04/deutschlandpremiere-der-nollywood-komoedie-phone-swap-von-kunle-afolayan-donnerstag-8-mai-2014.html |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=Africa Venir |publisher=AfricaVenir International}}</ref> Kodayake an saki fim din a Burtaniya a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2012, an sake shi daga 16 zuwa 24 ga Maris 2013. <ref name="Phone Swap" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2013 |title=OHBoX Presents African Cinema Experience (ACE) |url=http://ohtvbox.com/have-an-ace-night-out/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040829/http://ohtvbox.com/have-an-ace-night-out/ |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=OHTV |publisher=OHtvBox}}</ref> Fim din ya sake fitowa a Najeriya a lokacin bukukuwan Ramadan daga 18 zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta 2012. == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sadu da yawancin bita masu kyau. Nollywood Reinvented ya yaba da fim din, wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa da soyayya. Kodayake ya lura cewa fim din ya nuna halin da ba gaskiya ba, ya ba da ƙimar 68% kuma ya kammala: "Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa game da fim din shine haɗi na motsin rai da ya kirkira tsakanin masu kallo da 'ma'aurata', masu kallo da kowane haruffa, haruffa da juna kuma ba kawai Maryamu da Akin ba. A ƙarshen fim ɗin ba ku ji kamar kun ga wani fim ɗin ba. Yana da tasirin dindindin wanda kawai 'yan fina-finai kaɗan ne kawai za su iya kirkira.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=Phone Swap - Nollywood Reinvented |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417180638/http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/phone-swap.html |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> Ya ba fim din darajar 4 daga cikin taurari 5 kuma ya kammala: "Phone Swap ba tare da wata shakka ba fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Nollywood, yana tafiya a kan tekuna na kuzari da basira, tare da masta na sana'a yana bugawa da alfahari a cikin iska kuma yana nuna gaskiyar daya...Ya sake tayar da mashaya na fim a Nollywood!". <ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkon,Augusta*2012">Okon,Augusta* (25 April 2012). </cite></ref> Kemi Filani ta yaba da fim, gyare-gyare, ci gaban halayyar, rubutun da kayan ado na fim din; ta kammala cewa: "Phone Swap yana cike da dariya kuma yana nuna yadda mutane da ba za su iya daidaitawa da yanayin da ba zato ba tsammani. " NollywoodForever ya ba shi ƙididdigar Watch Definitely kuma ya kammala cewa "... Yana da ban dariya, yana da basira, yana da zuciya mai dumi kuma ya fi haka. Dami Elebe na Connect Nigeria ya yaba da jagorancin fim ɗin nan gaba kuma ya ce "Ba tare da wata shakka ba".<ref name="Filani, Kemi*">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Kemi* |date=September 2013 |title=I FINALLY watched Phone Swap and I didn't like it!!! |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531040335/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap {{!}} Nigerian Movie {{!}} Nollywood Forever Movie Reviews<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://nollywoodforever.com/phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710032539/http://nollywoodforever.com/phone-swap/ |archive-date=2013-07-10 |access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref><ref name="connectNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Elebe, Dami |date=20 March 2012 |title=Movie Review: Phone Swap Excels! |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410235808/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Connect Nigeria |publisher=ConnectNigeria}}</ref> Andrew Rice na The New York Times ya yi sharhi: "Kunle Afolayan yana so ya tsoratar da ku, yana so ya sa ku dariya, amma mafi mahimmanci, zai so ku dakatar da rashin gaskatawarku - a cikin makircinsa, eh, wanda ke da alaƙa da saman, amma kuma game da abin da zai yiwu a Afirka" Shari Bollers na Afridiziak ya ce "Dukkanin halayen da aka halicce su kuma ya sa masu sauraro su dariya kuma su yi dariya da su".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollers, Shari |date=4 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap directed by Kunle Afolayan, OHTV screening at the BFI |url=http://www.afridiziak.com/theatrenews/reviews/nov2012/phone-swap-directed-by-kunle-afolayan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214248/http://www.afridiziak.com/theatrenews/reviews/nov2012/phone-swap-directed-by-kunle-afolayan.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Afridiziak}}</ref><ref name="The africa Channel">{{Cite web |last=Pearson, Caitlin |date=10 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap review - The Africa Channel UK |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126023854/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=The africa Channel, UK |publisher=The africa Channel}}</ref> Fim din yana da kyau wakilci na Najeriya... ".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKay, Francis |date=18 February 2013 |title=TBFF Film Review - Phone Swap |url=http://flickhunter.blogspot.ca/2013/02/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220131/http://flickhunter.blogspot.ca/2013/02/phone-swap.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=10 May 2014 |publisher=Flick Hunter}}</ref> Kemi Filani ta yi sharhi game da kyakkyawan hoton mata a cikin fim din: "Ina son yadda aka nuna mata. Don canji, matan Najeriya sun kasance masu ƙarfi, masu basira da kyau. Ko da yake mata a cikin wannan fim ɗin suna da lahani, kamar kowane ɗan adam, an kuma nuna su da kyau da kyau. " <ref name="Filani, Kemi*">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Kemi* |date=September 2013 |title=I FINALLY watched Phone Swap and I didn't like it!!! |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531040335/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFilani,_Kemi*2013">Filani, Kemi* (September 2013). </cite></ref> Dami Elebe ya yaba da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu a cikin fim ɗin: "Nse Ikpe-Etim ya yi mata rawar da kyau a cikin wannan fina-finai ba za mu taɓa son yin ta dace ba, cikakkiyar yarinya ba ne kawai ya nuna cewa mutumin Nollywood ba.<ref name="connectNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Elebe, Dami |date=20 March 2012 |title=Movie Review: Phone Swap Excels! |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410235808/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Connect Nigeria |publisher=ConnectNigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElebe,_Dami2012">Elebe, Dami (20 March 2012). </cite></ref> Caitlin Pearson ya yi sharhi game da ƙwarewar Wale Ojo ta hanyar cewa: "Ojo tabbas yana sha'awarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wajen ɗaukar wannan rawar, kuma yana sarrafawa don daidaita halayen halayen Akin tare da jin tausayi". Ta kuma yaba da halin Hafiz Oyetoro ta hanyar bayyana cewa "mafi ban dariya da nishaɗi shine na Hafiz Owetoro wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mataimakin Akin Alex. Halin Alex yana cikin daidaituwa mai kyau tsakanin biyayya da sneaky wanda shine farin ciki don kallo".<ref name="The africa Channel">{{Cite web |last=Pearson, Caitlin |date=10 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap review - The Africa Channel UK |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126023854/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=The africa Channel, UK |publisher=The africa Channel}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearson,_Caitlin2012">Pearson, Caitlin (10 November 2012). </cite></ref> === Ofishin akwatin === Wayar Wayar Wayara ta yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin. Fim din ya yi rikodin 3,720,000 a farkon karshen mako na cikin gida. Ya hau kan sigogi a cikin makon farko da aka saki a Najeriya ta hanyar tara fina-finai kamar Wrath of the Titans da ''John carter'' .<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=OC Box Office News – Phone Swap Leads the Pack in First Half |url=http://www.youflymagonline.com/2012/07/23/oc-box-office-news-phone-swap-leads-the-pack-in-first-half/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003622/http://www.youflymagonline.com/2012/07/23/oc-box-office-news-phone-swap-leads-the-pack-in-first-half/ |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=You Fly Magazine |publisher=You Fly Magazine Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=Nigerian Box Office: Obi Emelonye's 'Last Flight To Abuja' Dominating The Charts |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-box-office-obi-emelonyes-last-flight-to-abuja-dominating-the-charts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233507/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-box-office-obi-emelonyes-last-flight-to-abuja-dominating-the-charts |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=[[Indiewire]] |publisher=Shadow and Act - IndieWire}}</ref> An ce wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan lokutan nunawa da aka ba wa Phone Swap tare da akalla sau 6 nunawa a kowace rana don gidan wasan kwaikwayo. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa fim din yana da nunawa masu zaman kansu da yawa ga kungiyoyin kamfanoni da alamomi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap beats Wraths of the Titans, John carter and Other Hollywood Films in Box Office |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2012/04/phone-swap-beats-wraths-of-the-titans-john-carter-and-other-hollywood-films-in-box-office/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030054415/http://www.360nobs.com/2012/04/phone-swap-beats-wraths-of-the-titans-john-carter-and-other-hollywood-films-in-box-office/ |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=360Nobs |publisher=360Nobs.com}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, fim din ya sami gabatarwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards kafin a fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. === Kyaututtuka === Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards ciki har da rukunin [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] . Daga ƙarshe ya lashe kyautar don Achievement in Production Design . Ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards tare da gabatarwa goma kuma ya lashe kyautar don Mafi Kyawun Production Set; Nse Ikpe Etim kuma ya lashe lambar yabo don Mafi Kyawu a cikin fim din Ingilishi. Wayar Wayar Wayara kuma ta sami mafi yawan gabatarwa da mafi yawan nasarori a 2013 Nollywood Movies Awards tare da jimlar gabatarwa goma sha biyu kuma ta lashe kyaututtuka don Mafi Kyawun Fim, Mafi Kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa ga Hafeez Oyetoro, Mafi Kyawu Actress a Matsayin Taimako ga Ada Ameh, Mafi Kyau Cinematography, Mafi Kyautar Fim na asali da Mafi Kyawun Box Office Movie na Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaymi |date=13 October 2013 |title=NMA2013: Full list of winners at the Nollywood Movies Awards |url=http://dailystar.com.ng/2013/10/13/nma2013-full-list-winners-nollywood-movies-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016054408/http://dailystar.com.ng/2013/10/13/nma2013-full-list-winners-nollywood-movies-awards/ |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners: Nollywood Movies Awards 2013 |url=http://www.premiumnigerianmovies.com/list-of-winners-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-2065/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234039/http://www.premiumnigerianmovies.com/list-of-winners-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-2065/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Premium Nigerian Movies}}</ref> An zabi shi don kyaututtuka takwas a 2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards, inda Kunle Afolayan ya lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Ranar bikin !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="4" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] (8th Africa Movie Academy Awards) <ref name="AMAA">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Africa Movie Academy Awards - Africa Film Academy |publisher=AMA Awards}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 "AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012"]. </cite></ref><br /> | rowspan="4" |22 ga Afrilu 2012 |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Tsarin samarwa |Pat Nebo| {{Won}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa]] |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Nom}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora]] |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja (2012 Golden Jury Awards) <ref name="IMDB">{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap - Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/awards?ref_=tt_awd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170527/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/awards?ref_=tt_awd |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=IMDb |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> <br /> | rowspan="2" |Satumba 2012 |Fim mafi kyau | rowspan="2" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Won}} |- |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja (Prize na Bikin 2012) <ref name="IMDB" /><ref name="The Net" /><br /> |Kyakkyawan Gudanar da Fim| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="10" |BON Magazine ([[Lambar yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na Musamman na 2012|2012 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=BON WINNERS |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015035529/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="10" |11 ga Nuwamba 2012 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a fim din Ingilishi |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]]| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin fim din Ingilishi |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin fim din Ingilishi |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Daraktan Shekara | rowspan="2" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Fim na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Shirin Shirin Shekara |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Nom}} |- |Cinematography na Shekara |Yinka Edward| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Sauti |Biodun Oni, Eilam Hoffman| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara |Yemi Mai Jinƙai| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun samarwa |Pat Nebo| {{Won}} |- |MultiChoice (2013 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026221942/https://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref><br /> |9 Maris 2013 |Mafi kyawun fim (comedy) | rowspan="3" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |NollywoodWeek Paris (2013 NollywoodWeak Paris Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=Edition 2013 |url=http://www.nollywoodweek.com/edition-2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610005638/http://www.nollywoodweek.com/edition-2013/ |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=NollywoodWeek Paris}}</ref><br /> |Yuni 2013 |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="12" |Nollywood Movies Network (2013 Nollywood Momies Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NMA 2013 Winners |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/nma2013-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-winners-full-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060437/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/nma2013-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-winners-full-list/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=24 March 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="12" |12 ga Oktoba 2013 |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa |Ada Ameh| {{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara |Yemi Mai Jinƙai| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Yinka Edward| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Won}} |- |Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawar |Titi Aluko| {{Nom}} |- |Tsarin da ya fi dacewa |Pat Nebo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Gaskiya| {{Nom}} |- |Fim din ofishin Jakadancin | rowspan="3" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="8" |Golden Icons Magazine (2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayex Money |date=20 August 2013 |title=Full Lists Of Nominees For The 2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |url=http://www.ngtrends.com/2013/08/full-lists-of-nominees-for-the-2013-golden-icons-academy-movie-awards-giama-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035225/http://www.ngtrends.com/2013/08/full-lists-of-nominees-for-the-2013-golden-icons-academy-movie-awards-giama-awards/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=NG Trends}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole, Mistah |date=24 October 2013 |title=Full List of Winners for Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards 2013 Released |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404015609/https://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=360 Nobs |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="8" |19 ga Oktoba 2013 |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Yinka Edward, Alfred Chia| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Comedy |Kunle Afolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor (Mafi kyawun Sabon Actor) |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |} == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == A watan Agustan 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa OHTV ta sami haƙƙin talabijin don Swap na Wayar. Tun daga wannan lokacin an sake shi a dandamali na VOD; gami da OHTV, Ibaka TV, da Demand Africa An adana shi 2019-08-30 a . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson, Tambay A. |date=12 August 2012 |title=UK & USA Rights To Nigerian Kunle Afolayan's Rom-Com 'Phone Swap' Acquired By OHTV |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/uk-usa-rights-to-nigerian-kunle-afolayans-rom-com-phone-swap-acquired-by-ohtv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222122207/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/uk-usa-rights-to-nigerian-kunle-afolayans-rom-com-phone-swap-acquired-by-ohtv |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap - Ibaka TV |url=http://www.ibakatv.com/movie/phone-swap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423084022/http://www.ibakatv.com/movie/phone-swap |archive-date=April 23, 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> An saki fim din a kan DVD a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="news24">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Kunle Afolayan set to release Phone Swap in DVD |url=http://www.news24.com.ng/Entertainment/News/Kunle-Afolayan-set-to-release-Phone-Swap-in-DVD-20141208 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222130914/http://www.news24.com.ng/Entertainment/News/Kunle-Afolayan-set-to-release-Phone-Swap-in-DVD-20141208 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=News 24}}</ref> Afolayan ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa jinkirin a cikin sakin DVD ya kasance ne sakamakon shirye-shiryen samun ingantaccen tsarin rarraba don DVD don rage keta haƙƙin mallaka na fim ɗin zuwa mafi ƙarancin matakin. G-Media ce ke rarraba DVD ɗin, kuma yana da abubuwan da ke cikin kari kamar "bayan-yanayin" da "Aikin ...".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title='Phone Swap', 'Tango with Me' goes on DVD |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/12/phone-swap-tango-with-me-goes-on-dvd/#.VJdbBf8BDA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223145606/http://businessdayonline.com/2014/12/phone-swap-tango-with-me-goes-on-dvd/#.VJdbBf8BDA |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=BusinessDay Online}}</ref><ref name="news24" /> An kuma saki wani kunshin DVD na musamman, wanda aka lakafta "Kunle Afolayan's Collection", wanda ke dauke da sauran fina-finai biyu da suka gabata da Kunle Afolajan ya jagoranta.<ref name="leadership" /> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2012|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2012]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.phoneswapmovie.com}} * {{IMDb title|2198109|Phone Swap}} * Phone SwapaNollywood An sake kirkirar * Wayar Swap An adana shi 2019-08-30 a a kan Demand Africa[https://watch.demandafrica.com/ Bukatar Afirka] {{Kunle Afolayan}}{{Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Production Design}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o1eecxo0eqhg1thgzxb0se0nk9o6pqc 883943 883941 2026-07-16T10:16:41Z Maiakwai4u 37986 883943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Phone Swap fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya [[Sinima a Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2012 wanda [[Kemi Adesoye]] ta rubuta, wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da shi. Tauraruwar [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], [[Wale Ojo]], [[Joke Silva]], [[Chika Okpala]], [[Lydia Forson]] da Afeez Oyetoro, kuma tana mai da hankali kan jerin abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da abokan adawar biyu suka musanya wayoyi ba zato ba tsammani. An yi fim din ne bayan taƙaitaccen bayani daga wata hukumar talla don ƙirƙirar fim wanda zai yanke a fadin shekaru 15 zuwa 45.<ref name="Daily Independent, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Wakeup call … Kunle Afolayan's Phone Swap |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/wakeup-call-kunle-afolayans-phone-swap/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202312/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/wakeup-call-kunle-afolayans-phone-swap/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Daily Independent Newspaper |publisher=Daily Independent, Nigeria}}</ref> Ya sami gabatarwa 4 a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards wanda ya haɗa da rukunin [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] kuma ya lashe kyautar Achievement in Production Design . <ref name="AMAA">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Africa Movie Academy Awards - Africa Film Academy |publisher=AMA Awards}}</ref> == Makirci == Mai tsara kayan ado Mary Oyenokwe da ɗan kasuwa mai girman kai Akin Cole an ba su wayoyin da ba daidai ba bayan sun yi karo a filin jirgin sama. Bayan rabuwa, Akin ta karɓi saƙo a wayar Maryamu daga shugabansu Alexis wanda ya karanta "Ku ji daɗin jirginku zuwa Owerri". Tunanin saƙon ya fito ne daga mai suna Alex - mataimakin Akin mai aminci amma mara ƙwarewa - ya ba da wani tikiti zuwa Owerri. Mary, wacce mahaifinta ya kira ta don yin aiki a matsayin matsakanci a taron iyali, ba zato ba tsammani ta sayi tikitin zuwa Abuja amma ta fahimci kuskuren ta bayan mai kula da jirgin ya sanar da ita cewa jirgin yana kan hanyar zuwa Abuja. Hakazalika, Akin ya gano cewa ya shiga jirgin da bai dace ba amma ya riga ya tashi sama. Mary ta isa Abuja kuma ta kira lambar ta kanta a wayar Akin; dukansu biyu ba su da masaniya da farko amma sun yarda su ba da hadin kai, kuma Akin ta ba da shawarar ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa mai 'yanci Kike, idan Mary ta ba da katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar wayar da ke dauke da fayiloli masu mahimmanci ga shugaban kamfaninsa a wani koma bayan kasuwanci. Da yake gaskata Maryamu ita ce budurwar ɗanta, Kike mai farin ciki nan da nan ya yi mata dumi, kuma duk ƙoƙarin Maryamu na bayyana faduwar kunnuwa. Ma'aurata suna da alaƙa da kayan ado, kuma Kike ya gayyaci Maryamu zuwa haɗuwa da abokai washegari. A halin yanzu a Owerri, bayan rikici da 'yar'uwar Maryamu Cynthia, wacce ke aiki a matsayin [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]], an kai Akin gidan mahaifin Maryamu da ya cika da mutane a cikin gundumar hoi polloi ta garin inda Cynthia ta gabatar da Akin ga mahaifinsu, ta yi imanin cewa shi saurayin' yar'uwarta ne. Akin ta yi ƙoƙari ta saba da salon rayuwarsu mai sauƙi, da yawa ga nishaɗin iyali, amma bayan Mary ta nemi ya yi magana da 'yar'uwarta a madadinta, Cynthia ta yarda ta juya sabon ganye kuma ta sarrafa fushinta saboda 'ya'yanta. A taron da Maryamu ta kasance matsakaici, Cynthia ta nemi gafara ga surukinta (Ta yi wa mijinta rauni a lokacin jayayya), kuma sun yarda da gafara. Da yake fahimtar cewa ba ta da tufafi masu dacewa don taron jama'a, Maryamu ta ranta rigar da take sawa, amma ta lura da mai mallakar da ta dace - abokin ciniki na Alexis - a bikin Kike. Kodayake abokin ciniki bai gamsu ba, ta amince da aikin Maryamu kuma ta ba da shawarar ba da shawarar ƙarin abokan ciniki. Akin da Maryamu suna kira akai-akai, suna narke sanyi na baya. A rana ta biyu na koma baya inda mahalarta ba su ɓata lokaci ba suna nuna raini ga Akin, Maryamu ta fuskanci tsohuwar budurwar Ghana ta Akin, Gina, wacce ta yi imanin cewa Maryamu ta sace Akin daga gare ta. A lokaci guda, tsohon saurayin Maryamu Tony ba zato ba tsammani ya isa gidan mahaifin Cynthia, a shirye ya fuskanci Akin. Maza biyu sun zo da rikici kamar yadda Maryamu da Gina ke da gwagwarmayar su a Abuja, kodayake masu kallo sun raba matan biyu. Cynthia ta gane Tony a matsayin mutumin da ya ɓoye matsayinsa na aure na gaskiya daga 'yar'uwarta, kuma 'yan uwan su biyu - Alpha da Omega - sun kore shi, suna gargadi shi kada ya dawo. Maryamu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta tafi neman sabon shugaban Akin wanda aka bayyana shi ne Kike; ta sami hannun jarin kamfanin don samun hankalin ɗanta bayan [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]] ya lalata dangantakarsu. Akin bai gamsu da wannan ba, amma mahaifiyarsa ta nemi gafara saboda abin da ya gabata. Mary, wacce yanzu ta fara lakabin tufafinta Mary O, ta kira mai tsananin Alexis don ya ba da murabus dinta. A filin jirgin sama, Akin da Mary a ƙarshe sun hadu a Legas, sun musanya wayoyinsu. Ya taimaka mata ta dauki jakarta, kuma dukansu biyu sun shiga motarsa yayin da ake karɓar kuɗi. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Fitarwa == === Ci gaba === An yi tunanin Swap na Wayar Wayar Wayara bayan taƙaitaccen bayani daga wata hukumar talla, waɗanda ke karɓar shawarwari a madadin [[Samsung]] don ƙirƙirar fim ɗin da zai yanke a tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 45, kuma an harbe shi a Legas kuma an yi shi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] da BlackBerry. Har ila yau, ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga Meelk Properties, IRS Airlines, Kamfanin Bottling guda bakwai, Honeywell Flour Mill da sauransu da yawa. Mataki na rubutun fim din ya ɗauki shekaru biyu, yayin da matakan samarwa da bayan samarwa ya ɗauki makonni shida da watanni uku bi da bi.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}</ref> Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma ya ci nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin. An gabatar da rubutun goma daga mutane da kamfanoni daban-daban, amma rubutun Afolayan ya lashe filin wasa.<ref name="Punch">{{Cite news |author=Augoye, Jayne |date=13 March 2012 |title=Swapping Sam Loco with Zebrudaya for comedy sake |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425041622/http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=25 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Kodayake Samsung daga baya ya fita daga aikin, Kunle Afolayan ya ci gaba da neman kudade daga wasu manyan masu tallafawa yayin da yake da sha'awar kammala aikin.<ref name="Daily Independent, Nigeria" /> Afolayan ya yi imanin cewa kodayake fim din ba "arty" ba ne kamar The Figurine, yana da damar yin kyau a ofishin akwatin saboda fim ne na kasuwanci. Afolayan duk da haka ya yanke shawarar kauce wa wasan kwaikwayo na slapstick, wanda ya zama al'ada ga nau'in wasan kwaikwayo a Nollywood.<ref name="Gaurdian">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914043905/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a lokacin da aka nuna fim din a Legas cewa zaɓin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ya dace da yunkurin rarraba kamfaninsa na samarwa; fina-finai biyu da suka gabata daga Golden Effects Studios sun kasance masu ban tsoro, don haka Phone Swap ya nuna cewa kamfaninsa ba ya gudana a kan "tafiye-tafiye".<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}</ref> Kemi Adesoye da Afolayan sun zo da ra'ayin labarin don fim din; tare da matakin rubutun da ke ɗaukar jimlar shekaru biyu.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria" /><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Kunle Afolayan ya lura cewa masu saka hannun jari sun yi jinkirin amsawa ga shirin kasuwancinsa.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref> Koyaya, fim ɗin ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga kamfanonin sadarwa kamar [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] da BlackBerry. An kuma kusanci wasu alamomi don shiga cikin samarwa kuma Wasu daga cikinsu sun sanya kayan aiki. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni sun haɗa da: Meelk Properties, IRS Airlines, Kamfanin Bottling guda bakwai, Berrys' Couture, Honeywell Flour Mill da Maclean.<ref name="9aijabooksandmovies">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere! |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425061134/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=9aija books and movies |publisher=9aijabooksandmovies}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen tallafawa kasafin kudin fim din da kashi talatin zuwa kashi arba'in.<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdeyemo,_Adeola2012">Adeyemo, Adeola (19 April 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Gaurdian">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914043905/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=The Guardian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema "Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world"]. </cite></ref> === Kasuwanci === Halin namiji mai jagora, Akin an yi la'akari da shi da farko ga Joseph Benjamin amma daga baya aka sauke shi lokacin da aka gano cewa kwanan nan an haɗa shi a matsayin ma'aurata tare da mai sa hannu [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Etim]] ga ''[[Mr. and Mrs. (2012 film)|Mr. da Mrs.]]'', fim wanda kuma ke cikin samarwa a lokacin kuma an sake shi a watan Maris na 2012. An kira [[Jim Iyke]] don taka rawar amma ba shi da shi a lokacin - harbi Last Flight to Abuja, don haka Wale Ojo ya zama sabon dan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}</ref> Halin mahaifin Maryamu an tsara shi ne ga Sam Loco, wanda ya mutu a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 2011 daga ciwon asma kafin a fara yin fim. Chika Okpala, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Zebrudaya a cikin The New Masquerade, an sanya hannu don maye gurbin marigayi dan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar keɓe fim din ga ƙwaƙwalwarsa a cikin kyautar buɗe fim din.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Punch" /><ref name="Dailytimes" /> Ada Ameh da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], wadanda suka fito daga Benue da [[Igbo language|Ibo]]" id="mwrA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akwa Ibom">Akwa Ibom bi da bi, ana buƙatar su koyi yaren Igbo na [[Owerri]] na tsawon watanni shida kafin fara daukar hoto don dacewa da haruffa Cynthia da Maryamu, kamar yadda dukansu biyu aka nuna su a matsayin 'yan asalin Owerri. <ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkon,Augusta*2012">Okon,Augusta* (25 April 2012). </cite></ref> Etim a cikin wata hira da Jaridar Leadership ta ce: "Ni ba ainihin rookie ba ne idan ya zo ga Harshen Igbo, amma har sai da Phone Swap ba na buƙatar yin magana da Igbo a matsayin ɗan asalin ƙasar. Zan yarda cewa yana da ƙalubale sosai, saboda dole ne in koyi takamaiman yaren. Ina matukar farin ciki da kwarewar, duk da haka. Igbo yare ne mai ban sha'awa sosai kuma na ji daɗin kaina sosai a cikin tsarin koyon shi".<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref> Darakta, Afolayan, yana da babban jayayya tare da [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]], game da jefa Hafeez Oyetoro a cikin fim din. Bayan ganin gyaran farko na fim din, [[Mike Adenuga]] ya nemi a sauke Oyetoro daga layin simintin, kuma al'amuransa sun sake farawa tare da wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Oyetoro a lokacin jakadan alama ne na Etisalat Najeriya, babban mai fafatawa a kasuwar sadarwa ta Najeriya. Afolayan duk da haka ya ki, tare da imanin cewa sauke Oyetoro zai "kashe" fim din. A sakamakon haka, [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] ya janye saka hannun jari daga fim din kuma ba a sabunta kwangilar jakadancin Afolayan tare da kamfanin ba. === Fim === An fara yin fim a [[Badagry]] <ref name="Rice, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Rice, Andrew |date=26 February 2012 |title=A Scorsese in Lagos: The Making of Nigeria's Film Industry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035031/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=24 March 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> a watan Agusta, kafin a koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=13 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121746/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> an harbe fim din a cikin makonni shida kuma bayan samar da fim din ya dauki watanni uku. A cewar Afolayan, mafi ƙalubale na harbi shine gina ciki na jirgin sama da filin jirgin sama wanda aka harbe shi na sa'o'i ashirin da hudu ba tare da hutu ba; <ref name="Rice, Andrew" /> Pat Nebo da tawagarsa sun sake gina gidan jirgin sama a cikin ɗakin studio.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdeyemo,_Adeola2012">Adeyemo, Adeola (19 April 2012). </cite></ref> == Waƙoƙi da sauti == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, Hotunan Golden Effects sun fitar da Original Soundtrack na Phone Swap don sauke dijital. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=17 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap – Official Soundtracks |url=http://tooxclusive.com/music/phone-swap-official-soundtracks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232800/http://tooxclusive.com/music/phone-swap-official-soundtracks/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Too Exclusive |publisher=tooXclusive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaydee |date=18 April 2014 |title=Truth - Truth Fate OST- Movie Phone Swap |url=http://www.mp3naija.com.ng/music/mp3/1816 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321001121/http://www.mp3naija.com.ng/music/mp3/1816 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=MP3 Naija |publisher=mp3naija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deji |date=17 April 2012 |title=[AUDIO] SoundTrack of the award winning PhoneSwap movie |url=http://www.gidilounge.com/music/audio-soundtrack-of-the-award-winning-phoneswap-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022131/http://www.gidilounge.com/music/audio-soundtrack-of-the-award-winning-phoneswap-movie/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Gidi Lounge}}</ref> Soundtrack of Phone Swap ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali guda uku waɗanda Gaskiya, [[Adekunle "Nodash" Adejuyigbe]] da Oyinkansola suka yi, waɗanda Gaskiya da Oyincansola suka yi da kuma waƙar gargajiya da [[Sunny Ade|Sarki Sunny Adé]] ya fitar a baya. Gaskiya ce ta yi zane-zane da ƙira kuma an yi amfani da rhythms da drum na gargajiya na Najeriya don ƙididdigar fim ɗin. Waƙoƙin sun haɗa da waƙoƙi, kalmomin da ke saurin haɓaka da kuma bugun gargajiya, amma an rage su zuwa wani abu mai sauƙi tare da saurin bugun a wasu al'amuran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=TBFF Film Review - Phone Swap |url=http://flickhunter.blogspot.com/2013/02/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233631/http://flickhunter.blogspot.com/2013/02/phone-swap.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Flick Hunter}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin "Fate" ita ce ta farko ta hukuma daga mai samar da kiɗa, Gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2012 |title=From The Phone Swap Original Soundtrack, Listen to Truth – Fate Has A Plan |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/23/from-the-phone-swap-ost-listen-to-truth-fate-has-a-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215319/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/23/from-the-phone-swap-ost-listen-to-truth-fate-has-a-plan/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo |date=23 April 2012 |title=Truth Presents: Fate Has a Plan [Phone Swap Soundtrack] |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2012/04/23/truth-presents-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215234/http://www.jaguda.com/2012/04/23/truth-presents-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Jaguda.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OG, Demola |date=20 April 2012 |title=Truth – Fate Has A Plan (Phone Swap Soundtrack) |url=http://notjustok.com/2012/04/20/truth-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215412/http://notjustok.com/2012/04/20/truth-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Not Just OK |publisher=NotJustOk.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2014 |title=Truth – Fate Has A Plan (Phone Swap Soundtrack) |url=http://kaaf.com/2012/04/Truth--Fate-Has-A-Plan-Phone-Swap-Soundtrack-90325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233228/http://kaaf.com/2012/04/Truth--Fate-Has-A-Plan-Phone-Swap-Soundtrack-90325 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Kaaf |publisher=Kaaf.com}}</ref> === Jerin waƙoƙi ===   == Saki == An saki trailer na farko na Phone Swap a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=On the Must Watch List! The First Official Trailer for Kunle Afolayan's New Film "Phone Swap" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/12/05/on-the-must-watch-list-the-first-official-trailer-for-kunle-afolayans-new-film-phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425035935/http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/12/05/on-the-must-watch-list-the-first-official-trailer-for-kunle-afolayans-new-film-phone-swap/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija}}</ref> kuma an saki trailer na biyu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2011 |title=Kunle Afolayan Releases "Phone Swap" Trailer |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/12/02/kunle-afolayan-releases-phone-swap-trailer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425052955/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/12/02/kunle-afolayan-releases-phone-swap-trailer/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Nollywood by Mindspace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Kunle Afolayan releases the second official trailer for his movie "Phone Swap". |url=http://www.1976ad.com/2012/02/23/kunle-afolayan-releases-the-second-official-trailer-for-his-movie-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225175647/http://www.1976ad.com/2012/02/23/kunle-afolayan-releases-the-second-official-trailer-for-his-movie-phone-swap/ |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=1976AD |publisher=1976AD.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dauda, Bola |date=23 February 2012 |title=Kunle Afolayan Releases Official Trailer 2 of Phone Swap |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/15946/10/kunle-afolayan-releases-official-trailer-2-of-phon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064924/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/15946/10/kunle-afolayan-releases-official-trailer-2-of-phon.html |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Nigeria Films |publisher=NigeriaFilms.com}}</ref> An nuna fim din a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban kafin a karshe a fara shi a zauren EXPO, Eko Hotels and suites, Legas a ranar 17 ga Maris 2012. <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="9aijabooksandmovies">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere! |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425061134/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=9aija books and movies |publisher=9aijabooksandmovies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ "Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere!"]. </cite></ref> An sake shi a Nationwide a ranar 30 ga Maris 2012, ya fara fitowa a [[Ghana]] a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2012 kuma daga baya ya sami fitowar kasa da kasa a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2012. <ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=Nollywood movie Phone Swap to premiere in London on November 10 |url=http://www.nigerianwatch.com/ents/nollywoodwatch/2371-nollywood-movie-phone-swap-to-premiere-in-london-on-november-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031432/http://www.nigerianwatch.com/ents/nollywoodwatch/2371-nollywood-movie-phone-swap-to-premiere-in-london-on-november-10 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Nigerian Watch Newspaper |publisher=Nigerian Watch}}</ref><ref name="Phone Swap">{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap |url=http://www.filmdates.co.uk/films/4980-phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226050119/http://www.filmdates.co.uk/films/4980-phone-swap/ |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Film Dates}}</ref> An kuma saki shi a kasuwannin da ba na gargajiya ba kamar [[Japan]], Jamus, [[Indiya]], [[Brazil]] da Athens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap Release info |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170527/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Internet Movie Data Base}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=German Premiere of Awarded Nollywood-Comedy "Phone Swap" by Kunle Afolayan, Thursday, 8 May 2014, 20h00, Hackesche Höfe Kino |url=http://www.africavenir.org/news-archive/newsdetails/datum/2014/04/04/deutschlandpremiere-der-nollywood-komoedie-phone-swap-von-kunle-afolayan-donnerstag-8-mai-2014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064339/http://www.africavenir.org/news-archive/newsdetails/datum/2014/04/04/deutschlandpremiere-der-nollywood-komoedie-phone-swap-von-kunle-afolayan-donnerstag-8-mai-2014.html |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=Africa Venir |publisher=AfricaVenir International}}</ref> Kodayake an saki fim din a Burtaniya a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2012, an sake shi daga 16 zuwa 24 ga Maris 2013. <ref name="Phone Swap" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2013 |title=OHBoX Presents African Cinema Experience (ACE) |url=http://ohtvbox.com/have-an-ace-night-out/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040829/http://ohtvbox.com/have-an-ace-night-out/ |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=OHTV |publisher=OHtvBox}}</ref> Fim din ya sake fitowa a Najeriya a lokacin bukukuwan Ramadan daga 18 zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta 2012. == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sadu da yawancin bita masu kyau. Nollywood Reinvented ya yaba da fim din, wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa da soyayya. Kodayake ya lura cewa fim din ya nuna halin da ba gaskiya ba, ya ba da ƙimar 68% kuma ya kammala: "Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa game da fim din shine haɗi na motsin rai da ya kirkira tsakanin masu kallo da 'ma'aurata', masu kallo da kowane haruffa, haruffa da juna kuma ba kawai Maryamu da Akin ba. A ƙarshen fim ɗin ba ku ji kamar kun ga wani fim ɗin ba. Yana da tasirin dindindin wanda kawai 'yan fina-finai kaɗan ne kawai za su iya kirkira.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=Phone Swap - Nollywood Reinvented |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417180638/http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/phone-swap.html |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> Ya ba fim din darajar 4 daga cikin taurari 5 kuma ya kammala: "Phone Swap ba tare da wata shakka ba fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Nollywood, yana tafiya a kan tekuna na kuzari da basira, tare da masta na sana'a yana bugawa da alfahari a cikin iska kuma yana nuna gaskiyar daya...Ya sake tayar da mashaya na fim a Nollywood!". <ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkon,Augusta*2012">Okon,Augusta* (25 April 2012). </cite></ref> Kemi Filani ta yaba da fim, gyare-gyare, ci gaban halayyar, rubutun da kayan ado na fim din; ta kammala cewa: "Phone Swap yana cike da dariya kuma yana nuna yadda mutane da ba za su iya daidaitawa da yanayin da ba zato ba tsammani. " NollywoodForever ya ba shi ƙididdigar Watch Definitely kuma ya kammala cewa "... Yana da ban dariya, yana da basira, yana da zuciya mai dumi kuma ya fi haka. Dami Elebe na Connect Nigeria ya yaba da jagorancin fim ɗin nan gaba kuma ya ce "Ba tare da wata shakka ba".<ref name="Filani, Kemi*">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Kemi* |date=September 2013 |title=I FINALLY watched Phone Swap and I didn't like it!!! |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531040335/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap {{!}} Nigerian Movie {{!}} Nollywood Forever Movie Reviews<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://nollywoodforever.com/phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710032539/http://nollywoodforever.com/phone-swap/ |archive-date=2013-07-10 |access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref><ref name="connectNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Elebe, Dami |date=20 March 2012 |title=Movie Review: Phone Swap Excels! |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410235808/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Connect Nigeria |publisher=ConnectNigeria}}</ref> Andrew Rice na The New York Times ya yi sharhi: "Kunle Afolayan yana so ya tsoratar da ku, yana so ya sa ku dariya, amma mafi mahimmanci, zai so ku dakatar da rashin gaskatawarku - a cikin makircinsa, eh, wanda ke da alaƙa da saman, amma kuma game da abin da zai yiwu a Afirka" Shari Bollers na Afridiziak ya ce "Dukkanin halayen da aka halicce su kuma ya sa masu sauraro su dariya kuma su yi dariya da su".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollers, Shari |date=4 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap directed by Kunle Afolayan, OHTV screening at the BFI |url=http://www.afridiziak.com/theatrenews/reviews/nov2012/phone-swap-directed-by-kunle-afolayan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214248/http://www.afridiziak.com/theatrenews/reviews/nov2012/phone-swap-directed-by-kunle-afolayan.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Afridiziak}}</ref><ref name="The africa Channel">{{Cite web |last=Pearson, Caitlin |date=10 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap review - The Africa Channel UK |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126023854/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=The africa Channel, UK |publisher=The africa Channel}}</ref> Fim din yana da kyau wakilci na Najeriya... ".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKay, Francis |date=18 February 2013 |title=TBFF Film Review - Phone Swap |url=http://flickhunter.blogspot.ca/2013/02/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220131/http://flickhunter.blogspot.ca/2013/02/phone-swap.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=10 May 2014 |publisher=Flick Hunter}}</ref> Kemi Filani ta yi sharhi game da kyakkyawan hoton mata a cikin fim din: "Ina son yadda aka nuna mata. Don canji, matan Najeriya sun kasance masu ƙarfi, masu basira da kyau. Ko da yake mata a cikin wannan fim ɗin suna da lahani, kamar kowane ɗan adam, an kuma nuna su da kyau da kyau. " <ref name="Filani, Kemi*">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Kemi* |date=September 2013 |title=I FINALLY watched Phone Swap and I didn't like it!!! |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531040335/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFilani,_Kemi*2013">Filani, Kemi* (September 2013). </cite></ref> Dami Elebe ya yaba da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu a cikin fim ɗin: "Nse Ikpe-Etim ya yi mata rawar da kyau a cikin wannan fina-finai ba za mu taɓa son yin ta dace ba, cikakkiyar yarinya ba ne kawai ya nuna cewa mutumin Nollywood ba.<ref name="connectNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Elebe, Dami |date=20 March 2012 |title=Movie Review: Phone Swap Excels! |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410235808/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Connect Nigeria |publisher=ConnectNigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElebe,_Dami2012">Elebe, Dami (20 March 2012). </cite></ref> Caitlin Pearson ya yi sharhi game da ƙwarewar Wale Ojo ta hanyar cewa: "Ojo tabbas yana sha'awarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wajen ɗaukar wannan rawar, kuma yana sarrafawa don daidaita halayen halayen Akin tare da jin tausayi". Ta kuma yaba da halin Hafiz Oyetoro ta hanyar bayyana cewa "mafi ban dariya da nishaɗi shine na Hafiz Owetoro wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mataimakin Akin Alex. Halin Alex yana cikin daidaituwa mai kyau tsakanin biyayya da sneaky wanda shine farin ciki don kallo".<ref name="The africa Channel">{{Cite web |last=Pearson, Caitlin |date=10 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap review - The Africa Channel UK |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126023854/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=The africa Channel, UK |publisher=The africa Channel}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearson,_Caitlin2012">Pearson, Caitlin (10 November 2012). </cite></ref> === Ofishin akwatin === Wayar Wayar Wayara ta yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin. Fim din ya yi rikodin 3,720,000 a farkon karshen mako na cikin gida. Ya hau kan sigogi a cikin makon farko da aka saki a Najeriya ta hanyar tara fina-finai kamar Wrath of the Titans da ''John carter'' .<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=OC Box Office News – Phone Swap Leads the Pack in First Half |url=http://www.youflymagonline.com/2012/07/23/oc-box-office-news-phone-swap-leads-the-pack-in-first-half/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003622/http://www.youflymagonline.com/2012/07/23/oc-box-office-news-phone-swap-leads-the-pack-in-first-half/ |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=You Fly Magazine |publisher=You Fly Magazine Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=Nigerian Box Office: Obi Emelonye's 'Last Flight To Abuja' Dominating The Charts |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-box-office-obi-emelonyes-last-flight-to-abuja-dominating-the-charts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233507/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-box-office-obi-emelonyes-last-flight-to-abuja-dominating-the-charts |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=[[Indiewire]] |publisher=Shadow and Act - IndieWire}}</ref> An ce wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan lokutan nunawa da aka ba wa Phone Swap tare da akalla sau 6 nunawa a kowace rana don gidan wasan kwaikwayo. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa fim din yana da nunawa masu zaman kansu da yawa ga kungiyoyin kamfanoni da alamomi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap beats Wraths of the Titans, John carter and Other Hollywood Films in Box Office |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2012/04/phone-swap-beats-wraths-of-the-titans-john-carter-and-other-hollywood-films-in-box-office/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030054415/http://www.360nobs.com/2012/04/phone-swap-beats-wraths-of-the-titans-john-carter-and-other-hollywood-films-in-box-office/ |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=360Nobs |publisher=360Nobs.com}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, fim din ya sami gabatarwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards kafin a fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. === Kyaututtuka === Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards ciki har da rukunin [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] . Daga ƙarshe ya lashe kyautar don Achievement in Production Design . Ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards tare da gabatarwa goma kuma ya lashe kyautar don Mafi Kyawun Production Set; Nse Ikpe Etim kuma ya lashe lambar yabo don Mafi Kyawu a cikin fim din Ingilishi. Wayar Wayar Wayara kuma ta sami mafi yawan gabatarwa da mafi yawan nasarori a 2013 Nollywood Movies Awards tare da jimlar gabatarwa goma sha biyu kuma ta lashe kyaututtuka don Mafi Kyawun Fim, Mafi Kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa ga Hafeez Oyetoro, Mafi Kyawu Actress a Matsayin Taimako ga Ada Ameh, Mafi Kyau Cinematography, Mafi Kyautar Fim na asali da Mafi Kyawun Box Office Movie na Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaymi |date=13 October 2013 |title=NMA2013: Full list of winners at the Nollywood Movies Awards |url=http://dailystar.com.ng/2013/10/13/nma2013-full-list-winners-nollywood-movies-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016054408/http://dailystar.com.ng/2013/10/13/nma2013-full-list-winners-nollywood-movies-awards/ |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners: Nollywood Movies Awards 2013 |url=http://www.premiumnigerianmovies.com/list-of-winners-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-2065/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234039/http://www.premiumnigerianmovies.com/list-of-winners-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-2065/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Premium Nigerian Movies}}</ref> An zabi shi don kyaututtuka takwas a 2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards, inda Kunle Afolayan ya lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Ranar bikin !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="4" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] (8th Africa Movie Academy Awards) <ref name="AMAA">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Africa Movie Academy Awards - Africa Film Academy |publisher=AMA Awards}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 "AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012"]. </cite></ref><br /> | rowspan="4" |22 ga Afrilu 2012 |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Tsarin samarwa |Pat Nebo| {{Won}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa]] |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Nom}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora]] |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja (2012 Golden Jury Awards) <ref name="IMDB">{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap - Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/awards?ref_=tt_awd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170527/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/awards?ref_=tt_awd |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=IMDb |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> <br /> | rowspan="2" |Satumba 2012 |Fim mafi kyau | rowspan="2" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Won}} |- |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja (Prize na Bikin 2012) <ref name="IMDB" /><ref name="The Net" /><br /> |Kyakkyawan Gudanar da Fim| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="10" |BON Magazine ([[Lambar yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na Musamman na 2012|2012 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=BON WINNERS |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015035529/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="10" |11 ga Nuwamba 2012 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a fim din Ingilishi |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]]| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin fim din Ingilishi |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin fim din Ingilishi |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Daraktan Shekara | rowspan="2" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Fim na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Shirin Shirin Shekara |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Nom}} |- |Cinematography na Shekara |Yinka Edward| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Sauti |Biodun Oni, Eilam Hoffman| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara |Yemi Mai Jinƙai| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun samarwa |Pat Nebo| {{Won}} |- |MultiChoice (2013 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026221942/https://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref><br /> |9 Maris 2013 |Mafi kyawun fim (comedy) | rowspan="3" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |NollywoodWeek Paris (2013 NollywoodWeak Paris Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=Edition 2013 |url=http://www.nollywoodweek.com/edition-2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610005638/http://www.nollywoodweek.com/edition-2013/ |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=NollywoodWeek Paris}}</ref><br /> |Yuni 2013 |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="12" |Nollywood Movies Network (2013 Nollywood Momies Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NMA 2013 Winners |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/nma2013-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-winners-full-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060437/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/nma2013-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-winners-full-list/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=24 March 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="12" |12 ga Oktoba 2013 |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa |Ada Ameh| {{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara |Yemi Mai Jinƙai| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Yinka Edward| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Won}} |- |Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawar |Titi Aluko| {{Nom}} |- |Tsarin da ya fi dacewa |Pat Nebo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Gaskiya| {{Nom}} |- |Fim din ofishin Jakadancin | rowspan="3" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="8" |Golden Icons Magazine (2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayex Money |date=20 August 2013 |title=Full Lists Of Nominees For The 2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |url=http://www.ngtrends.com/2013/08/full-lists-of-nominees-for-the-2013-golden-icons-academy-movie-awards-giama-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035225/http://www.ngtrends.com/2013/08/full-lists-of-nominees-for-the-2013-golden-icons-academy-movie-awards-giama-awards/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=NG Trends}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole, Mistah |date=24 October 2013 |title=Full List of Winners for Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards 2013 Released |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404015609/https://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=360 Nobs |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="8" |19 ga Oktoba 2013 |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Yinka Edward, Alfred Chia| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Comedy |Kunle Afolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor (Mafi kyawun Sabon Actor) |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |} == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == A watan Agustan 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa OHTV ta sami haƙƙin talabijin don Swap na Wayar. Tun daga wannan lokacin an sake shi a dandamali na VOD; gami da OHTV, Ibaka TV, da Demand Africa An adana shi 2019-08-30 a . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson, Tambay A. |date=12 August 2012 |title=UK & USA Rights To Nigerian Kunle Afolayan's Rom-Com 'Phone Swap' Acquired By OHTV |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/uk-usa-rights-to-nigerian-kunle-afolayans-rom-com-phone-swap-acquired-by-ohtv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222122207/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/uk-usa-rights-to-nigerian-kunle-afolayans-rom-com-phone-swap-acquired-by-ohtv |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap - Ibaka TV |url=http://www.ibakatv.com/movie/phone-swap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423084022/http://www.ibakatv.com/movie/phone-swap |archive-date=April 23, 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> An saki fim din a kan DVD a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="news24">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Kunle Afolayan set to release Phone Swap in DVD |url=http://www.news24.com.ng/Entertainment/News/Kunle-Afolayan-set-to-release-Phone-Swap-in-DVD-20141208 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222130914/http://www.news24.com.ng/Entertainment/News/Kunle-Afolayan-set-to-release-Phone-Swap-in-DVD-20141208 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=News 24}}</ref> Afolayan ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa jinkirin a cikin sakin DVD ya kasance ne sakamakon shirye-shiryen samun ingantaccen tsarin rarraba don DVD don rage keta haƙƙin mallaka na fim ɗin zuwa mafi ƙarancin matakin. G-Media ce ke rarraba DVD ɗin, kuma yana da abubuwan da ke cikin kari kamar "bayan-yanayin" da "Aikin ...".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title='Phone Swap', 'Tango with Me' goes on DVD |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/12/phone-swap-tango-with-me-goes-on-dvd/#.VJdbBf8BDA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223145606/http://businessdayonline.com/2014/12/phone-swap-tango-with-me-goes-on-dvd/#.VJdbBf8BDA |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=BusinessDay Online}}</ref><ref name="news24" /> An kuma saki wani kunshin DVD na musamman, wanda aka lakafta "Kunle Afolayan's Collection", wanda ke dauke da sauran fina-finai biyu da suka gabata da Kunle Afolajan ya jagoranta.<ref name="leadership" /> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2012|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2012]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.phoneswapmovie.com}} * {{IMDb title|2198109|Phone Swap}} * Phone SwapaNollywood An sake kirkirar * Wayar Swap An adana shi 2019-08-30 a a kan Demand Africa[https://watch.demandafrica.com/ Bukatar Afirka] {{Kunle Afolayan}}{{Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Production Design}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4vnywab1widehz69908hscw77sh6ybj 883955 883943 2026-07-16T10:29:27Z Maiakwai4u 37986 883955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Phone Swap fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo kuma maidauke da dinbin soyayya wanda a ka yishi a [[Sinima a Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2012, wanda [[Kemi Adesoye]] ta rubuta, kuma [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya ba da umarni sa'anna ya samar da shi. Tauraruwar [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], [[Wale Ojo]], [[Joke Silva]], [[Chika Okpala]], [[Lydia Forson]] da Afeez Oyetoro, tana mai da hankali kan jerin abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da abokan adawar biyu suka musanya wayoyinsu ba zato ba tsammani. An yi fim din ne bayan taƙaitaccen bayani daga wata hukumar talla don ƙirƙirar fim wanda zai yanke a fadin shekaru 15 zuwa 45.<ref name="Daily Independent, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Wakeup call … Kunle Afolayan's Phone Swap |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/wakeup-call-kunle-afolayans-phone-swap/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202312/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/11/wakeup-call-kunle-afolayans-phone-swap/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Daily Independent Newspaper |publisher=Daily Independent, Nigeria}}</ref> Ya sami gabatarwa 4 a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards wanda ya haɗa da rukunin [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] kuma ya lashe kyautar Achievement in Production Design . <ref name="AMAA">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Africa Movie Academy Awards - Africa Film Academy |publisher=AMA Awards}}</ref> == Makirci == Mai tsara kayan ado Mary Oyenokwe da ɗan kasuwa mai girman kai Akin Cole an ba su wayoyin da ba daidai ba bayan sun yi karo a filin jirgin sama. Bayan rabuwa, Akin ta karɓi saƙo a wayar Maryamu daga shugabansu Alexis wanda ya karanta "Ku ji daɗin jirginku zuwa Owerri". Tunanin saƙon ya fito ne daga mai suna Alex - mataimakin Akin mai aminci amma mara ƙwarewa - ya ba da wani tikiti zuwa Owerri. Mary, wacce mahaifinta ya kira ta don yin aiki a matsayin matsakanci a taron iyali, ba zato ba tsammani ta sayi tikitin zuwa Abuja amma ta fahimci kuskuren ta bayan mai kula da jirgin ya sanar da ita cewa jirgin yana kan hanyar zuwa Abuja. Hakazalika, Akin ya gano cewa ya shiga jirgin da bai dace ba amma ya riga ya tashi sama. Mary ta isa Abuja kuma ta kira lambar ta kanta a wayar Akin; dukansu biyu ba su da masaniya da farko amma sun yarda su ba da hadin kai, kuma Akin ta ba da shawarar ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa mai 'yanci Kike, idan Mary ta ba da katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar wayar da ke dauke da fayiloli masu mahimmanci ga shugaban kamfaninsa a wani koma bayan kasuwanci. Da yake gaskata Maryamu ita ce budurwar ɗanta, Kike mai farin ciki nan da nan ya yi mata dumi, kuma duk ƙoƙarin Maryamu na bayyana faduwar kunnuwa. Ma'aurata suna da alaƙa da kayan ado, kuma Kike ya gayyaci Maryamu zuwa haɗuwa da abokai washegari. A halin yanzu a Owerri, bayan rikici da 'yar'uwar Maryamu Cynthia, wacce ke aiki a matsayin [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]], an kai Akin gidan mahaifin Maryamu da ya cika da mutane a cikin gundumar hoi polloi ta garin inda Cynthia ta gabatar da Akin ga mahaifinsu, ta yi imanin cewa shi saurayin' yar'uwarta ne. Akin ta yi ƙoƙari ta saba da salon rayuwarsu mai sauƙi, da yawa ga nishaɗin iyali, amma bayan Mary ta nemi ya yi magana da 'yar'uwarta a madadinta, Cynthia ta yarda ta juya sabon ganye kuma ta sarrafa fushinta saboda 'ya'yanta. A taron da Maryamu ta kasance matsakaici, Cynthia ta nemi gafara ga surukinta (Ta yi wa mijinta rauni a lokacin jayayya), kuma sun yarda da gafara. Da yake fahimtar cewa ba ta da tufafi masu dacewa don taron jama'a, Maryamu ta ranta rigar da take sawa, amma ta lura da mai mallakar da ta dace - abokin ciniki na Alexis - a bikin Kike. Kodayake abokin ciniki bai gamsu ba, ta amince da aikin Maryamu kuma ta ba da shawarar ba da shawarar ƙarin abokan ciniki. Akin da Maryamu suna kira akai-akai, suna narke sanyi na baya. A rana ta biyu na koma baya inda mahalarta ba su ɓata lokaci ba suna nuna raini ga Akin, Maryamu ta fuskanci tsohuwar budurwar Ghana ta Akin, Gina, wacce ta yi imanin cewa Maryamu ta sace Akin daga gare ta. A lokaci guda, tsohon saurayin Maryamu Tony ba zato ba tsammani ya isa gidan mahaifin Cynthia, a shirye ya fuskanci Akin. Maza biyu sun zo da rikici kamar yadda Maryamu da Gina ke da gwagwarmayar su a Abuja, kodayake masu kallo sun raba matan biyu. Cynthia ta gane Tony a matsayin mutumin da ya ɓoye matsayinsa na aure na gaskiya daga 'yar'uwarta, kuma 'yan uwan su biyu - Alpha da Omega - sun kore shi, suna gargadi shi kada ya dawo. Maryamu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta tafi neman sabon shugaban Akin wanda aka bayyana shi ne Kike; ta sami hannun jarin kamfanin don samun hankalin ɗanta bayan [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]] ya lalata dangantakarsu. Akin bai gamsu da wannan ba, amma mahaifiyarsa ta nemi gafara saboda abin da ya gabata. Mary, wacce yanzu ta fara lakabin tufafinta Mary O, ta kira mai tsananin Alexis don ya ba da murabus dinta. A filin jirgin sama, Akin da Mary a ƙarshe sun hadu a Legas, sun musanya wayoyinsu. Ya taimaka mata ta dauki jakarta, kuma dukansu biyu sun shiga motarsa yayin da ake karɓar kuɗi. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Fitarwa == === Ci gaba === An yi tunanin Swap na Wayar Wayar Wayara bayan taƙaitaccen bayani daga wata hukumar talla, waɗanda ke karɓar shawarwari a madadin [[Samsung]] don ƙirƙirar fim ɗin da zai yanke a tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 45, kuma an harbe shi a Legas kuma an yi shi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] da BlackBerry. Har ila yau, ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga Meelk Properties, IRS Airlines, Kamfanin Bottling guda bakwai, Honeywell Flour Mill da sauransu da yawa. Mataki na rubutun fim din ya ɗauki shekaru biyu, yayin da matakan samarwa da bayan samarwa ya ɗauki makonni shida da watanni uku bi da bi.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}</ref> Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma ya ci nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin. An gabatar da rubutun goma daga mutane da kamfanoni daban-daban, amma rubutun Afolayan ya lashe filin wasa.<ref name="Punch">{{Cite news |author=Augoye, Jayne |date=13 March 2012 |title=Swapping Sam Loco with Zebrudaya for comedy sake |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425041622/http://www.punchng.com/feature/midweek-revue/swapping-sam-loco-with-zebrudaya-for-comedy-sake/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=25 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Kodayake Samsung daga baya ya fita daga aikin, Kunle Afolayan ya ci gaba da neman kudade daga wasu manyan masu tallafawa yayin da yake da sha'awar kammala aikin.<ref name="Daily Independent, Nigeria" /> Afolayan ya yi imanin cewa kodayake fim din ba "arty" ba ne kamar The Figurine, yana da damar yin kyau a ofishin akwatin saboda fim ne na kasuwanci. Afolayan duk da haka ya yanke shawarar kauce wa wasan kwaikwayo na slapstick, wanda ya zama al'ada ga nau'in wasan kwaikwayo a Nollywood.<ref name="Gaurdian">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914043905/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a lokacin da aka nuna fim din a Legas cewa zaɓin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ya dace da yunkurin rarraba kamfaninsa na samarwa; fina-finai biyu da suka gabata daga Golden Effects Studios sun kasance masu ban tsoro, don haka Phone Swap ya nuna cewa kamfaninsa ba ya gudana a kan "tafiye-tafiye".<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}</ref> Kemi Adesoye da Afolayan sun zo da ra'ayin labarin don fim din; tare da matakin rubutun da ke ɗaukar jimlar shekaru biyu.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria" /><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Kunle Afolayan ya lura cewa masu saka hannun jari sun yi jinkirin amsawa ga shirin kasuwancinsa.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref> Koyaya, fim ɗin ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga kamfanonin sadarwa kamar [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] da BlackBerry. An kuma kusanci wasu alamomi don shiga cikin samarwa kuma Wasu daga cikinsu sun sanya kayan aiki. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni sun haɗa da: Meelk Properties, IRS Airlines, Kamfanin Bottling guda bakwai, Berrys' Couture, Honeywell Flour Mill da Maclean.<ref name="9aijabooksandmovies">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere! |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425061134/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=9aija books and movies |publisher=9aijabooksandmovies}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen tallafawa kasafin kudin fim din da kashi talatin zuwa kashi arba'in.<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdeyemo,_Adeola2012">Adeyemo, Adeola (19 April 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Gaurdian">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914043905/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=The Guardian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/30/kunle-afolayan-nollywood-cinema "Out of Africa: Kunle Afolayan bids to bring Nollywood cinema to the world"]. </cite></ref> === Kasuwanci === Halin namiji mai jagora, Akin an yi la'akari da shi da farko ga Joseph Benjamin amma daga baya aka sauke shi lokacin da aka gano cewa kwanan nan an haɗa shi a matsayin ma'aurata tare da mai sa hannu [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Etim]] ga ''[[Mr. and Mrs. (2012 film)|Mr. da Mrs.]]'', fim wanda kuma ke cikin samarwa a lokacin kuma an sake shi a watan Maris na 2012. An kira [[Jim Iyke]] don taka rawar amma ba shi da shi a lokacin - harbi Last Flight to Abuja, don haka Wale Ojo ya zama sabon dan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}</ref> Halin mahaifin Maryamu an tsara shi ne ga Sam Loco, wanda ya mutu a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 2011 daga ciwon asma kafin a fara yin fim. Chika Okpala, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Zebrudaya a cikin The New Masquerade, an sanya hannu don maye gurbin marigayi dan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar keɓe fim din ga ƙwaƙwalwarsa a cikin kyautar buɗe fim din.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Punch" /><ref name="Dailytimes" /> Ada Ameh da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], wadanda suka fito daga Benue da [[Igbo language|Ibo]]" id="mwrA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akwa Ibom">Akwa Ibom bi da bi, ana buƙatar su koyi yaren Igbo na [[Owerri]] na tsawon watanni shida kafin fara daukar hoto don dacewa da haruffa Cynthia da Maryamu, kamar yadda dukansu biyu aka nuna su a matsayin 'yan asalin Owerri. <ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkon,Augusta*2012">Okon,Augusta* (25 April 2012). </cite></ref> Etim a cikin wata hira da Jaridar Leadership ta ce: "Ni ba ainihin rookie ba ne idan ya zo ga Harshen Igbo, amma har sai da Phone Swap ba na buƙatar yin magana da Igbo a matsayin ɗan asalin ƙasar. Zan yarda cewa yana da ƙalubale sosai, saboda dole ne in koyi takamaiman yaren. Ina matukar farin ciki da kwarewar, duk da haka. Igbo yare ne mai ban sha'awa sosai kuma na ji daɗin kaina sosai a cikin tsarin koyon shi".<ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref> Darakta, Afolayan, yana da babban jayayya tare da [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]], game da jefa Hafeez Oyetoro a cikin fim din. Bayan ganin gyaran farko na fim din, [[Mike Adenuga]] ya nemi a sauke Oyetoro daga layin simintin, kuma al'amuransa sun sake farawa tare da wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Oyetoro a lokacin jakadan alama ne na Etisalat Najeriya, babban mai fafatawa a kasuwar sadarwa ta Najeriya. Afolayan duk da haka ya ki, tare da imanin cewa sauke Oyetoro zai "kashe" fim din. A sakamakon haka, [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] ya janye saka hannun jari daga fim din kuma ba a sabunta kwangilar jakadancin Afolayan tare da kamfanin ba. === Fim === An fara yin fim a [[Badagry]] <ref name="Rice, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Rice, Andrew |date=26 February 2012 |title=A Scorsese in Lagos: The Making of Nigeria's Film Industry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035031/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=24 March 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> a watan Agusta, kafin a koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=13 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121746/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> an harbe fim din a cikin makonni shida kuma bayan samar da fim din ya dauki watanni uku. A cewar Afolayan, mafi ƙalubale na harbi shine gina ciki na jirgin sama da filin jirgin sama wanda aka harbe shi na sa'o'i ashirin da hudu ba tare da hutu ba; <ref name="Rice, Andrew" /> Pat Nebo da tawagarsa sun sake gina gidan jirgin sama a cikin ɗakin studio.<ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Adeyemo, Adeola">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo, Adeola |date=19 April 2012 |title=His New Movie "Phone Swap" Beat Hollywood Blockbusters in Nigerian Cinemas: Find Out How Award Winning Filmmaker Kunle Afolayan Did It! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040316/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/19/his-new-movie-phone-swap-beat-hollywood-blockbusters-in-nigerian-cinemas-find-out-how-award-winning-filmmaker-kunle-afolayan-did-it/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdeyemo,_Adeola2012">Adeyemo, Adeola (19 April 2012). </cite></ref> == Waƙoƙi da sauti == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, Hotunan Golden Effects sun fitar da Original Soundtrack na Phone Swap don sauke dijital. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=17 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap – Official Soundtracks |url=http://tooxclusive.com/music/phone-swap-official-soundtracks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232800/http://tooxclusive.com/music/phone-swap-official-soundtracks/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Too Exclusive |publisher=tooXclusive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaydee |date=18 April 2014 |title=Truth - Truth Fate OST- Movie Phone Swap |url=http://www.mp3naija.com.ng/music/mp3/1816 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321001121/http://www.mp3naija.com.ng/music/mp3/1816 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=MP3 Naija |publisher=mp3naija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deji |date=17 April 2012 |title=[AUDIO] SoundTrack of the award winning PhoneSwap movie |url=http://www.gidilounge.com/music/audio-soundtrack-of-the-award-winning-phoneswap-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022131/http://www.gidilounge.com/music/audio-soundtrack-of-the-award-winning-phoneswap-movie/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Gidi Lounge}}</ref> Soundtrack of Phone Swap ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali guda uku waɗanda Gaskiya, [[Adekunle "Nodash" Adejuyigbe]] da Oyinkansola suka yi, waɗanda Gaskiya da Oyincansola suka yi da kuma waƙar gargajiya da [[Sunny Ade|Sarki Sunny Adé]] ya fitar a baya. Gaskiya ce ta yi zane-zane da ƙira kuma an yi amfani da rhythms da drum na gargajiya na Najeriya don ƙididdigar fim ɗin. Waƙoƙin sun haɗa da waƙoƙi, kalmomin da ke saurin haɓaka da kuma bugun gargajiya, amma an rage su zuwa wani abu mai sauƙi tare da saurin bugun a wasu al'amuran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=TBFF Film Review - Phone Swap |url=http://flickhunter.blogspot.com/2013/02/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233631/http://flickhunter.blogspot.com/2013/02/phone-swap.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Flick Hunter}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin "Fate" ita ce ta farko ta hukuma daga mai samar da kiɗa, Gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2012 |title=From The Phone Swap Original Soundtrack, Listen to Truth – Fate Has A Plan |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/23/from-the-phone-swap-ost-listen-to-truth-fate-has-a-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215319/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/04/23/from-the-phone-swap-ost-listen-to-truth-fate-has-a-plan/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo |date=23 April 2012 |title=Truth Presents: Fate Has a Plan [Phone Swap Soundtrack] |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2012/04/23/truth-presents-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215234/http://www.jaguda.com/2012/04/23/truth-presents-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Jaguda.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OG, Demola |date=20 April 2012 |title=Truth – Fate Has A Plan (Phone Swap Soundtrack) |url=http://notjustok.com/2012/04/20/truth-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215412/http://notjustok.com/2012/04/20/truth-fate-has-a-plan-phone-swap-soundtrack/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Not Just OK |publisher=NotJustOk.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2014 |title=Truth – Fate Has A Plan (Phone Swap Soundtrack) |url=http://kaaf.com/2012/04/Truth--Fate-Has-A-Plan-Phone-Swap-Soundtrack-90325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233228/http://kaaf.com/2012/04/Truth--Fate-Has-A-Plan-Phone-Swap-Soundtrack-90325 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Kaaf |publisher=Kaaf.com}}</ref> === Jerin waƙoƙi ===   == Saki == An saki trailer na farko na Phone Swap a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=On the Must Watch List! The First Official Trailer for Kunle Afolayan's New Film "Phone Swap" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/12/05/on-the-must-watch-list-the-first-official-trailer-for-kunle-afolayans-new-film-phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425035935/http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/12/05/on-the-must-watch-list-the-first-official-trailer-for-kunle-afolayans-new-film-phone-swap/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija}}</ref> kuma an saki trailer na biyu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2011 |title=Kunle Afolayan Releases "Phone Swap" Trailer |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/12/02/kunle-afolayan-releases-phone-swap-trailer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425052955/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2011/12/02/kunle-afolayan-releases-phone-swap-trailer/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Nollywood by Mindspace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Kunle Afolayan releases the second official trailer for his movie "Phone Swap". |url=http://www.1976ad.com/2012/02/23/kunle-afolayan-releases-the-second-official-trailer-for-his-movie-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225175647/http://www.1976ad.com/2012/02/23/kunle-afolayan-releases-the-second-official-trailer-for-his-movie-phone-swap/ |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=1976AD |publisher=1976AD.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dauda, Bola |date=23 February 2012 |title=Kunle Afolayan Releases Official Trailer 2 of Phone Swap |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/15946/10/kunle-afolayan-releases-official-trailer-2-of-phon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064924/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/15946/10/kunle-afolayan-releases-official-trailer-2-of-phon.html |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Nigeria Films |publisher=NigeriaFilms.com}}</ref> An nuna fim din a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban kafin a karshe a fara shi a zauren EXPO, Eko Hotels and suites, Legas a ranar 17 ga Maris 2012. <ref name="My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=My Daily Newswatch Newspaper |publisher=My Daily Newswatch, Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215024032/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/01/26/afolayan-strikes-gold-with-phone-swap/ "Afolayan strikes gold with Phone Swap"]. </cite></ref><ref name="9aijabooksandmovies">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere! |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425061134/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=9aija books and movies |publisher=9aijabooksandmovies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/phone-swap-by-kunle-afolayan-receives-thunderous-applause-at-the-lagos-premiere/ "Phone Swap by Kunle Afolayan: Receives Thunderous applause at the Lagos premiere!"]. </cite></ref> An sake shi a Nationwide a ranar 30 ga Maris 2012, ya fara fitowa a [[Ghana]] a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2012 kuma daga baya ya sami fitowar kasa da kasa a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2012. <ref name="Dailytimes">{{Cite web |last=Ajao, Aderinsola |date=3 March 2012 |title=Dial C for Chaos |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425053718/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/dial-c-chaos |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Times Newspaper |publisher=Daily Times NG}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAjao,_Aderinsola2012">Ajao, Aderinsola (3 March 2012). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=Nollywood movie Phone Swap to premiere in London on November 10 |url=http://www.nigerianwatch.com/ents/nollywoodwatch/2371-nollywood-movie-phone-swap-to-premiere-in-london-on-november-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031432/http://www.nigerianwatch.com/ents/nollywoodwatch/2371-nollywood-movie-phone-swap-to-premiere-in-london-on-november-10 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=Nigerian Watch Newspaper |publisher=Nigerian Watch}}</ref><ref name="Phone Swap">{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap |url=http://www.filmdates.co.uk/films/4980-phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226050119/http://www.filmdates.co.uk/films/4980-phone-swap/ |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Film Dates}}</ref> An kuma saki shi a kasuwannin da ba na gargajiya ba kamar [[Japan]], Jamus, [[Indiya]], [[Brazil]] da Athens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap Release info |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170527/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Internet Movie Data Base}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=German Premiere of Awarded Nollywood-Comedy "Phone Swap" by Kunle Afolayan, Thursday, 8 May 2014, 20h00, Hackesche Höfe Kino |url=http://www.africavenir.org/news-archive/newsdetails/datum/2014/04/04/deutschlandpremiere-der-nollywood-komoedie-phone-swap-von-kunle-afolayan-donnerstag-8-mai-2014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064339/http://www.africavenir.org/news-archive/newsdetails/datum/2014/04/04/deutschlandpremiere-der-nollywood-komoedie-phone-swap-von-kunle-afolayan-donnerstag-8-mai-2014.html |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=Africa Venir |publisher=AfricaVenir International}}</ref> Kodayake an saki fim din a Burtaniya a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2012, an sake shi daga 16 zuwa 24 ga Maris 2013. <ref name="Phone Swap" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2013 |title=OHBoX Presents African Cinema Experience (ACE) |url=http://ohtvbox.com/have-an-ace-night-out/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425040829/http://ohtvbox.com/have-an-ace-night-out/ |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=OHTV |publisher=OHtvBox}}</ref> Fim din ya sake fitowa a Najeriya a lokacin bukukuwan Ramadan daga 18 zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta 2012. == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sadu da yawancin bita masu kyau. Nollywood Reinvented ya yaba da fim din, wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa da soyayya. Kodayake ya lura cewa fim din ya nuna halin da ba gaskiya ba, ya ba da ƙimar 68% kuma ya kammala: "Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa game da fim din shine haɗi na motsin rai da ya kirkira tsakanin masu kallo da 'ma'aurata', masu kallo da kowane haruffa, haruffa da juna kuma ba kawai Maryamu da Akin ba. A ƙarshen fim ɗin ba ku ji kamar kun ga wani fim ɗin ba. Yana da tasirin dindindin wanda kawai 'yan fina-finai kaɗan ne kawai za su iya kirkira.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=Phone Swap - Nollywood Reinvented |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417180638/http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/phone-swap.html |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> Ya ba fim din darajar 4 daga cikin taurari 5 kuma ya kammala: "Phone Swap ba tare da wata shakka ba fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Nollywood, yana tafiya a kan tekuna na kuzari da basira, tare da masta na sana'a yana bugawa da alfahari a cikin iska kuma yana nuna gaskiyar daya...Ya sake tayar da mashaya na fim a Nollywood!". <ref name="Okon,Augusta*">{{Cite web |last=Okon,Augusta* |date=25 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap : Movie Review |url=http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425063824/http://9aijabooksandmovies.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/phone-swap-movie-review/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=9aija books and movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkon,Augusta*2012">Okon,Augusta* (25 April 2012). </cite></ref> Kemi Filani ta yaba da fim, gyare-gyare, ci gaban halayyar, rubutun da kayan ado na fim din; ta kammala cewa: "Phone Swap yana cike da dariya kuma yana nuna yadda mutane da ba za su iya daidaitawa da yanayin da ba zato ba tsammani. " NollywoodForever ya ba shi ƙididdigar Watch Definitely kuma ya kammala cewa "... Yana da ban dariya, yana da basira, yana da zuciya mai dumi kuma ya fi haka. Dami Elebe na Connect Nigeria ya yaba da jagorancin fim ɗin nan gaba kuma ya ce "Ba tare da wata shakka ba".<ref name="Filani, Kemi*">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Kemi* |date=September 2013 |title=I FINALLY watched Phone Swap and I didn't like it!!! |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531040335/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap {{!}} Nigerian Movie {{!}} Nollywood Forever Movie Reviews<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://nollywoodforever.com/phone-swap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710032539/http://nollywoodforever.com/phone-swap/ |archive-date=2013-07-10 |access-date=2014-01-27}}</ref><ref name="connectNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Elebe, Dami |date=20 March 2012 |title=Movie Review: Phone Swap Excels! |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410235808/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Connect Nigeria |publisher=ConnectNigeria}}</ref> Andrew Rice na The New York Times ya yi sharhi: "Kunle Afolayan yana so ya tsoratar da ku, yana so ya sa ku dariya, amma mafi mahimmanci, zai so ku dakatar da rashin gaskatawarku - a cikin makircinsa, eh, wanda ke da alaƙa da saman, amma kuma game da abin da zai yiwu a Afirka" Shari Bollers na Afridiziak ya ce "Dukkanin halayen da aka halicce su kuma ya sa masu sauraro su dariya kuma su yi dariya da su".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollers, Shari |date=4 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap directed by Kunle Afolayan, OHTV screening at the BFI |url=http://www.afridiziak.com/theatrenews/reviews/nov2012/phone-swap-directed-by-kunle-afolayan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214248/http://www.afridiziak.com/theatrenews/reviews/nov2012/phone-swap-directed-by-kunle-afolayan.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Afridiziak}}</ref><ref name="The africa Channel">{{Cite web |last=Pearson, Caitlin |date=10 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap review - The Africa Channel UK |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126023854/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=The africa Channel, UK |publisher=The africa Channel}}</ref> Fim din yana da kyau wakilci na Najeriya... ".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKay, Francis |date=18 February 2013 |title=TBFF Film Review - Phone Swap |url=http://flickhunter.blogspot.ca/2013/02/phone-swap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220131/http://flickhunter.blogspot.ca/2013/02/phone-swap.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=10 May 2014 |publisher=Flick Hunter}}</ref> Kemi Filani ta yi sharhi game da kyakkyawan hoton mata a cikin fim din: "Ina son yadda aka nuna mata. Don canji, matan Najeriya sun kasance masu ƙarfi, masu basira da kyau. Ko da yake mata a cikin wannan fim ɗin suna da lahani, kamar kowane ɗan adam, an kuma nuna su da kyau da kyau. " <ref name="Filani, Kemi*">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Kemi* |date=September 2013 |title=I FINALLY watched Phone Swap and I didn't like it!!! |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531040335/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/09/i-finally-watched-phone-swap-and-i.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFilani,_Kemi*2013">Filani, Kemi* (September 2013). </cite></ref> Dami Elebe ya yaba da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu a cikin fim ɗin: "Nse Ikpe-Etim ya yi mata rawar da kyau a cikin wannan fina-finai ba za mu taɓa son yin ta dace ba, cikakkiyar yarinya ba ne kawai ya nuna cewa mutumin Nollywood ba.<ref name="connectNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Elebe, Dami |date=20 March 2012 |title=Movie Review: Phone Swap Excels! |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410235808/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2012/03/20/movie-review-phone-swap-excels/ |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Connect Nigeria |publisher=ConnectNigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElebe,_Dami2012">Elebe, Dami (20 March 2012). </cite></ref> Caitlin Pearson ya yi sharhi game da ƙwarewar Wale Ojo ta hanyar cewa: "Ojo tabbas yana sha'awarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wajen ɗaukar wannan rawar, kuma yana sarrafawa don daidaita halayen halayen Akin tare da jin tausayi". Ta kuma yaba da halin Hafiz Oyetoro ta hanyar bayyana cewa "mafi ban dariya da nishaɗi shine na Hafiz Owetoro wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mataimakin Akin Alex. Halin Alex yana cikin daidaituwa mai kyau tsakanin biyayya da sneaky wanda shine farin ciki don kallo".<ref name="The africa Channel">{{Cite web |last=Pearson, Caitlin |date=10 November 2012 |title=Phone Swap review - The Africa Channel UK |url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126023854/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/african-odysseys-bfi-film-africa-2012-phone-swap-review/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=The africa Channel, UK |publisher=The africa Channel}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearson,_Caitlin2012">Pearson, Caitlin (10 November 2012). </cite></ref> === Ofishin akwatin === Wayar Wayar Wayara ta yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin. Fim din ya yi rikodin 3,720,000 a farkon karshen mako na cikin gida. Ya hau kan sigogi a cikin makon farko da aka saki a Najeriya ta hanyar tara fina-finai kamar Wrath of the Titans da ''John carter'' .<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=OC Box Office News – Phone Swap Leads the Pack in First Half |url=http://www.youflymagonline.com/2012/07/23/oc-box-office-news-phone-swap-leads-the-pack-in-first-half/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003622/http://www.youflymagonline.com/2012/07/23/oc-box-office-news-phone-swap-leads-the-pack-in-first-half/ |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=You Fly Magazine |publisher=You Fly Magazine Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=Nigerian Box Office: Obi Emelonye's 'Last Flight To Abuja' Dominating The Charts |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-box-office-obi-emelonyes-last-flight-to-abuja-dominating-the-charts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233507/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-box-office-obi-emelonyes-last-flight-to-abuja-dominating-the-charts |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=[[Indiewire]] |publisher=Shadow and Act - IndieWire}}</ref> An ce wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan lokutan nunawa da aka ba wa Phone Swap tare da akalla sau 6 nunawa a kowace rana don gidan wasan kwaikwayo. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa fim din yana da nunawa masu zaman kansu da yawa ga kungiyoyin kamfanoni da alamomi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Phone Swap beats Wraths of the Titans, John carter and Other Hollywood Films in Box Office |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2012/04/phone-swap-beats-wraths-of-the-titans-john-carter-and-other-hollywood-films-in-box-office/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030054415/http://www.360nobs.com/2012/04/phone-swap-beats-wraths-of-the-titans-john-carter-and-other-hollywood-films-in-box-office/ |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=360Nobs |publisher=360Nobs.com}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, fim din ya sami gabatarwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards kafin a fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. === Kyaututtuka === Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards ciki har da rukunin [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] . Daga ƙarshe ya lashe kyautar don Achievement in Production Design . Ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards tare da gabatarwa goma kuma ya lashe kyautar don Mafi Kyawun Production Set; Nse Ikpe Etim kuma ya lashe lambar yabo don Mafi Kyawu a cikin fim din Ingilishi. Wayar Wayar Wayara kuma ta sami mafi yawan gabatarwa da mafi yawan nasarori a 2013 Nollywood Movies Awards tare da jimlar gabatarwa goma sha biyu kuma ta lashe kyaututtuka don Mafi Kyawun Fim, Mafi Kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa ga Hafeez Oyetoro, Mafi Kyawu Actress a Matsayin Taimako ga Ada Ameh, Mafi Kyau Cinematography, Mafi Kyautar Fim na asali da Mafi Kyawun Box Office Movie na Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaymi |date=13 October 2013 |title=NMA2013: Full list of winners at the Nollywood Movies Awards |url=http://dailystar.com.ng/2013/10/13/nma2013-full-list-winners-nollywood-movies-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016054408/http://dailystar.com.ng/2013/10/13/nma2013-full-list-winners-nollywood-movies-awards/ |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners: Nollywood Movies Awards 2013 |url=http://www.premiumnigerianmovies.com/list-of-winners-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-2065/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234039/http://www.premiumnigerianmovies.com/list-of-winners-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-2065/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Premium Nigerian Movies}}</ref> An zabi shi don kyaututtuka takwas a 2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards, inda Kunle Afolayan ya lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Ranar bikin !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="4" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] (8th Africa Movie Academy Awards) <ref name="AMAA">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=Africa Movie Academy Awards - Africa Film Academy |publisher=AMA Awards}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081938/http://ama-awards.com/awards/2012 "AMAA Nominees and Winners 2012"]. </cite></ref><br /> | rowspan="4" |22 ga Afrilu 2012 |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Tsarin samarwa |Pat Nebo| {{Won}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa]] |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Nom}} |- |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora]] |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja (2012 Golden Jury Awards) <ref name="IMDB">{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap - Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/awards?ref_=tt_awd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170527/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2198109/awards?ref_=tt_awd |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=20 April 2014 |website=IMDb |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> <br /> | rowspan="2" |Satumba 2012 |Fim mafi kyau | rowspan="2" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Won}} |- |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja (Prize na Bikin 2012) <ref name="IMDB" /><ref name="The Net" /><br /> |Kyakkyawan Gudanar da Fim| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="10" |BON Magazine ([[Lambar yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na Musamman na 2012|2012 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=BON WINNERS |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015035529/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="10" |11 ga Nuwamba 2012 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a fim din Ingilishi |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]]| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin fim din Ingilishi |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin fim din Ingilishi |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Daraktan Shekara | rowspan="2" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Fim na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Shirin Shirin Shekara |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Nom}} |- |Cinematography na Shekara |Yinka Edward| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Sauti |Biodun Oni, Eilam Hoffman| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara |Yemi Mai Jinƙai| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun samarwa |Pat Nebo| {{Won}} |- |MultiChoice (2013 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2013 WINNERS |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026221942/https://www.bellanaija.com/tag/2013-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref><br /> |9 Maris 2013 |Mafi kyawun fim (comedy) | rowspan="3" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |NollywoodWeek Paris (2013 NollywoodWeak Paris Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=Edition 2013 |url=http://www.nollywoodweek.com/edition-2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610005638/http://www.nollywoodweek.com/edition-2013/ |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=NollywoodWeek Paris}}</ref><br /> |Yuni 2013 |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="12" |Nollywood Movies Network (2013 Nollywood Momies Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NMA 2013 Winners |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/nma2013-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-winners-full-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060437/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/nma2013-nollywood-movies-awards-2013-winners-full-list/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=24 March 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="12" |12 ga Oktoba 2013 |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa |Hafeez Oyetoro| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa |Ada Ameh| {{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara |Yemi Mai Jinƙai| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Yinka Edward| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Won}} |- |Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawar |Titi Aluko| {{Nom}} |- |Tsarin da ya fi dacewa |Pat Nebo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Gaskiya| {{Nom}} |- |Fim din ofishin Jakadancin | rowspan="3" |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="8" |Golden Icons Magazine (2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayex Money |date=20 August 2013 |title=Full Lists Of Nominees For The 2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |url=http://www.ngtrends.com/2013/08/full-lists-of-nominees-for-the-2013-golden-icons-academy-movie-awards-giama-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035225/http://www.ngtrends.com/2013/08/full-lists-of-nominees-for-the-2013-golden-icons-academy-movie-awards-giama-awards/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=NG Trends}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole, Mistah |date=24 October 2013 |title=Full List of Winners for Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards 2013 Released |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404015609/https://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=360 Nobs |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="8" |19 ga Oktoba 2013 |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Yinka Edward, Alfred Chia| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Comedy |Kunle Afolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor (Mafi kyawun Sabon Actor) |Wale Ojo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko |[[Kemi Adesoye]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |} == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == A watan Agustan 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa OHTV ta sami haƙƙin talabijin don Swap na Wayar. Tun daga wannan lokacin an sake shi a dandamali na VOD; gami da OHTV, Ibaka TV, da Demand Africa An adana shi 2019-08-30 a . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson, Tambay A. |date=12 August 2012 |title=UK & USA Rights To Nigerian Kunle Afolayan's Rom-Com 'Phone Swap' Acquired By OHTV |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/uk-usa-rights-to-nigerian-kunle-afolayans-rom-com-phone-swap-acquired-by-ohtv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222122207/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/uk-usa-rights-to-nigerian-kunle-afolayans-rom-com-phone-swap-acquired-by-ohtv |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |publisher=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Swap - Ibaka TV |url=http://www.ibakatv.com/movie/phone-swap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423084022/http://www.ibakatv.com/movie/phone-swap |archive-date=April 23, 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> An saki fim din a kan DVD a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="news24">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Kunle Afolayan set to release Phone Swap in DVD |url=http://www.news24.com.ng/Entertainment/News/Kunle-Afolayan-set-to-release-Phone-Swap-in-DVD-20141208 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222130914/http://www.news24.com.ng/Entertainment/News/Kunle-Afolayan-set-to-release-Phone-Swap-in-DVD-20141208 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=News 24}}</ref> Afolayan ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa jinkirin a cikin sakin DVD ya kasance ne sakamakon shirye-shiryen samun ingantaccen tsarin rarraba don DVD don rage keta haƙƙin mallaka na fim ɗin zuwa mafi ƙarancin matakin. G-Media ce ke rarraba DVD ɗin, kuma yana da abubuwan da ke cikin kari kamar "bayan-yanayin" da "Aikin ...".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title='Phone Swap', 'Tango with Me' goes on DVD |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/12/phone-swap-tango-with-me-goes-on-dvd/#.VJdbBf8BDA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223145606/http://businessdayonline.com/2014/12/phone-swap-tango-with-me-goes-on-dvd/#.VJdbBf8BDA |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=BusinessDay Online}}</ref><ref name="news24" /> An kuma saki wani kunshin DVD na musamman, wanda aka lakafta "Kunle Afolayan's Collection", wanda ke dauke da sauran fina-finai biyu da suka gabata da Kunle Afolajan ya jagoranta.<ref name="leadership" /> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2012|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2012]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.phoneswapmovie.com}} * {{IMDb title|2198109|Phone Swap}} * Phone SwapaNollywood An sake kirkirar * Wayar Swap An adana shi 2019-08-30 a a kan Demand Africa[https://watch.demandafrica.com/ Bukatar Afirka] {{Kunle Afolayan}}{{Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Production Design}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kalms4wvenmd3v0dosc8qiheqy5w5xc 0 73200 883809 642134 2026-07-16T03:02:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Clara Amoateng Benson''' wacce aka fi sani da Maame Serwaa budurwa ce 'yar wasan Ghana kuma jakada ce ta alama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/i-dont-mind-marrying-a-muslim-maame-serwaa/4nem2g6|title=I don't mind marrying a Muslim – Maame Serwaa|date=2019-04-15|website=Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Maame-Serwaa-reveals-why-she-always-turns-down-romantic-roles-in-movies-742292|title=Maame Serwaa reveals why she always turns down romantic roles in movies|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/131565-kumawoods-maame-serwaa-stir-photos-house-latest-benz.html|title=Kumawood actress Maame Serwaa flaunts mansion & Benz car in new photos|last=Mensah|first=Jeffrey|date=2019-08-07|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013083050/https://yen.com.gh/131565-kumawoods-maame-serwaa-stir-photos-house-latest-benz.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enewsgh.com/2014/04/24/i-can-earn-up-to-gh%c2%a22500-a-movie-child-actor-maame-serwaa/|title="I can earn up to Gh¢2,500 a movie" – Child actor Maame Serwaa|website=Proudly Ghanaian! {{!}} Enews|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202164743/http://enewsgh.com/2014/04/24/i-can-earn-up-to-gh%C2%A22500-a-movie-child-actor-maame-serwaa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/52228/actress-maame-serwaa-celebrates-birthday-with.html|title=Actress Maame Serwaa celebrates birthday with hot new photos|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atinkaonline.com/fm/joe-mettle-is-my-crush-maame-serwaa/|title=Joe Mettle Is My Crush – Maame Serwaa|date=2018-11-21|website=Atinka FM|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/04/kumawoods-maame-serwaa-featured-in-bbcs-documentary/|title=Kumawood's Maame Serwaa featured in BBC's documentary {{!}} Starr Fm|last=Starrfmonline|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013090953/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/04/kumawoods-maame-serwaa-featured-in-bbcs-documentary/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/i-didnt-kill-my-mother-maame-serwaa/|title=I Didn't Kill My Mother - Maame Serwaa|date=2018-04-09|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref>A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, an nuna ta a cikin shirin BBC na Afirka game da ''Masana'antar Fim ta Ghana'''''.'''<ref name="pulse.com.gh">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/movies/maame-serwaa-featured-in-bbc-documentary/c52lyv0|title=Maame Serwaa featured in BBC documentary|date=2019-01-21|website=Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/56117/actress-maame-serwaa-features-on-bbc-news-document.html|title=Actress Maame Serwaa Features on BBC News Documentary|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/BBC-News-finally-release-video-documentary-on-Maame-Serwaa-716618|title=BBC News finally release video documentary on Maame Serwaa|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/04/kumawoods-maame-serwaa-featured-in-bbcs-documentary/|title=Kumawood's Maame Serwaa featured in BBC's documentary {{!}} Starr Fm|last=Starrfmonline|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013090953/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/04/kumawoods-maame-serwaa-featured-in-bbcs-documentary/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Ta kuma lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da [[Kumawood]] Best Actress of the Year 2015 da Ghana Tertiary Awards Best Actress na Shekara 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/ghana-movies/maame-serwaa-is-ghana-tertiary-awards-2018-best-actress.html#&ts=undefined|title=Maame Serwaa is Ghana Tertiary Awards 2018 Best Actress|last=|first=|date=|website=www.graphic.com.gh|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/52228/actress-maame-serwaa-celebrates-birthday-with.html|title=Actress Maame Serwaa celebrates birthday with hot new photos|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buzzghana.com/young-ghanaian-celebrities/|title=Young Ghanaian Celebrities Below 20 - No.1 Will Blow You Off!|date=2016-07-12|website=BuzzGhana - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/01/20/video-whilst-maame-serwaa-is-on-bbc-making-ghana-proud-yaa-jackson-is-here-in-ghana-wallowing-in-perpetual-ashawobrity/|title=VIDEO: Whilst Maame Serwaa Is On BBC Making Ghana Proud, Yaa Jackson Is Here In Ghana Wallowing In Perpetual Ashawobrity|date=2019-01-20|website=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013083102/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/01/20/video-whilst-maame-serwaa-is-on-bbc-making-ghana-proud-yaa-jackson-is-here-in-ghana-wallowing-in-perpetual-ashawobrity/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201901/373722.php|title=Actress Maame Serwaa In VIDEO Of BBC Documentary|last=Online|first=Peace FM|website=www.peacefmonline.com|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013083050/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201901/373722.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/ghana-movies/i-m-still-a-kumawood-actor-maame-serwaa.html#&ts=undefined|title=I'm still a Kumawood actor —Maame Serwaa|last=|first=|date=|website=www.graphic.com.gh|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/11/maame-serwaa-adjudged-best-actress-at-ghana-tertiary-awards-2018/|title=Maame Serwaa adjudged Best Actress at Ghana Tertiary Awards 2018|date=2018-11-28|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana, Current Affairs, Business News , Headlines, Ghana Sports, Entertainment, Politics, Articles, Opinions, Viral Content|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Ilimi == An haifi Benson a [[Kumasi]] . haife ta ne a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2000 ga Rose Benson da Opanyin Kwabena Nyame . [1] shekara ta 2017, ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Serwaa Nyarko Girls. daga nan aka shi tallafin karatu na shekaru huɗu don karatu a [[Knutsford University College|Kwalejin Jami'ar Knutsford]] da ke Gabashin Legon, Accra. == Ayyuka == Benson ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo tun tana 'yar shekara 6 kuma tun daga lokacin ta fito a fina-finai da yawa inda ta sami kwarewar sama da shekaru 10 a masana'antar fina-fakka ta Ghana. cikin 2018, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gudanarwa ta shekaru biyar tare da Silvanus Records . halin yanzu ita ce jakada ta Kwalejin Jami'ar Knutsford. == Hotunan fina-finai == fito a fina-finai da yawa ciki har da: * Ni Ba * Yarinyar makaranta * Sekina * Tumi * Ntaafo Tumi * Otan Ne Bayie * Mahaifiyar Serwaa Asuoden * Tattalin Arziki na Bayie * Mahaifiyata Gishina * Uwargidan Serwaa Amanehunu * Mama Serwaa a cikin soyayya * Shaidan mai jinƙai * Obofo Mama Serwaa * Mama Serwaa Lokaci Aso * Wanda ya Kashe Mama Serwaa * Akwata * Mutane kalilan masu kyau * Bayyanawa da yawa * Sanyen Ƙin yarda * Medimafo Tease == Kyaututtuka == In 2018, she was honoured by University of Cape Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/117710-maame-serwaa-honoured-by-ucc.html|title=Actress Maame Serwaa honoured by University of Cape Coast|last=Effah|first=K.|date=2018-10-24|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref> She has won several other awards which includes:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/movies/maame-serwaa-wins-two-awards-at-ghana-tertiary-awards-2018/mcxp0s5|title=Maame Serwaa wins two awards at Ghana Tertiary Awards 2018|date=2018-11-28|website=Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/118743-kumawood-actress-maame-serwaa-awards.html|title=Kumawood star Maame Serwaa up for four awards|last=Quartey|first=Daniel|date=2018-11-15|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013084137/https://yen.com.gh/118743-kumawood-actress-maame-serwaa-awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/11/maame-serwaa-adjudged-best-actress-at-ghana-tertiary-awards-2018/|title=Maame Serwaa adjudged Best Actress at Ghana Tertiary Awards 2018|date=2018-11-28|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana, Current Affairs, Business News , Headlines, Ghana Sports, Entertainment, Politics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Maame-Serwaa-grabs-The-Legendary-Award-763609|title=Maame Serwaa grabs 'The Legendary Award'|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/59667/actress-maame-serwaa-grabs-legendary-award.html|title=Actress Maame Serwaa grabs Legendary Award|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/List-of-Ghanaian-Winners-at-City-People-Entertainment-Awards-375677|title=List of Ghanaian Winners at City People Entertainment Awards|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref> {| |- || 2015 ||| Clara Benson || Best Indigenous Actress of the Year ([[City People Entertainment Awards]] ) || {{won}} |- || 2018 ||| Clara Benson || Best Actress of the Year (Ghana Tertiary Awards) || {{won}} |- || 2018 ||| Clara Benson || Student of the Year (Ghana Tertiary Awards) || {{won}} |- || 2018 ||| Clara Benson || Student Entrepreneur of the Year (Ghana Tertiary Awards) || {{nominated}} |- || 2018 ||| Clara Benson || Student Foundation of the Year (Ghana Tertiary Awards) || {{nominated}} |- || 2019 ||| Clara Benson || The Legendary Award (Ghana Film Summit 2019) || {{won}} |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 8tk9norj4768hexyzc4i0gg2rpchvoc 0 74081 883839 791855 2026-07-16T05:21:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Crime and Justice Lagos.png|caption=Mystery film{{!}}mystery Crime film{{!}}crime Drama film{{!}}drama|citizenship=Nigeria|occupation=Movie, series movie|Gama mulki=Daniel Tom Chidi Ifeanyi Barbara Segun Michaels Oluwapemi Elujoba Bifarin Mak 'Kusare Onyinye Egenti Kola Munis Kola Munis}} [[Fayil:A residential area in Egbeda Lagos Nigeria.jpg|thumb|cikin gari lagos]] [[Fayil:Sapphire Court - Lagos, Nigeria..jpg|thumb|babban kotun legas]] '''''Laifuka da Adalci Legas''''' is a 2022 Nigerian Showmax Original mystery, laifi, and drama series, starring Folu Storms, [[Ibrahim Jammal]], Margaret Osuome, Paul Adams, [[Uche Mac-Auley]], Ejiroghene Jyro Asagba, Femi Durojaiye, da Makinde Adeniran.<ref name="Pulse Nigeria2">{{cite web|last1=Udodiong|first1=Inemesit|title='Crime and Justice Lagos': Showmax set to premiere its third Nigerian original series|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/crime-and-justice-lagos-showmax-set-to-premiere-its-third-nigerian-original-series/4y7cmq7|website=Pulse Nigeria|access-date=2 January 2023|language=en|date=30 November 2022|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102091655/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/crime-and-justice-lagos-showmax-set-to-premiere-its-third-nigerian-original-series/4y7cmq7|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Laifuka da Adalci Legas'' ta fito ne daga jerin laifuffuka da Adalci da Showmax, da Canal+ suka samar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Showmax and CANAL+ to Release First Kenyan Original Series - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/showmax-canal-kenyan-original-series/|website=www.okayafrica.com|access-date=2 January 2023|language=en}}</ref> == Makirci == ''Laifuka da Adalci na Legas'' ya ta'allaka ne kan ayyukan Sashin Manyan Laifuka na Musamman da ke aiki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Folu Storms as '''Kelechi Farasin''' * [[Ibrahim Jammal]] a matsayin '''Danladi Dikko''' * Margaret Osuome as '''Simi''' * Paul Adams * [[Uche Mac-Auley]] a matsayin '''Dr. Aggy''' * Ejiroghene Jyro Asagba * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin '''DSP Jangfa''' * Makinde Adeniran * William Benson a matsayin '''Femi Biboye''' == Episode == Ana fitar da kowane shirin mako-mako, kowane Alhamis akan Showmax farawa daga 8 Disamba 2022.  == Production da saki == Mai gabatar da jerin shirye-shiryen shine Yinka Edward, tare da taimakon furodusa Eustace Okwechime, co-producer Kola Munis, da darekta [[Mak Kusare|Mak 'Kusare]] . An kafa Laifuka da Adalci Legas a babban birnin [[Najeriya]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kuma an sake shi a kan Showmax a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2022, tare da fara wasan farko a Genesis Cinema, Maryland Lagos ranar 6 ga Disamba Wadanda suka halarci bikin farko sun hada da ’yan wasan kwaikwayo, da sauran ’yan wasan kwaikwayo na Nollywood, da kuma babban jami’in yada labarai na tashar talabijin ta MultiChoice Nigeria, Dokta Busola Tejumola. Dokta Busola Tejumola a wurin taron farko, ya bayyana shirin, yana mai cewa “ba ya bambanta da kowane Asalin Najeriya da muka fitar. Mun ƙirƙiri jerin laifuffuka waɗanda ke ɗaukar ɓacin rai na birni - daga kulakensa masu ƙyalli zuwa ɓangarorinsa - ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na jami'an tilasta bin doka da ke da alhakin kiyaye lafiyar 'yan ƙasa. Kowane shirin yana nuna labarun laifuka na gaske waɗanda masu sauraro za su haɗu da su kuma za su ba su da yawa don yin tunani a kai." Opeoluwa Filani, Babban Manajan Showmax Nigeria, ya ce "jerin yana nuna himmar sabis na yawo na bayar da ingantattun labarun Afirka." == liyafar == === Amsa mai mahimmanci da masu sauraro === Laifuka da Adalci Legas sun sami kyakkyawan bita daga jama'a da masu suka. A cewar marubuciyar jaridar [[Premium Times]] Shola-Adido Oladotun, ta rubuta “Tare da jerin gwano na hazaka masu ban mamaki da kuma kyakkyawan ra’ayi, Laifuka da Adalci Legas suna tunatar da mu Ido na Uku; wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo na laifi da aka watsa a NTA daga 1990-1993, wanda fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Olu Jacobs]] ya fito” kuma ya ce "Silsila mai kashi shida na da damar tura furodusan Nollywood don gano wasu nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba a masana'antar." == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako ! Ref |- | rowspan="5" | 2023 | rowspan="5" | Kyautar Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Afirka | Mafi kyawun Daraktan fasaha | Pat Nebo & Temple Chima Adighije|{{Nom}} | rowspan="5" | |- | Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Haske | Francis Wanyahdeh |{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Editan Hoto | Holmes Awa & Daniel Tom |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Cinemagrapher | rowspan="2" | Yinka Edward |{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Jerin Talabijan|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|title=|id=23847866}} * [https://www.showmax.com/eng/tvseries/7mnoya4c-crime-and-justice-lagos Crime and Justice Lagos]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Showmax rt964lhwn4hlykppd9wnuexph82c4r0 0 74615 883787 790123 2026-07-15T23:01:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciara Charteris''' (an Haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 1995), ƴar asalin Afirka ta Kudu ce furodusa, marubuciya, 'yar gwagwarmaya, kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-19 |title=Poldark star Ciara Charteris opens up about past sexual assault |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/ciara-charteris-rape-sexual-assault-open-letter-poldark-a9677746.html |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> An san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Emma Tregirls a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na One BBC ''Poldark'' (2017 – 2018).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/in-the-news/ciara-charteris-acquaintance-rape-activism/|title='The System Failed Me When I Was Raped, Now I'm Dedicated To Changing It': Ciara Charteris On Going From Acting To Activism|journal=Grazia|first=Georgina|last=Aspinall|date=27 August 2020|accessdate=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.styleswapofficial.com/spotlight/ciara-charteris/|title=Ciara Charteris|website=StyleSwap|accessdate=4 September 2022}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Ni Am Arla, cibiyar sadarwar tallafin masu tsira, kafin ƙaddamar da IntAct Creatives.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/hub-for-well-being-in-the-arts-launched-by-former-poldark-actor|title=Former Poldark actor launches hub for well-being in the arts|journal=The Stage|first=Giverny|last=Masso|date=3 March 2023|accessdate=30 May 2023}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Charteris a birnin Johannesburg na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin watan Janairu 1998 tana 'yar shekara uku, ta ƙaura zuwa yankin Clapham na Kudu maso Yammacin London tare da danginta yayin da ayyukan iyayenta ke tashi, mahaifinta Roger a matsayin wakili mai hazaka da furodusa, da mahaifiyarta Robyn a matsayin marubuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Camille |date=2020-08-22 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know about Ciara Charteris |url=https://www.tvovermind.com/ciara-charteris/ |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=TVOvermind |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="tr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theresident.co.uk/london-culture-events/ciara-charteris-interview-poldark-mary-shelley-clapham/|title=Ciara Charteris on Poldark & South West London|website=The Resident|first=Josh|last=Eastern|date=20 June 2018|accessdate=2021-10-12|archive-date=2021-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090306/https://www.theresident.co.uk/london-culture-events/ciara-charteris-interview-poldark-mary-shelley-clapham/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charteris ta halarci Kwalejin Sarauniya a tsakiyar London da makarantar sakandare. Lokacin yarintar, ta takasance mai rawa kuma ta shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na ƙasa. Ta ci gaba da horarwa a Royal Welsh College of Music &amp;amp; Drama kafin ta janye a cikin shekara ta biyu lokacin da aka sanya ta a fim ɗin ''Close to the Enemy.''<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nuitmagazine.com/mag/ciara-charteris/|title=Ciara Charteris|journal=Nuit Magazine|access-date=2021-10-12|archive-date=2021-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194402/http://www.nuitmagazine.com/mag/ciara-charteris/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan barin aiki a cikin y 2019, Charteris ya bi Master Of Science a cikin Psychology da Neuroscience of Mental Health a King's College London. Daga nan ta sami horon ICF akan Koyarwar Kai da Kasuwanci daga Coaching Barefoot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamarla.com/about|title=About Us|website=I Am Arla|accessdate=4 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904223307/https://www.iamarla.com/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == Charteris ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne a shekarar 2010 inda ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Mum's List'' wanda Niall Johnson ya jagoranta. A cikin shekarar 2016, ta yi wasa a Lucy Lindsay-Jones, 'yar'uwar Alfred Molina, a cikin BBC Two 1940s-set miniseries ''Close to the Enemy''. A shekara mai zuwa, tayi wasa Harriet Shelley a cikin fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar ''Mary Shelley'' tare da Elle Fanning. Ta fito a matsayin bakuwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ITV ''Endeavor'' da ''Grantchester''. A wannan shekarar, ta shiga cikin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na BBC One period ''Poldark'' a matsayin Emma Tregirls, rawar da za ta taka don jerin shirye-shiryenta na uku da na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |first=Punam |title=Spotlight On: Ciara Charteris |url=https://www.influencerintelligence.com/blog/bM/spotlight-on-ciara-charteris |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=www.influencerintelligence.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekara ta 2020, Charteris ta bayyana cewa wata kawarta ce ta yi mata fyaɗe a watan Satumbar 2015 a lokacin da suke hutun ranar haihuwar kawarta. Sai da ta kai ga watan Disamba na shekarar 2019 don kara jajircewa wajen kai rahoto ga ‘yan sanda, duk da cewa hakan bai haifar da ɗa mai ido ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trewhela |first=Lee |date=2020-08-21 |title=Poldark actress reveals she was raped by a friend |url=https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/celebs-tv/poldark-actress-ciara-charteris-reveals-4447730 |access-date=2021-10-12|website=Cornwall Live |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Essay in ''Instructions For A Teenage Armageddon'', curated by [[Rosie Day]] (2021) == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2010 | ''Jerin Maman'' | | |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''Acres da Acres'' | Olivia | |- | ''Kusa da Maƙiyi'' | Lucy Lindsay-Jones | Ministoci |- | rowspan="4" | 2017 | ''Ƙoƙari'' | Nurse Flora Byron | Episode: "Lazaretto" |- | ''Itacen Guba'' | Phaedra | Short film |- | ''Grantchester'' | Annie Towler | Kashi na 1 |- | ''Mary Shelley'' | Harriet Shelley ne adam wata | |- | 2017-2018 | ''Poldark'' | Emma Tregirls | Matsayi mai maimaitawa (jeri na 3-4) |- | 2022 | ''Wom''| {{N/a}} | Babban furodusa |- |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] nrogegxsfr0m1b1qhtk8jx19c74ybka 0 75128 883733 401402 2026-07-15T20:27:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chidera Nneoma Okolie''' (an haife ta 27 Maris 1993) marubuciya ce ta Najeriya da ta sami kulawar ƙasa tare da littafinta na farko ''lokacin da Silence Becomes Too Loud'' ya fito a 2014.<ref name="Legit">{{Cite news |first=Chinma |last=Iheanacho |url=https://www.legit.ng/1100927-meet-24-year-chidera-okolie-chimamanda-adichie-making.html |title=Meet 24 year-old Chidera Okolie, another Chimamanda Adichie in the making |website=Legit |date=8 March 2019 |orig-year=8 March 2018 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317090328/https://www.legit.ng/1100927-meet-24-year-chidera-okolie-chimamanda-adichie-making.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="witness">{{Cite news |url=https://www.witnessngr.com/meet-chidera-okolie-24-year-old-barrister-award-winning-writer/|title=Meet Chidera Okolie – 24 Year-Old Barrister & Award Winning Writer |website=The Witness Newspaper |date=8 March 2019 |orig-year=27 November 2018 }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Okolie a garin [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] dake [[Kudu ta Yamma (Najeriya)|kudu maso gabashin Najeriya]] . Tun tana ƙaramar yarinya, Okolie ta fara nuna alamun son wallafe-wallafen, saboda ta yi fice sosai a cikin darussan adabin da take yi a makaranta, kuma ta fara rubuta gajerun labarai ga abokan karatunta, yayin da take makarantar sakandare. Okolie ya ci gaba da karatun Law a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] kuma an shigar da shi a [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|mashawarcin Najeriya]] a watan Nuwamba 2016. == Aikin adabi == Okolie ta wallafa littafinta na farko, ''Lokacin da Shiru ya Zama Mai Kyau'', a cikin Disamba 2014 yayin da take karatun lauya. A watan Maris na 2015 ne shugaban Najeriya na lokacin, [[Goodluck Jonathan]], ya amince da littafin a wani shiri na kasuwanci a [[Abuja]] . A cikin Satumba 2017, ta fito da littafinta na biyu, ''Ba Gafara ba'', tarin gajerun labarai masu ban sha'awa na tunani. === Ƙirƙirar Idios === A cikin Fabrairu 2018, Okolie ya kafa Idios Creatives, dandali ga matasa masu burin marubuta da masu kirkira don bayyana kerawa. A cikin Afrilu 2018, ta ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Idios don Fiction Fiction da Poetry, wanda ya ja hankalin ɗalibai aƙalla 397. Okolie ne ya zabo labarai dari kuma ya hada su cikin wani littafi mai suna The Future: Tarin Gajerun Labarai da Waqoqin Yara Zababbun Makarantun Nijeriya, wanda aka fitar a watan Nuwamba 2018. == Girmamawa == A cikin watan Yuni 2015, an zabi Okolie don lambar yabo ta African Achievers Awards . A cikin 2016, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Fiction Writer of the Year kuma daya daga cikin 100 mafi tasiri marubutan Najeriya a karkashin 40 a farkon Marubutan Najeriya. <ref name="NWA" /> An kuma nada ta Fiction Writer of the Year a Kperience Womanity Awards. A cikin 2017, Okolie ya sami lambar yabo don ''Mafi Fitaccen Marubucin Almara na Shekara'' ta Alpha Gamma Multimedia Limited. A cikin Janairun 2019, an saka ta cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Matasan Najeriya ta AvanceMedia a fannin Shari'a & Mulki. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://idioscreatives.com Abubuwan Halittun Idios] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124002511/https://idioscreatives.com/ |date=2020-11-24 }} Archived </link> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 8l7jp1z3529dm1h9cnolttscmkg0w6q 0 75785 883737 485807 2026-07-15T20:39:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chikodili Emelumadu''' marubucin almara ne dan Burtaniya da [[Adabin Najeriya|Najeriya]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a Worksop, Nottinghamshire kuma ta girma a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Shortlist |url=http://www.caineprize.com/the-shortlist-34 |access-date=2024-03-21 |archive-date=2026-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114152141/http://www.caineprize.com/the-shortlist-34 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=U.K |first=Geoff Ryman Issue: 100 African Writers of SFF-Part Two: Writers in the |date=2017-03-01 |title=Chikodili Emelumadu |url=http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/100african/chikodili-emelumadu/ |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=Strange Horizons |language=en}}</ref> Gajeren labarinta "Yarinyar Candy" an zaɓe ta don lambar yabo ta Shirley Jackson (2015). <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2014 |title=Candy Girl &#124; Apex Magazine |url=https://apex-magazine.com/candy-girl/}}</ref> Har ila yau, an tantance aikinta don Kyautar Caine don Rubutun Afirka (2017 don "Bush Baby" <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Interview with Chikodili Emelumadu - Caine Prize Shortlist |url=https://www.wasafiri.org/article/interview-chikodili-emelumadu-caine-prize-shortlist/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |archive-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228114422/https://www.wasafiri.org/article/interview-chikodili-emelumadu-caine-prize-shortlist/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da 2020 don "Abin da za ku yi idan yaronku ya kawo gida Mami Wata" <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service - Focus on Africa, Caine Prize 2020: Nigerian writer Chikodili Emelumadu |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08lj188}}</ref> ), da lambar yabo ta Nommo (2020). ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nommo 2020: Short Story Nominations - African Speculative Fiction Society |url=http://www.africansfs.com/nommos/nominationresults2020shortlist/nommoshortstory2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527202631/http://www.africansfs.com/nommos/nominationresults2020shortlist/nommoshortstory2020 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.africansfs.com}} </ref> A cikin 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta Curtis Brown First Novel kyauta don littafinta ''mai ban mamaki'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2019 |title=Announcing the winner of the inaugural Curtis Brown First Novel Prize |url=https://www.curtisbrowncreative.co.uk/curtis-brown-first-novel-prize-winner-announced/}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na Shirley Jackson Awards a cikin 2018 da 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Shirley Jackson Awards » Jurors, Advisory Board, & Board of Directors |url=https://www.shirleyjacksonawards.org/jurors-advisory-board-board-of-directors/}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 4ksenrjttbjubeqc1eq3dpll4vtccg4 0 75787 883740 675791 2026-07-15T20:54:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883740 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|name=Chinwe Egwim|image=Chinwe Egwim.jpg|image_size=210px|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=28 October|birth_place=[[Warri]]|nationality=Nigeria|alma_mater={{hlist|[[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]]|[[European School of Economics]]|[[Kingston University London]]}}|occupation={{hlist|Economist|Banker|Author}}|website=|years_active=2009–present|boards=|spouse=|children=|notable_works=*[[FBNQuest Merchant Bank]] <br> # Lead Economist (2014–2021) *[[World Economic Forum]] <br> # Agender Contributor (2019) *[[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa#Member States|United Nations Economic Commission for Nigeria]] <br> # National Consultant (2019) *Coronation Merchant Bank <br> # Chief Economist (2021–present)|title=[[Chief economist]]}}'''Chinwe Egwim''' Masanin Tattalin Arziki ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]], Ma'aikacin Banki, Kamfanin Gudanarwa, Technocrat, kuma marubuci, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki, kuma Shugaban Binciken Tattalin Arziki da Hankali na Bankin Merchant. <ref name="nairametrics">{{Cite web |last=Press |first=N. M. |date=6 July 2021 |title=Chinwe Egwim appointed Chief Economist, Coronation Merchant Bank |url=https://nairametrics.com/2021/07/06/chinwe-egwim-appointed-chief-economist-coronation-merchant-bank/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Nairametrics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinwe Egwim, Coronation Merchant Bank: Profile and Biography |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/22360492 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta taba zama shugabar masana tattalin arziki a bankin FBNQuest Merchant, kuma ta kasance mamba mai zartarwa na WIMBIZ . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Executive Council Members |url=https://wimbiz.org/past-executive-council/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=WIMBIZ}}</ref> A cikin 2021, an zabe ta a matsayin mamba mai zartarwa na kungiyar ƙwararrun mata masu banki a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Chartered of Bankers of Nigeria, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2022 |title=Introducing the New Association of Professional Women Bankers Executives |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/01/new-apwb-executives/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> kuma an nada ta mamba a Kwamitin Manufofin Kuɗi na Shugaban Ƙasa da Gyara Haraji a 2023.<ref name="Businessday NG">{{Cite web |last=Ajumobi |first=Kemi |date=10 November 2023 |title=Insights from the economic mastermind, Chinwe Egwim |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/article/insights-from-the-economic-mastermind-chinwe-egwim/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=Businessday NG}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko. == Chinwe Egwim ‘yar [[Imo|jihar Imo]] ce kuma diyar Cif Paschal Egwim, Babban Darakta kuma Babban Darakta a Ofishin Kula da Siyayyar Jama’a da Kula da Farashi (Jihar Imo) kuma tsohon babban jigo a Shell E&P. <ref name="Tribune Online">{{Cite web |last=Ogunyinka |first=Victor |date=17 June 2022 |title=Chinwe Egwim is creating her own legacy as she succeeds after her father’s footprint |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chinwe-egwim-is-creating-her-own-legacy-as-she-succeeds-after-her-fathers-footprint/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Tribune Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Economist Extraordinaire: A Candid Conversation with Chinwe Egwim |url=https://glaziang.com/economist-extraordinaire-a-candid-conversation-with-chinwe-egwim/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=Glazia Magazine}}</ref> An haife ta a ranar 28, ga Oktoba a [[Warri]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], kuma ta yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Burtaniya da ke Assen, Netherlands, da Makarantar Montessori International da ke Fatakwal, Najeriya. <ref name="Tribune Online" /> Ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin ’Yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Owerri da Jephthah Comprehensive Secondary School da ke Fatakwal a Nijeriya, <ref name="Tribune Online" /> daga nan ta wuce [[Ghana]], inda ta samu digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a KNUST . <ref name="Daily Trust">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Chinwe Egwim Rewriting Africa’s story |url=https://dailytrust.com/chinwe-egwim-rewriting-africas-story/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ita tsohuwar daliba ce ta Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai kuma tana da digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Kingston London . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=T. W. |date=24 February 2021 |title=Smart Money Tribe Podcast: The Nigerian Economy & Your Finances |url=https://twmagazine.net/lifestyle/living/smart-money-tribe-podcast-how-the-nigerian-economy-affects-your-personal-finance-with-chinwe-egwim/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=TW Magazine Website }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>   === Farkon aiki: CBN, da Mahimmancin Magana na Afirka. === A shekarar 2009, Chinwe ta fara aikinta, inda ta yi aiki a sashen Fiscal Division a sashen bincike a [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|babban bankin Najeriya]], inda ta gamu da sarkakiya na tantance kudaden shiga da kuma kashe kudade na gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Coronation Merchant Bank (CMB) Chief economist, Chinwe Egwim |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/meet-coronation-merchant-bank-cmb-chief-economist-chinwe-egwim/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Vanguard Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2011, ta yi aiki a matsayin manazarcin bincike a African Positive Outlook (yanzu Helmar Care and Community Services LTD) a Burtaniya. === Fitch Ratings, da FBNQuest. === A cikin 2013, Chinwe ta shiga Fitch Ratings a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙima ta ƙasa da ƙasa a Milan Italiya, inda ta yi nazari kan yanayin tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashen Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara, tare da ba da gudummawa ga rahoton ƙimar haɗarin bashi da rubuce-rubuce daban-daban. Bayan dawowarta Najeriya, ta shiga bankin FBNQuest Merchant, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin Resident Economist for Africa Investment Roundtable, wani shiri na bincike. <ref name="Blueprint Newspapers Limited">{{Cite web |last=Olagoke |first=Bode |date=25 November 2023 |title=The Nigerian economist making impact in the sub-saharan africa countires – Chinwe Egwim |url=https://blueprint.ng/the-nigerian-economist-making-impact-in-the-sub-saharan-africa-countires-chinwe-egwim/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited}}</ref> A cikin 2019, labarin jagoranci na tunaninta ya mayar da hankali kan alaƙa tsakanin mata da kasuwancin Afirka a taron tattalin arzikin duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egwim |first=Chinwe |title=Africa is aiming to create the world's largest trading bloc. It won't succeed without women |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/africa-is-aiming-to-create-the-worlds-largest-trading-bloc-it-wont-succeed-without-women/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> === 2021-yanzu: Bankin Kasuwanci na Coronation. === A ranar 28, ga Yuni 2021, Coronation Merchant Bank Limited ta nada Chinwe Egwim a matsayin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki kuma Shugaban Bincike na Tattalin Arziki da Hankali a Bankin Coronation Merchant. <ref name="nairametrics"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=We are led by exceptional professionals and visionaries |url=https://www.coronationmb.com/about-us/leadership/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=Coronation Merchant Bank}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an nada Chinwe mamba a kwamitin kasafin kudi na fadar shugaban kasa da kuma sake fasalin haraji. [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] na 16,kuma mai ci a yanzu [[Bola Tinubu]] ne ya kafa kwamitin, da nufin yin nazari tare da sake fasalin tsarin kasafin kudin Najeriya don tara kudaden shiga, da ingancin kashe kudaden gwamnati, da kuma kula da basussuka masu dorewa. <ref name="Businessday NG"/> == Maganar jama'a. == Chinwe ya gabatar da jawabai a yawancin tarurrukan jama'a da na sirri kan tattalin arziki. Ta kasance bakuwar talabijin a shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki a BBC, CNBC Africa, [[Arise News]], da [[Gidan Telebijin Channels|Channels TV]] . <ref name="Daily Trust"/> A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2019, yayin jawabinta na TED, ta yi magana game da samar da tattalin arzikin mata a matsayin kayan aiki don haɓaka wadatar tattalin arziki ga ƙasashe. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawar tattalin arziki game da ƙarfafa mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxPortHarcourt |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/34972 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=TED}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Mary Beth Leonard ta gayyace ta a matsayin mai ba da gudummawar tattalin arziki, inda ta ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa game da tasowar Afirka. <ref name="Tribune Online"/> A shekarar 2022, ta kasance cikin wadanda suka gabatar da jawabai a taron tattalin arzikin Najeriya na 28, mai taken: “2023 and Beyond: Priorities for Shared Prosperity” da aka gudanar a otal din Transcorp Hilton, Abuja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=28th Nigerian Economic Summit Green Book |url=https://nesgroup.org/download_greenbooks/GreenBook_NES28_1688850525.pdf |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Nigerian Economic Summit Group |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204075357/https://nesgroup.org/download_greenbooks/GreenBook_NES28_1688850525.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2023, Chinwe ya gabatar da babban jawabi a taron nazarin ciniki na duniya na Afirka ta Yamma mai taken, Sabon Alfijir: Shirye-shiryen Koyarwar Kasuwancin Yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nigerian Economist Creating A Blueprint For Africa – Chinwe Egwim |url=https://independent.ng/the-nigerian-economist-creating-a-blueprint-for-africa-chinwe-egwim/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Independent Nigeria}}</ref> Ta kuma gabatar da babban jawabi a taron 2024 na mata 100 na kudi a fannin tattalin arziki, wanda aka gudanar a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Education Event: Exploring the Macroeconomic Outlook for 2024 |url=https://100women.org/news/macroeconomic-outlook/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=100 Women in Finance}}</ref> == Littattafai. == * Understanding Economic "Jargon" (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding Economic 'Jargon': Get a grip...Stay ahead of economic shocks |url=https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Economic-Jargon-economic-shocks-ebook/dp/B088KD99Z4 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Amazon}}</ref> * Super E: the Inflation Smackdown (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunji |first=Eniola |date=23 November 2023 |title=Chinwe Egwim launches book to promote economy |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/chinwe-egwim-launches-book-to-promote-economy/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Businessday NG}}</ref> == Zaɓi wallafe-wallafe. == * Masana'antar da ke buƙatar dinki (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egwim |first=Chinwe |date=6 June 2016 |title=An industry in need of stitches |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/money/an-industry-in-need-of-stitches/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208045259/https://guardian.ng/business-services/money/an-industry-in-need-of-stitches/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kudi na Gwamnatin Jiha: Kwai mai curate (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egwim |first=Chinwe |date=14 November 2016 |title=State government finances: A curate’s egg |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/money/state-government-finances-a-curates-egg/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208045300/https://guardian.ng/business-services/money/state-government-finances-a-curates-egg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Matsi akan aljihun masu amfani (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egwim |first=Chinwe |date=5 September 2016 |title=The squeeze on consumers’ pockets |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/money/the-squeeze-on-consumers-pockets/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208045258/https://guardian.ng/business-services/money/the-squeeze-on-consumers-pockets/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Mummunan gaskiya: Kudin jama'a a kan wani madaidaici (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egwim |first=Chinwe |date=6 February 2017 |title=The ugly truth: Public finances on a precipice |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/money/the-ugly-truth-public-finances-on-a-precipice/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208045301/https://guardian.ng/business-services/money/the-ugly-truth-public-finances-on-a-precipice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Zuwa ga yanayin abokantaka na kasuwanci (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egwim |first=Chinwe |date=8 May 2017 |title=Towards a business-friendly environment |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/towards-a-business-friendly-environment/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208045300/https://guardian.ng/business-services/towards-a-business-friendly-environment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tattalin Arziki na Dijital, har yanzu yana zazzage saman (2018). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egwim |first=Chinwe |date=19 February 2018 |title=Digital economy, still scratching the surface |url=https://guardian.ng/technology/digital-economy-still-scratching-the-surface/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208045258/https://guardian.ng/technology/digital-economy-still-scratching-the-surface/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Yanayin tattalin arziki: 2017 a sake dubawa (2018). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egwim |first=Chinwe |date=29 March 2018 |title=Economic landscape: 2017 in review |url=https://guardian.ng/issue/economic-landscape-2017-in-review/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208045258/https://guardian.ng/issue/economic-landscape-2017-in-review/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa. == === Kyauta. === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Ceremony !Prize !Result |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |The Future Awards Africa |Professional Service<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ukiwe |first=Urenna |date=5 December 2018 |title=The Future Awards Africa 2018 Nominees List |url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-future-awards-africa-2018-nominees-list/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=27 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227085030/https://guardian.ng/life/the-future-awards-africa-2018-nominees-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Nom}} |- |HER Network |Career Woman of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Her |date=8 December 2018 |title=HERE ARE THE WINNERS OF THE SECOND ANNUAL HER NETWORK WOMAN OF THE YEAR AWARDS 2018 |url=https://www.hernetwork.co/here-are-the-winners-of-the-second-annual-her-network-woman-of-the-year-awards-2018 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Her Network}}</ref> |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |The Accenture Gender Mainstreaming Awards |Positive Role Model – West Africa |{{Won}} |- |CIBN Awards |X-factor |{{Nom}} |} === Ganewa. === * 2017: Inspiration by Glory ya kawo ta a cikin jerin sunayen ikon # mata masu tallafawa mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=13 January 2018 |title=Inspired by Glory 2017 #WomenSupportingWomen #Powerlist |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/inspired-by-glory-2017-womensupportingwomen-powerlist/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180941/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/inspired-by-glory-2017-womensupportingwomen-powerlist/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2018: Manyan matan Afirka sun bayyana mata, a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan matan Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=17 March 2018 |title=Leading ladies Africa – 100 most inspiring women in Nigeria 2018 |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/leading-ladies-africa-100-most-inspiring-women-in-nigeria-2018/#:~:text=Chinwe%20Egwim&text=Currently%2C%20she%20works%20in%20the,macroeconomic%20and%20fixed%20income%20reports. |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012065824/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/leading-ladies-africa-100-most-inspiring-women-in-nigeria-2018//#:~:text=Chinwe%20Egwim&text=Currently%2C%20she%20works%20in%20the,macroeconomic%20and%20fixed%20income%20reports. |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2018: [[YNaija]] ta jera ta a cikin Lantarki na manyan mutane masu tasiri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2018 |title=Adaku Ufere-Awoonor, Chris Ogunlowo, Owen Omogiafo... see the #YNaijaPowerList2018 for Corporate Nigeria » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/adaku-ufere-awoonor-chris-ogunlowo-owen-omogiafo-see-the-ynaijapowerlist2018-for-corporate-nigeria/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=YNaija}}</ref> * 2019: BellaNaija ta buga mata a jerin sunayen mata 48 da suka zama zakaran gwajin dafi na Bankin Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=48 Women Who Are Champions of Nigeria’s Banking Industry {{!}} Get to Know Them |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/10/48-women-who-are-champions-of-nigerias-banking-industry-get-to-know-them/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> * 2020: MIPAD Kasa da 40 a Kasuwanci & Kasuwanci - Mafi Tasirin Mutanen Asalin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIPAD Hosts Recognition & Awards Ceremony, Unveils 2020 Global List |url=https://www.mipad.org/files/MIPAD_PUBLICATION_2020_Online_Version.pdf |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=Most Influential People of African Descent}}</ref> == Nassoshi. == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 7i77lgssjtog3515cbj2qd8ap3fhqa6 0 76687 883807 407442 2026-07-16T02:50:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Claire Andrade-Watkins''', 'yar [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]-[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ce [[Masanin tarihi|masaniya a fannin tarihi]] kuma mai shirya fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Claire Andrade-Watkins, S2017-F2017 |url=https://www.brown.edu/academics/college/swearer/people/practitioners-residence/claire-andrade-watkins-s2017-f2017 |access-date=27 October 2020 |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> Ita ƙwararriyar masaniya ce ta tarihin Afirka da Afirka ta Amurka tare da mai da hankali kan tarihin Cape Verdean Amurka, da Faransanci bayan mulkin mallaka. A halin yanzu, ta yi fice a fina-finan Afirka da ke magana da harshen Portuguese, da gidajen sinima na ƴan Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje, da fina-finan Baƙar fata Amurkawa da masu shirya fina-finai.<ref name= MAPS>{{cite web| url=https://www.maps-inc.org/our-staff/claire-andrade-watkins-phd/| title=Claire Andrade-Watkins, PhD| publisher=MAPS-INC.ORG.| access-date=27 October 2020}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta halarci Makarantar Lincoln, ta sami digiri na BA daga Kwalejin Simmons sannan ta sami MA da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Boston. <ref name="emerson">{{Cite web |title=Claire Andrade-Watkins: Professor |url=https://www.emerson.edu/faculty-staff-directory/claire-andrade-watkins |access-date=27 October 2020 |publisher=Emerson School}}</ref> == Sana'a == Andrade-Watkins shine Daraktan kafa na' Fox Point Cape Verdean Project, wani yunƙurin bincike na al'umma da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 2007. Ta kuma riƙe shugabar kamfanin samarwa da rarrabawa, 'SPIA Media Productions, Inc.'. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1998 kuma ta ƙware a kafofin watsa labarai daga ƙasashen Afirka. <ref name="emerson"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Founder & President |url=https://spiamedia.com/founder-president/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |publisher=spiamedia |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124050051/https://spiamedia.com/founder-president/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce farfesa ta farko a fannin launi a kwalejin, kuma Farfesa ta farko a fannin zane-zane da kafofin watsa labarai kafin ta yi ƙaura zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Liberal Arts & Interdisciplinary. Har ila yau, ita ce marubuciyar littattafai da yawa ciki har da, Society for Visual Anthropology, Research in African Literature, The Independent Film and Video Monthly, American Historical Review, da CinémAction. <ref name="emerson"/> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2005 | ''Cape Verde Independence'' | Darakta, furodusa | Takardun shaida | |- | 2006 | ''Wani Irin Ban dariya Porto Rican? : Labarin Amurka na Cape Verde'' | Darakta, babban furodusa, marubuci, edita | Takardun shaida | |- | 2011 | ''Sannu, Makwabci'' | Darakta, furodusa, marubuci | Gajeren shirin bidiyo | |- | 2013 | ''Serenata de Amor'' | Darakta, furodusa | Takardun shaida | |- | 2016 | ''Aiki da Boats: Masters of Craft'' | Darakta, furodusa | Takardun shaida | |} == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == An bata da lambar yabo da karramawa a kungiyoyi da bukukuwan fina-finai. * Fellowship in Film & Video, 2017 – RISCA (Rhode Island State Council on the Arts), Fellowship in Film & Video, Working the Boats: Masters of the Craft * Fulbright Research Award 1996 – Republic of Cape Verde, Indigenous Cinema * American Philosophical Society Research Award 1997 – Republic of Cape Verde, Indigenous Cinema * Official selection, [[Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival]], Redux category 2020 – ''Cape Verde Independence'' * Official selection, FESTin - Festival de Cinema Itinerante da Língua Portuguesa Lisbon, Portugal 2014 – ''Cape Verde Independence '' * Black Maria Film Festival, Jury's Choice (first prize) – 2012 ''Hi, Neighbor (Ola Vizinho)'' == Duba kuma == * [[Sinima a Cape Verde|Cinema na Cape Verde]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] j7xpnm450i20b7sxhltnj9rnh5r23l6 0 77287 883826 557391 2026-07-16T04:35:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Connie Chen''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan golf ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta taka leda a gasar Ladies European Tour . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Golf Live 24: Connie Chen (South Africa) |url=https://www.golflive24.com/player/chen-connie/Wl1mpsg9/ |access-date=2018-02-08 |website=www.golflive24.com |archive-date=2018-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123434/https://www.golflive24.com/player/chen-connie/Wl1mpsg9/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta lashe gasar Open De España Femenino na shekarar 2014, wanda shine taken farko a kan yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2016 |title=Connie Chen excited as she bids to defend title |url=https://ladieseuropeantour.com/connie-chen-excited-as-she-bids-to-defend-title/ |access-date=2018-02-08 |publisher=Ladies European Tour}}</ref> == Ayyukan ɗan wasa == Chen ta fara buga wasan golf tana da shekaru goma, kuma ta fara wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu taba da shekaru 15 a gasar zakarun Junior Open ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2008 |title=Thailand’s Moriya wins Junior Open |url=https://www.golf-monthly.co.uk/microsites/open-2008/championship-news/thailands-moriya-wins-junior-open-23730 |access-date=27 April 2020 |website=Golf Monthly}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da aikinta na kasa da kasa ta hanyar buga wa Afirka ta Kudu wasa a Annika Invitational da The British Girls Championship a 2009 da 2010, sannan kuma The Duke of York Invitational a 2010. Ta yi wasanni sama da goma a shekarar 2010 kuma ta kasance memba na tawagar Afirka ta Kudu a 2010 Espirito Santo Trophy, ta kammala ta uku. Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 Compleat Golfer South African Woman Golfer of the Year Award ta kungiyar Golf ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu (WGSA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Connie Chen is Compleat Golfer's 2010 Top Women's Amateur |url=https://www.wgsa.co.za/news/connie-chen-is-compleat-golfer-s-2010-top-women-s-amateur/?id=9&entryId=382/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123920/https://www.wgsa.co.za/news/connie-chen-is-compleat-golfer-s-2010-top-women-s-amateur/?id=9&entryId=382%2F |archive-date=2018-02-08 |access-date=2018-02-08 |website=www.wgsa.co.za}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Bayan ta cika shekaru 18, ta zama ƙwararru kuma ta cancanci gasar Ladies European Tour ta 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2015 |title=Connie Chen tees up PGA Qualification |url=https://ladieseuropeantour.com/connie-chen-tees-up-pga-qualification/ |access-date=2018-02-08 |publisher=Ladies European Tour}}</ref> Chen ya yi rami a daya a 2013 Omega Dubai Ladies Masters inda ya lashe mota. A shekara mai zuwa ta sami nasarar ta farko a gasar Ladies European Tour lokacin da ta lashe gasar Open de España Femenino ta 2014 a Tenerife, Spain . A ƙarshen shekara ta 2014, Chen ta fara karatun PGA kuma ta zama cikakken memba na PGA UK&I a farkon shekara ta 2018. A cikin 2020 an nuna Chen a matsayin daya daga cikin Top 75 Mafi Kyawun Malaman Duniya na Golf Digest. Ta taka leda a yawon shakatawa na LPGA na kasar Sin a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya yayin da take horar da duniya. == Mata na Turai sun ci nasara (1) == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !A'a. !Ranar !Gasar !Sakamakon cin nasara !Yankin cin nasara<br /> !Wanda ya zo na biyu |- |1 |2014 |Tenerife Open na Spain Mata |−12 (68-70-69-69=276) |bugun jini biyu |[[Carlota Ciganda]]{{Flagicon|ESP}} |} == Bayyanar ƙungiya == '''Mai son''' * Espirito Santo Trophy (yana wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu): 2010 == Kyaututtuka da sauran sanarwa == * Cikakken Golfer Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu Golfer na Shekara 2010 * Golf Digest Top 75 Kocin Duniya 2020 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] e76md1bw6jzhjdkeix9lv3jb96dxg2k 0 77564 883939 645082 2026-07-16T10:09:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Danny Akintunde Agbelese''' <ref>[https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Danny-Agbelese/Greece/Holargos-BC/208256 Danny Agbelese.]</ref> (an haife shi Afrilu 14, 1990) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon]] kwando ne ɗan Amurka-Nijeriya <ref>[http://web.legabasket.it/player/AGB-DAN-90/ Danny Agbelese Nat. Sporty: NIG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726063938/http://web.legabasket.it/player/AGB-DAN-90/ |date=2020-07-26 }} {{In lang|it}}.</ref> . Bayan shekaru biyu a Collin College, da kuma shekaru biyu a Hampton, Agbelese ya shiga cikin daftarin NBA na 2012, amma ba a zabe shi a zagaye na biyu na daftarin ba. An nada shi MVP na Gasar Cin Kofin Girika a 2020. == Aikin makarantar sakandare == Agbelese ya buga wasan kwando na sakandare a Massanutten Military Academy, a Woodstock, Virginia . == Aikin koleji == Bayan makarantar sakandare, Agbelese ya buga ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji a Kwalejin Collin, daga 2008 zuwa 2010. Bayan haka, ya koma Hampton, inda ya zauna har zuwa 2012. == Sana'ar sana'a == Agbelese ya yi sawun ƙwararrun sa na farko a [[Iran]], a cikin lokacin 2012–13, tare da Esteghlal Qeshm. A shekara ta gaba ya koma [[Uruguay]], kuma ya shiga Union Atletica. A lokacin kakar, ya bar kulob din, kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Wanderers Paysandu. A farkon 2014, ya yarda da kulob din Mutanen Espanya Guadalajara . A wannan shekarar ya kuma taka leda tare da kulob din Girkanci Rethymno <ref>[http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/europe/greece/174388/ago-rethymno-landing-danny-agbelese.html AGO Rethymno landing Danny Agbelese.]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da kuma kulob din Mutanen Espanya Ourense . A cikin kakar 2015-16, ya sake buga wasa a Spain, tare da Gipuzkoa Basket . <ref>[http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/spain/acb/185315/gipuzkoa-announces-danny-agbelese.html Gipuzkoa announces Danny Agbelese.]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2016, ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Italiya Enel Brindisi . <ref>[http://archive.sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie-a/201662/enel-brindisi-lands-danny-agbelese.html Enel Brindisi lands Danny Agbelese.]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2017-18, ya sanya hannu tare da Élan Béarnais a [[Faransa]], <ref>[http://nbbf.ng/pau-lacq-orthez-adds-agbelese-to-their-roster/ Pau-Lacq-Orthez adds Agbelese to their roster.]</ref> amma daga baya a kakar wasa ya bar kulob din, kuma ya sake sanya hannu tare da Gipuzkoa Basket . <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pianetabasket.com/en/danny-agbelese-a-new-player-of-gipuzkoa-141418 |title=Danny Agbelese a new player of Gipuzkoa. |access-date=2024-04-26 |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003075746/https://www.pianetabasket.com/en/danny-agbelese-a-new-player-of-gipuzkoa-141418 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya ci gaba zuwa matsakaicin maki 7.5 da sake dawowa 3.6 a kowane wasa. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2018, ya shiga Holargos na Kungiyar Kwando ta Girka . <ref>[https://www.a1basket.gr/2018/08/holargos-signed-danny-agbelese.html Holargos signed Danny Agbelese.]</ref> A kan Agusta 7, 2019, Agbelese ya amince ya zauna a Girka tare da Kolossos Rodou, tare da kocinsa na Holargos, Aris Lykogiannis, a can. A ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2019, ya sanya hannu tare da Kolossos Rodou na Kungiyar Kwando ta Girka . A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020, Agbelese a hukumance ya koma kulob dinsa na hudu na Girka, Promitheas Patras, wanda kuma ke fafatawa a gasar EuroCup . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2020 |title=Ο DANNY AGBELESE ΣΤΟΝ ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΑ |url=https://www.promitheasbc.gr/index.php/nea/andriko/3191-pro20-welcome-danny-agbelese/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722114925/https://www.promitheasbc.gr/index.php/nea/andriko/3191-pro20-welcome-danny-agbelese/ |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |publisher=PromitheasPatrasB.C. |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2021, Agbelese ya rattaba hannu tare da Real Betis na La Liga ACB . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Acuerdo para la incorporación del pívot Danny Agbelese |url=https://www.realbetisbalompie.es/noticias/baloncesto/acuerdo-para-la-incorporacion-del-pivot-danny-agbelese-26234 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |website= |publisher=Sportando |language=En}}</ref> A cikin wasanni 16, ya sami matsakaicin maki 2.3 da sake dawowa 2.8 a kowace gasa. A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2022, Agbelese ya koma Peristeri na Kungiyar Kwando ta Girka na sauran kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mammides |first=Chris |date=March 6, 2022 |title=Danny Agbelese (ex Real Betis) agreed terms with Peristeri |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/Greece/news/734124/Danny-Agbelese-(ex-Real-Betis)-agreed-terms-with-Peristeri |access-date=March 6, 2022 |website=Eurobasket}}</ref> A cikin jimlar wasanni 11, ya sami matsakaicin maki 4.5, 3.6 rebounds, 0.8 taimako da 0.8 tubalan, yana wasa kusan mintuna 15 a kowace gasa. == Girmamawa == * Super Cup na Kwando na Girka : ( 2020 ) == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] cz8rmk8f03wzmhkcp5rw1e7jukq1e3o 0 79056 883481 874060 2026-07-15T15:00:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KAMFEDI,''' (wanda aka fi sani da Kamfen don Ilimi na Mata) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa, mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a 1993 wacce manufarta ita ce kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar, ilimin 'yan mata da kuma karfafawa mata matasa. Shirye-shiryen CAMFED suna aiki a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Malawi]]. == Tarihi == Ann Cotton ce ta kafa '''KAMFEDI''' a 1993 don tallafawa 'yan mata su je makaranta wadanda in ba haka ba za a hana su ilimi saboda talauci. Tunanin CAMFED ya fito ne daga bayan tafiyar '''KAMFEDI''' zuwa Zimbabwe inda ta yi imani cewa karancin mata a makaranta saboda talauci ne wanda bai ba su damar rufe kuɗin makaranta ba.<ref name="cotton">{{Cite web |title=Our team – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/about/team/#ann-cotton |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Ya fara ne tare da goyon baya ga 'yan mata 32 don halartar makarantar sakandare a gundumomi biyu na karkara na Zimbabwe. Ya zuwa 2017, Camfed ya tallafa wa yara sama da miliyan 1.5 ta hanyar ilimi a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta makarantu 5,500 a Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2016 |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, Camfed ya ba da rahoton taimakawa yara miliyan 6.4 gabaɗaya, gami da 'yan mata miliyan 1.8 a makarantar sakandare. Da yake tsammanin buƙatar damar tattalin arziki na bayan makaranta ga matasa a cikin al'ummomin karkara, an kafa kungiyar '''KAMFEDI''' Alumnae <ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMA: Young women leading change – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> (CAMA) a cikin 1998 don haɗa matasan mata masu barin makaranta da kuma ba da hanyoyi don damar makarantar sakandare. CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. A shekara ta 2017, CAMA tana da mambobi 84,675 matasan mata, daga cikinsu yanzu malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci, jami'an gwamnati, masu sana'a da 'yan kasuwa.<ref name="auto"/> Alamar Camfed ita ce gwagwarmaya da taimakon jama'a na cibiyar sadarwar tsofaffi, waɗanda ke aiki sosai wajen tarawa da gudanar da kudade don tallafawa ƙarni na gaba na yara a makaranta. == Ayyuka == '''KAMFEDI''' tana mai da hankali kan yankunan karkara na [[Afirka]] inda talauci ya yadu, kuma 'yan mata da matasa mata suna fuskantar warewa daga ilimi da kuma damar da ilimi ke ba da ita. CAMFED tana aiki don gi'''KAMFEDI''' da 'yan mata wani yanayi na tallafi wanda za su iya halarta, kuma su yi nasara, a makarantar firamare da sakandare, da ci gaba zuwa matashi tare da damar da ta haɗa da horar da sana'a, ilimi mafi girma da samar da aiki. '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da taimako ta hanyar biyan kuɗin makaranta, samar da kayan makaranta, littattafai, da kariya ta tsabta. Suna kuma aiki tare da makarantar ta hanyar horar da malamai don zama masu ba da shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we operate - our unique model - CAMFED |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/camfed-model/}}</ref> === CAMA === CAMA, kungiyar '''KAMFEDIKAMFEDI''', ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffi don masu karatun CAMFED. <ref>[https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ "CAMA alumnae: Young women leading change"], Camfed.</ref> CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin 'CAMA Multiplier Effect', inda waɗannan matasan mata masu digiri yanzu suna jagorantar motsi don ilimin 'yan mata a cikin al'ummominsu. Ikon mambobin CAMA don jagorantar da aiwatar da irin wannan canji na dindindin ya fito ne daga kwarewar rayuwarsu. === Shirin Jagoran Mai Koyi === Shirin Learner Guide an fara shi kuma mata ne ke gudanar da shi a cikin ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta '''KAMFEDI''' CAMA waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa a makarantun gida don isar da tsarin karatun da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa da jagoranci, kiwon lafiya, ilmantarwa da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ƙwaroransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Learner Guide Program – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/learner-guide-program/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Wannan aikin bangare biyu ne wanda a lokaci guda ke magance daidaitattun damar samun ilimi ga yara da kuma lokacin sauya makarantar sakandare ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Da farko, Shirin Jagora na Malami yana ba da shirin horo ga matasan mata don zama Masu Jagora, buɗe damar bayan sakandare, samar da horo na ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewar aiki. Abu na biyu, masu jagorantar masu ba da gudummawa suna ba da shirin da aka tsara wanda ke tallafawa yara da aka ware ta hanyar iliminsu, tare da tsarin karatun makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == '''KAMFEDI''' da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba == Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban, jerin manufofi na duniya da nufin magance [[talauci]], rashin daidaito, [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da [[Canjin yanayi]] a duk faɗin duniya, sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2016. A matsayin wani ɓangare na 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an tsara waɗannan manufofi don tattara ƙoƙarin duniya don canza duniya cikin shekaru goma sha biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=The Sustainable Development Agenda |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga ci gaba tare da SDG4: Ilimi mai inganci. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar'''KAMFEDI'''-shiryen ci gaba masu ɗorewa da haɓaka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Priyanka |date=2016-11-22 |title=Ensuring millions of children have the opportunity to learn |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2016/11/22/ensuring-millions-of-children-have-the-opportunity-to-learn/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda CAMFED ta gabatar wajen ilimantar da 'yan mata, da kuma tallafawa mata matasa ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa hanyoyin rayuwa masu aminci, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |title=How Many Girls Can One Woman Teach? You'd Be Surprised |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2014/09/16/how-many-girls-can-one-woman-teach-youd-be-surprised/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> aikin CAMFED yana ba da gudummawa ga cimma yawancin Manufofin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ciki har da Manufar 1: Talauci, Manufar 3: Lafiya mai kyau, Manufar 5: Daidaitaccen jinsi, Manufar 13: Ayyukan Yanayi, da sauransu. == Takaddun shaida == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ta amince da '''KAMFEDI''' don mafi kyawun aiki wajen daukar sabbin abubuwan ci gaba.<ref name="oecd">{{Cite web |last=OECD |title=OECD DAC Prize |url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacprize.htm |access-date=2015-01-22 |website=}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an ba da kyautar WISE Award na Shirin Jagora na Malami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 WISE Awards |url=http://www.wise-qatar.org/wise-awards-2017 |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.wise-qatar.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2019, '''KAMFEDI''' USA an kiyasta ta Charity Navigator a 96.30 daga cikin 100 gabaɗaya, tare da ƙimar 96.64 daga cikin 100 don kuɗin sa da kuma 96.00 daga cikin 100 saboda gaskiya da lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity Navigator - Rating for Camfed USA Foundation |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=11479 |access-date=2019-11-28 |website=Charity Navigator}}</ref> == Shahararrun magoya baya == '''KAMFEDI''' ta sami amincewar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Morgan Freeman]], tsohon Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], marubuciya [[Doris Lessing]], tsohon Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya da Shugaban Kwamitin GPE Julia Gillard, mawaƙa / marubuciya Joan Armatrading, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa - marubuciya, kuma mai ba da agaji [[Rihanna]], 'yar kasuwa da mai ba da taimako Martha Lane Fox da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, samfurin da mai fafutuka [[Emma Watson]]. Kasuwancin zamantakewa '''KAMFEDI'''="cx-link" data-linkid="138" href="./Ayisha_Fuseini" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ayisha Fuseini">Ayisha Fuseini ya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga shirin CAMFED lokacin da ta gabatar da ita ga kasuwancin [[Man kaɗe|man shanu]]. == Ƙarin karantawa == * '''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf KAMFEDI]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2016]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<ref name="auto"/> * Tsarin dabarun '''KAMFEDI''' 2015-19 <ref>[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf Camfed Strategic Plan 2015-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701082145/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf |date=2023-07-01 }} Camfed</ref> * Hukumar Ilimi ta 2016, ''The Learning Generation: Zuba jari a ilimi don duniya mai canzawa'' <ref>[http://report.educationcommission.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Learning_Generation_Full_Report.pdf Learning generation] educationcommission.org</ref> * Winthrop, R., Nuwamba 2016, Stanford Social Innovation Review: Ta yaya Za Mu iya "Leapfrog" Sakamakon Ilimi? <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> * Winthrop, R., Perlman Robinson, J., Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya a Brookings: Miliyoyin Ilimi: Ƙara Ilimi mai inganci a Kasashe masu tasowa <ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/FINAL-Millions-Learning-Report-1.pdf Millions Learning: Scaling up Quality Education in Developing Countries] brookings.edu</ref> * Shapiro, J., Mayu 2016, Forbes: Ta yaya Wasu daga cikin 'yan mata mafi talauci a duniya suka sami daidai ilimin da suke bukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Oktoba 2015, Forbes: [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/#3fab14e223fd ''Ilimi shine mabuɗin Dukkanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Duniya (Q&A Tare da Julia Gillard) ''] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=Education Is The Key To All Global Development Goals (Q&A With Julia Gillard) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Fabrairu 2015, Forbes: Don Gyara Makarantu na Amurka, Ka yi la'akari da Ayyukan Camfed a Afirka ta Kudu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=To Fix U.S. Schools, Consider Camfed's Work In Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/02/27/to-fix-u-s-schools-consider-camfeds-work-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Bincike Horizons, Jami'ar Cambridge, Fitowa 32 Fabrairu 2017 "Ilimi shine Duk abin da"[https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/issue_32_research_horizons.pdf "Ilimi shine Dukkanin"] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] CAMFED ''Gudanarwa, Lissafi ga Yarinya. '' ''Yin aiki zuwa ga daidaitattun Gudanarwa a Sashin Ci Gaban Duniya''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camfed Governance Accounting to the Girl |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626093151/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An yi amfani da shi a shekara ta 2010. "A Power-Sharing Model for Systemic Change". Rahoton Tasirin Camfed na 2010. * Kristof, N., da S. WuDunn, 2010. ''Rabin Sama: Juya zalunci zuwa Dama ga Mata a Duniya''. Rubuce-rubuce. * Gidan zura kwarin nan, 2012. [http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf "Abin da ke aiki a cikin Ilimi na 'yan mata a Ghana".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816023502/http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf |date=2020-08-16 }} * CAMFED International, 2004. ''Ina da Labari da zan fada: Bikin Shekaru Goma na CAMFED International'',   * Joann Weiner, "Wata mace mai ƙarfi ta Afirka tana rayuwa daidai da kiran Michelle Obama don ba 'yan mata damar zuwa makaranta", The Washington Post, 12 Disamba 2014. * "Mutumin da ya kammala karatu don zama mai ba da shawara kan manufofin ilimi na duniya", Zambia: Newsline, United Nations Girls' Education Initiative. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://camfed.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * Yara marasa makaranta: Sabon Bayyanawa na Bayyana ƙalubalen da ke ci gaba, Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta UNESCO. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] or89o0z9hfq87ggc8st5ve2w2uspoav 0 79290 883477 453926 2026-07-15T14:24:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} COBURWAS International Youth Organization to Transform Africa, wanda aka fi sani da '''CIYOTA''' kungiya ce ta 'yan gudun hijira ta Uganda ba don riba ba. Matasan 'yan gudun hijira ne suka kafa ta a shekara ta 2005 (Benson Wereje, Daniel Muhwezi da Bahati Kanyamanza) kuma sun kasance 'yan wasan karshe na Afirka don kyautar Nansen Refugee a shekara ta 2013. Tana gudanar da makarantar firamare da masauki don ba da damar halartar matasa a makarantar sakandare da jami'o'i. A cikin 2018, an gano makarantar firamare ta COBURWAS a matsayin daya daga cikin na huɗu mafi kyau a Uganda. == Nomenclature == COBURWAS acronym ne na Kongo, Burundi, Rwanda da Sudan . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Athumani |first=Halima |date=27 March 2018 |title=Refugee School Gives Hope, Free Education in West Uganda |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/refugee-school-gives-hope-free-education-west-uganda/4319053.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madegwa |first=Nelly |date=7 July 2021 |title=What Africa can teach the world about refugees |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/big-read/2021-07-07-what-africa-can-teach-the-world-about-refugees/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The Star |language=en-KE}}</ref> == Tarihi == CIYOTA ta fara ne daga matasan masu sa kai da ke zaune a Kyangwali Refugee Settlement daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Burundi]], [[Uganda]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], da [[Sudan]], gami da 'yan gudun hijirar Kongo Benson Wereje, Daniel Muhwezi da Bahati Kanyamanza a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://www.coburwas.org/who-we-are |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.coburwas.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benson Wereje {{!}} Ashoka {{!}} Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-ca/fellow/benson-wereje |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.ashoka.org |language=en-ca}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aguiar |first=Anastasia |title=CIYOTA |url=https://globaled.gse.harvard.edu/ciyota |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Global Education Innovation Initiative, Harvard University |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805174413/https://globaled.gse.harvard.edu/ciyota |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadanda suka kafa, wadanda suka tsere daga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo daga Rutchuru, Lardin Arewacin Kivu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 Sep 2017 |title=UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award runners-up transform lives |url=https://www.unhcr.org/59afae6f4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030040303/http://www.unhcr.org/59afae6f4.html |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == CIYOTA tana gudanar da ayyukan ilimi a Uganda tana ba da ilimin firamare ga dalibai 400, ilimin makarantar sakandare ga dalibai 100, tallafin jami'a ga dalibai 30 da kuma yaki da tashin hankali da jagorancin kasuwanci ga matasa 5,000. CIYOTA tana gudanar da makarantar firamare, karkashin jagorancin John Bosco Okoboi, a cikin Kyangwali Refugee Settlement kuma tana tallafawa dalibai zuwa makarantar sakandare da jami'a a wasu wurare a Uganda ta hanyar samar da masauki kusa da cibiyoyin ilimi. CIYOTA ita ce ta kammala wasan karshe na yankin Afirka don kyautar Nansen Refugee a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=2017 Winner |url=https://www.unhcr.org/current-winner.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Uganda ta sanya makarantar firamare ta COBURWAS ta zama ta huɗu mafi kyau a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onyulo |first=Tonny |date=6 Aug 2018 |title=School Started by Refugees Becomes One of Uganda’s Best |url=https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/articles/2018/08/16/school-started-by-refugees-becomes-one-of-ugandas-best |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[The New Humanitarian]] |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.coburwas.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] c8xned2tuhdlcduwbxwfep0c581zkty 0 81731 883940 794184 2026-07-16T10:11:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Oxford Rebels team 1975.jpg|thumb|team din Danny Cowley]] '''Danny Cowley''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1978) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda a halin yanzu shi ne kocinColchester united. A matsayinsa na dan wasa ya taka leda a matakin kwararru a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya, kodayake yana cikin makarantar kimiyya a kulob din Premier League wimbledon . Ya buga wa kungiyoyin Dagenham & Redbridge, Purfleet, Barking, Harlow Town, Boreham Wood, Romford, Hornchurch, Brentwood Town da Concord Rangers. == Farkon Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Oxford Rebels team 1975.jpg|thumb]] An haifi Cowley a Havering, London . <ref name="romford">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2017 |title=It was only matter of time before Danny and Nicky Cowley made national news and Arsenal should beware |url=http://www.romfordrecorder.co.uk/sport/football/it_was_only_matter_of_time_before_danny_and_nicky_cowley_made_national_news_and_arsenal_should_beware_1_4905071 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053513/http://www.romfordrecorder.co.uk/sport/football/it_was_only_matter_of_time_before_danny_and_nicky_cowley_made_national_news_and_arsenal_should_beware_1_4905071 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya shiga cikin matasa da aka kafa [[Wimbledon FC|Wimbledon]] daga 'yan kasa da shekaru 10 zuwa' yan kasa da shekaru 16 amma ba a ba shi tallafin karatu ba saboda ya sha wahala daga [[Cutar Osgood-Schlatter|Osgood-Schlatter]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Danyal |date=26 October 2016 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Lincoln City boss Danny Cowley talks about devastating end to his playing career |url=http://thelinc.co.uk/2016/10/exclusive-lincoln-city-boss-danny-cowley-confident-hell-make-imps-project-a-success/ |access-date=14 March 2017 |publisher=The Linc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=Danny Cowley recalls his years on the books of Wimbledon during the Crazy Gang era |url=https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/danny-cowley-recalls-years-books-720305 |access-date=9 May 2019 |website=Lincolnshire Echo}}</ref> == Ayyukan Wasa == Danny Cowley (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1978) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda a halin yanzu shi ne kocin Colchester United . A matsayinsa na dan wasa ya taka leda a matakin kwararru a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya, kodayake yana cikin makarantar kimiyya a kulob din Premier League Wimbledon .Ya buga wa kungiyoyin Dagenham & Redbridge, Purfleet, Barking, Harlow Town, Boreham Wood, Romford, Hornchurch, Brentwood Town da Concord Rangers. Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Cowley a Havering, London . [1] Ya shiga cikin matasa da aka kafa Wimbledon daga 'yan kasa da shekaru 10 zuwa' yan kasa da shekaru 16 amma ba a ba shi tallafin karatu ba saboda ya sha wahala daga Cutar Osgood-Schlatter. [2][3] Ayyukan wasa Da yake wasa a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ya kuma shafe lokaci tare da kungiyoyin da ba na League ba, ciki har da Barking, [4] Romford, [5] AFC Hornchurch da Brentwood Town, kafin aikinsa ya ƙare ta hanyar rauni a 2007. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an ba shi aikin mataimakin manaja a Concord Rangers . [6] == Ayyukansa na gudanarwa == === Concord Rangers === Lokacin da anshi ragamar mulki a Concord Rangers (na farko a matsayin mataimaki, sannan kuma a matsayin manajan hadin gwiwa tare da Danny Scopes <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Dick |date=27 June 2008 |title=Cowley and Scopes head up Concord team |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/2366214.cowley-and-scopes-head-up-concord-team/ |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=echo-news |language=en}}</ref>), kulob din yana wasa a cikin Essex Senior Football League, a gaban taron jama'a kusan mutane 50. Lokacin da anshi ragamar mulki a Concord Rangers (na farko a matsayin mataimaki, sannan kuma a matsayin manajan hadin gwiwa tare da Danny Scopes <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Dick |date=27 June 2008 |title=Cowley and Scopes head up Concord team |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/2366214.cowley-and-scopes-head-up-concord-team/ |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=echo-news |language=en}}</ref>), kulob din yana wasa a cikin Essex Senior Football League, a gaban taron jama'a kusan mutane 50.A kakar wasa ta farko an ci gaba da kulob din zuwa Isthmian League Division One North, kuma ya rasa ci gaba inda yazo na biyu a jere a shekarun dasuka zo bayn nan, k. Bayan shekaru biyu da kafuwa, Cowley ya samu ci gaba na uku a kulob din, a wannan lokacin zuwa Kungiyar Kudancin Kasa. A kakar wasa ta karshe da ya yi, Concord ya kai zagaye na farko na FA Cup, yayin da aka iddashi a wani wuri na play-off.<ref name="bleacher">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2017 |title=Lincoln's 'Special One' Danny Cowley is plotting to take down Wenger's Arsenal |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2696364-lincolns-special-one-danny-cowley-is-plotting-to-take-down-wengers-arsenal |access-date=14 March 2017 |publisher=The Bleacher Report}}</ref> == Birnin Braintree == A ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2015, Cowley ya zama manajan Braintree Town . <ref name="Danny Cowley: Braintree Town appoint Concord Rangers boss">{{cite news |date=30 April 2015 |title=Danny Cowley: Braintree Town appoint Concord Rangers boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32534537 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wannan kakar Braintree ta sami matsayi na uku mafi girma a gasar National League, kuma ta cancanci wasan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=Meet Danny Cowley: The PE teacher and non-league Ranieri doing a Leicester City at Braintree Town |url=http://www.just-football.com/2016/05/meet-danny-cowley-pe-teacher-non-league-ranieri-leicester-braintree-town/ |access-date=14 March 2017 |publisher=Just Football}}</ref> A wasan kusa da na karshe, sun lashe wasan farko a Grimsby Town, inda suka ci su 1-0, kafin su rasa wasan na biyu 2-0 a gida, sun kasa samun cancanta zuwa wasan karshe yayin da kungiyarsa ta rasa 2-1 a jimillar. <ref>{{cite news |title=Grimsby Town 0–1 Braintree Town |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36173678 |access-date=18 December 2017 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=National League: Braintree Town 0–2 Grimsby Town (A.E.T) – (1–2 agg.) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36180844 |access-date=18 December 2017 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Birnin Lincoln == jim kadan Bayan kakar wasa daya a matsayin mai kula da kungiyaR Braintree, Cowley ya sake komawa, a wannan lokacin zuwa Lincoln City a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2016. <ref name="Danny Cowley: Lincoln City name new manager after Braintree Town resignation">{{cite news |date=13 May 2016 |title=Danny Cowley: Lincoln City name new manager after Braintree Town resignation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36280729 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta farko ta Cowley a matsayin mai kula da Lincoln, ya kula da ci gaban kulob din zuwa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa - yayi hakan ta hanyar lashe lambar yabo ta Kungiyar Kasa tare da wasanni biyu da za a rage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Lincoln City sealed their return to the English Football League after a six-year absence, thanks to Terry Hawkridge's brace against Macclesfield, after a six-year absence since relegation in 2011. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39605164 |access-date=22 April 2017 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A wannan kakar Lincoln sun zama kulob din farko da baya ckin league kuma ya isa kwata-kwata na FA Cup a cikin sama da ƙarni guda, ya kori kungiyoyin Championship Ipswich Town da Brighton and hove, sannan [[Burnley FC|Burnley]] na Premier League, a cikin tsari.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 February 2017 |title=Burnley 0–1 Lincoln City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38940052 |access-date=14 March 2017 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Lincoln daga karshe ya rasa 5-0 ga Arsenal a wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{cite news |last=White |first=Jim |date=11 March 2017 |title=Danny Cowley's valiant Lincoln City displayed a togetherness Arsenal can only dream of |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/03/11/danny-cowleys-lincoln-city-displayed-togetherness-arsenal-can/ |access-date=14 March 2017 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, tare da kwangilarsu da za su ƙare a 2021, Cowley da ɗan'uwansa sun sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwangilar har zuwa shekara ta 2022.[1] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2018, ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa wasan karshe na EFL Trophy da Shrewsbury Town a Filin wasa na Wembley wanda suka ci 1-0 saboda burin da Elliott Whitehouse ya ci. Wasan farko ne na Lincoln a Wembley . [2] A kakar wasa ta farko ta Lincoln a gasar (2017-18) sun gama kakar wasa a matsai na bakwai a League Two don samun cancanta ga wasan kwaikwayo, inda Exeter City ta doke su sosai a wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2018 |title=Lincoln draw to secure play-off place |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43931743 |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> A kakar wasa na gaba, Cowley ya jagoranci Lincoln zuwa League One, ya koma matakin na uku na ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila a karo na farko tun 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2019 |title=Lincoln 1–1 Cheltenham: Cowley delighted with promotion |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47836132 |access-date=14 April 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2019, Cowley ya jagoranci Lincoln a matsayin zakara zuwa League One bayan 0-0 draw a gida ga Tranmere Rovers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Lincoln City 0–0 Tranmere Rovers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47930553 |access-date=27 August 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Garin Huddersfield == A ranar 9 ga Satumba 2019, Cowley ya bar Lincoln ya zama sabon manajan Huddersfield Town. Shi da mataimakinsa Nicky sun sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref>{{cite news |title=Danny Cowley: Huddersfield Town appoint Lincoln City boss as manager |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49634696 |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da ya samu a wasanni shida a cikin watan, Cowley ya lashe kyautar EFL Championship Manager of the Month a watan Oktoba 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sky bet championship manager of the month |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2019/november/sky-bet-championship-manager-and-player-of-the-month-winners/}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2020, Huddersfield ta doke West Bromwich Albion da ke neman ci gaba ga kowa sai dai ta tabbatar da rayuwar kulob din.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Newsum |first=Matt |date=17 July 2020 |title=Huddersfield beat Baggies to send Leeds up |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53367031 |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da wannan, an kori Cowley bayan kwana biyu, tare da shugaban Phil Hodgkinson ya bayyana bukatar "ra'ayi daban-daban" a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka cire Cowley daga rawar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CLUB STATEMENT: DANNY COWLEY |url=https://www.htafc.com/news/2020/july/club-statement-danny-cowley/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=htafc.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Portsmouth == A ranar 19 ga Maris 2021, an nada Danny Cowley a matsayin kocin [[Portsmouth FC|Portsmouth]] a kwangila har zuwa karshen kakar 2020-21, tare da ɗan'uwansa Nicky ya sake shiga a matsayin mataimakinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=Portsmouth appoint Cowley as head coach |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56427076 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wasan farko da ya yi a kulob din, Portsmouth yazo daga baya don doke Ipswich Town 2-1 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2021 |title=Portsmouth 2 – 1 Ipswich Town |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56383312 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu 2021, bayan ya kula da nasarori 6 a wasanni 12, Cowley ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar "tsawon lokaci" tare da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cowley signs deal to remain Pompey boss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57058662 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Cowley ya lashe kyautar EFL League One Manager of the Month a watan Nuwamba 2021 bayan ya lashe maki goma sha uku daga wasanni biyar. <ref name="Nov21 MOTM">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=Sky Bet EFL Manager and Player of the Month: November winners! |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2021/december/sky-bet-efl-manager-and-player-of-the-month-november-winners/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=www.efl.com}}</ref>Koyaya, nau'in da ba daidai ba yana nufin kulob din ya gama a matsayi na goma, maki goma ba tare da matsayi na play-off ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021-22 English League One Table |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/eng.3/season/2021 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> Cowley ya fara kakar 2022-23 a cikin salo,inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta League One Manager of the Month a watan Agusta 2022 bayan ya karbi maki goma sha uku daga yiwuwar goma sha biyar da suka ga Portsmouth a farkon takara don wurin ci gaba na atomatik.<ref name="Aug22 MOTM">{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Cowley Named Manager Of The Month |url=https://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/2022/september/cowley-named-manager-of-the-month/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=www.portsmouthfc.co.uk}}</ref> Wannan farawa mai karfi a kakar ya fadi kuma bayan gudu sama da watanni biyu ba tare da nasarar league ba, an kori Cowley a ranar 2 ga Janairun 2023, tare da bangarensa yana zaune a matsayi na 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Pompey Part Company With Danny And Nicky Cowley |url=https://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/2023/january/pompey-part-company-with-danny-and-nicky-cowley/ |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=www.portsmouthfc.co.uk}}</ref> == Colchester United == A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2024, an nada Cowley a matsayin kocin kulob din League Two Colchester United . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Col U Bring In Cowley |url=https://www.cu-fc.com/news/2024/january/head-coach/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=www.cu-fc.com |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104144337/https://www.cu-fc.com/news/2024/january/head-coach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kididdigar gudanarwar kulob == {| class="wikitable" |+Kididdigar gudanarwa ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |From ! rowspan="2" |To ! colspan="5" |Record ! rowspan="2" |<abbr>Ref.</abbr> |- !<abbr>P</abbr> !<abbr>W</abbr> !<abbr>D</abbr> !<abbr>L</abbr> !<abbr>Win %</abbr> |- |Concord Rangers |27 June 2008 |30 April 2015 |381 |201 |76 |104 |52.76 | |- |Braintree Town |30 April 2015 |13 May 2016 |53 |26 |13 |14 |49.06 | |- |Lincoln City |13 May 2016 |9 September 2019 |184 |98 |48 |38 |53.26 | |- |Huddersfield Town |9 September 2019 |19 July 2020 |40 |13 |11 |16 |32.50 | |- |Portsmouth |19 March 2021 |2 January 2023 |97 |42 |27 |28 |43.30 | |- |Colchester United |4 January 2024 |Present |20 |4 |10 |6 |20.00 | |- ! colspan="3" |Total |774 |383 |185 |206 |49.48 |} == Manazarta == 4987bzjnfjxmgxc8weqj1cxovda6vuk 0 89316 883812 790231 2026-07-16T04:04:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] a Najeriya''' wani bangare ne na Cocin Katolika na duniya, a karkashin jagorancin ruhaniya na Papa[[Rum|Roma]], da curia a Roma, da kuma Taron Bishops na Katolika na Najeriya (CBCN). A cikin 2022, shugaban CBCN shine Lucius Iwejuru Ugorji, Babban Bishop na Owerri Archdiocese . Ya biyo baya daga shugaban da ya gabata, Augustine Obiora Akubeze.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Bishops Conference of Nigeria (CBCN) |url=http://www.cbcn-ng.org/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.cbcn-ng.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olowolagba |first=Fikayo |date=2018-02-22 |title=Catholic bishops elect new president |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/02/22/catholic-bishops-elect-new-president/ |access-date=2020-03-17 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ikklisiyoyin Katolika na Latin da na Gabas sun ƙunshi Ikilisiyar Kirista mafi girma a duniya da kuma ƙungiyar addini mafi girma a duk duniya. A shekara ta 2005, an kiyasta Katolika miliyan 19 da aka yi wa baftisma a [[Najeriya]]. A shekara ta 2010, yawan Katolika sun kai kusan kashi 12.6% na yawan jama'a, 70% daga cikinsu ana iya samun su a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. A tarihi, Ubannin Ruhu Mai Tsarki sun kasance da karfi a [[Kasar Inyamurai|Igboland]] a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya na yau, yayin da White Fathers ke aiki a Yamma da Arewacin Najeriya, da kuma Society of African Missions a Legas. Najeriya, tare da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], suna alfahari da mafi yawan firistoci a Afirka. Ci gaban da ake yi wa firist a Najeriya galibi a yankin kudu maso gabas ne, musamman a tsakanin kabilun [[Inyamurai|Ibo]], wanda masu bishara na farko sune Ubannin Ruhu Mai Tsarki. Ziyarar papal ta biyu zuwa kasar a shekarar 1998 ta ga beatification na Blessed Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-13 |title=Blessed Iwene Tansi: The patron saint of Nigeria's democracy @20 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/blessed-iwene-tansi-the-patron-saint-of-nigerias-democracy-20 |access-date=2020-03-17 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ya ayyana shi da albarka a Oba, Onitsha Archdiocese, Ikilisiyar yankin da manzo na gabashin Najeriya, Bishop Joseph Shanahan, CSSp ya kafa. Masu kula da hukuma na Najeriya sune Maryamu, Sarauniya ta Najeriya, da Patrick na Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patron Saints: N - Saints & Angels |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php?letter=N |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Catholic Online |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nigeria_sm02.gif|thumb|Taswirar Najeriya]] == Yawan jama'a == Kiristanci ya biyo bayan kimanin kashi 46.18% na yawan mutanen Najeriya a cikin 2020; kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Kiristoci a Najeriya Katolika ne (12.39% na yawan jama'ar ƙasar). A cikin wannan shekarar, sama da firistoci 9,500 da nuns 6,500 sun yi hidima a cikin majami'u 4,000. == Jerin dioceses == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em" |Archdioceses |9 |- |Diocese na Suffragan |59 |- |Wakilan Manzanni |2 |- |Ikklisiya |1,905 (2004) |- |Firistocin Diocesan |3,452 |- |Firistoci na Addini |694 |- |♦Dukan Firistoci'''Adadin Firistoci''' |4,146 (2004) |- |Mata masu addini |3,674 |- |Manyan seminaries a Najeriya |6 |- |Manyan masu karatun sakandare | |- |Ƙananan seminaries a Najeriya |20 |- |Ƙananan ɗalibai | |- |♦Dukan masu karatun seminari'''Jimillar masu karatun sakandare''' |3,755 (2004) |- |Cibiyoyin ilimi |4,163 |- |Cibiyoyin sadaka |1,202 |- |Bayanan da aka ambata |Shafin Italiyanci na shekara ta 2004 |} A cikin Najeriya matsayi ya kunshi: * Babban bishopric ** Bishopric Nan da nan a ƙarƙashin Mai Tsarki: * Maronite Katolika Eparchy of the Annunciation == Taron Episcopal == Taron bishops na Katolika na Najeriya shine taron bishops na Najeriya. Shugabanta na yanzu shine Lucius Iwejuru Ugorji . == Hadisin Katolika == Wani sashi na gargajiya na Cocin Katolika yana nan a Najeriya kuma yana cikin Firistly Fraternity of St. Peter (Nne Enyemaka Shrine, <ref>{{Cite web |title=FSSP in Nigeria |url=http://www.fsspnigeria.org/pages/history-of-nne-enyemaka-shrine.php |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.fsspnigeria.org}}</ref> Umuaka). Har ila yau akwai al'umma na matsayin da ba daidai ba Society of St. Pius X (Saint Michael's Priory, <ref>{{Cite web |title=District of Great Britain |url=https://fsspx.uk/en |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=District of Great Britain |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First priory in Nigeria opened |url=http://www.sspx.org/regional_sspx_news/africa/nigeria_priory-9-7-2012/nigeria_priory-9-7-2012.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416000142/http://www.sspx.org/regional_sspx_news/africa/nigeria_priory-9-7-2012/nigeria_priory-9-7-2012.htm |archive-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]]). == Jami'o'in Katolika a Najeriya == * Jami'ar Caritas, Amorji-Nike * [[Jami'ar Godfrey Okoye]], Enugu * Jami'ar Madonna (Ihiala) , Okija * Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Mai Ceto, Enugu * VUNA, [[Jami'ar Veritas]] Abuja ([[Jami'ar Veritas|Jami'ar Katolika ta Najeriya]]), Abuja <ref>{{Cite web |title=Veritas University Abuja |url=https://www.veritas.edu.ng/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.veritas.edu.ng |archive-date=2023-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909083525/https://veritas.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Jami'ar Augustine, Ilara|Jami'ar Augustine Ilara]] * [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic]], Legas <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Pan-Atlantic University |url=http://www.pau.edu.ng/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2006-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620152049/http://www.pau.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar Dominican, Ibadan == Manyan seminaries a Najeriya == * [http://www.sspp-ng.urbaniana.edu/ Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarkaka Bitrus da Bulus, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418000839/http://www.sspp-ng.urbaniana.edu/ |date=2022-04-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130507060540/http://www.seminaryofallsaints.com/index.html Cibiyar Nazarin Dukan Masu Tsarki, Uhiele Ekpoma, Jihar Edo, Najeriya] * [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cevang/pont_soc/pospa/documents/rc_pospa_pro_20010501_memorial_en.html Cibiyar Tunawa da Bigard, Enugu] * [http://www.stams-ng.urbaniana.edu/ Babban Makarantar St. Thomas Aquinas, Makurdi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030214815/http://www.stams-ng.urbaniana.edu/ |date=2023-10-30 }} * Babban Makarantar Nazarin St. Augustine, Jos * [http://www.mspfathers.com/seminary Cibiyar Nazarin Wa'azi ta Kasa ta St. Paul, Gwagwalada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222204224/http://www.mspfathers.com/seminary |date=2024-12-22 }}  * [https://www.facebook.com/St.JosephMajorSeminary.IkotEkpene.AkwaIbomState Babban Makarantar Nazarin St Joseph Ikot Ekpene] * Babban Makarantar Nazarin Tansi mai albarka Onitsha, Jihar Anambra * St Albert Babban Babban Seminary Abeokuta * St. John of the Cross Spiritual Year Seminary, Ekpoma * Babban Cibiyar Nazarin Hikima, Owerri * Cibiyar Nazarin Hikima, Cibiyar Nazari ta Umuahia * Babban Makarantar JohnPaul II, Awka * Babban Makarantar Nazarin Makiyayi Mai Kyau, Kaduna * Cibiyar Falsafa ta Claretian, Nekede Owerri * Cibiyar Ilimin tauhidi ta Ruhaniya Attakwu Enugu * Cibiyar Falsafa ta Ruhaniya, Isienu Nsukka * Cibiyar Falsafa ta Don Bosco <ref>{{Cite web |title=DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF PHILOSOPHY, IBADAN - Lumen et Sapientia |url=http://www.dbipibadan.com/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Salesian Pontifical (Roma) * Cibiyar Dominican <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=http://dominicaninstitute.org/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Dominican Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙananan seminaries a Najeriya == * Makarantar sakandare ta St Augustine, Amechi Ezzamgbo, Abakaliki, Jihar Ebonyi * Sarauniyar Manzanni Seminary, Afaha Obong, Abak, Jihar Akwa Ibom * Cibiyar Nazarin Immaculate Conception, Mfamosing, Jihar Cross River * St John Vianney Minor Seminary, Barkin-Ladi, Jihar Plateau * Makarantar Nazarin St James, Yandev Gboko * Ƙananan Makarantar Nazarin St Jude, Kuje Abuja * St Theresa's Minor Seminary Oke-Are Ibadan * Zuciya Mai Tsarki Ƙananan Seminary Akure * St Clement's Minor Seminary, Adankolo-Lokoja, Jihar Kogi * Makarantar St Paul ta Ukpor, Jihar Nnewi Anambra * All Hallows Seminary, Jihar Onitsha Anambra * Makarantar Kimiyya ta Musamman ta St Joseph, Jihar Awka-Etiti Anambra. * Makarantar Nazarin Rahama, Jihar Bende Abia * Cibiyar Nazarin Immaculate Conception, Ahiaeke Umuahia, Jihar Abia * Makarantar St Dominic Savio, Akpu, Jihar Anambra * Makarantar St John Bosco, Isuaniocha, Jihar Anambra * Shahadar Mai Tsarki na Uganda Makarantar Sakandare ta Effurun, Jihar Delta * Cibiyar Nazarin Sanarwa Amaudara, Jihar Abia * St John-cross ƙaramin seminary, Isienu-Nsukka, jihar Enugu * Makarantar St Charles Borromeo, Imiringi, Jihar Bayelsa. * Makarantar Nazarin St Mary's Umuowa, Orlu, Jihar Imo. * Bonus Pastor Seminary Osina, Ideato North, Jihar Imo. * Assumpta Minor Seminary, Owerri Archdiocese. * Makarantar Nazarin Mater Ecclesiae, Nguru Mbaise, Diocese na Ahiara * Cibiyar Nazarin St Peter Claver ta Okpala Owerri * Paparoma John Paul II Seminary Yala Okpoma Ogoja Diocese * Makarantar St Peter's Ogii, Okigwe Diocese * Cibiyar Nazarin Zuciya Mai Tsarki, Rumuebiekwe Port Hacourt, Port hacourt Diocese * Makarantar St Felix Ejeme-Anigor, Jihar Delta * St Joseph Seminary Basawa, Zaria, Jihar Kaduna. * St Charles Borromeo Ƙananan Seminary, Jihar Madakiya Kaduna * St Peter's Minor Seminary, Jihar Katari Kaduna * St Peter's Minor Seminary, Jihar Yola Adamawa * St Joseph's Minor Seminary, Jihar Shuwa Adamawa * Makarantar Nazarin Zuciya Mai Tsarki, Jihar Jauro Yinu Taraba * St Paul Minor Seminary, Benin City, Jihar Edo == 'Ƴan Najeriya da aka tsarkake ko kuma aka yi musu beatification == * Mai albarka Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi, daga [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] Beatified da Paparoma John Paul II, 22 Maris 1998 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.afrikaworld.net/tansi/index.html |access-date=2019-06-12 |website=www.afrikaworld.net}}</ref> == Ikklisiyoyin addinin Katolika da aka kafa a Najeriya == * 'Ya'ya mata na ƙaunar Allah<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daughters of Divine Love (DDL) website |url=http://www.daughtersofdivinelovedev.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220022451/http://www.daughtersofdivinelovedev.org/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170919171934/http://newevangelizationsisters.org/ Sabon Bishara 'Yan uwa mata na Uwar Taimako na Har abada)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180711025622/http://www.smmmonline.org/ 'Ya'yan Maryamu, Uwar Rahama Ikilisiya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217032817/http://dmmmusa-can.org/ 'Ya'ya mata na Maryamu, Uwar Rahama Ikilisiya] * 'Yan uwa mata masu tsarki na iyali * [https://www.divinemercysisters.net 'Yan uwa mata masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na jinƙai, Nnewi, Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902070845/http://www.divinemercysisters.net/ |date=2018-09-02 }} * 'Yan'uwa mata na Zuciya ta Yesu, Ikeja, Legas-State. * 'Yan uwa mata na Yesu da aka gicciye, Uratta, Owerri, Jihar Imo * 'Yar'uwar Yesu da Maryamu mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, Warri == Ƙungiyoyin mishan da ke aiki a Najeriya == * [http://www.sma.ie/ Kungiyar Ayyukan Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216062847/https://sma.ie/ |date=2024-12-16 }} * [http://www.spiritan.ie/2012/ The Spiritans (Congregation of the Holy Spirit, CSSp.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329040503/http://www.spiritan.ie/2012/ |date=2019-03-29 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160327233952/http://augustinians.net/ The Augustinians (Order of Saint Augustine, O.S.A.)] * [http://www.olasistersnigeria.org/ 'Yan uwa mata masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Uwargidanmu na Manzanni] * [http://www.stlouissisters.org/ 'Yan uwa mata na St. Louis] * [http://donbosconigeria.blogspot.ie/ Salesians na Don Bosco] Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB) ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130707020038/http://www.missionariesofafrica.org/about/mission.html Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Afirka] * [http://www.pmsng.org/ Ƙungiyoyin Jakadancin Paparoma na Najeriya (PMS Najeriya)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116131510/https://pmsng.org/ |date=2024-11-16 }} * [http://www.churchinneed.org/ Taimako ga Cocin da ke Bukata] * [http://www.mspfathers.com/ Ƙungiyar Mishan ta St. Paul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116064719/https://mspfathers.com/ |date=2024-11-16 }} * Tsarin Masu Wa'azi (Dominicans) * Tsarin Carmelites da ba su da takalma * Franciscans * Ƙungiyar Yesu (Jesuits) * Iyaye Masu Wa'azi a ƙasashen waje * Oblates na St Joseph * Masu Ceto * [http://www.vocationist.net Masu sana'a] The Society of Divine Vocations * [http://www.paulinesafrica.org/ 'Ya'ya mata na St Paul] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180630003406/http://www.divinemercysisters.net/ (Masu'uwa'uwa'u na Missionary na Rahama na Allah P. O. Akwatin 611 Nnewi Najeriya Cell: +2348033802674)] * [http://www.omvnigeria.org// Oblates na Budurwa Maryamu] * [https://www.omiworld.org Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Maryamu Immaculate] == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [http://www.csnigeria.org/ Sakatariyar Katolika ta Najeriya] * [http://www.cbcn-ng.org/ Taron Bishops na Katolika na Najeriya] * [http://www.cnsng.org/ Ofishin Labaran Katolika na Najeriya]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/NG.htm Bayani na GCatholic.org] * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/dng.html Shugabannin Katolika Jerin haruffa na diocese na Najeriya] * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scng1.html Katolika-Hierarchy Najeriya Statistical Table by Diocese]\ * [http://www.catholicchess.com/index.htm Shirin C.H.E.S. na Katolika (Gidan Katolika, Ilimi da Taimako na Jama'a)] * [http://www.fides.org/ "Agencia Fides" Ofishin Bayanai na Ƙungiyoyin Jakadancin Paparoma tun 1927] [[Rukuni:Kiristancìì]] mb8xoca4494m0kuug6847c5t4igculm 0 92030 883743 576699 2026-07-15T21:07:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chirine Lamti''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda a halin yanzu ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar [[Cesena F.C. (women)|Cesena]] ta Jerin B ta Italiya . An haife ta a Denmark, tana wakiltar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Tunisiya|Tunisiya]] a matakin kasa da kasa == Ayyukan kulob din == === Slavia Prague === A watan Yulin 2021, Lamti ta shiga Slavia Prague . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Do Slavie přichází záložnice Chirine Lamti |trans-title=Midfielder Chirine Lamti arrives in Slavia |url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=18529&passw=df54851942b3c01fb806201c48247219 |publisher=[[SK Slavia Prague|Slavia Prague]] |language=cs}}</ref> === Venezia FC === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, ta shiga Venezia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=Chirine Lamti joins Venezia FC Femminile |url=https://www.veneziafc.it/en/news/chirine-lamti-joins-venezia-fc-femminile |publisher=[[Venezia F.C.]] |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105015134/https://www.veneziafc.it/en/news/chirine-lamti-joins-venezia-fc-femminile |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Cesena FC === A watan Agustan 2023, ta shiga [[Cesena F.C. (women)|Cesena]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Chirine Lamti è del Cesena |url=https://www.asdcastelvecchio.it/home/2023/08/11/chirine-lamti-e-del-cesena/ |publisher=[[Cesena F.C. (women)]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Lamti, wacce ke da 'yan kasar Denmark biyu, ta fara bugawa tawagar kasar Tunisia wasa a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2021, inda ta buga wasan da Jordan ta yi. === Manufofin kasa da kasa === ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Tunisia na farko'' {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar !Tabbacin. |- |{{Center|1}} |31 ga Janairu 2020 |[[Stade Municipal de Témara|Filin wasa na Témara]], Témara |{{Fbw|MAR}} |{{Center|'''1'''}} |{{Center|3–6}} |Abokantaka |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Match Report of Morocco vs Tunisia - 2020-01-31 - FIFA Friendlies - Women - Global Sports Archive |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2020-01-31/morocco-vs-tunisia/1830476/}}</ref> |- |{{Center|1}} |13 Yuni 2021 |Filin wasa na Sarki Abdullah II, [[Amman]], Jordan |{{Fbw|JOR}} |{{Center|'''1'''}} |{{Center|2–0}} |Abokantaka | |} == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] n30gxwl4t3izfi8nsch81hzce119fee 0 92161 883565 592921 2026-07-15T17:04:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 883565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Natalie Katherine Neidhart-Wilson''' <ref>[10]"Will Natalya take Tyson Kidd's name?". WWE. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2018.</ref>(née Neidhart; an haife ta a watan Mayu 27, 1982) ƙwararriyar kokawar Ba'amurke ce kuma marubuci.  An sanya hannu a kan WWE, inda ta yi a kan Raw brand karkashin sunan zobe Natalya.  Ita ce zakaran duniya na mata sau biyu, bayan da ta lashe gasar WWE Divas da WWE SmackDown Championship sau daya kowanne.  Hakanan ita ce Gwarzon Mata ta WWE na lokaci ɗaya tare da Tamina.  Ita ce ƙwararriyar kokawa ta ƙarni na uku, kuma ita ma 'yar Hart Foundation memba ce kuma Hall of Famer Jim Neidhart.Neidhart 'yar gidan kokawa ce ta Hart ta mahaifiyarta.  Ta sami horo a gidan gidan Hart a ƙarƙashin kulawar kawunta Ross da Bruce Hart.  Daga 2000 zuwa 2001, ta yi aiki don tallata Matrats, kafin ta fara halarta a gasar Stampede Wrestling a 2003. A 2004 da 2005, ta yi kokawa a ƙasashen waje a Ingila da Japan.  Ta zama zakara na farko na Stampede Women's Pacific Champion a 2005, kuma ta lashe gasar SuperGirls a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin 2007, Neidhart ta rattaba hannu tare da WWE kuma ta shafe lokaci a Deep South Wrestling, Ohio Valley Wrestling, da Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) yankuna masu tasowa.  Yayin da take cikin FCW, ta kula da dan uwanta, Harry Smith, da mijinta, T.J.  Wilson.  Ta yi muhawara a kan babban aikin aiki a cikin 2008, ta haɗa kanta da Victoria.  A shekara ta gaba ita da Wilson Smith sun haɗa su don kafa Daular Hart.A 2010, Neidhart ta lashe gasar Divas.  A cikin 2017, ta zama Gwarzon Mata na SmackDown bayan ta doke Naomi a SummerSlam.  Ita ce mace ta farko a tarihin WWE da ta rike Divas Championship da Gasar Mata ta SmackDown.  Daga 2013 zuwa 2019, Neidhart ta kasance babban memba na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya Total Divas.  Ta kafa tarihi guda shida kamar yadda Littafin Guinness Book of Records ya amince da shi ga mata 'yan kokawa WWE - mafi yawan bayyanar da ake biya kowane lokaci, mafi yawan matches, mafi yawan n<ref>[6]Gerweck, Steve (May 2005). "Interview with Nattie Neidhart". Gerweck.net. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.</ref>asara, mafi yawan wasannin Raw, mafi yawan matches na SmackDown, da mafi yawan wasannin WrestleMania.<ref>[11]"WWE Superstar Natalya Now Has 6 Professional Wrestling Guinness World Records". Guinness World Records. July 19, 2023. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Neidhart ita ce 'yar kokawa ta WWE mace mafi dadewa, tare da kasancewa tare da kamfanin tun 2007.<ref>[12]"WWE Rumors: Natalya 'Pushed Hard' for More Women to Be Featured at WrestleMania (please note that the information being cited is found within this article)". Bleacher Report. April 22, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == Neidhart ita ce 'yar kokawa Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart da Elizabeth "Ellie" Hart, 'yar Stu Hart, suna yin Neidhart a matsayin mai kokawa na ƙarni na uku.<ref>[13]Madigan, TJ (April 30, 2003). "Carrying on the family business". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2007.</ref><ref>[9]Andres, Kenai (December 5, 2008). "Natalya by nature". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2008.</ref> Tana da ’yan’uwa mata biyu;  'Yar uwarta, Jennifer, mai dafa abinci ce kuma mai dafa abinci, kuma Kristen (wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Muffy") ita ce kanwarta.<ref>[14]DiFino, Lennie (June 27, 2007). "Catching up with Jim 'The Anvil' Neidhart". World Wrestling Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2009.</ref> Ita ‘yar asalin Girka ce ta wurin kaka ta wajen uwa.<ref>[15]Hart, Bret (2007). Hitman: My real life in the cartoon world of wrestling. Ebury Press. p. 8 pp. <nowiki>ISBN 9780091932862</nowiki>.</ref>Neidhart ta ambaci kakanta, Stu, da kawunta, Bret, a matsayin abin da ta zaburar da ita, a ciki da wajen zobe.<ref>[8]Oliver, Lekisha F. (March 19, 2005). "Interview with Nattie Neidhart". Online World of Wrestling. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2008.</ref>  A matsayinta na memba na dangin kokawa na Hart, ita kani ce ga Harry Smith, Teddy, Matt, da Mike Hart, waɗanda kuma ƙwararrun ƴan kokawa ne.<ref>[16]Laprade, Pat (September 7, 2013). "Natalya's on a Total roll". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref><ref>[13]Madigan, TJ (April 30, 2003). "Carrying on the family business". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2007.</ref> Ita aboki ne na kut da kut da Smith, kuma su biyun sun zauna tare na ɗan gajeren lokaci suna yara yayin da ubanninsu ke kokawa a matsayin ƙungiya mai suna The Hart Foundation.<ref>[17]Johnson, Matt (August 6, 2009). "The Hart Dynasty looks to re-energize Canadian fans". Slam! Wrestling. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2009.</ref> Neidhart ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Vincent Massey da Makarantar Sakandare ta Bishop Carroll, daga inda ta sauke karatu a 2000.<ref>[18]Baines, Tim (August 19, 2011). "Calgary's Nattie Neidhart is coming home". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.</ref> <ref>[18]Baines, Tim (August 19, 2011). "Calgary's Nattie Neidhart is coming home". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.</ref>  An horar da Neidhart a Jiu-Jitsu da kokawa mai son, kuma ya halarci rawa da wasan motsa jiki.<ref>[20]Jordan, Jason (March 11, 2015). "Chop-Up: Natalya; WWE star talks her sports background, WrestleMania, Fresh Prince and more". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2015.</ref><ref>[19]Nesseth, David (February 27, 2009). "Natalya discusses daunting demands of a Diva". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2009.</ref> Ta yi aiki a ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin mai siyarwa ga Kirby vacuum lokacin tana ɗan shekara goma sha takwas <ref>[20]Jordan, Jason (March 11, 2015). "Chop-Up: Natalya; WWE star talks her sports background, WrestleMania, Fresh Prince and more". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2015.</ref>. Neidhart ta sami horon ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin dangin Hart "Kudu" daga kawunta Ross da Bruce Hart, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi hakan.<ref>[13]Madigan, TJ (April 30, 2003). "Carrying on the family business". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2007.</ref>Baya ga ƙwararrun sana'arta na kokawa, Neidhart ta sami horo a kan kokawa mai son da gauraye fasahar yaƙi.<ref>[19]Nesseth, David (February 27, 2009). "Natalya discusses daunting demands of a Diva". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2009.</ref><ref>[2]"Nattie Neidhart-Alumni". Stampede Wrestling. Archived from the original on November 15, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2008.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Databox}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 5b42u4uf8qmbzufwqix80t947lp557v 0 93380 883788 750936 2026-07-15T23:09:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|headquarters=[[Pinheiros (district of São Paulo)|Pinheiros]], [[Subprefecture of Pinheiros]], [[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]|founder=Senna family|abbreviation=IAS}}  '''Cibiyar Ayrton Senna''' (Turanci: Cibiyar Ayrson Senna; '''IAS''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Brazil, wacce aka nufa don taimakawa wajen samar da dama ga ci gaban ɗan adam ga matasa na Brazil tare da hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, gwamnatoci, [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], makarantu, jami'o'i da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ya zuwa 2018, kungiyar a halin yanzu tana da manyan mambobi 24 a cikin tawagar, mambobi 12 na kwamitin da masu ba da shawara 12. Cibiyar tana cikin gundumar Pinheiros a cikin subprefecture na wannan sunan a [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] . == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Watanni biyu kafin mummunar hadarin Ayrton Senna a Imola, shi da 'yar'uwarsa, Viviane Senna, sun tattauna game da kirkirar kungiyar agaji tare da niyyar taimakawa tare da ci gaban yara da matasa a duk faɗin Brazil, tare da hadin gwiwar sauran kasuwanni. Cibiyar Ayrton Senna ta kafa ta ne daga baya ga watanni shida a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1994, a karkashin shugabancin Viviane . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instituto Ayrton Senna |url=http://senna.globo.com/institutoayrtonsenna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009155058/http://senna.globo.com/institutoayrtonsenna/ |archive-date=9 October 2010 |access-date=2 October 2010 |publisher=Senna.globo.com}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin kungiyar ta saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 80 a cikin shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da ayyuka tare da hadin gwiwar sauran kamfanoni da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Tsohon shugaban zartarwa na Formula One Bernie Ecclestone, tsohon mai mallakar Williams kuma wanda ya kafa Sir Frank Williams, da tsoffin direbobi Alain Prost da Gerhard Berger ne suka ba da shawarar kungiyar. IFLC 2016 ta yi wasan kwaikwayon tunawa da Ayrton Senna kuma ta gabatar da kyauta ga Instituto Ayrton Senina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.intflc.org/ |website=intflc.org |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-date=2019-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320225011/http://www.intflc.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rD3SKhpO8g |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Sessão_Solene_em_Comemoração_dos_25_anos_do_Instituto_Ayrton_Senna_01.jpg|left|thumb|Viviane Senna, wanda ya kafa cibiyar kuma 'yar'uwar Ayrton Senna.]] == Haɗin gwiwa == Cibiyar Ayrton Senna ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin [[Japan]] Polyphony Digital a cikin 2013 don ƙirƙirar "Ayrton Senna Tribute" don sabon wasan bidiyo na mai haɓaka, Gran Turismo 6, kuma gaba ɗaya kawo abin da Ayrton Senна ya gada zuwa makomar jerin wasannin bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing the Partnership Between Gran Turismo®6 and the Ayrton Senna Institute |url=http://www.gran-turismo.com/gb/news/00_5354623.html |access-date=2018-07-12 |website=gran-turismo.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Masana'antar kera motoci ta Burtaniya McLaren ta fara hada kai da Instituto Ayrton Senna don ƙirƙirar McLaren Senna, motar motsa jiki da aka keɓe ga Ayrton Senina da nasararsa tare da masana'anta a Formula One.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The McLaren Senna - Ayrton Senna Institute |url=http://cars.mclaren.com/ultimate-series/mclaren-senna/ayrton-senna-institute |access-date=2018-07-12 |website=cars.mclaren.com |language=en |archive-date=2019-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511174041/https://cars.mclaren.com/ultimate-series/mclaren-senna/ayrton-senna-institute |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cibiyar Ayrton Senna ta sanya hannu kan haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa guda biyu tare da [[Singafora|Singapore]] da [[Finland]] wanda ya shafi kimiyya, karatu, da lissafi. == Viviane Senna ==   Viviane Senna Lalli (née Senna da Silva; an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1957) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ba da agaji a kasar Brazil. Ita ce 'yar'uwar marigayi Ayrton Senna (1960-1994), wanda ya kasance ƙwararren direba mai tsere kuma sau uku Formula One zakara a duniya kuma mahaifiyar Bruno Senna wacce ita ma direba ce mai tsere ta sana'a kuma tana fafatawa a cikin jerin tseren mota daban-daban.[1] Ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Gidauniyar Ayrton Senna, wacce aka kafa a London a watan Yunin 1994 da kuma kungiyar Instituto Ayrton Senна, wacce ke mai da hankali kan ilimin yara, da ke da hedkwata a São Paulo tun Nuwamba 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-12-20 |title=Viviane Senna |url=https://istoe.com.br/42594_VIVIANE+SENNA/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=ISTOÉ Independente |language=pt-br |archive-date=2023-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904210917/https://istoe.com.br/42594_VIVIANE+SENNA/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokes |first=Amanda Davies & David |date=2017-11-16 |title=Ayrton Senna: How F1 legend's legacy is helping educate Brazil's youth |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/16/motorsport/ayrton-senna-foundation-sister-viviane-interview/index.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-05 |title=O modelo de escola atual parou no século 19, diz Viviane Senna |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2015/06/150525_viviane_senna_ru |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buckley |first=Stephen |date=1999-10-14 |title=Brazilians Embracing Philanthropy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/brazil/brazil.htm |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Theo Washington Post}}</ref> Ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa kuma ta jagoranci kwamitin fasaha na tankin tunani "Todos pela Educação" (Kowa don Ilimi). An haifi Viviane Senna a São Paulo ga Milton Teodoro Guirado da Silva da Neide Senna da Silva . A shekara ta 1979, ta kammala karatu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Katolika ta São Paulo, <ref name="Globo" /> ta ƙware a fannin halayyar Jungian a Cibiyar Sede Sapientiaes ta jami'ar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan kwakwalwa ga manya da yara, kuma tana kula da kungiyoyin cancanta da inganta likitocin kwakwalwa. Ta kuma tsara kungiyoyin nazarin ilimin halayyar mutum mai zurfi (wanda Jung ya gabatar). Ta sami Grand Prix 2012 BNP Paribas, wanda ke amincewa da shugabannin duniya a fannin saka hannun jari na zamantakewa, kuma an nada ta daya daga cikin Shugabannin Sabon Millennium na [[CNN]] / Time. <ref name="Presidente">{{Cite web |last=base.digital |title=Instituto Ayrton Senna – Educação do futuro, agora |url=https://institutoayrtonsenna.org.br/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Instituto Ayrton Senna |language=pt-br}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ta yi magana da zababben shugaban kasar [[Jair Bolsonaro]] don jagorantar Ma'aikatar Ilimi, amma yarjejeniyar ba ta yi nasara ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-14 |title=Jair Bolsonaro confirma conversas com Viviane Senna sobre propostas para educação |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2018/11/jair-bolsonaro-confirma-conversas-com-viviane-senna-sobre-propostas-para-educacao-cjoht9m6h00pd01mzyimlpi2b.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=GZH |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ta goyi bayan sake buɗe makarantu a lokacin kullewar cutar COVID-19 a Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-15 |title=Está claro que a reabertura das escolas não agrava a pandemia, diz Viviane Senna |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/educacao/2020/09/esta-claro-que-a-reabertura-das-escolas-nao-agrava-a-pandemia-diz-viviane-senna.shtml |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}}</ref> === Mace 'yar kasuwa === Viviane Senna tana kula da sarauta na Ayrton Senna wanda ta hanyar halinsa Senninha (bisa ga direba) an sake shi a cikin samfuran sama da 200, daga kekuna zuwa fries na Faransa. === Hotunan fina-finai === Viviane Senna ta kasance a cikin shirye-shirye uku da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda biyu. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1998 |''Taurari Mai Sunan Ayrton Senna'' | rowspan="6" |Shi da kansa | rowspan="3" |Hotuna |- |2004 |''Hakkin Cin Koyi'' |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |<nowiki><i id="mwuA">Senna</i></nowiki> |- |''Kasuwanci na Nuna'' |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2012 |''A cikin Ɗabi'a'' |Shirye-shiryen talabijin; fasalin 1.9 |- |2024 |''Senna'' |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://senna.globo.com/institutoayrtonsenna/ Shafin hukuma] (a cikin Portuguese) * [http://www.ayrton-senna.net/category/blog/ias/ Masu goyon bayan Cibiyar Ayrton Senna] {{Ayrton Senna}} [[Rukuni:Kirkirar1994 a Brazil]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f6fgg8rs2a4wfxi96komw1j5oht18sk 0 93504 883857 642164 2026-07-16T06:35:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Célia Nunes Correa''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu 1990), wacce aka fi sani da '''Célia Xakriabá''' {{IPA|pt|ˈsɛli.ɐ ʃɐˌkɾi.ɐˈba|}}, malama ce 'yar asalin ƙasar kuma mai fafutuka na mutanen Xakriabá na Brazil. An fi saninta da gudanar da muhawara da laccoci a jami'o'i a Brazil don inganta, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ci gaban matsayi da 'yancin mata na asali, 'yancin filaye na asali, da ilimin 'yan asalin. <ref name="g1">{{Cite web |last=Garonce |first=Luiza |date=27 March 2018 |title=Não é privilégio, é dívida histórica', diz professora indígena sobre demarcação de terras no Brasil |url=https://g1.globo.com/df/distrito-federal/noticia/nao-e-privilegio-e-divida-historica-diz-professora-indigena-sobre-demarcacao-de-terras-no-brasil.ghtml |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alberti |first=Mia |date=25 April 2019 |title='Now belongs to us': Women take lead in Brazil's indigenous fight |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/belongs-women-lead-brazil-indigenous-fight-190425120740156.html |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Xakriabá a cikin gundumar São João das Missões a cikin jihar Minas Gerais ta Brazil. Ta yi makaranta a Makarantar Jiha ta Indigenous Xukurnuk. <ref name="coleguium">{{Cite web |title=Servidora indígena na Secretaria de Educação |url=https://coleguium.com.br/noticias/servidora-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010146/https://coleguium.com.br/noticias/servidora-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao/ |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Coleguium: Rede de Ensino |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Daga baya, ta halarci kuma ta koyar da ilimin 'yan asali a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Minas Gerais a shekarar 2013. <ref name="g1"/> Daga shekarun 2016, Xakriabá ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Brasília a shekarar 2018. <ref name="correioweb">{{Cite web |last=Darverson |first=Julyerme |date=27 March 2018 |title="Vivemos um momento de retrocesso", diz professora e ativista indígena Célia Xakriabá |url=http://sites.correioweb.com.br/app/noticia/encontro/revista/2018/06/06/interna_revista,4470/vivemos-um-momento-de-retrocesso-diz-professora-e-ativista-indigena.shtml |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Brasília Encontro |language=Portuguese |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727230905/http://sites.correioweb.com.br/app/noticia/encontro/revista/2018/06/06/interna_revista,4470/vivemos-um-momento-de-retrocesso-diz-professora-e-ativista-indigena.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce ‘yar ƙabilarta ta farko da ta samu digiri na biyu. <ref name="UnB">{{Cite web |last=Rabelo |first=Nair |date=9 August 2018 |title=UnB recebe estudantes com palestra de Célia Xakriabá |trans-title=UnB welcomes students with lecture by Celia Xakriabá |url=https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2426-unb-recebe-estudantes-com-palestra-de-celia-xakriaba |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=UnB Notícias |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Xakriabá ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar tun tana 'yar shekara 13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Women Take the Lead in the Fight for Indigenous Rights in Brazil |url=https://givingcompass.org/article/women-take-the-lead-in-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-brazil/ |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=Giving Compass}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:-inspiraUnB_-_2º_2018_(44072636851).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Xakriabá yana ba da lacca a Jami'ar Brasília in 2018]] === Aikin ilimi === A cikin shekarar 2015, Xakriabá ta zama mace ta farko na 'yan asalin da ta wakilci ƴan asalin ƙasar Brazil a cikin Sashen Ilimi na Minas Gerais. <ref name="correioweb"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=Primeira indígena na Secretaria de Educação de Minas Gerais faz panorama do papel da mulher na defesa dos povos indígenas |url=http://apib.info/2018/03/26/primeira-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao-de-minas-gerais-faz-panorama-do-papel-da-mulher-na-defesa-dos-povos-indigenas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728115735/http://apib.info/2018/03/26/primeira-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao-de-minas-gerais-faz-panorama-do-papel-da-mulher-na-defesa-dos-povos-indigenas/ |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=APIB |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Ta riƙe muƙamin daga shekarun 2015 zuwa 2017. <ref name="coleguium"/> Xakriabá ta yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin da matasa 'yan asalin ƙasar Brazil ke samu bai isa ba saboda bai koya musu yancinsu na ƙasar da tarihinsu ba. <ref name="hoje">{{Cite web |last=Damázio |first=Malú |date=17 July 2017 |title=Representante de indígenas na Educação defende modelo diferenciado de aprendizagem |url=https://www.hojeemdia.com.br/mais/representante-de-ind%C3%ADgenas-na-educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-defende-modelo-diferenciado-de-aprendizagem-1.543666/c%C3%A9lia-xakriab%C3%A1-1.543667 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Hoje Em dia |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Ta kuma ce a ilimin ƙasashen yamma duk ilimi ya fito daga wurin malami, amma a ilimin ɗan kasa kowa yakan kawo ilimi don rabawa. <ref name="hoje" /> Tun daga shekarar 2017, Xakriabá ta yi magana a tarurruka daban-daban da muhawara a jami'o'i a Brazil dangane da haƙƙin 'yan asalin, kamar inganta ilimin 'yan asalin, <ref name="UnB"/> da ƙarfafa farfaɗowar harsunan asali a Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alves |first=Guilherme |date=28 March 2018 |title=Líder indígena defende preservação cultural de povos tradicionais |trans-title=Indigenous leader defends cultural preservation of traditional peoples |url=https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2172-lider-indigena-defende-preservacao-cultural-de-povos-tradicionais%26xid%3D17259%2C15700022%2C15700186%2C15700190%2C15700256%2C15700259%2C15700262%2C15700265%26usg%3DALkJrhgM5lYitimowzjHGJ3Q6Phz0Zk5jw |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=UnB Notícias |language=Portuguese |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729181449/https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2172-lider-indigena-defende-preservacao-cultural-de-povos-tradicionais%26xid%3D17259%2C15700022%2C15700186%2C15700190%2C15700256%2C15700259%2C15700262%2C15700265%26usg%3DALkJrhgM5lYitimowzjHGJ3Q6Phz0Zk5jw |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Aikin siyasa === Xakriabá ta yi adawa da wani kudirin doka da aka gabatar a Majalisar Dokoki ta Minas Gerais wanda zai haramta wa masu magana sanya rigunan kai ko kuma “fitattun kaya”. Ta ce wannan kudiri an yi shi ne don iyakance ga masu magana da yaren. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falabella |first=Cida |date=18 April 2019 |title=A quem interessa barrar o uso de um cocar? |url=https://bhaz.com.br/2019/04/18/gabinetona-a-quem-interessa-barrar-o-uso-de-um-cocar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727232417/https://bhaz.com.br/2019/04/18/gabinetona-a-quem-interessa-barrar-o-uso-de-um-cocar/ |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Gabinetona |publisher=BHAZ |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, ta shiga kwamitin ba da shawara na Socialism da wakilin Jam'iyyar Liberty Áurea Carolina daga Minas Gerais. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2019 |title=Áurea Carolina - Respeito à cultura indígena (Video) |url=https://ms-my.facebook.com/aureacarolina/videos/382975662535104/?video_source=permalink |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=[[Facebook]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> a babban zaɓen shekarar 2022, Xakriabá ta zama mace ta farko daga Minas Gerais da aka zaɓa zuwa Majalisar Tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Célia Xakriabá |url=https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/206018 |access-date=27 May 2023 |publisher=Câmara dos Deputados |language=pt}}</ref> == Ra'ayi == Xakriabá ta ba da hujjar cewa ilimin Brazil a yau bai yi isa ba don bincika tarihin tsiraru kamar ƴan asalin ƙasar Brazil da na Afirka, wanda ta ce yana haifar da waɗannan al'ummomin suna jin cewa ba su da alaƙa da tarihinsu da zuriyarsu. Xakriabá ta yi iƙirarin cewa ilimi ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Brazil dole ne su sanya alaƙa tsakanin ƙasar kakanninsu da al'adunsu, ainihi, da ruhinsu. Xakriabá kuma ta kasance mai sukar kiyaye bukukuwan kalandar Gregorian a cikin ilimin Brazil, yana mai cewa bukukuwan yammaci da na Kirista ba su da wata mahimmanci ga 'yan asalin Brazil. <ref name="hoje"/> Ta ce rashin samun matan Brazil daga muƙaman mulki, gaba ɗaya, musamman mata ‘yan asalin ƙasar, yana da alaka da mulkin mallaka da kimar ƙasashen yamma. Xakriabá ta ce rashin wakilcin mata na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da cin zarafi ga mata 'yan asalin ƙasar Brazil. <ref name="g1"/> A cewarta, tasirin mata kuma ya iyakance ne ta yadda makarantun Brazil ke ba da tarihin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya sa al'ummomin ƴan asalin su zama kamar na farko da na uba fiye da yadda ta yi imani da su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Juventude indígena - Célia Xakriabá |url=http://www.futuraplay.org/video/juventude-indigena-celia-xakriaba/342425/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Futura Play |publisher=[[Futura (TV channel)|Canal Futura]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Xakriabá ta ce tsarin mulkin mallaka na kisan kiyashi da ƙabilanci yana farawa ne da kashe ƴan asalin ƙasar, sannan kuma lalata asalin asali, kuma a ƙarshe, lalata ilimin ɗan asalin. <ref name="cineop">{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Carol |date=8 June 2018 |title=Cineop: Célia Xakriabá em defesa do cinema indígena |url=https://culturadoria.com.br/celia-xakriaba-na-cineop/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=culturadoria |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Xakriabá ta kare umarni na asali kuma ta samar da silima, tana mai cewa yana haɓaka ilimin ɗan ƙasa. <ref name="cineop" /> Ita ce mai sukar lamirin manufofin gwamnatin [[Jair Bolsonaro]], tana mai cewa gadon mulkin farar fata ne da kisan kare dangi na asali wanda ya samo asali daga mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Xakriabá |first=Célia |date=26 March 2019 |title=A ditadura da supremacia branca e o genocídio indígena |url=http://midianinja.org/colunistaninja/celia-xakriaba-a-ditadura-da-supremacia-branca-e-o-genocidio-indigena/ |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Mídia Ninja |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A lokacin zaɓen shekara ta 2018, Xakriabá ta shiga zanga-zangar adawa da Bolsonaro a [[São Paulo]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0eekgmpen5uti6oam5d4un23ntpvhmf 0 94244 883808 591249 2026-07-16T02:53:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883808 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Claire Moyse-Faurie (an haife ta 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1949) [1] masanin harshe ne na kasar Faransa wanda ya kware a harsunan Oceanic, musamman harsunan Wallis da Futuna da New Caledonia . == Ilimi, aiki da girmamawa == Moyse-Faurie ta yi karatu tare da masanin harshe André-Georges Haudricourt . <ref name="review">{{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |date=1990 |title=Review of ''Dictionnaire Xârâcùù-Français (Nouvelle-Calédonie)'' by Claire Moyse-Faurie and Marie-Adèle Néchérö-Jorédié |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/452780 |journal=Language |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=201–202 |doi=10.1353/lan.1990.0025 |s2cid=143367990 |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref> Bayan shekaru da yawa yana aiki a LACITO (CNRS) daga 1980 zuwa gaba, gami da zama mataimakin darakta daga 1992 zuwa 1995, Moyse-Faurie ya zama darektan bincike a Lattice a 2021 .<ref name="lacito">{{Cite web |title=Claire MOYSE-FAURIE |url=https://lacito.cnrs.fr/claire-moyse-faurie/ |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=lacito.cnrs.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="ae-cv">{{Cite web |title=Claire Moyse-Faurie - Curriculum Vitae |url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Moyse-Faurie_Claire/CV |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=Academia Europaea |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="lattice">{{Cite web |title=Claire MOYSE-FAURIE |url=https://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/membres/chercheurs-ou-enseignants-chercheurs/claire-moyse-faurie/ |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=lattice.cnrs.fr |language=fr-FR |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729120036/https://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/membres/chercheurs-ou-enseignants-chercheurs/claire-moyse-faurie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta rike mukamin ziyara a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar New Caledonia a 2004, 2005, 2013, 2014 da 2015. <ref name="ae-cv" /> An nada Moyse-Faurie a matsayin memba na Academia Europaea a shekarar 2016. <ref name="ae">{{Cite web |title=Claire Moyse-Faurie |url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Moyse-Faurie_Claire |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=Academia Europaea |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Société de Linguistique de Paris a shekarar 2012.<ref name="ae-cv"/><ref name="slp">{{Cite web |title=Présidents et secrétaires |url=https://www.slp-paris.com/direction.html |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=Société de Linguistique de Paris |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Bincike == Tare da nazarin kwatanci na harsunan Oceanic (Drehu, Xârâcùù, Xârâgurè, West Uvean, Haméa, East Futunan, East Uvean), Moyse-Faurie ya yi aiki a kan batutuwa na harshe kamar valence, nominalization, reflexives, reciprocals, grammaticalization, da kuma ilimin harshe.<ref name="ae"/> A shekara ta 1982 ta ba da shawarar rubutun wannan harshe, wanda daga baya aka yi amfani da shi a koyarwa; ta kuma buga ƙamus na Xârâcù tare da Marie-Adèle Néchérö-Jorédié a shekara ta 1986. <ref name="review"/> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * Moyse-Faurie, Claire, & Marie-Adèle Néchérö-Jorédié. 1986. ''Dictionnaire Xârâcùù-Français (New Caledonia) ''. Leuven: Peeters.   * [Hasiya] 1993. ''Dictionnaire futunien-français: tare da index na Faransa-futunien''. Leuven: Peeters.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9782877230704|9782877230704]] * Moyse-Faurie, Claire, da John Lynch. 2004. Haɗin kai a cikin harsunan Oceanic da Proto-Oceanic. A cikin Martin Haspelmath (ed.), ''Gudanar da gine-gine'', 445-497. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789027295248|9789027295248]] * Kayser, Manfred, Silke Brauer, Richard Cordaux, Amanda Casto, Oscar Lao, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Claire Moyse-Faurie, Robb B. Rutledge, Wulf Schiefenhoevel, David Gil, Alice A. Lin, Peter A. Underhill, Peter J. Oefner, Ronald J. Trent, & Mark Stoneking. 2006. Asalin Melanesian da Asiya na Polynesians: mtDNA da Y chromosome gradients a fadin Pacific. Molecular Biology da Juyin Halitta 23 (11), 2234-2244.  {{Doi|10.1093/molbev/msl093}}[[Doi (identifier)|ya kamata a yi amfani da shi]]<span>:</span>[[doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093|10.1093/molbev/msl093]] * [Hasiya] 2008. Gine-gine da ke nuna yanayin tsakiya, tunani da kuma yanayin ma'amala a wasu harsunan Oceanic. A cikin Ekkehard König & Volker Gast (ed.), Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations, 105-168. Berlin: Daga Gruyter.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783110199147|9783110199147]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eul7lyrgrew0yii5567nev5tpji36n9 0 95263 883607 595348 2026-07-15T17:18:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 883607 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Secoya''' (kuma Sieko Coca, Paicoca, Airo Pãi) yare ne na Yammacin Tucanoan wanda Mutanen Secoya na [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]] ke magana. Daga cikin Secoya akwai mutane da yawa da ake kira Angoteros. Kodayake yarensu ya ƙunshi wasu bambance-bambance na yaren Secoya, babu wasu matsalolin sadarwa. Siona na Kogin Eno, wanda ya bambanta da Siona na Putumayo, ya ce akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin yarensu da Secoya, amma har yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na su. A cikin wallafe-wallafen ethnographic, Secoya suna tafiya da wasu sunaye daban-daban: Encabellado, Pioje (ma'anar "a'a" a Secoya), Santa Maria, da Angutera. == Fasahar sauti == === Tsayar da Murya === Tsayar da murya /p, t, k, kw/ iri ɗaya ne da Mutanen Espanya, duk da haka burin ya fi bayyana a cikin Secoya. Ana furta sautin /t/ tare da ƙarshen harshe yana hulɗa da hakora na sama. Ana kiran /kw/ mai laushi kamar /k/, amma tare da zagaye na leɓuna. Tsayar da /ʔ/ kusan ya ɓace lokacin da damuwa mai ƙarfi a kan syllable na baya bai faru ba. === Dakatarwar Murya === A cikin mahallin intervocalic, ana yin sautin murya /d/ ta hanyar bambancin sauƙi [r], daidai da Mutanen Espanya /r/. Ana yin magana ta hanci tare da ma'anar hanci [n]. === Muradin === Alamomin da ba su da murya /sh/ da /h/ dukansu suna bayyana a cikin matsayi na alveolar, yana mai da su da wuya a rarrabe su. Ana furta /s/ dan kadan kuma yana ƙayyade tsawo mai laushi kafin wasula mara matsin lamba. Sautin /zh/ yana da wasu damuwa na laryngeal kuma yana nuna laryngealization a kan wasula da ke kusa. === Hanci === Ana kiran ma'anar hanci /m/ kamar yadda yake a cikin Mutanen Espanya. Sauti '''n''', wanda yake sauti a wasu yarukan Yammacin Tucanoan, yana ƙunshe a cikin Secoya a matsayin bambancin muryar murya / d/. === Gilashin === Gilashin /w/ da /y/ kusan daidai ne da wasula /u/ da /i/ bi da bi, amma sun fi dacewa. /w/ yayi kama da ''hu'' a cikin Mutanen Espanya "huevo". Lokacin da ya faru a kusa da wasula ta hanci, [w] ya zama nasalized. Ana kiran /y/ kusan kamar haka a cikin Mutanen Espanya, amma Secoya yana bayyana shi tare da ɗan rikici. Lokacin da ya faru tare da wasula ta hanci, sakamakon ya zama nasalized kuma yana sauti kamar Mutanen Espanya '''ñ'''. == Consonants & Vowels == === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" | !Labari !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Labari-Velar !Gishiri |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !{{Small|Voiceless}} |p |t | |k |kʷ |ʔ |- !{{Small|Voiced}} | |d | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !{{Small|Voiceless}} | |sʰ | | | |h |- !{{Small|Voiced}} | |zʰ | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Hanci |m | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Glide | | |Ya zama haka⟨y⟩ | |w | |} === Sautin sautin === Ana yin wasula na baya tare da leɓuna masu zagaye kuma sauran ana yin su da leɓunan da ba a zagaye ba. Nasalization kuma ya bambanta tsakanin dukkan wasula. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- !Babba |i |ɨ |u |- !Ƙananan |e |a |o |} == Yanayin Yanayi == === Sunaye === Ana rarrabe sunan a cikin Secoya, a mafi yawan siffofi, ta hanyar babban rukuni da takamaiman ɗayan. Hanyar asali na suna, ba tare da ƙayyadaddun ba, yana nuna rukunin gaba ɗaya (maza, yara, jiragen ruwa, duwatsu, ƙwai, da dai sauransu) ba tare da bayyana ƙayyadadden adadin abubuwa ba. Don nuna mutum ɗaya ko jam'i, wato, an kara wasu takamaiman abubuwa, masu rarraba suffix (a cikin yanayin sunayen marasa rai) ko ƙididdigar jinsi (a cikin batun sunayen masu rai). Don nuna takamaiman adadin abubuwa marasa rai, an kara ma'anar jam'i zuwa sunan. Lokacin da kalmar ke nufin wasu takamaiman abubuwa, muna amfani da takamaiman labarin a cikin fassarar Mutanen Espanya. Koyaya, ana iya fassara shi tare da labarin da ba a ƙayyade ba. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Sashe (Janar) ! !Rukunin (Matsayi) ! !Rukunin (Matsayi) |- |'''pa̱i''' | |'''pa̱i-o''' | |'''pa̱i-o hua'i''' |- |"mutum" | |"mutum, mace" (f) | |"mutane" (f) |- | | | | | |- |'''Tse̱'a''' | |'''Tse̱'a-quë''' | |'''tse̱'a-co hua'i''' |- |"masu mallakar" | |"mai shi" (m) | |"masu mallakar" (m) |- | | | | | |- |'''Ni''' | |'''Yo-huë''' | |'''yo-huë-a''' |- |"Canoe" | |"Canoe" (f) | |"Canoes" (f) |- | | | | | |- |'''menene''' | |'''Me Me Ya Sa Ni''' | |'''Me-me-a̱''' |- |"Waya" | |"Waya" (m) | |"Wayani" (m) |- | | | | | |- |'''Ruwa''' | |'''Huwa-pa''' | |'''Huwa-pa-a̱''' |- |"mai" | |"Cornfield" (m) | |"Yankin masara" (m) |- | | | | | |- |'''Yankin da ake kira Hanyar''' | |'''Yankin da ake kira "Yankin da ake ciki"''' | |'''Hagu-o hua'i''' |- |"tapir" | |"tapir, mace" (f) | |"tapires" (f) |} === Sunayen da ke raye-raye === ==== Dabbobi ==== Sunayen da ke nuna dabbobi sun bayyana a cikin ainihin siffarsu ba tare da ƙayyadaddun ba don nuna nau'in gama gari. Don nuna mutum ɗaya, an ƙara ''-e'' ko ''-o''. Don samar da sunan jam'i, an kara mai ƙayyadewa ''hua'i'' ga kowane nau'i biyu. ==== Mai ban mamaki da Ruhaniya ==== Sunayen da ke nuna halittu masu ban mamaki da jikin sama sun bayyana a cikin ainihin siffarsu don nuna duka nau'ikan a matsayin mutum ɗaya. Don samar da jam'i, ƙara ''-o'' da ''hua'i''. Dukkanin wadannan halittu sun bayyana a matsayin haruffa a cikin tatsuniyoyin Secoya. == Mutum/Lamba/Jima'i == === Mutumin === Sunayen da ke nuna mutane yawanci suna jagorantar ƙididdigar jinsi tare da namiji ko mace ɗaya. Don samar da sunan jam'i, an kara mai bayyanawa ''hua'i''. Sunayen da ainihin nau'in su shine aikatau ko adjective jinsi suna ɗauke da ''-ë'' don namiji ɗaya ko ''-o'' don mace ɗaya. Bayan wasula /o/, ƙarshen namiji ya zama ''-u'' kuma bayan wasula /e/ da /i/, ya zama ''-i''. (Idan duka wasula biyu sun kasance iri ɗaya, ana rage wasula zuwa ɗaya) === Adadin === Lambar ta bayyana sunan shugaban a cikin hanyar da adjective ke yi. Tsarin su a cikin kalma mai suna yana gaban adjective, lokacin da duka biyun suka bayyana. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Lamba Mai Girma !kai |daya (m) |- !te'o |daya (f) |- !kai |daya (wanda ba shi da rai) |- !kaya |biyu |- !toaso |uku |- !cajese'e |huɗu |- !ka yi amfani da ita |biyar |- !idan jë̱-ña |goma (Kara: a hannaye biyu) |} ==manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cxf35mz5xd1h25fbtpg3pwazt4wlb19 883608 883607 2026-07-15T17:18:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 883608 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Secoya''' (kuma Sieko Coca, Paicoca, Airo Pãi) yare ne na Yammacin Tucanoan wanda Mutanen Secoya na [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]] ke magana. Daga cikin Secoya akwai mutane da yawa da ake kira Angoteros. Kodayake yarensu ya ƙunshi wasu bambance-bambance na yaren Secoya, babu wasu matsalolin sadarwa. Siona na Kogin Eno, wanda ya bambanta da Siona na Putumayo, ya ce akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin yarensu da Secoya, amma har yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na su. A cikin wallafe-wallafen ethnographic, Secoya suna tafiya da wasu sunaye daban-daban: Encabellado, Pioje (ma'anar "a'a" a Secoya), Santa Maria, da Angutera. == Fasahar sauti == === Tsayar da Murya === Tsayar da murya /p, t, k, kw/ iri ɗaya ne da Mutanen Espanya, duk da haka burin ya fi bayyana a cikin Secoya. Ana furta sautin /t/ tare da ƙarshen harshe yana hulɗa da hakora na sama. Ana kiran /kw/ mai laushi kamar /k/, amma tare da zagaye na leɓuna. Tsayar da /ʔ/ kusan ya ɓace lokacin da damuwa mai ƙarfi a kan syllable na baya bai faru ba. === Dakatarwar Murya === A cikin mahallin intervocalic, ana yin sautin murya /d/ ta hanyar bambancin sauƙi [r], daidai da Mutanen Espanya /r/. Ana yin magana ta hanci tare da ma'anar hanci [n]. === Muradin === Alamomin da ba su da murya /sh/ da /h/ dukansu suna bayyana a cikin matsayi na alveolar, yana mai da su da wuya a rarrabe su. Ana furta /s/ dan kadan kuma yana ƙayyade tsawo mai laushi kafin wasula mara matsin lamba. Sautin /zh/ yana da wasu damuwa na laryngeal kuma yana nuna laryngealization a kan wasula da ke kusa. === Hanci === Ana kiran ma'anar hanci /m/ kamar yadda yake a cikin Mutanen Espanya. Sauti '''n''', wanda yake sauti a wasu yarukan Yammacin Tucanoan, yana ƙunshe a cikin Secoya a matsayin bambancin muryar murya / d/. === Gilashin === Gilashin /w/ da /y/ kusan daidai ne da wasula /u/ da /i/ bi da bi, amma sun fi dacewa. /w/ yayi kama da ''hu'' a cikin Mutanen Espanya "huevo". Lokacin da ya faru a kusa da wasula ta hanci, [w] ya zama nasalized. Ana kiran /y/ kusan kamar haka a cikin Mutanen Espanya, amma Secoya yana bayyana shi tare da ɗan rikici. Lokacin da ya faru tare da wasula ta hanci, sakamakon ya zama nasalized kuma yana sauti kamar Mutanen Espanya '''ñ'''. == Consonants & Vowels == === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" | !Labari !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Labari-Velar !Gishiri |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !{{Small|Voiceless}} |p |t | |k |kʷ |ʔ |- !{{Small|Voiced}} | |d | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !{{Small|Voiceless}} | |sʰ | | | |h |- !{{Small|Voiced}} | |zʰ | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Hanci |m | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Glide | | |Ya zama haka⟨y⟩ | |w | |} === Sautin sautin === Ana yin wasula na baya tare da leɓuna masu zagaye kuma sauran ana yin su da leɓunan da ba a zagaye ba. Nasalization kuma ya bambanta tsakanin dukkan wasula. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- !Babba |i |ɨ |u |- !Ƙananan |e |a |o |} == Yanayin Yanayi == === Sunaye === Ana rarrabe sunan a cikin Secoya, a mafi yawan siffofi, ta hanyar babban rukuni da takamaiman ɗayan. Hanyar asali na suna, ba tare da ƙayyadaddun ba, yana nuna rukunin gaba ɗaya (maza, yara, jiragen ruwa, duwatsu, ƙwai, da dai sauransu) ba tare da bayyana ƙayyadadden adadin abubuwa ba. Don nuna mutum ɗaya ko jam'i, wato, an kara wasu takamaiman abubuwa, masu rarraba suffix (a cikin yanayin sunayen marasa rai) ko ƙididdigar jinsi (a cikin batun sunayen masu rai). Don nuna takamaiman adadin abubuwa marasa rai, an kara ma'anar jam'i zuwa sunan. Lokacin da kalmar ke nufin wasu takamaiman abubuwa, muna amfani da takamaiman labarin a cikin fassarar Mutanen Espanya. Koyaya, ana iya fassara shi tare da labarin da ba a ƙayyade ba. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Sashe (Janar) ! !Rukunin (Matsayi) ! !Rukunin (Matsayi) |- |'''pa̱i''' | |'''pa̱i-o''' | |'''pa̱i-o hua'i''' |- |"mutum" | |"mutum, mace" (f) | |"mutane" (f) |- | | | | | |- |'''Tse̱'a''' | |'''Tse̱'a-quë''' | |'''tse̱'a-co hua'i''' |- |"masu mallakar" | |"mai shi" (m) | |"masu mallakar" (m) |- | | | | | |- |'''Ni''' | |'''Yo-huë''' | |'''yo-huë-a''' |- |"Canoe" | |"Canoe" (f) | |"Canoes" (f) |- | | | | | |- |'''menene''' | |'''Me Me Ya Sa Ni''' | |'''Me-me-a̱''' |- |"Waya" | |"Waya" (m) | |"Wayani" (m) |- | | | | | |- |'''Ruwa''' | |'''Huwa-pa''' | |'''Huwa-pa-a̱''' |- |"mai" | |"Cornfield" (m) | |"Yankin masara" (m) |- | | | | | |- |'''Yankin da ake kira Hanyar''' | |'''Yankin da ake kira "Yankin da ake ciki"''' | |'''Hagu-o hua'i''' |- |"tapir" | |"tapir, mace" (f) | |"tapires" (f) |} === Sunayen da ke raye-raye === ==== Dabbobi ==== Sunayen da ke nuna dabbobi sun bayyana a cikin ainihin siffarsu ba tare da ƙayyadaddun ba don nuna nau'in gama gari. Don nuna mutum ɗaya, an ƙara ''-e'' ko ''-o''. Don samar da sunan jam'i, an kara mai ƙayyadewa ''hua'i'' ga kowane nau'i biyu. ==== Mai ban mamaki da Ruhaniya ==== Sunayen da ke nuna halittu masu ban mamaki da jikin sama sun bayyana a cikin ainihin siffarsu don nuna duka nau'ikan a matsayin mutum ɗaya. Don samar da jam'i, ƙara ''-o'' da ''hua'i''. Dukkanin wadannan halittu sun bayyana a matsayin haruffa a cikin tatsuniyoyin Secoya. == Mutum/Lamba/Jima'i == === Mutumin === Sunayen da ke nuna mutane yawanci suna jagorantar ƙididdigar jinsi tare da namiji ko mace ɗaya. Don samar da sunan jam'i, an kara mai bayyanawa ''hua'i''. Sunayen da ainihin nau'in su shine aikatau ko adjective jinsi suna ɗauke da ''-ë'' don namiji ɗaya ko ''-o'' don mace ɗaya. Bayan wasula /o/, ƙarshen namiji ya zama ''-u'' kuma bayan wasula /e/ da /i/, ya zama ''-i''. (Idan duka wasula biyu sun kasance iri ɗaya, ana rage wasula zuwa ɗaya) === Adadin === Lambar ta bayyana sunan shugaban a cikin hanyar da adjective ke yi. Tsarin su a cikin kalma mai suna yana gaban adjective, lokacin da duka biyun suka bayyana. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Lamba Mai Girma !kai |daya (m) |- !te'o |daya (f) |- !kai |daya (wanda ba shi da rai) |- !kaya |biyu |- !toaso |uku |- !cajese'e |huɗu |- !ka yi amfani da ita |biyar |- !idan jë̱-ña |goma (Kara: a hannaye biyu) |} ==manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 58z6s1hmacg7mja9qwp9z9px0x68zob 0 96479 883677 827814 2026-07-15T17:41:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 883677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 51f995oe6asvkoyxttjaiw241ww6toz 883678 883677 2026-07-15T17:42:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 883678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] jp4t2qyzt3cnt19ruflnnq2fz18g2mz 883679 883678 2026-07-15T17:42:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 883679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 7tm83cjcsfb9m6349jal0x3e2pe8u7f 883680 883679 2026-07-15T17:42:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 883680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] sw59r7pykehonqncb19dq6krrd2cf2g 883681 883680 2026-07-15T17:43:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 883681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] qd8l52xzkdiu0iaaabpgbe4epkn3xop 883683 883681 2026-07-15T17:43:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 883683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] m965jmr9b789tpvmitif87illa334zj 883684 883683 2026-07-15T17:44:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 883684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] l6zwms4aa97cuzubg2raxqni4cup070 883685 883684 2026-07-15T17:44:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 883685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 3yb97aihy2vv6bso88jdwd8hlq6t2qf 883686 883685 2026-07-15T17:44:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 883686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps.}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] m94oqe0ucqoc8sake4z2eo3ckfj3pnf 0 96940 883797 874336 2026-07-16T01:10:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Réseau Sentinelles''' ko kuma Cibiyar Sentinelles ta Likitoci ta Faransa wata cibiyar sadarwa ce da ta ƙunshi likitoci 1314 masu aikin sa kai da likitocin yara 116, waɗanda ke aiki a duk faɗin yankunan babban birnin [[Faransa]] (bi da bi 2.1% da 4.3% na jimillar likitoci da likitocin yara a waɗannan yankuna). Manufarta ita ce samar da sa ido a asibiti a Faransa don alamun [[lafiya]] 10. Wannan hanyar sadarwa, wacce Farfesa Alain-Jacques Valleron ya ƙirƙira a watan Nuwamba 1984, an tsara ta ne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sashin bincike na gauraye na U1136 na Inserm da Jami'ar Sorbonne . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ci gaba da sa ido kan alamun lafiya guda 10 == Wannan tsarin kula da lafiya na ƙasa yana tattara bayanai game da cututtuka na ainihin lokaci, waɗanda suka samo asali daga ƙwararrun likitoci masu shiga, don amfani da su wajen bincike, hasashen yanayi da sake rarrabawa. Hakanan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin gargaɗin sa ido wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Faransa (Santé publique France) ta jagoranta (yana karɓar shawarar CNIL mai kyau n°471 393). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Alamun lafiya guda 10 da aka yi nazari a kansu sune cututtuka guda 9 masu yaduwa : * Cutar mura (ILI) tun daga shekarar 1984, * Ciwon fitsari na maza tun daga shekarar 1984 * Ciwon daji tun daga shekarar 1985, * [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]] mai tsanani ( [[gastroenteritis]] ) tun daga shekarar 1990, * Tun daga shekarar 1990 , * [[Shingles|cutar Herpes zoster]] tun daga 2004, * Cutar Lyme tun daga 209 * [[Tarin jaki|Pertussis]] tun daga shekarar 2017 * Cutar numfashi mai tsanani tun daga shekarar 2017 da kuma cututtuka 1 marasa yaduwa : * [[Kisan kai|Kashe kai]] da kuma [[Rikicin kashe kai|yunkurin kashe kansa]] tun daga shekarar 1997 Tsarin sa ido yana gano, faɗakar da kai, da kuma hasashen annobar da za ta iya tasowa a yankuna da kuma ƙasa nan gaba musamman ga mura, ciwon ciki da kuma cutar Varicella zoster. Likitocin Sentinelles suna samun bayanan da ba a gane su ba ta [[Yanar gizo|intanet]] kuma ana watsa su kai tsaye zuwa cikin rumbun adana bayanai na Geographic Information System (GIS). Ana gyara rahoton mako-mako, mai suna Sentiweb-Hebdo, kowace Talata a shafin yanar gizon Sentinelle Network kuma ana aika shi ta imel zuwa ga masu biyan kuɗi sama da 10000, gami da membobin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa. Ana kuma gyara rahoton shekara-shekara na adadin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta hanyar amfani da bayanan sa ido. Waɗannan rahotannin suna samuwa don kallo ta yanar gizo, kuma ana iya samun su a shafin yanar gizon Sentinelles a cikin sashin da ake kira "takardu/bilans annuels" (ko "rahotanni na shekara-shekara da jimillarsu"). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Binciken kimiyya == Bayanan da Cibiyar Sentinelles ta bayar sun bayar da bincike a fannoni masu zuwa: * Samfuran tsarin ganowa da faɗakarwa (Hanyoyin komawa ga bautar gumaka, [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?Artid=1404927 Costagliola D. da coll., Am. J. Public Health, a 1991]{{Dead link|date=July 2025}} ) * Tsarin hasashen annoba da suka shafi matakai daban-daban na ƙasa ("Hanyar analogues", [https://web.archive.org/web/20250812055921/https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/6/5/621 Viboud C. da coll., Am J Epidemiol, a 2003] ). == Ilimin cututtuka na fili == Ana gudanar da binciken cututtuka akai-akai a tsakanin likitocin Sentinelles. Manufarsu ita ce kiyaye ɗabi'ar binciken cututtuka da "Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masana Cututtuka ta Harshen Faransanci" ta ƙirƙiro, ko kuma Ƙungiyar Masana Cututtuka ta Harshen Faransanci. Tsarin kowane bincike an tsara shi a cikin yarjejeniya a rubuce. Daga nan sai a taƙaita binciken a cikin rahoton ƙarshe kuma a miƙa shi ga masu binciken ciki don tabbatar da ingancinsa. Duk rahotannin da aka samu zuwa yanzu sun sami kyakkyawan shawara daga CNIL (n°471 393). Sakamakon waɗannan tambayoyin suna samuwa akan layi kuma ana iya samun damar shiga ta shafin yanar gizon Sentinelle a cikin sashin "takardu/enquêtes ponctuales" (ko "takardun bincike na yau da kullun"). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwa ta farko ta likitocin tsaro a Guadeloupe a shekarar 1983, sannan kuma ta Martinique da Guyana. Manufar waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa ita ce sa ido kan cututtukan da ake ganin sune manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci, musamman: zazzabin dengue, chikungunya, Zika, mura, bronchiolitis, ciwon gastroenteritis mai tsanani, pox da conjunctivitis. == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{In lang|en|fr}} [https://websenti.u707.jussieu.fr/sentiweb/?lang=en Official site of the Sentinelles Network] * {{In lang|en}} [http://www.iplesp.upmc.fr/en/home Official website of Inserm UPMC UMRS-S 1136] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724040337/http://www.iplesp.upmc.fr/en/home |date=2022-07-24 }} * {{In lang|en}} [https://www.cdc.gov/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] * {{In lang|en}} [http://www.eurosurveillance.org Center of Eurosurveillance of Transmissible Diseases] {{Authority control}} j78qyj6zbcfqz91pc7u0y9rclo9e41l 0 97487 883781 741868 2026-07-15T22:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kaaya Christine Nakimwero,.jpg|thumb|Christine Nakimwero Kaaya babbar 'yar siyasa ce sannan kuma wakiliyar mata ta gundumar Kiboga a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha ɗaya ta Uganda. []] '''Christine Nakimwero Kaaya''' kuma an rubuta shi da Christine Kaaya Nakimwero ('''an haife ta a shekara ta 1979''') 'yar siyasa ce ta Uganda, 'yar majalisa, kuma wakiliyar mata ta gundumar Kiboga a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha ɗaya ta Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Know your MP-elect: Christine Kaaya Nakimwero |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/96709 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kaaya Christine Nakimwero - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/kaaya-christine-nakimwero-10404/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekanjako |first=Henry |date=2021 |title=PICTURES {{!}} Day Two: Sworn-in MPs say they are ready for work |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/amawulire/102754/ebifaananyi-nga-ttiimu-yabawala-eyomupiira-gw |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Bukedde |archive-date=2022-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405155741/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/amawulire/102754/ebifaananyi-nga-ttiimu-yabawala-eyomupiira-gw |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=Parliament moots new law to streamline mining sector |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/parliament-moots-new-law-to-streamline-mining-sector/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=MPs promise to front interests of their electorate as swearing ceremony enters day two |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/102752 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Bukedde |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927105911/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/102752 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita mamba ce ta National Unity Platform (NUP). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=NUP names 380 MP flag bearers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nup-names-380-mp-flag-bearers-2453360 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=FULL LIST: Winners, Losers As NUP Unveils MP Flagbearers for Central Region |url=https://theugandanwire.com/2020/09/28/full-list-winners-losers-as-nup-unveils-mp-flagbearers-for-central-region/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927105909/https://theugandanwire.com/2020/09/28/full-list-winners-losers-as-nup-unveils-mp-flagbearers-for-central-region/ |archive-date=2022-09-27 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Ugandan Wire}}</ref> Ta kasance mai fafutuka don jinsi, lafiya, yawan jama'a, da muhalli. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-28 |title=Two women seek to end Nankabirwa's 26-year grip on Kiboga District seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/two-women-seek-to-end-nankabirwa-s-26-year-grip-on-kiboga-district-seat--2724128 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Nakimwero ita ce Ministar Ruwa da Muhalli na inuwar kuma tana aiki a kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Canjin Sauyin yanayi da Kwamitin Albarkatun Ƙasa a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha ɗaya ta Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=COP26 Talks: Christine Kaaya Nakimwero, Shadow Minister for Water and Environment, Uganda |url=https://worldwarzero.com/magazine/2021/11/cop26-talks-christine-kaaya-nakimwero-shadow-minister-uganda/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=worldwarzero.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112192937/https://worldwarzero.com/magazine/2021/11/cop26-talks-christine-kaaya-nakimwero-shadow-minister-uganda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-25 |title=FULL LIST : LOP Mathias Mpuuga names Shadow Cabinet |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20210625/116287/full-list-lop-mathias-mpuuga-names-shadow-cabinet.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=World War |first=Zero |date=2022 |title=COP26 Talks: Christine Kaaya Nakimwero, Shadow Minister for Water and Environment, Uganda |url=https://kzpost.info/ex/iJllyc55r3l1iKc/cop26-talks-christine-kaaya-nakimwero-shadow-minister-for-water-and-environment-uganda |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=kzpost |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927115919/https://kzpost.info/ex/iJllyc55r3l1iKc/cop26-talks-christine-kaaya-nakimwero-shadow-minister-for-water-and-environment-uganda |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Nakimwero a ƙaramar hukumar Bukomero a gundumar Kiboga. Nakimwero ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta St Joseph's da ke Mubende, Caltec Academy Makerere a Kampala, da St. Kizito High School Bethany da ke gundumar Mityana, ta kammala karatunta a [[jami'ar Makerere]] inda ta kammala digiri a fannin kula da muhalli. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3"/> Ta yi Masters a fannin amfani da ƙasa da ci gaban yanki. <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Nakimwero tsohuwar jami'iyar gandun daji ce a gundumar Kiboga. <ref name=":0"/> Nakimwero ta kasance mai gudanar da taron majalisar dokoki kan sauyin yanayi-Uganda (PFCC-U). Ita ce shugabar taron majalisar dokokin Uganda 20. Nakimwero memba ce a Kwamitin Hukunce-hukuncen Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green. Ita ce shugabar kungiyar haɗin gwiwar Afirka kan ci gaban Green Growth. <ref name=":0" /> Nakimwero memba ce a kungiyar tattaunawa kan sauyin yanayi na Uganda a ƙarƙashin tsarin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi. <ref name=":0" /> Nakimwero memba ce a Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masana Muhalli ta Ƙasa. <ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma zauna a kwamitin majalisar dokoki kan muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa.<ref name=":2"/> Nakimwero bata gamsu da shawarar da gwamnati ta bayar na gabatar da takara mai gasa ba a kan 'farko zuwa, fara aiki' yayin da take neman lasisin binciken bisa dalilin cewa ba shi da nasaba da jinsi kuma yana iya lalata sauran nau'ikan mutane masu rauni waɗanda ba su da sirrin irin waɗannan mahimman bayanai. Wannan shi ne lokacin da Ƙaramin Ministan Ma’adanai, Peter Lokeris, a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, 2021, ya gabatar da daftarin kudurin dokar ma’adinai da ma’adanai, 2021 da aka daɗe ana jira ga kwamitin don tantancewa. Wannan kudiri na nufin soke dokar hakar ma'adinai, ta 2003 wacce ta zama 'rashin isasshe' kuma 'ba ta da amfani' wajen karewa da daidaita fannin hakar ma'adinai a Uganda. <ref name=":2"/> Nakimwero na daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda da suka yi watsi da kudurin dokar 2021 na ɗanyen mai na gabashin Afirka (EACOP). Ta gabatar da rahoton tsirarun majalisar ne a madadin Asinansi Nyakato (FDC), inda ‘yan adawar majalisar dokokin Uganda suka ce ba a binciki kudurin yadda ya kamata ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ssekika |first=Edward |date=2021-12-14 |title=Uganda: Why Opposition MPs Rejected the Oil Pipeline Bill |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202112140001.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Sauran ayyuka == Nakimwero ta sayi sabuwar motar haya ga malaman makarantu masu zaman kansu a gundumar Kiboga don zama tushen samun kuɗin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi sama da shekaru biyu sakamakon rufe makarantu a cikin kulle-kullen COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lineaker |first=Kiggundu |date=2021-10-07 |title=NUP's Kiboga Woman MP Christine Kaaya buys a brand new taxi van for teachers in district |url=https://whispereye.co.ug/2021/10/07/nups-kiboga-woman-mp-christine-kaaya-buys-a-brand-new-taxi-van-for-teachers-in-district/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Whisper Eye |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007041810/https://whispereye.co.ug/2021/10/07/nups-kiboga-woman-mp-christine-kaaya-buys-a-brand-new-taxi-van-for-teachers-in-district/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nakimwero ta mika dashen itatuwa dari biyu ga al’ummar Green Radio a yayin bikin tunawa da ranar muhalli ta duniya 2021 wanda ya gudana a ofisoshin gidan rediyon Gre da ke gundumar Kiboga kuma Manajan Tasha Julius Kyamanywa ya karɓe shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=KIBOGA WOMAN MP GIVES TREE SEEDLINGS TO COMMUNITY GREEN RADIO AS THE WORLD MARKS WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY {{!}} COMMUNITY GREEN RADIO |url=https://www.greenradio.ug/kiboga-woman-mp-gives-tree-seedlings-to-community-green-radio-as-the-world-marks-world-environment-day/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.greenradio.ug |archive-date=2022-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519204540/https://www.greenradio.ug/kiboga-woman-mp-gives-tree-seedlings-to-community-green-radio-as-the-world-marks-world-environment-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nakimwero ta wakilci Uganda kan Tattaunawar [https://ukcop26.org/uk-presidency/what-is-a-cop/ COP26] da ta gudana a [[Glasgow]]. <ref name=":4"/> Ta kuma ja hankalin al’ummar ƙaramar hukumar Bukomero da ke gundumar Kiboga da su rika shuka abinci mai cike da sinadirai, a yayin wani horon da aka yi na koyawa mutane noman dankalin turawa. Ta shaida wa mutanen Kiboga cewa za a raba kurangar dankalin turawa kyauta daga sassa daban-daban na Kiboga ciki har da ƙaramar hukumar Lwamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Mwettanire okulima emmere eriimu ebiriisa' |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/114329123 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Nakimwero ta yi aure kuma tana da yara <ref name=":0"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma sha daya na Uganda * Sauda Kauma * Helen Nakimuli * Majalisar Uganda * Dandalin Hadin Kai na Kasa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e9kl7ij9e4osa5h5n8raj8kr1sxj0ij 0 100603 883801 817202 2026-07-16T01:58:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Zane-zane na ƙarni na 19 wanda ke nuna ayarin bayin Larabawa da ke jigilar bayi na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa Arewacin Afirka.]]   '''Cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''cinikin bayi na Larabawa''', <ref name="Fluehr-Lobban-1990">{{Cite journal |last=Fluehr-Lobban |first=Carolyn |date=1990 |title=Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=610–623 |issn=0026-3141 |jstor=4328193}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Willard R. |date=1980 |title=Africans and Arabs: Collaboration without Co-Operation, Change without Challenge |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40201914 |journal=International Journal |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=766–793 |doi=10.2307/40201914 |issn=0020-7020 |jstor=40201914 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shepperson |first=George |date=2006 |title=Islam in Central Africa: a historiographical document |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779209 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |issn=0037-993X |jstor=29779209}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazrui |first=Ali A. |date=1975 |title=Black Africa and the Arabs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039542 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=725–742 |doi=10.2307/20039542 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20039542 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=Yusuf Fadl |date=1977 |title=SOME ASPECTS OF THE ARAB SLAVE TRADE FROM THE SUDAN 7th — 19th CENTURY |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44947358 |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |volume=58 |pages=85–106 |issn=0375-2984 |jstor=44947358}}</ref> [[Bauta|cinikin bayi]] ne da [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|ake safarar]] bayi a cikin [[sahara]] . Yawancin an kwashe su daga [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar sahara]] zuwa [[Arewacin Afirka|Arewacin Afrika]] domin a sayar da su ga wayewar Rum da Gabas ta Tsakiya; karamin kaso ya tafi wata hanya. Kiyasin adadin bayi na [[Bakar fata|bakaken fata]] da suka tashi daga yankin kudu da hamadar sahara zuwa kasashen larabawa ya kai miliyan 6 zuwa 10, kuma hanyoyin cinikayyar dake bi ta sahara sun kai adadi mai yawa na wannan jimillar, inda aka kiyasta kimanin bayi miliyan 7.2 da suka tsallaka sahara daga tsakiyar karni na 7 har zuwa karni na 20 da aka soke ta. {{Sfn|Segal|2001}} [[Larabawa]] sun gudanar da gudanar da cinikin bayi na trans-Sahara, ko da yake [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] ma suna da hannu sosai. Tare da 'yan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, Turkawa, Iraniyawa, Turawa da Berbers na daga cikin mutanen da Larabawa suka yi ciniki, tare da yin cinikin a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa, musamman a [[Yammacin Asiya]], Arewacin Afirka, Gabashin Afirka, da Turai. <ref name="Akinbode-2021">{{Cite web |last=Akinbode |first=Ayomide |date=20 December 2021 |title=The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa |url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206205820/https://www.thehistoryville.com/arab-slave-trade/ |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=The History Ville}}</ref> == Farkon cinikin bayi daga sahara == Bayanai na cinikin bayi da safarar bayi a cikin Sahara tun daga karni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) a zamanin Sarkin Masar [[Sneferu]] wanda ya tsallaka cataract na hudu na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] zuwa [[Sudan|kasar Sudan]] ta zamani don kama bayi ya tura su arewa. Waɗannan hare-hare na fursunonin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya suka zama bayi, sun kasance abin aukuwa akai-akai a tsohuwar kwarin Nilu da Afirka. A lokacin cin nasara da kuma bayan cin nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe, Masarawa na dā sun ɗauki tsohuwar Nubians a matsayin bayi. Garamantes sun dogara kacokan akan aikin bayi daga yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-05 |title=Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/05/gaddafi-sahara-lost-civilisation-garamantes |access-date=2020-12-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Sun yi amfani da bayi a cikin al'ummominsu don ginawa da kuma kula da tsarin ban ruwa na karkashin kasa da [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] suka sani da ''foggara'' . Masanin tarihin Girka na d ¯ a Herodotus ya rubuta a cikin karni na 5 BC cewa Garamantes sun bautar da Habashawa mazauna kogo, wanda aka sani da Troglodytae, suna bin su da karusai. A cikin Daular Roma ta farko, birnin Lepcis ya kafa kasuwar bayi don saye da sayar da bayi daga cikin [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] na Afirka. A karni na 5 AD, Roman Carthage yana ciniki da bakaken bayi da aka kawo a cikin Sahara. Masarautar ta sanya harajin kwastam akan cinikin bayi. <ref name="Bradley2017" /> <ref name="Wilson" /> Baƙaƙen bayi kamar ana ɗaukansu a matsayin bayin gida saboda ƙaƙƙarfan kamanninsu. <ref name="Wilson" /> Wasu masana tarihi sun yi iƙirarin cewa girman cinikin bayi a wannan lokacin na iya zama sama da na zamanin da saboda yawan bukatar bayi a daular Roma. <ref name="Wilson" /> Sai dai kuma cinikin bayi ta cikin sahara a zamanin da na iya zama karami kuma ba kasafai ba domin cinikin Sahara bai kai ga girma ba har sai da [[Larabawa]] da Berbers suka shigar da rakuma masu yawa a cikin hamada. {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} Hanyar cinikin ayari ta tsohuwar Garamantian dake tsakanin gabar tekun Tripolitania ta haye hamadar sahara zuwa [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]] ta yi jigilar dabbobin dawaki, zinari, cabochon da danyen kayan sarrafa abinci da sarrafa turare, amma har da bayi; cinikin bayi na Afirka duk da haka yana iya iyakancewa kafin lokacin Musulunci, kuma bayin Afirka sun kasance kaɗan ne a cikin Daular Rum, inda ake kallon su a matsayin bayi na alfarma. == Cinikin bayi da ke tsakanin sahara a tsakiyar zamanai == [[Fayil:African_slave_trade.png|thumb|350x350px| Babban hanyoyin bayi a Afirka ta Tsakiya]] Paul Lovejoy ya yi kiyasin cewa an yi jigilar bakake bayi miliyan shida a cikin Sahara tsakanin shekarun 650 AD zuwa 1500 AD. Kasuwancin bayi na trans-Sahara, wanda aka kafa a zamanin da, ya ci gaba a lokacin [[Zamanin Tsakiya|tsakiyar zamanai]] . Bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|cin nasarar karni na 8 na Arewacin Afirka]], Larabawa, Berbers, da sauran kabilu sun fara shiga [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar sahara]] da farko tare da [[Nil|kwarin Nilu]] zuwa Nubia, da kuma ketare [[sahara]] zuwa yammacin Afirka. Sun kasance masu sha'awar [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|kasuwanci a cikin Sahara]], musamman a cikin bayi, saboda akwai bukatar bayi a cikin kasashen Larabawa na gabas da Konstantinoful . {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} Masu fataucin bayi musulmi sun bambanta kansu da al'ummomin da ke hayin hamadar sahara, suna nufin wadannan al'ummomin Afirka da ''Zanj'' ko ''Sudan'' ma'ana "bakar fata". Larabawa kan yi amfani da bayi ta hanyar kai hari, sannan su kama su kuma su aika da su a cikin balaguron balaguron balaguro zuwa hamadar sahara zuwa kasuwannin bayi inda za a [[Bauta|mayar]] da su tamkar kadarori da za a iya saye da sayarwa. {{Sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006}} A Arewacin Afirka, manyan kasuwannin bayi sun kasance a [[Moroko|Maroko]], [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Tripoli]] da [[Kairo|Alkahira]] . An gudanar da tallace-tallace a wuraren jama'a irin su souks . A lokacin Halifancin Fatimid (909-1171), yawancin bayi Turawa ne aka kai su bakin tekun Turai a lokacin rikici. <ref name="Akinbode-2021"/> Baya ga kai hari, ana kuma iya samun bayi ta hanyar siyan su daga hannun sarakunan bakaken fata na gida. Masanin tarihin Balarabe na karni na 9 Ya'qubi yana cewa: {{Blockquote|text=The people of Lemlem are perpetually being invaded by their neighbors, who take them as slaves... and carry them off to their own lands to sell them by the dozens to the merchants. Every year great numbers of them are sent off to the Western [[Maghreb]].{{sfn|Gordon|1989|p=122}}}} Hakika, sarakunan Afirka kaɗan ne za su ƙi cinikin bayi, yayin da shugabanni da yawa za su zama ‘yan tsaka-tsaki a cikin fataucin, suna tara mutanen ƙauyuka da ke kusa don a sayar wa ’yan kasuwa masu ziyara. Masanin tarihin Larabawa na karni na 12 al-Idrisi ya lura cewa 'yan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara suma za su shiga cikin harin bayi yana mai cewa: Al-Idrisi ya kuma bayyana irin hanyoyin da ‘yan kasuwa musulmi suke amfani da su wajen bautar da bakaken fata, inda ya rubuta cewa wasu za su “sace ‘ya’yan Zanj ta hanyar amfani da dabino ...su kama su da dabino su jagorance su daga wani wuri zuwa wani wuri, har sai sun kama su, su fitar da su daga kasar su kai su kasashensu”. A cikin 1353, ɗan binciken Berber [[Ibn Battuta]] zai rubuta rakiyar ayarin fatauci zuwa Maroko wanda ke ɗauke da bayi mata baƙi 600 waɗanda za a yi amfani da su a matsayin bayin gida da ƙwaraƙwara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Battuta's Trip: Part Twelve – Journey to West Africa (1351-1353) |url=http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Twelve.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609184636/http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/ibn_battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Twelve.html |archive-date=9 June 2010}}</ref> {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} A lokacin da Battuta ya ziyarci tsohuwar [[Daular Mali|daular Afirka ta Mali,]] ya ba da labarin cewa mazauna yankin sun yi gwagwarmaya da juna a cikin adadin bayi da bayi da suke da su, kuma an ba shi wani bawa a matsayin "kyauta ta baƙi." Hanyoyin da ayarin bayi ke safarar bayi ya dogara ne da inda suka nufa. Za a kai bayin da za su je Masar ta jirgin ruwa a cikin Kogin Nilu kuma a aika da bayi zuwa Arabiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] kamar Suakin da Assab . {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} Bayin da za su tafi Arewacin Afirka dole ne su bi hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara waɗanda aka yi amfani da su tun kusan 1000 BC. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyi irin na [[Tripoli]] - Ghadames - Ghat - Hoggar - [[Gao (gari)|Gao]] mai haɗa Libya ta zamani zuwa Najeriya, hanyar Tripoli - [[Fezzan]] - Bornu, haɗa Libya zuwa yankunan da suke a yau [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Kamaru]], da kuma hanyar gabas - yamma da ta haɗa Masar zuwa [[Daular Ghana|Ghana]], [[Daular Mali|Mali]], da [[Daular Songhai|Songhai]] . {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} Kanem–Bornu– Zawila wata hanya ce ta zuwa Arewacin Afirka yayin da [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Kanem–Bornu]] da ke gabacin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] ta kasance wani bangare na fataucin bayi da ke ƙetare hamadar sahara, kuma cinikin ya zama tushen ci gaban daular. {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} [[Fayil:Routes_for_trans-Saharan_slave_trade.png|thumb|347x347px| Manyan hanyoyi da garuruwan cinikin bayi da ke wuce sahara]] Wucewa ta hamadar sahara na bukatar ƙwararrun ƙabilun da salon rayuwa ya dace da rayuwa ta musamman don rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, wato ƙabilun Berber na gida da Badawiyyawa daga [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]] . Misali, [[Buzaye|Abzinawa]] da sauran ƴan asalin ƙasar Libiya sun sauƙaƙe, da biyan haraji da kuma shirya kasuwanci daga kudanci ta [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke ƙetare sahara]] . Makiyaya daban-daban sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin masu gadi, jagorori, da direbobin raƙuma. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatocin Arewacin Afirka sun ba su 'yancin cin gashin kai tare da kula da su a matsayin abokan kawance. <ref name="Segal-2001" /> Tafiya ta kasance hanya mai mahimmanci ga ayari da kuma irin su Awjila, Ghadames, da Kufra a Libya sun ba da izinin tafiya arewa-kudu da gabas-yamma. {{Sfn|Segal|2001}} Ko da tare da taimakon ƙwararrun hanyar na iya zama mai mutuwa ga 'yan kasuwa da bayi. {{Sfn|Segal|2001}} Wani lokaci ayarin dubban mutane na iya ɓacewa ba tare da wata alama ba. {{Sfn|Segal|2001}} Kayayyakin da aka yi musayarsu a cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara sun bambanta. A karni na 10, malamin musulmi Mutahhar ibn Tahir al-Maqdisi ya bayyana ciniki tsakanin kasashen musulmi da Afirka da cewa ya kunshi abinci da tufafi da ake shigowa da su Afirka yayin da ake fitar da bayi da zinare da kwakwa daga kasashen Afirka. Daga baya, marubuci dan Andalus na karni na 16 Leo Africanus ya rubuta cewa 'yan kasuwa daga Maroko za su kawo dawakai, tufafin Turawa, tufafi, sukari, littattafai, da tasoshin tagulla zuwa Sudan don musanya su da bayi, farar fata da zinariya. {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} A cewar Africanus, Sarkin Bornu zai karbi kudin bayi ne kawai a cikin dawakai, tare da musayar bayi har ashirin da doki daya. {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} Ayyukan da ake baiwa bayi sun bambanta kuma sun haɗa da aikin bautar da ake amfani da su don " ban ruwa, makiyaya, [[hakar ma'adinai]], [[sufuri]], ayyukan jama'a, masana'antu, da gine-gine ." {{Sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006}} {{Sfn|Segal|2001}} Gabaɗaya an yi amfani da bayi baƙar fata a matsayin ma'aikata, bayi da kuma eunuchs . {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} Wasu bayi mata za a iya amfani da su don naƙuda, amma yawancin za a yi amfani da su don ayyukan gida da ƙwaraƙwara. Za a iya amfani da eunuchs, waɗanda ke kusan ninki bakwai tsada fiye da mazan da ba a jefar da su ba a matsayin masu gadi, masu gudanarwa, koyawa, sakatarori, wakilan kasuwanci, har ma da ƙwaraƙwarai. {{Sfn|Segal|2001}} Saboda tsangwama a cikin shari'ar Musulunci, ba a saba jefa bayi a cikin yankin musulmi ba, don haka za a jefar da su kafin a tura su zuwa hamadar sahara. Wani lokaci ana jefa bayi bayan an saya a kasuwannin bayi na Arewacin Afirka. {{Sfn|Segal|2001}} Halin da ake ciki a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ya kasance mai tsauri musamman ma'adinan gishiri na [[Basra]] inda dubun dubatar bayi bakar fata ke aiki a cikin mawuyacin hali na rayuwa da rashin isasshen abinci. {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} Wannan mummunar mu'amala ta haifar da Tawayen Zanj ko "bakar juyin juya hali". {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} Ya'qubi ya rubuta cewa bayi maza da mata suna aiki a cikin ma'adinan tagulla na Upper Egypt . {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} An ce Jamhuriyar Qarmatiya da ke gabashin Arabiya ta dauki bayi 30,000 bakaken fata aiki domin yin duk wata wahala. {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} Wasu bakaken bayi sun yi aiki a sojojin soja na Arewacin Afirka. <ref name="Ralph A. Austen-2010" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1998 |title=The impact of the slave trade on Africa |url=http://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa}}</ref> Misali, daular Zirid ta yi amfani da bakaken bayi da aka shigo da su daga Sudan ta hanyar Zawila. {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} A wasu lokuta, [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] a Afirka za su yarda da buƙatun Musulmi na a ba su bayi. A shekara ta 641 miladiyya a lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da aka fi sani da Baqt, inda aka kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin jihar Makuria ta kiristoci ta Nubian da sabbin sarakunan musulmin kasar Masar, inda Nubian suka amince da baiwa musulmi ‘yan kasuwa alfarmar alfarmar kasuwanci baya ga aika bayi 442 duk shekara zuwa birnin Alkahira a matsayin haraji. {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} Wannan yarjejeniya ta ci gaba da kasancewa har tsawon shekaru 600 duk yayin da cinikin bayi a cikin Nubia ya ci gaba ba tare da tsangwama ba. {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} A cikin al'adun musulmi na zamanai na tsakiya, baƙar fata ya zama sananne tare da bauta. {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} Wannan ya sami barata ta hanyar roko ga takamaiman fassarar labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na La'anar Ham wanda ya nuna cewa [[Nuhu]] ya la'anta Ham ta hanyoyi biyu, na farko, juya fatarsa baƙar fata, na biyu, cewa zuriyarsa za a halaka su bauta. {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} Musulmi masu fataucin bayi za su yi amfani da wannan a matsayin hujja don bautar da baƙar fata, ciki har da baƙar fata musulmi. {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} A karshen karni na 14, wani bakar fata sarkin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] ya rubutawa sarkin kasar Masar wasika yana korafin hare-haren bayi da ‘yan kabilar larabawa ke ci gaba da yi, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar barnatar da kasarsa tare da yi wa al’ummar musulmi bakar fata bauta a yankin. {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} A cikin Al-Andalus, yankin Iberia na zamanin da a ƙarƙashin ikon Islama, ana iya riƙe baƙar fata musulmi a matsayin bayi a cikin Al-Andalus bisa doka. Wannan duk ya faru ne duk da matsayin [[Fiƙihu|malaman fikihu]] na addinin Musulunci na cewa babu wani musulmi ko kabila, ba zai iya bautar da shi ba. {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} Ko a karshen karni na 19, da yawa daga cikin talakawan al'ummar musulmi har yanzu sun yi imanin cewa bautar da aka dogara da launin fata maimakon addini, dokokin addinin Musulunci sun amince da su. {{Sfn|Lewis|1992}} A cikin 1416, al-Maqrizi ya ba da labarin yadda mahajjata da suka zo daga Takrur (kusa da [[Kogin Senegal]] ) suka kawo bayi 1,700 zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]] . A karshen karni na 16, an katse hanyoyin shiga bayi a yankunan tsohuwar [[daular Songhai]] da ke yammacin Afirka saboda rashin zaman lafiya a yankin da sojojin Morocco suka mamaye Songhai karkashin jagorancin [[Ahmad al-Mansur|al-Mansur]] . {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} Wannan ya sa a maye gurbin tsohuwar hanyar Songhai da hanyar [[Benghazi]] – Wadai da sauran ta Sudan. {{Sfn|Gordon|1989}} Bayan da Turawa suka zauna a [[Tekun Guinea|Tekun Ginea]], cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara ya zama ƙasa da mahimmanci. A wasu lokuta an mayar da Larabawa bayi a cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara. A Makka, an sayar da matan Larabawa a matsayin bayi a cewar Ibn Butlan, kuma wasu masu mulki a Afirka ta Yamma suna da ’yan mata kuyangin Larabawa. {{Sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006}} A cewar al-Maqrizi, an sayar da kuyangi masu launin fata ga mutanen yammacin Afirka a [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] . Ibn Battuta ya hadu da wata kuyanga Balarabiya kusa da Timbuktu a kasar Mali a shekara ta 1353. Battuta ya rubuta cewa kuyangar ta ƙware cikin Larabci, daga Damascus, kuma sunan maigidanta Farbá Sulaymán. Banda kuyangarsa Damascus kuma sakatariya ƙwararriyar Larabci, Larabci kuma Farbá ya fahimci kansa. Haka kuma kasashen yammacin Afirka sun shigo da sojojin bayi da aka horar da su sosai. Karkashin daular Saadi, masana'antar sukari ta Maroko ta dogara da aikin bayi na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara. A cewar Paul Berthier, buƙatar aikin bayi a kan gonakin sukari na Moroccan shine babban dalili na mamayewar Sadiya na ƙarni na 16 na Daular Songhai . <ref name="Cornwell-2018" /> [[Fayil:Grandes_routes_commerciales_du_Sahara_par_E_Blanc_1889.JPG|thumb|300x300px| Taswirar harshen Faransanci na manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci na trans-Sahara mai tarihi (1889)]] [[Fayil:A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg|thumb| Kasuwar bayi a Alkahira. Zane daga David Roberts, kusan 1848.]] == Late trans-Sahara cinikin bayi == [[Fayil:Map_of_the_route_of_the_Soudan_Caravan_from_Assiut_to_Darfur.jpg|thumb| Bature William George Browne ya hau da ayarin [[Darb El Arba'in|Darb Al Arbain]] a cikin 1790s; ya kai “Bayi, namiji da mace” zuwa Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DARB EL ARBA'IN. THE FORTY DAYS' ROAD {{!}} W. B. K. Shaw {{!}} download |url=https://ur.booksc.me/book/51463083/09c5c1 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ur.booksc.me}}</ref>]] A Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17, masu cinikin bayi sun ci gaba da kai farmaki a yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na faɗaɗa hanyoyin bayi na Sahara da Kogin Nilu. An kiyasta cewa, a cikin ƙarni na 17th da 18th, an tilasta wa bayi 1.4 miliyan yin tafiya ta cikin Sahara {{Sfn|Segal|2001}} An bautar da fursunoni kuma an tura su zuwa ga tekun Bahar Rum, Turai, Larabawa, Yammacin Yammacin Turai, ko zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da masana'antu a yammacin yamma da Arewacin Afirka ko Kudu tare da Ubanqui da kogin Kongo. === Rushewa === [[Fayil:Le_Petit_Parisien_2_Jun_1907,_Au_Maroc_-_Le_Marché_d'Esclaves_de_Marakech.jpg|thumb| Kasuwar bayi na [[Marrakesh]] kamar yadda aka nuna akan murfin ''Le Petit Parisien'' na Yuni 2, 1907. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1907-06-02 |title=Le Petit Parisien. Supplément littéraire illustré |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k910371s |access-date=2021-07-25 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref>]] Bayan da aka kafa kungiyar yaki da bautar kasar Burtaniya da na kasashen waje a shekara ta 1839 don yaki da fataucin bayi a tekun Mediterrenean, Ahmad I ibn Mustafa Bey na Tunis, ya amince ya haramta fitar da bayi, shigo da kayayyaki da sayar da bayi a shekara ta 1842, kuma ya haramta bautar a shekara ta 1846. A 1848, Faransa ta haramta bauta a [[Aljeriya]] . <ref name="El Hamel-2012" /> Duk da Turawan Ingila sun haramta cinikin bayi a 1833, sojojin Turco-Masar na [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali na Masar]] sun ci gaba da fitar da bayi kusan 20,000 duk shekara daga Sudan. Sarakunan 'yan kasuwa irin su Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur, sun nada khedive a 1873, suna sarrafa kasuwanci a Bahr el Ghazal da hanyoyin zuwa Kordofan da Darfur . <ref name="Fluehr-Lobban-1990"/> A cikin 1929, an nuna cibiyar Sanusi ta Kufra a cikin Sahara a matsayin cibiyar cinikin bayi (Trans-Saharan). Italiyawa sun ba da rahoto ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kwararru kan Bauta a cikin 1930s cewa duk tsoffin bayi a Tripolitania Italiya - bautar da aka yi a Libya tun da dadewa an soke su - suna da 'yanci su bar tsoffin masu mallakar Larabawa idan sun ga dama, amma sun zauna saboda sun kasance cikin damuwa na zamantakewa; da kuma cewa a yankunan Cyrenaica da na cikin garin Sanusiya, an kawar da cinikin bayi a yankin Sahara kamar yadda Italiya ta mamaye, inda aka 'yantar da bayi 900 a kasuwar bayi ta Kufra. A cikin 1936, rahoton da aka bai wa kwamitin ba da shawara na masana kan bauta daga Faransa, Ingila da Italiya ya bayyana cewa, duk sun binciki maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke kan hanyoyin ayari a cikin sahara don yaƙar cinikin bayi daga sahara daga Najeriya zuwa arewacin Afirka. <ref name="Miers" /> A cikin 1937, rahoton ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kwararru akan Bautar, duka Faransa da Spain sun tabbatar da cewa sun yi yaƙi da hare-haren bayi daga masu cinikin bayi na Trans-Saharan, kuma a cikin 1938, Faransanci sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami iko akan yankunan kan iyaka tare da Maroko da Aljeriya kuma yadda ya kamata ya hana cinikin bayi na sahara a wannan yanki. Ba a kawar da bauta a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] ba sai 1981. A cikin shekarun 1980, lokacin yakin basasar Sudan na biyu, an sake samun bullar cinikin bayi a Sudan karkashin kungiyar Islamic Front da kungiyoyi irin su [[Shuwa Arab|Baqqara]] da Rizeigat . === Bautar da aka yi a Libya bayan Gaddafi === Tun farkon yakin basasar Libya a shekara ta 2011, wanda ya yi sanadiyar hambarar da gwamnatin [[Muammar Gaddafi]] daga hannun dakarun [[NATO]] da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi, Libya ta yi fama da rashin kwanciyar hankali da 'yan ciranin da ba su da kudade kadan kuma babu takarda da suka zama masu rauni. Libya dai ita ce babbar hanyar fita ga bakin haure 'yan Afirka da ke zuwa Turai. Hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira ta duniya (IOM) ta wallafa wani rahoto a watan Afrilun 2017 da ke nuna cewa yawancin bakin haure daga [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da ke zuwa Turai ana sayar da su a matsayin bayi bayan da masu fasa-kwaurin mutane ko kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga suka tsare su. Kasashen Afirka da ke kudancin Libya an yi wa fataucin bayi ne aka kai su kasuwannin bayi na Libya a maimakon haka. A cewar wadanda abin ya shafa, farashin ya yi yawa ga bakin haure masu fasaha kamar fenti da tile. Sau da yawa ana fansar bayi ga iyalansu kuma kafin nan har sai an azabtar da fansa, a tilasta musu yin aiki, wani lokaci a kashe su kuma a kashe su ko kuma a bar su don yunwa idan ba za su iya biya na dogon lokaci ba. Sau da yawa ana yi wa mata fyade da amfani da su a matsayin bayi na lalata da kuma sayar da su ga gidajen karuwai da abokan cinikin Libya masu zaman kansu. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Guardian" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=African migrants sold as 'slaves' in Libya |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/African-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-/1066-3886812-5hy4xoz/index.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2017 |title=West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets / Boing Boing |url=http://boingboing.net/2017/04/11/international-organization-for.html |website=boingboing.net |access-date=25 May 2025 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607130201/https://boingboing.net/2017/04/11/international-organization-for.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakazalika yawancin yaran bakin haure na fama da cin zarafi da yiwa yara fyade a Libya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Immigrant Women, Children Raped, killed and Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef |url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330130812/http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women%2C-Children-Raped%2C-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> == Hanyoyi == A cewar Farfesa Ibrahima Baba Kaké, akwai manyan hanyoyin bauta guda huɗu zuwa Arewacin Afirka, daga gabas zuwa yammacin Afirka, daga Maghreb zuwa Sudan, daga Tripolitania zuwa tsakiyar Sudan da kuma daga Masar zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Hanyoyi na Caravan, wanda aka kafa a cikin karni na 9, sun wuce iyakar Sahara; tafiya ta kasance mai wahala da rashin jin daɗi. Tun zamanin Romawa, dogayen ayari suna jigilar bayi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]] 6ad0w7moblb9mcrazu5gcp7u1j5bbi9 0 101562 883889 644531 2026-07-16T08:19:50Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka */ 883889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka''' ( '''OATUU''' ) ( [[Faransanci|Faransa]] : '''Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine''' ; '''OUSA''' ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanki mai zaman kanta da nufin hada kan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a [[Afirka]] . An kafa wannan kungiya ne a watan Afrilu, 1973 a matsayin magajin kungiyoyin kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu da a baya suka fafata a Afirka: Kungiyar Kwadagon Kasuwanci ta Afirka baki daya (AATUF) da [[African Trade Union Confederation|Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwanci ta Afirka]] (ATUC). <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100001400 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Tsarin hadewar kungiyar kwadago ta Pan-Afrika ya kuma kunshi kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na yanke shawara kamar kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU). Daga karshe kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU), AATUF da ATUC suka hade suka kafa OATUU. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan haɗin kai da ƙirƙirar OATUU shine don ciyar da [[Pan-Africanism]], adalcin tattalin arziki, da adalci na zamantakewa a duk wuraren aiki na Afirka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, OATUU tana hada kai da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) don zama kungiya ta musamman mai wakiltar muradun ma’aikatan Afirka. Kungiyar OATUU tana da kungiyoyi hudu na yanki: kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). Tare, suna wakiltar jimilar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa 73, jimillarsu kusan mambobi miliyan 25. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6" /> ta hanyar ayyukan da ke yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV / AIDs]], ba da tallafi ga mata a wuraren aiki, da tallafawa kokarin dimokiradiyya a kasashen Afirka. Kungiyar ta OATUU tana samun tallafin kudi daga kungiyar ta ILO domin daukar nauyin wadannan ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kokarin neman ra’ayi da ke taimakawa manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki a Afirka. == Tarihi == === Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka === [[Fayil:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|270x270px| [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|AAPC]] a shekara ta 1958, kuma fitaccen mai son Afirka .]] Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Pan-Afrika, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AATUF), an kafa ta a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca, Morocco]] a 1961. An haifi AATUF ne daga kudurorin [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|taron jama'ar Afirka]] na farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1958 a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] karkashin jagorancin fitattun 'yan Afirka kamar Tom Mboya da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=164–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Kungiyar ta AATUF ta yi niyya ne don haɓaka [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma kasancewa ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da fifikon muradun dukkan ma'aikatan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. <ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Tom_Mboya_1962_(cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px| Tom Mboya a cikin 1962, ɗaya daga cikin ainihin waɗanda suka kafa AATUF . ]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], ma'aikatan Afirka a karkashin mulkin mallaka sun rabu kuma sun kai ga kafa kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu daban-daban a fadin nahiyar. <ref name=":1"/> Kuma bayan [[decolonization na Afirka]] a cikin 1950s, yawancin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na yankin sun ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da cibiyoyin daularsu. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yunkurin farko na Pan-Africanism ta hanyar tarayyar gamayyar kasa da kasa ya kara dagulewa saboda bambance-bambancen akida [[Cold War|na yakin cacar baka]] . Yayin da al'ummomin Afirka suka shiga cikin haɗin kai na [[kishin ƙasa]] na mulkin mallaka, [[Jari-hujja|tsarin jari]] -hujja mai goyon bayan Yamma, da kuma jerin tsarin tsarin Markisanci da na gurguzu a cikin yankin Gabas, bambance-bambancen akida daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970 sun kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin haɗin kai. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da kungiyar ta AATUF ta fara samun nasara wajen ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da nuna banbanci ba kuma ba tare da tsoma bakin kasashen waje a shekarun 1960 ba, sabuwar [[African Trade Union Confederation|kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka]] da aka kafa da kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) ta fara samun ci gaba tare da kawo cikas ga kudurin AATUF na zama wakili daya tilo ga kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikata ta Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da rabuwar kungiyoyin kwadagon Afirka bisa tsarin akida <ref name=":1"/> kuma kungiyar ATUF ta fara daidaitawa da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU) don mayar da martani ga kirkirar ATUC a 1962. <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago da dama a Afirka sun yi arangama da tsoma baki tare da haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1960. <ref name=":1" /> === Tashi da OATUU === Budaddiyar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu (AATUF da ATUC) ya haifar da shigar da sabuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka OAU a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kan rigingimu a cikin harkokin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=178–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1964, AATUF da ATUC sun aika da tawaga zuwa taron OAU domin samun karbuwa ta musamman a matsayin wakilin ma'aikatan Afirka. Wannan ya kai ga kotun [[African Labour Ministers|Ministocin Kwadago na Afirka]], wadanda suka taru daga 1966 zuwa 1967, domin tattauna irin rawar da kungiyoyin kwadago za su taka wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma yadda za a samu hadin kai a tsakaninsu. A cikin 1967, Babban Sakatare Janar na Gudanarwa na OAU ya kira dukkan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da su halarci taron da nufin sulhunta rikice-rikice da AATUF da ATUC. <ref name=":12" /> An kira wannan taron kungiyar Hadin kan Kasuwancin Afirka (OATUU) da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba, 1972 a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–5 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) wajen shirya taron, Sakatare Janar na OAU ya gabatar da hadin kai a matsayin babban ka'ida ga dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka. <ref name=":2" /> Karkashin inuwar [[Pan-Africanism]], a karshe an kulla yarjejeniya a watan Afrilu, 1973 da aka kafa OATUU. <ref name=":12" /> Ƙirƙirar OATUU na nufin ɗaukar AATUF, ATUC, Pan-African Congress, da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a faɗin Afirka. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tarihin Manyan Sakatarorin === : 1973: Dennis Akumu : 1980: Ibrahim Ghandour : 1986: Hassan Sunmonu : 1991: Napoleon Kpoh : 2012: [[Owei Lakemfa]] : 2015: [[Mezhoud Arezki|Mezhud Arezki]] == OATUU A Yau == OATUU ta fara aiki ne a matsayin abokin tarayya, sannan ta zama magaji ga ayyukan ILO a Afirka. Daya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da suke yi shi ne taimakon kungiyoyin 'yantar da kasa a fadin Afirka, kamar bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin ma'aikata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=406–10 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Baya ga raba wa'adin, ILO tana tallafawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga "tsarin koyar da ilimin ma'aikata (WED)" wanda OATUU ke bayarwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na nahiyoyi. <ref name=":22" /> Kamar yadda aka gani, OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6"/> magance matsalolin kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDs]], ƙarfafa mata a wuraren aiki, da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen Afirka. OATUU tana samun tallafin kuɗi daga ILO don ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga waɗannan ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, tana goyan bayan ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarce waɗanda za su dace ga ma'aikatan ƙungiyar a faɗin Afirka. === Jerin Tarukan OATUU da Fitattun Abubuwan da suka faru === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%;" ! style="width:15%" |Kwanan wata ! Taro ! style="width:18%" | Wuri ! Sanannen Siffofin |- | Afrilu 1973 | Taron farko na OATUU | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | OATUU ya fara kafa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=179 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> |- | Maris 18-20, 1975 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na farko | [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] | Dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa a Afirka sun samu shiga kungiyar OATUU. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> |- | Afrilu 20-23, 1976 | Taron Majalisar OATUU Na Biyu | [[Tripoli|Tripoli, Libya]] | An yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan yadda kamfanonin ketare za su bunkasa ci gaban Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> |- | 1978 | Taron farko na ILO don ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa | [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]] | Ya jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago irin su OATUU da gwamnatoci domin samun ‘yancin kai. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=405 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> |- | 1980 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na Uku | [[Mogadishu|Mogadishu, Somalia]] | Bayyanawa da ƙoƙarin haɗa rarrabuwar kawuna da na kuɗi a cikin OATUU. |- | 1985 | Taron Majalisar OATUU karo na hudu | [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos, Nigeria]] | Taron dai ya tashi ne domin zaben sabon shugaba, amma duk da haka ba a gudanar da zaben gama-gari na jami'ai ba. An samu cece-kuce game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tasirin kungiyar gaba daya. <ref name=":3" /> |- | Afrilu 12-14, 1994 | Taron karawa juna sani na OATUU/ [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|ECA]] /ILO akan Dimokuradiyya da Sanarwa ga Shugabannin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka. | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | An kafa "Shirin Aiki don Dorewa Dimokuradiyya da Shaharar Shiga Cikin Ci Gaba". <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=OATUU, ILO, and ECA |date=April 1994 |title=Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report |url=https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 |journal=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |volume=13 |pages=21}}</ref> |} === Mabuɗin Ayyuka da Ayyuka === Duk da yake an yi taɗi da yawa game da tarihi da kafuwar OATUU, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukansu da ayyukan da suke yi ba kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen sakandare suka yi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai rassa 73 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka, 33 daga tsoffin kasashen Faransa, 28 daga tsoffin kasashen Anglophone, da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago na yanki 12 wadanda ke aiki daga kungiyoyi hudu na OATUU: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU Affiliates |url=https://oatuu.org/affilates/. |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organization of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban hangen nesansu shine wakiltar ma'aikata daga duk ƙasashen Afirka don "ganewar adalcin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga kowa". <ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> OATUU tana da 12 da aka jera manufofin hukuma <ref name=":63" /> duk suna ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa dangantaka da daidaita ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin membobin haɗin gwiwa. OATUU tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri na ilimi, horo, bincike da shawarwari a sassa daban-daban na Afirka: Tsaron kasa, [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]], karfafa mata, kasuwanci, lafiya da aminci, ayyuka da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka, da kasuwanci . <ref name=":63" /> Bayar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ma wani babban ɓangare ne na aikinsu, kuma OATUU za ta yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago wajen tafiyar da rikitattun tsare-tsare na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar shigar da takardun neman aiki ga ILO. <ref name=":63" /> OATUU tana aiki ne a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar muradun tattalin arzikin gwamnatocin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wato ja da baya a kan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), [[Bankin Duniya]], da kuma manufofin [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] (WTO) waɗanda ke cutar da masana'antun cikin gida na Afirka da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU), OATUU na ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tare, OATUU, ILO, AU, tare da tuntuɓar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka]] (AEC), da inganta madadin Afirka don shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAP), da kuma yunkurin soke bashi a fadin Afirka. <ref name=":7" /> === Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa === ==== Abokan hulɗa na Faransanci ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%;" |Acronym |- |[[Aljeriya|Algeria]] |General Union of Algerian Workers |UGTA |- |[[Angola]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs d’Angola |UNTA |- |[[Benin]] |Union Nationale Des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Benin |UNSTB |- |[[Burkina Faso]] |[[Confédération Syndicale du Burkina Faso]] |CSB |- |Burkina Faso |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Burkinabé |CNTB |- |Burkina Faso |Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres |ONSL |- |Burkina Faso |[[Union Syndicale des Travailleurs du Burkina Faso]] |USTB |- |[[Burundi]] |Confédération des Syndicats du Burundi |CSB |- |Cameroon |[[Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun]] |CSTC |- |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Cap-Vert]] |UNTC-CS |- |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Central African Republic]] |Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique |USTC |- |[[Cadi|Chad]] |Union des Syndicats du Tchad |UST |- |[[Komoros|Comoros]] |[[Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs des Comores]] |USTC |- |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Democratic Republic of Congo]] |Confédération Syndicale Congolaise |CSC |- |Democratic Republic of Congo |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Congo |UNTC |- |[[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs Djiboutiens |UGTD |- |[[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs de la Guinée Equatoriale]] |UNTG |- |[[Gabon]] |Confédération Syndical Gabonaise |COSYGA |- |[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] |[[Union Nationale des Syndicats de Guinée Bissau]] |UNSGB |- |[[Gini|Guinea Conakry]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Guinée |CNTG |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs de Cote d’Ivoire |UGTCI |- |[[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] |Fédération des Syndicats des Travailleurs de Madagascar |FISEMA |- |[[Mali]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Mali |UNTM |- |[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] |Union des Travailleurs Mauritanie |UTM |- |[[Moroko|Morocco]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc |UGTM |- |Morocco |Confédération Démocratique du Travail |CDT |- |[[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]] |Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Niger |USTN |- |[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda |CESTRAR |- |[[Senegal]] |Union des Travailleurs du Sénégal |UTS |- |Senegal |Union Démocratique des Travailleurs du Senegal |UDTS |- |Senegal |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Senegal |CNTS |- |[[Togo]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo |CNTT |- |[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail |UGTT |} ==== Ƙungiyoyin Anglophone ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%" |Acronym |- |[[Botswana]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Botswana|Botswana Federation of Trade Unions]] |BFTU |- |[[Misra|Egypt]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar|Egyptian Trade Union Federation]] |ETUF |- |[[Eritrea]] |National Confederation of Eritrean Workers |NCEW |- |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]] |Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions |CETU |- |[[Gambiya|Gambia]] |[[Gambia Workers Congress]] |GWC |- |Gambia |[[Gambia Labour Congress]] |GLC |- |[[Ghana]] |Ghana Trade Unions Congress |GTUC |- |[[Kenya]] |Central Organisation of Trade Unions |COTU-K |- |[[Lesotho]] |Lesotho Trade Union Congress |LTUC |- |[[Laberiya|Liberia]] |[[Liberia Labour Congress]] |LLC |- |[[Libya]] |[[National Union of Libyan Workers]] |NULW |- |[[Malawi]] |Malawi Congress of Trade Unions |MCTU |- |[[Moris|Mauritius]] |Mauritius Labour Congress |MLC |- |[[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |Mozambique Workers' Organisation (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique) |OTM |- |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |Namibia Union of Namibian Workers |NUNW |- |[[Najeriya|Nigeria]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Nigeria Labour Congress]] |NLC |- |[[Seychelles]] |Seychelles Federation of Workers Union |SFWU |- |[[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Sierra Leone Labour Congress |SLLC |- |[[Somaliya|Somalia]] |[[Federation of Somali Trade Unions]] |FESTU |- |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |[[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of South African Trade Unions]] |COSATU |- |South Africa |National Council of Trade Unions |NACTU |- |[[Eswatini|Swaziland]] |Trade Union Congress of Eswatini |TUCOSWA |- |[[Sudan]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadagon Ma'aikata ta Sudan|Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SWTUF |- |Sudan |[[South Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SSWTF |- |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |Trade Union Congress of Tanzania |TUCTA |- |[[Uganda]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Kasa|National Organisation of Trade Unions]] |NOTU |- |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |Zambia Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |} == Suka == === Cin hanci da rashawa === Taron OATUU na 4 a shekarar 1985 da aka gudanar a [[Lagos (birni)|birnin Lagos na Najeriya]] ya ruguje yayin da wasu kungiyoyin suka zargi sakatariyar da yin amfani da kudade da kuma magudin zabe. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Sakatare Janar na OATUU ya ki yin murabus don haka aka kafa kwamitin riko na wucin gadi a cikin OATUU. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1985, [[Workers Education Programme|Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata]] (WED) ya soke wani aiki da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish (DANIDA) da ILO suka dauki nauyin aiwatarwa saboda damuwar tasirin kasashen waje da kuma karkatar da kudade daga shugabannin kungiyar. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyar ta OATUU, lamarin da ya kara yin barazana ga aikin hukumar ta OATUU na inganta hadin kan [[Pan-Africanism|kasashen Afirka]] . <ref name=":24" /> === Rashin Kudi === OATUU ta sha wahala wajen kafa nasu hanyoyin tattara kudade, don haka tushen OATUU ya kasance yana fuskantar babbar barazana; OATUU har yanzu tana dawwama a yau galibi saboda karfinta na ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar ILO . <ref name=":24"/> Matsalolin kudi da OATUU suka fuskanta a farkon shekarun kafa su ya sa mahalarta masu ba da tallafi na waje su dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen ilimi. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> Wahalhalun da ake fama da shi ya sa OATUU ta dogara da ita sosai, da kuma lura da muradun wasu gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin siyasa. Alal misali, an tilasta wa 'yan Libiya daga [[National Union of Libyan Workers|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Libya]] (NULW) su karbi manyan hanyoyin samun kudade daga " Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO), [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da dama" ba tare da la'akari da yanayinta a cikin 1990s ba. <ref name=":32" /> === Jahilci === A taron karawa juna sani na "Dimokradiyya da farin jini ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka" da aka gudanar a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, wakilan kungiyar kwadagon sun bayyana jahilci da jahilci a tsakanin al'ummar Afirka a matsayin wani lamari da ke yin illa ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya, wani muhimmin tushe na manufar OATUU a Afirka. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAPs) da IMF da Bankin Duniya suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya rage ƙarfin ci gaban dimokiradiyya a nahiyar. Wakilai sun yanke shawarar cewa, domin a kara inganta dimokuradiyya a nahiyar, kungiyoyin kwadago na bukatar kara yawan matakan ilimi da shirye-shiryen horarwa, ba ga wakilan wakilai kadai ba har ma da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Fatan hakan shi ne zai sanya matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin Afirka su samar da karin ayyukan yi, da mayar da hankali kan ilimi, da inganta dabi'un zamantakewa. == Magana == {{reflist}} === Bibiyar Tarihi=== * Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414. * International Centre for Trade Union Rights.''Trade Unions of the World''. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9543811-5-7}} * Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In ''Labour Questions in the Global South'', edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. {{ISBN|978-981-334-635-2}}. * Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." ''Industrial Relations Journal'' 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97. * OATUU. “About Us.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/about-us/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * OATUU. “Affiliates.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/affilates/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050841/https://oatuu.org/affilates/ |date=2023-06-06 }}. * OATUU, ILO, and ECA. "[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report]." Paper presented at the 13th Popular Participation Workshop Series by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April, 1994. * Zeleza, Tiyambe. "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord." ''Transafrican Journal of History'' 15, (1986): 164–190. === Bayanan kafa === * [https://oatuuousa.org/ OATUU Official Website] * [https://www.facebook.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Twitter] * [https://gh.linkedin.com/company/the-organization-of-african-trade-union-unity OATUU LinkedIn] * [https://guardian.ng/tag/oatuu/ The Guardian News Coverage] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rdn16nrtt40ix7gws1gpi6tdcpaonhf 883890 883889 2026-07-16T08:22:23Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka */ 883890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka''' ( '''OATUU''' ) ( [[Faransanci|Faransa]] : '''Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine''' ; '''OUSA''' ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanki mai zaman kanta da nufin hada kan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a [[Afirka]] . An kafa wannan kungiya ne a watan Afrilu, 1973 a matsayin magajin kungiyoyin kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu da a baya suka fafata a Afirka: Kungiyar Kwadagon Kasuwanci ta Afirka baki daya (AATUF) da [[African Trade Union Confederation|Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwanci ta Afirka]] (ATUC). <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100001400 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Tsarin hadewar kungiyar kwadago ta Pan-Afrika ya kuma kunshi kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na yanke shawara kamar kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU). Daga karshe kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU), AATUF da ATUC suka hade suka kafa OATUU. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan haɗin kai da ƙirƙirar OATUU shine don ciyar da [[Pan-Africanism]], adalcin tattalin arziki, da adalci na zamantakewa a duk wuraren aiki na Afirka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, OATUU tana hada kai da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) don zama kungiya ta musamman mai wakiltar muradun ma’aikatan Afirka. Kungiyar OATUU tana da kungiyoyi hudu na yanki: kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). Tare, suna wakiltar jimilar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa 73, jimillarsu kusan mambobi miliyan 25. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6" /> ta hanyar ayyukan da ke yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV / AIDs]], ba da tallafi ga mata a wuraren aiki, da tallafawa kokarin dimokiradiyya a kasashen Afirka. Kungiyar ta OATUU tana samun tallafin kudi daga kungiyar ta ILO domin daukar nauyin wadannan ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kokarin neman ra’ayi da ke taimakawa manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki a Afirka. == Tarihi == === Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka === [[Fayil:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|270x270px| [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|AAPC]] a shekara ta 1958, kuma fitaccen mai son Afirka .]] Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Pan-Afrika, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AATUF), an kafa ta a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca, Morocco]] a shekara ta 1961. An haifi AATUF ne daga kudurorin [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|taron jama'ar Afirka]] na farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1958 a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] karkashin jagorancin fitattun 'yan Afirka kamar Tom Mboya da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=164–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Kungiyar ta AATUF ta yi niyya ne don haɓaka [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma kasancewa ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da fifikon muradun dukkan ma'aikatan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. <ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Tom_Mboya_1962_(cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px| Tom Mboya a cikin 1962, ɗaya daga cikin ainihin waɗanda suka kafa AATUF . ]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], ma'aikatan Afirka a karkashin mulkin mallaka sun rabu kuma sun kai ga kafa kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu daban-daban a fadin nahiyar. <ref name=":1"/> Kuma bayan [[decolonization na Afirka]] a cikin 1950s, yawancin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na yankin sun ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da cibiyoyin daularsu. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yunkurin farko na Pan-Africanism ta hanyar tarayyar gamayyar kasa da kasa ya kara dagulewa saboda bambance-bambancen akida [[Cold War|na yakin cacar baka]] . Yayin da al'ummomin Afirka suka shiga cikin haɗin kai na [[kishin ƙasa]] na mulkin mallaka, [[Jari-hujja|tsarin jari]] -hujja mai goyon bayan Yamma, da kuma jerin tsarin tsarin Markisanci da na gurguzu a cikin yankin Gabas, bambance-bambancen akida daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970 sun kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin haɗin kai. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da kungiyar ta AATUF ta fara samun nasara wajen ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da nuna banbanci ba kuma ba tare da tsoma bakin kasashen waje a shekarun 1960 ba, sabuwar [[African Trade Union Confederation|kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka]] da aka kafa da kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) ta fara samun ci gaba tare da kawo cikas ga kudurin AATUF na zama wakili daya tilo ga kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikata ta Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da rabuwar kungiyoyin kwadagon Afirka bisa tsarin akida <ref name=":1"/> kuma kungiyar ATUF ta fara daidaitawa da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU) don mayar da martani ga kirkirar ATUC a 1962. <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago da dama a Afirka sun yi arangama da tsoma baki tare da haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1960. <ref name=":1" /> === Tashi da OATUU === Budaddiyar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu (AATUF da ATUC) ya haifar da shigar da sabuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka OAU a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kan rigingimu a cikin harkokin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=178–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1964, AATUF da ATUC sun aika da tawaga zuwa taron OAU domin samun karbuwa ta musamman a matsayin wakilin ma'aikatan Afirka. Wannan ya kai ga kotun [[African Labour Ministers|Ministocin Kwadago na Afirka]], wadanda suka taru daga 1966 zuwa 1967, domin tattauna irin rawar da kungiyoyin kwadago za su taka wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma yadda za a samu hadin kai a tsakaninsu. A cikin 1967, Babban Sakatare Janar na Gudanarwa na OAU ya kira dukkan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da su halarci taron da nufin sulhunta rikice-rikice da AATUF da ATUC. <ref name=":12" /> An kira wannan taron kungiyar Hadin kan Kasuwancin Afirka (OATUU) da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba, 1972 a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–5 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) wajen shirya taron, Sakatare Janar na OAU ya gabatar da hadin kai a matsayin babban ka'ida ga dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka. <ref name=":2" /> Karkashin inuwar [[Pan-Africanism]], a karshe an kulla yarjejeniya a watan Afrilu, 1973 da aka kafa OATUU. <ref name=":12" /> Ƙirƙirar OATUU na nufin ɗaukar AATUF, ATUC, Pan-African Congress, da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a faɗin Afirka. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tarihin Manyan Sakatarorin === : 1973: Dennis Akumu : 1980: Ibrahim Ghandour : 1986: Hassan Sunmonu : 1991: Napoleon Kpoh : 2012: [[Owei Lakemfa]] : 2015: [[Mezhoud Arezki|Mezhud Arezki]] == OATUU A Yau == OATUU ta fara aiki ne a matsayin abokin tarayya, sannan ta zama magaji ga ayyukan ILO a Afirka. Daya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da suke yi shi ne taimakon kungiyoyin 'yantar da kasa a fadin Afirka, kamar bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin ma'aikata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=406–10 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Baya ga raba wa'adin, ILO tana tallafawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga "tsarin koyar da ilimin ma'aikata (WED)" wanda OATUU ke bayarwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na nahiyoyi. <ref name=":22" /> Kamar yadda aka gani, OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6"/> magance matsalolin kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDs]], ƙarfafa mata a wuraren aiki, da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen Afirka. OATUU tana samun tallafin kuɗi daga ILO don ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga waɗannan ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, tana goyan bayan ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarce waɗanda za su dace ga ma'aikatan ƙungiyar a faɗin Afirka. === Jerin Tarukan OATUU da Fitattun Abubuwan da suka faru === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%;" ! style="width:15%" |Kwanan wata ! Taro ! style="width:18%" | Wuri ! Sanannen Siffofin |- | Afrilu 1973 | Taron farko na OATUU | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | OATUU ya fara kafa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=179 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> |- | Maris 18-20, 1975 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na farko | [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] | Dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa a Afirka sun samu shiga kungiyar OATUU. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> |- | Afrilu 20-23, 1976 | Taron Majalisar OATUU Na Biyu | [[Tripoli|Tripoli, Libya]] | An yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan yadda kamfanonin ketare za su bunkasa ci gaban Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> |- | 1978 | Taron farko na ILO don ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa | [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]] | Ya jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago irin su OATUU da gwamnatoci domin samun ‘yancin kai. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=405 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> |- | 1980 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na Uku | [[Mogadishu|Mogadishu, Somalia]] | Bayyanawa da ƙoƙarin haɗa rarrabuwar kawuna da na kuɗi a cikin OATUU. |- | 1985 | Taron Majalisar OATUU karo na hudu | [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos, Nigeria]] | Taron dai ya tashi ne domin zaben sabon shugaba, amma duk da haka ba a gudanar da zaben gama-gari na jami'ai ba. An samu cece-kuce game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tasirin kungiyar gaba daya. <ref name=":3" /> |- | Afrilu 12-14, 1994 | Taron karawa juna sani na OATUU/ [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|ECA]] /ILO akan Dimokuradiyya da Sanarwa ga Shugabannin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka. | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | An kafa "Shirin Aiki don Dorewa Dimokuradiyya da Shaharar Shiga Cikin Ci Gaba". <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=OATUU, ILO, and ECA |date=April 1994 |title=Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report |url=https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 |journal=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |volume=13 |pages=21}}</ref> |} === Mabuɗin Ayyuka da Ayyuka === Duk da yake an yi taɗi da yawa game da tarihi da kafuwar OATUU, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukansu da ayyukan da suke yi ba kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen sakandare suka yi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai rassa 73 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka, 33 daga tsoffin kasashen Faransa, 28 daga tsoffin kasashen Anglophone, da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago na yanki 12 wadanda ke aiki daga kungiyoyi hudu na OATUU: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU Affiliates |url=https://oatuu.org/affilates/. |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organization of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban hangen nesansu shine wakiltar ma'aikata daga duk ƙasashen Afirka don "ganewar adalcin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga kowa". <ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> OATUU tana da 12 da aka jera manufofin hukuma <ref name=":63" /> duk suna ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa dangantaka da daidaita ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin membobin haɗin gwiwa. OATUU tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri na ilimi, horo, bincike da shawarwari a sassa daban-daban na Afirka: Tsaron kasa, [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]], karfafa mata, kasuwanci, lafiya da aminci, ayyuka da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka, da kasuwanci . <ref name=":63" /> Bayar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ma wani babban ɓangare ne na aikinsu, kuma OATUU za ta yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago wajen tafiyar da rikitattun tsare-tsare na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar shigar da takardun neman aiki ga ILO. <ref name=":63" /> OATUU tana aiki ne a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar muradun tattalin arzikin gwamnatocin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wato ja da baya a kan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), [[Bankin Duniya]], da kuma manufofin [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] (WTO) waɗanda ke cutar da masana'antun cikin gida na Afirka da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU), OATUU na ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tare, OATUU, ILO, AU, tare da tuntuɓar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka]] (AEC), da inganta madadin Afirka don shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAP), da kuma yunkurin soke bashi a fadin Afirka. <ref name=":7" /> === Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa === ==== Abokan hulɗa na Faransanci ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%;" |Acronym |- |[[Aljeriya|Algeria]] |General Union of Algerian Workers |UGTA |- |[[Angola]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs d’Angola |UNTA |- |[[Benin]] |Union Nationale Des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Benin |UNSTB |- |[[Burkina Faso]] |[[Confédération Syndicale du Burkina Faso]] |CSB |- |Burkina Faso |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Burkinabé |CNTB |- |Burkina Faso |Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres |ONSL |- |Burkina Faso |[[Union Syndicale des Travailleurs du Burkina Faso]] |USTB |- |[[Burundi]] |Confédération des Syndicats du Burundi |CSB |- |Cameroon |[[Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun]] |CSTC |- |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Cap-Vert]] |UNTC-CS |- |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Central African Republic]] |Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique |USTC |- |[[Cadi|Chad]] |Union des Syndicats du Tchad |UST |- |[[Komoros|Comoros]] |[[Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs des Comores]] |USTC |- |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Democratic Republic of Congo]] |Confédération Syndicale Congolaise |CSC |- |Democratic Republic of Congo |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Congo |UNTC |- |[[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs Djiboutiens |UGTD |- |[[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs de la Guinée Equatoriale]] |UNTG |- |[[Gabon]] |Confédération Syndical Gabonaise |COSYGA |- |[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] |[[Union Nationale des Syndicats de Guinée Bissau]] |UNSGB |- |[[Gini|Guinea Conakry]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Guinée |CNTG |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs de Cote d’Ivoire |UGTCI |- |[[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] |Fédération des Syndicats des Travailleurs de Madagascar |FISEMA |- |[[Mali]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Mali |UNTM |- |[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] |Union des Travailleurs Mauritanie |UTM |- |[[Moroko|Morocco]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc |UGTM |- |Morocco |Confédération Démocratique du Travail |CDT |- |[[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]] |Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Niger |USTN |- |[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda |CESTRAR |- |[[Senegal]] |Union des Travailleurs du Sénégal |UTS |- |Senegal |Union Démocratique des Travailleurs du Senegal |UDTS |- |Senegal |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Senegal |CNTS |- |[[Togo]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo |CNTT |- |[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail |UGTT |} ==== Ƙungiyoyin Anglophone ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%" |Acronym |- |[[Botswana]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Botswana|Botswana Federation of Trade Unions]] |BFTU |- |[[Misra|Egypt]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar|Egyptian Trade Union Federation]] |ETUF |- |[[Eritrea]] |National Confederation of Eritrean Workers |NCEW |- |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]] |Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions |CETU |- |[[Gambiya|Gambia]] |[[Gambia Workers Congress]] |GWC |- |Gambia |[[Gambia Labour Congress]] |GLC |- |[[Ghana]] |Ghana Trade Unions Congress |GTUC |- |[[Kenya]] |Central Organisation of Trade Unions |COTU-K |- |[[Lesotho]] |Lesotho Trade Union Congress |LTUC |- |[[Laberiya|Liberia]] |[[Liberia Labour Congress]] |LLC |- |[[Libya]] |[[National Union of Libyan Workers]] |NULW |- |[[Malawi]] |Malawi Congress of Trade Unions |MCTU |- |[[Moris|Mauritius]] |Mauritius Labour Congress |MLC |- |[[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |Mozambique Workers' Organisation (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique) |OTM |- |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |Namibia Union of Namibian Workers |NUNW |- |[[Najeriya|Nigeria]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Nigeria Labour Congress]] |NLC |- |[[Seychelles]] |Seychelles Federation of Workers Union |SFWU |- |[[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Sierra Leone Labour Congress |SLLC |- |[[Somaliya|Somalia]] |[[Federation of Somali Trade Unions]] |FESTU |- |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |[[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of South African Trade Unions]] |COSATU |- |South Africa |National Council of Trade Unions |NACTU |- |[[Eswatini|Swaziland]] |Trade Union Congress of Eswatini |TUCOSWA |- |[[Sudan]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadagon Ma'aikata ta Sudan|Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SWTUF |- |Sudan |[[South Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SSWTF |- |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |Trade Union Congress of Tanzania |TUCTA |- |[[Uganda]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Kasa|National Organisation of Trade Unions]] |NOTU |- |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |Zambia Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |} == Suka == === Cin hanci da rashawa === Taron OATUU na 4 a shekarar 1985 da aka gudanar a [[Lagos (birni)|birnin Lagos na Najeriya]] ya ruguje yayin da wasu kungiyoyin suka zargi sakatariyar da yin amfani da kudade da kuma magudin zabe. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Sakatare Janar na OATUU ya ki yin murabus don haka aka kafa kwamitin riko na wucin gadi a cikin OATUU. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1985, [[Workers Education Programme|Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata]] (WED) ya soke wani aiki da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish (DANIDA) da ILO suka dauki nauyin aiwatarwa saboda damuwar tasirin kasashen waje da kuma karkatar da kudade daga shugabannin kungiyar. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyar ta OATUU, lamarin da ya kara yin barazana ga aikin hukumar ta OATUU na inganta hadin kan [[Pan-Africanism|kasashen Afirka]] . <ref name=":24" /> === Rashin Kudi === OATUU ta sha wahala wajen kafa nasu hanyoyin tattara kudade, don haka tushen OATUU ya kasance yana fuskantar babbar barazana; OATUU har yanzu tana dawwama a yau galibi saboda karfinta na ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar ILO . <ref name=":24"/> Matsalolin kudi da OATUU suka fuskanta a farkon shekarun kafa su ya sa mahalarta masu ba da tallafi na waje su dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen ilimi. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> Wahalhalun da ake fama da shi ya sa OATUU ta dogara da ita sosai, da kuma lura da muradun wasu gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin siyasa. Alal misali, an tilasta wa 'yan Libiya daga [[National Union of Libyan Workers|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Libya]] (NULW) su karbi manyan hanyoyin samun kudade daga " Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO), [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da dama" ba tare da la'akari da yanayinta a cikin 1990s ba. <ref name=":32" /> === Jahilci === A taron karawa juna sani na "Dimokradiyya da farin jini ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka" da aka gudanar a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, wakilan kungiyar kwadagon sun bayyana jahilci da jahilci a tsakanin al'ummar Afirka a matsayin wani lamari da ke yin illa ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya, wani muhimmin tushe na manufar OATUU a Afirka. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAPs) da IMF da Bankin Duniya suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya rage ƙarfin ci gaban dimokiradiyya a nahiyar. Wakilai sun yanke shawarar cewa, domin a kara inganta dimokuradiyya a nahiyar, kungiyoyin kwadago na bukatar kara yawan matakan ilimi da shirye-shiryen horarwa, ba ga wakilan wakilai kadai ba har ma da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Fatan hakan shi ne zai sanya matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin Afirka su samar da karin ayyukan yi, da mayar da hankali kan ilimi, da inganta dabi'un zamantakewa. == Magana == {{reflist}} === Bibiyar Tarihi=== * Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414. * International Centre for Trade Union Rights.''Trade Unions of the World''. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9543811-5-7}} * Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In ''Labour Questions in the Global South'', edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. {{ISBN|978-981-334-635-2}}. * Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." ''Industrial Relations Journal'' 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97. * OATUU. “About Us.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/about-us/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * OATUU. “Affiliates.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/affilates/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050841/https://oatuu.org/affilates/ |date=2023-06-06 }}. * OATUU, ILO, and ECA. "[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report]." Paper presented at the 13th Popular Participation Workshop Series by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April, 1994. * Zeleza, Tiyambe. "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord." ''Transafrican Journal of History'' 15, (1986): 164–190. === Bayanan kafa === * [https://oatuuousa.org/ OATUU Official Website] * [https://www.facebook.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Twitter] * [https://gh.linkedin.com/company/the-organization-of-african-trade-union-unity OATUU LinkedIn] * [https://guardian.ng/tag/oatuu/ The Guardian News Coverage] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qwyhdnes3gzpajj7ylnkhy8j0fkvofk 883893 883890 2026-07-16T08:25:48Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka */ 883893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka''' ( '''OATUU''' ) ( [[Faransanci|Faransa]] : '''Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine''' ; '''OUSA''' ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanki mai zaman kanta da nufin hada kan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a [[Afirka]] . An kafa wannan kungiya ne a watan Afrilu, 1973 a matsayin magajin kungiyoyin kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu da a baya suka fafata a Afirka: Kungiyar Kwadagon Kasuwanci ta Afirka baki daya (AATUF) da [[African Trade Union Confederation|Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwanci ta Afirka]] (ATUC). <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100001400 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Tsarin hadewar kungiyar kwadago ta Pan-Afrika ya kuma kunshi kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na yanke shawara kamar kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU). Daga karshe kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU), AATUF da ATUC suka hade suka kafa OATUU. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan haɗin kai da ƙirƙirar OATUU shine don ciyar da [[Pan-Africanism]], adalcin tattalin arziki, da adalci na zamantakewa a duk wuraren aiki na Afirka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, OATUU tana hada kai da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) don zama kungiya ta musamman mai wakiltar muradun ma’aikatan Afirka. Kungiyar OATUU tana da kungiyoyi hudu na yanki: kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). Tare, suna wakiltar jimilar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa 73, jimillarsu kusan mambobi miliyan 25. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6" /> ta hanyar ayyukan da ke yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV / AIDs]], ba da tallafi ga mata a wuraren aiki, da tallafawa kokarin dimokiradiyya a kasashen Afirka. Kungiyar ta OATUU tana samun tallafin kudi daga kungiyar ta ILO domin daukar nauyin wadannan ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kokarin neman ra’ayi da ke taimakawa manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki a Afirka. == Tarihi == === Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka === [[Fayil:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|270x270px| [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|AAPC]] a shekara ta 1958, kuma fitaccen mai son Afirka .]] Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Pan-Afrika, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AATUF), an kafa ta a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca, Morocco]] a shekara ta 1961. An haifi AATUF ne daga kudurorin [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|taron jama'ar Afirka]] na farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1958 a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] karkashin jagorancin fitattun 'yan Afirka kamar Tom Mboya da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=164–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Kungiyar ta AATUF ta yi niyya ne don haɓaka [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da fifikon muradun dukkan ma'aikatan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. <ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Tom_Mboya_1962_(cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px| Tom Mboya a cikin 1962, ɗaya daga cikin ainihin waɗanda suka kafa AATUF . ]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], ma'aikatan Afirka a karkashin mulkin mallaka sun rabu kuma sun kai ga kafa kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu daban-daban a fadin nahiyar. <ref name=":1"/> Kuma bayan [[decolonization na Afirka]] a cikin 1950s, yawancin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na yankin sun ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da cibiyoyin daularsu. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yunkurin farko na Pan-Africanism ta hanyar tarayyar gamayyar kasa da kasa ya kara dagulewa saboda bambance-bambancen akida [[Cold War|na yakin cacar baka]] . Yayin da al'ummomin Afirka suka shiga cikin haɗin kai na [[kishin ƙasa]] na mulkin mallaka, [[Jari-hujja|tsarin jari]] -hujja mai goyon bayan Yamma, da kuma jerin tsarin tsarin Markisanci da na gurguzu a cikin yankin Gabas, bambance-bambancen akida daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970 sun kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin haɗin kai. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da kungiyar ta AATUF ta fara samun nasara wajen ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da nuna banbanci ba kuma ba tare da tsoma bakin kasashen waje a shekarun 1960 ba, sabuwar [[African Trade Union Confederation|kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka]] da aka kafa da kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) ta fara samun ci gaba tare da kawo cikas ga kudurin AATUF na zama wakili daya tilo ga kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikata ta Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da rabuwar kungiyoyin kwadagon Afirka bisa tsarin akida <ref name=":1"/> kuma kungiyar ATUF ta fara daidaitawa da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU) don mayar da martani ga kirkirar ATUC a 1962. <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago da dama a Afirka sun yi arangama da tsoma baki tare da haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1960. <ref name=":1" /> === Tashi da OATUU === Budaddiyar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu (AATUF da ATUC) ya haifar da shigar da sabuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka OAU a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kan rigingimu a cikin harkokin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=178–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1964, AATUF da ATUC sun aika da tawaga zuwa taron OAU domin samun karbuwa ta musamman a matsayin wakilin ma'aikatan Afirka. Wannan ya kai ga kotun [[African Labour Ministers|Ministocin Kwadago na Afirka]], wadanda suka taru daga 1966 zuwa 1967, domin tattauna irin rawar da kungiyoyin kwadago za su taka wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma yadda za a samu hadin kai a tsakaninsu. A cikin 1967, Babban Sakatare Janar na Gudanarwa na OAU ya kira dukkan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da su halarci taron da nufin sulhunta rikice-rikice da AATUF da ATUC. <ref name=":12" /> An kira wannan taron kungiyar Hadin kan Kasuwancin Afirka (OATUU) da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba, 1972 a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–5 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) wajen shirya taron, Sakatare Janar na OAU ya gabatar da hadin kai a matsayin babban ka'ida ga dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka. <ref name=":2" /> Karkashin inuwar [[Pan-Africanism]], a karshe an kulla yarjejeniya a watan Afrilu, 1973 da aka kafa OATUU. <ref name=":12" /> Ƙirƙirar OATUU na nufin ɗaukar AATUF, ATUC, Pan-African Congress, da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a faɗin Afirka. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tarihin Manyan Sakatarorin === : 1973: Dennis Akumu : 1980: Ibrahim Ghandour : 1986: Hassan Sunmonu : 1991: Napoleon Kpoh : 2012: [[Owei Lakemfa]] : 2015: [[Mezhoud Arezki|Mezhud Arezki]] == OATUU A Yau == OATUU ta fara aiki ne a matsayin abokin tarayya, sannan ta zama magaji ga ayyukan ILO a Afirka. Daya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da suke yi shi ne taimakon kungiyoyin 'yantar da kasa a fadin Afirka, kamar bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin ma'aikata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=406–10 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Baya ga raba wa'adin, ILO tana tallafawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga "tsarin koyar da ilimin ma'aikata (WED)" wanda OATUU ke bayarwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na nahiyoyi. <ref name=":22" /> Kamar yadda aka gani, OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6"/> magance matsalolin kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDs]], ƙarfafa mata a wuraren aiki, da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen Afirka. OATUU tana samun tallafin kuɗi daga ILO don ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga waɗannan ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, tana goyan bayan ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarce waɗanda za su dace ga ma'aikatan ƙungiyar a faɗin Afirka. === Jerin Tarukan OATUU da Fitattun Abubuwan da suka faru === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%;" ! style="width:15%" |Kwanan wata ! Taro ! style="width:18%" | Wuri ! Sanannen Siffofin |- | Afrilu 1973 | Taron farko na OATUU | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | OATUU ya fara kafa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=179 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> |- | Maris 18-20, 1975 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na farko | [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] | Dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa a Afirka sun samu shiga kungiyar OATUU. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> |- | Afrilu 20-23, 1976 | Taron Majalisar OATUU Na Biyu | [[Tripoli|Tripoli, Libya]] | An yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan yadda kamfanonin ketare za su bunkasa ci gaban Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> |- | 1978 | Taron farko na ILO don ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa | [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]] | Ya jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago irin su OATUU da gwamnatoci domin samun ‘yancin kai. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=405 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> |- | 1980 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na Uku | [[Mogadishu|Mogadishu, Somalia]] | Bayyanawa da ƙoƙarin haɗa rarrabuwar kawuna da na kuɗi a cikin OATUU. |- | 1985 | Taron Majalisar OATUU karo na hudu | [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos, Nigeria]] | Taron dai ya tashi ne domin zaben sabon shugaba, amma duk da haka ba a gudanar da zaben gama-gari na jami'ai ba. An samu cece-kuce game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tasirin kungiyar gaba daya. <ref name=":3" /> |- | Afrilu 12-14, 1994 | Taron karawa juna sani na OATUU/ [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|ECA]] /ILO akan Dimokuradiyya da Sanarwa ga Shugabannin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka. | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | An kafa "Shirin Aiki don Dorewa Dimokuradiyya da Shaharar Shiga Cikin Ci Gaba". <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=OATUU, ILO, and ECA |date=April 1994 |title=Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report |url=https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 |journal=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |volume=13 |pages=21}}</ref> |} === Mabuɗin Ayyuka da Ayyuka === Duk da yake an yi taɗi da yawa game da tarihi da kafuwar OATUU, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukansu da ayyukan da suke yi ba kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen sakandare suka yi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai rassa 73 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka, 33 daga tsoffin kasashen Faransa, 28 daga tsoffin kasashen Anglophone, da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago na yanki 12 wadanda ke aiki daga kungiyoyi hudu na OATUU: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU Affiliates |url=https://oatuu.org/affilates/. |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organization of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban hangen nesansu shine wakiltar ma'aikata daga duk ƙasashen Afirka don "ganewar adalcin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga kowa". <ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> OATUU tana da 12 da aka jera manufofin hukuma <ref name=":63" /> duk suna ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa dangantaka da daidaita ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin membobin haɗin gwiwa. OATUU tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri na ilimi, horo, bincike da shawarwari a sassa daban-daban na Afirka: Tsaron kasa, [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]], karfafa mata, kasuwanci, lafiya da aminci, ayyuka da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka, da kasuwanci . <ref name=":63" /> Bayar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ma wani babban ɓangare ne na aikinsu, kuma OATUU za ta yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago wajen tafiyar da rikitattun tsare-tsare na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar shigar da takardun neman aiki ga ILO. <ref name=":63" /> OATUU tana aiki ne a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar muradun tattalin arzikin gwamnatocin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wato ja da baya a kan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), [[Bankin Duniya]], da kuma manufofin [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] (WTO) waɗanda ke cutar da masana'antun cikin gida na Afirka da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU), OATUU na ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tare, OATUU, ILO, AU, tare da tuntuɓar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka]] (AEC), da inganta madadin Afirka don shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAP), da kuma yunkurin soke bashi a fadin Afirka. <ref name=":7" /> === Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa === ==== Abokan hulɗa na Faransanci ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%;" |Acronym |- |[[Aljeriya|Algeria]] |General Union of Algerian Workers |UGTA |- |[[Angola]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs d’Angola |UNTA |- |[[Benin]] |Union Nationale Des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Benin |UNSTB |- |[[Burkina Faso]] |[[Confédération Syndicale du Burkina Faso]] |CSB |- |Burkina Faso |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Burkinabé |CNTB |- |Burkina Faso |Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres |ONSL |- |Burkina Faso |[[Union Syndicale des Travailleurs du Burkina Faso]] |USTB |- |[[Burundi]] |Confédération des Syndicats du Burundi |CSB |- |Cameroon |[[Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun]] |CSTC |- |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Cap-Vert]] |UNTC-CS |- |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Central African Republic]] |Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique |USTC |- |[[Cadi|Chad]] |Union des Syndicats du Tchad |UST |- |[[Komoros|Comoros]] |[[Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs des Comores]] |USTC |- |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Democratic Republic of Congo]] |Confédération Syndicale Congolaise |CSC |- |Democratic Republic of Congo |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Congo |UNTC |- |[[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs Djiboutiens |UGTD |- |[[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs de la Guinée Equatoriale]] |UNTG |- |[[Gabon]] |Confédération Syndical Gabonaise |COSYGA |- |[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] |[[Union Nationale des Syndicats de Guinée Bissau]] |UNSGB |- |[[Gini|Guinea Conakry]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Guinée |CNTG |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs de Cote d’Ivoire |UGTCI |- |[[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] |Fédération des Syndicats des Travailleurs de Madagascar |FISEMA |- |[[Mali]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Mali |UNTM |- |[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] |Union des Travailleurs Mauritanie |UTM |- |[[Moroko|Morocco]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc |UGTM |- |Morocco |Confédération Démocratique du Travail |CDT |- |[[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]] |Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Niger |USTN |- |[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda |CESTRAR |- |[[Senegal]] |Union des Travailleurs du Sénégal |UTS |- |Senegal |Union Démocratique des Travailleurs du Senegal |UDTS |- |Senegal |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Senegal |CNTS |- |[[Togo]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo |CNTT |- |[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail |UGTT |} ==== Ƙungiyoyin Anglophone ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%" |Acronym |- |[[Botswana]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Botswana|Botswana Federation of Trade Unions]] |BFTU |- |[[Misra|Egypt]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar|Egyptian Trade Union Federation]] |ETUF |- |[[Eritrea]] |National Confederation of Eritrean Workers |NCEW |- |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]] |Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions |CETU |- |[[Gambiya|Gambia]] |[[Gambia Workers Congress]] |GWC |- |Gambia |[[Gambia Labour Congress]] |GLC |- |[[Ghana]] |Ghana Trade Unions Congress |GTUC |- |[[Kenya]] |Central Organisation of Trade Unions |COTU-K |- |[[Lesotho]] |Lesotho Trade Union Congress |LTUC |- |[[Laberiya|Liberia]] |[[Liberia Labour Congress]] |LLC |- |[[Libya]] |[[National Union of Libyan Workers]] |NULW |- |[[Malawi]] |Malawi Congress of Trade Unions |MCTU |- |[[Moris|Mauritius]] |Mauritius Labour Congress |MLC |- |[[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |Mozambique Workers' Organisation (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique) |OTM |- |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |Namibia Union of Namibian Workers |NUNW |- |[[Najeriya|Nigeria]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Nigeria Labour Congress]] |NLC |- |[[Seychelles]] |Seychelles Federation of Workers Union |SFWU |- |[[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Sierra Leone Labour Congress |SLLC |- |[[Somaliya|Somalia]] |[[Federation of Somali Trade Unions]] |FESTU |- |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |[[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of South African Trade Unions]] |COSATU |- |South Africa |National Council of Trade Unions |NACTU |- |[[Eswatini|Swaziland]] |Trade Union Congress of Eswatini |TUCOSWA |- |[[Sudan]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadagon Ma'aikata ta Sudan|Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SWTUF |- |Sudan |[[South Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SSWTF |- |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |Trade Union Congress of Tanzania |TUCTA |- |[[Uganda]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Kasa|National Organisation of Trade Unions]] |NOTU |- |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |Zambia Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |} == Suka == === Cin hanci da rashawa === Taron OATUU na 4 a shekarar 1985 da aka gudanar a [[Lagos (birni)|birnin Lagos na Najeriya]] ya ruguje yayin da wasu kungiyoyin suka zargi sakatariyar da yin amfani da kudade da kuma magudin zabe. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Sakatare Janar na OATUU ya ki yin murabus don haka aka kafa kwamitin riko na wucin gadi a cikin OATUU. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1985, [[Workers Education Programme|Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata]] (WED) ya soke wani aiki da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish (DANIDA) da ILO suka dauki nauyin aiwatarwa saboda damuwar tasirin kasashen waje da kuma karkatar da kudade daga shugabannin kungiyar. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyar ta OATUU, lamarin da ya kara yin barazana ga aikin hukumar ta OATUU na inganta hadin kan [[Pan-Africanism|kasashen Afirka]] . <ref name=":24" /> === Rashin Kudi === OATUU ta sha wahala wajen kafa nasu hanyoyin tattara kudade, don haka tushen OATUU ya kasance yana fuskantar babbar barazana; OATUU har yanzu tana dawwama a yau galibi saboda karfinta na ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar ILO . <ref name=":24"/> Matsalolin kudi da OATUU suka fuskanta a farkon shekarun kafa su ya sa mahalarta masu ba da tallafi na waje su dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen ilimi. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> Wahalhalun da ake fama da shi ya sa OATUU ta dogara da ita sosai, da kuma lura da muradun wasu gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin siyasa. Alal misali, an tilasta wa 'yan Libiya daga [[National Union of Libyan Workers|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Libya]] (NULW) su karbi manyan hanyoyin samun kudade daga " Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO), [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da dama" ba tare da la'akari da yanayinta a cikin 1990s ba. <ref name=":32" /> === Jahilci === A taron karawa juna sani na "Dimokradiyya da farin jini ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka" da aka gudanar a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, wakilan kungiyar kwadagon sun bayyana jahilci da jahilci a tsakanin al'ummar Afirka a matsayin wani lamari da ke yin illa ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya, wani muhimmin tushe na manufar OATUU a Afirka. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAPs) da IMF da Bankin Duniya suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya rage ƙarfin ci gaban dimokiradiyya a nahiyar. Wakilai sun yanke shawarar cewa, domin a kara inganta dimokuradiyya a nahiyar, kungiyoyin kwadago na bukatar kara yawan matakan ilimi da shirye-shiryen horarwa, ba ga wakilan wakilai kadai ba har ma da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Fatan hakan shi ne zai sanya matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin Afirka su samar da karin ayyukan yi, da mayar da hankali kan ilimi, da inganta dabi'un zamantakewa. == Magana == {{reflist}} === Bibiyar Tarihi=== * Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414. * International Centre for Trade Union Rights.''Trade Unions of the World''. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9543811-5-7}} * Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In ''Labour Questions in the Global South'', edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. {{ISBN|978-981-334-635-2}}. * Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." ''Industrial Relations Journal'' 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97. * OATUU. “About Us.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/about-us/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * OATUU. “Affiliates.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/affilates/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050841/https://oatuu.org/affilates/ |date=2023-06-06 }}. * OATUU, ILO, and ECA. "[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report]." Paper presented at the 13th Popular Participation Workshop Series by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April, 1994. * Zeleza, Tiyambe. "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord." ''Transafrican Journal of History'' 15, (1986): 164–190. === Bayanan kafa === * [https://oatuuousa.org/ OATUU Official Website] * [https://www.facebook.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Twitter] * [https://gh.linkedin.com/company/the-organization-of-african-trade-union-unity OATUU LinkedIn] * [https://guardian.ng/tag/oatuu/ The Guardian News Coverage] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 82ekxtz3wx7u23f1xuq2zn6auh4c7pp 883896 883893 2026-07-16T08:32:48Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka */ 883896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka''' ( '''OATUU''' ) ( [[Faransanci|Faransa]] : '''Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine''' ; '''OUSA''' ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanki mai zaman kanta da nufin hada kan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a [[Afirka]] . An kafa wannan kungiya ne a watan Afrilu, 1973 a matsayin magajin kungiyoyin kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu da a baya suka fafata a Afirka: Kungiyar Kwadagon Kasuwanci ta Afirka baki daya (AATUF) da [[African Trade Union Confederation|Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwanci ta Afirka]] (ATUC). <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100001400 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Tsarin hadewar kungiyar kwadago ta Pan-Afrika ya kuma kunshi kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na yanke shawara kamar kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU). Daga karshe kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU), AATUF da ATUC suka hade suka kafa OATUU. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan haɗin kai da ƙirƙirar OATUU shine don ciyar da [[Pan-Africanism]], adalcin tattalin arziki, da adalci na zamantakewa a duk wuraren aiki na Afirka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, OATUU tana hada kai da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) don zama kungiya ta musamman mai wakiltar muradun ma’aikatan Afirka. Kungiyar OATUU tana da kungiyoyi hudu na yanki: kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). Tare, suna wakiltar jimilar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa 73, jimillarsu kusan mambobi miliyan 25. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6" /> ta hanyar ayyukan da ke yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV / AIDs]], ba da tallafi ga mata a wuraren aiki, da tallafawa kokarin dimokiradiyya a kasashen Afirka. Kungiyar ta OATUU tana samun tallafin kudi daga kungiyar ta ILO domin daukar nauyin wadannan ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kokarin neman ra’ayi da ke taimakawa manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki a Afirka. == Tarihi == === Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka === [[Fayil:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|270x270px| [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|AAPC]] a shekara ta 1958, kuma fitaccen mai son Afirka .]] Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Pan-Afrika, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AATUF), an kafa ta a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca, Morocco]] a shekara ta 1961. An haifi AATUF ne daga kudurorin [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|taron jama'ar Afirka]] na farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1958 a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] karkashin jagorancin fitattun 'yan Afirka kamar Tom Mboya da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=164–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Kungiyar ta AATUF ta yi niyya ne don haɓaka [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da fifikon muradun dukkan ma'aikatan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. <ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Tom_Mboya_ a shekara ta 1962_(cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px| Tom Mboya a cikin shekara ta 1962, ɗaya daga cikin ainihin waɗanda suka kafa AATUF . ]] Bayan [[yakin duniya na biyu]], ma'aikatan Afirka a karkashin mulkin mallaka sun rabu kuma sun kai ga kafa kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu daban-daban a fadin nahiyar. <ref name=":1"/> Kuma bayan [[decolonization na Afirka]] a cikin shekara ta 1950s, yawancin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na yankin sun ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da cibiyoyin daularsu. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yunkurin farko na Pan-Africanism ta hanyar tarayyar gamayyar kasa da kasa ya kara dagulewa saboda bambance-bambancen akida [[Cold War|na yakin cacar baka]] . Yayin da al'ummomin Afirka suka shiga cikin haɗin kai na [[kishin ƙasa]] na mulkin mallaka, [[Jari-hujja|tsarin jari]] -hujja mai goyon bayan Yamma, da kuma jerin tsarin tsarin Markisanci da na gurguzu a cikin yankin Gabas, bambance-bambancen akida daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970 sun kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin haɗin kai. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da kungiyar ta AATUF ta fara samun nasara wajen ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da nuna banbanci ba kuma ba tare da tsoma bakin kasashen waje a shekarun 1960 ba, sabuwar [[African Trade Union Confederation|kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka]] da aka kafa da kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) ta fara samun ci gaba tare da kawo cikas ga kudurin AATUF na zama wakili daya tilo ga kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikata ta Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da rabuwar kungiyoyin kwadagon Afirka bisa tsarin akida <ref name=":1"/> kuma kungiyar ATUF ta fara daidaitawa da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU) don mayar da martani ga kirkirar ATUC a 1962. <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago da dama a Afirka sun yi arangama da tsoma baki tare da haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1960. <ref name=":1" /> === Tashi da OATUU === Budaddiyar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu (AATUF da ATUC) ya haifar da shigar da sabuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka OAU a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kan rigingimu a cikin harkokin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=178–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1964, AATUF da ATUC sun aika da tawaga zuwa taron OAU domin samun karbuwa ta musamman a matsayin wakilin ma'aikatan Afirka. Wannan ya kai ga kotun [[African Labour Ministers|Ministocin Kwadago na Afirka]], wadanda suka taru daga 1966 zuwa 1967, domin tattauna irin rawar da kungiyoyin kwadago za su taka wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma yadda za a samu hadin kai a tsakaninsu. A cikin 1967, Babban Sakatare Janar na Gudanarwa na OAU ya kira dukkan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da su halarci taron da nufin sulhunta rikice-rikice da AATUF da ATUC. <ref name=":12" /> An kira wannan taron kungiyar Hadin kan Kasuwancin Afirka (OATUU) da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba, 1972 a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–5 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) wajen shirya taron, Sakatare Janar na OAU ya gabatar da hadin kai a matsayin babban ka'ida ga dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka. <ref name=":2" /> Karkashin inuwar [[Pan-Africanism]], a karshe an kulla yarjejeniya a watan Afrilu, 1973 da aka kafa OATUU. <ref name=":12" /> Ƙirƙirar OATUU na nufin ɗaukar AATUF, ATUC, Pan-African Congress, da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a faɗin Afirka. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tarihin Manyan Sakatarorin === : 1973: Dennis Akumu : 1980: Ibrahim Ghandour : 1986: Hassan Sunmonu : 1991: Napoleon Kpoh : 2012: [[Owei Lakemfa]] : 2015: [[Mezhoud Arezki|Mezhud Arezki]] == OATUU A Yau == OATUU ta fara aiki ne a matsayin abokin tarayya, sannan ta zama magaji ga ayyukan ILO a Afirka. Daya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da suke yi shi ne taimakon kungiyoyin 'yantar da kasa a fadin Afirka, kamar bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin ma'aikata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=406–10 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Baya ga raba wa'adin, ILO tana tallafawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga "tsarin koyar da ilimin ma'aikata (WED)" wanda OATUU ke bayarwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na nahiyoyi. <ref name=":22" /> Kamar yadda aka gani, OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6"/> magance matsalolin kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDs]], ƙarfafa mata a wuraren aiki, da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen Afirka. OATUU tana samun tallafin kuɗi daga ILO don ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga waɗannan ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, tana goyan bayan ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarce waɗanda za su dace ga ma'aikatan ƙungiyar a faɗin Afirka. === Jerin Tarukan OATUU da Fitattun Abubuwan da suka faru === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%;" ! style="width:15%" |Kwanan wata ! Taro ! style="width:18%" | Wuri ! Sanannen Siffofin |- | Afrilu 1973 | Taron farko na OATUU | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | OATUU ya fara kafa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=179 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> |- | Maris 18-20, 1975 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na farko | [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] | Dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa a Afirka sun samu shiga kungiyar OATUU. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> |- | Afrilu 20-23, 1976 | Taron Majalisar OATUU Na Biyu | [[Tripoli|Tripoli, Libya]] | An yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan yadda kamfanonin ketare za su bunkasa ci gaban Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> |- | 1978 | Taron farko na ILO don ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa | [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]] | Ya jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago irin su OATUU da gwamnatoci domin samun ‘yancin kai. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=405 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> |- | 1980 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na Uku | [[Mogadishu|Mogadishu, Somalia]] | Bayyanawa da ƙoƙarin haɗa rarrabuwar kawuna da na kuɗi a cikin OATUU. |- | 1985 | Taron Majalisar OATUU karo na hudu | [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos, Nigeria]] | Taron dai ya tashi ne domin zaben sabon shugaba, amma duk da haka ba a gudanar da zaben gama-gari na jami'ai ba. An samu cece-kuce game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tasirin kungiyar gaba daya. <ref name=":3" /> |- | Afrilu 12-14, 1994 | Taron karawa juna sani na OATUU/ [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|ECA]] /ILO akan Dimokuradiyya da Sanarwa ga Shugabannin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka. | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | An kafa "Shirin Aiki don Dorewa Dimokuradiyya da Shaharar Shiga Cikin Ci Gaba". <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=OATUU, ILO, and ECA |date=April 1994 |title=Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report |url=https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 |journal=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |volume=13 |pages=21}}</ref> |} === Mabuɗin Ayyuka da Ayyuka === Duk da yake an yi taɗi da yawa game da tarihi da kafuwar OATUU, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukansu da ayyukan da suke yi ba kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen sakandare suka yi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai rassa 73 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka, 33 daga tsoffin kasashen Faransa, 28 daga tsoffin kasashen Anglophone, da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago na yanki 12 wadanda ke aiki daga kungiyoyi hudu na OATUU: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU Affiliates |url=https://oatuu.org/affilates/. |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organization of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban hangen nesansu shine wakiltar ma'aikata daga duk ƙasashen Afirka don "ganewar adalcin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga kowa". <ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> OATUU tana da 12 da aka jera manufofin hukuma <ref name=":63" /> duk suna ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa dangantaka da daidaita ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin membobin haɗin gwiwa. OATUU tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri na ilimi, horo, bincike da shawarwari a sassa daban-daban na Afirka: Tsaron kasa, [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]], karfafa mata, kasuwanci, lafiya da aminci, ayyuka da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka, da kasuwanci . <ref name=":63" /> Bayar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ma wani babban ɓangare ne na aikinsu, kuma OATUU za ta yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago wajen tafiyar da rikitattun tsare-tsare na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar shigar da takardun neman aiki ga ILO. <ref name=":63" /> OATUU tana aiki ne a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar muradun tattalin arzikin gwamnatocin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wato ja da baya a kan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), [[Bankin Duniya]], da kuma manufofin [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] (WTO) waɗanda ke cutar da masana'antun cikin gida na Afirka da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU), OATUU na ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tare, OATUU, ILO, AU, tare da tuntuɓar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka]] (AEC), da inganta madadin Afirka don shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAP), da kuma yunkurin soke bashi a fadin Afirka. <ref name=":7" /> === Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa === ==== Abokan hulɗa na Faransanci ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%;" |Acronym |- |[[Aljeriya|Algeria]] |General Union of Algerian Workers |UGTA |- |[[Angola]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs d’Angola |UNTA |- |[[Benin]] |Union Nationale Des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Benin |UNSTB |- |[[Burkina Faso]] |[[Confédération Syndicale du Burkina Faso]] |CSB |- |Burkina Faso |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Burkinabé |CNTB |- |Burkina Faso |Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres |ONSL |- |Burkina Faso |[[Union Syndicale des Travailleurs du Burkina Faso]] |USTB |- |[[Burundi]] |Confédération des Syndicats du Burundi |CSB |- |Cameroon |[[Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun]] |CSTC |- |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Cap-Vert]] |UNTC-CS |- |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Central African Republic]] |Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique |USTC |- |[[Cadi|Chad]] |Union des Syndicats du Tchad |UST |- |[[Komoros|Comoros]] |[[Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs des Comores]] |USTC |- |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Democratic Republic of Congo]] |Confédération Syndicale Congolaise |CSC |- |Democratic Republic of Congo |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Congo |UNTC |- |[[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs Djiboutiens |UGTD |- |[[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs de la Guinée Equatoriale]] |UNTG |- |[[Gabon]] |Confédération Syndical Gabonaise |COSYGA |- |[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] |[[Union Nationale des Syndicats de Guinée Bissau]] |UNSGB |- |[[Gini|Guinea Conakry]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Guinée |CNTG |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs de Cote d’Ivoire |UGTCI |- |[[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] |Fédération des Syndicats des Travailleurs de Madagascar |FISEMA |- |[[Mali]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Mali |UNTM |- |[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] |Union des Travailleurs Mauritanie |UTM |- |[[Moroko|Morocco]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc |UGTM |- |Morocco |Confédération Démocratique du Travail |CDT |- |[[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]] |Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Niger |USTN |- |[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda |CESTRAR |- |[[Senegal]] |Union des Travailleurs du Sénégal |UTS |- |Senegal |Union Démocratique des Travailleurs du Senegal |UDTS |- |Senegal |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Senegal |CNTS |- |[[Togo]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo |CNTT |- |[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail |UGTT |} ==== Ƙungiyoyin Anglophone ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%" |Acronym |- |[[Botswana]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Botswana|Botswana Federation of Trade Unions]] |BFTU |- |[[Misra|Egypt]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar|Egyptian Trade Union Federation]] |ETUF |- |[[Eritrea]] |National Confederation of Eritrean Workers |NCEW |- |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]] |Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions |CETU |- |[[Gambiya|Gambia]] |[[Gambia Workers Congress]] |GWC |- |Gambia |[[Gambia Labour Congress]] |GLC |- |[[Ghana]] |Ghana Trade Unions Congress |GTUC |- |[[Kenya]] |Central Organisation of Trade Unions |COTU-K |- |[[Lesotho]] |Lesotho Trade Union Congress |LTUC |- |[[Laberiya|Liberia]] |[[Liberia Labour Congress]] |LLC |- |[[Libya]] |[[National Union of Libyan Workers]] |NULW |- |[[Malawi]] |Malawi Congress of Trade Unions |MCTU |- |[[Moris|Mauritius]] |Mauritius Labour Congress |MLC |- |[[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |Mozambique Workers' Organisation (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique) |OTM |- |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |Namibia Union of Namibian Workers |NUNW |- |[[Najeriya|Nigeria]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Nigeria Labour Congress]] |NLC |- |[[Seychelles]] |Seychelles Federation of Workers Union |SFWU |- |[[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Sierra Leone Labour Congress |SLLC |- |[[Somaliya|Somalia]] |[[Federation of Somali Trade Unions]] |FESTU |- |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |[[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of South African Trade Unions]] |COSATU |- |South Africa |National Council of Trade Unions |NACTU |- |[[Eswatini|Swaziland]] |Trade Union Congress of Eswatini |TUCOSWA |- |[[Sudan]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadagon Ma'aikata ta Sudan|Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SWTUF |- |Sudan |[[South Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SSWTF |- |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |Trade Union Congress of Tanzania |TUCTA |- |[[Uganda]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Kasa|National Organisation of Trade Unions]] |NOTU |- |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |Zambia Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |} == Suka == === Cin hanci da rashawa === Taron OATUU na 4 a shekarar 1985 da aka gudanar a [[Lagos (birni)|birnin Lagos na Najeriya]] ya ruguje yayin da wasu kungiyoyin suka zargi sakatariyar da yin amfani da kudade da kuma magudin zabe. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Sakatare Janar na OATUU ya ki yin murabus don haka aka kafa kwamitin riko na wucin gadi a cikin OATUU. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1985, [[Workers Education Programme|Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata]] (WED) ya soke wani aiki da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish (DANIDA) da ILO suka dauki nauyin aiwatarwa saboda damuwar tasirin kasashen waje da kuma karkatar da kudade daga shugabannin kungiyar. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyar ta OATUU, lamarin da ya kara yin barazana ga aikin hukumar ta OATUU na inganta hadin kan [[Pan-Africanism|kasashen Afirka]] . <ref name=":24" /> === Rashin Kudi === OATUU ta sha wahala wajen kafa nasu hanyoyin tattara kudade, don haka tushen OATUU ya kasance yana fuskantar babbar barazana; OATUU har yanzu tana dawwama a yau galibi saboda karfinta na ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar ILO . <ref name=":24"/> Matsalolin kudi da OATUU suka fuskanta a farkon shekarun kafa su ya sa mahalarta masu ba da tallafi na waje su dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen ilimi. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> Wahalhalun da ake fama da shi ya sa OATUU ta dogara da ita sosai, da kuma lura da muradun wasu gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin siyasa. Alal misali, an tilasta wa 'yan Libiya daga [[National Union of Libyan Workers|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Libya]] (NULW) su karbi manyan hanyoyin samun kudade daga " Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO), [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da dama" ba tare da la'akari da yanayinta a cikin 1990s ba. <ref name=":32" /> === Jahilci === A taron karawa juna sani na "Dimokradiyya da farin jini ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka" da aka gudanar a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, wakilan kungiyar kwadagon sun bayyana jahilci da jahilci a tsakanin al'ummar Afirka a matsayin wani lamari da ke yin illa ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya, wani muhimmin tushe na manufar OATUU a Afirka. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAPs) da IMF da Bankin Duniya suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya rage ƙarfin ci gaban dimokiradiyya a nahiyar. Wakilai sun yanke shawarar cewa, domin a kara inganta dimokuradiyya a nahiyar, kungiyoyin kwadago na bukatar kara yawan matakan ilimi da shirye-shiryen horarwa, ba ga wakilan wakilai kadai ba har ma da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Fatan hakan shi ne zai sanya matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin Afirka su samar da karin ayyukan yi, da mayar da hankali kan ilimi, da inganta dabi'un zamantakewa. == Magana == {{reflist}} === Bibiyar Tarihi=== * Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414. * International Centre for Trade Union Rights.''Trade Unions of the World''. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9543811-5-7}} * Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In ''Labour Questions in the Global South'', edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. {{ISBN|978-981-334-635-2}}. * Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." ''Industrial Relations Journal'' 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97. * OATUU. “About Us.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/about-us/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * OATUU. “Affiliates.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/affilates/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050841/https://oatuu.org/affilates/ |date=2023-06-06 }}. * OATUU, ILO, and ECA. "[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report]." Paper presented at the 13th Popular Participation Workshop Series by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April, 1994. * Zeleza, Tiyambe. "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord." ''Transafrican Journal of History'' 15, (1986): 164–190. === Bayanan kafa === * [https://oatuuousa.org/ OATUU Official Website] * [https://www.facebook.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Twitter] * [https://gh.linkedin.com/company/the-organization-of-african-trade-union-unity OATUU LinkedIn] * [https://guardian.ng/tag/oatuu/ The Guardian News Coverage] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s8unzbmxe75uzbxl2eoy60bm7xdmgha 883898 883896 2026-07-16T08:40:13Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka */ 883898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka''' ( '''OATUU''' ) ( [[Faransanci|Faransa]] : '''Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine''' ; '''OUSA''' ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanki mai zaman kanta da nufin hada kan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a [[Afirka]] . An kafa wannan kungiya ne a watan Afrilu, 1973 a matsayin magajin kungiyoyin kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu da a baya suka fafata a Afirka: Kungiyar Kwadagon Kasuwanci ta Afirka baki daya (AATUF) da [[African Trade Union Confederation|Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwanci ta Afirka]] (ATUC). <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100001400 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Tsarin hadewar kungiyar kwadago ta Pan-Afrika ya kuma kunshi kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na yanke shawara kamar kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU). Daga karshe kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU), AATUF da ATUC suka hade suka kafa OATUU. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan haɗin kai da ƙirƙirar OATUU shine don ciyar da [[Pan-Africanism]], adalcin tattalin arziki, da adalci na zamantakewa a duk wuraren aiki na Afirka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, OATUU tana hada kai da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) don zama kungiya ta musamman mai wakiltar muradun ma’aikatan Afirka. Kungiyar OATUU tana da kungiyoyi hudu na yanki: kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). Tare, suna wakiltar jimilar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa 73, jimillarsu kusan mambobi miliyan 25. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6" /> ta hanyar ayyukan da ke yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV / AIDs]], ba da tallafi ga mata a wuraren aiki, da tallafawa kokarin dimokiradiyya a kasashen Afirka. Kungiyar ta OATUU tana samun tallafin kudi daga kungiyar ta ILO domin daukar nauyin wadannan ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kokarin neman ra’ayi da ke taimakawa manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki a Afirka. == Tarihi == === Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka === [[Fayil:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|270x270px| [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|AAPC]] a shekara ta 1958, kuma fitaccen mai son Afirka .]] Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Pan-Afrika, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AATUF), an kafa ta a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca, Morocco]] a shekara ta 1961. An haifi AATUF ne daga kudurorin [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|taron jama'ar Afirka]] na farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1958 a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] karkashin jagorancin fitattun 'yan Afirka kamar Tom Mboya da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=164–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Kungiyar ta AATUF ta yi niyya ne don haɓaka [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da fifikon muradun dukkan ma'aikatan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. <ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Tom_Mboya_ a shekara ta 1962_(cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px| Tom Mboya a cikin shekara ta 1962, ɗaya daga cikin ainihin waɗanda suka kafa AATUF . ]] Bayan [[yakin duniya na biyu]], ma'aikatan Afirka a karkashin mulkin mallaka sun rabu kuma sun kai ga kafa kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu daban-daban a fadin nahiyar. <ref name=":1"/> Kuma bayan [[decolonization na Afirka]] a cikin shekara ta 1950s, yawancin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na yankin sun ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da cibiyoyin daularsu. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yunkurin farko na Pan-Africanism ta hanyar tarayyar gamayyar kasa da kasa ya kara dagulewa saboda bambance-bambancen akida [[Cold War|na yakin cacar baka]] . Yayin da al'ummomin Afirka suka shiga cikin haɗin kai na [[kishin ƙasa]] na mulkin mallaka, [[Jari-hujja|tsarin jari]] -hujja mai goyon bayan Yamma, da kuma jerin tsare tsare Makisanci da na gurguzu a cikin yankin Gabas, bambance-bambancen akida daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa 1970 sun kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin haɗin kai. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da kungiyar ta AATUF ta fara samun nasara wajen ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da nuna banbanci ba kuma ba tare da tsoma bakin kasashen waje a shekarun 1960 ba, sabuwar [[African Trade Union Confederation|kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka]] da aka kafa da kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) ta fara samun ci gaba tare da kawo cikas ga kudurin AATUF na zama wakili daya tilo ga kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikata ta Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da rabuwar kungiyoyin kwadagon Afirka bisa tsarin akida <ref name=":1"/> kuma kungiyar ATUF ta fara daidaitawa da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU) don mayar da martani ga kirkirar ATUC a 1962. <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago da dama a Afirka sun yi arangama da tsoma baki tare da haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1960. <ref name=":1" /> === Tashi da OATUU === Budaddiyar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu (AATUF da ATUC) ya haifar da shigar da sabuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka OAU a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kan rigingimu a cikin harkokin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=178–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1964, AATUF da ATUC sun aika da tawaga zuwa taron OAU domin samun karbuwa ta musamman a matsayin wakilin ma'aikatan Afirka. Wannan ya kai ga kotun [[African Labour Ministers|Ministocin Kwadago na Afirka]], wadanda suka taru daga 1966 zuwa 1967, domin tattauna irin rawar da kungiyoyin kwadago za su taka wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma yadda za a samu hadin kai a tsakaninsu. A cikin 1967, Babban Sakatare Janar na Gudanarwa na OAU ya kira dukkan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da su halarci taron da nufin sulhunta rikice-rikice da AATUF da ATUC. <ref name=":12" /> An kira wannan taron kungiyar Hadin kan Kasuwancin Afirka (OATUU) da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba, 1972 a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–5 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) wajen shirya taron, Sakatare Janar na OAU ya gabatar da hadin kai a matsayin babban ka'ida ga dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka. <ref name=":2" /> Karkashin inuwar [[Pan-Africanism]], a karshe an kulla yarjejeniya a watan Afrilu, 1973 da aka kafa OATUU. <ref name=":12" /> Ƙirƙirar OATUU na nufin ɗaukar AATUF, ATUC, Pan-African Congress, da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a faɗin Afirka. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tarihin Manyan Sakatarorin === : 1973: Dennis Akumu : 1980: Ibrahim Ghandour : 1986: Hassan Sunmonu : 1991: Napoleon Kpoh : 2012: [[Owei Lakemfa]] : 2015: [[Mezhoud Arezki|Mezhud Arezki]] == OATUU A Yau == OATUU ta fara aiki ne a matsayin abokin tarayya, sannan ta zama magaji ga ayyukan ILO a Afirka. Daya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da suke yi shi ne taimakon kungiyoyin 'yantar da kasa a fadin Afirka, kamar bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin ma'aikata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=406–10 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Baya ga raba wa'adin, ILO tana tallafawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga "tsarin koyar da ilimin ma'aikata (WED)" wanda OATUU ke bayarwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na nahiyoyi. <ref name=":22" /> Kamar yadda aka gani, OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6"/> magance matsalolin kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDs]], ƙarfafa mata a wuraren aiki, da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen Afirka. OATUU tana samun tallafin kuɗi daga ILO don ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga waɗannan ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, tana goyan bayan ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarce waɗanda za su dace ga ma'aikatan ƙungiyar a faɗin Afirka. === Jerin Tarukan OATUU da Fitattun Abubuwan da suka faru === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%;" ! style="width:15%" |Kwanan wata ! Taro ! style="width:18%" | Wuri ! Sanannen Siffofin |- | Afrilu 1973 | Taron farko na OATUU | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | OATUU ya fara kafa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=179 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> |- | Maris 18-20, 1975 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na farko | [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] | Dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa a Afirka sun samu shiga kungiyar OATUU. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> |- | Afrilu 20-23, 1976 | Taron Majalisar OATUU Na Biyu | [[Tripoli|Tripoli, Libya]] | An yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan yadda kamfanonin ketare za su bunkasa ci gaban Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> |- | 1978 | Taron farko na ILO don ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa | [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]] | Ya jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago irin su OATUU da gwamnatoci domin samun ‘yancin kai. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=405 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> |- | 1980 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na Uku | [[Mogadishu|Mogadishu, Somalia]] | Bayyanawa da ƙoƙarin haɗa rarrabuwar kawuna da na kuɗi a cikin OATUU. |- | 1985 | Taron Majalisar OATUU karo na hudu | [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos, Nigeria]] | Taron dai ya tashi ne domin zaben sabon shugaba, amma duk da haka ba a gudanar da zaben gama-gari na jami'ai ba. An samu cece-kuce game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tasirin kungiyar gaba daya. <ref name=":3" /> |- | Afrilu 12-14, 1994 | Taron karawa juna sani na OATUU/ [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|ECA]] /ILO akan Dimokuradiyya da Sanarwa ga Shugabannin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka. | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | An kafa "Shirin Aiki don Dorewa Dimokuradiyya da Shaharar Shiga Cikin Ci Gaba". <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=OATUU, ILO, and ECA |date=April 1994 |title=Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report |url=https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 |journal=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |volume=13 |pages=21}}</ref> |} === Mabuɗin Ayyuka da Ayyuka === Duk da yake an yi taɗi da yawa game da tarihi da kafuwar OATUU, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukansu da ayyukan da suke yi ba kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen sakandare suka yi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai rassa 73 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka, 33 daga tsoffin kasashen Faransa, 28 daga tsoffin kasashen Anglophone, da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago na yanki 12 wadanda ke aiki daga kungiyoyi hudu na OATUU: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU Affiliates |url=https://oatuu.org/affilates/. |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organization of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban hangen nesansu shine wakiltar ma'aikata daga duk ƙasashen Afirka don "ganewar adalcin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga kowa". <ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> OATUU tana da 12 da aka jera manufofin hukuma <ref name=":63" /> duk suna ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa dangantaka da daidaita ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin membobin haɗin gwiwa. OATUU tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri na ilimi, horo, bincike da shawarwari a sassa daban-daban na Afirka: Tsaron kasa, [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]], karfafa mata, kasuwanci, lafiya da aminci, ayyuka da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka, da kasuwanci . <ref name=":63" /> Bayar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ma wani babban ɓangare ne na aikinsu, kuma OATUU za ta yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago wajen tafiyar da rikitattun tsare-tsare na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar shigar da takardun neman aiki ga ILO. <ref name=":63" /> OATUU tana aiki ne a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar muradun tattalin arzikin gwamnatocin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wato ja da baya a kan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), [[Bankin Duniya]], da kuma manufofin [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] (WTO) waɗanda ke cutar da masana'antun cikin gida na Afirka da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU), OATUU na ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tare, OATUU, ILO, AU, tare da tuntuɓar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka]] (AEC), da inganta madadin Afirka don shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAP), da kuma yunkurin soke bashi a fadin Afirka. <ref name=":7" /> === Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa === ==== Abokan hulɗa na Faransanci ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%;" |Acronym |- |[[Aljeriya|Algeria]] |General Union of Algerian Workers |UGTA |- |[[Angola]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs d’Angola |UNTA |- |[[Benin]] |Union Nationale Des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Benin |UNSTB |- |[[Burkina Faso]] |[[Confédération Syndicale du Burkina Faso]] |CSB |- |Burkina Faso |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Burkinabé |CNTB |- |Burkina Faso |Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres |ONSL |- |Burkina Faso |[[Union Syndicale des Travailleurs du Burkina Faso]] |USTB |- |[[Burundi]] |Confédération des Syndicats du Burundi |CSB |- |Cameroon |[[Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun]] |CSTC |- |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Cap-Vert]] |UNTC-CS |- |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Central African Republic]] |Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique |USTC |- |[[Cadi|Chad]] |Union des Syndicats du Tchad |UST |- |[[Komoros|Comoros]] |[[Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs des Comores]] |USTC |- |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Democratic Republic of Congo]] |Confédération Syndicale Congolaise |CSC |- |Democratic Republic of Congo |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Congo |UNTC |- |[[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs Djiboutiens |UGTD |- |[[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs de la Guinée Equatoriale]] |UNTG |- |[[Gabon]] |Confédération Syndical Gabonaise |COSYGA |- |[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] |[[Union Nationale des Syndicats de Guinée Bissau]] |UNSGB |- |[[Gini|Guinea Conakry]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Guinée |CNTG |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs de Cote d’Ivoire |UGTCI |- |[[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] |Fédération des Syndicats des Travailleurs de Madagascar |FISEMA |- |[[Mali]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Mali |UNTM |- |[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] |Union des Travailleurs Mauritanie |UTM |- |[[Moroko|Morocco]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc |UGTM |- |Morocco |Confédération Démocratique du Travail |CDT |- |[[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]] |Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Niger |USTN |- |[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda |CESTRAR |- |[[Senegal]] |Union des Travailleurs du Sénégal |UTS |- |Senegal |Union Démocratique des Travailleurs du Senegal |UDTS |- |Senegal |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Senegal |CNTS |- |[[Togo]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo |CNTT |- |[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail |UGTT |} ==== Ƙungiyoyin Anglophone ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%" |Acronym |- |[[Botswana]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Botswana|Botswana Federation of Trade Unions]] |BFTU |- |[[Misra|Egypt]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar|Egyptian Trade Union Federation]] |ETUF |- |[[Eritrea]] |National Confederation of Eritrean Workers |NCEW |- |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]] |Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions |CETU |- |[[Gambiya|Gambia]] |[[Gambia Workers Congress]] |GWC |- |Gambia |[[Gambia Labour Congress]] |GLC |- |[[Ghana]] |Ghana Trade Unions Congress |GTUC |- |[[Kenya]] |Central Organisation of Trade Unions |COTU-K |- |[[Lesotho]] |Lesotho Trade Union Congress |LTUC |- |[[Laberiya|Liberia]] |[[Liberia Labour Congress]] |LLC |- |[[Libya]] |[[National Union of Libyan Workers]] |NULW |- |[[Malawi]] |Malawi Congress of Trade Unions |MCTU |- |[[Moris|Mauritius]] |Mauritius Labour Congress |MLC |- |[[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |Mozambique Workers' Organisation (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique) |OTM |- |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |Namibia Union of Namibian Workers |NUNW |- |[[Najeriya|Nigeria]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Nigeria Labour Congress]] |NLC |- |[[Seychelles]] |Seychelles Federation of Workers Union |SFWU |- |[[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Sierra Leone Labour Congress |SLLC |- |[[Somaliya|Somalia]] |[[Federation of Somali Trade Unions]] |FESTU |- |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |[[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of South African Trade Unions]] |COSATU |- |South Africa |National Council of Trade Unions |NACTU |- |[[Eswatini|Swaziland]] |Trade Union Congress of Eswatini |TUCOSWA |- |[[Sudan]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadagon Ma'aikata ta Sudan|Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SWTUF |- |Sudan |[[South Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SSWTF |- |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |Trade Union Congress of Tanzania |TUCTA |- |[[Uganda]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Kasa|National Organisation of Trade Unions]] |NOTU |- |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |Zambia Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |} == Suka == === Cin hanci da rashawa === Taron OATUU na 4 a shekarar 1985 da aka gudanar a [[Lagos (birni)|birnin Lagos na Najeriya]] ya ruguje yayin da wasu kungiyoyin suka zargi sakatariyar da yin amfani da kudade da kuma magudin zabe. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Sakatare Janar na OATUU ya ki yin murabus don haka aka kafa kwamitin riko na wucin gadi a cikin OATUU. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1985, [[Workers Education Programme|Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata]] (WED) ya soke wani aiki da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish (DANIDA) da ILO suka dauki nauyin aiwatarwa saboda damuwar tasirin kasashen waje da kuma karkatar da kudade daga shugabannin kungiyar. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyar ta OATUU, lamarin da ya kara yin barazana ga aikin hukumar ta OATUU na inganta hadin kan [[Pan-Africanism|kasashen Afirka]] . <ref name=":24" /> === Rashin Kudi === OATUU ta sha wahala wajen kafa nasu hanyoyin tattara kudade, don haka tushen OATUU ya kasance yana fuskantar babbar barazana; OATUU har yanzu tana dawwama a yau galibi saboda karfinta na ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar ILO . <ref name=":24"/> Matsalolin kudi da OATUU suka fuskanta a farkon shekarun kafa su ya sa mahalarta masu ba da tallafi na waje su dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen ilimi. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> Wahalhalun da ake fama da shi ya sa OATUU ta dogara da ita sosai, da kuma lura da muradun wasu gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin siyasa. Alal misali, an tilasta wa 'yan Libiya daga [[National Union of Libyan Workers|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Libya]] (NULW) su karbi manyan hanyoyin samun kudade daga " Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO), [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da dama" ba tare da la'akari da yanayinta a cikin 1990s ba. <ref name=":32" /> === Jahilci === A taron karawa juna sani na "Dimokradiyya da farin jini ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka" da aka gudanar a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, wakilan kungiyar kwadagon sun bayyana jahilci da jahilci a tsakanin al'ummar Afirka a matsayin wani lamari da ke yin illa ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya, wani muhimmin tushe na manufar OATUU a Afirka. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAPs) da IMF da Bankin Duniya suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya rage ƙarfin ci gaban dimokiradiyya a nahiyar. Wakilai sun yanke shawarar cewa, domin a kara inganta dimokuradiyya a nahiyar, kungiyoyin kwadago na bukatar kara yawan matakan ilimi da shirye-shiryen horarwa, ba ga wakilan wakilai kadai ba har ma da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Fatan hakan shi ne zai sanya matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin Afirka su samar da karin ayyukan yi, da mayar da hankali kan ilimi, da inganta dabi'un zamantakewa. == Magana == {{reflist}} === Bibiyar Tarihi=== * Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414. * International Centre for Trade Union Rights.''Trade Unions of the World''. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9543811-5-7}} * Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In ''Labour Questions in the Global South'', edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. {{ISBN|978-981-334-635-2}}. * Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." ''Industrial Relations Journal'' 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97. * OATUU. “About Us.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/about-us/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * OATUU. “Affiliates.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/affilates/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050841/https://oatuu.org/affilates/ |date=2023-06-06 }}. * OATUU, ILO, and ECA. "[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report]." Paper presented at the 13th Popular Participation Workshop Series by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April, 1994. * Zeleza, Tiyambe. "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord." ''Transafrican Journal of History'' 15, (1986): 164–190. === Bayanan kafa === * [https://oatuuousa.org/ OATUU Official Website] * [https://www.facebook.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Twitter] * [https://gh.linkedin.com/company/the-organization-of-african-trade-union-unity OATUU LinkedIn] * [https://guardian.ng/tag/oatuu/ The Guardian News Coverage] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] diok39kjqlc6k4caqsba01m9ycl176e 883901 883898 2026-07-16T08:45:24Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka */ 883901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka''' ( '''OATUU''' ) ( [[Faransanci|Faransa]] : '''Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine''' ; '''OUSA''' ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanki mai zaman kanta da nufin hada kan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a [[Afirka]] . An kafa wannan kungiya ne a watan Afrilu, 1973 a matsayin magajin kungiyoyin kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu da a baya suka fafata a Afirka: Kungiyar Kwadagon Kasuwanci ta Afirka baki daya (AATUF) da [[African Trade Union Confederation|Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwanci ta Afirka]] (ATUC). <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100001400 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Tsarin hadewar kungiyar kwadago ta Pan-Afrika ya kuma kunshi kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na yanke shawara kamar kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU). Daga karshe kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU), AATUF da ATUC suka hade suka kafa OATUU. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan haɗin kai da ƙirƙirar OATUU shine don ciyar da [[Pan-Africanism]], adalcin tattalin arziki, da adalci na zamantakewa a duk wuraren aiki na Afirka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, OATUU tana hada kai da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) don zama kungiya ta musamman mai wakiltar muradun ma’aikatan Afirka. Kungiyar OATUU tana da kungiyoyi hudu na yanki: kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). Tare, suna wakiltar jimilar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa 73, jimillarsu kusan mambobi miliyan 25. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6" /> ta hanyar ayyukan da ke yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV / AIDs]], ba da tallafi ga mata a wuraren aiki, da tallafawa kokarin dimokiradiyya a kasashen Afirka. Kungiyar ta OATUU tana samun tallafin kudi daga kungiyar ta ILO domin daukar nauyin wadannan ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kokarin neman ra’ayi da ke taimakawa manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki a Afirka. == Tarihi == === Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka === [[Fayil:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|270x270px| [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|AAPC]] a shekara ta 1958, kuma fitaccen mai son Afirka .]] Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Pan-Afrika, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AATUF), an kafa ta a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca, Morocco]] a shekara ta 1961. An haifi AATUF ne daga kudurorin [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|taron jama'ar Afirka]] na farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1958 a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] karkashin jagorancin fitattun 'yan Afirka kamar Tom Mboya da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=164–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Kungiyar ta AATUF ta yi niyya ne don haɓaka [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da fifikon muradun dukkan ma'aikatan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. <ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Tom_Mboya_ a shekara ta 1962_(cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px| Tom Mboya a cikin shekara ta 1962, ɗaya daga cikin ainihin waɗanda suka kafa AATUF . ]] Bayan [[yakin duniya na biyu]], ma'aikatan Afirka a karkashin mulkin mallaka sun rabu kuma sun kai ga kafa kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu daban-daban a fadin nahiyar. <ref name=":1"/> Kuma bayan [[decolonization na Afirka]] a cikin shekara ta 1950s, yawancin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na yankin sun ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da cibiyoyin daularsu. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yunkurin farko na Pan-Africanism ta hanyar tarayyar gamayyar kasa da kasa ya kara dagulewa saboda bambance-bambancen akida [[Cold War|na yakin cacar baka]] . Yayin da al'ummomin Afirka suka shiga cikin haɗin kai na [[kishin ƙasa]] na mulkin mallaka, [[Jari-hujja|tsarin jari]] -hujja mai goyon bayan Yamma, da kuma jerin tsare tsare Makisanci da na gurguzu a cikin yankin Gabas, bambance-bambancen akida daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa 1970 sun kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin haɗin kai. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da kungiyar ta AATUF ta fara samun nasara wajen ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da nuna banbanci ba kuma ba tare da tsoma bakin kasashen waje ba a shekara ta 1960 ba, sabuwar [[African Trade Union Confederation|kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka]] da aka kafa da kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) ta fara samun ci gaba tare da kawo cikas ga kudurin AATUF na zama wakili daya tilo ga kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikata ta Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da rabuwar kungiyoyin kwadagon Afirka bisa tsarin akida <ref name=":1"/> kuma kungiyar ATUF ta fara daidaitawa da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU) don mayar da martani ga kirkirar ATUC a 1962. <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago da dama a Afirka sun yi arangama da tsoma baki tare da haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1960. <ref name=":1" /> === Tashi da OATUU === Budaddiyar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu (AATUF da ATUC) ya haifar da shigar da sabuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka OAU a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kan rigingimu a cikin harkokin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=178–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1964, AATUF da ATUC sun aika da tawaga zuwa taron OAU domin samun karbuwa ta musamman a matsayin wakilin ma'aikatan Afirka. Wannan ya kai ga kotun [[African Labour Ministers|Ministocin Kwadago na Afirka]], wadanda suka taru daga 1966 zuwa 1967, domin tattauna irin rawar da kungiyoyin kwadago za su taka wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma yadda za a samu hadin kai a tsakaninsu. A cikin 1967, Babban Sakatare Janar na Gudanarwa na OAU ya kira dukkan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da su halarci taron da nufin sulhunta rikice-rikice da AATUF da ATUC. <ref name=":12" /> An kira wannan taron kungiyar Hadin kan Kasuwancin Afirka (OATUU) da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba, 1972 a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–5 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) wajen shirya taron, Sakatare Janar na OAU ya gabatar da hadin kai a matsayin babban ka'ida ga dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka. <ref name=":2" /> Karkashin inuwar [[Pan-Africanism]], a karshe an kulla yarjejeniya a watan Afrilu, 1973 da aka kafa OATUU. <ref name=":12" /> Ƙirƙirar OATUU na nufin ɗaukar AATUF, ATUC, Pan-African Congress, da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a faɗin Afirka. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tarihin Manyan Sakatarorin === : 1973: Dennis Akumu : 1980: Ibrahim Ghandour : 1986: Hassan Sunmonu : 1991: Napoleon Kpoh : 2012: [[Owei Lakemfa]] : 2015: [[Mezhoud Arezki|Mezhud Arezki]] == OATUU A Yau == OATUU ta fara aiki ne a matsayin abokin tarayya, sannan ta zama magaji ga ayyukan ILO a Afirka. Daya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da suke yi shi ne taimakon kungiyoyin 'yantar da kasa a fadin Afirka, kamar bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin ma'aikata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=406–10 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Baya ga raba wa'adin, ILO tana tallafawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga "tsarin koyar da ilimin ma'aikata (WED)" wanda OATUU ke bayarwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na nahiyoyi. <ref name=":22" /> Kamar yadda aka gani, OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6"/> magance matsalolin kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDs]], ƙarfafa mata a wuraren aiki, da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen Afirka. OATUU tana samun tallafin kuɗi daga ILO don ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga waɗannan ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, tana goyan bayan ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarce waɗanda za su dace ga ma'aikatan ƙungiyar a faɗin Afirka. === Jerin Tarukan OATUU da Fitattun Abubuwan da suka faru === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%;" ! style="width:15%" |Kwanan wata ! Taro ! style="width:18%" | Wuri ! Sanannen Siffofin |- | Afrilu 1973 | Taron farko na OATUU | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | OATUU ya fara kafa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=179 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> |- | Maris 18-20, 1975 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na farko | [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] | Dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa a Afirka sun samu shiga kungiyar OATUU. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> |- | Afrilu 20-23, 1976 | Taron Majalisar OATUU Na Biyu | [[Tripoli|Tripoli, Libya]] | An yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan yadda kamfanonin ketare za su bunkasa ci gaban Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> |- | 1978 | Taron farko na ILO don ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa | [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]] | Ya jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago irin su OATUU da gwamnatoci domin samun ‘yancin kai. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=405 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> |- | 1980 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na Uku | [[Mogadishu|Mogadishu, Somalia]] | Bayyanawa da ƙoƙarin haɗa rarrabuwar kawuna da na kuɗi a cikin OATUU. |- | 1985 | Taron Majalisar OATUU karo na hudu | [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos, Nigeria]] | Taron dai ya tashi ne domin zaben sabon shugaba, amma duk da haka ba a gudanar da zaben gama-gari na jami'ai ba. An samu cece-kuce game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tasirin kungiyar gaba daya. <ref name=":3" /> |- | Afrilu 12-14, 1994 | Taron karawa juna sani na OATUU/ [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|ECA]] /ILO akan Dimokuradiyya da Sanarwa ga Shugabannin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka. | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | An kafa "Shirin Aiki don Dorewa Dimokuradiyya da Shaharar Shiga Cikin Ci Gaba". <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=OATUU, ILO, and ECA |date=April 1994 |title=Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report |url=https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 |journal=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |volume=13 |pages=21}}</ref> |} === Mabuɗin Ayyuka da Ayyuka === Duk da yake an yi taɗi da yawa game da tarihi da kafuwar OATUU, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukansu da ayyukan da suke yi ba kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen sakandare suka yi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai rassa 73 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka, 33 daga tsoffin kasashen Faransa, 28 daga tsoffin kasashen Anglophone, da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago na yanki 12 wadanda ke aiki daga kungiyoyi hudu na OATUU: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU Affiliates |url=https://oatuu.org/affilates/. |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organization of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban hangen nesansu shine wakiltar ma'aikata daga duk ƙasashen Afirka don "ganewar adalcin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga kowa". <ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> OATUU tana da 12 da aka jera manufofin hukuma <ref name=":63" /> duk suna ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa dangantaka da daidaita ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin membobin haɗin gwiwa. OATUU tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri na ilimi, horo, bincike da shawarwari a sassa daban-daban na Afirka: Tsaron kasa, [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]], karfafa mata, kasuwanci, lafiya da aminci, ayyuka da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka, da kasuwanci . <ref name=":63" /> Bayar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ma wani babban ɓangare ne na aikinsu, kuma OATUU za ta yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago wajen tafiyar da rikitattun tsare-tsare na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar shigar da takardun neman aiki ga ILO. <ref name=":63" /> OATUU tana aiki ne a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar muradun tattalin arzikin gwamnatocin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wato ja da baya a kan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), [[Bankin Duniya]], da kuma manufofin [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] (WTO) waɗanda ke cutar da masana'antun cikin gida na Afirka da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU), OATUU na ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tare, OATUU, ILO, AU, tare da tuntuɓar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka]] (AEC), da inganta madadin Afirka don shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAP), da kuma yunkurin soke bashi a fadin Afirka. <ref name=":7" /> === Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa === ==== Abokan hulɗa na Faransanci ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%;" |Acronym |- |[[Aljeriya|Algeria]] |General Union of Algerian Workers |UGTA |- |[[Angola]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs d’Angola |UNTA |- |[[Benin]] |Union Nationale Des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Benin |UNSTB |- |[[Burkina Faso]] |[[Confédération Syndicale du Burkina Faso]] |CSB |- |Burkina Faso |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Burkinabé |CNTB |- |Burkina Faso |Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres |ONSL |- |Burkina Faso |[[Union Syndicale des Travailleurs du Burkina Faso]] |USTB |- |[[Burundi]] |Confédération des Syndicats du Burundi |CSB |- |Cameroon |[[Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun]] |CSTC |- |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Cap-Vert]] |UNTC-CS |- |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Central African Republic]] |Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique |USTC |- |[[Cadi|Chad]] |Union des Syndicats du Tchad |UST |- |[[Komoros|Comoros]] |[[Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs des Comores]] |USTC |- |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Democratic Republic of Congo]] |Confédération Syndicale Congolaise |CSC |- |Democratic Republic of Congo |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Congo |UNTC |- |[[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs Djiboutiens |UGTD |- |[[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs de la Guinée Equatoriale]] |UNTG |- |[[Gabon]] |Confédération Syndical Gabonaise |COSYGA |- |[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] |[[Union Nationale des Syndicats de Guinée Bissau]] |UNSGB |- |[[Gini|Guinea Conakry]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Guinée |CNTG |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs de Cote d’Ivoire |UGTCI |- |[[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] |Fédération des Syndicats des Travailleurs de Madagascar |FISEMA |- |[[Mali]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Mali |UNTM |- |[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] |Union des Travailleurs Mauritanie |UTM |- |[[Moroko|Morocco]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc |UGTM |- |Morocco |Confédération Démocratique du Travail |CDT |- |[[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]] |Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Niger |USTN |- |[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda |CESTRAR |- |[[Senegal]] |Union des Travailleurs du Sénégal |UTS |- |Senegal |Union Démocratique des Travailleurs du Senegal |UDTS |- |Senegal |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Senegal |CNTS |- |[[Togo]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo |CNTT |- |[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail |UGTT |} ==== Ƙungiyoyin Anglophone ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%" |Acronym |- |[[Botswana]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Botswana|Botswana Federation of Trade Unions]] |BFTU |- |[[Misra|Egypt]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar|Egyptian Trade Union Federation]] |ETUF |- |[[Eritrea]] |National Confederation of Eritrean Workers |NCEW |- |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]] |Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions |CETU |- |[[Gambiya|Gambia]] |[[Gambia Workers Congress]] |GWC |- |Gambia |[[Gambia Labour Congress]] |GLC |- |[[Ghana]] |Ghana Trade Unions Congress |GTUC |- |[[Kenya]] |Central Organisation of Trade Unions |COTU-K |- |[[Lesotho]] |Lesotho Trade Union Congress |LTUC |- |[[Laberiya|Liberia]] |[[Liberia Labour Congress]] |LLC |- |[[Libya]] |[[National Union of Libyan Workers]] |NULW |- |[[Malawi]] |Malawi Congress of Trade Unions |MCTU |- |[[Moris|Mauritius]] |Mauritius Labour Congress |MLC |- |[[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |Mozambique Workers' Organisation (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique) |OTM |- |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |Namibia Union of Namibian Workers |NUNW |- |[[Najeriya|Nigeria]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Nigeria Labour Congress]] |NLC |- |[[Seychelles]] |Seychelles Federation of Workers Union |SFWU |- |[[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Sierra Leone Labour Congress |SLLC |- |[[Somaliya|Somalia]] |[[Federation of Somali Trade Unions]] |FESTU |- |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |[[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of South African Trade Unions]] |COSATU |- |South Africa |National Council of Trade Unions |NACTU |- |[[Eswatini|Swaziland]] |Trade Union Congress of Eswatini |TUCOSWA |- |[[Sudan]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadagon Ma'aikata ta Sudan|Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SWTUF |- |Sudan |[[South Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SSWTF |- |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |Trade Union Congress of Tanzania |TUCTA |- |[[Uganda]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Kasa|National Organisation of Trade Unions]] |NOTU |- |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |Zambia Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |} == Suka == === Cin hanci da rashawa === Taron OATUU na 4 a shekarar 1985 da aka gudanar a [[Lagos (birni)|birnin Lagos na Najeriya]] ya ruguje yayin da wasu kungiyoyin suka zargi sakatariyar da yin amfani da kudade da kuma magudin zabe. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Sakatare Janar na OATUU ya ki yin murabus don haka aka kafa kwamitin riko na wucin gadi a cikin OATUU. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1985, [[Workers Education Programme|Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata]] (WED) ya soke wani aiki da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish (DANIDA) da ILO suka dauki nauyin aiwatarwa saboda damuwar tasirin kasashen waje da kuma karkatar da kudade daga shugabannin kungiyar. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyar ta OATUU, lamarin da ya kara yin barazana ga aikin hukumar ta OATUU na inganta hadin kan [[Pan-Africanism|kasashen Afirka]] . <ref name=":24" /> === Rashin Kudi === OATUU ta sha wahala wajen kafa nasu hanyoyin tattara kudade, don haka tushen OATUU ya kasance yana fuskantar babbar barazana; OATUU har yanzu tana dawwama a yau galibi saboda karfinta na ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar ILO . <ref name=":24"/> Matsalolin kudi da OATUU suka fuskanta a farkon shekarun kafa su ya sa mahalarta masu ba da tallafi na waje su dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen ilimi. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> Wahalhalun da ake fama da shi ya sa OATUU ta dogara da ita sosai, da kuma lura da muradun wasu gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin siyasa. Alal misali, an tilasta wa 'yan Libiya daga [[National Union of Libyan Workers|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Libya]] (NULW) su karbi manyan hanyoyin samun kudade daga " Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO), [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da dama" ba tare da la'akari da yanayinta a cikin 1990s ba. <ref name=":32" /> === Jahilci === A taron karawa juna sani na "Dimokradiyya da farin jini ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka" da aka gudanar a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, wakilan kungiyar kwadagon sun bayyana jahilci da jahilci a tsakanin al'ummar Afirka a matsayin wani lamari da ke yin illa ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya, wani muhimmin tushe na manufar OATUU a Afirka. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAPs) da IMF da Bankin Duniya suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya rage ƙarfin ci gaban dimokiradiyya a nahiyar. Wakilai sun yanke shawarar cewa, domin a kara inganta dimokuradiyya a nahiyar, kungiyoyin kwadago na bukatar kara yawan matakan ilimi da shirye-shiryen horarwa, ba ga wakilan wakilai kadai ba har ma da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Fatan hakan shi ne zai sanya matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin Afirka su samar da karin ayyukan yi, da mayar da hankali kan ilimi, da inganta dabi'un zamantakewa. == Magana == {{reflist}} === Bibiyar Tarihi=== * Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414. * International Centre for Trade Union Rights.''Trade Unions of the World''. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9543811-5-7}} * Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In ''Labour Questions in the Global South'', edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. {{ISBN|978-981-334-635-2}}. * Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." ''Industrial Relations Journal'' 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97. * OATUU. “About Us.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/about-us/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * OATUU. “Affiliates.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/affilates/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050841/https://oatuu.org/affilates/ |date=2023-06-06 }}. * OATUU, ILO, and ECA. "[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report]." Paper presented at the 13th Popular Participation Workshop Series by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April, 1994. * Zeleza, Tiyambe. "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord." ''Transafrican Journal of History'' 15, (1986): 164–190. === Bayanan kafa === * [https://oatuuousa.org/ OATUU Official Website] * [https://www.facebook.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Twitter] * [https://gh.linkedin.com/company/the-organization-of-african-trade-union-unity OATUU LinkedIn] * [https://guardian.ng/tag/oatuu/ The Guardian News Coverage] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jfyz84ulfpynj7btswu8h4pc4uuajce 883905 883901 2026-07-16T08:53:28Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka */ 883905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka''' ( '''OATUU''' ) ( [[Faransanci|Faransa]] : '''Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine''' ; '''OUSA''' ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanki mai zaman kanta da nufin hada kan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a [[Afirka]] . An kafa wannan kungiya ne a watan Afrilu, 1973 a matsayin magajin kungiyoyin kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu da a baya suka fafata a Afirka: Kungiyar Kwadagon Kasuwanci ta Afirka baki daya (AATUF) da [[African Trade Union Confederation|Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwanci ta Afirka]] (ATUC). <ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100001400 |url-access= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |format= |via= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript= |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online}}</ref> Tsarin hadewar kungiyar kwadago ta Pan-Afrika ya kuma kunshi kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na yanke shawara kamar kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU). Daga karshe kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU), AATUF da ATUC suka hade suka kafa OATUU. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan haɗin kai da ƙirƙirar OATUU shine don ciyar da [[Pan-Africanism]], adalcin tattalin arziki, da adalci na zamantakewa a duk wuraren aiki na Afirka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, OATUU tana hada kai da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) don zama kungiya ta musamman mai wakiltar muradun ma’aikatan Afirka. Kungiyar OATUU tana da kungiyoyi hudu na yanki: kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). Tare, suna wakiltar jimilar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa 73, jimillarsu kusan mambobi miliyan 25. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6" /> ta hanyar ayyukan da ke yaki da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV / AIDs]], ba da tallafi ga mata a wuraren aiki, da tallafawa kokarin dimokiradiyya a kasashen Afirka. Kungiyar ta OATUU tana samun tallafin kudi daga kungiyar ta ILO domin daukar nauyin wadannan ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kokarin neman ra’ayi da ke taimakawa manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki a Afirka. == Tarihi == === Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka === [[Fayil:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|270x270px| [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|AAPC]] a shekara ta 1958, kuma fitaccen mai son Afirka .]] Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Pan-Afrika, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AATUF), an kafa ta a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca, Morocco]] a shekara ta 1961. An haifi AATUF ne daga kudurorin [[Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka|taron jama'ar Afirka]] na farko da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1958 a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] karkashin jagorancin fitattun 'yan Afirka kamar Tom Mboya da [[Kwame Nkrumah]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=164–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Kungiyar ta AATUF ta yi niyya ne don haɓaka [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da fifikon muradun dukkan ma'aikatan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. <ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Tom_Mboya_ a shekara ta 1962_(cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px| Tom Mboya a cikin shekara ta 1962, ɗaya daga cikin ainihin waɗanda suka kafa AATUF . ]] Bayan [[yakin duniya na biyu]], ma'aikatan Afirka a karkashin mulkin mallaka sun rabu kuma sun kai ga kafa kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu daban-daban a fadin nahiyar. <ref name=":1"/> Kuma bayan [[decolonization na Afirka]] a cikin shekara ta 1950s, yawancin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na yankin sun ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da cibiyoyin daularsu. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yunkurin farko na Pan-Africanism ta hanyar tarayyar gamayyar kasa da kasa ya kara dagulewa saboda bambance-bambancen akida [[Cold War|na yakin cacar baka]] . Yayin da al'ummomin Afirka suka shiga cikin haɗin kai na [[kishin ƙasa]] na mulkin mallaka, [[Jari-hujja|tsarin jari]] -hujja mai goyon bayan Yamma, da kuma jerin tsare tsare Makisanci da na gurguzu a cikin yankin Gabas, bambance-bambancen akida daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa 1970 sun kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin haɗin kai. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da kungiyar ta AATUF ta fara samun nasara wajen ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da nuna banbanci ba kuma ba tare da tsoma bakin kasashen waje ba a shekara ta 1960 ba, sabuwar [[African Trade Union Confederation|kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka]] da aka kafa da kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) ta fara samun ci gaba tare da kawo cikas ga kudurin AATUF na zama wakili daya tilo ga kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikata ta Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da rabuwar kungiyoyin kwadagon Afirka bisa tsarin akida <ref name=":1"/> kuma kungiyar ATUF ta fara daidaitawa da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU) don mayar da martani ga kirkirar ATUC a shekara ta 1962. <ref name=":1" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago da dama a Afirka sun yi arangama da tsoma baki tare da haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin shekara ta 1960. <ref name=":1" /> === Tashi da OATUU === Budaddiyar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu (AATUF da ATUC) ya haifar da shigar da sabuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka OAU a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kan rigingimu a cikin harkokin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=178–9 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1964, AATUF da ATUC sun aika da tawaga zuwa taron OAU domin samun karbuwa ta musamman a matsayin wakilin ma'aikatan Afirka. Wannan ya kai ga kotun [[African Labour Ministers|Ministocin Kwadago na Afirka]], wadanda suka taru daga 1966 zuwa 1967, domin tattauna irin rawar da kungiyoyin kwadago za su taka wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma yadda za a samu hadin kai a tsakaninsu. A cikin 1967, Babban Sakatare Janar na Gudanarwa na OAU ya kira dukkan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da su halarci taron da nufin sulhunta rikice-rikice da AATUF da ATUC. <ref name=":12" /> An kira wannan taron kungiyar Hadin kan Kasuwancin Afirka (OATUU) da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba, 1972 a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–5 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) wajen shirya taron, Sakatare Janar na OAU ya gabatar da hadin kai a matsayin babban ka'ida ga dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka. <ref name=":2" /> Karkashin inuwar [[Pan-Africanism]], a karshe an kulla yarjejeniya a watan Afrilu, 1973 da aka kafa OATUU. <ref name=":12" /> Ƙirƙirar OATUU na nufin ɗaukar AATUF, ATUC, Pan-African Congress, da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a faɗin Afirka. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421233046/https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tarihin Manyan Sakatarorin === : 1973: Dennis Akumu : 1980: Ibrahim Ghandour : 1986: Hassan Sunmonu : 1991: Napoleon Kpoh : 2012: [[Owei Lakemfa]] : 2015: [[Mezhoud Arezki|Mezhud Arezki]] == OATUU A Yau == OATUU ta fara aiki ne a matsayin abokin tarayya, sannan ta zama magaji ga ayyukan ILO a Afirka. Daya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da suke yi shi ne taimakon kungiyoyin 'yantar da kasa a fadin Afirka, kamar bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin ma'aikata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=406–10 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Baya ga raba wa'adin, ILO tana tallafawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga "tsarin koyar da ilimin ma'aikata (WED)" wanda OATUU ke bayarwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na nahiyoyi. <ref name=":22" /> Kamar yadda aka gani, OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka <ref name=":6"/> magance matsalolin kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDs]], ƙarfafa mata a wuraren aiki, da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen Afirka. OATUU tana samun tallafin kuɗi daga ILO don ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga waɗannan ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, tana goyan bayan ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarce waɗanda za su dace ga ma'aikatan ƙungiyar a faɗin Afirka. === Jerin Tarukan OATUU da Fitattun Abubuwan da suka faru === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%;" ! style="width:15%" |Kwanan wata ! Taro ! style="width:18%" | Wuri ! Sanannen Siffofin |- | Afrilu 1973 | Taron farko na OATUU | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | OATUU ya fara kafa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Zeleza |first=Tiyambe |date=1986 |title=Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328613 |format=PDF |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=15 |pages=179 |jstor=24328613}}</ref> |- | Maris 18-20, 1975 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na farko | [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] | Dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa a Afirka sun samu shiga kungiyar OATUU. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> |- | Afrilu 20-23, 1976 | Taron Majalisar OATUU Na Biyu | [[Tripoli|Tripoli, Libya]] | An yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan yadda kamfanonin ketare za su bunkasa ci gaban Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> |- | 1978 | Taron farko na ILO don ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa | [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]] | Ya jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago irin su OATUU da gwamnatoci domin samun ‘yancin kai. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=405 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> |- | 1980 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na Uku | [[Mogadishu|Mogadishu, Somalia]] | Bayyanawa da ƙoƙarin haɗa rarrabuwar kawuna da na kuɗi a cikin OATUU. |- | 1985 | Taron Majalisar OATUU karo na hudu | [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos, Nigeria]] | Taron dai ya tashi ne domin zaben sabon shugaba, amma duk da haka ba a gudanar da zaben gama-gari na jami'ai ba. An samu cece-kuce game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tasirin kungiyar gaba daya. <ref name=":3" /> |- | Afrilu 12-14, 1994 | Taron karawa juna sani na OATUU/ [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|ECA]] /ILO akan Dimokuradiyya da Sanarwa ga Shugabannin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka. | [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | An kafa "Shirin Aiki don Dorewa Dimokuradiyya da Shaharar Shiga Cikin Ci Gaba". <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=OATUU, ILO, and ECA |date=April 1994 |title=Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report |url=https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 |journal=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |volume=13 |pages=21}}</ref> |} === Mabuɗin Ayyuka da Ayyuka === Duk da yake an yi taɗi da yawa game da tarihi da kafuwar OATUU, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukansu da ayyukan da suke yi ba kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen sakandare suka yi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai rassa 73 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka, 33 daga tsoffin kasashen Faransa, 28 daga tsoffin kasashen Anglophone, da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago na yanki 12 wadanda ke aiki daga kungiyoyi hudu na OATUU: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); [[Organization of Trade Unions of Central Africa|Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (OTUCA); [[Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council|Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka]] (SATUCC); da [[Organization of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb|kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib]] (OTUAM). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU Affiliates |url=https://oatuu.org/affilates/. |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organization of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban hangen nesansu shine wakiltar ma'aikata daga duk ƙasashen Afirka don "ganewar adalcin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga kowa". <ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=OATUU |date=2021 |title=OATUU About Us |url=https://oatuu.org/about-us/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> OATUU tana da 12 da aka jera manufofin hukuma <ref name=":63" /> duk suna ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa dangantaka da daidaita ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin membobin haɗin gwiwa. OATUU tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri na ilimi, horo, bincike da shawarwari a sassa daban-daban na Afirka: Tsaron kasa, [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]], karfafa mata, kasuwanci, lafiya da aminci, ayyuka da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka, da kasuwanci . <ref name=":63" /> Bayar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ma wani babban ɓangare ne na aikinsu, kuma OATUU za ta yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago wajen tafiyar da rikitattun tsare-tsare na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar shigar da takardun neman aiki ga ILO. <ref name=":63" /> OATUU tana aiki ne a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar muradun tattalin arzikin gwamnatocin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wato ja da baya a kan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), [[Bankin Duniya]], da kuma manufofin [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] (WTO) waɗanda ke cutar da masana'antun cikin gida na Afirka da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU), OATUU na ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tare, OATUU, ILO, AU, tare da tuntuɓar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka|Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka]] (AEC), da inganta madadin Afirka don shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAP), da kuma yunkurin soke bashi a fadin Afirka. <ref name=":7" /> === Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa === ==== Abokan hulɗa na Faransanci ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%;" |Acronym |- |[[Aljeriya|Algeria]] |General Union of Algerian Workers |UGTA |- |[[Angola]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs d’Angola |UNTA |- |[[Benin]] |Union Nationale Des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Benin |UNSTB |- |[[Burkina Faso]] |[[Confédération Syndicale du Burkina Faso]] |CSB |- |Burkina Faso |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Burkinabé |CNTB |- |Burkina Faso |Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres |ONSL |- |Burkina Faso |[[Union Syndicale des Travailleurs du Burkina Faso]] |USTB |- |[[Burundi]] |Confédération des Syndicats du Burundi |CSB |- |Cameroon |[[Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun]] |CSTC |- |[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Cap-Vert]] |UNTC-CS |- |[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Central African Republic]] |Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique |USTC |- |[[Cadi|Chad]] |Union des Syndicats du Tchad |UST |- |[[Komoros|Comoros]] |[[Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs des Comores]] |USTC |- |[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Democratic Republic of Congo]] |Confédération Syndicale Congolaise |CSC |- |Democratic Republic of Congo |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Congo |UNTC |- |[[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs Djiboutiens |UGTD |- |[[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] |[[Union Nationale des Travailleurs de la Guinée Equatoriale]] |UNTG |- |[[Gabon]] |Confédération Syndical Gabonaise |COSYGA |- |[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] |[[Union Nationale des Syndicats de Guinée Bissau]] |UNSGB |- |[[Gini|Guinea Conakry]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Guinée |CNTG |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs de Cote d’Ivoire |UGTCI |- |[[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] |Fédération des Syndicats des Travailleurs de Madagascar |FISEMA |- |[[Mali]] |Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Mali |UNTM |- |[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] |Union des Travailleurs Mauritanie |UTM |- |[[Moroko|Morocco]] |Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc |UGTM |- |Morocco |Confédération Démocratique du Travail |CDT |- |[[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]] |Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Niger |USTN |- |[[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda |CESTRAR |- |[[Senegal]] |Union des Travailleurs du Sénégal |UTS |- |Senegal |Union Démocratique des Travailleurs du Senegal |UDTS |- |Senegal |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Senegal |CNTS |- |[[Togo]] |Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo |CNTT |- |[[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] |Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail |UGTT |} ==== Ƙungiyoyin Anglophone ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55%;" ! style="width:30%" |Country !Trade Union ! style="width:10%" |Acronym |- |[[Botswana]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Botswana|Botswana Federation of Trade Unions]] |BFTU |- |[[Misra|Egypt]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar|Egyptian Trade Union Federation]] |ETUF |- |[[Eritrea]] |National Confederation of Eritrean Workers |NCEW |- |[[Itofiya|Ethiopia]] |Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions |CETU |- |[[Gambiya|Gambia]] |[[Gambia Workers Congress]] |GWC |- |Gambia |[[Gambia Labour Congress]] |GLC |- |[[Ghana]] |Ghana Trade Unions Congress |GTUC |- |[[Kenya]] |Central Organisation of Trade Unions |COTU-K |- |[[Lesotho]] |Lesotho Trade Union Congress |LTUC |- |[[Laberiya|Liberia]] |[[Liberia Labour Congress]] |LLC |- |[[Libya]] |[[National Union of Libyan Workers]] |NULW |- |[[Malawi]] |Malawi Congress of Trade Unions |MCTU |- |[[Moris|Mauritius]] |Mauritius Labour Congress |MLC |- |[[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |Mozambique Workers' Organisation (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique) |OTM |- |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |Namibia Union of Namibian Workers |NUNW |- |[[Najeriya|Nigeria]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Nigeria Labour Congress]] |NLC |- |[[Seychelles]] |Seychelles Federation of Workers Union |SFWU |- |[[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Sierra Leone Labour Congress |SLLC |- |[[Somaliya|Somalia]] |[[Federation of Somali Trade Unions]] |FESTU |- |[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |[[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of South African Trade Unions]] |COSATU |- |South Africa |National Council of Trade Unions |NACTU |- |[[Eswatini|Swaziland]] |Trade Union Congress of Eswatini |TUCOSWA |- |[[Sudan]] |[[Kungiyar Kwadagon Ma'aikata ta Sudan|Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SWTUF |- |Sudan |[[South Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation]] |SSWTF |- |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] |Trade Union Congress of Tanzania |TUCTA |- |[[Uganda]] |[[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Kasa|National Organisation of Trade Unions]] |NOTU |- |[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |Zambia Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions |ZCTU |} == Suka == === Cin hanci da rashawa === Taron OATUU na 4 a shekarar 1985 da aka gudanar a [[Lagos (birni)|birnin Lagos na Najeriya]] ya ruguje yayin da wasu kungiyoyin suka zargi sakatariyar da yin amfani da kudade da kuma magudin zabe. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Bernards |first=Nick |date=2017 |title=The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101993/1/WRAP-ILO-African-Trade-Unions-tripartite-fantasies-enduring-struggles-Bernards-2017.pdf |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=44 |issue=153 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 |s2cid=149187027}}</ref> Sakatare Janar na OATUU ya ki yin murabus don haka aka kafa kwamitin riko na wucin gadi a cikin OATUU. <ref name=":24" /> A cikin 1985, [[Workers Education Programme|Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata]] (WED) ya soke wani aiki da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish (DANIDA) da ILO suka dauki nauyin aiwatarwa saboda damuwar tasirin kasashen waje da kuma karkatar da kudade daga shugabannin kungiyar. <ref name=":24" /> Don haka sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyar ta OATUU, lamarin da ya kara yin barazana ga aikin hukumar ta OATUU na inganta hadin kan [[Pan-Africanism|kasashen Afirka]] . <ref name=":24" /> === Rashin Kudi === OATUU ta sha wahala wajen kafa nasu hanyoyin tattara kudade, don haka tushen OATUU ya kasance yana fuskantar babbar barazana; OATUU har yanzu tana dawwama a yau galibi saboda karfinta na ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar ILO . <ref name=":24"/> Matsalolin kudi da OATUU suka fuskanta a farkon shekarun kafa su ya sa mahalarta masu ba da tallafi na waje su dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen ilimi. <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Martens |first=George |date=1985 |title=Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions |journal=Industrial Relations Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=90–2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x}}</ref> Wahalhalun da ake fama da shi ya sa OATUU ta dogara da ita sosai, da kuma lura da muradun wasu gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin siyasa. Alal misali, an tilasta wa 'yan Libiya daga [[National Union of Libyan Workers|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Libya]] (NULW) su karbi manyan hanyoyin samun kudade daga " Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO), [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], da wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da dama" ba tare da la'akari da yanayinta a cikin 1990s ba. <ref name=":32" /> === Jahilci === A taron karawa juna sani na "Dimokradiyya da farin jini ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka" da aka gudanar a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, wakilan kungiyar kwadagon sun bayyana jahilci da jahilci a tsakanin al'ummar Afirka a matsayin wani lamari da ke yin illa ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya, wani muhimmin tushe na manufar OATUU a Afirka. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAPs) da IMF da Bankin Duniya suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya rage ƙarfin ci gaban dimokiradiyya a nahiyar. Wakilai sun yanke shawarar cewa, domin a kara inganta dimokuradiyya a nahiyar, kungiyoyin kwadago na bukatar kara yawan matakan ilimi da shirye-shiryen horarwa, ba ga wakilan wakilai kadai ba har ma da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Fatan hakan shi ne zai sanya matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin Afirka su samar da karin ayyukan yi, da mayar da hankali kan ilimi, da inganta dabi'un zamantakewa. == Magana == {{reflist}} === Bibiyar Tarihi=== * Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414. * International Centre for Trade Union Rights.''Trade Unions of the World''. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9543811-5-7}} * Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In ''Labour Questions in the Global South'', edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. {{ISBN|978-981-334-635-2}}. * Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." ''Industrial Relations Journal'' 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97. * OATUU. “About Us.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/about-us/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * OATUU. “Affiliates.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/affilates/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050841/https://oatuu.org/affilates/ |date=2023-06-06 }}. * OATUU, ILO, and ECA. "[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15216 Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report]." Paper presented at the 13th Popular Participation Workshop Series by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April, 1994. * Zeleza, Tiyambe. "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord." ''Transafrican Journal of History'' 15, (1986): 164–190. === Bayanan kafa === * [https://oatuuousa.org/ OATUU Official Website] * [https://www.facebook.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Facebook] * [https://twitter.com/oatuu4africa OATUU Twitter] * [https://gh.linkedin.com/company/the-organization-of-african-trade-union-unity OATUU LinkedIn] * [https://guardian.ng/tag/oatuu/ The Guardian News Coverage] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1i8emer4pdymzaf7ag55znrsk2nstzm 0 101812 883530 629695 2026-07-15T16:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Effects_of_Displacement_due_to_climate_change.jpg|thumb| Mutanen da ke zaune a sansanonin tsugunar da jama'a bayan da aka yi gudun hijira saboda bala'in canjin yanayi.]] '''Sauyin yanayi''' al'amari ne na duniya wanda ke da fa'ida da tasiri mai zurfi a bangarori daban-daban na rayuwar dan adam. Bayan sanannun sakamakon muhalli, canjin yanayi yana tasiri sosai ga lafiyar ɗan adam, gami da yanayin lafiyar jima'i da haifuwa da haƙƙoƙin (SRHRs). Babu inda waɗannan tasirin suka fi fitowa fili fiye da na [[Afirka]], nahiya da ke da rauni musamman ga tasirin sauyin yanayi saboda yanayin zamantakewa, tattalin arziƙin ƙasa, da yanayin muhalli. Fahimtar haɗin kai tsakanin sauyin yanayi da SRHRs yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka cikakkun dabarun dabaru don magance waɗannan ƙalubalen da ke da alaƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=How Does Fighting Climate Change Help Protect Sexual and Reproductive Health? |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/climate-change-sexual-reproductive-health-women/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> A cewar Cibiyar Ci Gaban Dorewa ta Duniya (IISD), sauyin yanayi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga lafiyar jima'i da haifuwa da haƙƙoƙin ( [[Haƙƙoƙin lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa|SRHRs]] ) a Afirka. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa shingen tabbatar da SRHR yana hana ci gaba zuwa [[daidaiton jinsi]] kuma yana iya hana ayyukan yanayi. A lokaci guda, tasirin canjin yanayi na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga SRHR, alal misali, ta hanyar katsewa a cikin ayyukan jima'i da kiwon lafiyar haihuwa wanda ya haifar da matsanancin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Exploring the Linkages |url=https://www.iisd.org/projects/climate-change-and-srhr |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=International Institute for Sustainable Development |language=en}}</ref> == Tasirin Canjin Yanayi akan SRHRs == Matsanancin yanayi na iya rage samun damar yin amfani da sabis na SRHR, kamar yadda irin wannan yana ƙara yawan halayen halayen jima'i da kuma haifar da farkon jima'i na farko, mafi yawan cututtuka na cututtuka, da cin zarafi da amfani da jima'i <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Burns |first=Paul A. |last2=Mutunga |first2=Clive |date=2024 |title=Addressing the Impact of Climate Change on Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries |url=https://www.ghspjournal.org/content/12/1/e2300374#:~:text=The%20uprooting%20of%20communities%20due,particularly%20for%20AGYW%20in%20LMICs |journal=Global Health: Science and Practice |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=e2300374 |doi=10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00374 |pmc=10906547 |pmid=38365281}}</ref> Sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar mata da kuma haifar da yanayi wanda zai haifar da karuwa a cikin tashin hankali na jinsi, ciki har da ayyuka masu cutarwa irin su auren yara . Wani bincike da aka yi a kasashe 21 da ke kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka wanda ya kunshi masu amsa kusan 300,000 da suka yi nazari kan illar da ke tattare da karuwar zafin jiki na dogon lokaci a kan cutar kanjamau, ya nuna cewa an dade ana fama da fari yana da alaka da karuwar cutar kanjamau da sauran cututtukan STI. Har ila yau, binciken ya nuna cewa fari na iya yin tasiri ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, ƙananan ƙananan shekaru, da kuma ƙara yawan shiga cikin jima'i <ref name=":0" /> Sakamakon sauyin yanayi yana da bambanci, mai tsanani, kuma an yi hasashen zai kara tsananta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ko da an kiyaye canjin yanayin zafi daidai da [[yarjejeniyar Paris]] (wato iyakance yawan zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa zuwa ƙasa 2&nbsp;° C, kuma zai fi dacewa ƙasa da 1.5&nbsp;°C, idan aka kwatanta da matakan masana'antu kafin masana'antu), za a sami tasiri mai mahimmanci akan bambancin halittu, [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|wadatar ruwa]], [[Tsaron abinci|amincin abinci]], da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoegh-Guldberg |first=O. |last2=Jacob |first2=D. |last3=Bindi |first3=M. |last4=Brown |first4=S. |last5=Camilloni |first5=I. |last6=Diedhiou |first6=A. |last7=Djalante |first7=R. |last8=Ebi |first8=K. |last9=Engelbrecht |first9=F. |last10=Guiot |first10=J. |last11=Hijioka |first11=Y. |last12=Mehrotra |first12=S. |last13=Payne |first13=A. |last14=Seneviratne |first14=S. I. |last15=Thomas |first15=A. |date=2018 |title=Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/311749}}</ref> === Tasirin Mata da Yan Mata === Sakamakon sauyin yanayi yana shafar mata da 'yan mata da yawa, wadanda galibi ke daukar nauyin sakamakonsa. Lokacin da bala'o'i masu alaka da yanayi suka afku, mata da 'yan mata suna fuskantar matsanancin rauni, wanda ke jefa su cikin haɗarin cin zarafin mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |title=African women bear the brunt of climate change |url=https://issafrica.org/pscreport/psc-insights/african-women-bear-the-brunt-of-climate-change |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya fi muni ta yadda ake yin watsi da lamuran lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa yayin bala'i. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behrman |first=Julia Andrea |last2=Weitzman |first2=Abigail |date=March 2016 |title=Effects of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Women's Reproductive Health |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2016.00045.x |journal=Studies in Family Planning |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2016.00045.x |issn=0039-3665 |pmid=27027990 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kaura daga gidajensu na iya haifar da aurar da yara mata da wuri yayin da iyalansu ke fafutukar ciyar da su. Auren yara yana fallasa 'yan mata ga babban haɗari na tashin hankalin abokan zama saboda rashin daidaituwar iko a cikin waɗannan alaƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change are interconnected |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya samo asali ne daga ƙa'idodin al'adu waɗanda ke ba wa mata da yara damar rage ikon yanke shawara da kuma ikon ƙaura yayin fuskantar canjin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Juran |first=Luke |last2=Trivedi |first2=Jennifer |date=2015-10-01 |title=Women, Gender Norms, and Natural Disasters in Bangladesh |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12089.x |journal=Geographical Review |language=en |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=601–611 |bibcode=2015GeoRv.105..601J |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12089.x |issn=0016-7428 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Babban sakamako na sauyin yanayi a kan SRHRs ya kasance batun bincike a [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], da [[Sahel]] . Nazarin ya gano cewa mata da 'yan mata suna fuskantar iyakacin samun sabis na kiwon lafiya a yayin bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi. Rashin kayan aiki, kamar ruwa mai tsafta da kayan aikin haila, yana kara kawo musu cikas wajen tafiyar da lafiyarsu cikin mutunci. <ref name="esaro.unfpa.org">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Climate change disproportionately affects women and young girls – and here's why |url=https://esaro.unfpa.org/en/news/climate-change-disproportionately-affects-women-and-young-girls-%E2%80%93-and-heres-why |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=UNFPA ESARO |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan munanan tasirin suna jin mafi yawan 'yan mata da mata, da kuma daidaikun mutanen da suka riga sun fuskanci shinge da yawa don fahimtar SRHR. Musamman, matasa; ma'aikatan jima'i; mutanen da ke da nakasa; ko kuma waɗanda ba a ba da izini ba game da yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, bayyanar jinsi, da halayen jima'i suna fuskantar manyan shingen samun damar bayanai da sabis na SRHR, gami da cikin saitunan jin kai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE LINK BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS |url=https://womendeliver.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Climate-Change-Report.pdf}}</ref> === Takamaiman Tasiri kan Lafiyar Mata === Canjin yanayi yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin wadataccen abinci kuma saboda haka yana tasiri lafiyar mata. Hakan ya faru ne saboda illar tattalin arziki da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosen |first=Joseph G. |last2=Mulenga |first2=Drosin |last3=Phiri |first3=Lyson |last4=Okpara |first4=Natasha |last5=Brander |first5=Caila |last6=Chelwa |first6=Nachela |last7=Mbizvo |first7=Michael T. |date=December 2021 |title="Burnt by the scorching sun": climate-induced livelihood transformations, reproductive health, and fertility trajectories in drought-affected communities of Zambia |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=1501 |doi=10.1186/s12889-021-11560-8 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=8335992 |pmid=34344335 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, a lokacin yunwar Habasha na 1984-1985, an ba da rahoton cewa mata da jarirai sun fi mutuwa saboda rashin adalci wajen samun albarkatun abinci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kidane |first=Asmerom |date=1989-08-01 |title=Demographic consequences of the 1984–1985 Ethiopian famine |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/26/3/515/171273/Demographic-consequences-of-the-1984-1985 |journal=Demography |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=515–522 |doi=10.2307/2061610 |issn=0070-3370 |jstor=2061610 |pmid=2792486 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Musamman, a Afirka, ana samun karuwar rashin abinci mai gina jiki a tsakanin mata masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sorensen |first=Cecilia |last2=Murray |first2=Virginia |last3=Lemery |first3=Jay |last4=Balbus |first4=John |date=2018-07-10 |title=Climate change and women's health: Impacts and policy directions |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=e1002603 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002603 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=6038986 |pmid=29990343 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana haifar da mummunan sakamako akan lafiyar yara. A fadin kasashen Afirka 19 sauyin yanayi ya haifar da raguwar nauyin haihuwa saboda karancin abinci mai gina jiki ga mata masu juna biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiede |first=Brian C. |last2=Ronnkvist |first2=Sara |last3=Armao |first3=Anna |last4=Burka |first4=Katrina |date=March 2022 |title=Climate anomalies and birth rates in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-021-03273-z |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=171 |issue=1–2 |page=5 |bibcode=2022ClCh..171....5T |doi=10.1007/s10584-021-03273-z |issn=0165-0009 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a lokuta na bala'i, mata suna iya samun sakamako mara kyau na haifuwa wanda ya kama daga haihuwa da wuri zuwa preeclampsia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tong |first=Van T. |last2=Zotti |first2=Marianne E. |last3=Hsia |first3=Jason |date=April 2011 |title=Impact of the Red River Catastrophic Flood on Women Giving Birth in North Dakota, 1994–2000 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10995-010-0576-9 |journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=281–288 |doi=10.1007/s10995-010-0576-9 |issn=1092-7875 |pmid=20204482 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tasirin ya fi muni ta hanyar cututtuka masu yaduwa da sauri tare da raunin kayan aiki da ƙarancin aikin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blakstad |first=Mia M |last2=Smith |first2=Emily R |date=December 2020 |title=Climate change worsens global inequity in maternal nutrition |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=en |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=e547–e548 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30246-1 |pmid=33278369 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A duk faɗin yankunan yammacin Afirka, tsakiyar Afirka, da gabashi da kudancin Afirka, an rubuta yaran da aka haifa daga iyaye mata masu fama da zazzabin cizon sauro sun ninka sau biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title='Turn down the heat,' warns World Bank report on climate change |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.026546 |journal=Physics Today |issue=11 |page=17178 |bibcode=2012PhT..2012k7178. |doi=10.1063/pt.5.026546 |issn=1945-0699 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i === Rashin tsaro da ke haifar da matsanancin yanayi na iya haifar da haɓakar halayen jima'i masu haɗari, gami da ƙarancin jima'i da kwaroron roba da jima'i na mu'amala wanda ke haifar da yaduwar cututtuka da cututtukan jima'i. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Marshall |last2=Gong |first2=Erick |last3=Jones |first3=Kelly |date=2014-08-21 |title=Income Shocks and HIV in Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12149 |journal=The Economic Journal |volume=125 |issue=585 |pages=1157–1189 |doi=10.1111/ecoj.12149 |issn=0013-0133}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi game da mutane 300,000 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya nuna cewa hakan ya haifar da karuwar kamuwa da cutar STI da HIV musamman a tsawon lokaci na fari da kuma yawan zafin jiki na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagata |first=Jason M. |last2=Hampshire |first2=Karly |last3=Epstein |first3=Adrienne |last4=Lin |first4=Feng |last5=Zakaras |first5=Jennifer |last6=Murnane |first6=Pamela |last7=Charlebois |first7=Edwin D. |last8=Tsai |first8=Alexander C. |last9=Nash |first9=Denis |last10=Weiser |first10=Sheri D. |date=2022-09-08 |title=Analysis of Heavy Rainfall in Sub-Saharan Africa and HIV Transmission Risk, HIV Prevalence, and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2005-2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.30282 |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=e2230282 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.30282 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=9459663 |pmid=36074468}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari kuma binciken ya nuna cewa ƙananan yara suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta yayin jima'i. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a kasar Lesotho ya kuma nuna cewa yara mata matasa na fuskantar karin kashi 11% na kamuwa da cutar kanjamau sakamakon matsalar fari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Low |first=Andrea J. |last2=Frederix |first2=Koen |last3=McCracken |first3=Stephen |last4=Manyau |first4=Salome |last5=Gummerson |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Radin |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Davia |first7=Stefania |last8=Longwe |first8=Herbert |last9=Ahmed |first9=Nahima |last10=Parekh |first10=Bharat |last11=Findley |first11=Sally |last12=Schwitters |first12=Amee |date=2019-01-14 |editor-last=Thomson |editor-first=Madeleine |title=Association between severe drought and HIV prevention and care behaviors in Lesotho: A population-based survey 2016–2017 |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=e1002727 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002727 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=6331084 |pmid=30640916 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hijira daga sauyin yanayi kuma yana kara ta'azzara al'amura yayin da mutane da yawa ke kallon matakin a matsayin wani mataki na kariya kuma ba su gane cewa yana iya haifar da rikice-rikicen jima'i da na haihuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burns |first=Paul A. |last2=Mutunga |first2=Clive |date=2024-02-28 |title=Addressing the Impact of Climate Change on Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries |journal=Global Health: Science and Practice |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=e2300374 |doi=10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00374 |issn=2169-575X |pmc=10906547 |pmid=38365281}}</ref> === Kalubale a Samun Samun Sabis na SRHR === A lokacin bala'o'i masu alaƙa da yanayi, sabis na kiwon lafiya, gami da sabis na lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa, galibi ana iyakancewa ko babu su. Wannan rashin samun damar shiga ya sa mata ba su da tallafin da suka dace a lokacin haihuwa, yana jefa lafiyarsu da na jariran da aka haifa cikin kasadar. Bugu da ƙari, rashin ruwa mai tsabta da samfuran haila yana hana mata da 'yan mata damar gudanar da haila da mutunci, yana ƙara yin tasiri ga SRHRs. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Resilient Futures: Young People, the Climate Crisis, and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights |url=https://esaro.unfpa.org/en/publications/resilient-futures-young-people-climate-crisis-and-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=UNFPA ESARO |language=en}}</ref> Ana fuskantar ƙalubale tare da ƙaura da yanayi ya jawo. Bisa hasashen yanayi na bakin haure miliyan 85.7 a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara nan da shekara ta 2050, Afirka na fuskantar matsalar ‘yan gudun hijira mafi muni a wannan zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omar |first=Muna |date=September 2022 |title=The Invisibles on Their Way into the Unknown: Diasporic Wounds of Migrants and Refugees from the Horn of Africa to the Arabian Peninsula |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.69.1_2.09 |journal=Africa Today |volume=69 |pages=190–213 |doi=10.2979/africatoday.69.1_2.09 |issn=1527-1978 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lokacin da aka tilasta wa dukan al'ummomi ƙaura a lokacin ƙaura na canjin yanayi, akwai rashin samun damar yin amfani da sabis na kiwon lafiya na jima'i da haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Neha S |last2=Aryasinghe |first2=Sarindi |last3=Smith |first3=James |last4=Khosla |first4=Rajat |last5=Say |first5=Lale |last6=Blanchet |first6=Karl |date=May 2018 |title=A long way to go: a systematic review to assess the utilisation of sexual and reproductive health services during humanitarian crises |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000682 |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e000682 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000682 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=5935157 |pmid=29736272}}</ref> Matan ƙaura da ƴan gudun hijira suna fuskantar haɗarin fyaɗe, ciki maras so, da zubar da ciki mara kyau. Wannan sau da yawa yakan haifar da ƙarin al'amurran da suka shafi ciki da kuma warewar zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Egli-Gany |first=Dianne |last2=Aftab |first2=Wafa |last3=Hawkes |first3=Sarah |last4=Abu-Raddad |first4=Laith |last5=Buse |first5=Kent |last6=Rabbani |first6=Fauziah |last7=Low |first7=Nicola |last8=Onarheim |first8=Kristine |date=2021-12-28 |title=The social and structural determinants of sexual and reproductive health and rights in migrants and refugees: a systematic review of reviews |journal=Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=1203–1213 |doi=10.26719/emhj.20.101 |issn=1020-3397 |pmc=7616978 |pmid=35137389 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Women_crossing_through_flooding.jpg|thumb| Wannan ya nuna mata suna tsallakawa ta ruwan da aka yi ambaliya]] === Ta'azzara Rashin Lalaci ga Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware === Ga mutanen da aka ware da kuma masu rauni, da kuma masu naƙasa, tasirin sauyin yanayi ya haɗa ƙalubalen da suke da su da kuma raunin da suke da shi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna fuskantar ƙarin shinge don samun damar kiwon lafiya, daidaita yanayin yanayin muhalli, da murmurewa daga bala'o'i masu alaƙa da yanayi. Matsakaicin rarrabuwar kawuna na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da lafiya yana ƙara tsananta raunin su ga tasirin sauyin yanayi. <ref name="esaro.unfpa.org"/> == Maganganun Manufofin Da Aka Gabatar == Tare da karuwar damuwa game da tasirin sauyin yanayi ga al'ummomi, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yi taro a watan Oktoban 2022 don tattauna kokarin farfado da koren. Sun kirkiro Ajandar Afirka ta 2063 da ta shafi sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki don rage tasirin sauyin ci gaban kasa. A cikin dabarun nasu, sun bayyana yadda sauyin yanayi da matsalolin jinsi suka hada kai da kuma dalilin da ya sa mata da matasa ke bukatar shigar da su cikin tsare-tsarensu. Wannan ya biyo bayan rahoton IPCC daga 2007 wanda ke nuna yadda sauyin yanayi zai haifar da rashin abinci, cututtuka na yau da kullun, da kuma samun lafiyar jama'a. Wadannan shawarwari suna da mahimmanci ga ci gaban rayuwar al'ummomin Afirka saboda manufofin sanin jinsi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma ci gaban aikin noma don cika alkawurran da aka zayyana a cikin sanarwar Malabo. [1] Amurka ta sanar da shirin taimakawa nahiyar ta cimma burinta na tabbatar da lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa. Misali a taron kasuwanci na Amurka da Afirka an zartar da tsare-tsare don samar da yarjejeniyar sufuri tsakanin kasashen Nijar da Benin wanda ya hada da dala miliyan 7.5 don kasuwanci da kuma shirye-shiryen horar da mata, don dakile cutar kanjamau, cin zarafin mata, fataucin mutane, da inganta hanyoyi don tallafa wa matalauta da mata masu rauni da ke sayar da kayansu a kan hanyoyin sufuri. === Uganda - Manufar Canjin Yanayi ta Kasa (NCCP) === Manufofin sauyin yanayi na ƙasar Uganda na gano mutanen da ke fama da rauni tare da ba da fifikonsu a cikin [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|ƙoƙarce]] -ƙoƙarcen sauyin yanayi da ƙoƙarin ragewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment |date=2018 |title=UGANDA NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY: Transformation through Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation |url=https://ccd.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/NATIONAL-CLIMATE-CHANGE-POLICY-SUMMARY-VERSION-2018-2.pdf |journal= |access-date=2025-06-06 |archive-date=2025-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606061240/https://ccd.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/NATIONAL-CLIMATE-CHANGE-POLICY-SUMMARY-VERSION-2018-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Musamman sun gano batutuwan da suka shafi mata da yara. Ƙoƙarin nasu an yi niyya ne don rage haɓakar yawan jama'a a nan gaba ta hanyar ƙarfafa tsarin iyali da lafiyar haihuwa. Suna fatan cimma wannan ta hanyar dabaru irin su Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bureau for Food Security |first=United States Agency for International Development |date=2017 |title=Climate-Smart Agriculture in Uganda. CSA Country Profiles for Africa Series |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/UGANDA_CSA_Profile.pdf |journal=International Center for Tropical Agriculture}}</ref> Gwamnatin Uganda ta kuma matsa lamba kan inganta manhajojin ilimi don tabbatar da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da ke tattare da haihuwa da lafiyar jima'i da ke da alaka da sauyin yanayi da kuma horar da kwararrun da ke da alhakin magance wadannan hadurran. == Magana == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kvlg7g00hqw8t9ijm67u8mq31yzpgq5 0 102012 883800 735834 2026-07-16T01:43:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mamaye Faransawa na Aljeriya''' ( French ;Conquête de l'Algérie par la France Arabic: الغزو الفرنسي للجزائر) ya faru tsakanin 1830 zuwa 1903. A cikin 1827, gardama tsakanin Hussein Dey, mai mulkin Algiers, da ƙaramin jakadan [[Faransa]] ya rikide zuwa wani shinge, bayan da Masarautar Yuli na Faransa ta mamaye Algiers da sauri a shekarar 1830, kuma ta kame wasu al'ummomin bakin teku. A cikin rikicin siyasa na cikin gida a Faransa, an sha tsai da shawarar ci gaba da rike ikon yankin, kuma an kawo karin dakarun soji a cikin shekaru masu zuwa domin daƙile turjiya a cikin kasar. Da farko dai, an raba gwarzawar Aljeriya tsakanin dakarun Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif a [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]], inda suke neman maido da mulkin Algiers, musamman a gabas, da dakarun kishin kasa a yamma da tsakiya. Yarjejeniya da 'yan kishin kasa karkashin sarki Abdelkader ya baiwa Faransa damar fara mayar da hankali kan kawar da ragowar Deylik, da aka cimma tare da Siege na Constantine a 1837 . Abd Al-Qādir ya ci gaba da ba da tsayin daka a yamma. Daga karshe dai an kai shi cikin [[Moroko|kasar Maroko]] a shekara ta 1842, ta hanyar manya-manyan matakan soja na Faransa, ya ci gaba da kaddamar da yakin neman zabe har sai da gwamnatin Moroko karkashin matsin lamba na diflomasiyya na Faransa bayan shan kaye a yakin Franco-Morocca, ta kai masa hari tare da fitar da shi daga kasar Maroko. Ya mika wuya ga sojojin Faransa a 1847. Wasu gwamnatoci da masana sun dauki mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Aljeriya a matsayin [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallois |first=William |date=20 February 2013 |title=Genocide in nineteenth-century Algeria |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2012.759395 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2012.759395 |s2cid=143969946 |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disowning Morris |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/disowning-morris}}</ref> == Fage == [[Fayil:Les_provinces_de_la_Régence_d'Alger.svg|thumb| Beyliks (lardunan) na Algiers. Dar-es-Soltan shine bangaren da Dey ke sarrafa shi kai tsaye.]] Hukumomin Algiers ne ke kula da yankunan bakin teku da tsaunuka na [[Aljeriya]] . The Regency (ko Deylik), yayin da sunan wani ɓangare na [[Daular Usmaniyya]], ya yi aiki ba tare da iznin Sultan Ottoman ba. dey ya yi mulki gabaɗaya, amma yana gudanar da iko kai tsaye a ciki da wajen [[Aljir|Algiers]], tare da [[Beyliks of Algiers|Beyliks]] ( Gwamnoni ) da aka kafa a Yamma, Tsakiya, da Gabashin ƙasar. Ragowar yankin (ciki har da da yawa na cikin gida), yayin da Algiers ke mulkin mallaka, yana ƙarƙashin ikon shugabannin [[Abzinawa|Berber]] na gida da [[Larabawa|na Larabawa]], waɗanda yawanci sukan yi aiki a matsayin vassals ga Dey, kodayake ba koyaushe ba. A arewacin Saharar wasu masarautu na oasis irin su Sultanate of Tuggurt suna karkashin kulawar Masarautar. Yankin [[sahara]] na ciki Dey ne kawai ke da'awar, yayin da a hakikanin gaskiya kawancen kabilanci ne ke sarrafa su gaba daya, da kananan masarautu irin na [[Kel Ahaggar|Kel Aggar]] . An tallafa wa Dey, ko kuma a wasu lokuta Janissaries na Odjak na Algiers ke sarrafa su, kodayake ikonsu yana da iyaka sosai bayan 1817. Sultanate of Morocco sannan kuma daga gabas ta Beylik na Tunis . Iyakar yamma, {{Interlanguage link|Tafna|fr}} Kogin, ya kasance mai raɗaɗi musamman tun da akwai alaƙar ƙabilanci waɗanda suka ƙetare shi. Regency na Algiers na daya daga cikin manyan sansanonin ' [[Barbary pirates|yan fashin teku na Barbary]] da [[Cinikin bayi na Barbary|Barbary Slave Traders]] wadanda suka kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Kirista da matsugunan bakin teku a [[Bahar Rum]] da Arewacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]] . Kamar sauran yankunan [[Barbary Coast]], Masarautar Algiers ta rayu daga cinikin bayi ko kayan da aka kama daga [[Turai]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Afirka]] . Kasashen turai sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a Algiers a lokuta daban-daban domin ramuwar gayya sannan Amurka ta fara [[Yaƙe-yaƙe na Barbary|yakin Barbary]] domin kawo karshen keɓantawar da Aljeriya ke yi kan safarar kiristoci. An fara cin nasarar Aljeriya a cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe na Maido da Bourbon da Charles X na Faransa ya yi. Yana da nufin kawo ƙarshen zaman jama'a na Barbary da kuma ƙara farin jinin sarki a tsakanin mutanen Faransa, musamman a birnin Paris, inda da yawa daga cikin tsoffin sojojin Napoleon suka rayu. Kasuwancin bayi na Aljeriya da fashin teku sun daina kai tsaye bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Algiers. === Fan Al'amarin === A cikin 1795-96, Jamhuriyar Faransa ta ba da kwangilar siyan alkama ga sojojin Faransa daga wasu 'yan kasuwa biyu na Yahudawa a Algiers. 'Yan kasuwan, wadanda ke da basussuka ga Hussein Dey, Dey na Algiers, sun yi ikirarin rashin iya biyan wadannan basukan har sai Faransa ta biya musu basussukan. Ba a yi nasara ba dey ya yi shawarwari tare da Pierre Deval, karamin jakadan Faransa, don gyara wannan lamarin, kuma ya zargi Deval da hada kai da 'yan kasuwa a kan shi, musamman ma da gwamnatin Faransa ba ta yi tanadin biyan 'yan kasuwar ba a 1820. Dan uwan Deval Alexandre, karamin jakada a [[Annaba|Bône]], ya kara fusata dey ta hanyar karfafa rumbunan adana kayayyakin Faransa a Bône da La Calle duk da yarjejeniyar da aka kulla a baya. [ 24 ] Duk da yake an danganta basusukan da ba a biya ba a matsayin ainihin dalilin Fan Affair, David Todd yayi jayayya a cikin ''A Velvet Empire: Faransanci na Informal Imperialism a cikin karni na sha tara'' cewa dalilin da ya sa aka yi rikici shi ne ƙoƙarin Faransa don ƙarfafa wani ɗakin ajiyar da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a baya a La Calle, a cikin ƙoƙari na juya La Calle da kuma yankin Faransanci a cikin wani yanki na Faransa. basussuka sun taso a matsayin damuwa ta biyu. [[Fayil:Le_coup_d_eventail_1827.jpg|left|thumb| “Al’amarin Masoya”, wanda ya kai ga mamayewa.]] Bayan wani taro mai cike da cece-kuce a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1827 inda Deval ya ki bayar da gamsassun amsoshi, sai ya bugi Deval da whisk dinsa (wanda ake kira fan ). Charles X ya yi amfani da wannan kadan a kan wakilinsa na diflomasiyya don fara neman gafara daga dey, sannan kuma ya kaddamar da wani shingen shinge a tashar jiragen ruwa na Algiers. Wannan katangar dai ta dauki tsawon shekaru uku ana yi, kuma ta kasance babban illa ga 'yan kasuwan Faransa da suka kasa yin kasuwanci da Algiers, yayin da 'yan fashin teku na Barbary suka samu damar kaucewa katangar. Lokacin da Faransa a cikin 1829 ta aika da jakada zuwa dey tare da shawarwarin shawarwari, ya amsa da wuta mai ƙarfi da aka kai ga ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa da ke rufe. Sai Faransawa suka yanke shawarar cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki mai ƙarfi. Bayan gazawar ziyarar jakadan, Charles ya nada a matsayin Firayim Minista Jules, Prince de Polignac, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Wannan ya harzuka 'yan adawar Faransa masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wadanda suka sami rinjaye a majalisar wakilai . Polignac ya bude tattaunawa da [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali na Masar]] don raba kan Arewacin Afirka. Ali, ko da yake shi ne mai mulkin Ottoman, amma a ƙarshe ya ƙi wannan ra'ayin. Yayin da ra'ayin jama'a ya ci gaba da tashi a kan Polignac da Sarki, sun yanke shawarar cewa nasarar manufofin kasashen waje kamar kama Algiers zai sake mayar da ra'ayi a gare su. [ 27 ] == Mamaye Algiers == [[Fayil:Débarquement_en_Algérie_09665.jpg|thumb| A Sidi-Ferruch na Pierre-Julien Gilbert .]] [[Fayil:Bombardement d'Alger - 1830.jpg|thumb| Harin Admiral Duperré a lokacin daukar Algiers a 1830.]] [[Fayil:Ottoman_cannon_end_of_16th_century_length_385cm_cal_178mm_weight_2910_stone_projectile_founded_8_October_1581_Alger_seized_1830.jpg|thumb| Ornate Ottoman cannon, tsawon: 385cm, cal: 178mm, nauyi: 2910, dutse projectile, wanda aka kafa 8 Oktoba 1581 a Algiers, Faransa ta kwace a Algiers a 1830. Musée de l'Armée, Paris.]] Admiral Duperré ya karɓi umarni{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}A cikin [[Toulon]] na armada na sannan ya nufi Algiers. Bayan wani shiri na mamaye kasar Aljeriya wanda Manjo Boutin a karkashin [[Napoleon]] ya kirkira a shekarar 1808, Janar de Bourmont daga nan ya samu sojoji 34,000 {{Convert|27|km|mi}} yammacin Algiers, a Sidi Ferruch, a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1830. Don fuskantar Faransawa, sojojin sun aika da janisary 7,000, dakaru 19,000 daga beys na Constantine da Oran, da kuma Kabyles kusan 17,000. [ 28 ] Faransawa sun kafa babban bakin rairayin bakin teku kuma sun tura zuwa Algiers, godiya a wani bangare ga manyan manyan bindigogi da mafi kyawun tsari. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni Faransa ta fatattaki sojojin dey a yakin Staouéli, kuma sun shiga Algiers a ranar 5 ga Yuli bayan yakin neman zabe na makonni uku. [ 29 ] dey ya amince da musaya don samun 'yancinsa da tayin ci gaba da mallakar dukiyarsa. Bayan kwana biyar, ya tafi gudun hijira a [[Napoli|Naples]] tare da iyalinsa. Jami'an tsaron Turkiyya ma sun bar yankin, inda suka tafi Turkiyya. Tafiyar dey ta ƙare shekaru 313 na mulkin Ottoman na ƙasar. Yayin da rundunar Faransa ta yarda da sunan kare ’yanci, kadarori, da ’yancin addini na mazauna, nan da nan sojojin Faransa suka fara washe garin, kamawa da kashe mutane saboda dalilai na son rai, kwace dukiya, da kuma wulakanta wuraren addini. Ya zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta, an kori ragowar hukumomin Turkiyya na karshe ba tare da wata damar tashe wasu muhimman kadarori ba. Wani kiyasi ya nuna cewa an karkatar da kadarorin sama da miliyan hamsin zuwa hannun masu zaman kansu a lokacin da ake wawure. [ 31 ] Wannan aiki ya yi tasiri sosai kan dangantakar da ke gaba tsakanin Faransawa mamaya da 'yan asalin ƙasar. A shekara ta 1833 wani kwamitin Faransa ya rubuta cewa "mun aika da mutuwarsu a kan zato mai sauƙi kuma ba tare da shari'a ba, mutanen da laifinsu yana da shakku a ko da yaushe ... mun kashe mutanen da ke dauke da halayen tsaro ... mun wuce dabbanci na barasa". <ref name="R50" /> Korar Turkawa ta haifar da rashin wutar lantarki a wasu muhimman sassa na yankin, inda nan da nan aka samu turjiya ga mamayar Faransa. [ 32 ] Labarin kama Algiers da kyar ya isa birnin Paris lokacin da aka kori Charles X a cikin Ranaku Masu Girma Uku na Yuli 1830, kuma an nada dan uwansa Louis-Philippe, "Sarkin ɗan ƙasa", don ya jagoranci tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki . Sabuwar gwamnatin da ta kunshi 'yan adawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi na balaguron Algiers, ba ta son ci gaba da mamayewar da tsohuwar gwamnatin ta fara. Duk da haka, nasarar ta kasance sananne sosai, kuma sabuwar gwamnatin Louis-Philippe kawai ta janye wani ɓangare na sojojin mamayewa. Janar Bourmont, wanda ya aika da sojoji su mamaye Bône da Oran, ya janye su daga waɗannan wuraren tare da ra'ayin komawa Faransa don mayar da Charles kan karaga. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa sojojinsa ba su goyi bayan wannan yunƙurin ba, sai ya yi murabus ya tafi gudun hijira a Spain. Louis-Philippe ya maye gurbinsa da Bertrand Clauzel a cikin Satumba 1830. Bey na Titteri, wanda ya halarci yakin a Staouéli, yayi ƙoƙari ya daidaita adawa da Faransanci tare da beys na Oran da Constantine, amma sun kasa yarda da jagoranci. Clauzel a watan Nuwamba ya jagoranci rukunin Faransanci na 8,000 zuwa Médéa, babban birnin Titteri, inda ya yi asarar maza 200 a arangama. Bayan ya bar maza 500 a [[Blida]] ya mamaye Médéa ba tare da juriya ba, kamar yadda bey ya ja da baya. ==Faɗaɗɗen bayani== [[File:Algérie fr.jpg|thumb|Taswirar shekarar 1877 na sassan Faransa guda uku: Alger, Oran da Constantine]] [[File:French Algeria evolution 1830-1962 map-fr.svg|thumb|Taswirar ci gaban mamayar Faransa daga 1830 zuwa 1962]] Clauzel ya kafa tsarin mulki na farar hula a Algiers, inda ya fara ɗaukar ma'aikatan gida waɗanda aka fi sani da "zouaves" domin tallafa wa rundunar Faransa, da nufin kafa cikakken tsarin mulkin mallaka. Shi da wasu suka kafa kamfani domin mallakar ƙasa don noma tare da karfafa zaman manoma 'yan Turai, wanda hakan ya janyo wata irin fafutuka wajen kwace ƙasa. Clauzel ya fahimci damar noma da ke cikin Filayen Mitidja, inda ya yi hangen samar da auduga a babban sikeli. A lokacin mulkinsa na biyu a matsayin gwamnan janar (1835–36), ya yi amfani da mukaminsa wajen saka hannun jari a ƙasa tare da karfafa hafsoshi da jami’an gwamnati da su ma su zuba jari. Wannan ci gaba ya janyo masu ruwa da tsaki cikin gwamnati su nuna goyon baya ga ƙarin shiga cikin harkokin Algeria. Haka kuma, masu kasuwanci masu tasiri a gwamnati sun fara fahimtar riba mai yawa da ke cikin siyan ƙasa mai rahusa da fadada yanki na mamayar Faransa. A cikin shekaru goma, suka kafa manyan gonaki, suka gina masana'antu da kasuwanci, tare da amfani da ƙwadago mai rahusa daga mutanen yankin. Clauzel ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa tasirin Faransa zuwa Oran da Constantine ta hanyar yin shawarwari da sarkin Tunis domin ya samar da shugabanni na gida da za su yi aiki ƙarƙashin Faransa. Sarkin ya ƙi, ganin rashin dacewar tsarin. Ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa ta soki tattaunawar da Clauzel ya yi da Maroko kan kafa sarkin Maroko a Oran, sannan a farkon 1831 aka sauke shi aka maye gurbinsa da Baron Berthezène. Berthezène ba shi da ƙarfi wajen tafiyar da mulki kuma ya nuna adawa da tsarin mulkin mallaka. Mafi muni cikin gazawar da ya fuskanta a fannin soji ya kasance ne lokacin da aka tura shi ya taimaki sarkin Médéa, wanda goyon bayansa ga Faransa da cin hancinsa ya janyo ƙiyayya daga jama'ar garin. A watan Yuni 1831, Berthezène ya jagoranci sojoji zuwa Médéa don ceto sarkin da sansanin Faransa. Yayin dawowa Algiers, sojojin sun fuskanci hare-hare daga masu adawa da su a Kabyle, har aka tilasta musu janyewa cikin firgici wanda Berthezène ya kasa shawo kansa. Mutanen da Faransa ta rasa a wannan janyewa sun kai kusan 300, kuma wannan nasara ta ƙarfafa ƙarfin gwiwar masu adawa, inda suka fara kai hari kan garuruwan mulkin mallaka. Wadanda ke da muradin ci gaban harkokin kasuwanci sun fara buƙatar shugaba mai ƙarfi, wanda Louis-Philippe ya kawo a ƙarshen 1831 ta hanyar naɗa Savary, Duke Rovigo. Rovigo ya sake karɓar ikon garuruwan Bône da Bougie (wanda ake kira Béjaïa a yau), garuruwan da Clauzel ya kama amma ya rasa sakamakon juriya daga mutanen Kabyle. Ya ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin mulkin mallaka da kwace kadarorin. Ya yi amfani da karfin soja wajen danne masu adawa a Algiers, inda aka mamaye unguwanni da dakarun soja. An kira shi gida a 1833 saboda munin zaluncin da ya yi, aka maye gurbinsa da Baron Voirol. Voirol ya tabbatar da mamayar Faransa a Oran, yayin da wani janar na Faransa, Louis Alexis Desmichels, ya samu ikon gudanarwa da ya ba shi damar karɓar ikon Arzew da Mostaganem. A ranar 22 ga Yuni 1834, Faransa ta sanar da haɗa yankunan da ta mamaye a Algeria a matsayin wata [[colony|ƙoloniya]] ta soja. Ana gudanar da ƙoloniyar ne ƙarƙashin jagoran soja da ke da ikon farar hula da na soja gaba ɗaya, ciki har da fitar da dokoki. Ikonsa na zahiri ya kasance ne a yankunan bakin teku, amma yadda Faransa ke ci gaba da faɗaɗa mamayarta ya janyo ci gaba da ƙin yarda daga jama'ar ƙasar. A hukumance an daina manufar “iyakar mamaya” a 1840, aka rungumi manufofin cikakken iko. A 1834, aka sauke Voirol aka naɗa Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d’Erlon, a matsayin gwamnan farko na ƙoloniyar, inda aka ba shi aikin tinkarar barazanar `Abd al-Qādir da kuma cigaba da gazawar Faransa wajen cin galaba kan Ahmed Bey, mai mulkin Constantine. == Ƙananan Tsayayya na Aljeriya (1830s) == === Blida === A Yaƙin Blida na Farko, sojojin Berber-Algeriya karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Ben Zaamoum sun ci sojojin Faransa da ƙaramin asara.<ref name="DuCamp-1850" /> Aljeriya sun yi kwanton bauna ga sojojin Faransa ta hanyar dabara, waɗanda suka fara maraba da su kuma suka kai musu hari daga dutse, cikin bazata da ƙarfi, jim kaɗan bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Colonel Charles Henry |title=The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1867 |location=London |pages=14–29}}</ref> A Yaƙin Blida na Biyu, ta hanyar kwanton bauna, sojojin Aljeriya sun sa Faransa ta ja da baya. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe biyu a shekarar 1830 kuma Faransa ta iya mamaye Blida ne kawai a shekarar 1839.<ref name="DuCamp-1850">{{cite book |last1=Pascal |first1=Adrien |last2=DuCamp |first2=Jules |last3=Brahaut |first3=G N |others=François Sicard |title=Histoire de l'armée et de tous les régiments, depuis les premiers temps de la monarchie française... |trans-title=Tarihin Sojoji da Dukkanin Rundunoni Tun Farko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nZkPZuQ6qsC&pg=PR58 |volume=4 |year=1850 |publisher=A. Barbier |location=Paris |pages=58 |oclc=1008334451}}</ref> === Béjaïa === Béjaia ta fuskanci rikice-rikice akai-akai da Faransa har zuwa lokacin da aka mamaye ta. Bayan faduwar Dey, kabilun Mézzaïa suka karbe birnin. A shekarar 1831 sun ci nasara a kan wani ɗan ƙaramin balaguron Faransa a kansu. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1833 Faransa ta mamaye birnin da ƙaramin asara, daga sojojin Kabyle da Kouloughli. Kabyles na Aljeriya sun yi ƙoƙarin sake mamaye birnin a shekarar 1835, amma suka gaza a kan masu kare Faransa da suka fi kayan aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Balzer|first=Laura|date=2017|title=Des militaires en couple|journal=Hypothèses|volume=20|issue=1|pages=283–293|doi=10.3917/hyp.161.0283|issn=1298-6216|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Mitidja === A shekarar 1834 Faransa, a karkashin jagorancin Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg, sun kai hari birnin Hadjout. Masu tsayayya sun yi amfani da dabarun yaƙin 'yan tawaye, amma an murƙushe su a watan Agusta 1835. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1837, Faransa ta ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan tsayayyar Aljeriya a filayen Mitidja. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, Faransa ta gamu da tsayayyar Aljeriya a filayen Mitidja, kuma suka tura zuwa birnin Larbaa, wanda, a lokacin, har yanzu yana karkashin mulkin kabilun Aljeriya. An mamaye birnin kwanaki biyu bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galibert|first=Léon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSm2QuVMWWwC&pg=PA625|title=L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader|date=1844|publisher=Furne et cie|language=fr}}</ref> === Zwawas === {{Main|Farmakin Reghaïa (1837)}} {{See also|Balaguron Col des Beni Aïcha|Yaƙin Farko na Boudouaou|Yaƙin Farko na Issers|Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)|Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha|Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)}} A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1837, Kabyles daga yankunan Col des Beni Aïcha, Issers da Amraoua sun kai hari gidan gonar Mercier na Reghaïa karkashin mulkin Faransa. Wannan ya sa Faransa ta fara kai hari kan Zwawa Kabyles, da kuma Kabyles na Isser. A ranar 17 ga Mayu Faransa ta kori Zwawas daga Thénia. A halin yanzu, kabilun Isser da Amraoua sun yi kwanton bauna ga Faransa, amma an kore su da sauri. A ranakun 18 da 19 ga Mayu rukunin sojojin Faransa na 2nd Light Infantry sun ci 'yan daruruwan masu kare Aljeriya a Béni Aïcha. Faransa ta rasa sojoji uku, yayin da Aljeriya suka rasa 18. A ranar guda, 'yan daruruwan Kabyles sun yi ƙoƙarin yin kwanton bauna ga sojojin Faransa, amma an ci su da sauƙi, inda suka yi asara mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tipaza|url=https://tipaza.typepad.fr/mon_weblog/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Tipaza|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220746/https://tipaza.typepad.fr/mon_weblog/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Hawani Abdelkader== {{Main|Emir Abdelkader}} An haifi Emir Abdelkader, wanda aka fi sani da Abdelkader Ibn Muhieddine Ibn Mostapha Ibn Mohamed Ibn Mokhtar El-Hasani El-Djezairi (Larabci: عبد القادر ابن محيي الدين ابن مصطفى ابن محمد ابن المختار الحساني الجزائري )<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goolfee |first=Mohammad Teisir Bin Shah |date=2019 |title=Abdelkader El-Djezairi and His Reforms in Algeria |url=http://islamicstudies.uok.edu.in/Files/36892408-1fed-4431-9848-0761b9e02587/Journal/4be0912e-3ab2-40aa-9863-d0276daf2304.pdf |journal=Insight Islamicus |volume=19 |pages=70 |access-date=2022-05-16 |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212095532/http://islamicstudies.uok.edu.in/Files/36892408-1fed-4431-9848-0761b9e02587/Journal/4be0912e-3ab2-40aa-9863-d0276daf2304.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> a watan Mayu 1807, a lardin Oran na Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanderson |first=Edgar |title=Hero Patriots of the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. Publishers |year=1901 |location=New York |pages=158–235}}</ref> Kasancewar ɗan wani malamin addini kuma Marabout, an haifi Abdelkader a cikin iyali mai arziki da addini kuma don haka shi ma ya sami nau'ikan ilimi daban-daban. An yi masa karatu a fannin ilimin addinin Islama, Alkur'ani, da kuma littattafan Girka da Larabci kan tarihi na da da na zamani, falsafa, ilimin harshe, taurari, ilimin kasa, da magani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Colonel Charles Henry |title=The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1867 |location=London |pages=1–13}}</ref> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, Abdelkader ya sami taken Hafiz, kuma yana aiki a masallacin iyali inda yake bayani game da surorin Alkur'ani.<ref name=":0" /> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, a 1825, Abdelkader da mahaifinsa sun yi aikin Hajj. Bayan sun kammala aikin hajjinsu zuwa Makka, sun yi tafiya zuwa Dimashƙu, inda suka yi karatu na tsawon watanni kaɗan. Bayan wannan zama, sun sake yin wani aikin hajjin zuwa Baghdad. Kafin su dawo gida a 1828, sun sake yin aikin Hajj sau ɗaya.<ref name=":0" /> Muhieddine, mahaifin Abdelkader kuma shugaban wata ƙungiyar addini, wanda ya yi lokaci a gidajen yarin Dey saboda adawa da mulkin Dey,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Studies|first=American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALHjoSJm-PsC&q=Muhyi+ad+din+jail&pg=PA30|title=Algeria, a Country Study|date=1979|publisher=[Department of Defense], Department of the Army|language=en}}</ref> ya kai hare-hare kan Faransa da kawayensu na makhzen a Oran a 1832. A wannan shekarar, dattawan kabilu a yankunan kusa da Mascara sun zaɓi ɗan Muhieddine, Abdelkader mai shekaru ashirin da biyar, don ya maye gurbinsa wajen jagorantar jihad. Daga nan sai ɗan majalisa Alexis de Tocqueville ya bayyana hawan Abdelkader kan mulki a cikin wasiƙarsa ta 1837 game da Aljeriya<ref>* {{cite web|url=https://tikhanovlibrary.substack.com/p/alexis-de-tocquevilles-first-letter|title=Alexis de Tocqueville's First Letter on Algeria|date=4 June 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> kamar haka: <blockquote>A yammacin lardin Algiers, kusa da iyakokin daular Morocco, an daɗe da kafa wani sanannen iyali na marabout. Sun fito daga Annabi Muhammad da kansa, kuma ana girmama sunansu a duk faɗin mulkin. A lokacin da Faransa ta karbe ikon ƙasar, shugaban wannan iyali wani tsoho ne mai suna Mahiddin. Baya ga darajar haihuwa, Mahiddin ya ƙara samun fa'idar kasancewa a Makka da kuma adawa da cin zarafin Turkawa na dogon lokaci da ƙarfi. Tsarkinsa yana da matuƙar daraja kuma ƙwarewarsa sananniya ce. Lokacin da kabilun da ke kewaye suka fara jin rashin jin daɗi mai ban tsoro da rashin iko ke haifarwa ga mutane, sai suka zo wurin Mahiddin kuma suka ba shi shawarar ya karbe harkokin su. Tsohon ya tattara su duka a wani babban fili; a nan ya gaya musu cewa a wannan shekarun su ya kamata su damu da sama ba ƙasa ba, cewa ya ƙi tayinsu, amma ya roƙe su da su jinkirta zaɓen su ga ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan 'ya'yansa, wanda ya nuna musu. Ya lissafa dalla-dalla taken wannan don mulkin 'yan uwansa: tsoron Allahnsa na farko, aikin hajjinsa zuwa wurare masu tsarki, zuriyarsa daga Annabi; ya bayyana alamomi da yawa masu ban mamaki waɗanda sama ta yi amfani da su don zaɓe shi a tsakanin 'yan uwansa, kuma ya tabbata cewa duk annabce-annabcen da suka gabata waɗanda suka sanar da mai ceton Larabawa a bayyane sun shafi shi. Kabilun sun bayyana da yarda ɗan Mahiddin emir-el-mouminin, wato shugaban muminai.</blockquote> <blockquote>Wannan matashi, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru ashirin da biyar kuma ba shi da kyakykyawan kamanni, an sanya masa suna Abd-el-Kader. <ref>Ritter, Yusuf. ''Travels in Algeria, United Empire Loyalists''. Tikhanov Library, 2023. [https://tikhanovlibrary.com/travels-in-algeria.html "Travels in Algeria, United Empire Loyalists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102142525/https://tikhanovlibrary.com/travels-in-algeria.html |date=2023-11-02 }}</ref></blockquote> Abdelkader, wanda aka sani a matsayin Amir al-Muminin (kwamandan muminai), cikin sauri ya sami goyon bayan kabilu a yankunan yamma. A 1834 ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da Janar Desmichels, wanda a lokacin shi ne kwamandan soja na lardin Oran.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goolfee |first=Mohammad Teisir Bin Shah |date=2019 |title=Abdelkader El-Djezairi and His Reforms in Algeria |url=http://islamicstudies.uok.edu.in/Files/36892408-1fed-4431-9848-0761b9e02587/Journal/4be0912e-3ab2-40aa-9863-d0276daf2304.pdf |journal=Insight Islamicus |volume=19 |pages=71 |access-date=2022-05-16 |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212095532/http://islamicstudies.uok.edu.in/Files/36892408-1fed-4431-9848-0761b9e02587/Journal/4be0912e-3ab2-40aa-9863-d0276daf2304.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin yarjejeniyar, wacce gwamnatin Faransa ta karɓa da ƙyar, Faransa ta amince da Abdelkader a matsayin mai mulkin yankuna a lardin Oran waɗanda ba a ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa ba, kuma ta ba Abdelkader izinin tura jakadu zuwa biranen da Faransa ke riƙe da su. Yarjejeniyar ba ta buƙaci Abdelkader ya amince da mulkin Faransa ba, wani abu da aka yi watsi da shi a cikin rubutun Faransa. Abdelkader ya yi amfani da zaman lafiyar da wannan yarjejeniyar ta bayar don faɗaɗa tasirinsa tare da kabilu a duk faɗin yammacin da tsakiyar Aljeriya. Yayin da d'Erlon da alama bai san haɗarin da ayyukan Abdelkader ke haifarwa ba, Janar Camille Alphonse Trézel, wanda a lokacin yana jagorantar Oran, ya ga hakan, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin raba wasu kabilu daga Abdelkader. Lokacin da ya yi nasarar shawo kan kabilu biyu kusa da Oran su amince da rinjayen Faransa, Abdelkader ya tura sojoji don motsa waɗannan kabilu zuwa cikin ƙasa, nesa da tasirin Faransa. Trézel ya mayar da martani ta hanyar fitar da rukunin sojoji daga Oran don kare yankin waɗannan kabilu a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1835. Bayan musayar barazana, Abdelkader ya janye jakadansa daga Oran kuma ya kori jakadan Faransa daga Mascara, wani ''de facto'' bayyanar yaƙi. Sojojin biyu sun yi arangama a cikin wani gwagwarmaya mai zubar da jini amma ba a yanke hukunci ba kusa da Kogin Sig. Duk da haka, lokacin da Faransawa, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kayan abinci, suka fara janyewa zuwa Arzew, Abdelkader ya jagoranci maza 20,000 a kan rukunin da aka yi wa kawanya, kuma a Yaƙin Macta ya fatattaki ƙarfin, inda ya kashe maza 500. Bala'in ya haifar da kiran Comte d'Erlon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Colonel Charles Henry |title=The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1867 |location=London |pages=72–83}}</ref> An nada Janar Clausel a karo na biyu don maye gurbin d'Erlon. Ya jagoranci wani hari kan Mascara a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, wanda Abdelkader, tare da gargadin gaba, ya kwashe. A watan Janairu 1836 Clausel ya mamaye Tlemcen, kuma ya kafa sansanin soja a wurin kafin ya koma Algiers don shirya wani hari kan Constantine. Abdelkader ya ci gaba da tsokanar Faransawa a Tlemcen, don haka an tura ƙarin sojoji a ƙarƙashin Thomas Robert Bugeaud, wani tsohon soja na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon wanda ya kware a yaƙe-yaƙe marasa ka'ida, daga Oran don tabbatar da iko har zuwa Kogin Tafna da kuma sake ba da kayan masarufi ga sansanin soja. Abdelkader ya ja da baya a gaban Bugeaud, amma ya yanke shawarar yin tsayayya a gabar Kogin Sikkak. A ranar 6 ga Yuli 1836, Bugeaud ya ci nasara a kan Abdelkader a Yaƙin Sikkak, inda ya rasa maza ƙasa da hamsin yayin da Abdelkader ya sha asarar fiye da 1,000. Yaƙin yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan na yaƙe-yaƙe na yau da kullun da Abdelkader ya shiga; bayan wannan shan kashi ya taƙaita ayyukansa gwargwadon yiwuwar kai hare-hare na salon 'yan tawaye.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Colonel Charles Henry |title=The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1867 |location=London |pages=84–96}}</ref> ==Constantine== Yaƙin Constantine a watan Nuwamba 1836 Ahmed Bey ya ci gaba da bijirewa duk wani yunƙuri na Faransawa ko wasu na yi wa Constantine mulkin mallaka, ya kuma ci gaba da taka rawa wajen adawa da mulkin Faransa, a wani ɓangare saboda yana fatan ya zama Dey na gaba. Clausel da Ahmed sun yi takun-saka ta fuskar diflomasiyya kan kin amincewar Ahmed na amincewa da ikon Faransa a kan Bône, wanda ya dauka har yanzu yankin Aljeriya ne, kuma Clausel ya yanke shawarar yin adawa da shi. A watan Nuwamba 1836 Clausel ya jagoranci mutane 8,700 zuwa cikin Constantine beylik, amma aka kore shi a yakin Constantine; gazawar ta haifar da kiran Clausel. Comte de Damrémont ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya jagoranci wani balaguro wanda ya kama Constantine a shekara mai zuwa, kodayake an kashe shi a lokacin da aka kewaye shi kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Sylvain Charles, comte Valée. ==Sake Farkon Gwagwarmayar Abd Al-Qādir== {{Main|Zaman lafiya na Aljeriya}} {{See also|Tafiyar Col des Beni Aïcha}} [[File:Défense de Mazagran.jpg|thumb|Yakin Mazagran a shekarar 1840]] [[File:Bataille de sidi brahim 1845 26 septembre.jpg|thumb|Yakin Sidi Brahim a shekarar 1845]] A watan Mayu na 1837, Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud, wanda yake shugabantar Oran a wancan lokacin, ya cimma yarjejeniya da Abd al-Qādir wacce aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Tafna, inda ya amince da ikon Abd al-Qādir akan yawancin yankunan cikin gida na abin da yanzu ake kira Aljeriya. Abd al-Qādir ya yi amfani da wannan yarjejeniya wajen karfafa mulkinsa akan kabilu daban-daban, inda ya kafa sabbin garuruwa a wuraren da Faransawa ba su da iko. Ya karfafa mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa su yi gwagwarmaya ta lumana da ta soja. Sabani tsakanin kabilu da kungiyoyin addini da suka raba kasar kafin mamayar Faransa sun warware a ƙarƙashin tsarin sa, inda ya raba yankunan da yake iko da su zuwa larduna, kowanne yana da ikon kare kansa da sojojinsa. A kokarinsa na sake tinkarar Faransawa, Abd al-Qādir ya ayyana cewa yarjejeniyar ta ba shi iko akan babban hanyar da ke tsakanin Algiers da Constantine. A ƙarshen shekarar 1839, lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka bi ta hanyar tsaunuka da aka fi sani da Iron Gates, Abd al-Qādir ya bayyana hakan a matsayin karya yarjejeniyar, sannan ya sake kiran jihadi. A shekarar 1839, ya kaddamar da yakin Mitidja wanda Ahmed bin Salem daga kabilar Kabyle da Mohammed ben Allel daga Larabawa suka jagoranta. Wannan yaki ya yi nasara, duk da cewa dakarun Aljeriya sun sha kaye a yakin Oued El Alleug. A tsawon shekarar 1840, Abd al-Qādir ya gudanar da gwagwarmayar satar sojoji (guerrilla) a yankunan Algiers da Oran. Gazawar Valée wajen kawo ƙarshen yakin ya sa aka maye gurbinsa da Janar Bugeaud a watan Disamba 1840. Bugeaud ya bullo da dabarar kona ƙasa gaba ɗaya (scorched earth) tare da amfani da sojoji masu gaggawa da keken doki kamar na Abd al-Qādir domin kwace yankuna daga hannunsa. Dabarun sojojin sun kasance masu tsanani, lamarin da ya sa jama'a suka sha wahala. Abd al-Qādir ya kafa wata sansani mai yawo da ake kira smala ko zmelah. A shekarar 1843, sojojin Faransa suka kai hari wannan sansani yayin da ba ya ciki, inda suka kama fiye da mayaƙa 5,000 da kuma dukiyar yakin Abd al-Qādir. Abd al-Qādir ya janye zuwa Maroko, inda yake samun ɗan goyon baya, musamman daga kabilu a yankin kan iyaka. Bayan diflomasiyyar Faransa ta kasa shawo kan Maroko su kori Abd al-Qādir, sai Faransa ta kaddamar da yaki da Maroko na farko a shekarar 1844 domin tilasta sarkin ya sauya matsayinsa. A shekarar 1845, Faransa ta kaddamar da wani yaki a yankin Kabylia domin karya karfin dakarun Abd al-Qādir da Ahmed bin Salem ke jagoranta. Sojojin Kabyle na Zwawa sun dade suna damun Faransa tun daga 1837, inda suka kai hare-hare da dama kamar na Yakin Beni Mered, don haka dole ne a karya karfinsu. Bayan nasarar Faransa a Yakin Tizi Ouzou, sun kuma kai kwanton bauna a Issers, inda suka lalata sauran sojojin Aljeriya, kuma Ahmed bin Salem ya mika wuya. Wannan kaye ya kawo ƙarshen ikon Abd al-Qādir a gabashin kasar. A ƙarshen wannan lokaci, sojojin Faransa sun haura dubu ɗari. Duk da haka, wata rundunar Faransa ta sha kaye a Yakin Sidi Brahim a shekarar 1845. Sarkin Maroko Abd al-Rahman, bayan Yarjejeniyar Tangier ta 1844, ya haramta wa Emir shiga kasar gaba ɗaya. Abd al-Rahman ya aike da sojoji a asirce domin kai hari kan Abdelkader da rusa kayayyakin sa, amma bayan watanni shida Abdelkader ya kayar da su kuma ya kama su. Bayan wannan kaye, aka aike da wani mai kisan gilla don kashe Emir Abdelkader. Dan uwansa Abd al-Rahman, wato Moulay Hashem, da gwamnan Rif El Hamra sun jagoranci wani hari, amma aka kayar da su a Yakin Oued Aslaf, El Hamra ya mutu, Moulay Hashem ya tsira da kyar, kuma Abd al-Rahman ya amince da wannan kaye. Daga nan Moroccans suka sake kai farmaki a Yakin Agueddin, amma dukkanin hare-haren da suka kai sau uku sun sha kaye a hannun Abdelkader. Duk da haka, Abdelkader ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga Maroko zuwa yankin Faransa domin fara tattaunawar sulhu. A watan Disamba na 1847, Abd al-Qādir ya mika wuya ga Faransawa bisa sharadin cewa za a bar shi ya tafi gudun hijira zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Amma Faransawa sun karya wannan sharadi, inda suka tsare shi a Faransa har zuwa 1852, kafin a bar shi ya tafi zuwa Dimashƙu. Daular Usmaniyya ta gabatar da ƙorafi na diflomasiyya kan mamayar da aka yi wa Aljeriya, amma ba ta taɓa amincewa da cewa ta rasa yankin ba. Taswirar "Afirka na Usmaniyya" ta 1905 har yanzu tana nuna cewa daular tana da iyaka da Maroko a yammacin "yanki" na Aljeriya. {{wide image|Prise de la smalah d Abd-El-Kader a Taguin 16 mai 1843 Horace Vernet.jpg|800px|''Kame Smala na Abd El-Kader, 16 Mayu 1843'' ta Horace Vernet}} ==Tawayen Kabyle na 1871== {{Main|Tawayen Mokrani}} {{See also|Tafiyar Col des Beni Aïcha|Yaƙin Alma (Aljeriya)}} Fitowar tawayen da yafi girma tun bayan lokacin Abd al-Qadir shi ne tawayen Mokrani na shekarar 1871 a Kabylia, wanda ya bazu a yawancin sassan Aljeriya. A watan Afrilu na 1871, kabilu 250 ne suka tashi, wanda kusan ya kai kashi ɗaya cikin uku na yawan jama’ar ƙasar.<ref>Bernard Droz, « Insurrection de 1871: la révolte de Mokrani », cikin Jeannine Verdès-Leroux (ed.), ''L'Algérie et la France'', Paris, Robert Laffont 2009, shf. 474–475 {{isbn|978-2-221-10946-5}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, akwai kusan manoma 130,000 daga Turai a Aljeriya, waɗanda suka mallaki mafi yawan ƙasashen noma. Wannan adadi ya karu zuwa sama da miliyan ɗaya kafin ƙarshen ƙarni.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shillington |first1=Kevin |title=History of Africa |chapter=North and north-east Africa in the nineteenth century |edition=2 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995 |page=276 }}</ref> Tawayen Kabyle, wanda ya samo asali daga yunwa mai tsawo da bambancin da ake nuna wa kabilu daban-daban a ƙolonin, ya kai ga gurfanar da shugabannin da suka tsira a gaban kotu a Constantine a 1873, bayan matsin lamba daga Faransawa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Joly |first=Vincent |title=Les généraux d'Afrique et la répression des troubles révolutionnaires de 1848 |date=2014-02-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dec.bouch.2013.01.0127 |work=Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale |pages=127–130 |publisher=La Découverte |doi=10.3917/dec.bouch.2013.01.0127 |isbn=9782707178374 |access-date=2022-04-13|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Haka kuma, an bai wa tasirin dokar Crémieux ta shekarar 1870 muhimmanci a cikin al'umma.<ref>Katz, Ethan B. "Shifting Hierarchies of Exclusion: Colonialism, Anti‐Semitism, and Islamophobia in European History." ''CrossCurrents'' 65, no. 3 (2015): 357–370.</ref> Tawayen ya samu jagorancin Cheikh Mokrani, shugaban Kalâa na Ait Abbas, wanda da farko yana da alaƙa da gwamnatin Faransa. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da suka haifar da tawayen shi ne fahimtar shugabannin Kabyle cewa an karɓe musu ikon yanke shawara, ciki har da ǧamāʿa, majalisun ƙauyukan Kabyle.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470565360 |title=L'Algérie et la France |date=2009 |publisher=R. Laffont |others=Jeannine Verdès-Leroux, Normandie roto impr.) |isbn=978-2-221-10946-5 |location=Paris |oclc=470565360}}</ref> Haka kuma, Kalâa na Ait Abbas yana fuskantar rashin ikon mulki. Bugu da ƙari, abin da ya faru da Kwamin na Paris shima watakila ya bai wa mutane kwarin gwiwa cewa ana iya ƙalubalantar gwamnatin Faransa, ta hanyar nuna hanyar yaki da tsarin mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Citation |last=Willard |first=Claude |title=La Commune de Paris de 1871: mythes et réalités |date=2000 |work=La commune de 1871: utopie ou modernité? |pages=15–19 |publisher=Presses universitaires de Perpignan |doi=10.4000/books.pupvd.36640 |isbn=9782908912876 |s2cid=245046796 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Abu na ƙarshe da ya tayar da wannan babbar fitina shi ne tawaye da wani Spahi ya yi a 1871 bayan ya ƙi bin umarnin Faransa.<ref>Jolly, Jean (1996). ''Histoire du continent africain: de la préhistoire à 1600''. Vol. 1. Éditions L'Harmattan.</ref> Kimanin Kabyle 150,000 ne suka tashi da makamai, suka yaɗa yaki a faɗin yankin, har zuwa kusa da babban birni. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗanda suka tashi basu da horo ko isassun makamai, sai dai tarin manoma masu gwagwarmaya domin ‘yanci. Amma nasarorin farko sun fara dusashewa bayan zuwan rundunonin Faransa da suka kakkabe tawaye, musamman bayan cafke ɗan’uwa Cheikh Mokrani.<ref>Darmon, Pierre (2009). ''Un siècle de passions algériennes: Histoire de l'Algérie coloniale (1830–1940)''.</ref><ref>Sessions, Jennifer. "Making Settlers Muslim: Religion, Resistance and Everyday Life in Nineteenth-Century French Algeria." ''French History'' 33, no. 2 (2019): 259–277.</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka yi tawaye an kai su zuwa New Caledonia, inda wani babban al'umma daga Aljeriya, wanda ake kira Aljeriyawan Tekun Pasifik, har yanzu ke zaune.<ref>Johnson, Douglas. 1967. "The History of Algeria – Histoire De L'Algérie Contemporaine: Conquête Et Colonisation. By Charles-André Julien. Paris: Presses Universitaires, 1964. Pp. 632, Illustrations, Maps. – The Passing of French Algeria. By David C. Gordon. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. V 265. 42s." ''The Journal of African History'' 8 (3). Cambridge University Press: 548–49.</ref> == Manazarta == 9oin2r2sk7fn07ujert25wnq4pkafpg 0 103065 883962 646819 2026-07-16T11:52:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashid Ahmed Mahmood "Ram" Salojee''' (24 Maris 1933 - 2 Disamba 2020), sau da yawa ba a kuskure '''Ram Saloojee''', ɗan siyasan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne, likita, kuma tsohon mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata . Tsakanin shekarun 1994 zuwa 2009, ya wakilci jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin lardin Gauteng da majalisun biyu. Salojee ya tashi zuwa matsayi ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin jama'a na gida a Lenasia, inda ya gudanar da aikin likita. Tsohon jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, People's Candidate Party, ta mamaye kwamitin gudanarwa na Lenasia daga shekarun 1973 zuwa 1977, lokacin da Salojee ya sauya matsayinsa na shiga tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata ya fice daga kwamitin. Daga baya ya zama babban jigo a cikin ƙungiyar adawa da wariyar launin fata ta Congress a Transvaal, kuma daga shekarun 1983 ya yi aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) da reshen Transvaal na United Democratic Front (UDF).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vahed |first=Goolam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5NhngEACAAJ |title=Muslim Portraits: The Anti-Apartheid Struggle |date=2012 |publisher=Madiba Publishers |isbn=978-1-874945-25-3 |pages=321–324 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Vadi |first=Ismail |author-link=Ismail Vadi |date=2020-12-03 |title=Dr Rashid 'Ram' Saloojee — A humble servant of Lenasia and the people of South Africa |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-03-dr-rashid-ram-saloojee-a-humble-servant-of-lenasia-and-the-people-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Babban yaya ga yara goma sha biyu, an haifi Salojee a ranar 24 ga watan Maris 1933 a gonar iyalinsa a Kliprivier a tsohuwar lardin Transvaal. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Vadi |first=Ismail |author-link=Ismail Vadi |date=2020-12-03 |title=Dr Rashid 'Ram' Saloojee — A humble servant of Lenasia and the people of South Africa |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-03-dr-rashid-ram-saloojee-a-humble-servant-of-lenasia-and-the-people-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Sunan laƙabi, Ram, ya fito ne daga farkon sunansa uku. Iyalinsa suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar satyagraha ta [[Mahatma Gandhi]], kuma mahaifinsa ya kasance babban memba na TIC.<ref name=":1" /> Baya ga lokutan da ke makarantar firamare ta Indiya ta Ferreira da makarantar sakandare ta Indiya ta Johannesburg, Salojee ya shafe shekaru biyar a Cibiyar Musulunci ta Waterval, inda ya yi karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1951, Salojee ya halarci [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], inda ya kammala MBBCh a shekarar 1958. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Obituary content |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/alumni/obituaries/obituary-content-by-year/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> Da yawa daga baya, yayin da yake aiki a Majalisar, Salojee ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' cewa, "Ba a taɓa sanya ni jin wani ɓangare na Alma Mater na ba. Nuna wariya, wariyar ra'ayi da kuma keɓancewa daga zamantakewar zamantakewa sun bar ni jin wofi, rashi da rashin cikawa." <ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-01-26 |title=Pride and the alma mater |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1996-01-26-he-died-with-his-boots-on/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Bayan shekaru goma na aikin likita a Nylstroom, ya kammala ƙarin horo a asibitin Coronation na [[Johannesburg]] a cikin shekarar 1964 sannan ya zauna a Lenasia, inda ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa. <ref name=":1" /> == Gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata == Yayin da yake aikin likitanci a Lenasia, Salojee ya zama babban jigo a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a na gida. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Vadi |first=Ismail |author-link=Ismail Vadi |date=2020-12-03 |title=Dr Rashid 'Ram' Saloojee — A humble servant of Lenasia and the people of South Africa |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-03-dr-rashid-ram-saloojee-a-humble-servant-of-lenasia-and-the-people-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVadi2020">[[Ismail Vadi|Vadi, Ismail]] (3 December 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-03-dr-rashid-ram-saloojee-a-humble-servant-of-lenasia-and-the-people-of-south-africa/ "Dr Rashid 'Ram' Saloojee — A humble servant of Lenasia and the people of South Africa"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kasance memba na kafa Lenasia Resident's and Ratepayers Association, a tsakanin sauran kungiyoyi, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2011 |title=Indian Community in Lenasia |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-community-lenasia |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> kuma ya kasance mai aiki a cikin kungiyoyin kula da wasanni na gida, da kansa ɗan wasan [[Kurket|cricketer]]. <ref name=":3" /> A shekara ta 1973, Salojee ya kafa jam'iyyar People's Candidate Party (PCP) don tsayawa takara a zaben farko na kwamitin gudanarwa na Lenasia, wanda aka kafa don bai wa Indiyawan Afirka ta Kudu wakilcin wakilci na siyasa a yankin. PCP ta yi rawar gani sosai a zaɓukan, kuma an zaɓi Salojee a cikin kwamitin. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2011 |title=Indian Community in Lenasia |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-community-lenasia |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=South African History Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-community-lenasia "Indian Community in Lenasia"]. ''South African History Online''. 19 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A cewar Salojee, shigarsa cikin kwamitin ya samo asali ne daga manufofin bayar da shawarwari ga bukatun zamantakewar zamantakewar mazauna da kuma hana kwamitin fadawa karkashin ikon 'yan kasuwa, amma matsayinsa ya yi hannun riga da babban taron Congress Alliance da Black Consciousness motsi, duka biyun sun yi adawa da irin wannan tsari a matsayin legiid. <ref name=":5" /> A watan Yulin 1977, bayan boren Soweto, Salojee ya sanar da cewa ya zo ya amince da wannan ra'ayi kuma ya janye jam'iyyarsa daga kwamitin gudanarwa. Ya yi tir da kwamitin a matsayin "kwamiti mai ba da shawara" kuma ya ce Indiyawa ba su da wani abin da za su amfana daga shiga cikin tsarin wariyar launin fata. Daga baya, lokacin da aka kafa kwamitin Anti-SAIC a Transvaal don shirya kauracewa Majalisar Indiya ta Afirka ta Kudu, Salojee ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan kwamitin. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2011 |title=Indian Community in Lenasia |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-community-lenasia |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=South African History Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-community-lenasia "Indian Community in Lenasia"]. ''South African History Online''. 19 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ayyukan Kwamitin Anti-SAIC sun haifar da sake dawowa da TIC a watan Mayu 1983, kuma an zabi Salojee a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisa, wanda ya wakilci Essop Jassat. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03221.htm |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The O'Malley Archives}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an kafa UDF, kuma Salojee ya zama mataimakin shugaban reshen Transvaal. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Vadi |first=Ismail |author-link=Ismail Vadi |date=2020-12-03 |title=Dr Rashid 'Ram' Saloojee — A humble servant of Lenasia and the people of South Africa |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-03-dr-rashid-ram-saloojee-a-humble-servant-of-lenasia-and-the-people-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVadi2020">[[Ismail Vadi|Vadi, Ismail]] (3 December 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-03-dr-rashid-ram-saloojee-a-humble-servant-of-lenasia-and-the-people-of-south-africa/ "Dr Rashid 'Ram' Saloojee — A humble servant of Lenasia and the people of South Africa"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya ƙara ganinsa a cikin gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar TIC da UDF suka jagoranci a cikin 1984 don ƙara tsanantawa daga Reshen Tsaro na 'yan sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988-02-25 |title=Pen portraits of a dozen of those banned yesterday |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1988-02-26-00-pen-portraits-of-a-dozen-of-those-banned-yesterday/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da UDF ta yi na kauracewa babban zaɓen 1984, an kai hari gidan Salojee, kuma an tsare shi a dandalin John Vorster daga 21 ga watan Agusta 1984 zuwa 10 Disamba 1984. Bayan an sake shi, an ba shi umarnin dakatar da shi har zuwa watan Yulin 1985, lokacin da aka sake kama shi a lokacin da yake aikin tiyatar. An tsare shi a gidan yari na tsawon kwanaki 81 kafin daga bisani ya koma saboda koke da matarsa da lauyansa, Priscilla Jana suka yi. An sake shi a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1985, ya kasance ƙarƙashin wani umarnin hana shi, kuma an sake tsare shi daga 12 Yuni 1986 zuwa 31 Yuli 1986 bayan wani hari a gidansa. <ref name=":1" /> == Aikin majalisa == A zaɓen farko da aka gudanar bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994, an zaɓi Salojee a matsayin wakilin jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin ƙasar , 'yan majalisar wakilai ta sabuwar majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu. Ya yi aiki a kujerarsa har zuwa Janairu 1996, lokacin da aka canza shi zuwa kujerar ANC a Majalisar Dattawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/13429370/south-africa-campaign-and-election-report-april-26- |title=South Africa: Campaign and Election Report April 26–29, 1994 |publisher=[[International Republican Institute]] |year=1994 |access-date=13 April 2023 |via=Yumpu}}</ref> Daga baya an sake mayar da shi sau ɗaya, yanzu zuwa majalisar dokokin lardin Gauteng, inda aka sake zaɓen shi ga cikakken wa'adi a shekarar 1999<ref name=":02">{{cite magazine |date=11 June 1999 |title=General Notice: Notice 1319 of 1999 – Electoral Commission: Representatives Elected to the Various Legislatures |url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/za/1999/za-government-gazette-dated-1999-06-11-no-20203.pdf |magazine=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]] |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=[[Government of South Africa]] |volume=408 |issue=20203 |pages= |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> da 2004<ref>{{cite magazine |date=20 April 2004 |title=General Notice: Notice 717 of 2004 - Electoral Commission – List of Names of Representatives in the National Assembly and the Nine Provincial Legislatures in Respect of the Elections Held on 14 April 2004 |url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/262770.pdf |magazine=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]] |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=[[Government of South Africa]] |volume=466 |issue=2677 |pages=4–95 |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> kuma inda ya yi aiki har ya yi ritaya a babban zaɓen 2009. A shekara ta 2001, yayin da yake shugabantar kwamitin kula da lafiya na lardi kan harkokin kiwon lafiya da kuma lokacin bullar [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], Salojee ya kaucewa matsayin gwamnatin shugaba [[Thabo Mbeki]] wajen bayar da shawarwarin samar da magungunan cutar kanjamau don yiwa wadanda aka yiwa fyade fyade.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2001 |title=No free drugs for rape victims, says Shilowa |work=IOL |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/no-free-drugs-for-rape-victims-says-shilowa-74201 |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref> A lokacin jawabinsa na ƙarshe a zauren majalisa a watan Maris 2009, Salojee ya nuna cewa:<blockquote>Wani lokaci nakan ji ban cika ba. Ban sani ba shin har yanzu muna cikin zamanin gwagwarmayar 'yantar da 'yanci ko kuwa muna cikin wannan zamani na tattalin arziki da masana'antu... Me game da masu rauni, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa aikin yi?... talakawan da [ba a ba su] damammaki masu yawa ba, wadanda ba mu iya bayarwa ba, abin takaici, har ma a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar na dimokuradiyyar mu. </blockquote> == Rayuwa ta sirri da addini == Salojee [[musulmi]] ne mai kishin addini kuma addininsa ya kara rura wutar fafutukarsa. Da aka tambaye shi a wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 1981 ko yana jin tsoron zaluncin gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, ya amsa cewa imaninsa ya buƙaci ya yi adawa da zalunci da wariyar launin fata. A matsayina na musulmi na kuduri aniyar yin aiki da aiki cikin cikakken wanzuwar imanina, wanda ba ya raba tsakanin ɓangarorin rayuwa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, da nishaɗi. Ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Kudu a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, inda a cikinta ya fito fili ya yi Allah wadai da shigar musulmi masu fafutuka a cikin mutanen da ke yaki da 'yan daba da muggan kwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-11-22 |title=Pagad still marching |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1996-11-22-pagad-still-marching/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A cikin watan Fabrairu 1960, Salojee ya auri Sara Makda, wanda ya riga shi. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Vadi |first=Ismail |author-link=Ismail Vadi |date=2020-12-03 |title=Dr Rashid 'Ram' Saloojee — A humble servant of Lenasia and the people of South Africa |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-03-dr-rashid-ram-saloojee-a-humble-servant-of-lenasia-and-the-people-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVadi2020">[[Ismail Vadi|Vadi, Ismail]] (3 December 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-03-dr-rashid-ram-saloojee-a-humble-servant-of-lenasia-and-the-people-of-south-africa/ "Dr Rashid 'Ram' Saloojee — A humble servant of Lenasia and the people of South Africa"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, mace ɗaya da namiji. <ref name=":3" /> An gano shi yana da [[ciwon suga]] a shekara ta 2011 kuma an yanke masa sassan biyu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Obituary content |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/alumni/obituaries/obituary-content-by-year/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=University of the Witwatersrand}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.wits.ac.za/alumni/obituaries/obituary-content-by-year/ "Obituary content"]. ''University of the Witwatersrand''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ya rasu ne a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, 2020 a gidansa da ke Westcliff, Johannesburg kuma an binne shi kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya tanada a makabartar Westpark. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2020 |title=Rashid 'Ram' Salojee, veteran Indian-origin activist, who participated in anti-apartheid movement, dies at 87 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/rashid-ram-salojee-veteran-indian-origin-activist-who-participated-in-anti-apartheid-movement-dies-at-87-1746772-2020-12-04 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/win-anc-ram-salojee-candidate Hoton zabe] mai nuna Salojee * [https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv00017/04lv00018/05lv00262/06lv00264.htm Tambayoyi] da Padraig O'Malley (1990-1991) [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0aj28pz5mxq2670eg5q4bt10bnzozng 0 104541 883570 654465 2026-07-15T17:05:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 883570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2018 an yi taho-mu-gama a garin Batangafo na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] tsakanin mayakan Anti-balaka da na Ex-Séléka. == Lokuta na abubuwan da suka faru == 31 ga Oktoba: Mayakan Anti-balaka sun caka wa wani babur wuka daga Kabo wanda ya kai alluran rigakafi zuwa asibiti. A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, mayakan na Séléka sun kai hari sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke kona matsuguni. •1 ga Nuwamba: Ex-Séléka ta kai hari tare da wawashe wurare a Batangafo. Ƙarfafa MINUSCA ya iso. •2 Nuwamba: Ƙaddamarwa daga Kabo da Kaga-Bandoro na Ex-Séléka da kuma daga Ouogo/Kambakota na Anti-balaka sun iso. •4 Nuwamba: Matasa sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da MINUSCA. •5 Nuwamba: Ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Ex-Séléka da Anti-balaka. •6 Nuwamba: Zanga-zangar adawa da sojojin Pakistan. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. •7 Nuwamba: Fada ya tsaya sosai. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. •8 ga Nuwamba: Shingayen Anti-balaka sun bace. An lalata tantuna 5,100. •11 ga Nuwamba: Anti-balaka ta toshe hanyar zuwa asibiti ga mutanen Lakouanga. •12 ga Nuwamba: MINUSCA ta tarwatsa Anti-balaka. •13 Nuwamba: Mata da yara sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da rashin aikin MINUSCA. •15 Nuwamba: FPRC ta yi barazanar kona asibiti. •17 Nuwamba: Haɗuwa tsakanin MINUSCA da Ex-Séléka akan ƙarshe. == Matattu == Mutane 15 ne suka mutu sannan 29 suka jikkata sakamakon arangamar. Mutane 20,809 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, bukkoki 5,141 (kashi 93 na jimilar) an kona gidaje 200.<ref>Unprotected. Summary of internal review on the October 31st events in Batangafo, Central African Republic" (PDF). Médecins Sans Frontières. February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-04-24</ref> == Manazarta == 1sjmcgc5hdo3gdnhbxrzng4o2qhujnw 883571 883570 2026-07-15T17:06:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 883571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2018 an yi taho-mu-gama a garin Batangafo na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] tsakanin mayakan Anti-balaka da na Ex-Séléka. == Lokuta na abubuwan da suka faru == 31 ga Oktoba: Mayakan Anti-balaka sun caka wa wani babur wuka daga Kabo wanda ya kai alluran rigakafi zuwa asibiti. A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, mayakan na Séléka sun kai hari sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke kona matsuguni. •1 ga Nuwamba: Ex-Séléka ta kai hari tare da wawashe wurare a Batangafo. Ƙarfafa MINUSCA ya iso. •2 Nuwamba: Ƙaddamarwa daga Kabo da Kaga-Bandoro na Ex-Séléka da kuma daga Ouogo/Kambakota na Anti-balaka sun iso. •4 Nuwamba: Matasa sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da MINUSCA. •5 Nuwamba: Ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Ex-Séléka da Anti-balaka. •6 Nuwamba: Zanga-zangar adawa da sojojin Pakistan. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. •7 Nuwamba: Fada ya tsaya sosai. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. •8 ga Nuwamba: Shingayen Anti-balaka sun bace. An lalata tantuna 5,100. •11 ga Nuwamba: Anti-balaka ta toshe hanyar zuwa asibiti ga mutanen Lakouanga. •12 ga Nuwamba: MINUSCA ta tarwatsa Anti-balaka. •13 Nuwamba: Mata da yara sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da rashin aikin MINUSCA. •15 Nuwamba: FPRC ta yi barazanar kona asibiti. •17 Nuwamba: Haɗuwa tsakanin MINUSCA da Ex-Séléka akan ƙarshe. == Matattu == Mutane 15 ne suka mutu sannan 29 suka jikkata sakamakon arangamar. Mutane 20,809 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, bukkoki 5,141 (kashi 93 na jimilar) an kona gidaje 200.<ref>Unprotected. Summary of internal review on the October 31st events in Batangafo, Central African Republic" (PDF). Médecins Sans Frontières. February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-04-24</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6x8f20g5226ff3v06d5p0usjlau0o6a 883574 883571 2026-07-15T17:07:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 883574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2018 an yi taho-mu-gama a garin Batangafo na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] tsakanin mayakan Anti-balaka da na Ex-Séléka. == Lokuta na abubuwan da suka faru == 31 ga Oktoba: Mayakan Anti-balaka sun caka wa wani babur wuka daga Kabo wanda ya kai alluran rigakafi zuwa asibiti. A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, mayakan na Séléka sun kai hari sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke kona matsuguni. 1 ga Nuwamba: Ex-Séléka ta kai hari tare da wawashe wurare a Batangafo. Ƙarfafa MINUSCA ya iso. 2 Nuwamba: Ƙaddamarwa daga Kabo da Kaga-Bandoro na Ex-Séléka da kuma daga Ouogo/Kambakota na Anti-balaka sun iso. 4 Nuwamba: Matasa sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da MINUSCA. 5 Nuwamba: Ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Ex-Séléka da Anti-balaka. 6 Nuwamba: Zanga-zangar adawa da sojojin Pakistan. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. 7 Nuwamba: Fada ya tsaya sosai. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. 8 ga Nuwamba: Shingayen Anti-balaka sun bace. An lalata tantuna 5,100. 11 ga Nuwamba: Anti-balaka ta toshe hanyar zuwa asibiti ga mutanen Lakouanga. 12 ga Nuwamba: MINUSCA ta tarwatsa Anti-balaka. 13 Nuwamba: Mata da yara sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da rashin aikin MINUSCA. 15 Nuwamba: FPRC ta yi barazanar kona asibiti. 17 Nuwamba: Haɗuwa tsakanin MINUSCA da Ex-Séléka akan ƙarshe. == Matattu == Mutane 15 ne suka mutu sannan 29 suka jikkata sakamakon arangamar. Mutane 20,809 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, bukkoki 5,141 (kashi 93 na jimilar) an kona gidaje 200.<ref>Unprotected. Summary of internal review on the October 31st events in Batangafo, Central African Republic" (PDF). Médecins Sans Frontières. February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-04-24</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rsyp1cta4orsdx6qj840542qfj1pqb9 883576 883574 2026-07-15T17:07:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 883576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2018 an yi taho-mu-gama a garin Batangafo na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] tsakanin mayakan Anti-balaka da na Ex-Séléka. == Lokuta na abubuwan da suka faru == 31 ga Oktoba: Mayakan Anti-balaka sun caka wa wani babur wuka daga Kabo wanda ya kai alluran rigakafi zuwa asibiti. A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, mayakan na Séléka sun kai hari sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke kona matsuguni. * 1 ga Nuwamba: Ex-Séléka ta kai hari tare da wawashe wurare a Batangafo. Ƙarfafa MINUSCA ya iso. * 2 Nuwamba: Ƙaddamarwa daga Kabo da Kaga-Bandoro na Ex-Séléka da kuma daga Ouogo/Kambakota na Anti-balaka sun iso. * 4 Nuwamba: Matasa sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da MINUSCA. * 5 Nuwamba: Ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Ex-Séléka da Anti-balaka. * 6 Nuwamba: Zanga-zangar adawa da sojojin Pakistan. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. * 7 Nuwamba: Fada ya tsaya sosai. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. * 8 ga Nuwamba: Shingayen Anti-balaka sun bace. An lalata tantuna 5,100. * 11 ga Nuwamba: Anti-balaka ta toshe hanyar zuwa asibiti ga mutanen Lakouanga. * 12 ga Nuwamba: MINUSCA ta tarwatsa Anti-balaka. * 13 Nuwamba: Mata da yara sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da rashin aikin MINUSCA. * 15 Nuwamba: FPRC ta yi barazanar kona asibiti. * 17 Nuwamba: Haɗuwa tsakanin MINUSCA da Ex-Séléka akan ƙarshe. == Matattu == Mutane 15 ne suka mutu sannan 29 suka jikkata sakamakon arangamar. Mutane 20,809 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, bukkoki 5,141 (kashi 93 na jimilar) an kona gidaje 200.<ref>Unprotected. Summary of internal review on the October 31st events in Batangafo, Central African Republic" (PDF). Médecins Sans Frontières. February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-04-24</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hhn1fgcgkt3zii7g39sw3q5pdzgudgj 883578 883576 2026-07-15T17:07:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 883578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2018 an yi taho-mu-gama a garin [[Batangafo]] na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] tsakanin mayakan Anti-balaka da na Ex-Séléka. == Lokuta na abubuwan da suka faru == 31 ga Oktoba: Mayakan Anti-balaka sun caka wa wani babur wuka daga Kabo wanda ya kai alluran rigakafi zuwa asibiti. A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, mayakan na Séléka sun kai hari sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke kona matsuguni. * 1 ga Nuwamba: Ex-Séléka ta kai hari tare da wawashe wurare a Batangafo. Ƙarfafa MINUSCA ya iso. * 2 Nuwamba: Ƙaddamarwa daga Kabo da Kaga-Bandoro na Ex-Séléka da kuma daga Ouogo/Kambakota na Anti-balaka sun iso. * 4 Nuwamba: Matasa sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da MINUSCA. * 5 Nuwamba: Ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Ex-Séléka da Anti-balaka. * 6 Nuwamba: Zanga-zangar adawa da sojojin Pakistan. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. * 7 Nuwamba: Fada ya tsaya sosai. Wani ƙarfafan MINUSCA ya iso. * 8 ga Nuwamba: Shingayen Anti-balaka sun bace. An lalata tantuna 5,100. * 11 ga Nuwamba: Anti-balaka ta toshe hanyar zuwa asibiti ga mutanen Lakouanga. * 12 ga Nuwamba: MINUSCA ta tarwatsa Anti-balaka. * 13 Nuwamba: Mata da yara sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da rashin aikin MINUSCA. * 15 Nuwamba: FPRC ta yi barazanar kona asibiti. * 17 Nuwamba: Haɗuwa tsakanin MINUSCA da Ex-Séléka akan ƙarshe. == Matattu == Mutane 15 ne suka mutu sannan 29 suka jikkata sakamakon arangamar. Mutane 20,809 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, bukkoki 5,141 (kashi 93 na jimilar) an kona gidaje 200.<ref>Unprotected. Summary of internal review on the October 31st events in Batangafo, Central African Republic" (PDF). Médecins Sans Frontières. February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-04-24</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4gy2r6d4x5k6qjckf36tb486fzsblhk 0 105268 883965 779942 2026-07-16T11:54:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Webster''' (1 Disamba 1944 - 1 Mayu 1989) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu malami ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Ilimin ɗan adam|masanin ilimin ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], inda ya kasance babban malami a lokacin da aka kashe shi. Webster ya kasance memba na kafa [[Detainees' Parents' Support Committee|Kwamitin Tallafawa Iyaye na tsare]] (DPSC) a cikin shekarar 1981, memba na Five Freedoms Forum, kuma mai himma a cikin United Democratic Front. Webster ya kasance mamba mai ƙwazo a ƙungiyar magoya bayan [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]] kuma ya taimaka wajen haɗakarwa da shirya mawakan Afirka ta Kudu lokacin gwagwarmaya a shekarun 1980. Ya kasance mai binciken al'adun gargajiya na dogon lokaci kuma aikinsa a kusa da Kosi Bay a kan iyakar [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] ya haifar da wallafe-wallafen ilimi da yawa da ake bita. Jami'an tsaron mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ne suka kashe Webster a wajen gidansa a ranar 1 ga watan Mayun 1989. == Shekarun farko == An haifi David Joseph Webster a cikin shekarar 1944 a Arewacin Rhodesia, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hakar ma'adinai a Copperbelt. Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Rhodes]] a Grahamstown, inda ya shiga harkokin siyasa na ɗalibai. <ref name="sah">{{Cite web |title=David Joseph Webster |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/david-joseph-webster |access-date=23 July 2013 |publisher=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1970, Webster ya fara koyar da ilimin sanin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Witwatersrand (Wits). An rubuta takardar shaidar digirinsa a kan wani batu na al'ada na ilimin halin ɗan adam ('yan uwantaka), amma an mayar da hankali kan filin fashe na siyasa, wato ma'aikatan ƙaura daga Mozambique. A cikin shekarar 1976, ya koyar a shekaru biyu tare da Peter Worsley a Jami'ar Manchester.<ref name="sah"/> Webster ya kasance mai fafutuka a harkar siyasa na yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata, musamman a shekarun 1980 na kwamitin tallafawa iyayen da ake tsare da su, ƙungiyar da ke bayar da shawarar a saki fursunonin siyasa da ake tsare da su ba tare da shari’a ba a Afirka ta Kudu. Abokin aikinsa [[Eddie Webster (sociologists)|Eddie Webster]], masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne a Cibiyar Kudancin Cibiyar Nazarin Rashin daidaito, Wits. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Houston |first=G. |date=2021-03-08 |title=Eddie Webster: advancing democracy through labour activism |url=https://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/15862 |journal=HSRC Repository}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff - Wits University |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/scis/people/staff/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=www.wits.ac.za |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023194809/https://www.wits.ac.za/scis/people/staff/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kisa == An harbe Webster a kofar gidansa da ke lamba 13 Eleanor Street a Troyeville, Johannesburg, ta hanyar masu kisan gilla a ma'aikacin Ofishin Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a, wata hukuma ce ta ɓoye na ƙasar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata.<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/1997-11-21-the-night-ferdi-barnard-told-me-he-killed "The night Ferdi Barnard told me he killed"], Nov 21 1997, Mail & Guardian</ref> Dubban mutane ne suka halarci jana'izar Webster a St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/05/07/thousands-at-funeral-in-s-africa/84bb4068-83b2-4453-991d-a6f93f404130/|title=Thousands at Funeral in S. Africa|first=Allister|last=Sparks|date=7 May 1989|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> An biya tawagar da aka kashe R40,000 (a lokacin, kwatankwacin dalar Amurka 8,000) don kashe shi. Ferdi Barnard, mutumin da ya ja bindigar da aka yi amfani da shi, an yi masa shari’a kuma aka same shi da laifi a shekarar 1998; An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai guda biyu tare da shekaru 63 saboda wasu laifuka da suka haɗa da kisan Webster.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/ferdi-barnard-found-guilty-killing-webster "Ferdi Barnard is found guilty of killing Webster"], sahistory.org.za</ref> An saki Barnard daga gidan yari a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, 2019, bayan da Ministan Shari’a da Ma’aikatan Gyaran Jiki Michael Masutha ya amince da sakin sa a watan Maris 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-02 |title=Ferdi Barnard: Apartheid-era hitman released from prison |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ferdi-barnard-apartheid-era-hitman-released-prison/ |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=The South African |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815093942/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ferdi-barnard-apartheid-era-hitman-released-prison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ko da yake an saki Barnard, ba a sassauta hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai da aka yanke masa ba. Don haka, zai ci gaba da cika sauran hukumcin da aka yanke masa a cikin al’umma, kuma ofishin kula da gyaran al’umma zai kula da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jenni |date=7 March 2019 |title=Parole approved for apartheid hitman Ferdi Barnard |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/parole-approved-for-apartheid-hitman-ferdi-barnard-20190307 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=News24}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dr Webster ya kasance memba na kungiyar magoya bayan [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]]. Mambobin ƙungiyar magoya bayan ƙungiyar sun kafa jami’an tsaro a kusa da akwatin gawar sa a wajen jana’izar sa. == Martaba == Gidan da ke Troyeville inda Webster ya zauna tare da abokin aikinsa Maggie Friedman an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin gado. A wurin da aka kashe shi a wajen David Webster House akwai wani mosaic wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin "An kashe shi a nan don yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya rayu don adalci, zaman lafiya da abota".<ref name="now">{{cite news|title=Webster's house now a heritage site|url=http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/webster-s-house-now-a-heritage-site-1.1346639|accessdate=20 July 2013|newspaper=The Star|date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Wani wurin shakatawa na kusa a titin Clarence (wanda ake kira Bloemenhof Park) an sake masa suna [[David Webster Park]] a bikin cika shekaru 20 da mutuwarsa.<ref name="now"/> Akwai kuma wani mosaic a wurin shakatawa na [[Jacob Ramaboya]] daga Spaza Gallery wanda ke tunawa da rayuwarsa.<ref name="sah"/> A cikin shekarar 1992, Jami'ar Witwatersrand ta ba da lambar yabo ta Hall of Residence Webster. '''Gidan zama na David Webster''' yanzu yana gida ga ɗaliban Jami'ar Wits kusan 400. == Ayyukan da aka wallafa == {{refbegin}} *{{citation|editor1-last=Webster|editor1-first= D |editor2-last= Hammond-Took|editor2-first= W D |date= 1975|title=Agnates and affines: studies in African marriage, manners and land allocation|location=Johannesburg|publisher= Witwatersrand University Press. }} *Webster, D 1984. ''The reproduction of labour power and the struggle for survival in Soweto.'' (Carnegie Conference paper no.20) Rondebosch: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. {{ISBN|0-7992-0694-6}}. * {{cite book | last1=Webster | first1=D. | last2=Friedman | first2=M. | publisher=Ravan Press |location=Braamfontein | title=Repression and the State of Emergency, June 1987-March 1989 | via=Southern African Research Service | year=1989 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGtdHwAACAAJ }} (Published posthumously) * {{cite journal | last=Webster | first=David | title=Abafazi Bathonga Bafihlakala | journal=African Studies | publisher=Taylor and Francis| volume=50 | issue=1 | year=1991 | issn=0002-0184 | doi=10.1080/00020189108707744 | pages=243–271}} (Published posthumously) {{refend}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Kara karantawa === {{Refbegin}} *Frederikse, J 1998. ''David Webster.'' Cape Town : Maskew Miller Longman. {{ISBN|0-636-02255-2}}. *Stiff, P 2001. ''Warfare by Other Means: South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s.'' Alberton (South Africa): Galago. {{ISBN|1-919854-01-0}}. {{Refend}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/webster-d.htm Short Biography] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060405124158/http://sunsite.wits.ac.za/ag/html/new_144.htm Abun 'labarai' na kayan tarihi mai ɗauke da hoton David Webster kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi akan fastocin da aka yi amfani da su wajen jana'izar sa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202300/http://disa.nu.ac.za/articledisplaypage.asp?articletitle=Why+did+they+kill+David+Webster%3F&filename=GRMay89 Labari a cikin ''Tushen Tushen'' vol.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202300/http://disa.nu.ac.za/articledisplaypage.asp?articletitle=Why+did+they+kill+David+Webster%3F&filename=GRMay89 10, no.2, Mayu 1989, "Me ya sa suka kashe David Webster", ciki har da hotunan David Webster, na makoki a wurin jana'izar, da wajen St Mary's Cathedral a Johannesburg.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219234135/http://www.csvr.org.za/articles/artwebst.htm Tribobi da Lloyd Vogelman] * [http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/pdfs/transformation/tran009/tran009007.pdf Tribute daga Edward (Eddie) Webster, abokin aiki a 'Wits', wanda aka buga a ''Canji'', juzu'i na 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506065102/http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/pdfs/transformation/tran009/tran009007.pdf |date=2022-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218130333/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2004/02/15/news/gauteng/njhb09.asp Shafin jarida mai dauke da hotunan wurin da aka yi kisan, da kuma hoton David Webster na rubuta bayanan filin] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4t3k5vl90r0smxayqhmt5zb1e5hv26o 0 105467 883650 839340 2026-07-15T17:35:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kimar yawan mutanen da suka mutu a yakin soja na shekarar 2011 a ƙasar Libya ya bambanta, inda kididdiga ke nuna adadi daga 15,000 zuwa 30,000 tsakanin ranar 2 ga Maris da 2 ga watan Oktoba, 2011.<ref name="flee" /> Ba a iya tantance adadi na gaske ba, saboda takunkumin da gwamnatin Libya ta sanya wa kafafen yada labarai. Wasu kididdigar masu taka-tsantsan sun bayyana. Wasu daga cikin kashe-kashen "na iya kai ga laifin cin zarafin ɗan adam" a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya<ref name="UNSC_1970" /> kuma tun daga watan Maris 2011, ana gudanar da bincike a kansu daga Kotun Duniya ta Shari’ar Laifuka.<ref name="ICC_4march" /> == Mutuwar da sojojin gwamnati suka haifar == A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, [[International Coalition Against War Criminals|Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya da ke Yakin Masu Laifin Yaƙi]] ta ba da kimantawa cewa mutane 519 sun mutu, 3,980 sun ji rauni kuma sama da 1,500 sun ɓace.<ref name="aljazblog22feb">{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2011 |title=Live Blog – Libya Feb&nbsp;22 |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-22 |access-date=February 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Human Rights Watch ta kiyasta cewa an kashe akalla mutane 233 a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Italiya Franco Frattini ya bayyana cewa bisa ga bayanansa mutane 1,000 sun mutu ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2011 |title=Live Blog – Libya Feb&nbsp;23 |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223065752/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-23 |archive-date=February 23, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|IFHR]] ta ce an kashe sojoji 130 a Benghazi da Bayda, bayan sun tayar da kayar baya kuma sun goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, [[Navi Pillay]], Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya ce rahotanni sun nuna cewa "an kashe dubban mutane ko sun ji rauni". == Mutuwar da sojojin 'yan tawaye suka haifar == Daga cikin jami'an tsaro akwai sama da mutane 1,700 da suka mutu, ciki har da fararen hula da ke goyon bayan gwamnati, wadanda ake zargi da ma'aikata da sojoji na gwamnati. Akwai rahotanni da yawa cewa gwamnati da 'yan adawa sun kashe mambobin tsaro. A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, masu zanga-zangar sun rataye 'yan sanda biyu a Benghazi.<ref name="xinhuanet1">{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2011 |title=Two Policemen Hanged in Libya Protests |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-02/19/c_13739109.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223100803/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-02/19/c_13739109.htm |archive-date=February 23, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, a wannan rana, 'yan Afirka baƙi 50, galibi daga [[Cadi|Chadi]], masu zanga-zangar ne suka kashe su a Bayda. An kashe wasu daga cikinsu lokacin da masu zanga-zangar suka ƙone ofishin 'yan sanda inda suka kulle su kuma akalla an kashe 15 a gaban kotun a Bayda. An nuna gawarwakin wasu daga cikinsu kuma an kama su a bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Mercenary Killed in Libya |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6akmd6tfxg |access-date=February 24, 2011 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2011 |title=African Mercenary Killed in Libya 2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_s91AvXP2XQ&skipcontrinter=1 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, gwamnati ta tabbatar da cewa an kashe sojoji 111.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya Says 300 Dead in Violence, Including 111 Soldiers |url=http://www.asianage.com/international/libya-says-300-dead-violence-including-111-soldiers-193 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605040505/http://www.asianage.com/international/libya-says-300-dead-violence-including-111-soldiers-193 |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |website=[[The Asian Age]]}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, wani rukuni na sojoji 22 na gwamnati sun yi ƙoƙari su tsere daga sansanin jirgin sama kusa da Derna, wanda mayakan 'yan tawaye suka kewaye shi na kwanaki. A cikin sa'o'i, an kama su duka kuma a ƙarshe an harbe 14 daga cikinsu yayin da sojojin adawa suka rataye na 15. Tsakanin Fabrairu 15 da Mayu 22, an kashe tsoffin masu goyon bayan gwamnati 37 a Benghazi a cikin kisan gillar da wasu kungiyoyin adawa suka yi. Zuwa ƙarshen [[Battle of Sapalapapipa (2011)|Yaƙin Misrata]] (18 ga Fabrairu, 2011 - 15 ga Mayu, 2011), aƙalla 'yan Afirka 27 daga yankin Sahara daga Mali, Nijar ko Chadi, waɗanda ake zargi da kasancewa' yan kwangila, sojojin 'yan tawaye ne suka kashe su. == Mutuwar da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka haifar == Majiyoyin jami'an Libya sun yi iƙirarin cewa akalla tsakanin mutane 64 zuwa 90 ne aka kashe a lokacin bama-bamai a cikin kwanaki biyu na farko na shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma wasu 150 sun ji rauni. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Vatican ya yi iƙirarin cewa a Tripoli kadai, akalla fararen hula 40 sun mutu sakamakon yakin fashewar bam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2011 |title="At Least 40 Civilian Deaths in Air Raid on Tripoli," Complains Apostolic Vicar of Tripoli, Repeating the Urgency for a Diplomatic Solution |url=http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=28698&lan=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407035539/http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=28698&lan=eng |archive-date=April 7, 2011 |access-date=March 31, 2011 |publisher=[[Agenzia Fides]]}}</ref> A cewar ofishin Lafiya na Libya, hare-haren jirgin sama sun kashe fararen hula 1,108 kuma sun ji rauni 4,500 a ranar 13 ga Yuli. * A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, hare-haren jiragen sama na NATO sun kashe mayakan 'yan tawaye 14 kuma sun jikkata wasu bakwai a kan gaba a Brega . * A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, rahotanni na labarai sun bayyana cewa 'yan tawaye na NATO sun kashe' yan tawaye 10-13 kuma sun ji rauni 14-22 kusa da garin mai na gabashin Brega.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2011 |title=NATO Checking Report of Air Strike on Libya Rebels |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jv_sNu4z2ePkq1HOS0P_x7-rgNdA?docId=CNG.6f1a3c295003e2f3af5b879590880652.321 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606095232/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jv_sNu4z2ePkq1HOS0P_x7-rgNdA?docId=CNG.6f1a3c295003e2f3af5b879590880652.321 |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> * A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, akalla jirgin yaki na NATO ya kai hari kan matsayin sojojin 'yan tawaye na Libya a kusa da birnin Misrata da aka kewaye, inda ya kashe mayakan 12 kuma ya jikkata wasu biyar. * A ranar 13 ga watan Mayu, an yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe [[Liman|Imamai]] 11 na addini kuma wasu 50 sun ji rauni lokacin da harin jirgin saman NATO ya kai hari kan babban taro a Brega suna addu'a don zaman lafiya a cikin rikici na Libya. * A ranar 19 ga Yuni, akalla fararen hula tara sun mutu a wani harin jirgin saman NATO a Tripoli. 'Yan jarida sun ga gawawwakin da aka cire daga ginin da aka rushe. NATO ta amince da cewa tana da alhakin mutuwar fararen hula. * A ranar 20 ga Yuni, gwamnatin Libya ta wancan lokacin, ta yi iƙirarin cewa fararen hula 15 ciki har da yara uku sun mutu ta hanyar harin jirgin saman NATO a kan Sorman. * A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin, an yi ikirarin kashe fararen hula 11 ta hanyar harin jirgin saman NATO a wani asibitin kiwon lafiya a Zliten. * A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin, an kashe 'yan jarida 3 kuma 15 sun ji rauni a hare-haren NATO a kan gidan talabijin na Libya Al-Jamahiriya, wanda ya ci gaba da watsa shirye-shirye bayan hare-harun. * A ranar '''9 ga watan Agusta''', gwamnatin Libya ta yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe fararen hula 85 a hare-haren jirgin saman NATO a kan Majer, ƙauyen da ke kusa da Zliten. Wani mai magana da yawun NATO ya tabbatar da cewa sun jefa bam a Zliten a ranar 8 da 9 ga watan Agusta, amma ya ce bai iya tabbatar da wadanda suka mutu ba. Gwamnatin Libya ta ayyana kwanaki uku na makoki na kasa. Daga baya aka kai 'yan jarida asibiti inda suka ga aƙalla gawawwakin 30 ciki har da gawarwakin akalla yara biyu. Gwamnatin Libya ta yi iƙirarin cewa an kai gawarwakin wasu da aka kashe a hare-haren sama zuwa wasu asibitoci. Kwamandan aikin soja na NATO a Libya, Lieutenant Janar Charles Bouchard ya ce "Ba zan iya gaskata cewa fararen hula 85 sun kasance ba lokacin da muka kai hari da sassafe, kuma an ba da bayananmu. Amma ba zan iya tabbatar muku da cewa babu wani ba". * A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2012, bayan kammala tashin hankali, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar da cikakken rahoto wanda ya kammala cewa a cikin jimlar fararen hula 60 ne aka kashe kuma 55 suka ji rauni ta yakin jirgin saman NATO. == Matsayi na Shari'a == A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) ta bayyana a cikin Ƙudurin UNSC na 1970, "harin da aka yi a halin yanzu a Jamahiriya ta Larabawa a kan fararen hula na iya zama laifuka ga bil'adama" <ref name="UNSC_1970">{{Cite journal |date=February 26, 2011 |title=Resolution 1970 (2011) |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/081A9013-B03D-4859-9D61-5D0B0F2F5EFA/0/1970Eng.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]] (via [[International Criminal Court]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516162124/http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/081A9013-B03D-4859-9D61-5D0B0F2F5EFA/0/1970Eng.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 |access-date=August 14, 2011}}</ref> kuma ta kira "yanayin" a Libya tun daga ranar 15 ga Fabraira, zuwa Kotun hukunta mutane ta Duniya (ICC), <ref name="UNSC_1970" /> kotun dindindin wacce a halin yanzu za ta iya gurfanar da mutane saboda [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], laifuka da bil'adadama ko [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]]. A ranar 4 ga watan Maris, ICC ta sanya bincike kan lamarin ga Chamber I, wanda ya kunshi Alkalin Cuno Tarfusser daga [[Italiya]], Alkalin Sylvia Steiner daga [[Brazil]] da Alkalin [[Sanji Mmasenono Monageng]] daga [[Botswana]].<ref name="ICC_4march">{{Cite web |last= |date=March 7, 2011 |title=Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Assigned to Pre-Trial Chamber I |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/pr634 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403035242/http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/pr634 |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=August 14, 2011 |publisher=[[International Criminal Court]]}}</ref> Sakataren Janar na NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen ya bayyana a ranar 28 ga watan Maris cewa NATO ba ta nuna son kai kuma ta fassara sharuddan UNSC Resolution 1973 kan kare fararen hula don amfani da su ga 'yan tawaye da sojojin gwamnati. BBC ta bayyana cewa "yan tawaye sun ji cewa suna da 'mahimmanci' game da aikin NATO, [yi imani] cewa kasashen yamma sun shiga su a cikin kamfen ɗin canjin mulki. " Sakatare Janar na NATO ya bayyana yiwuwar NATO za ta kai farmaki ga sojojin 'yan tawaye waɗanda ke jefa fararen hula cikin haɗari a matsayin "tunanin" a ranar hira. == Jerin lokutan mutuwar da aka ruwaito a kowane taron == === Mutuwar mayaƙa === ===Rasa rayukan masu yaƙi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !!data-sort-type="date"|Kwanan wata !!data-sort-type="number"|Asarar adawar !!data-sort-type="number"|Asarar gwamnati !!Bayanin |- |16 Fabrairu |1 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Zanga-zanga a Roujdane.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ipotnews.com/index.php?level2=newsandopinion&level3=&level4=LIFESTYLE&news_id=435902&group_news=ALLNEWS&taging_subtype=LIBYA&popular=&search=y&q=LIFESTYLE | publisher = Ipotnews |title=First Rebel To Die in Libya's West Now A Hero|date=March 2, 2011}}</ref> |- |17–20 Fabrairu |332–479 |163 |Farkon Yaƙin Benghazi |- |17–25 Fabrairu |300–700 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Farfadowar tarzoma a Tripoli |- |17 Fabrairu |4–10 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Zanga-zanga a Ajdabiya.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/17/libya-day-of-rage-unrest | work= The Guardian | author = Ian Black | title=Libya's day of rage met by bullets and loyalists | date=February 17, 2011 | location=London}}</ref> |- |18 Fabrairu |2 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Zanga-zanga a Qubah.<ref>[http://www.inewsone.com/2011/02/19/27-dead-in-fresh-protests-in-libya-opposition/29598 27 dead in fresh protests in Libya: Opposition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030220/http://www.inewsone.com/2011/02/19/27-dead-in-fresh-protests-in-libya-opposition/29598 |date=July 13, 2011 }}. News One. February 19, 2011</ref> |- |18 Fabrairu – 15 Mayu |366 |358 |Yaƙin Misurata (2011) |- |20 Fabrairu |4 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Zanga-zanga a Tobruk.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-protests-tobruk-idUKTRE71M0CO20110223 | work=Reuters | title=Exclusive – Tobruk celebrates, Libya's east abandons Gaddafi | date=February 23, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |20 Fabrairu |3 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Zanga-zanga a Zintan.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/23/world/la-fg-libya-zintan-20110423/2 | title=Libyan rebels firmly in control in mountainous west | date=April 23, 2011 | work=Los Angeles Times | author=Daragahi, Borzou | access-date=April 25, 2011 | archive-date=July 8, 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708144939/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/23/world/la-fg-libya-zintan-20110423/2 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |20 Fabrairu |1 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Zanga-zanga a Zuwara.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/27/libya-fewer-police-abuses-zuwara-under-control-anti-government-forces "Libya: Fewer Police Abuses in Zuwara, Under Control of Anti-government Forces"]. Human Rights Watch (February 27, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |21 Fabrairu – 22 Mayu |Ba a ruwaito ba |37 |Kisan fansa ga masu goyon baya a Benghazi.<ref name="newser.com"/> |- |21 Fabrairu |15 |3 |Yan tawaye sun kwace filin jirgin saman La Abraq a Bayda.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e6f2d952.html The Battle for Libya: Killings, Disappearances and Torture]</ref> |- |22–24 Fabrairu |9 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Zanga-zanga a Gharyan.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jpgW3kiNEY&skipcontrinter=1 "Libyan Soldiers Executed by Foreign African Mercenaries for Refusing to Kill Civilians (Feb. 2011)"]. YouTube (February 22, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://feb17.info/media/protesting-continues-during-funeral-procession-in-gharyan-feb-24-2/ "Protesting Continues During Funeral Procession of Gharyan Martyr (Feb. 24)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312012948/http://feb17.info/media/protesting-continues-during-funeral-procession-in-gharyan-feb-24-2/ |date=March 12, 2012 }}. Feb17.info (February 25, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |23 Fabrairu |2 |15 |Kwato da kisa mayaƙan gwamnati a Derna.<ref name="GlobeAndMail_110401"/> |- |24 Fabrairu – 10 Maris |151 |65 |Farkon Yaƙin Zawiya |- |26 Fabrairu |22 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Kwato da kisa mayaƙan 'yan tawayen a Sirte.<ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/26/AR2011022602622_2.html?sid=ST2011022602703 |title=Rebel Army May Be Formed as Tripoli Fails To Oust Gaddafi | newspaper = The Washington Post |date= February 27, 2011|access-date= February 28, 2011 |author1=Fadel, Leila |author2=Sly, Liz |author3=Faiola, Anthony }}</ref> |- |Karshen Fabrairu |3 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Hari kan sansanin soja a Gariyat.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/09/18/general-ml-libya-desert-revolutions_8686135.html Libya revolution filters slowly to desert towns]{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- |1 Maris – 18 Agusta |517–534 |397 |Kamfen ɗin tsaunukan Nafusa (2011) |- |1 Maris – 20 Yuli |27 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Yaƙi a kan iyakar Aljeriya-Libya.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Algeria-claims-7-foreign-terrorists-killed-20110720 Algeria claims 7 foreign terrorists killed]. Associated Press (July 20, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |2 Maris |14 |2–10 |Farkon Yaƙin Brega |- |4–12 Maris |71–81 |4–27 |Yaƙin Ra's Lanuf |- |4 Maris |34–100 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Fashewar ɗakin makamai a Benghazi.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world/view/1114628/1/.html "Gaddafi Forces Accused of 'Massacre' as Battles Rage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100854/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world/view/1114628/1/.html |date=August 12, 2017 }}. Channel NewsAsia (March 6, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/03/libya-toll-in-rajmeh-arms-depot-explosions-near-benghazi-may-be-as-high-as-100-.html | work=Los Angeles Times|title=Libya: Toll in Rajmeh Arms Depot Explosions Near Benghazi May Be as High as 100 |date= March 5, 2011}}</ref> |- |6 Maris |182–230 |1 |Yaƙin Bin Jawad |- |13–15 Maris |7 |25 |Farkon Yaƙin Brega na biyu |- |14 Maris |7 |16 |Gwamnati ta sake mamaye Zuwara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/fight-sabratha_590281.html?nopager=1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105164943/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/fight-sabratha_590281.html?nopager=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 5, 2013|title=The Fight for Sabratha|date= August 16, 2011 | publisher = The Weekly Standard}}</ref> |- |15–26 Maris |136 |41 |Yaƙin Ajdabiya |- |15 Maris |1 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Jirgin yakin 'yan tawayen ya yi hatsari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=439x656425|title=Photo: Pilot Mohammed Mokhtar Osman Who Crashed into Baab Al Aziziyah|date= March 15, 2011 | publisher = Democratic Underground}}</ref> |- |17 Maris |Ba a ruwaito ba |1–2 |Hari da jiragen rundunar soji suka kai kan filin jirgin saman soja Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cf-18-jets-to-help-enforce-libya-no-fly-zone-1.1003364|title=Gadhafi Forces Bombing Benghazi: Witnesses|date= March 17, 2011 | publisher = CBC News}}</ref> |- |18 Maris |3 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Farkon Yaƙin Zuwetina.<ref name="As it happened: Libya crisis">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12776418|title=As It Happened: Libya Crisis|date= March 18, 2011 | work = BBC News}}</ref> |- |19–20 Maris |261 |27–30 |Yaƙin Benghazi na biyu |- |20 Maris |1 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Kisan dan fafutukar 'yan tawayen a Benghazi.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/writing-on-wall-for-street-artist/story-e6frg6so-1226028339330 "Writing on Wall for Street Artist"]. The Australian (March 25, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |22–24 Maris |Ba a ruwaito ba |19–28 |Harin jiragen soji na haɗin gwiwa a Tripoli.<ref>Brigade commander killed (March 22),[http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-march-22#] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324193103/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-march-22 |date=March 24, 2011 }} 9 killed/rebel claim (March 23),{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121122073420/http://archive.libyafeb17.com/2011/03/march-23-updates/]}} 18 killed (March 23/24)[http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/west-hits-libya-fifth-time-4085889?ref=rss_world]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, total of 19–28 reported killed</ref> |- |26–30 Maris |12 |7 |Farkon harin Bahar Sidra |- |28 Maris |1 |Ba a ruwaito |Kisan wanda aka kama na 'yan tawayen a Sirte.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/17/gadaffi-torturers-kindness-sirte|title=Saved from Gaddafi's Torturers – By a Simple Gesture of Kindness|date= April 17, 2011 |work= The Guardian| author = Chris McGreal|location=London}}</ref> |- |31 Maris – 7 Afrilu |46–49 |28 |Yaƙin Brega na uku |- |3 Afrilu – 15 Yuni |25 |3 |Kamfen dazuzzukan Gabashin Libya |- |8 Afrilu – 13 Yuli |75–87 |94–95 |Yaƙin kan titin Brega–Ajdabiya |- |17 Afrilu |Ba a ruwaito ba |20 |Hari kan hedkwatar soja a Zawiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/news/us/2011/04/19/misrata_shelled_again,_casualties_seen|title=Misrata Shelled Again, Casualties Seen|date=April 19, 2011|publisher=townhall.com|access-date=July 13, 2025|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202105429/http://townhall.com/news/us/2011/04/19/misrata_shelled_again,_casualties_seen|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |4 Mayu |1 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Dan tawayen ya mutu sanadiyar raunuka a Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/05/libya_rebellion_continues.html| title=Libya: rebellion continues|newspaper= The Boston Globe|date= 16 May 2011|access-date= 7 November 2013}}</ref> |- |12 Mayu |1 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Wani mayaƙan haya dan Faransa ya mutu a Benghazi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/05/20115139534241170.html|title=Libyan Rebels Seek US Recognition|date= May 13, 2011 | publisher = Al Jazeera English}}</ref> |- |16 Mayu – 19 Agusta |435 |522–532 |Yaƙin layin gaba a Misurata |- |28 Mayu |12 |3 |Dakile zanga‑zangar adawa a Bani Walid.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/08/18/libya-10-protesters-apparently-executed Libya: 10 Protesters Apparently Executed]</ref> |- |29 Mayu |2 |3 |Dakile zanga‑zangar adawa a Tripoli.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110603093229/http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE74T1UA20110530 "Activist Video Shows Big Anti-Gaddafi Protest in Tripoli"]. Reuters (May 30, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref><ref name="hosted2.ap.org">[http://hosted2.ap.org/IDMOS/e0478123c3cf489bb836130ffdbd2b5f/Article_2011-06-15-ML-Libya-The-Tripoli-Opposition/id-30116dd699494a389a546b85291540f9 "Libyans Chafe Under Gadhafi's Rule in Tripoli"]. Associated Press (September 17, 2009). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |May |3 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Kisa 'yan tawayen fursuna a Khoms.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14752785 Libyans celebrate their freedom as they mourn the dead]</ref> |- |May |40 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Kisan 'yan tawayen fursuna kusa da Tripoli.<ref>[http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/04/02/mass-grave-found-at-bab-al-azizya/ Mass grave found at Bab Al-Azizya]</ref> |- |2 Yuni |Ba a ruwaito ba |2 |Harin NATO a Aziziya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110603022541/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/02/libya.war/ "More NATO Strikes Hit Libya"]. CNN. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |7 Yuni |Ba a ruwaito ba |1 |Harin NATO a Tripoli.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-06-07-libya-tripoli-airstrikes_n.htm "Gadhafi Defiant in Face of Heaviest NATO Airstrikes in Libya"]. USA Today. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |9–16 Yuni |22 |12 |Tashin Zliten |- |11–12 Yuni |30 |2 |Farmakin Zawiya |- |11 Yuni |1 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Tashin Sabha (2011) |- |13 Yuni |6 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Yaki a arewacin Zawiya.<ref>[http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/161729/20110613/libyan-rebels-receiving-arms-from-qatar-and-tunisians-colonel-gaddafi.htm "Libyan Rebels Receiving Arms from Qatar and Tunisians?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003074715/http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/161729/20110613/libyan-rebels-receiving-arms-from-qatar-and-tunisians-colonel-gaddafi.htm |date=October 3, 2011 }}. International Business Times (June 13, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |16 Yuni |Ba a ruwaito ba |1 |Hari kan sintiri a Tripoli.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/world/africa/18libya.html?ref=africa "In Libya, More Novice Soldiers in Defense of Qaddafi"]. The New York Times.</ref> |- |17 Yuni |3 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Dakile zanga‑zangar adawa a Tripoli.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110624213653/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/19/libya.voices/index.html?iref=allsearch "What's Really Going On in Gadhafi's Tripoli?"]. CNN. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |18 Yuni |Ba a ruwaito ba |1 |Harbin mugun harbi daga masu ɗabi’ar 'yan tawayen a Tripoli.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/world/africa/21libya.html "Libyan Media Minders Nervous After Guard Death"]. The New York Times.</ref> |- |19 Yuni |Ba a ruwaito ba |4 |Harin NATO a Sabha.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0620/breaking61.html "Nato Admits Libya Bombing Error"]. The Irish Times. June 30, 2011.</ref> |- |23 Yuni |Ba a ruwaito ba |9 |Harin NATO kusa da Zliten.<ref>[http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/world/article/nato-chief-says-alliance-will-finish-job-in-libya/ "Nato Chief Says Alliance Will Finish Job in Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712181838/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/world/article/nato-chief-says-alliance-will-finish-job-in-libya/ |date=July 12, 2011 }}. The Malaysian Insider (June 24, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |13 Yuli – 22 Agusta |144 |42 |Yaƙin Brega na huɗu |- |17 Yuli – 27 Satumba |28 |51 |Kamfen Fezzan |- |22 Yuli |Ba a ruwaito ba |6 |Harin NATO a tsibirin bututun mai kudu da Brega.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews "Libya Says Six Killed in Airstrike Near Brega"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |date=September 24, 2015 }}. Reuters. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> |- |24–26 Yuli |Ba a ruwaito ba |7 |Hare-haren NATO a Zliten.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/25/libya.fighting/index.html?eref=rss_world "Libya's Zlitan Increasingly in Rebel, NATO Sights"]. CNN.</ref> |- |28 Yuli |3 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Kisan kwamandan 'yan tawayen a Benghazi.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14336122 "Libyan Rebel Commander Abdel Fattah Younes Killed"]. BBC News.</ref> |- |29 Yuli |4 |5 |Harbin magoya bayan gwamnati a gidan gyara a Benghazi.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8675874/Libyan-rebels-step-up-purge-against-Gaddafi-loyalists.html "Libyan Rebels Step Up Purge Against Gaddafi Loyalists"]. The Daily Telegraph.</ref> |- |31 Yuli |3–6 |4–11 |Hari kan mafakar magoya baya a Benghazi.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/01/world/africa/01libya.html#h&#91;AwtSti&#93; "Benghazi Clash Exposes Cracks in Rebel Ranks"]. The New York Times.</ref><ref>[http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/gaddafi-cell-routed-by-libyan-rebels-20110801-1i6t7.html "Gaddafi cell routed by Libyan rebels"]. The Sydney Morning Herald.</ref><ref>[http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/rebels-clash-with-gaddafi-loyalists-in-rebel-held-east "Rebels clash with Gaddafi loyalists in rebel-held east"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609140119/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/rebels-clash-with-gaddafi-loyalists-in-rebel-held-east |date=June 9, 2012 }}. Reuters (via AlertNet).</ref> |- |4 Agusta |3 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Tashin Msallata (2011) |- |13–28 Agusta |95 |95 |Hari na bakin teku na 'yan tawayen 2011 |- |20–28 Agusta |1,700 |128 |Yaƙin Tripoli (2011) |- |23 Agusta – 20 Oktoba |437 |236–903 |Farkon harin Bahar Sidra na biyu |- |28 Agusta |Ba a ruwaito ba |5 |Harin NATO a Taruna.<ref>[http://news.sky.com/story/876826/rebels-gaddafis-son-killed-in-air-strike Rebels: Gaddafi's Son 'Killed In Air Strike']</ref> |- |28 Agusta |Ba a ruwaito ba |20 |Harin NATO a Bani Walid.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/muamar-gaddafis-town-of-bani-walid-ready-to-surrender/story-e6frg6so-1226131676702 Muammar Gaddafi's town of Bani Walid ready to surrender]</ref> |- |29 Agusta |153 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Gano shafin kisa ga 'yan sojoji masu tawaye a Tripoli.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14709896 Libya conflict: Gaddafi family 'flee to Algeria']</ref> |- |3 Satumba |1 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Kisan wani ɗan tawayen da ya kauce a Tripoli.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gadhafi loyalists given one more week to surrender |website=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404182709/https://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/09/03/libya.war/index.html |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |url-status=live |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/09/03/libya.war/index.html}}</ref> |- |4 Satumba |Ba a ruwaito ba |1 |Harin NATO kusa da Tripoli.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/04/exclusive-abandoned-liby_n_948345.html Exclusive: abandoned Libyan missile: a gift to militants?]</ref> |- |4–18 Satumba |10 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Hatsarin makamai tsakanin 'yan tawayen a Tripoli.<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/world/africa/fighters-capture-qaddafi-redoubts-except-when-they-dont.html Anti-Qaddafi Forces Capture, Then Lose, Last Redoubts]</ref> |- |8 Satumba – 17 Oktoba |85–91 |7–9 |Yaƙin Bani Walid |- |11 Satumba |12 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Fadan ƙungiyoyi tsakanin 'yan tawayen a tsaunukan Nafusa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=6884 |title=Reports: Infighting Between Libyan Rebels Kills 12 |access-date=September 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913022919/http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=6884 |archive-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |12 Satumba |15–17 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Ra's Lanuf farmaki |- |24 Satumba |9–11 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Ghadames farmaki |- |4–11 Oktoba |10 |Ba a ruwaito ba |Fadan ƙungiyoyi tsakanin 'yan tawayen a Zuwara.<ref name="online.wsj.com">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904563904576585920346901758 Camels, Minority Rights Spur Battle in Libya]</ref> |- |14 Oktoba |1 |2 |Fadan a Tripoli.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120607172128/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAL5E7KT4YC20111014 Gaddafi gunmen, government forces clash in Libyan capital]</ref> |} An ruwaito cewa an kashe akalla fararen hula 5,637 zuwa 7,046 zuwa ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2011. Duk da haka, wasu fararen hula sun kuma mutu a lokacin Yakin Benghazi na biyu da kuma yayin yakin da aka yi a tsaunukan Nafusa, don haka yawan mutanen da suka mutu na iya kasancewa mafi girma. Hakanan, adadin fararen hula da aka ruwaito an kashe su a cikin harin sama na NATO na iya zama ƙasa da yadda aka bayyana, domin an tabbatar da cewa wasu daga cikin yawan mutanen da gwamnati ta bayyana da suka mutu a hare-haren daban-daban sun kasance masu yawa fiye da gaskiya. {{citation needed|date=October 2013}} === Jimillar mutuwar === A ƙarshe, bisa ga lambobin da aka gabatar, an ruwaito mutuwar mutane 14,572 zuwa 18,873, inda wasu ba a tabbatar da su ba. 'Yan adawa sun bayyana kusa da ƙarshen yaƙin cewa mutane 25,000 sun mutu<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/residents-flee-gaddafi-hometown-20111003-1l49x.html |title=Residents flee Gaddafi hometown |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=October 3, 2011 |access-date=October 28, 2011|agency=Agence France-Presse|first1=Rory|last1=Mulholland|first2=Jay|last2=Deshmukh}}</ref> kuma 4,000 an ruwaito sun ɓace.<ref name="atleast30000"/> A watan Janairu 2013, sabuwar gwamnatin Libya, bisa ga bayanan da ake ci gaba da dubawa, ta kimanta cewa adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya fi ƙaranci fiye tsammani a baya, inda 4,700 daga cikin waɗanda suka mutu suka kasance mayaƙan 'yan tawayen, adadi makamancin haka na sojojin goyon bayan gwamnati da wani adadi da ba a fayyace ba na fararen hula. An kiyasta cewa 2,100 daga cikin 'yan tawaye da sojojin gwamnati sun ɓace.<ref name="revolutioncasualties"/> Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, wanda ke tattara bayanan duk mutuwar da aka ruwaito sakamakon tashin hankali na siyasa a nahiyar Afirka, ta lissafa mutuwar 6,109 daga 15 ga Fabrairu zuwa 23 ga Oktoba 2011, inda 1,319 suka mutu kafin NATO ta fara kai hari.<ref name="ACLED">{{cite web|title=ACLED Version 5 (1997–2014)|url=http://www.acleddata.com/data/version-5-data-1997-2014/|publisher=Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=May 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522071642/http://www.acleddata.com/data/version-5-data-1997-2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alan Kuperman, farfesa a Jami'ar Austin, ya ƙididdige cewa kusan 'yan Libya 1,000, ciki har da fararen hula, 'yan tawaye da sojoji, sun mutu tsakanin fara tawaye a tsakiyar Fabrairu da farawar hari daga NATO a tsakiyar Maris.<ref name="Kuperman">{{cite journal|last1=Kuperman|first1=Alan|title=Obama's Libya Debacle|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/143044/alan-j-kuperman/obamas-libya-debacle|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=August 14, 2019 |volume=March/April 2015}}</ref> Uppsala Conflict Data Program, wata hanyar jama’a don samun bayanai game da nau’o’in tashin hankali da aka shirya (misali: masu hannu, asarar rayuka, rana, wuri, da sauransu), ta bayyana cewa daga 1,914 zuwa 3,466 mutane sun mutu a lokacin faɗan shekarar 2011.<ref name="UCDP">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=95&regionSelect=1-Northern_Africa |title=Uppsala conflict data program, Libya, Libya: government (entire conflict), viewed April 2013 |publisher=Ucdp.uu.se |access-date=2013-10-02 |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005023419/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=95&regionSelect=1-Northern_Africa |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan bayanansu ya nuna cewa daga 152 zuwa 168 fararen hula an kashe su da gangan daga hannun rundunar Gaddafi a shekara ta 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=95&regionSelect=1-Northern_Africa |title=Uppsala conflict data program, Libya, 2011, viewed April 2013 |publisher=Ucdp.uu.se |access-date=2013-10-02 |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005023419/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=95&regionSelect=1-Northern_Africa |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani bincike a cikin mujallar African Journal of Emergency Medicine a watan Satumba 2015 ya gano cewa mutane 21,490 sun mutu tsakanin Fabrairu 2011 zuwa Fabrairu 2012 sakamakon mutuwar kai tsaye (mutane da suka mutu a lokacin faɗa) da kuma mutuwar kai tsaye (lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da ƙaruwa na mutuwar jama’a).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daw |first=Mohamed A. |last2=El-Bouzedi |first2=Abdallah |last3=Dau |first3=Aghnaya A. |date=2015-09-01 |title=Libyan armed conflict 2011: Mortality, injury and population displacement |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211419X15000348 |journal=African Journal of Emergency Medicine |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.1016/j.afjem.2015.02.002 |issn=2211-419X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Jimillar mutuwa== Jimillar adadin mutanen da suka mutu sun haɗa da masu zanga-zanga, masu dauke da makamai, da fararen hula: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Tushe !! data-sort-type="number"|Asarar rayuka a Libya !! data-sort-type="usLongDate"|Lokacin da aka yi |- valign=top |'''World Health Organization''' |'''2,000''' sun mutu<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/world/86090/libya-death-toll-war-qadaffi |title=Why Isn't There an Accurate Death Count in Libya? |publisher=The New Republic |date=2011-04-01 |access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> |15 ga Fabrairu – 2 ga Maris, 2011 |- valign=top |'''International Federation for Human Rights''' |'''3,000''' sun mutu<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news |author= Adams, Richard |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/mar/10/libya-uprising-gaddafi-live#block-15 |title= Libya Uprising – Thursday 10 March | work= The Guardian |date= 10 ga Maris, 2011 |access-date= 19 ga Maris, 2011 |location= London}}</ref> |15 ga Fabrairu – 5 ga Maris, 2011 |- valign=top |'''Libyan League for Human Rights''' |'''6,000''' sun mutu<ref name="autogenerated2b">{{cite news |url= http://www.sify.com/news/at-least-3-000-dead-in-libya-rights-group-news-international-ldcxkhgggdh.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110812003947/http://www.sify.com/news/at-least-3-000-dead-in-libya-rights-group-news-international-ldcxkhgggdh.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 12 ga Agusta, 2011 |title=Aƙalla 3,000 sun mutu a Libya: Kungiyar kare haƙƙi | website= Sify News |date= 2 ga Maris, 2011 |access-date= 3 ga Maris, 2011}}</ref> |15 ga Fabrairu – 5 ga Maris, 2011 |- valign=top |'''Alan Kuperman''' |'''1,000''' sun mutu<ref name="Kuperman" /> |15 ga Fabrairu – 15 ga Maris, 2011 |- valign=top |'''National Transitional Council''' |'''10,000''' sun mutu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jafrianews.com/2011/04/28/libya-and-yemen-interference-may-take-us-in-direct-war-with-russia-china/ |title=Libya and Yemen Interference may take US in direct War with Russia & China |access-date=2 ga Nuwamba, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118044038/http://jafrianews.com/2011/04/28/libya-and-yemen-interference-may-take-us-in-direct-war-with-russia-china/ |archive-date=18 ga Nuwamba, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |15 ga Fabrairu – 12 ga Afrilu, 2011 |- valign=top |'''UN Human Rights Council''' |'''10,000–15,000''' sun mutu<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-un-deaths-idUSTRE7584UY20110609 "Har 15,000 sun mutu a yaƙin Libya: Masanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006100445/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/09/us-libya-un-deaths-idUSTRE7584UY20110609 |date=6 ga Oktoba, 2015 }}. Reuters.</ref> |15 ga Fabrairu – 9 ga Yuni, 2011 |- valign=top |'''Al Jazeera English''' |'''13,000''' sun mutu<ref name="english.aljazeera.net">Staff (18 ga Yuni, 2011). [http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/06/20116189013152634.html "’Yan tawayen Libya sun ci gaba da matsa zuwa Tripoli – Faɗa ta ɓarke a Nalut, arewa maso yammacin ƙasar, kwana ɗaya bayan ’yan tawayen sun ce sun karɓi wani yanki a yamma da Misurata"]. Al Jazeera English. An dawo da shi 14 ga Agusta, 2011.</ref> |15 ga Fabrairu – 18 ga Yuni, 2011 |- valign=top |'''National Transitional Council''' |'''30,000''' sun mutu<ref name="atleast30000">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9835879 Hasashen Libya: Aƙalla 30,000 sun mutu a yaƙin]</ref> |15 ga Fabrairu – 8 ga Satumba, 2011 |- valign=top |'''National Transitional Council''' |'''25,000''' sun mutu<ref name="flee">[http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/residents-flee-gaddafi-hometown-20111003-1l49x.html Mazauna sun tsere daga garin haihuwar Gaddafi]</ref> |15 ga Fabrairu – 2 ga Oktoba, 2011 |- valign=top |'''Zeidan Cabinet''' |'''9,400''' sun mutu<ref name="revolutioncasualties"/> |15 ga Fabrairu – 23 ga Oktoba, 2011 |- valign=top |'''ACLED''' |'''6,109''' sun mutu<ref name="ACLED"/> |15 ga Fabrairu – 23 ga Oktoba, 2011 |- valign=top |'''UCDP''' |'''2,082''' sun mutu<ref name="UCDP"/> |Shekarar 2011 |} == Mutane masu fice da suka mutu, suka bace, da sauran al'amura == * Ali Hassan al-Jaber, ɗan jarida daga Qatar a Al Jazeera, an kashe shi * Mohammed Nabbous, ɗan jarida ɗan Libiya kuma wanda ya kafa Libya Alhurra TV, an kashe shi * Kais al-Hilali, ɗan Libiya mai zane-zanen siyasa da ya shahara wajen yin zanen bangon adawa da Gaddafi, an kashe shi * Tim Hetherington, ɗan asalin Birtaniya-Amurka mai ɗaukar hoton labarai, an kashe shi<ref name="Two photojournalists killed">{{cite news|title=Two Photojournalists Killed in Libyan City of Misrata|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13151490|access-date=April 21, 2011| work = BBC News|date=April 21, 2011}}</ref> * Chris Hondros, ɗan asalin Amurka mai ɗaukar hoton labarai, an kashe shi<ref name="Two photojournalists killed"/> * Ahmed Eyzert, injiniya da ya gano kuma ya tsara dabarar amfani da hoton tauraron Google Earth tare da lamba don inganta daidaiton harbin bindiga, an kashe shi<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/google-points-way-for-libyan-rebel-artillery-in-fight-against-gaddafi/story-fn7ycml4-1226076662239 "Google Points Way for Libyan Rebel Artillery in Fight Against Gaddafi"]. ''The Australian'' (June 17, 2011). Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> * Saif al-Arab Gaddafi, ɗan Muammar Gaddafi, an kashe shi tare da wasu jikokin Gaddafi a cikin harin NATO * Iman al-Obeidi, ɗalibar digiri na biyu daga Libiya mai karatun dokoki, rahoton fyade da martani daga gwamnati da kafafen yada labarai * Rana Akbani, ɗan jarida daga Syria da aka tsare daga Maris 28 zuwa Afrilu 14<ref>[http://shabablibya.org/news/journalists-under-attack-in-libya-the-tally "Journalists Under Attack in Libya: The Tally"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827024445/http://shabablibya.org/news/journalists-under-attack-in-libya-the-tally |date=August 27, 2011 }}. Shabablibya.org. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> * Anton Hammerl, ɗan daukar hoto daga Afirka ta Kudu, ya bace kuma ana kyautata zaton an kashe shi a ranar Afrilu 5<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/20/anton-hammerl-dead-photoj_n_864577.html| title=Anton Hammerl Dead: Photojournalist Killed In Libya| newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer| date= 20 May 2011| access-date= 7 November 2013}}</ref> * Manu Brabo, ɗan daukar hoto daga Spain, yana tsare a hannun gwamnati daga Afrilu 5 zuwa Mayu 18<ref>{{cite news|title=No Word on Fate of Hammerl|url=http://www.thestar.co.za/no-word-on-fate-of-hammerl-1.1070736|access-date=May 18, 2011|date=May 18, 2011}}</ref> * James Foley, ɗan jarida daga Amurka a hannun gwamnati daga Afrilu 5 zuwa Mayu 18 * Clare Morgana Gillis, 'yar jarida daga Amurka a hannun gwamnati daga Afrilu 5 zuwa Mayu 18 * Nigel Chandler, ɗan jarida daga Birtaniya da aka saki daga tsare a ranar Mayu 18 * Khamis Gaddafi, ɗan Muammar Gaddafi, an kashe shi lokacin da motarsa ta lalace a ranar Agusta 29 * Muammar Gaddafi, shugaban Libiya daga 1969–2011, an kashe shi a garin haihuwarsa na Sirte a ranar Oktoba 20 * Mutassim Gaddafi, ɗan Muammar Gaddafi, an kashe shi tare da mahaifinsa a ranar Oktoba 20 == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7dbzd3039es3jlu6nlyqzigi0tolocl 0 106521 883614 804835 2026-07-15T17:22:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 883614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Dunlop''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1982) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda shine manajan Gartcairn. Dunlop a baya ya buga wa Ayr United, Queen's Park, Dumbarton, Alloa Athletic, Brechin City, Stranraer, Albion Rovers, Stenhousemuir, Peterhead, Hurlford United da kuma Rossvale. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] dpumqh46k61ztwepwkog1xwafou6tjl 883616 883614 2026-07-15T17:22:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 883616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Dunlop''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1982) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda shine manajan Gartcairn. Dunlop a baya ya buga wa Ayr United, Queen's Park, Dumbarton, Alloa Athletic, Brechin City, Stranraer, Albion Rovers, Stenhousemuir, Peterhead, Hurlford United da kuma Rossvale. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 65s5o83amv5wkqj10g2s628kfpuwmab 883618 883616 2026-07-15T17:22:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 883618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Dunlop''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1982) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Scotland]] wanda shine manajan Gartcairn. Dunlop a baya ya buga wa Ayr United, Queen's Park, Dumbarton, Alloa Athletic, Brechin City, Stranraer, Albion Rovers, Stenhousemuir, Peterhead, Hurlford United da kuma Rossvale. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] gohs5oh5ly21q5hnhcghn77z4ygh08v 0 106664 883969 815516 2026-07-16T11:57:23Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883969 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Zakho_riots_2011.jpg|thumb|Kasuwanci a Zakho bayan tashin hankali na Dohuk na 2011Rikicin Dohuk na 2011]] == Cin zarafin ƴancin ɗan adam da masu tayar da kayar baya suka yi == [[Fayil:UNOfficeofHumanitarianCoordinator-Baghdad_(UN_DF-SD-04-02188).jpg|thumb|Ginin hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Bagadaza bayan Fashewar bam a Otal din Canal, a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 2003]] Cin zarafin bil adama da aka yi ko zargin cewa ƴan tada kayar baya na Iraki da/ko 'yan ta'adda sun yi sun haɗa da: === Agusta 2003 === Harin bam da aka kai a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Bagadaza a watan Agustan 2003 ya yi sanadin mutuwar babban wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Iraki, Sérgio Vieira de Mello mai shekaru 55, jami'in diflomasiyyar [[Brazil]] wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kare hakkin dan Adam Harin ya yi sanadin mutuwar ma'aikatan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 22 tare da jikkata wasu fiye da 100. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu har da Nadia Younes, tsohuwar Darakta a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) mai kula da hulda da ƙasashen waje da hukumomin gwamnati. Babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya yi Allah wadai da harin ta'addanci da kwamitin sulhu na MDD ya yi Allah wadai da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN News Centre &#124; News Focus: Dark day for UN |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=82&Body=xxxxxx&Body1= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014212444/http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=82&Body=xxxxxx&Body1= |archive-date=2008-10-14 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Un.org}}</ref> === Yunin shekarar 2004 === Mabiya [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] .ne suka fille kan mai fassarar [[Koriya ta Kudu]] Kim Sun-il. === Yuli 2004 === Tawhid da Jihad sun kashe direbobin manyan motocin Bulgaria Ivaylo Kepov da Georgi Lazov. Aljazeera ta watsa wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin amma ta bayyana cewa bangaren da ke nuna ainihin kashe-kashen ya yi matukar daukar hankali da watsawa === Disamba 2004 === Salvatore Santoro, dan ƙasar Italiya mai daukar hoto mai shekaru 52, an fille kansa a wani faifan bidiyo. Harkar Musulunci ta Mujahidan Iraki ta dauki alhakin wannan aika-aika. [[Fayil:US_Navy_060808-N-7590D-035_An_Iraqi_vehicle_burns_in_Baghdad_after_being_hit_by_a_mortar_that_was_fired_by_insurgents.jpg|thumb|223x223px|Wani motar Iraqi ya kone a Bagadaza bayan da aka harbe shi da bam wanda 'yan tawaye suka harbe shi, 8 ga watan Agusta 2006]] === Fabrairu 2005 === Tashar talabijin ta Al-Iraqiya ta kasar Iraki ta watsa bayanan ikirari da jami'in leken asirin kasar Siriya Anas Ahmad Al-Issa da 'yan ta'addar Shihab Al-Sab'awi suka yi. Furucin ya yi bayani dalla-dalla yadda suke da hannu a hare-haren bama-bamai, fashe-fashe, garkuwa da mutane, kisa, da horar da fille kai a Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memri Tv |url=http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1%3D571 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002085949/http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=571 |archive-date=October 2, 2006 |access-date=2006-07-12}}</ref> === Yuli 2005 === Jakadun Masar da Aljeriya. * Rahotanni sun ce kungiyar al-Qaeda a Iraki ta kashe jami'an diflomasiyyar Aljeriya biyu Ali Belaroussi da Azzedine Belkadi. Kungiyar ta fitar da wata sanarwa ta yanar gizo inda ta dauki alhakinta, inda ta bayyana cewa: "Kotun al-Qaeda a Iraki ta yanke hukuncin zartar da hukuncin Allah kan jami'an diflomasiyya biyu na gwamnatin Aljeriya mai ridda ... tare da ba da umarnin kashe su." Sanarwar na dauke da sa hannun Abu Maysara al-Iraqi, kakakin al-Qaeda <ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Internet Press - Uncensored News for Real People |url=https://freeinternetpress.com/story.php?sid=4107 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235252/https://freeinternetpress.com/story.php?sid=4107 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Freeinternetpress.com}}</ref> * Wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Masar, Al-Sherif, an ruwaito cewa al-Qaeda ne ya kashe shi a Iraki. Kungiyar ta sanya wata sanarwa a wani dandalin yanar gizo da ke ikirarin alhakin kisan. Babban malamin Sunni Mohamed Sayed Tantawi ya yi Allah wadai da aikin, yana bayyana shi a matsayin "laifuka da aka yi wa addini, ɗabi'a, da bil'adama, da kuma aikata laifuka da ke adawa da girmamawa da jaruntaka". === Fabrairu 2006 === An kai harin bam a Masallacin Al Askari a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2006, da misalin karfe 6:55 na safe (0355 UTC) a Masallacin Al Askari, daya daga cikin wurare mafi tsarki a cikin Shi'a Islama, a cikin birnin Samarra na Iraki, kimanin kilomita 100 (62 mi) arewa maso yammacin Bagadaza. Ko da yake ba a samu rahoton wani rauni daga fashewar kanta ba, tashin bam din ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, an gano gawarwaki sama da 100 tare da ramukan harsashi, kuma an yi imanin an kashe aƙalla mutane 165 . === Yuni 2006 === An buga wani faifan bidiyo da ke nuna yadda aka kashe jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha hudu da aka yi garkuwa da su a Iraki. Kungiyar da ake kira Majalisar Shura ta Mujahideen ta fitar da bidiyon da aka yi garkuwa da ita. [[Fayil:May_2007_soldier_kidnappings_ID_cards.jpg|right|thumb|190x190px|Jihar Islama ta Iraki ta kama kuma daga baya ta kashe sojoji uku na Amurka a watan Mayu 2007]] === Yuli 2006 === Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Anba' Al-Iraq da kungiyar Writers Without Borders ta yi Allah wadai da daure ma'aikacin ta Husain E. Khadir, wanda ke da alhakin ba da rahotanni kan barazanar da yankin Kurdistan ke yi wa kasashen da ke makwabtaka da shi. Tawagar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta fitar da rahotanni kan azabtarwa da ake yi a kasar Iraki, da kuma yadda ake tauye hakkin bil adama da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. HRW ta yi hira da marubuta da ’yan jarida da dama da aka tsare don tattara waɗannan laifuka. An fara tsare Mista Khadir ne a Kirkuk, daga bisani kuma ya koma Erbil, inda HRW ta ziyarce shi a daya daga cikin wuraren da ake tsare da su. A shekarar da ta gabata a Bagadaza, Khadir ya fuskanci yanayi mafi muni a lokacin da ya tsere daga hannun ‘yan Shi’a da suka kwace gidansa suka jefar da iyalansa kan tituna, lamarin da ake ganin yana da matukar barazana ga rayuwarsa. Irin wadannan ayyuka ana yawan kaiwa ga masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama, 'yan jarida, da marubuta wadanda ke sukar gwamnatin Iraki da jam'iyyar kawancen Shi'a. A yayin aikin rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin, wasu kafafen yada labarai da kafofin yada labarai sun yi kakkausar suka ga hadakar kungiyar Shi'a ta Iraki. Khadir ya jagoranci gangamin gyara kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, inda ya bayar da shawarar samar da wata takarda da za ta zama makamin samar da zaman lafiya, tare da hada dukkan bangarori domin samun hadin kan kasa da hadin kan al’umma, maimakon kawai yin aikin gina kasa, kamar yadda jam’iyya mai mulki ta sha fada. UNAMI ta yi sharhi cewa galibin waɗannan ayyukan ƙungiyoyin jama'a na samun tallafi daga hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masu ba da agaji na duniya, ko gwamnatocin Amurka da Burtaniya. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na IRIN/UN ya bayyana cewa ‘yan jarida da marubuta na daga cikin wadanda suka fi fama da matsalar kisa, barazana, garkuwa da mutane, azabtarwa, da tsare mutane, ayyukan da sojojin Iraki da ba sa kula da su, da kungiyoyin sa kai, da ‘yan Shi’a ko ‘yan Sunni ke yi. Wannan yanayi, irin na Khadir, yana yaduwa a kudanci, da tsakiya, da arewacin Iraki. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=IRIN Africa {{!}} Horn of Africa {{!}} HORN OF AFRICA {{!}} HORN OF AFRICA: IRIN-HOA Weekly Round-up 355 for 9-15 December 2006 {{!}} Other {{!}} Weekly |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=62754 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123613/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=62754 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date= |website=www.irinnews.org}}</ref> Adadin 'yan jarida da marubuta da aka kashe a Iraki ya zarce 220 a wannan shekara, a cewar kungiyar tallafawa 'yan jarida ta Iraki, kamar yadda aka ruwaito ga IRIN.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=IRIN Middle East {{!}} Middle East {{!}} Iraq {{!}} IRAQ: Analysts say violence will continue to increase {{!}} Conflict {{!}} Breaking News |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=61847 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122134/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=61847 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date= |website=www.irinnews.org}}</ref> Babban Jami'in Tsaron Amurka Sajan Frank "Greg" Ford ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ga yadda ake take hakkin bil'adama a Samarra, Iraki. Sai dai kuma binciken da Sojoji suka gudanar ya gano cewa zargin da Ford ya yi ba shi da tushe balle makama. Bugu da ƙari, an gano Ford ya sanya alamar "US Navy SEAL" ba tare da izini ba a cikin kakin sojan sa, duk da cewa bai taba zama sojan ruwa ba, da'awar da ya yi shekaru da yawa a lokacin da yake aiki a cikin National Army National Guard. * Kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar Kuwaiti ya bayar da rahoton cewa, wata majiyar jami'an tsaron Iraki a ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gidan kasar ta tabbatar da mutuwar mutane 57 da jikkata wasu 145 a harin bam da aka kai a gundumar Al-Zafaraniyah da ke kudancin birnin Bagadaza a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuna site&#124;Story page&#124;Final death toll of attack at Al-Zafaraniyah : 57 ...8/14/2006 |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/Home/Story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=896237 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200700/http://www.kuna.net.kw/Home/Story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=896237 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref> Firayim Ministan Iraqi Nuri al-Maliki ya zargi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Sunni da neman kara rikicin. == Cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa == [[Fayil:AbuGhraibDogs01.jpg|thumb|Abu Ghraib suna azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni]] [[Fayil:2007-07-12_sun_measurement.png|thumb|Hoton kyamarar bindiga na harin jirgin sama na 12 ga Yuli 2007 a Bagadaza, yana nuna kisan Namir Noor-Eldeen da wasu fararen hula da dama da jirgin saman Amurka.]] === Kurkuku da yin tambayoyi da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka yi ===   === Afrilu 2003 === A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2003, wani sojan Biritaniya ya harbe wani dan Iraqi Ather Karen al-Mowafakia a wani shingen binciken ababan hawa da ke gefen hanya. Shaidu sun yi zargin cewa an harbe shi ne a ciki bayan kofar motarsa ta taka kafar wani soja a lokacin da yake fitowa daga motar. Sannan kuma sun yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan uwan sojan ne suka fito da shi daga motar suka yi masa dukan tsiya, daga baya kuma ya mutu a asibiti. Duk da kokarin bakwai da jaridar The Guardian ta yi na magance lamarin, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Burtaniya (MOD) ta ki bayyana dalilin da yasa aka tsare mutanen ko kuma bayar da cikakkun bayanai kan inda, ta yaya, ko kuma dalilin da ya sa suka mutu. === Mayu 2003 === A watan Mayun 2003, sojojin Birtaniya sun tsare Saeed Shabram da dan uwansa, Menem Akaili, suka jefa su cikin wani kogi kusa da [[Basra]].. Akaili ya tsira, amma Shabram ya nutse. A cewar Akaili, wasu ‘yan sintiri na Birtaniya ne suka tunkare mutanen biyu, inda suka kai su da bindiga zuwa wani jetty, sannan suka shiga cikin ruwa. An bayyana cewa an yi amfani da wannan aika-aika da ake yi wa lakabi da “jika” wajen wulakanta matasan yankin da ake zargi da wawure dukiyar jama’a. "Wetting ya kamata ya wulakanta wadanda ake zargi da kasancewa kananan laifuka," in ji Sapna Malik, lauyan iyali daga Leigh Day da Co. "Ko da yake Ma'aikatar Tsaro (MOD) ta musanta wanzuwar manufar wetting don magance wadanda ake zargi da sace sace a lokacin, shaidun da muka gani sun nuna in ba haka ba. Dabarun da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar MOD sun bayyana sun hada da jefawa ko dai a cikin manyan hanyoyin ruwa biyu. " Mazauna Iraqi sun ceto Akaili, amma Shabram ya bace. Daga baya wani mai nutsewa da mahaifinsa Radhi Shabram ya yi hayar gawarsa ne ya tsinci gawarsa bayan bincike na tsawon awanni hudu yayin da mahaifiyarsa ke jira a bakin kogi. Malik ya kara da cewa "Lokacin da aka ciro gawar Saeed daga kogin, Radhi ya bayyana ta a matsayin kumbura kuma an lullube ta da tabo da raunuka." Duk da cewa MOD ya biya diyya ga iyalan Shabram, babu wani sojan da aka tuhume shi da hannu a mutuwarsa. Ahmed Jabbar Kareem Ali, wani yaro dan shekara 15, yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki tare da dan uwansa a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2003, lokacin da wasu gungun sojojin Birtaniya suka far masa. Sojojin sun yi masa dukan tsiya sannan suka tilasta masa shiga cikin magudanar ruwa da bindiga domin su koya masa darasi saboda zargin satar dukiyar jama’a. Ali ya raunane saboda bugun da aka yi masa, sai ya yi ta fama a cikin ruwa ya nutse. Daga baya aka ciro gawarsa babu rai daga magudanar ruwa. A wani lamari na daban da ya shafi mutuwar wani matashin Iragi, an wanke sojojin Burtaniya hudu da laifin kisa. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] 6lgflfirovcy4d3oclxeqb847ap5bob 0 107760 883435 738761 2026-07-15T12:40:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brian Lam''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 23, 1977) marubucin ne, kuma Ba’amurke ne, wanda aka fi sanin aikinsa tare da ''Gizmodo'', wani shafi da ke mai da hankali kan fasaha; da ''[[Wirecutter (website)|Wirecutter]]'', gidan yanar gizon shawarwari don na'urori. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Iyayen Lam 'ƴan ƙabilar Sin ne; An haifi mahaifiyarsa kuma ta girma a Queens kuma mahaifinsa ɗan gudun hijira ne daga Hong Kong. <ref name="Lam-Techies" /> An haifi Lam ne a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] amma ya koma unguwannin [[New Jersey]] bayan mahaifinsa, injiniyan kwamfuta na [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya yi mamakin wani ɗan fashi da ke ɗaukar talabijin. Lam bai ji daɗin lokacinsa a New Jersey ba, yana mai lura da cewa abubuwan da yake so shine "zurfin birni-zamani, ko kuma ina cikin yanayi, amma ban shiga cikin wannan yanki mai launin toka mai launin toka a tsakanin ba, wannan shine irin abin da ke kewaye da ni." <ref name="Lam-Techies" /> Lokacin yaro, Lam ya tuna da iyayensa "[bari ni da 'yan'uwana] mu yi duk abin da muke so. Yana nunawa a cikin sana'o'in dukan 'yan'uwana. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwana mawaƙa ne. Wani ɗan'uwana mai sana'a ne. Wannan ya sa mu ba mu da wani ton na jagora ko tsari "amma iyayensa sun matsa lamba "[don] zama kaina kuma in yi abin da nake so in yi. Yana da abin da ke da haƙƙin ku don ku saurari shirin ba tare da ku ba, kuma ku saurari abin da kuke so ba tare da ku ba. haka." Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 11 ko 12, ya fara ciyar da lokacin bazara tare da kakanninsa a Hong Kong, inda ya gano na'urorin gida sun kasance "mafi ƙanƙanta, mai rahusa, kuma mafi kyau." {{Rp|164}}Yayin halartar Jami'ar [[Boston]], <ref name="Heroes" /> {{Rp|164}}ya sauya sheka akai-akai, yana daukar kwasa-kwasan Falsafa, Ingilishi, Aikin Jarida, Aikin Jarida, Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, da Kasuwanci, inda ya kare a makarantar kasuwanci, bayan ya ji munanan labarai game da raguwar labaran da aka buga. <ref name="Lam-Techies" /> Bayan koleji, Lam ya koma [[San Francisco]] don yin aiki a ƙaramin kamfani na ci gaban yanar gizo a cikin shekara ta 2000, amma an sallame shi a cikin watanni biyu bayan fashewar [[Dot-com bubble|kumfa]] . Daga nan ya yi aiki a wani wurin motsa jiki na kickboxing da ya shiga, wanda [[Alex Gong]] ke sarrafa shi; Lam yana nan lokacin da aka harbe Gong aka kashe shi a shekara ta 2003 bayan ya bi wani direban da ya lalata motarsa. Lam ya tuna cewa ya gano nacewa bayan mutuwar Gong: "Zan yi aiki tuƙuru kuma na sami duk aikin da nake so a ƙarshe, ko da kuwa na nemi wasu lokuta." <ref name="Lam-Techies2" /> Wannan hali ya kai shi zuwa horon horo a ''[[Maximum PC|PC mafi girma]]'' kuma daga baya ''Wired'' <ref name="Lam-Techies" /> .<ref name="Lam-Techies" /> == Sana'a == Lam ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa kuma mataimakiyar edita na tsawon shekaru biyu a mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Wired</i></nowiki> kafin ya tafi ya shiga Gizmodo a 2006 a matsayin edita. Gizmodo shafi na kowane wata ya ƙaru daga 11&nbsp;miliyan 42&nbsp;miliyan a cikin watanni goma sha biyu bayan hayar sa a cikin Yuli 2006. Gidansa a San Francisco ya zama hedkwatar Gizmodo a cikin birni. Lam ya zama darektan edita a cikin 2008 kuma ya bar ''Gizmodo'' a cikin 2011, lokacin da Gizmodo ke karɓar fiye da 220&nbsp;ra'ayoyin shafi miliyan kowane wata. <ref name="BBG-2010" /> A lokacin da yake a Gizmodo, wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya samo kuma ya buga labarin game da samfurin iPhone 4 a cikin 2010. An kira Lam da kansa ta hanyar [[Steve Jobs]], wanda ya nemi a mayar da samfurin, amma Gizmodo ya ci gaba har sai Apple ya gane samfurin a matsayin mallakarsa. Lam ya lura da rikicin da ya haifar a ƙarshe ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da tashi daga Gizmodo. Daga baya a cikin 2011, Lam ya fara ''Wirecutter'', shafin yanar gizon da ya ba da shawarwarin siyan na'urori. Kafa ''Wirecutter'' ya ba Lam lokaci don biyan bukatun sirri tare da ''The Scuttlefish'', wani shafin yanar gizon da ya yi tare da abokai, yana aika labaru game da teku da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Albrecht, Chris |title=Former Gizmodo editor Brian Lam: start over, do what you love |url=https://gigaom.com/2012/07/16/brian-lam-on-starting-over-and-the-intersection-of-passion-and-practicality/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717071255/http://gigaom.com/2012/07/16/brian-lam-on-starting-over-and-the-intersection-of-passion-and-practicality/ |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=GigaOM [blog]}}</ref> A cikin 2013, ya fara ''The Sweethome'', irin wannan gidan yanar gizon shawarwarin don kayan gida. A shekara ta 2015, ''Wirecutter'' ya samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 150 a cikin tallace-tallace na e-commerce, kuma shafukan sun jawo hankali ga tsarin kasuwancin su mai tasiri: maimakon samun kuɗi da farko ta hanyar bugawa da sabunta abun ciki akai-akai don fitar da zirga-zirgar yanar gizo, ra'ayoyin shafi, da tallace-tallace, sun yi amfani da haɗin haɗin gwiwa don samun wani yanki na tallace-tallace da aka samu. A cikin 2016, Kamfanin [[New York Times|The New York Times]] ya sayi Wirecutter da The Sweethome akan sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 30. A lokacin sayan, ''Wirecutter'' yana da ma'aikata kusan 60. A cikin Janairu 2017, The New York Times ya sanar da cewa David Perpich zai ɗauki jagoranci a ''Wirecutter'' kamar na Maris 5. == Manazarta == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |title=Home page |url=http://thescuttlefish.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024052643/http://thescuttlefish.com/2016/01/goodbye-for-now/ |archive-date=24 October 2016 |website=The Scuttlefish |access-date=25 July 2025 |url-status=live }} ** {{Cite web |last=Lam, Brian |date=June 5, 2010 |title=bon voyage [first post] |url=http://thescuttlefish.com/2010/06/bon-voyage/ |website=The Scuttlefish |access-date=July 25, 2025 |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216182651/http://thescuttlefish.com/2010/06/bon-voyage/ |url-status=dead }} ** {{Cite web |last=Lam, Brian |date=January 1, 2016 |title=Goodbye (for now) [last post] |url=http://thescuttlefish.com/2016/01/goodbye-for-now/ |website=The Scuttlefish |access-date=July 25, 2025 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522150915/http://thescuttlefish.com/2016/01/goodbye-for-now/ |url-status=dead }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 8n5pidgnm25psh0cj0gfsgl2gedlxe7 0 108177 883846 759075 2026-07-16T05:53:44Z Matar Nasir 45916 /* */ 883846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zaria (tsohuwar kasar Zazzau) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar hausa a Nijeriya, ta na daga cikin babbar karamar hukuma a sakanin ƙananan hukumomi huɗu na jihar Kaduna.  Ita ce hedkwatar Masarautar Zazzau kuma tana daya daga cikin asalin jihohin Hausa guda bakwai.  Kananan hukumomin da suke karkashin ta sun hada da Zaria, Sabon Gari, Giwa, da kuma karamar hukumar Soba dake jihar Kaduna a Najeriya.'''. Tana dauke da babbar jami'a a Najeriya, wato Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, da manyan makarantu daban-daban da suka hada da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (FCE Zaria), Kwalejin Fasahar Jiragen Sama, Cibiyar Fasahar Sufuri ta Najeriya, Cibiyar Fasahar Fata da Kimiyya ta Najeriya da Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic.  Yin Karatu a Nigerian College of Aviation Technology.  Sashen Aikin Gona Ahmed Bello University Zaria.  Ameer Shehu Idris College of Advanced Diploma . Zaria, da farko an san ta da [[Zazzau]], ita ce babban birnin [[Hausa Bakwai|Masarautar Hausa]] ta Zazzau . <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=The Britannica Encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078266/Zaria |access-date=2007-02-04}}</ref> An yi tunanin an kafa Zazzau a cikin ko gab da shekara ta 1536 kuma a ƙarshen karni na 16 an sake mata suna wadda aka saka sunan 'yar'uwar Sarauniya [[Sarauniya Amina|Amina]], Zaria. Zamanin ɗan adam ya riga ya tashi na Zazzau, kamar yadda yankin, kamar wasu maƙwabtanta, yana da tarihin zama na Hausa, tare da musayar kasuwa da noma. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1p6b90pqh92pjuqbc88cj3unktdmd88 0 108212 883793 674871 2026-07-16T00:26:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Liberty ta Farko''' kungiya ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Kirista da ke zaune a Plano, Texas. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monson |first=Rani |date=May 7, 2017 |title=Religious leaders in Dallas express mixed feelings about Trump order |url=http://dallas.culturemap.com/news/city-life/05-07-17-johnson-amendment-trump-religion-politics/ |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=Culture Map Dallas |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=David M. |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Trump to evangelicals: Pray for people to vote for me |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/06/21/donald-trump-evangelicals-meeting-video/86183620/ |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=USA Today |publisher=}}</ref> Shahararren a cikin shari'a a kan Hakkin Kirista, kungiyar tana yin shari'a cikin shari'o'in Kwaskwarimar Farko kan addini, kuma galibi ana kiranta da kamfanin lauya. Cibiyar Liberty ta farko tana karkashin jagorancin Kelly Shackelford <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2010 |title=Two Bears make list of top 25 Texas lawyers of the last 25 years |url=http://www2.baylor.edu/baylorproud/2010/08/two-bears-make-list-of-top-25-texas-lawyers-of-the-last-25-years/ |access-date=27 May 2012 |publisher=[[Baylor University]]}}</ref> wanda ya kafa kungiyar a 1997 a karkashin sunan Cibiyar Shari'a ta Liberty . Kungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Cibiyar Liberty a cikin 2009 sannan, a cikin 2016, zuwa Cibiyar Firimiya ta Liberty. Cibiyar Liberty ta Farko memba ce ta kwamitin ba da shawara na Project 2025, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title=Advisory Board |url=https://www.project2025.org/about/advisory-board/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119034220/https://www.project2025.org/about/advisory-board/ |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]}}</ref> tarin shawarwarin manufofi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da na dama daga Gidauniyar Heritage don sake fasalin Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka da karfafa [[Zartarwa (gwamnati)|ikon zartarwa]] idan dan takarar Republican ya lashe [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Amurka a 2024|Zaben shugaban kasa na 2024]]. == Shahararrun shari'o'i == Cibiyar Liberty ta farko tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin shari'a masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Kirista da yawa a Amurka; wasu sun haɗa da Alliance Defending Freedom, Cibiyar Shari'a da Adalci ta Amurka, Thomas More Society, Asusun Tsaro na 'Yancin Lamiri, Liberty Counsel, Gidauniyar Shari'a ta Kasa, da Ƙungiyar Shari'a Ta'a ta Kirista. Kungiyar ta dauki matsayi a kan [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2017 |title=Anti-LGBT roundup 10.13.17 |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/10/13/anti-lgbt-roundup-101317 |access-date=February 7, 2018 |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref> Daga cikin fitattun shari'o'in da aka fi sani da su akwai "Candy Cane Case"; matakan shari'a da aka dauka don dakatar da rahoto game da binciken da aka buga a Sarah Palin; da kuma shari'oʼin shari'a masu yawa da aka gabatar a kotunan Texas game da Kwaskwarimar Farko da batutuwan 'yancin addini. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrd |first=Don |title=VA Responds to Houston Cemetery Allegations |url=http://bjconline.org/va-responds-to-houston-cemetery-allegations/ |access-date=15 August 2011 |publisher=Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214510/http://bjconline.org/va-responds-to-houston-cemetery-allegations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jerin shari'o'in Kotun Koli: * ''Sause v. Bauer'', No. 17-742, 585 U.S. ___ (2018) * ''American Legion v. American Humanist Association'', No. 17-1717, 588 U.S. ___ (2019) * ''Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano'', No. 18-921, 589 U.S. ___ (2020) * ''Carson v. Makin'', No. 20-1088, 596 U.S. ___ (2022) * ''Kennedy v. Bremerton School District'', No. 21-418, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) * ''Groff v. DeJoy'', No. 22-174, 600 U.S. ___ (2023) '''Ma'aikacin gidan waya Gerald Groff''' Cibiyar Liberty ta farko ta wakilci Gerald Groff, tsohon ma'aikacin gidan waya na Amurka a yankunan karkara na Pennsylvania wanda aka tsawata masa kuma aka yi masa barazanar korar shi saboda ya ki yin aiki a ranakun Lahadi. Groff ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin jigilar kaya na karkara. A cikin 2013, USPS ta yi kwangila tare da Amazon don isar da kunshe-kunshe a ranakun Lahadi. Addinin Kirista na Groff ya hana shi aiki a ranakun Lahadi. Groff ya ba da ƙarin aiki, amma mai kula da gidan waya ya ci gaba da tsara shi a ranakun Lahadi. Groff ya kai karar USPS saboda keta hakkokinsa a karkashin dokar tarayya, yana jayayya cewa an yi masa niyya ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda hukuncin addini. Kotun gundumar tarayya ta goyi bayan USPS. Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Na Uku ta tabbatar da hukuncin kotun. Groff ya daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Amurka. Kotun Koli ta ji gardamar baki a watan Afrilun 2023 . A watan Yunin 2023, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci tare da goyon bayan Groff. Hukuncin Kotun ya canza ma'auni don masauki na addini a wurin aiki. Hukuncin ya ware ma'auni na "de minimis" wanda aka kafa sama da shekaru 45 da suka gabata kuma ya tsara ma'aunin da aka bayyana don ƙananan kotuna don neman amfani don tantance lokacin da, a ƙarƙashin Title VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama, ma'aikacin ya gabatar da masaukin addini ya haifar da wahala mara kyau ga kasuwancin ma'aikaci. An mayar da karar Groff zuwa ƙananan kotuna don sake dubawa. Hukuncin Kotun Koli ya sami yabo sosai daga kungiyoyin addini. '''Kocin Joe Kennedy''' Cibiyar Liberty ta farko ta wakilci kocin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare Joseph A. Kennedy a cikin karar da aka shigar da ita a kan Gundumar Makarantar Bremerton a jihar Washington. Rashin jituwa ya shafi korar kocin bayan rikice-rikicen manufofin makaranta game da aikinsa na addu'a bayan kowane wasa. Kotun Koli da farko ta ki sauraron karar a watan Janairun 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gregory, Patrick |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Football Coach's On-Field Prayer Won't Get High Court Review |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/football-coachs-on-field-prayer-wont-get-high-court-review-1/ |access-date=April 9, 2019 |website=Bloomberg Law |publisher=}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2020, kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukunci a kan Kennedy. A watan Janairun 2022, Kotun Koli ta amince da sauraron karar. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Kotun Koli ta ji gardamar baki a cikin shari'ar. A watan Yunin 2022, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a madadin kocin. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen 6-3, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa gundumar makarantar ta nuna bambanci ga Kocin Kennedy kuma cewa addu'o'insa suna karewa ta hanyar tabbacin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 'yancin magana da aikin addini. '''Shirin karatun Maine''' Liberty na farko, tare da Cibiyar Shari'a, sun wakilci iyalai uku a cikin Kotun Koli Carson v. Makin . <ref>{{Cite court|}}</ref> Shari'ar ta ta'allaka ne a kan iyakokin takardun shaida na makaranta da gwamnatocin jihohi suka bayar don biyan makarantun masu zaman kansu na addini. Dokar Maine ta cire makarantun addini daga shirin karatun jihar, wanda ke biyan dalibai don halartar makarantun masu zaman kansu. A watan Disamba na 2021, Kotun Koli ta ji gardamar baki a cikin shari'ar. A watan Yunin 2022, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci 6-3 a madadin iyalai uku, tana riƙe da cewa warewar Maine daga makarantun addini daga shirye-shiryen taimakon karatun da ke akwai gabaɗaya ya keta Dokar Ayyuka ta kyauta. An mayar da karar zuwa ƙaramar kotun don ci gaba da aiki. '''Masu yin burodi na Oregon''' Firayim Liberty na farko yana wakiltar Aaron da Melissa Klein, waɗanda ke da gidan burodi na iyali a Oregon, Sweet Cakes by Melissa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, sun ki tsarawa da ƙirƙirar kek na bikin aure na al'ada don yin bikin auren jinsi ɗaya saboda yin hakan zai keta imanin addininsu. A cikin 2015, Ofishin Ayyuka da Masana'antu na Oregon ya gano cewa ma'auratan sun keta dokokin nuna bambanci na jihar kuma sun umarce su da su biya $ 135,000 a cikin lalacewar diyya. Wannan shawarar ta sake tabbatar da ita ta hanyar hukunce-hukuncen da Kotun daukaka kara ta Oregon a shekarar 2017. A cikin 2018, an daukaka kara a Kotun Koli ta Amurka. A cikin 2019, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta watsar da hukuncin kuma ta umarci kotun Oregon da ta sake duba shawarar ta bayan Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, wanda ya fi son mai yin burodi na Colorado wanda kuma ya ki yin hidima ga ma'aurata na jinsi ɗaya saboda imanin addininsa. A watan Janairun 2022, Kotun daukaka kara ta Oregon, a karo na biyu, ta yanke hukuncin cewa Kleins sun nuna bambanci ba bisa ka'ida ba ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya, amma ta umarci jihar da ta sake la'akari da lalacewar kudi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ar2noour093nzltytgsbr54z9r2lte 0 108321 883798 730907 2026-07-16T01:25:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Sonnenschiff1.jpg|thumb|Babban ofishin Freiburg]] '''Cibiyar Oko''' (Institute for Applied Ecology) (wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Oeko-Institut) cibiyar bincike ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta tare da babban ofishinta a Freiburg im Breisgau, [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.oeko.de - The Institute |url=http://oeko.de/the_institute/dok/594.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115540/http://www.oeko.de/the_institute/dok/594.php |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2009-01-27 |website=oeko.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oeko-Institut |url=https://www.ecornet.eu/en/the-ecornet-institutes/oeko-institut |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=www.ecornet.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Öko-Institut e.V. |url=https://onthinktanks.org/think-tank/oko-institut-e-v/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=onthinktanks.org}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga yunkurin yaki da nukiliya a shekarar 1977 kuma ya zuwa Nuwamba 2024 yana da ma'aikata kusan 210 a shafukansa a Freiburg, Darmstadt da Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.oeko.de/en/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=oeko.de}}</ref> An shirya cibiyar a matsayin ƙungiya kuma tana bin burin inganta kare muhalli da ci gaba mai ɗorewa, wanda za a cimma, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ta hanyar binciken kimiyya, shawarwari da ilimantar da jama'a. Kungiyar goyon baya tana da kusan mambobi 2,000, gami da kusan kananan hukumomi 20. Yana tallafawa aikinsa da farko ta hanyar tallafin ɓangare na uku don ayyukan. Bugu da kari, akwai kudaden membobin da gudummawa. Kudin shiga a cikin 2019 ya kai Yuro miliyan 15.7. Juyin juya hali a cikin 2022 ya kai kusan Yuro miliyan 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Jahresbericht Oeko-Institut 2022 |url=https://www.oeko.de/fileadmin/oekodoc/Jahresbericht_Oeko-Institut_2022_DE.pdf |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=oeko.de |type=pdf}}</ref> Cibiyar tana buga rahotanni a kai a kai, a fannoni kamar sufuri, <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2024 |title=Europe needs to slash its transport emissions by 94% by 2050 – Effort… |url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/europe-needs-slash-its-transport-emissions-94-2050-effort-sharing-regulation |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Transport & Environment |language=en}}</ref> madadin makamashi <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Germany has more open space available for solar panels than needed – Öko-Institut |url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-has-more-open-space-available-solar-panels-needed-oko-institut |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Clean Energy Wire |language=en}}</ref> da kuma kula da sharar gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate impact of pyrolysis of waste plastic packaging in comparison with reuse and mechanical recycling |url=https://zerowasteeurope.eu/library/climate-impact-of-pyrolysis-of-waste-plastic-packaging/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Zero Waste Europe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report of the Oeko-Institut 2018 |url=https://www.oeko.de/fileadmin/oekodoc/Annual_report_Oeko-Institut_2018.pdf |access-date=2025-07-21}}</ref> == Yankunan aiki == Öko-Institut tana shirya rahotanni na kimiyya kuma tana ba da shawara ga 'yan siyasa, ƙungiyoyin muhalli, cibiyoyi, da kamfanoni. Cibiyar tana aiki a kan ayyukan kasa da kasa sama da 370 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Öko-Institut - Institut für angewandte Ökologie e.V. - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/organization/OLDDYJ3MBPYCFR5HGKXYXHZUSGANVSLI |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de |language=de}}</ref> Cibiyar ta kasance memba ne na kafa kungiyar EnergieVision, wanda ke ba da lakabin ok-power don samfuran wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EnergieVision: der gemeinnützige Verein hinter dem ok-power-Siegel |url=https://www.ok-power.de/ok-power-siegel/ueber-energievision-e-v.html |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=ok-power |language=de |archive-date=2025-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722030247/https://www.ok-power.de/ok-power-siegel/ueber-energievision-e-v.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin bayanan mabukaci na ''EcoTopTen'', wanda ke gabatar da takamaiman shawarwarin samfuran don amfani mai ɗorewa akan tashar intanet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EcoTopTen 2.0 |url=https://www.klimaschutz.de/sites/default/files/PKD_EcoTopTen_22122017_CPS_bf.pdf |access-date=2025-07-21}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Öko-Institut memba ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli (Ecornet), cibiyar sadarwa don bincike mai ɗorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECORNET - Home - Ecornet |url=http://www.ecornet.eu/ecornet-home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529080716/http://www.ecornet.eu/ecornet-home.html |archive-date=2013-05-29 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.ecornet.eu |language=de}}</ref> == Kimiyya ta buɗe == Öko-Institut tana shiga cikin ayyukan ababen more rayuwa na kimiyya kamar Open Energy Platform <ref>{{Cite web |title=OEP |url=https://openenergyplatform.org/about/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=openenergyplatform.org}}</ref> wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi ta Tarayyar Jamus ta tallafawa da ''Open Energy Ontology'', haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa don nazarin tsarin makamashi. == Littattafai == An buga fitowar farko ta ''Öko-Mitteilungen'' a shekarar 1978. Da farko an buga shi a kan na'urar buga takardu, ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru a cikin mujallar membobin shafi 32 da aka kwatanta da kyau. An buga mujallar sau da yawa a shekara. Tun lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006, Öko-Institut tana ba da mujallar memba a ƙarƙashin sabon taken eco@work a matsayin takarda ta yanar gizo kyauta. Ana samunsa a kan layi a shafin yanar gizon a matsayin fayil ɗin PDF kuma ana iya biyan kuɗi ta imel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=eco@work - Nachhaltiges aus dem Öko-Institut / Neuer Informationsservice im modernen Layout eines E-Papers |url=https://idw-online.de/de/news168272 |access-date=2025-07-21 |archive-date=2025-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820155646/https://idw-online.de/de/news168272 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=eco@work |url=https://www.oeko.de/magazin/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=oeko.de |language=de-de}}</ref> Ana buga rahotanni na shekara-shekara na cibiyar a cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. Bugu da kari, ana buga karatu da rahotanni na bincike a kan batutuwa daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications |url=https://www.oeko.de/en/publications/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=oeko.de |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tun daga watan Mayu 2018, ma'aikatan Öko-Institut suna yin rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo game da batutuwan dorewa da ayyukan yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beiträge und Standpunkte aus dem Öko-Institut |url=https://www.oeko.de/blog/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=oeko.de |language=de-de}}</ref> == Jagorancin cibiyar == === Kwamitin zartarwa === Kwamitin zartarwa ya kunshi mambobi goma sha biyu, bakwai daga cikinsu na waje ne kuma Majalisar Dattijai ce ta zaba su na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Öko-Institut - Organisation |url=https://www.oeko.de/das-institut/organisation/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=oeko.de |language=de-de}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === Gudanarwa ta kunshi Anke Herold da André Nelius . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team |url=https://www.oeko.de/das-institut/team/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=oeko.de |language=de-de}}</ref> === Mambobin girmamawa === Har zuwa 2020, Kwamitin Amintattun, wanda kwanan nan (kamar Satumba 2020) ya haɗa da Nina Buchmann, Erhard Eppler †, Martin Führ, Klaus Fricke, Regine Kollek, Ellen Matthies, Peter Cornelius Mayer-Tasch, Eckard Rehbinder, Lucia A. Reisch, Hartmut Richter da Udo E. Simonis . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Öko-Institut e.V. (oeko.de) |url=https://www.oeko.de/das-institut/leitung/kuratorium/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924134944/https://www.oeko.de/das-institut/leitung/kuratorium/ |archive-date=2020-09-24 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.oeko.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> A cikin 2020, babban taron Öko-Institut e. V. ya yanke shawarar dakatar da kwamitin amintattu a matsayin wani bangare na ƙungiyar. Don nuna godiya ga jajircewarsu ga kwamitin amintattu tun lokacin da aka kafa cibiyar, Udo Ernst Simonis, Peter C. Mayer-Tasch da Eckhard Rehbinder an ba su lambar yabo ta membobin girmamawa na Öko-Institut e. V.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Öko-Institut e.V. (oeko.de) |url=https://www.oeko.de/das-institut/verein/ehrenmitgliedschaft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310010042/https://www.oeko.de/das-institut/verein/ehrenmitgliedschaft |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.oeko.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Rikici == A shekara ta 2004, masanin makamashi na SPD Hermann Scheer ya zargi Öko-Institut da hada kai da kamfanonin wutar lantarki a yakin da suke yi da Dokar Sabuntawa ta Makamashi (EEG). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-13 |title=Kommerzieller Kurzschluss |url=https://taz.de/Kommerzieller-Kurzschluss/!661177/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=taz.de |language=de}}</ref> Cibiyar ta ki amincewa da wannan zargi kamar yadda ba shi da tushe kuma ta jaddada muhimmancin EEG wajen inganta makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=„Das EEG ist das richtige Instrument“ |url=https://www.oeko.de/fileadmin/wikipedia/041215_eeg.pdf |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2008, takaddun shaida na RECS da Öko-Institut ya bayar a Jamus an soki su a matsayin 'labeling na ƙarya' daga ɗan jarida Lars Lange.<ref>{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunk.de |date=2008-02-08 |title=Etikettenschwindel bei grünem Strom? |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/etikettenschwindel-bei-gruenem-strom-100.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de}}</ref> Har ila yau, cibiyar ta ki amincewa da wannan zargi kuma ta jaddada muhimmancin alamun wutar lantarki irin su lakabin ok-power. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ökologische Beurteilung des Einsatzes von Grünstromzertifikaten im Rahmen von Ökostromprodukten |url=https://www.oeko.de/fileadmin/wikipedia/hintergrund_oekostromzertifikate.pdf |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Energie & Klimaschutz |url=https://www.oeko.de/oekodoc/982/2008-318-de.pdf |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref> An canja tsarin RECS zuwa Tsarin Takaddun Makamashi na Turai (EECS), wanda ya haɗa da tabbacin asalin wutar lantarki daga makamashi mai sabuntawa wanda aka kirkira bisa ga Dokar Turai, musamman Dokar 2009/28/EC, da kuma EEG na Jamus. A cikin farkawar ''Trauzeugenaffäre'' (mafi kyawun mutum) a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, Öko-Institut ya zama batun muhawara ta jama'a, yayin da ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwar Sakataren Jihar Green Party a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi ta Tarayya, Patrick Graichen, ke aiki da Öko-Institute, yayin da ma'aikatun ke samun kuɗi ta kwangila daga ma'aikatu da hukumomi daban-daban. 'Yar'uwarsa, Verena Graichen, ta auri Sakataren Gwamnati [[Michael Kellner]], wanda kuma ke aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki. Ma'aikatar ta jaddada cewa tana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin bin doka da yawa kuma Patrick Graichen ba shi da tasiri a kan rarraba kudade ga Öko-Institut. [[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy|BMWK]] ta buga tallafi da kwangila da aka ba Öko-Institut don ayyukan da ke gudana tun daga 2019 a shafin yanar gizon ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Veröffentlichung der Aufträge und Zuwendungen des BMWK an das Öko-Institut |url=https://www.bundeswirtschaftsministerium.de/Redaktion/DE/Meldung/2023/20230504-veroeffentlichung-der-auftraege-und-zuwendungen-des-bmwk-an-das-oeko-institut.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.bundeswirtschaftsministerium.de |language=de}}</ref> A cikin sanarwar manema labarai mai kwanan wata 9 ga Mayu 2023, Öko-Institut ya kuma ambaci ka'idojin bin doka na ciki don kauce wa yiwuwar rikice-rikice na sha'awa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Informationen zur aktuellen Berichterstattung zur BMWK Personalpolitik |url=https://www.oeko.de/news/pressemeldungen/informationen-zur-aktuellen-berichterstattung-zur-bmwk-personalpolitik/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=oeko.de |language=de-de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nw4fj755r2yj9q7v4syg94w3opprcu5 0 108363 883966 787492 2026-07-16T11:54:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Society of North American Goldsmiths ('''SNAG''') ƙungiya ce ta masu kayan ado da na zane-zane a Arewacin Amurka. Tana kuma cikin Eugene, [[Oregon]] . <ref name="American Craft Council">{{Cite web |title=Society of North American Goldsmiths |url=https://www.craftcouncil.org/resource/society-north-american-goldsmiths |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=American Craft Council |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229013353/https://www.craftcouncil.org/resource/society-north-american-goldsmiths |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tushen == An kafa Society of North America Goldsmiths (SNAG) a [[Chicago]] a 1969. An kafa shi bayan taron farko a shekarar 1968 na Robert Ebendorf, Phillip Fike, Hero Kielman, L. Brent Kington, Stanley Lechtzin., [b Kurt Matzdorf, Ronald Hayes Pearson, da Olaf Skoogfors.<ref name="Hedendaagse sieraden2">{{Cite web |last=Doornbusch |first=Esther |date=29 June 2023 |title=Stanley Lechtzin |url=https://hedendaagsesieraden.nl/2023/06/29/stanley-lechtzin/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Hedendaagse sieraden |language=nl-NL}}</ref><ref name="Ganoksin3">{{Cite web |title=The Founding Masters Exhibit |url=https://www.ganoksin.com/article/founding-masters-exhibit/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Ganoksin}}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian American Art Museum">{{Cite web |title=Ronald Hayes Pearson |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/ronald-hayes-pearson-3730 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hedendaagse sieraden">{{Cite web |last=Doornbusch |first=Esther |date=1 March 2021 |title=Olaf Skoogfors |url=https://hedendaagsesieraden.nl/2021/03/01/olaf-skoogfors/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Hedendaagse sieraden |language=nl-NL}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar ne don ƙirƙirar tsari don tarurruka da nune-nunen.<ref name="Maine College of Art & Design">{{Cite web |title=Society of North America Goldsmith's National Juried Student Exhibition |url=https://www.meca.edu/stories/richards-weiner/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Maine College of Art & Design |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228173955/https://www.meca.edu/stories/richards-weiner/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1970 ta gudanar da taron farko a Saint Paul, [[Minnesota]] . A wannan shekarar ta gudanar da nune-nunen ta na farko a Gidan Tarihi na Minnesota.<ref name="Archives of American Art">{{Cite web |title=A Finding Aid to the Society of North American Goldsmiths records, 1949-2008, bulk 1965-2008 bulk 1965-2008 {{!}} |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/society-north-american-goldsmiths-records-11070 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Archives of American Art |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ƙungiyar tana ba da tarurrukan bita, gasa, da laccoci ga membobinta.  Hakanan yana ba da yanayi don masu kayan ado na zamani da maƙeran ƙarfe don raba bayanai.<ref name="Archives of American Art"/> == Littattafai == SNAG ta buga labarai daban-daban tun daga 1975. A cikin 1980 SNAG ta fara samar da mujallar kwata-kwata mai taken Metalsmith . <ref name="Archives of American Art"/> Ya zama na shekara uku kuma yana ci gaba da bugawa.<ref name="klimt02.net">{{Cite web |title=Metalsmith Magazine. Vol 43 No 2 |url=https://klimt02.net/publications/magazines/metalsmith-vol-43-no-2-snag-metalsmith |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=klimt02.net |language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi]] ea174xhp0jncni9ovc0pr391lg4qck8 0 109359 883496 690380 2026-07-15T15:30:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''canjin makamashi''' (ko '''Canjin tsarin makamashi''') babban canji ne na tsarin samar da makamashi da amfani a cikin tsarin makamasheya. A halin yanzu, ana ci gaba da sauyawa zuwa [[Makamashi mai ɗorewa|Makamashi]] [[Danyen mai|mai]] ɗorewa don [[Rage canjin yanayi|iyakance canjin yanayi]]. Yawancin makamashi mai ɗorewa shine makamashi marar sabuntawa. Sabili da haka, wani lokaci don sauya makamashi shine sauya makamancin sabuntawa. Canjin na yanzu yana da niyyar rage hayakin iskar gas daga makamashi da sauri da kuma ci gaba, galibi ta hanyar saukar da man fetur da canza matakai da yawa yadda zai yiwu don aiki a kan karancin wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tian |first=Jinfang |last2=Yu |first2=Longguang |last3=Xue |first3=Rui |last4=Zhuang |first4=Shan |last5=Shan |first5=Yuli |date=2022-02-01 |title=Global low-carbon energy transition in the post-COVID-19 era |journal=Applied Energy |language=en |volume=307 |pages=118205 |bibcode=2022ApEn..30718205T |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118205 |issn=0306-2619 |pmc=8610812 |pmid=34840400}}</ref> Wataƙila sauyawar makamashi ta baya ta faru ne a lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]] daga shekara ta 1760 zuwa gaba, daga [[Katako|itace]] da sauran halittu zuwa kwal, sannan man fetur da iskar gas daga baya.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Davidsson |first=Simon |year=2015 |title=Global Energy Transitions |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:791155/FULLTEXT01.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smil |first=Vaclav |title=Energy Transitions |url=http://vaclavsmil.com/wp-content/uploads/tarifWEF_EN_IndustryVision-12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309062419/http://vaclavsmil.com/wp-content/uploads/tarifWEF_EN_IndustryVision-12.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-09 |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref> Fiye da kashi uku na bukatun makamashi na ƙonawa da bukatun cigaban duniya, amma wannan amfani ya fitar da gas na gas. Abincin kuzari da Amfani suna da alhakin mafi yawan abubuwan da ɗan adam da ke haifar da iskar gas. [ Don haduwa da manufofin Paris a shekara ta 2015 akan canjin yanayi, dole ne a rage exerions da wuri-wuri da kuma isa ga yanar gizo-karni na tsakiyar karni. [3] Tun daga marigayi 2010s, canjin makamashi mai sabuntawa ya kuma faduwa da farashin rana da sauri da wutar lantarki. Bayan 2024, madaidaicin makamashi mai rahusa ne fiye da koyaushe. Farashin rana na duniya ya fadi kashi 35 da ƙasa da ƙasa da 100 cents / Kwh. Ev Batura ya ga mafi kyawun farashin su ragi a cikin shekaru bakwai. [4] Wata fa'idar canzawar makamashi ita ce yuwuwar rage yawan masana'antar makamashi. [5] Ana amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin gine-gine, tare da famfo na zafi shine mafi kyawun fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Are renewable heating options cost-competitive with fossil fuels in the residential sector? |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/are-renewable-heating-options-cost-competitive-with-fossil-fuels-in-the-residential-sector |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=IEA}}</ref> Don inganta sassauci na grid na lantarki, shigar da ajiyar makamashi da manyan grid suna da mahimmanci don ba da damar amfani da fasahar canzawa, masu dogara da yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kök |first=A. Gürhan |last2=Shang |first2=Kevin |last3=Yücel |first3=Safak |date=23 January 2020 |title=Investments in Renewable and Conventional Energy: The Role of Operational Flexibility |journal=Manufacturing & Service Operations Management |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=925–941 |doi=10.1287/msom.2019.0789 |issn=1523-4614 |s2cid=214122213}}</ref> Koyaya tallafin burbushin burbushin halittu yana jinkirta canjin makamashi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abolishing fossil fuel subsidies: a brain teaser rather than a no-brainer |url=https://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/abolishing-fossil-fuel-subsidies-a-brain-teaser-rather-than-a-no-brainer |quote=Reforming fossil fuel subsidies is a complex task for politicians. All in all, our study shows that abolishing fossil fuel subsidies is a no-brainer only for a limited number of subsidies. Abolishing inventoried fossil subsidies does not appear to help the energy transition in all cases. It is important to assess policies from the perspective of adequate pricing of climate damage and other externalities.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Bhasker |title=How fossil fuel subsidies are hurting the energy transition {{!}} Context |url=https://www.context.news/net-zero/how-fossil-fuel-subsidies-are-hurting-the-energy-transition |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.context.news |language=en}}</ref> == Ma'anar == Canjin makamashi babban canji ne a cikin fasahohi da halayen da ake buƙata don maye gurbin tushen makamashi ɗaya da wani.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last3=Mark Jaccard}}</ref>: 202-203 Babban misali shine canji daga tsarin masana'antu wanda ya dogara da kayan gargajiya, iska, ruwa da ƙarfin tsoka zuwa tsarin masana'antar da ke da alamun inji, ƙarfin tururi da amfani da kwal. [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] ba ta ayyana ''''canji'' makamashi'' a cikin ƙamus na Rahoton Bincike na shida ba amma ta ayyana sauyawa kamar haka: "Tsarin canzawa daga wata jiha ko yanayi zuwa wani a cikin wani lokaci. Canjin zai iya faruwa a cikin mutane, kamfanoni, birane, yankuna da ƙasashe, kuma zai iya dogara da canji ko canji. " == Ci gaban kalmar ==   Bayan rikicin man fetur a shekara ta 1973, 'yan siyasa da kafofin watsa labarai ne suka kirkiro kalmar ''canjin makamashi''. [[Jimmy Carter|Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter]] ne ya shahara a cikin jawabinsa na 1977 game da Kasa kan Makamashi, yana kira ga "duba baya cikin tarihi don fahimtar matsalar makamashi. Sau biyu a cikin daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata, an sami canji a hanyar da mutane ke amfani da makamashi ... Saboda yanzu muna gudu daga iskar gas da mai, dole ne mu shirya da sauri don canji na uku zuwa tsananin [[Energy conservation|kiyayewa]] da sabuntawa na kwal da kuma tushen makamashi na dindindin kamar [[Solar power|hasken rana]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Jimmy |title=Address to the Nation on Energy |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-nation-energy |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=The American Presidency Project |publisher=UC Santa Barbara}}</ref> Daga baya an sanya kalmar a duniya bayan girgi na biyu na 1979 a lokacin taron man fetur na Sabon makamashi da Sabon makamai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Sabon Makamashi na Sabon Sources na Sabon Hasken rana.i <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Basosi |first=Duccio |date=2020-03-20 |title=Lost in transition. The world's energy past, present and future at the 1981 United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy |url=https://energyhistory.eu/fr/dossier/lost-transition-worlds-energy-past-present-and-future-1981-united-nations-conference-new#energy-transition-a-new-phrase-in-town |journal=Journal of Energy History |volume=4 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=2021-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016145653/https://energyhistory.eu/fr/dossier/lost-transition-worlds-energy-past-present-and-future-1981-united-nations-conference-new#energy-transition-a-new-phrase-in-town |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga shekarun 1990s, muhawara kan harkar makamashi sun ƙara ɗaukar musayar canjin canjin yanayi. Parties to the agreement committed "to limit global warming to "well below 2 °C, preferably 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial levels".[15] This requires a rapid energy transition with a downshift of fossil fuel production to stay within the carbon emissions budget.[16] [[Fayil:2013-05-03_Fotoflug_Leer_Papenburg_DSCF6864.jpg|thumb|Misali na Rarraba amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa: Kasuwancin noma tare da masana'antar biogas da rufin photovoltaic]] A cikin wannan mahallin, kalmar ''canjin makamashi'' ta ƙunshi sake fasalin [[Manufar makamashi|Manufofin makamashi]]. Wannan na iya nuna canji daga tsakiya zuwa rarraba ƙarni. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na maye gurbin yawan samarwa da amfani da makamashi mai gujewa tare da matakan adana makamashi da haɓaka inganci.<ref>Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020): [http://www.iste.co.uk/book.php?id=1591 ''Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121141134/http://iste.co.uk/book.php?id=1591 |date=2020-01-21 }}. Wiley - ISTE. (Energy series) {{ISBN|9781786304995}}.</ref> Canjin tarihi daga itace da aka samar a cikin gida, ruwa da makamashi na iska zuwa burbushin halittu da makaman nukiliya da aka samar da su a duniya ya haifar da ci gaba a cikin buƙatun amfani ta hanyar fadada binciken injiniya, ilimi da daidaitawa. Hanyoyin canje-canjen tsarin duka sun haɗa da sabon horo a cikin Injiniyancin Canji tsakanin dukkan sana'o'in injiniya, 'yan kasuwa, masu bincike da malamai. Koyaya an yi jayayya cewa kalmar kalma ce kawai kuma maimakon sauyawa, tun daga shekara ta 2024, amfani da dukkan nau'ikan makamashi na farko ya karu. == Misalan sauye-sauyen makamashi na baya == [[Fayil:1776_Historical_energy_consumption_-_U.S._-_EIA_data.svg|thumb|A cikin ƙarni, amfani da makamashi ya samo asali ne daga ƙone itace zuwa burbushin burbushin halittu (kwal, mai, iskar gas), kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa amfani da nukiliya, hydroelectric da sauran hanyoyin samar da makamashe.<ref name="EIA_202204000">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Renewable energy explained |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313183829/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources/ |archive-date=13 March 2023 |website=eia.gov |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |quote=Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, ''Monthly Energy Review,'' Appendix D.1, and Tables 1.3 an 10.1, April 2022, preliminary data for 2021. / Wood includes wood and wood waste; Renewables includes biofuels, geothermal, solar and wind.}}</ref>]] Hanyoyin tarihi game da sauye-sauyen makamashi na baya an tsara su ta manyan maganganu guda biyu. Ɗaya yana jayayya cewa bil'adama ya sami sauye-sauyen makamashi da yawa a baya, yayin da ɗayan ya ba da shawarar kalmar "ƙarin makamashi" kamar yadda ya fi nuna canje-canje a samar da makamashi na duniya a cikin ƙarni uku da suka gabata. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qdsgf6sug1fuwg0fclwrx3rdi2xepdc 0 109480 883730 683642 2026-07-15T19:57:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lacassine_national_wildlife_refuge_Louisiana.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Marsh da tudun da ke cikin Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana]] [[Fayil:Cheniers_NE_Suriname.png|alt=topographic map|thumb|Filin Chenier a NE Suriname]] '''Chenier''' ko chénier wani yashi ne ko rairayin bakin teku wanda yake wani ɓangare na fili, wanda ake kira " fili nachenier, " wanda ya kunshi cheniers da aka raba ta hanyar shiga tsakani da laka-flat deposits tare da marsh da kuma marsh da shamp ciyayi. Cheniers yawanci mita ɗaya zuwa shida ne, tsawon kilomita goma, daruruwan mita a fadin, kuma sau da yawa itace. Filayen Chenier na iya zama kilomita da yawa. Cheniers da filayen chenier da ke da alaƙa suna da alaƙa da iyakokin da ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin ruwa, ƙarancin gradient, iyakokin laka, da wadataccen wadata. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Faransanci ta Louisiana don waɗannan tsari, "chênière", ma'ana itacen oak, yana nufin gandun daji na oaks masu rai Quercus virginiana waɗanda ke zaune a cikin tuddai na chenier a cikin kudu maso yammacin Louisiana.<ref name="Goodie2004a">Goodie, A.S. (2004) ''Encyclopedia of Geomorphology'' Routledge. London, United Kingdom. 1,200 p. {{ISBN|978-0-415-32738-1}}</ref> == Kogin Colorado Delta == Cheniers da aka yi da farko da kwarangwal na Colorado Delta clam ana samun su a cikin Filayen ruwa na Kogin Colorado Delta a arewa maso gabashin Baja California, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]]. == Louisiana == Yankin Louisiana Chenier, wanda ya kai kusan daga Sabine Lake zuwa Vermilion Bay tare da Gulf Coast, yana aiki da mahimman ayyukan yanayin halittu, musamman a matsayin wurin zama na namun daji da kuma tsayawa ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. Yayin da aka zauna yankin, an haɓaka cheniers da fifiko, saboda kariya daga ambaliyar da aka ba da ta wurin tsawo mafi girma. Misalan al'ummomin da ke kan irin waɗannan tuddai a cikin Chenier Plain sun haɗa da Grand Chenier a cikin Cameron Parish, Pecan Island a cikin Vermilion Parish da tsohon mazaunin Cheniere Caminada kusa da Grand Isle, kudu da [[New Orleans]]. Duk da haka, tsaunuka ba su da isasshen kariya daga guguwa, don haka guguwa ta lalata Cheniere Caminada gaba ɗaya a cikin 1893, kuma Tsibirin Pecan da Grand Chenier sun lalace ta hanyar guguwa mai ƙarfi da yawa, gami da Guguwar Audrey, Guguwar Rita, Guguwar Ike, Guguwar Laura da Guguwar Delta. Kirby ya bayyana yadda zubar da turɓaya ta hanyar ra'ayi mara amfani yana haifar da halittar chenier. Ana dakatar da tarar sediment kuma ana sauka yin aiki a cikin teku, yana barin baya ajiyar mafi yawa bivalve da gastropod shells da aka raba daga mafi kyawun tushe a ƙasa. Raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman ruwa suna tara waɗannan ajiya don samar da tuddai a duk yankin ruwa. Suna tilasta ajiyar zuwa gabar teku, amma kuma a gefen bakin teku. == Miranda, New Zealand == Filin chenier a Miranda a cikin Firth na Thames yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen bakin teku na Holocene a duniya kuma muhimmiyar wurin tsayawa a cikin hanyar jirgin godwit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayward |first=Bruce W. |date=February 2013 |title=Chenier plains: An internationally significant landform |url=http://www.miranda-shorebird.org.nz/home/chenier-plains-an-internationally-significant-landform |access-date=21 September 2021 |publisher=Pūkorokoro Miranda Shorebird Centre |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921084945/http://www.miranda-shorebird.org.nz/home/chenier-plains-an-internationally-significant-landform |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Essex, Ingila == A cikin Essex, bayanan [[Ground truth|Gaskiya a ƙasa]] sun nuna cewa bayanan radar daidai suna tsara tsarin ƙasa da tsarin sedimentary na cheniers. Fassarar stratigraphy na radar da aka ɗauka daga bayanan haskakawar radar yana ba da damar gano ajiya daban-daban. Wadannan sun samo asali ne daga overwashing, overtopping, sedimentation a fadin rairayin bakin teku da ke nutsewa ko kuma berm ridge welding a kan rairayin kan rairayar bakin teku. Kowane chenier yana da tsari daban-daban na waɗannan raka'a huɗu na asali. == Filayen bakin teku na Guiana na Faransa, Suriname da Guyana == An kafa wani babban hadaddun rairayin bakin teku da maras kyau (ritsen en zwampen a Suriname) tsakanin bakin Kogin Amazon da Orinoco a filin bakin teku na Guiana Shield . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6e8c7iytowmha9odrorcj7yq839wyb3 0 109645 883515 725698 2026-07-15T15:55:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883515 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ohio_Köppen.svg|right|thumb|Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen a Ohio yanzu suna nuna mafi rinjaye a matsayin mai zafi.]] '''Canjin yanayi a [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]]''' yana da damuwa saboda tasirinsa akan muhalli, mutane, da tattalin arziki Ohio. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a Ohio ya karu da kusan {{Convert|1.2|F-change}} ° F (0.67 ° C) tun shekara ta 1895.<ref name="UMass">{{Cite web |title=How will global warming of 2oC affect Ohio? |url=https://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/stateClimateReports/OH_ClimateReport_CSRC.pdf |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=Climate System Research Center at [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417013232/https://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/stateClimateReports/OH_ClimateReport_CSRC.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, "Duk yankuna na Ohio sun yi zafi".<ref name="EPA Ohio"/> == Tasirin canjin yanayi a Ohio == [[Fayil:Drought,_Goyings_farm,_Paulding_County,_Ohio,_Tuesday,_July_17,_2012.jpg|thumb|Yanayin fari, Paulding County, 2012]] === Yanayin zafi === [[Fayil:One_Energy_Wind_for_Industry_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Turbines na iska, Findlay]] Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara zai kara yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa na guguwar zafi. "Biranen arewa kamar Cleveland suna da rauni ga raƙuman zafi, saboda gidaje da gidaje da yawa ba su da iska mai sanyaya, kuma yankunan birane suna da zafi fiye da yankunan karkara da ke kewaye da su. " <ref name="EPA Ohio"/> Idan yanayin fitarwa na yanzu ya ci gaba, "Cincinnati zai fuskanci akalla raƙuman zafin jiki biyu a kowane bazara kamar wanda ya kashe daruruwan a Birnin Chicago a 1995. "<ref name="Union Concerned">{{Cite web |title=Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Midwest: Ohio |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/global_warming/climate-change-ohio.pdf |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:Fire_in_Wayne_National_Forest.jpg|thumb|Wutar, Wayne National Forest, 2009]] Wani wallafe-wallafen da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi ta Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst ta yi, a ƙarƙashin yanayin fitar da hayaki mafi girma inda matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya ke ƙaruwa da 4.0-6.1 ° C (7.2-11.0 ° F), Cincinnati za ta fuskanci sama da kwanaki 80 a shekara tare da yanayin zafi sama da {{Convert|90|F}} ° F (32 ° C), da kwanaki 29 a shekara sama da {{Convert|100|F}} ° F (38 ° C). <ref name="UMass"/> === Ruwan sama === [[Fayil:Defense.gov_photo_essay_091019-F-ZJ624-023.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan hasken rana, Toledo Air National Guard Base, Swanton]] Ohio, tare da sauran Midwest, sun sami karuwar kashi 37% a cikin adadin hazo da ke fadowa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na hazo na kwanaki da yawa daga 1958 zuwa 2012.<ref name="UMass"/> Ana sa ran Ohio za ta fuskanci ruwan sama mai yawa, amma karancin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu saboda yanayin zafi mafi girma.<ref name="UMass" /> Dangane da haka, haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa a Ohio ya karu.<ref name="EPA Ohio">{{Cite web |title=What Climate Change Means for Ohio |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-oh.pdf |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Mafi yawan ruwan sama a Midwest yana haifar da Rushewar ƙasa da asarar abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overview" -- Fourth National Climate Assessment, Vol. II |url=https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_Ch01_Overview.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123190758/https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_Ch01_Overview.pdf |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |publisher=U.S. Global Change Research Program}}</ref> === Aikin noma === [[Fayil:Solar_panel_submodule_packout,_Perrysburg,_Ohio,_August_2017.jpg|left|thumb|Masana'antar panel na hasken rana, Perrysburg, 2017]] Kyakkyawan fari zai lalata amfanin gona. "A yankunan karkara na Ohio, matakan ozone suna da isasshen girma don rage yawan amfanin soya da alkama na hunturu. "<ref name="EPA Ohio"/> Canjin yanayi na iya samun wasu fa'idodi a wasu fannoni, duk da haka. "Lokacin girma mai tsawo ba tare da sanyi ba da kuma mafi girman maida hankali na carbon dioxide na yanayi zai kara yawan amfanin gona ga wasu amfanin gona a cikin matsakaicin shekara. "<ref name="EPA Ohio2">{{Cite web |title=What Climate Change Means for Ohio |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-oh.pdf |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> === Tsarin halittu === Canjin yanayin zafi zai shafi wane nau'in shuke-shuke da ke rayuwa a Ohio. "Kayan da suka fi son ƙasa mai sanyi kamar Eastern hemlock za su sami ƙananan wuraren da suka dace don tsira".<ref name="Cleveland Nat. History">{{Cite web |last=Parsons |first=Brian |title=Climate change dangers in Northeast Ohio |url=https://www.gcbl.org/explore/climate/changing-climate/climate-change-dangers-in-northeast-ohio |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=The Cleveland Museum of Natural History }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Babban Tafkuna === [[Fayil:Greatlakes_amo_2014009.jpg|right|thumb|Tafkin Erie a watan Janairun 2014. Rufin kankara "a kan Great Lakes yana samuwa daga baya ko narkewa da wuri".<ref name="EPA Ohio">{{Cite web |title=What Climate Change Means for Ohio |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-oh.pdf |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref>]] "Tsakanin 1994 da 2011, raguwar kankara ya tsawaita lokacin jigilar kayayyaki a kan tabkuna da kwanaki takwas. Babban Tafkin na iya dumi wani 3 ° zuwa 7 ° F a cikin shekaru 70 masu zuwa, wanda zai kara fadada lokacin jigilar kaya. "<ref name="EPA Ohio"/> Yawan zafin jiki na ruwa yana haifar da manyan furanni na algae. Har ila yau, guguwa da ke kara tabarbarewa a cikin Great Lakes, da kuma kwarara na magudanar ruwa a cikin Great Lake, yana kara ingancin ruwa.<ref name="EPA Ohio"/> === Cutar === Yankunan da ke cikin Ohio suna iya fuskantar " cututtukan da suka gabata na wurare masu zafi" kamar Zika da Yammacin Nilu suna shiga cikin jihar. Cututtukan Tickborne (wanda aka yada ta hanyar ticks) suna da damuwa mai yawa a Ohio kuma saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da ake fama da su akai-akai. Cutar Lyme da zazzabin Rocky Mountain (RMSF) an kuma san su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Disease - Ohio Department of Health |url=https://odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/home/disease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110154644/https://odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/home/disease |archive-date=2019-01-10 |access-date=22 November 2019 |website=Ohio Department of Health}}</ref> == Daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi a Ohio == Ohio ba ta karɓi ko haɓaka shirin daidaitawa na jihar ba, kodayake kananan hukumomi kamar Cleveland da Columbus suna da shi.<ref name="Georgetown Ohio">{{Cite web |title=Preparing for Climate Change in Ohio |url=https://www.georgetownclimate.org/adaptation/state-information/ohio/overview.html |access-date=17 April 2019 |website=Georgetown Climate Center}}</ref> === Shirye-shiryen da aka tsara === [[Fayil:Kimble_Complex_Fire.jpg|thumb|Wutar Kimble Complex, 2022]] Saboda abubuwa kamar guguwa mai karfi, taki mai tsanani, da kuma mafi girman abin da ya faru na "mai guba, kamar aflatoxin a cikin masara, soya, da ƙananan amfanin gona," manoma a Ohio "za su buƙaci daidaitawa ta hanyar haɓaka sabbin jadawalin amfanin gona da zaɓin amfanin gonar daban-daban. " Ana buƙatar canje-canje a cikin kula da sinadarin sinadarin noma a cikin Kogin Maumee, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga algae mai gubacteria mai guba a Tafkin Erie<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knebusch |first=Kurt |date=November 7, 2018 |title=New study will track ways to cut runoff from elevated phosphorus fields |url=https://news.osu.edu/new-study-will-track-ways-to-cut-runoff-from-elevated-phosphorus-fields/ |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=Ohio State University |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Arenschield |first=Laura |date=March 22, 2019 |title=From art to zooplankton: The effects of climate change are far-reaching. First-ever climate change symposium held at Ohio State |url=https://news.osu.edu/from-art-to-zooplankton-the-effects-of-climate-change-are-far-reaching/ |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=Ohio State University |language=en-us}}</ref> Duk da yake ruwan sama na bazara da matsakaicin ruwan sama za su karu, fari a lokacin rani na iya kara muni.<ref name="EPA Ohio"/> Lokaci mai bushewa zai buƙaci ban ruwa don biyan asarar danshi, yana motsa farashin abinci.<ref name="Toledo Blade" /> [[Fayil:03.19.21_Climate_Strike_(123)_(51322278188).jpg|thumb|Gudun yanayi, 2021]] Cibiyar Binciken Yanayi da Yanayi ta Byrd ta Jami'ar Jihar Ohio ta buga wani rahoto, "Columbus Climate Adaptation Plan," wanda ya haɗa da jerin ayyukan da aka gabatar don daidaitawa da amsawa ga [[Canjin yanayi]] a Tsakiyar Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Columbus Climate Adaptation Plan |url=https://byrd.osu.edu/columbus |publisher=Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center}}</ref> Jami'ar Jihar Ohio ta gudanar da taron canjin yanayi na farko a watan Maris na shekara ta 2019. <ref name=":0"/> == Rashin iskar gas a Ohio == "Ohio ita ce ta huɗu mafi girma mai samar da hayakin dumama na duniya a cikin dukkan jihohi," tare da hayakin mutum kusan kashi 19 cikin dari sama da matsakaicin ƙasa. " <ref name="Union Concerned"/> Wannan "yawanci saboda kashi 87 cikin dari na wutar lantarki ta Ohio ta fito ne daga tashoshin wutar lantarki masu amfani da kwal (idan aka kwatanta da matsakaitan ƙasa na kashi 50 cikin dari). "Zamani na lantarki yana da kashi 49 cikin dari na hayakin gas a Ohio, sannan kashi 26% daga sufuri da kashi 14% daga masana'antu.<ref name="Union Concerned" /> == Dubi kuma == * Batutuwan muhalli a Amurka * Motocin lantarki a Ohio == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == - wannan babi na Nazarin Yanayi na Kasa ya rufe jihohin Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], Ohio, da [[Wisconsin]]).  == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=What Climate Change Means for Ohio |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-oh.pdf |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]}} {{United States topic|prefix=Climate change in}}{{Ohio}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 91m4wyj7z56wdqw1ndu907pmumzbmau 0 110178 883715 724667 2026-07-15T19:02:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883715 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongolia, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongolia, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' addunya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Amma zai sake tashi. Wannan shine Mongolia. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar Mongolia tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongolia. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba na 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zamantakewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongolia. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongolia ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shine 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shine 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shine cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongolia a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongolia |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongolia. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia a cikin 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rj0zmgvxfnhe7fmuiom5hrziot1r8qv 883716 883715 2026-07-15T19:03:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883716 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongolia, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongolia, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' addunya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Amma zai sake tashi. Wannan shine Mongolia. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongolia tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongolia. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba na 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zamantakewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongolia. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongolia ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shine 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shine 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shine cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongolia a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongolia |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongolia. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia a cikin 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] trd47s39kp4fuwwhnnfd4o7oxgz4vxk 883717 883716 2026-07-15T19:04:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883717 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongolia, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongolia, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' aduniya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Ammah zai sake tashi. Wannan shi ne Mongoliya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongolia tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongolia. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba na 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zamantakewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongolia. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongolia ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shine 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shine 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shine cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongolia a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongolia |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongolia. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia a cikin 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cqyg0vyx5mqd9t0qouuhqa2cszvvdo1 883718 883717 2026-07-15T19:06:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883718 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongoliya, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongoliya, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' aduniya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Ammah zai sake tashi. Wannan shi ne Mongoliya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongoliya tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongoliya. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba na 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zamantakewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongolia. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongolia ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shine 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shine 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shine cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongolia a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongolia |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongolia. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia a cikin 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sqo19gua8ewxia34tysggdd8z6fydry 883719 883718 2026-07-15T19:08:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883719 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongoliya, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongoliya, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' aduniya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Ammah zai sake tashi. Wannan shi ne Mongoliya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongoliya tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongoliya. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba Shekarar 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zaman takewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongolia. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongolia ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shine 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shine 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shine cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongolia a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongolia |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongolia. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia a cikin 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0qejoalzwftnajg97yrt90id6ff4wqy 883720 883719 2026-07-15T19:09:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883720 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongoliya, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongoliya, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' aduniya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Ammah zai sake tashi. Wannan shi ne Mongoliya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongoliya tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongoliya. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba Shekarar 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zaman takewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Shekara ta 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongolia. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongolia ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shine 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shine 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shine cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongolia a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongolia |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongolia. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia a cikin 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s6p2z2d4jje94bphnp3jck9s33fhldn 883721 883720 2026-07-15T19:11:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883721 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongoliya, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongoliya, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' aduniya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Ammah zai sake tashi. Wannan shi ne Mongoliya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongoliya tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongoliya. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba Shekarar 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zaman takewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Shekara ta 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongolia. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu Shekara ta 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongolia ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shine 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shine 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shine cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongolia a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongolia |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongolia. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia a cikin 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q1wa52xmmae0tafag96h1seepik1rdh 883722 883721 2026-07-15T19:13:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883722 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongoliya, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongoliya, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' aduniya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Ammah zai sake tashi. Wannan shi ne Mongoliya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongoliya tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongoliya. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba Shekarar 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zaman takewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Shekara ta 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongolia. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu Shekara ta 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongolia ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shine 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shine 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shine cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongolia a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongolia |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongoliya. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na Shekarar 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongoliya a cikin Shekara ta 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4t055xf6rbyy8cwplc5wjcqwa5itirs 883723 883722 2026-07-15T19:15:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883723 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongoliya, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongoliya, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' aduniya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Ammah zai sake tashi. Wannan shi ne Mongoliya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongoliya tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongoliya. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba Shekarar 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zaman takewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Shekara ta 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongoliya. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu Shekara ta 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongoliya ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shi ne 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shi ne 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shi ne cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongoliya a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongoliya |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, amma akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongolia. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, amma tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongoliya. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na Shekarar 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongoliya a cikin Shekara ta 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2j8vf939ry3t0ixcrpcrzv7i31kp99l 883724 883723 2026-07-15T19:18:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883724 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_Building_12.jpg|thumb|Ginin Gwamnati na 12 wanda ke da gidan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia]] Tun lokacin da ta juya zuwa ga [[Mongolia]]_Revolution_of_1990" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990, Mongolia ta amince da manufar haƙƙin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] da na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|jama'a]]. "Dokar kare hakkin dan adam," a cewar wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan Adam, "wani yanki ne mai saurin fadadawa a cikin tsarin shari'ar Mongoliya. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law and Human Rights Internships in Mongolia |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306233715/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-projects/law-and-human-rights/volunteer-mongolia/ |archive-date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Projects Abroad}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, Mongolia ta karɓi abin da ake kira "Millennium Goal 9", wanda shine "ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam da inganta mulkin dimokuradiyya. "Rubuta a cikin [[Jakarta]] Post, sakatare-jan janar Janar na al'ummar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] wanda ya "yaci na farko don dimokuradiya da sake fasalinsa a Mongoliya, duk" ya ce, New York tana jin daɗin 'yanci' yanci, New Mongoliya, koyaushe tana' yancin kai' yanci da' yanci a cikin New Mongolia, 'yancin' yanci' yancin' yancin ɗan adam a Adj, duk' yanci", ya ce, duk' Yanci, duk' ya ce, 'yanci, dukansu masu sauraro, duk' yarinta a nan, duk' aduniya, 'yan Adam a nan, 'yan adam a nan' yanci na Adj, 'yan ita, duk' 'yanci a nan' Yanci a nan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardjono |first=Ratih |title=Mongolia: Caught between democratization and Rio Tinto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/31/mongolia-caught-between-democratization-and-rio-tinto.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> "Wani lokaci wannan sha'awar za a iya murkushe ta hanyar zalunci. Ammah zai sake tashi. Wannan shi ne Mongoliya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia's President Says Human Rights 'Universal' |url=http://asiasociety.org/policy/governance/national/mongolias-president-says-human-rights-universal |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=Asia Society}}</ref> Duk da haka duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zaman takewar Mongoliya tun ƙarshen [[Kwaminisanci]], "al'adun daga tsohuwar mulkin kama karya," a cewar wani mai kallo, "yana da mummunar tasiri ga cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mongoliya. "Rashin amfani da iko na hukuma ya yadu, kuma jami'an tilasta bin doka "ba su girmama tsaron da 'yanci na mutane ba. "Yar suna ba da rahoto akai-akai game da keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sai dai lauyoyi da farfesa, ba su iya fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da gaske".<ref name="HUrights Osaka">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Education in Mongolian Schools: Present State and Challenges |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2006/03/human-rights-education-in-mongolian-schools-present-state-and-challenges.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=HUrights Osaka}}</ref> Wani rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan matsanancin talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam Mongolia ya nuna a watan Disamba Shekarar 2012 cewa yayin da Mongolia "a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban bunkasa albarkatu kuma kasar tana kan iyakar daya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauye a tarihinta," tare da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da saka hannun jari na kasashen waje "wanda ake sa ran ya ninka tattalin arzikin kasa sau uku a shekarar 2020," kasar "ta kasance cikin mafi munin kasashe a cikin ci gaban dan adam na kasa da kasa (110 daga 187 bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights |url=http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231318/http://www.undp.mn/news071212a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam da ke fuskantar Mongolia, musamman a cikin 'yan sanda da bangaren tsaro, akwai cin zarafin fursunoni da' yan sanda suka yi wa fursunoni, rashin daidaito na tilasta bin doka, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kamawa da gangan]], tsawon lokaci na tsare-tsare, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin'ar kafofin watsa labarai, asirin gwamnati, tashin hankali na gida, da fataucin mutane. An haramta nuna bambanci "bisa ga asalin kabilanci, yare, launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, asalin zaman takewa, ko matsayi", kuma akwai daidaito na jima'i na hukuma "a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, da iyali. " <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> An ba da ƙarin hankali kwanan nan ga tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na saurin fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia, wanda a lokuta da yawa ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin makiyaya na gargajiya sabili da haka a kan rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma damar aiki. == Hakki na asali == A Mongolia, ana tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, tare da ƙasar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashen duniya daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Shekara ta 1992 ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana, taro, da addini, da kuma' yancin shari'a mai kyau da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Koyaya, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da kula da 'yan tsiraru da batutuwan da suka shafi' yancin yada labarai. Mongolia ta yi ci gaba wajen karfafa tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, taron 23 na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Mongolia da EU, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, ya jaddada muhimmancin tattaunawar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da saka idanu da inganta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia-European Union Joint Committee holds 23rd meeting in Ulaanbaatar |url=https://akipress.com/news:826446:Mongolia-European_Union_Joint_Committee_holds_23rd_meeting_in_Ulaanbaatar/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=akipress.com}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, "zagi" laifi ne, kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin matsa lamba da kuma rufe murmushi ga kafofin watsa labarai a hanyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake tantancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, 'yan jarida da yawa suna shiga cikin tantancewa saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatansu. Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri, gwamnati sau da yawa tana shiga cikin sirrin abokan adawar ta, 'yan jarida, da sauransu, ta hanyar yin amfani da wayoyi da shiga cikin asusun imel. A shekara ta 2009, yawancin tashoshin talabijin a Ulaanbaatar sun sanya hannu kan "sadarwa" tare da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Babban Hukumar Manufofin inda suka mika wuya ga matakin kulawar gwamnati kan abubuwan da ke ciki don dawo da "kariya". An ci tarar jaridu saboda cin mutunci ga gwamnati, kuma tuhumar tsegumi da binciken haraji na kafofin watsa labarai sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta na tsegumi, nauyin tabbatarwa yana kan wanda ake tuhuma. 'Yan jarida da yawa suna da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma za su ƙirƙiri labaran labarai don musayar biyan kuɗi. Kodayake gwamnati ba ta hana damar Intanet ba, tana sa ido kan imel ɗin wasu mutane. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi da' yancin al'adu, kamar yadda' yancin taro da tarayya suke. Mongolians suna da 'yanci su koma cikin kasar, su yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, su koma kasashen waje kuma su koma daga kasashen waje. Baƙi da ke zaune a Mongolia dole ne su sami biza don barin ƙasar. Zaben yana da 'yanci da adalci. Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa 17 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu kyauta. == Cire hukuncin kisa == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Shugaban kasar Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai, daga nan gaba, ya yi amfani da ikonsa don yafe wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su. Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru talatin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Shugaba Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, wakilan MPRP sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada saboda jawabin shugaban kasa. (Dubi: Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia) Shugaba Elbegdorj ya bayyana cewa "Hukuncin kisa ba daidai ba ne - yana ƙasƙantar da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ba ya kawo zaman lafiya ga al'umma. Ba ya hana aikata laifuka kuma ba ya ɗaga bil'adama," a cikin [http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf jawabinsa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |date=2012-10-07 }} An adana shi 2012-10-07 a a Babban Taron Babban Taron kan Dokar na 67th na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia, at the United Nations General Assembly High Level Meeting on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels |url=http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007122155/http://www.unrol.org/files/Statement%20by%20Mongolia.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Rule of Law Unit}}</ref> "Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu Mongolia za ta ƙara ƙasa ɗaya a cikin al'ummar duniya don kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Gafara rai ba yana nufin gafarta wa hukunci ba. Hukuncin ga manyan laifuka da zalunci dole ne ya zama mai tsanani, kuma dole ne ya kasance mai adalci. Duk da haka, ban yi tunanin kawai don hana kowane ɗan ƙasa rai a cikin sunan jihar ba. Hakkin rayuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya dogara da kowa ba, har ma da shugaban ƙasa na 2010 ya nuna su gaisuwa da izininsa gaisuwa gaisuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsakhia |first=Elbegdorj |date=18 May 2010 |title=Greetings of the President of Mongolia Tsakhia to the delegates of the 5th international meeting of Ministers of Justice "From moratorium to abolition of the capital punishment-No justice without life" |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=249 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia}}</ref> Watanni huɗu bayan sanarwar Shugaba Elbegdorj game da dakatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar gafarta masa, an gudanar da bincike tsakanin malaman shari'a na Mongoliya suna tambayar ko daidai ne ko ba daidai ba ne a soke hukuncin kisa a Mongoliya. Kashi 83% na mahalarta binciken sun amsa cewa ba daidai ba ne. Sun soki "Ta hanyar gafarta wa fursunoni na mutuwa, Shugaban Mongoliya kai tsaye ya tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka. Babu wanda ke da damar canza hukunce-hukuncen kotu. " A cewar Mataki na 33.1.8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, shugaban Mongoliya yana da damar "don ba da gafara. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1992 |title=Constitution of Mongolia. Article 33.1.8 |url=http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107070608/http://www.parliament.mn/en/law/categories/2541/pages/4428 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=parliament.mn}}</ref> Wasu masana da masu sukar sun yi la'akari da cewa ya yi wuri da kuskure don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Mongolia, suna bayyana cewa laifukan kisan kai sun zama masu tsanani kuma ba za a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bat-Ochir |first=Bumbaa |date=28 February 2011 |title=Is it right or wrong to abolish death penalty? Why? |url=http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=biznetwork.mn (blog in Mongolian) |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031416/http://biznetwork.mn/topic/show/26758 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da zargi da yawa daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, 'yan adawa, da masu sukar, an karɓi shawarar Shugaba Elbegdorj da kyau a duniya. Amnesty International ta lura cewa "Ayyukan Shugaba Elbegdorj sun nuna jajircewa ga kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun kafa misali mai kyau ga sauran ƙasashen Asiya a yankin," a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu Shekara ta 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2010 |title=Abolish the death penalty in Mongolia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/abolish-death-penalty-mongolia |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar kasa da kasa "Hands off Cain" ta ba da kyautar Elbegdorj tare da "Abolitionist of the Year 2011" yana lura da Mongolia a matsayin misali wanda ke inganta haƙƙin rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashen Asiya. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Mongoliya ta yi gyare-gyare ga wata doka don shiga Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2 ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa; ta sa Mongoliya ta zama jam'iyya ga taron kuma ta karfafa jajircewar kasar don kawar da hukuncin kisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2012 |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725231159/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Cin hanci da rashawa == {{Asia topic|Human rights in}}Cin hanci da rashawa babbar matsala ce a duk faɗin gwamnatin Mongoliya da tilasta bin doka, kuma babu isasshen kulawa daga hukumomin hukuma ko kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kariya ga membobin majalisa daga gurfanar da su [kayan da ake buƙata] yana ƙarfafa cin hanci da rashawa kuma yana kare masu laifi daga hukunci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwa ta hana ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin yanke shawara na gwamnati suna faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Babu tanadi don bayyana bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, kuma Dokar Asirin Jiha tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da cikakke. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} A cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Gaskiya ta 2024 ta Gaskiya, wanda ya zira kwallaye 180 a kan sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashi sosai") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"), Mongolia ta zira kwallayi 33. Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Mongolia ta kasance ta 114 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta fara zama tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a tsakanin ƙasashen yankin Asiya Pacific {{Refn|Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam}} ya kasance 84, matsakaicin ƙuri'u ya kasance 44 kuma mafi munin ƙuri'ar ta kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ilham |last2=Haihuie |first2=Yuambari |last3=Ulziikhuu |first3=Urantsetseg |date=11 February 2025 |title=CPI 2024 for Asia Pacific: Leaders failing to stop corruption amid an escalating climate crisis |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2024-asia-pacific-leaders-failing-to-stop-corruption-amid-escalating-climate-crisis |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, mafi kyawun ƙuri'a shi ne 90 (ranked 1), matsakaicin ƙuri'u shine 43, kuma mafi munin ƙuri'un shi ne 8 (ranked 180). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: Mongolia |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/mng |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> "Na yi imani da gaske cewa abokin gaba na gaskiya na dimokuradiyya da 'yanci cin hanci da rashawa ne ... Mafi munin sata shi ne cin hanci ne wanda ke lalata haƙƙin mutane da' yanci ... Na gamsu cewa yaki da cin hanci na rashawa dole ne ya zama ɗayan mahimman ayyuka na Jihar Mongoliya a yau, " Shugaba Elbegdorj ya lura a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2012 |title=Elbegdorj Addresses Dystopic Mongoliya |url=http://investorvillage.com/mbthread.asp?mb=10163&tid=11787547&showall=1 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Investorvillage.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2009 Elbegdorj ya maye gurbin Majalisar Al'umma ta Mai Zaman Kanta kan Cin Hanci da rashawa (IAAC) wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Nambaryn Enkhbayar ya kafa wanda ya hada da taurarin wasanni da kiɗa da manyan malamai yayin da yake nuna rashin gamsuwa da bincikensa game da karamin cin hanci da rashi maimakon cin hanci na siyasa. Daga nan sai ya sake tsara majalisa tare da lauyoyi masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=New community council established by the president visited IAAC |url=http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040256/http://www.iaac.mn/index.php?coid=492&cid=19 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Independent Authority Against Corruption of Mongolia}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da cin zarafin iko da 'yan sanda ke yi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan' yancin shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a. Akwai lokuta da yawa na tashin hankali na 'yan sanda ko halayyar son rai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka shafi' yan siyasa na adawa, 'yan jarida, ko masu zanga-zangar, daga cikinsu: ** An yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa a shekara ta 2003. Ana zarginsa da hannu a kisan S. Zorig. Hukumar leken asiri ta Mongolia ta yi garkuwa da shi daga Le Havre a shekara ta 2003, inda ta kai shi Berlin, inda aka yi masa kwaya aka kawo shi cikin jirgin MIAT na yau da kullun zuwa Ulaanbaatar. Duk da haka, ba a yi masa shari'a ba don shiga cikin shari'ar Zorig. A maimakon haka, hukumomin sun ce sun daure Enkhbat ne saboda takardar shaidar lafiya da ta kai ga saki daga hukuncin da aka yanke a baya na jabu. Bugu da ƙari, an same shi da lauyansa L. Sanjaasüren da laifin tona asirin ƙasa a 2004. Enkhbat ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2006. Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP) ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a 2000-2008, 2008-2012. An kama B.Khurts da wasu jami’an hukumar leken asiri guda uku a Birtaniya, a karshen shekarar 2010, kuma firaministan lokacin Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) ne ya umurce shi da su yi garkuwa da D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. The Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya tana karkashin ikon Firayim Minista ne kai tsaye. A cikin 2010 B.Khurts yana aiki a matsayin babban memba na Majalisar Tsaro ta Mongoliya kuma a ziyarar aiki a Burtaniya sannan aka mika shi zuwa Jamus a watan Agustan 2011. An sake shi a wata mai zuwa, Khurts ya koma Mongoliya kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a Mongoliya.[1] Duk kotuna masu mataki uku sun yanke wa Enkhbayar hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da rabi a gidan yari saboda samunsa da laifin almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci, almubazzaranci da kadarorin gwamnati da rashin amfani da mukaminsa a shekarar 2012.[2] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gwada Enkhbayar ba saboda umarninsa da aika aika aika aika D.Enkhbat daga Faransa. A tsare dan majalisar wakilai Lamjaviin Gundalai (Jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya). A watan Agustan 2003, an tsare dan majalisar adawa L. Gundalai daga jirgi zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]] bayan wani rikici na tsawon mako guda da ministan shari'a na lokacin Ts. Nyamdorj (MPRP). Shaidu sun ce ‘yan sandan ba su nuna takardar kamawa ko katin shaida ba. Wani faifan bidiyo na lamarin da ake zargin ya nuna mai tsaron lafiyar Gundalai, wanda shi ma an kama shi, an shake shi, kuma an yi wa mataimakin Gundalai duka. Washegari aka sake Gundalai. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]‘Yan sanda sun harbe mutane biyar ne suka mutu a lokacin dokar ta-baci da shugaba Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) da gwamnatin MPRP karkashin jagorancin Sanjaagiin Bayar (MPRP) da ministan shari’a Tsendiin Munkh-Orgil (MPRP) suka kira bayan tarzomar ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, wanda har yanzu ba a san hakikanin lamarin ba. Bugu da kari, akwai zargin da ‘yan sanda suka yi wa mutanen da aka kama dangane da tarzomar. [abubuwan da ake bukata]A cikin 2023-2024, Firayim Minista na Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene ya ƙaddamar da ajandar sake fasalin sau biyu. Wannan ajanda na da nufin kawo sauyi ga tsarin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da adalci wajen rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai na kasar.[1] Yunkurin sake fasalin ya zo ne bayan hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Mongoliya ya sami koma baya sosai, kamar yadda kungiyar Transparency International ta ruwaito.[2] Ban da haka kuma, an yi matukar nuna fushin jama'a game da yadda ake sarrafa kwal din da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Sin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar manyan tituna zuwa karshen shekarar 2022.[1] Sakamakon haka, an yi sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da kuma hukuncin cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin hakar kwal na Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi mallakar gwamnati. == 'Yancin mata == {{Mongolia topics}}Hukumomi ba sa tsoma baki a cikin haƙƙin iyalai don yin nasu yanke shawara game da haihuwa da girma. Yawancin mata suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa, amma akwai matsaloli masu yawa game da lokutan jira, sirri, da rashin ƙwarewa daga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Mata da yawa sune manyan masu ba da abinci ga iyalansu. Dokar Mongoliya ta bayyana cewa maza da mata ya kamata su sami albashi daidai don yin aiki iri ɗaya kuma su ji daɗin samun damar samun ilimi iri ɗaya, kodayake an hana mata daga wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aiki na jiki ko waɗanda ke da haɗari sosai kuma an ba mata damar yin ritaya a shekaru 55, shekaru biyar kafin maza. Bisa ka'ida, mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin kisan aure kuma suna da damar samun alimony, amma mazaje galibi ana ba su damar riƙe cikakken iko da kasuwancin iyali bayan kisan aure. Ba a samun saki ga matan da ke da ciki ko kuma suna da ɗa a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya. (Mataki na 12.2 na Dokar Iyali ta 1999) Babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin kare haƙƙin mata, ammah akwai Cibiyar Jima'i ta Kasa da ke ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista da sauran majalisun da kwamitocin da suka shafi batutuwan mata. Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata masu aiki da kuma bayyana kansu.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya nuna damuwa a cikin wani rahoto na 2008 cewa "mata suna ɗauke da nauyin nauyin iyali a cikin mahallin manufofin Jiha kan ci gaban yawan jama'a wanda ke ƙarfafa iyalai masu girma. " Kwamitin ya bukaci Mongolia "don karfafa kokarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya game da matsayi da alhakin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma" da kuma inganta "daidaitaccen rabawa na gida da iyali, gami da ra'ayin haɗin gwiwar iyaye tsakanin mata da maza". Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci "a aiwatar da Dokar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida" kuma ya yi kira ga Mongolia "don tabbatar da cewa duk matan da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida, gami da matan karkara, suna da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin gyarawa da kariya, gami le umarnin kariya, samun damar samun mafaka da taimakon likita da gyaran jiki a duk sassan kasar" da kuma "don tabbatar wa jami'aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma'aikatan tilasta musu yin amfani da su don cin zarafin mata da ya dace da cin zarafin da cin zarafi. == Hakkin yara == Akwai yaduwar tashin hankali ga yara da cin zarafin jima'i da su, musamman a cikin iyalai na matalauta, kuma sau da yawa lamarin ne cewa hukumomi ba sa ɗaukar waɗannan laifuka da muhimmanci. Har ila yau, karuwancin yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta jami'an 'yan sanda suna cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu karuwanci da gidajen karuwai. Wasu yara masu karuwanci, maimakon samun taimako daga hukumomi, an hukunta su saboda karuwanci. Akwai marayu da yawa, kuma watsar da yara babbar matsala ce, tare da doka ba ta ba da wani abin hanawa don hana wannan laifi ba. Daruruwan yara suna zaune a kan titi, kuma gidajen yara ba su da kyau. Yara da ke zaune a mafaka ba a tura su makarantu ba, kuma yara ba tare da ID mai kyau ba ana hana su magani a asibitoci. Akwai sabon shirin da ake tallafawa masu zaman kansu don samar da makaranta da kuma yin wasa ga yara a cikin mafaka amma babu wanda gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin ko ta fara. Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta Shekarar 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Duk da haka, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara kuma tun daga shekara ta 2003 ya zartar da dokoki da yawa a kokarin daidaitawa da yarjejeniyar, daga cikinsu Dokar Rigakafi daga Rashin Iodine ta hanyar Salt Iodization, Dokar Rigakafin HIV / AIDS, Dokar a kan Maza, da Dokar Taimako ta Kudi ga Yara da Iyali, kuma ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, Dokar Ilimi, da Dokar Laifuka don dacewa da Yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-MNG-CO-3-4.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Batun [[aikin yara]] ma yana da mahimmanci a Mongoliya. A zahiri, kashi 13.8% na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki bisa ga rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013. Kusan kashi 86% na waɗannan yara suna cikin ayyukan noma yayin da wasu ke fuskantar haɗarin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, suna tono zinariya, kwal da fluorspar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Jerin Kayan Sashen da aka samar ta hanyar Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilas sun nuna ci gaba da amfani da aikin yara a cikin waɗannan bangarorin. == Hakkin LGBT == Ba a haramta luwadi a bayyane ba, amma akwai doka game da "ba da sha'awar jima'i". Cibiyar LGBT ta caje gwamnati da saka idanu kan asusun imel na membobin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga ministan shari'a na Mongolia da ya "buɗe shawarar da hukumar jihar ta yanke na ƙin buƙatar rajista ta hukuma ta Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa," yana mai lura da cewa "cibiyar ba za ta iya aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da wannan rajista ba. "Dalilin da ya saita bukatar cewa sunan cibiyar "tana da ma'anar da ke sabawa da al'adun Mongolian da al'adu kuma tana da damar kafa misali mara kyau ga matasa da matasa da matasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Rebuffs Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Organization |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/09/mongolia-rebuffs-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-organization |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata suna da 'yancin yin aiki da yajin aiki, kodayake wannan haƙƙin yana da iyaka ga baƙi, ma'aikatan gwamnati, ma'aikata ba tare da kwangilar aiki ba, da ma'aikatan da ke ba da sabis na mahimmanci. An yi amfani da matsin lamba da cin zarafi don hana kafa kungiyoyin kwadago ko hana zanga-zangar kungiyar kwadago, kuma an kori shugaban kungiyar kwadago saboda jagorantar yajin aiki a shekarar 2010. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. Aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. Daruruwan Koriya ta Arewa da ke aiki a masana'antu, ma'adinai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar tsari tare da gwamnatinsu ba su da 'yancin barin ko gunaguni game da ayyukansu. Dokar ta haramta aikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 kuma ta iyakance aikin tsofaffi, ammah tilasta wa tilasta wa yara da yawa yin aiki a gine-gine da ma'adinai. Saboda watsar da iyaye, yara da yawa suna da alhakin tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar aiki a matsayin makiyaya ko a wasu ayyuka. Ana kuma amfani da 'yan wasan yara a tseren dawakai. Akwai mafi karancin albashi, ammah yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ma'aikata da yawa suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Har ila yau, akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da sauran iyakoki. Babu dokoki da ke kula da hutun rashin lafiya. Yin amfani da dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki bai isa ba, kuma yanayin da yawancin baƙi ke aiki, musamman ma ma'aikatan Koriya ta Arewa da na kasar Sin da ke aiki a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine, suna ƙasa da misali.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154394.htm |access-date=January 3, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, yana mai ambaton wani rahoto cewa gwamnatocin Mongoliya da Koriya ta Arewa sun amince da wani tsari wanda har zuwa 5300 Koriya ta Kudu za su yi aiki a Mongolia, ya yi kira ga Mongolia a cikin 2008 da ta "kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na Koriya ta North da ke zuwa Mongolia don yin aiki, yana lura da cewa Koriya ta arewa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shirye-shiryen "suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗakarwa, da haɗin kai" kuma sau da yawa sun kasance "a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma' yancin Koriya ta Koriya ta gaba da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: Protect Rights of North Korean Migrant Workers |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/19/mongolia-protect-rights-north-korean-migrant-workers |access-date=January 4, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan haƙƙin ɗan adam == Wani rahoto daga Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2006 ya lura cewa yayin da "Sashen hakar ma'adinai na Mongolia ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mongolia a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ba a gudanar da wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki a hanyar da ta dace ba ... tare da [Millennium] Manufar 9 don 'ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam' a Mongoliya. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano shi sun kasance cewa lalacewar makiyaya da albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma ya lalata yanayin makiyaya kuma ba su damar samun su ba, ba su da kuma kula da lafiyarsu na dā, ba su ba su ba, suna da ƙarin lokaci don samun damar samun dama ga ayyukanta, suna ba su ba.<ref name="HUrights Osaka"/>{{Spaces}} Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Mongolia ta gudanar da taron kwana uku a Ulaanbaatar a watan Oktoba na Shekarar 2012 don nazarin "tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na sashin hakar ma'adinai na kasar da ke tasowa". Wakilan gwamnati da masana'antu, tare da membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, sun tattauna gaskiyar cewa "masu makiyaya da yawa a yankunan hakar ma-suna sun tabbatar da tasirin waɗannan canje-canjen hakar ma a cikin yanayin hakar ma ma'adanai na baya-bayan nan, musamman, haƙƙin su na rayuwa da kuma suna da kuma suna fuskantar tasirin su na hakar maɓalli na hakar hakar ma 'yanci'adinai'adinai masu saurin'adinai da kuma suna nan'adinai suna da kuma abubuwan da kuma suna fama da'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting human rights in Mongolia's mining sector |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202132620/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/promoting-human-rights-in-mongolias-mining-sector |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Asia Pacific Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411200600/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kasuwanci, a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai yankunan hakar ma'adinai a Mongoliya a cikin Shekara ta 2012, ya lura da "rashin fahimta game da matsayi da nauyin da gwamnati da kasuwanci ke da shi game da' yancin ɗan adam. A yawancin al'ummomin hakar ma- hakar ma na jin cewa kamfanoni za a gina asibitoci da makarantu a cikin rayukansu, ba tare da wani ambaton alhakin gwamnati na yin hakan ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining and Human Rights in Mongolia: Gobi Herders speak out |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12674&LangID=E |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=The UB Post}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyar membobinta ta Mongoliya, Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam da Ci gaba, sun binciki "yanayin masu kare hakkin dan adam ... suna aiki a kan take hakkin dan adam dangane da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Mongolia. " Masu binciken sun fuskanci take da yawa, gami da haƙƙin zama a cikin yanayi mai aminci da aminci; don samun damar yin amfani da al'adarai, sun kasance tare da su, don karewa; don karewa da al'adunsu; don kare su; don kare dukiyarsu; don tabbatar da su; don tabbatarwa; don tabbatar wa masu bincike a cikin binciken su; don kiyayewa; don kiyaye su; don yin yanke shawara a cikin masu bincike na gida; don kare lafiyarsu; don kiyaye masu bincike; don tabbatar musu da adalci;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Mining Issues |url=http://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/books/2012/december/FA-FFM-2012-Mongolia-HRDsWorkingonMiningIssues-ExecutiveSummary-FINAL.pdf |website=Forum - Asia}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Hakkin mutanen da ke neman mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira == Mongolia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba ko Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri, amma kundin tsarin mulkinta ya amince da haƙƙin mafaka kuma gwamnati tana ba da mafaka ga mutanen da aka tsananta a kasashensu saboda launin fata, addini, da sauran halaye daban-daban. Koyaya, ana bi da 'yan gudun hijira a hukumance a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba su da damar samun kulawa ta likita, samun ilimi, ko yin aiki. kuma ba a yarda su yi aiki ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Mongolia, amma sau da yawa ana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da matsakaicin watanni shida da ya kamata ya ɗauka bisa ga doka.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Kodayake doka ta haramta, kamawa da gangan yana faruwa. Yawancin Mongolians ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin doka ba idan ya zo ga irin waɗannan batutuwa. Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi gabaɗaya ba a bincika shi ba saboda rashin isasshen albarkatu ko kuma murkushe irin wannan ƙoƙarin da' yan sanda ke yi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da takardar izinin da kotu ta bayar ta zama abin da ake buƙata don kamawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Mongoliya, yawancin kamawa ana yin su ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Dokokin da ke buƙatar umarnin kotu don riƙe batutuwa sama da kwana uku kuma suna buƙatar hukumomi su sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu ana bin su gabaɗaya. Akwai tsarin beli. Wadanda ake tuhuma da ba za su iya biyan lauya ba suna da damar samun wakilci da kotu ta nada, kodayake yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da masaniya game da wannan haƙƙin kuma ba a gaya musu game da shi, yayin da wasu ba sa amfani da wannan damar saboda ba sa amincewa da lauyoyin da kotu ta zaba don wakiltar su yadda ya kamata. 'Yan sanda galibi suna amfani da tashin hankali yayin da suke kama mutane.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Wani rahoto na UNESCO da aka bayar a shekara ta 2005 ya lura cewa yayin da Mongolia ta nemi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawo dokokinta daidai da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga masu aikata laifuka su fuskanci " azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" da kuma "masu aikata laifukan suna jin daɗin rashin hukunci".<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia |url=http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100055/http://www.mn-nhrc.org/eng/28/37/ |archive-date=December 2, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Recommendations by UN treaty bodies}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Kodayake dokar Mongoliya ta tsara tsarin kotu mai zaman kanta da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci ta alƙali, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, gami da saukin cin hanci na cin hanci, matsala ce mai girma, musamman a matakin Kotun Koli. Babu shari'ar juriya; wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, bayar da shaida, da kuma shigar da kara, kodayake ana yanke wa mutane da yawa hukunci sakamakon tilasta ikirarin.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> A cewar Amnesty International, lauyoyi da jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana kotunan Mongoliya a matsayin masu cin hanci da rashawa kuma sun ce shari'o'i galibi ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani da su a matsayin shaida da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa. Gidajen tsare-tsare ba sa samar da isasshen tanadi don tarurruka na sirri tsakanin wadanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mongolia/report-2012#page |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == 'Yancin fursunoni == Yanayi a kurkuku da wuraren tsare-tsare ba su da kyau, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi ƙoƙari don ingantawa. Ana yawan tsare manya da yara tare. Cin zarafi ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda yawan jama'a, iska mara kyau, ƙarancin tsabta, da rashin isasshen kulawa ta likita. Fursunoni da ke yin lokaci ba sa samun magani, koda a karkashin mummunar rashin lafiya ko rauni. Babu wata doka ga irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Fursunoni suna jin daɗin yin ibada, karɓar baƙi, gabatar da korafe-korafe.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Mongolia"/> Masu sukar kamar mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, Manfred Novak, sun soki gidajen kurkuku na Mongolia akai-akai, musamman ma yanayin da ke kewaye da hukuncin kisa, kamar yadda ya zama azzalumi da rashin mutunci. Laifuka daban-daban hamsin da tara, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci, kisan kare dangi, fyade, sabuntawa, da kisan kai ana hukunta su da hukuncin kisa har zuwa shekara ta 2012, kodayake babu wani kisa da ya faru bayan shekara ta 2010, lokacin da shugaban ya sanya dakatarwar.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia takes 'vital step forward' in abolishing the death penalty |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122125250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mongolia-takes-vital-step-forward-abolishing-death-penalty-2012-01-05 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wani batun zargi shi ne gaskiyar cewa Dokar Asirin Jiha da Dokar Jerin Asirin Jihohi sun rufe amfani da hukuncin kisa, wanda ke nufin cewa an ɓoye kididdigar kisa.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na addini a Mongolia * Sadarwa a Mongolia == Bayani == == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.amnesty.mn Amnesty International: Mongolia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217230919/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mng-summary-eng Rahoton Amnesty International: Hare-haren kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/154/" id="mwAwU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Mongolia: IFEX * Globe International - Kungiyar kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Mongolia [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 02bhy0yvq0nh898yylxwado9e5simz9 0 112136 883924 694342 2026-07-16T09:42:08Z BnHamid 12586 883924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dokar Hukumar Yara da Matasa ta 2022''' Dokar Majalisar Dokokin New Zealand ce wacce ta kafa Hukumar Yara da Sabasa kuma ta soke Dokar Kwamishinan Yara ta 2003. Dokar ta kasance wani ɓangare na shirin "Binciken Tsarin Oranga Tamariki da Dokar Hukumar Yara da Matasa" har sai Majalisar dokokin New Zealand ta raba shi zuwa kashi biyu na dokoki a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 2022. Tare, lissafin da abokin kula da Dokar Tsarin Oranga Tamariki ta 2022 sun maye gurbin Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara, mai kula da yara mai zaman kansa. == Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci == Dokar Hukumar Yara da Matasa ta 2022 ta hada da: * Kafa Hukumar Yara da Matasa, (wanda aka sani da Mana Mokopuna) wanda ya kunshi [[Chief Children's Commissioner|Babban Kwamishinan Yara]] na cikakken lokaci da matsakaicin mambobi biyar. * Dole ne membobin kwamitin su sami gogewa da ilimi game da haƙƙin yara da batutuwan, Yarjejeniyar Waitangi . <ref name="Legislation" /> * Rabin mambobin kwamitin dole ne su sami ilimin Mātauranga Māori (masanin asalin Māori) da al'adun Tikanga Māori.<ref name="Legislation" /> * Dole ne a nada mambobin Hukumar ta hanyar kwamitin gabatarwa.<ref name="Legislation" /> * Ya kafa Hukumar a matsayin mai zaman kanta.<ref name="Legislation" /> * Yana bayyana ayyukan Hukumar, ayyuka da iko don kare bukatun da jin daɗin yara ƙanana.<ref name="Legislation" /> * Yana buƙatar Hukumar ta sami ka'idar ɗabi'a da ke kula da aikinta da yara da matasa.<ref name="Legislation" /> * Ya soke Dokar Kwamishinan Yara ta 2003 da sauran dokoki masu dacewa don cire nassoshi game da shi.<ref name="Legislation" /> * Hukumar Yara da Matasa tana ɗaukar ayyuka da alhakin tsohon Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara ciki har da tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan 'Yancin Yara. <ref name="Legislation" /> == Tarihi == A watan Nuwamba na 2021, Gwamnatin Kwadago ta shida ta gabatar da "Binciken Tsarin Oranga Tamariki da Dokar Hukumar Yara da Matasa" wanda ya ba da shawarar maye gurbin Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara da sabbin ƙungiyoyi biyu: "Kwamitin Yara da Matasa" da ke mai da hankali kan aikin bayar da shawarwari da kuma Kula da Yara mai zaman kansa a cikin Ofishin Binciken Ilimi da ke mai mai da hankali ga saka idanu. Ministan Ci gaban Jama'a Karmel Sepuloni ne ya kirkiro wannan lissafin bisa ga shawarar jami'an Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Harkokin Jama'a (MSD). Canjin dokar da aka gabatar ya haifar da damuwa ta Gwamnati cewa aikin bayar da shawarwari na Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara zai yi karo da rawar sa ido.<ref name="Children's Commissioner slams select committee">{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Katie |date=14 June 2022 |title=Children's Commissioner slams select committee over Oranga Tamariki oversight Bill |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/128951479/childrens-commissioner-slams-select-committee-over-oranga-tamariki-oversight-bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714033851/https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/128951479/childrens-commissioner-slams-select-committee-over-oranga-tamariki-oversight-bill |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> Dokar Kula da Gwamnati ta Oranga Tamariki ta wuce karatun farko a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2021 da kashi 108 zuwa 12. Yayinda Jam'iyyar Labour Party mai mulki, jam'iyyar adawa ta kasa, da Jam'iyyar ACT suka goyi bayan lissafin, jam'iyya ta Green da jam'iyya na Māori sun yi adawa da shi. Daga baya aka tura lissafin ga kwamitin zaɓaɓɓen Ayyukan Jama'a da Al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Oversight of Oranga Tamariki System and Children and Young People's Commission Bill — First Reading Summary |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/hansard-debate-summaries/oversight-of-oranga-tamariki-system-and-children-and-young-people-s-commission-bill-first-reading-summary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729004525/https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/hansard-debate-summaries/oversight-of-oranga-tamariki-system-and-children-and-young-people-s-commission-bill-first-reading-summary/ |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliament]]}}</ref> Yazo 26 ga Janairun 2022, zaɓaɓɓen kwamitin ya karɓi gabatarwar 403 daga ƙungiyoyi da mutane masu sha'awar; tare da 311 da ke adawa da lissafin kuma takwas da ke tallafawa lissafin. Duk da yake Labour ta goyi bayan Dokar Kula da Tsarin Oranga Tamariki, jam'iyyun kasa, ACT, da Green sun ki amincewa da lissafin, suna mai da hankali ga yawan abubuwan da ke adawa da kuma roƙon Gwamnati ta jira har sai Royal Commission of Inquiry into Abuse in Care ta kammala sauraron ta. A watan Yunin 2022, kwamitin da aka zaba ya ba da shawarar lissafin amma ya ba da shawarwari da yawa ciki har da haɗa da nassoshi ga [[Treaty of Waitangi|Yarjejeniyar Waitangi]], bayyana "masu ba da kulawa ko kulawa," ƙarfafa rawar mai sa ido mai zaman kansa, da ƙirƙirar matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Yara don jagorantar Hukumar Yara da Matasa. <ref name="Final report2">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2022 |title=Final report of Oversight of Oranga Tamariki System and Children and Young People's Commission Bill |url=https://www.parliament.nz/resource/en-NZ/SCR_124180/484aa4cebb91b3f1dc10704b80561d79c4109b39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703025347/https://www.parliament.nz/resource/en-NZ/SCR_124180/484aa4cebb91b3f1dc10704b80561d79c4109b39 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliament]]}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Kwamishinan Yara Alkalin [[Frances Eivers]] ya soki kwamitin da aka zaba don ci gaba da dokar ba tare da jira Royal Commission ta kammala sauraron ta ba.<ref name="Children's Commissioner slams select committee2">{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Katie |date=14 June 2022 |title=Children's Commissioner slams select committee over Oranga Tamariki oversight Bill |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/128951479/childrens-commissioner-slams-select-committee-over-oranga-tamariki-oversight-bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714033851/https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/128951479/childrens-commissioner-slams-select-committee-over-oranga-tamariki-oversight-bill |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 2022, Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Oranga Tamariki ta wuce karatun ta na biyu da kashi 65 zuwa 54. Duk da yake Labour ta goyi bayan dokar, jam'iyyun National, Green, ACT, da Māori sun yi adawa da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=Oversight of Oranga Tamariki System and Children and Young People's Commission Bill — Second Reading (continued) |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/combined/HansDeb_20220727_20220727_38 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812132037/https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/combined/HansDeb_20220727_20220727_38 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliament]]}}</ref> === Dokoki daban-daban === Bayan taron "kwamitin dukan majalisar" da aka gudanar a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, an raba dokar zuwa takardun kudi guda biyu; wato Dokar Hukumar Yara da Matasa ta 2022 da Dokar Kula da Tsarin Oranga Tamariki ta 2022. A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, waɗannan takardun kudi guda biyu sun wuce karatun su na uku. Yayinda Jam'iyyar Labour ta goyi bayan kudirin, jam'iyyun National, ACT, Green da Māori sun yi adawa da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Oversight of Oranga Tamariki System Bill and Children and Young People's Commission Bill — Third Reading |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/combined/HansDeb_20220823_20220823_56 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912003442/https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/combined/HansDeb_20220823_20220823_56 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliament]]}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Eivers, masu ba da shawara ga yara da yawa ciki har da [[Child Matters|Matsalar Yara]], [[Ceto Yara]], da [[Social Justice Aotearoa|Adalci na Jama'a Aotearoa]], da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam [[Amnesty International]] da [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (New Zealand)|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] sun nuna adawa da sauye-sauyen Gwamnati na tsarin kula da Oranga Tamariki. === Gyara === A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2025, Gwamnatin Kasa ta shida ta zartar da [[Oversight of Oranga Tamariki System Legislation Amendment Act 2025|doka]] da ta sanya Mai Kula da Yara Masu Zaman Kansu a matsayin mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, wanda ya rushe Hukumar Yara da Matasa da sake dawo da Kwamishinan Yara; wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9364mmaiulgwgfsulomwb03yfbhfjni 0 112185 883872 722085 2026-07-16T07:17:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883872 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara guda na karatun share fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara 1 a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar karshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a cikin 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Amma kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasarsu har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a cikin 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shine jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 amma an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pqa2agksxfhup76bjv1q75zfmwz4ok4 883873 883872 2026-07-16T07:18:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883873 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara 1 a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar karshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a cikin 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Amma kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasarsu har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a cikin 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shine jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 amma an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lxkd6olnwx19quybc5s3tusesjodjch 883874 883873 2026-07-16T07:20:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883874 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara 1 a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar karshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a cikin 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Amma kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasarsu har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a cikin 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shine jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 amma an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8xufpteovrpt7c6wo22ujv5dtnbi319 883875 883874 2026-07-16T07:23:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883875 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta Shekarar 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Shekarar 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara daya a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar karshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a cikin 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Amma kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasarsu har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a cikin 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shine jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 amma an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3jdz4ulxivtz6qcxzv9qjtqimmuvclw 883877 883875 2026-07-16T07:24:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883877 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta Shekarar 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Shekarar 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara daya a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar k ƙarshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a cikin 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Ammah kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasar su har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a cikin 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shine jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 amma an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4euittsyi6cewpjjav9zsjiumeubn9q 883878 883877 2026-07-16T07:25:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883878 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta Shekarar 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Shekarar 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara daya a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar k ƙarshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a shekara ta 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Ammah kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasar su har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a cikin 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shine jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 amma an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 69f8dpygznz8hbny2bmzmbf677ppch5 883880 883878 2026-07-16T07:27:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883880 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta Shekarar 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Shekarar 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara daya a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar k ƙarshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a shekara ta 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Ammah kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasar su har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a Shekara ta 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shine jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 amma an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ejuvnrg1cwqo45g10dn7ih1ui5dqdfz 883882 883880 2026-07-16T07:33:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883882 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta Shekarar 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Shekarar 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara daya a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar k ƙarshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a shekara ta 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Ammah kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasar su har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a Shekara ta 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shi ne jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 ammah an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na Shekara ta 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rirsa41u8kiz7krv5qscb8fu5adk5zx 883883 883882 2026-07-16T07:36:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883883 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta Shekarar 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Shekarar 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara daya a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar k ƙarshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a shekara ta 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Ammah kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasar su har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a Shekara ta 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shi ne jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 ammah an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na Shekara ta 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara Daya na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wani lokaci ƙayyadadde ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'umma / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6kuo79lwikvx6xnvm6jmjn6bx3hjkao 883884 883883 2026-07-16T07:36:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883884 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A_statue_of_Sushruta_at_RACS,_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Sushruta (800 KZ), marubucin Sushruta Samhita kuma wanda ya kafa aikin tiyata, a Kwalejin Likitancin Royal Australasian (RACS) a [[Melbourne]], Australia.]] Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shi ne Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS). M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi. An raba manhajar zuwa shekara daya na karatun sha re fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya. Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu. Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD). Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci. Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda ([[BAMS MD/MS (AYU)|BAMS MD / MS (AYU)]] ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of [[Indiya|India]]) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa. == Kolejoji da Jami'o'i == {{Wide image|File:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani - অখিল ভারতীয় আয়ুর্বিজ্ঞান সংস্থান, কল্যাণী ৬.jpg|1089px|The campus of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]].}}A Indiya, '''Kwalejin likita''' cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta shekarar 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta Shekarar 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007–08 |url=http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=mohfw.nic.in}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Shekarar 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara daya a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar. == Shigarwa == Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following: # Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) # Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar k ƙarshe na Std. 12. # Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su. Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa. Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a shekara ta 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS. Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1] Ammah kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar [[Kerala]], suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasar su har ma da kujerun gudanarwa. Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa. Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a Shekara ta 2019: * Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya * NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) * JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya === Shigar da dalibai === NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 |url=http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/Welcome.html |website=Central Board of Secondary Education |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095817/http://cbseneet.nic.in/cbseneet/welcome.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013. <ref name="NEET">{{Cite web |title=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - NEET UG, 2013 Results |url=http://cbseresults.nic.in/ |website=Central Board of Secondary Education}}</ref> A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.    A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA). === Shigar da karatun digiri === Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar. Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS. An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli. Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi. === Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa === Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shi ne jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs). Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs. === Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje === Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara. Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIIMS: Admission Guidelines |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/mbbs/mbbs2k.htm |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU: ADMISSION PROCEDURES |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105085047/http://www.bhu.ac.in/admission/admissio.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta. == Ilimi na farko == === MBBS === Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS providers are medical colleges |url=https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122958/https://www.mciindia.org/documents/rulesAndRegulations/Estt-of-New-Med-Coll-Regulations-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai. Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS. ==== I (Na farko) MBBS ==== Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da [[Biochemistry]], kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 ammah an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na Shekara ta 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy. ==== II (Na Biyu) MBBS ==== Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I ==== Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa. ==== III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II ==== Shekara Daya na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wani lokaci ƙayyadadde ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne ''kawai'' bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship. ==== Koyarwa ==== Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu. Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu. Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita. Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa. Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai. Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana. Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi. Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa. Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon. Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu. Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida. Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri. Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT. Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya. PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs. Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi. ==== Gidauniyar ==== Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin [[Maharashtra]] (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Overworked" PGI resident docs seek better living conditions - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-overworked--pgi-resident-docs-seek-better-living-conditions/612750/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> === Sauran Magunguna === Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani. * B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D. * B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822022042/http://punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD * B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD === Sauran darussan digiri === * BSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] * BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita * BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana * BSc a cikin Neurology * B.P.T (Physiotherapy) * [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) * B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) === Gidan magani === # B.Farm == Ilimi na digiri == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:right" |+ !Batun !Matsayi !Diploma |- |Anaesthesia |MD / DNB |DA |- |Yanayin jikin mutum: |MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Biochemistry |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi ba |- |Magungunan Al'ummah / PSM |MD / DNB |DCM / DPF |- |Kimiyyar fata |MD / DNB |DDVL / DVD |- |Dental |M.D.S. | |- |ENT |MS / DNB |DLO |- |Magungunan Iyali |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan likitanci |MS / DNB |DFM |- |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |MD / DNB |Ba ya aiki |- |Babban aikin tiyata |MS/DNB/SM |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin halittu |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan Nukiliya |MD / DNB |DRM |- |Magungunan Orthopaedics |MS / DNB |D Ortho |- |Ilimin ido |MS / DNB |DO / DOMS |- |Obs & Gynaecology |MS / DNB |DGO |- |Magunguna masu laushi |MD |NA |- |Cututtuka |MD / DNB |DCP |- |Ilimin Magunguna |MD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.Pharm |Ba ya aiki |- |Ilimin jiki |MD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) |Ba ya aiki |- |Magungunan yara |MD / DNB |DCH |- |Magungunan kwakwalwa |MD / DNB |DPM |- |Ilimin huhu |MD / DNB |DTCD |- |Rarrabawar rediyo |MD / DNB |DMRD |- |Magungunan Radiotherapy |MD / DNB |DMRT |- |Yankin zafi |MD |DTMH |- |Magungunan jiki |M.P.T. | |} Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu. Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB). Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya. Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku.. MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu. Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali). == Dokta da Post Doctorate == Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin. === Dokta / Fellowship === * Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) * Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy === Post Doctorate === * Mai bincike na postdoctoral * Digiri na post-doctoral  Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potnuru |first=Basant |year=2017 |title=Aggregate availability of doctors in India: 2014–2030 |url=http://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_143_16 |pmid=28928301 |s2cid=6267127 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115535/https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-557X;year=2017;volume=61;issue=3;spage=182;epage=187;aulast=Potnuru#ref8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=Fitzhugh |year=2005 |title=The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=353 |issue=17 |pages=1810–1818 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa050004 |pmid=16251537 |s2cid=20495489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=R. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Edmond |date=2017-01-01 |title=Engage medical postgraduates beyond medicine |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA486227210&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09719903&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~16bd4cca&aty=open-web-entry |journal=Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dpjhmnmwbp1xy17ncsyrb46j3iw5iow 0 112461 883478 695248 2026-07-15T14:38:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cagayan de Oro''' (a takaice '''CDO''' kuma bisa hukuma ce '''birnin Cagayan de Oro''' ; Cebuano ; [[Yaren Bukid|Binukid]] : ''Ciudad ta Cagayan de Oro'' ; Maranao ; Filipino ) [[Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification|birni ne mai ƙaƙƙarfan birni]] a [[Regions of the Philippines|yankin]] [[Northern Mindanao|Arewacin Mindanao]], [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2024, tana da yawan jama'a 741,617, wanda ya sa ta zama [[List of cities in the Philippines|birni na 10 mafi yawan jama'a]] a Philippines kuma mafi yawan jama'a a Arewacin Mindanao. Yana aiki a matsayin babban birnin [[Philippine provinces|lardin]] [[Misamis Oriental]] inda yake a cikin yanki kuma yana rukuni a ƙarƙashin lardin ta [[Philippine Statistics Authority|Hukumar Kididdiga ta Philippine]], amma ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar gudanarwa mai zaman kansa daga gwamnatin lardi da kuma birni mafi girma na wannan lardin. Hakanan yana aiki a matsayin cibiyar yanki da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Arewacin Mindanao, kuma wani ɓangare na yankin [[Metro Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan de Oro]] mai girma, wanda ya haɗa da garin [[El Salvador]], garuruwan [[Opol]], [[Alubijid]], [[Laguindingan]], [[Gitagum]], [[Lugait]], [[Naawan]], [[Initao]], [[Libertad]] da [[Manticao]], Villa ta yamma, Talovanu, ta yamma da Talo, Villa, [[Tagoloan|Tamalo]], [[Villanueva|Talo]] da Manticao. [[Jasaan]], [[Claveria]] da [[Balingasag]] a gefen gabas. Cagayan de Oro yana arewa maso tsakiyar gabar tsibirin Mindanao yana fuskantar Macajalar Bay kuma yana da iyaka da gundumomin Opol daga yamma, Tagoloan a gabas, da lardunan Bukidnon da Lanao del Norte zuwa kudancin birnin. Cagayan de Oro kuma sananne ne don [[White water rafting|rafting na farin ruwa]] ko abubuwan balaguron [[Kayaking|kayak]], ɗayan ayyukan yawon shakatawa da ake haɓakawa tare da [[Cagayan River (Cagayan de Oro)|kogin Cagayan de Oro]] . <ref name="Philpost 12">{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2012 |title=Cagayan de Oro's White Water Rafting |url=http://www.philpost.gov.ph/web/cagayan-de-oros-white-water-rafting/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729194732/http://www.philpost.gov.ph/web/cagayan-de-oros-white-water-rafting/ |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |access-date=September 13, 2012 |publisher=[[Philippine Postal Corporation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Philippine Government Website article on President Arroyo's Whitewater rafting activity in CDO2">{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2007 |title=GMA goes whitewater rafting in Cagayan de Oro -- and looks forward to mountain climbing : Philippines : Gov.Ph : News |url=http://www.gov.ph/news/default.asp?i=1333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222140/http://www.gov.ph/news/default.asp?i=1333 |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Zaman prehistoric === Yankin Cagayan de Oro yana ci gaba da zama ta [[Late Neolithic]] zuwa al'adun [[Austronesian people|Austronesia]] [[Iron Age|na zamanin Iron]] . Gawarwakin ɗan adam mafi dadewa da aka gano ya fito ne daga [[Huluga Caves|kogon Huluga]], wanda ƴan ƙasar suka taɓa yin amfani da shi azaman wurin binnewa. Kwanyar kwanyar da aka aika zuwa [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography|Cibiyar Nazarin Tekun Duniya ta Scripps]] a cikin 1977 an rubuta ta tsakanin 350 zuwa 377 AD. Kogon sun samar da kayan tarihi da yawa, amma mafi yawan wuraren da masu tara [[guano]] da [[Treasure hunter|mafarauta masu son taska]] sun lalace sosai. Wanda ke da alaƙa da kogon shine Huluga Open Site, wanda aka yi imanin shine wurin zama na farko kafin mulkin mallaka a yankin da masu mishan na Spain na farko suka bayyana a matsayin "Himologan". <ref name="montalvan2">{{Cite web |last=Montalvan, Antonio J. II |date=October 16, 2009 |title=History of Cagayan de Oro |url=http://heritage.elizaga.net/history/ |access-date=September 13, 2012 |publisher=Heritage Conservation Advocates |page=2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dizon |first=Eusebio Z. |last2=Pawlik |first2=Alfred F. |date=September 2010 |title=The lower Palaeolithic record in the Philippines |journal=Quaternary International |volume=223{{hyphen}}224 |pages=444–450 |bibcode=2010QuInt.223..444D |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.002}}</ref> <ref name="Ostique2">{{Cite web |last=Ostique |first=Lourd |title=Huluga Chronology |url=http://heritage.elizaga.net/huluga/chrono8.html |access-date=December 30, 2018 |website=Heritage Conservation Advocates |publisher=Museo de Oro, Xavier University}}</ref> Wurin yana da nisan kilomita takwas daga Cagayan de Oro na yanzu. == Gwamnati == [[Fayil:Cagayan_De_Oro_City_Hall_(Capistrano,_Cagayan_De_Oro_City;_12-08-2023).jpg|right|thumb|ma'aikatar magajin gari]] [[Fayil:Cagayan_de_Oro_Seal_1950-1976.svg|right|thumb|Hatimin Cagayan de Oro lokacin da ya kai ga zama birni a cikin 1950 kuma an maye gurbinsa a cikin 1976. An sake sabunta hatimin 1976 a cikin 1990 don nuna matsayin birnin a matsayin birni mai cikakken birni mai cin gashin kansa daga lardin, amma daga baya an maye gurbinsa a bikin cika shekaru 50 na zama birni a 2000 tare da sabon hatimi. A cikin 2014, an sake sake hatimin 1990 sabanin shawarwarin masana tarihi na gida don karanta hatimin 1950 wanda NHCP ta amince da shi a matsayin hatimin birni. Rashin rijistar hatimin 1990 ga NHCP ya bar halalcin sa a buɗe don tambaya.]] Zababbun jami'an gwamnati da aka nada sun gudanar da mulkin Cagayan de Oro tun ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1950, tare da [[Mayor-council government|gwamnatin magajin gari]] mai karfi. Gwamnatin siyasar birnin ta ƙunshi magajin gari, mataimakin magajin gari, wakilan [[Congressional districts|gundumomi biyu na majalisa]], [[Sangguniang Panlungsod|kansiloli]] goma sha shida, wakilin [[Sangguniang Kabataan]] (SK) Wakilin Tarayya da kuma wakilin Ƙungiyar Barangay Captains (ABC). Ana zaben kowane jami'i a bainar jama'a zuwa wa'adin shekaru uku. Wadannan su ne jami'an birnin na Cagayan de Oro na yanzu: <ref name="Elizaga 1">{{Cite web |title=Officials in Cagayan de Oro City |url=http://cagayandeoro.elizaga.net/officials.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102103311/http://cagayandeoro.elizaga.net/officials.html |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=September 13, 2012 |publisher=Elizaga}}</ref> * Majalisar wakilai # Gundumar Majalisu ta 1: Rep. Lordan G. Suan (Padayon Pilipino) # Gundumar majalisa ta 2: Rep. Rufus B. Rodriguez ( CDP ) == Al'adu da fasaha == Akwai manyan al'amura da dama a cikin birnin. Kowane barangay ko Barrio yana da nasa liyafar da aka fi sani da ''Fiesta'' (ko bukukuwan ) na girmama tsarkakan waliyyai bayan sun sami karɓuwa a cikin haƙƙoƙinsu. [[Fayil:Higalaay_Kagayan_Festival_2014.jpg|thumb|A lokacin Higalaay (Kagay-an Festival) 2014]] Bikin Higalaay (tsohon bikin Kagay-an, sannan Higalaay Kagay-an Festival) biki ne na tsawon mako guda don girmama majibincin Cagayan de Oro [[Augustine na Hippo|St. Augustine]] wanda ake gudanarwa a kowane watan Agusta. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na Higalaay Festival shine Kahimunan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, wanda ke nuna samfurori na asali na birni da lardin, musamman aikin noma, Miss Cagayan de Oro, Gasar rawa ta Folkloric Street da ke nuna kayan ado masu kyau da raye-rayen al'adu na kabilun Higaonon, Higalas Parade na Cagayan de Oro Icons da Floats, Festival na Floats, Lambance da PE Competition. da [[Kumbira]], nunin kayan abinci da nunin da aka fara a 1996 ta Kagay-anons otal da gidajen cin abinci. Tun daga lokacin ya samo asali tsawon shekaru kuma yanzu yana karbar bakuncin gasar cin abinci tsakanin ɗalibai da ƙwararru daga ko'ina cikin Mindanao. <ref name="CDO Guide 12">{{Cite web |title=Kagay-an Festival |url=http://cdoguide.com/sights/events/kagayan-festival.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022125717/http://cdoguide.com/sights/events/kagayan-festival.html |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=September 13, 2012 |publisher=CDO Guide: Your Online Guide to Cagayan de Oro}}</ref> An raba gasar zuwa ɗalibai da ƙwararru inda makarantun sarrafa otal da gidajen abinci da ƙwararrun masu dafa abinci ke fafatawa da juna ta fannoni daban-daban. Akwai kuma nunin al'adu, gasa da kide-kide na shahararrun mutane. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu daga cikin waɗannan gasa an maye gurbinsu da sababbi, irin su gasar rawa ta Folkloric Street, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da Cagayan de Oro Carnival Parade a 2014. <ref name="About Cagayan de Oro2">{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2015 |title=Cagayan de Oro Carnival Parade |url=http://aboutcagayandeoro.com/cagayan-de-oro-carnival-parade-2015-clash-of-festive-acts-and-carnival-queens/ |access-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=ACadeO:What To Do in Cagayan de Oro |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129165054/http://aboutcagayandeoro.com/cagayan-de-oro-carnival-parade-2015-clash-of-festive-acts-and-carnival-queens/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bikin Pasko de Oro na Disamba 2023 bayan bikin Higalaay na Agusta an shirya shi a babban titin Rio de Oro Boulevard mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 tare da kogin Cagayan de Oro, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin babban [[Abubuwan jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido|abin jan hankali na yawon bude ido]] . Bikin ya ƙunshi wasan tseren kwale-kwale na dodo, gasar raye-rayen titi, jerin gwano na addini, wasan noma, gasar hoto, bikin rodeo na kaboyi da baje kolin kasuwanci. ==== Tashoshi ==== [[Fayil:Cagayan_de_Oro_International_Port.jpg|left|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa na Cagayan de Oro, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Mindanao <ref name="Ports Authority 1">{{Cite web |title=Port of Cagayan de Oro |url=http://www.ppa.com.ph/PMO%20CDO%20Webpages/cdo_home_edit03.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728031614/http://www.ppa.com.ph/PMO%20CDO%20Webpages/cdo_home_edit03.htm |archive-date=July 28, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2012 |publisher=[[Philippine Ports Authority]]}}</ref>]] Tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cagayan de Oro a Macabalan tana kusa da gabar kogin Cagayan de Oro. Yana da zurfin ƙugiya na {{Convert|18|m}} kuma yana kusa da {{Convert|400|m}} daga bakin teku. Tana da manyan cranes guda huɗu da babbar [[tashar jirgin ruwa|tashar ruwa]] ta ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin Mindanao. <sup>&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;da ake buƙata]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Yana sarrafa {{Convert|1.399|e6MT}} na kaya a cikin kwata na farko na 2016 zuwa matsayi na 3 a kasar bayan [[Port of Manila|tashar jirgin ruwa ta Arewa]] ta Manila tare da {{Convert|5.577|e6MT}} da Manila International Container Terminal (MICT) tare da {{Convert|3.746|e6MT}} . Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cagayan de Oro ta karu da kashi 9.7% daga shekarar 2015. Wannan dai ya zo ne bisa bayanai daga hukumar kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Philippine (PPA). ==== Filin jirgin sama ==== [[Fayil:Laguindingan_International_Airport_main_building_2.JPG|right|thumb|Laguindingan Airport]] Filin jirgin saman Laguindingan na Cagayan de Oro (CGY), wanda aka ayyana kwanan nan a matsayin cibiya ta 7 na Cebu Pacific Airlines, yana tafiyar da zirga-zirgar gida zuwa kuma daga [[Manila]], Cebu City, Iloilo City da Davao City . Zai yi amfani da jiragen sama na kasa da kasa a nan gaba. Yana zaune akan {{Convert|4.17|km2}} a Barangay Moog, Laguindingan, wasu {{Convert|46|km}} arewa maso yammacin Cagayan de Oro. An kaddamar da filin jirgin a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2006, ta lokacin Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, wanda ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa tare da Cagayan de Oro-Iligan Corridor, kuma an bude shi a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2013. == Gallery == <gallery class="center" widths="150" heights="120"> Fayil:North_Concourse,_Limketkai_Center.jpg| North Concourse, Limketkai Mall Fayil:CM_Recto_Flyover.jpg| CM Recto Flyover Fayil:CDOkayak-raft.JPG|alt=Whitewater rafting or kayaking adventures in the Cagayan River (Mindanao)| rafting na Whitewater ko kayak a cikin Kogin Cagayan (Mindanao) Fayil:Press_Freedom_Monument_CDO.jpg|alt=A Tribute monument to the slain members of the press| Wani abin tunawa da 'yan jarida da aka kashe Fayil:CM_Recto_Avenue.jpg|alt=CM Recto Avenue with Centrio Mall at the background| CM Recto Avenue tare da Centrio Mall a bango Fayil:CAG_Skyline_Aug_2020.jpg|alt=Photo taken from Uptown CDO| Hoton da aka ɗauka daga Uptown CDO Fayil:New_Dawn_Hotel_Plus.jpg|alt=New Dawn Hotel Plus Building| New Dawn Hotel Plus Ginin Fayil:CAG_Skyline_Aug_2020_as_seen_from_Upper_Puerto.jpg|alt=Cagayan de Oro City as seen from Upper Puerto| Cagayan de Oro City kamar yadda aka gani daga Upper Puerto </gallery> * Jerin sunayen garuruwa da gundumomi da aka canza suna a cikin Philippines * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsayi a Cagayan de Oro == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9vwd1tewl2nrl94nlkozz5r9b9atwhm 0 112563 883713 858971 2026-07-15T18:58:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Heat_Wave.jpg|thumb|tsarin matsin lamba a cikin sararin samaniya na sama yana kama zafi kusa da ƙasa, yana samar da guguwar zafi (don Arewacin Amurka a cikin wannan misali) ]] [[Fayil:Heatwave_in_London_(9217).jpg|thumb|Ciyawa mai ƙonewa a Greenwich Park, London, Ingila, a lokacin guguwar zafi a watan Agusta 2022.]] '''Ruwa mai zafi''' ko zafi, wani lokacin ana bayyana shi azaman '''matsanancin zafi''', lokaci ne na [[Climate|yanayi]] zafi <ref name=":42">IPCC, 2022: Annex II: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Annex-II.pdf Glossary] [Möller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, pp. 2897–2930, {{Doi|10.1017/9781009325844.029}}.</ref>:{{Rp|2911}} wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Ana yawan auna '''guguwar zafi''' dangane da yanayin da aka saba da shi a yankin da kuma yanayin zafi na yau da kullun don kakar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Peter J |year=2001 |title=On the Definition of a Heat Wave |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=762–775 |bibcode=2001JApMe..40..762R |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0762:OTDOAH>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban matsalolin da ke tattare da wannan ma'anar mai zurfi suna fitowa lokacin da mutum dole ne ya ƙayyade abin da yanayin zafin jiki na 'al'ada' yake, da kuma abin da girman sararin samaniya na taron zai iya ko dole ne ya kasance. Za'a iya ɗaukar yanayin zafi da mutane daga yanayin zafi suka yi la'akari da shi azaman raƙuman zafi a cikin yanki mai sanyi. Wannan zai zama lamarin idan yanayin zafi ya kasance a waje da yanayin yanayi na al'ada na wannan yanki. Ruwa na zafi ya zama mafi yawa, kuma ya fi karfi a kan ƙasa, a kusan kowane yanki a Duniya tun daga shekarun 1950, karuwar mitar da tsawon lokaci ana haifar da [[Canjin yanayi]]. {{Rp|8–10}} Ruwa mai zafi ya samo asali ne lokacin da wani yanki mai matsin lamba a cikin sararin samaniya ya ƙarfafa kuma ya kasance a kan yanki na kwanaki da yawa har zuwa makonni da yawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=J |title=NWS JetStream - Heat Index |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/hi |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=US Department of Commerce NOAA weather.gov}}</ref> Wannan yana kama zafi kusa da farfajiyar duniya. Yawancin lokaci yana yiwuwa a hango hasashen raƙuman zafi, don haka yana ba da damar hukumomi su ba da gargadi a gaba. Ruwa na zafi yana da tasiri ga tattalin arziki. Za su iya rage yawan ma'aikata, rushe hanyoyin noma da masana'antu da lalata ababen more rayuwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bottollier-Depois |first=Amélie |title=Deadly heatwaves threaten economies too |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-06-deadly-heatwaves-threaten-economies.html |access-date=2022-07-15 |publisher=phys.org}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=García-León |first=David |last2=Casanueva |first2=Ana |last3=Standardi |first3=Gabriele |last4=Burgstall |first4=Annkatrin |last5=Flouris |first5=Andreas D. |last6=Nybo |first6=Lars |date=2021-10-04 |title=Current and projected regional economic impacts of heatwaves in Europe |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=5807 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.5807G |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26050-z |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8490455 |pmid=34608159}}</ref> Ruwa mai tsanani ya haifar da mummunar gazawar amfanin gona da dubban mutuwar daga hyperthermia. Sun kara hadarin gobarar daji a yankunan da ke da fari. Suna iya haifar da raguwar wutar lantarki saboda ana amfani da ƙarin iska. Ruwa mai zafi ya ƙidaya a matsayin [[matsanancin yanayi]]. Yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, saboda zafi da hasken rana suna mamaye yanayin zafi a cikin mutane. == Ma'anar == Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na raƙuman zafi: * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] ta bayyana zafi a matsayin "lokacin yanayi mai zafi, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi tare da ambaton iyakar zafin jiki, wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki biyu zuwa watanni" <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2023 |title=Heat Waves Explained |url=https://compass.rauias.com/disaster-management/heat-waves-heat-dome/}}</ref>:{{Rp|2911}}<ref name=":42"/> * Ma'anar da ta danganci Heat Wave Duration Index ita ce cewa guguwar zafi tana faruwa lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun na fiye da kwanaki biyar a jere ya wuce matsakaicin matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki da {{Convert|5|C-change|0}} ° C ° F), lokacin al'ada shi ne 1961-1990 .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frich |first=A. |last2=L.V. Alexander |last3=P. Della-Marta |last4=B. Gleason |last5=M. Haylock |last6=A.M.G. Klein Tank |last7=T. Peterson |date=January 2002 |title=Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century |url=http://www.vsamp.com/resume/publications/Frich_et_al.pdf |journal=Climate Research |volume=19 |pages=193–212 |bibcode=2002ClRes..19..193F |doi=10.3354/cr019193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ma'anar ta yi amfani da ita ta Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Heat wave meteorology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/heat-wave-meteorology |access-date=2019-04-01 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> * Ma'anar daga Glossary of Meteorology ita ce: "Lokaci ne na rashin jin daɗi da rashin jin daɗinsa kuma yawanci yanayin zafi". === Ma'anar ƙasa === Danmak ta bayyana guguwar zafi ta kasa (hedeb Explorer) a matsayin lokacin akalla kwanaki 3 a jere inda matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a fadin fiye da rabin kasar ya wuce {{Convert|28|°C|°F|1}} ° C (82.4 ° F). Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Danish tana da ma'anar "warmth wave" (varmeb Explorer). Ya bayyana wannan ta amfani da ma'auni iri ɗaya don zafin jiki na {{Convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ° C (77.0 ° F).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2008 |title=Danmark får varme- og hedebølge |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/danmark_faar_varme-_og_hedeboelge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723170544/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/danmark_faar_varme-_og_hedeboelge |archive-date=23 July 2008 |access-date=18 July 2013 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=da}}</ref> Sweden ta bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin akalla kwanaki biyar a jere tare da tsananin yau da kullun sama da {{Convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ° C (77.0 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Värmebölja Klimat: Kunskapsbanken SMHI |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/klimat/varmebolja-1.22372 |access-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=Smhi.se |language=sv}}</ref> A Girka, [http://www.hnms.gr/emy/el/ Hellenic National Meteorological Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026115407/http://www.hnms.gr/emy/el/ |date=2021-10-26 }} ya bayyana guguwar zafi kamar yadda ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki uku a jere tare da yanayin zafi ° C (102 ° F) ko mafi girma. A cikin wannan lokacin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|26|°C|°F}} ° C (79 ° F) ko fiye. A wannan lokacin, babu iskõki ko iska mai rauni kawai. Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa a cikin yanki mai faɗi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Netherlands ta bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin lokaci na akalla kwanaki biyar a jere inda matsakaicin zafin jiki a De Bilt ya wuce {{Convert|25|°C|°F}} ° C (77 ° F). A wannan lokacin matsakaicin zafin jiki a De Bilt dole ne ya wuce {{Convert|30|°C|°F}} ° C (86 ° F) na akalla kwana uku. Belgium kuma tana amfani da wannan ma'anar guguwar zafi tare da Ukkel a matsayin ma'anar magana. Haka Luxembourg ke yi. A cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], Ofishin Met yana aiki da tsarin Kula da Lafiyar Zafin.  Wannan ya sanya kowane yanki na Karamar hukuma zuwa ɗaya daga cikin matakai huɗu.  Yanayin zafin rana yana faruwa lokacin da matsakaicin zafin rana da mafi ƙarancin zafin dare ya tashi sama da maƙasudin wani yanki.  Tsawon lokacin da ke sama da ƙofar yana ƙayyade matakin.  Mataki na 1 yana wakiltar yanayin bazara na al'ada.  Mataki na 2 yana faruwa a lokacin da akwai 60% ko mafi girma haɗari cewa zafin jiki zai kasance sama da matakan ƙofa na kwana biyu da tsakar dare.  Mataki na 3 yana tasowa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kasance sama da kofa don rana da dare da suka gabata, kuma akwai damar 90% ko mafi girma cewa zai tsaya sama da bakin kofa a rana mai zuwa.  Mataki na 4 yana haifar da idan yanayi ya fi tsanani fiye da na matakan ukun da suka gabata.  Kowane matakin farko na uku yana haifar da wani yanayi na shirye-shirye da amsa ta ayyukan zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya.  Mataki na 4 ya ƙunshi amsa da yawa.  Matsakaicin zafin rana yana faruwa lokacin da akwai aƙalla kwanaki uku sama da 25 °C (77 °F) a yawancin ƙasar.  Babban London yana da madaidaicin 28 ° C (82 ° F).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=What is a heatwave? |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/temperature/heatwave |access-date=26 May 2023 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref> A Ireland, an bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin yanayin zafi wanda ya wuce {{Convert|25|°C|°F}} ° C (77 ° F) na kwanaki biyar ko fiye a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Jun 2023 |title=Summer Centre |url=https://www.met.ie/climate/summer-centre |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Met Éireann}}</ref> ==== Arewacin Amurka ==== A cikin Amurka, ma'anoni kuma sun bambanta da yanki. Yawancin lokaci suna ɗaukar tsawon aƙalla kwanaki biyu ko fiye na yanayin zafi da yawa.] A Arewa maso Gabas, zafi yana yawanci lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai ko ya wuce 90 °F (32.2 °C) na tsawon kwanaki uku ko fiye a jere. Ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Wannan saboda yanayin zafi mai girma yana da alaƙa tare da matakan zafi don ƙayyade maƙasudin zafi. Hakanan ba ya shafi bushewar yanayi. Guguwar zafi kalma ce ta California don tsawan zafin zafi. Guguwar zafi na faruwa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai 100 °F (37.8 °C) na tsawon kwanaki uku ko fiye a jere a kan faffadan yanki (dubun mil mil). A Kanada, ana bayyana raƙuman zafi ta amfani da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, kuma a mafi yawan ƙasar, humidex ma, ya wuce ƙofar yanki na kwana biyu ko fiye. Ƙofar da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun dole ne ya wuce tsakanin {{Convert|28|°C|°F}} ° C (82 ° F) a Newfoundland da {{Convert|35|°C|°F}} ° C (95 ° F) na ciki a cikin British Columbia, kodayake wannan ƙofar ta fi ƙasa a Nunavut, tsakanin {{Convert|22|°C|°F}} ° C (72 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 Jul 2024 |title=Criteria for public weather alerts |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/types-weather-forecasts-use/public/criteria-alerts.html#heat |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada}}</ref> ==== Oceania ==== A Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, guguwar zafi tana da kwanaki biyar a jere a ko sama da {{Convert|35|°C|°F}} ° C (95 ° F), ko kwana uku a jere a o sama da {{Convert|40|°C|°F}} ° C (104 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2010 |title=Extreme Heat Services for South Australia |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/sa/20100115_First_Heatwave_SA_Jan.shtml |access-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref> Ofishin Ma'aikatar Ma'aunin Australiya ya bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin kwana uku ko fiye na matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Australia Weather and Warnings |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140923/http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=2016-01-17 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |language=en}}</ref> Kafin wannan sabon Pilot Heatwave Forecast babu wani ma'anar ƙasa don raƙuman zafi ko ma'auni na tsananin raƙuman zafin jiki.<ref name=":0" /> A [[New Zealand]], ƙofofin raƙuman zafi sun dogara da ilimin yanayi na gida, tare da ƙofar zafin jiki tsakanin {{Convert|27|°C|°F}} ° C (81 ° F) a Greymouth da {{Convert|32|°C|°F}} ° C (90 ° F) na Gisborne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Heat |url=https://getready.govt.nz/emergency/heat |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Get Ready - National Emergency Management Agency}}</ref> == Ruwa mai zafi == Guguwar zafi ta ruwa ta zama wani muhimmin batu na bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ke nuni da cewa tun farkon wannan karnin da dama daga cikin yankunan tekun sun fuskanci kololuwar yanayin zafi, tare da yawaitar dumamar yanayi, fiye da yadda aka saba gani a tarihi. Halin yanayin zafi na magudanar ruwa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da abubuwan da ke tattare da teku da na yanayi, galibi suna haifar da tsarin matsa lamba wanda zai rage murfin gajimare tare da ƙara ɗaukar hasken rana ta saman teku. Sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar ya bayyana daure zai taka rawa wajen haɓaka ɗumamar ruwan teku, tare da ƙara yin tasiri kan yanayin yanayin ruwa, kamar yawan mace-mace a cikin al'ummomin benthic, abubuwan da suka faru na bleaching na murjani, rushewar kamun kifi, da canji a cikin rarraba nau'ikan.<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden">[[File:1951+_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg|alt=|216x216px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Sabbin rikodin zafin jiki mai girma sun wuce sabbin rikodin zabin jiki a kan wani yanki mai girma na farfajiyar Duniya.<ref name="NOAA_October"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023"]. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) NCEI.NOAA.gov of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185412/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 Archived] from the original on 16 November 2023.</cite> (change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)</ref></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden">[[File:20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg|alt=|268x268px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Ana sa ran karuwa mai yawa a cikin mitar da tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na [[Extreme weather|matsanancin yanayi]] (don karuwar digiri na dumamar yanayi).<ref name="SPM IPCC 2021">IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001|10.1017/9781009157896.001]]</ref> : 18 <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">&#x3A;&#x200A;18&#x200A;</span></sup></div></div></div></div></div> [[Fayil:Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp|thumb|Taswirar karuwar yanayin guguwar zafi (matsayi da ƙarfin tarawa) a kan tsakiyar latitudes da Turai, Yuli-Agusta 1979-2020 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rousi |first=Efi |last2=Kornhuber |first2=Kai |last3=Beobide-Arsuaga |first3=Goratz |last4=Luo |first4=Fei |last5=Coumou |first5=Dim |date=4 July 2022 |title=Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=3851 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.3851R |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-31432-y |pmc=9253148 |pmid=35788585 |doi-access=free}} </ref>]] Yana yiwuwa a kwatanta raƙuman zafi a yankuna daban-daban na duniya tare da yanayi daban-daban godiya ga alamar gaba ɗaya da ta bayyana a cikin 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Simone |last2=Sillmann |first2=Jana |last3=Fischer |first3=Erich M |year=2015 |title=Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/109725/2/Russo_109725.pdf |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=124003 |bibcode=2015ERL....10l4003R |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tare da waɗannan alamomi, masana sun kiyasta raƙuman zafi a sikelin duniya daga 1901 zuwa 2010. Sun sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin yawan wuraren da abin ya shafa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zampieri |first=Matteo |last2=Russo |first2=Simone |last3=Di Sabatino |first3=Silvana |last4=Michetti |first4=Melania |last5=Scoccimarro |first5=Enrico |last6=Gualdi |first6=Silvio |year=2016 |title=Global assessment of heatwave magnitudes from 1901 to 2010 and implications for the river discharge of the Alps |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=571 |pages=1330–9 |bibcode=2016ScTEn.571.1330Z |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008 |pmid=27418520}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 ya binciki birane 13,115. Ya gano cewa matsanancin zafi na zafin jiki na duniya sama da 30 Celsius ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1983 da 2016, kuma idan tasirin yawan jama'a (ƙara tasirin [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|tsibirin zafi na birane]]) a cikin waɗannan shekarun an cire shi, bayyanar ta karu da ƙarin 50%. Masu binciken sun tattara cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka faru a birane masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tuholske |first=Cascade |last2=Caylor |first2=Kelly |last3=Funk |first3=Chris |last4=Verdin |first4=Andrew |last5=Sweeney |first5=Stuart |last6=Grace |first6=Kathryn |last7=Peterson |first7=Pete |last8=Evans |first8=Tom |date=12 October 2021 |title=Global urban population exposure to extreme heat |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=41 |pages=e2024792118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11824792T |doi=10.1073/pnas.2024792118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8521713 |pmid=34607944 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Ruwa mai zafi ya samo asali ne lokacin da babban matsin lamba a tsawo na mita 3,000-7,600 (9,800-24,900 feet) ya ƙarfafa kuma ya kasance a kan yanki na kwanaki da yawa har zuwa makonni da yawa.<ref name=":1"/> Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani a Arewa da Kudancin Hemispheres. Wannan shi ne saboda jet stream 'yana biye da rana'. Yankin matsin lamba yana kan gefen ma'auni na jet stream a saman yadudduka na yanayi. Tsarin yanayi gabaɗaya yana yin saurin canzawa a lokacin rani fiye da lokacin hunturu.  Don haka, wannan babban matakin matsi shima yana motsawa a hankali.  Karkashin matsin lamba, iska tana nutsewa zuwa saman.  Yana dumi kuma yana bushewa adiabatically.  Wannan yana hana convection kuma yana hana samuwar girgije.  Rage gajimare yana ƙara ɗan gajeren igiyoyin hasken da ke kaiwa saman.  Ƙananan yanki a saman yana kaiwa ga iska daga ƙananan latitudes wanda ke kawo iska mai dumi, yana haɓaka dumamar yanayi.  Iskar tana kuma iya busawa daga cikin [[nahiya]] mai zafi zuwa yankin bakin teku.  Wannan zai haifar da zazzafar igiyar ruwa a bakin teku.  Hakanan za su iya busa daga sama zuwa ƙananan tudu.  Wannan yana haɓaka raguwa ko nutsewar iska don haka ɗumamar adiabatic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lau |first=N |last2=Nath |first2=Mary Jo |year=2012 |title=A Model Study of Heat Waves over North America: Meteorological Aspects and Projections for the Twenty-First Century |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=4761–4784 |bibcode=2012JCli...25.4761L |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00575.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heat Index |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/global/hi.htm |publisher=US National Weather Service}}</ref> A yankunan gabashin Amurka zazzafar zafi na iya faruwa a lokacin da wani babban tsarin matsi da ya samo asali daga mashigin tekun Mexico ya tsaya kusa da Tekun Atlantika. Yawan iska mai zafi yana tasowa a kan Tekun Mexico da Tekun Caribbean. A lokaci guda kuma busasshiyar iska mai zafi ta mamaye hamada Kudu maso Yamma da arewacin Mexico. Iskar kudu maso yamma da ke gefen baya na tudu na ci gaba da yin zafi da iska mai danshi zuwa arewa maso gabas. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin zafi da ɗanɗano ga yawancin gabashin Amurka da kuma zuwa kudu maso gabashin Kanada<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heat Index |url=http://www.co.pasquotank.nc.us/departments/911/webpage/heatwaves.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318154040/http://www.co.pasquotank.nc.us/departments/911/webpage/heatwaves.htm |archive-date=18 March 2012 |publisher=Pasquotank County, NC, U. S. Website}}</ref> A lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, zazzafar zafi na iya faruwa a lokacin da yankin da ake fama da matsananciyar matsin lamba a cikin teku da kuma yankin da ke da matsananciyar matsin lamba a cikin kasa suka hadu suka haifar da iska mai karfin gaske.  Iska tana dumama yayin da take gangarowa daga cikin Karoo.  Zazzabi zai tashi kusan 10 Celsius daga ciki zuwa bakin teku.  Danshi yawanci kadan ne.  Zazzabi na iya wuce Celsius 40 a lokacin rani.  Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin a Afirka ta Kudu (Celsius 51.5) ya faru ne a lokacin rani ɗaya yayin iska mai ƙarfi a kan gabar Tekun Gabashin Cape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bergwind Info |url=http://www.1stweather.com/regional/education/bergwind.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415080019/http://www.1stweather.com/regional/education/bergwind.shtml |archive-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=1stweather.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Hazards - Heat Wave |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/DRM/Pages/HeatWave.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608111607/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/DRM/Pages/HeatWave.aspx |archive-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=City of Cape Town, South Africa Website}}</ref> Matsayin danshi na ƙasa na iya kara yawan raƙuman zafi a Turai.<ref name="Miralles n/a–n/a">{{Cite journal |last=Miralles |first=D. G. |last2=van den Berg |first2=M. J. |last3=Teuling |first3=A. J. |last4=de Jeu |first4=R. A. M. |date=November 2012 |title=Soil moisture-temperature coupling: A multiscale observational analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053703 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue=21 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3921707M |doi=10.1029/2012gl053703 |issn=0094-8276 |s2cid=53668167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seneviratne |first=Sonia I. |last2=Corti |first2=Thierry |last3=Davin |first3=Edouard L. |last4=Hirschi |first4=Martin |last5=Jaeger |first5=Eric B. |last6=Lehner |first6=Irene |last7=Orlowsky |first7=Boris |last8=Teuling |first8=Adriaan J. |date=2010-05-01 |title=Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825210000139 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=125–161 |bibcode=2010ESRv...99..125S |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004 |issn=0012-8252 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rashin danshi na ƙasa yana haifar da hanyoyin da suka dace. Wadannan su ma na iya haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shine rage sanyaya na yanayi.<ref name="Miralles n/a–n/a" /> Lokacin da ruwa ya bushe, yana cinye makamashi. Don haka, zai rage yawan zafin jiki da ke kewaye da shi. Idan ƙasa ta bushe sosai, to radiation mai shigowa daga rana zai dumi iska. Amma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ko babu tasirin sanyaya daga danshi da ke narkewa daga ƙasa.{{excerpt|Effects of climate change#Heat waves and temperature extremes|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam == [[Fayil:Heat_stroke_treatment,_Baton_Rouge,_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg|thumb|Magani da bugun jini a Baton Rouge a lokacin ambaliyar Louisiana ta 2016Ruwan ruwa na Louisiana na 2016]] === Tasirin kiwon lafiya mai alaƙa da zafi ga mutane masu rauni === {{excerpt|heat illness|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}{{excerpt|Effects of climate change on human health#Heat-related health effects for vulnerable people|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} [[Fayil:NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg|thumb|Matsayin haɗarin Sabis na Yanayi na Kasa don ''NWS HeatRisk'']] {{excerpt|Effects of climate change on human health#Heat-related mortality|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ==== Rubuce-rubuce na mutuwar ==== Yawan mutuwar zafi mai yiwuwa ba a bayar da rahoto sosai ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin rahotanni da kuma bayar da rahoto mara kyau.<ref name="heat epidemiology">{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Rupa |last2=Jonathan M. Samet |year=2002 |title=Relation between Elevated Ambient Temperature and Mortality: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence |journal=[[Epidemiologic Reviews]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=190–202 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxf007 |pmid=12762092 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin la'akari da cututtukan da suka shafi zafi, ainihin adadin mutuwar daga matsanancin zafi na iya zama sau shida fiye da adadi na hukuma. Wannan ya dogara ne akan nazarin California da [[Japan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Heat waves are far deadlier than we think. How California neglects this climate threat |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/california-extreme-heat-deaths-show-climate-change-risks/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fujibe |first=Fumiaki |last2=Matsumoto |first2=Jun |date=2021 |title=Estimation of Excess Deaths during Hot Summers in Japan |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sola/17/0/17_2021-038/_article/-char/ja |journal=Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere |volume=17 |pages=220–223 |bibcode=2021SOLA...17..220F |doi=10.2151/sola.2021-038 |s2cid=241577645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na mutuwa a lokacin guguwar zafi na iya zama saboda gajeren lokaci na gaba. A wasu raƙuman zafi akwai raguwar mutuwar gaba ɗaya a cikin makonni bayan raƙuman zafin jiki. Wadannan raguwa a cikin mutuwa suna nuna cewa zafi yana shafar mutanen da za su mutu ko ta yaya, kuma yana kawo mutuwarsu gaba.<ref name="pmid11401757">{{Cite journal |last=Huynen |first=Maud M. T. E |last2=Martens |first2=Pim |last3=Schram |first3=Dieneke |last4=Weijenberg |first4=Matty P |last5=Kunst |first5=Anton E |year=2001 |title=The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=463–70 |doi=10.2307/3454704 |jstor=3454704 |pmc=1240305 |pmid=11401757}}</ref> Cibiyoyin zamantakewa da tsarin suna tasiri ga tasirin haɗari. Wannan ma'anar na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana rashin bayar da rahoto game da raƙuman zafi a matsayin haɗarin lafiya. Rashin zafi na Faransa a shekara ta 2003 ya nuna cewa haɗarin zafi ya haifar da haɗuwa da abubuwan halitta da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poumadère |first=M. |last2=Mays |first2=C. |last3=Le Mer |first3=S. |last4=Blong |first4=R. |year=2005 |title=The 2003 Heat Wave in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/majorhazards/activites/murcia_26-27oct2009/heatwave2003_poumadere2005.pdf |journal=Risk Analysis |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1483–1494 |bibcode=2005RiskA..25.1483P |citeseerx=10.1.1.577.825 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00694.x |pmid=16506977 |s2cid=25784074}}</ref> Rashin ganuwa na zamantakewa yana daya daga cikin irin wannan dalili. Mutuwar da ta shafi zafi na iya faruwa a cikin gida, misali tsakanin tsofaffi da ke zaune su kaɗai. A cikin waɗannan lokuta yana iya zama ƙalubale don sanya zafi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ro |first=Christine |date=2022-09-01 |title=Can Japan really reach "zero deaths" from heat stroke? |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj.o2107 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=378 |pages=o2107 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2107 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=251954370 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ƙididdigar zafi don zafin jiki da zafi mai dangi === {{HeatTable}}Alamar zafi a cikin teburin da ke sama shine ma'auni na yadda yake da zafi lokacin da aka danganta da yanayin zafi na gaske. === Tasirin tunani da zamantakewa === Yawan [[Laifi]] yana haifar da damuwa ta tunani da damuwa ta jiki. Wannan na iya shafar aikin. Hakanan yana iya haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka.<ref name="heat and stress">{{Cite journal |last=Simister |first=John |last2=Cary Cooper |date=October 2004 |title=Thermal stress in the U.S.A.: effects on violence and on employee behaviour |journal=Stress and Health |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=3–15 |doi=10.1002/smi.1029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban yanayin zafi yana da alaƙa da karuwar rikici tsakanin mutane da kuma matakin zamantakewa. A cikin kowace al'umma, yawan aikata laifuka yana ƙaruwa lokacin da yanayin zafi ya tashi. Wannan shi ne musamman game da laifuka na tashin hankali kamar hari, kisan kai da fyade. A cikin ƙasashe marasa daidaituwa na siyasa, yanayin zafi mai yawa na iya kara abubuwan da ke haifar da yakin basasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hsiang |first=Solomon |last2=Burke |first2=Marshall |last3=Miguel |first3=Edward |year=2015 |title=Climate and Conflict |journal=Annual Review of Economics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=577–617 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115430 |s2cid=17657019}}</ref> Babban yanayin zafi kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga samun kudin shiga. Binciken kasashe a Amurka ya gano cewa yawan tattalin arziki na kwanakin mutum ya ragu da kusan kashi 1.7 cikin dari ga kowane digiri na Celsius sama da {{Convert|15|°C|°F}} ° C (59 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solomon |first=Hsiang |last2=Tatyana |first2=Deryugina |date=December 2014 |title=Does the Environment Still Matter? Daily Temperature and Income in the United States |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 20750 |doi=10.3386/w20750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Yankin ozone (ƙazantar da iska) === Babban yanayin zafi kuma yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen ozone a cikin birane ya fi muni. Wannan yana haifar da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi a lokacin raƙuman zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diem |first=Jeremy E. |last2=Stauber |first2=Christine E. |last3=Rothenberg |first3=Richard |date=2017-05-16 |editor-last=Añel |editor-first=Juan A. |title=Heat in the southeastern United States: Characteristics, trends, and potential health impact |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=e0177937 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1277937D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0177937 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5433771 |pmid=28520817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin raƙuman zafi a cikin birane, gurɓataccen ozone na ƙasa na iya zama kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da yadda aka saba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hou |first=Pei |last2=Wu |first2=Shiliang |date=July 2016 |title=Long-term Changes in Extreme Air Pollution Meteorology and the Implications for Air Quality |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=23792 |bibcode=2016NatSR...623792H |doi=10.1038/srep23792 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4815017 |pmid=27029386}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya kalli ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ozone daga 1860 zuwa 2000. Ya gano cewa yawan mutanen duniya da aka auna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin sun karu da kashi 5 cikin dari saboda canjin yanayi. Ƙididdigar ozone a kusa da ƙasa ta tashi da kashi 2.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orru |first=H. |last2=Ebi |first2=K. L. |last3=Forsberg |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=The Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Health |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=504–513 |bibcode=2017CEHR....4..504O |doi=10.1007/s40572-017-0168-6 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=5676805 |pmid=29080073}}</ref> Bincike don tantance tasirin mutuwar haɗin gwiwa na ozone da zafi a lokacin raƙuman zafi na Turai a cikin 2003 ya kammala cewa waɗannan sun bayyana suna da ƙari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosatsky T. |date=July 2005 |title=The 2003 European heat waves |url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=552 |journal=Eurosurveillance |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.2807/esm.10.07.00552-en |pmid=29208081 |access-date=14 January 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tasirin da ke tattare da al'ummomi == [[Fayil:09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG|right|thumb|2009 kudu maso gabashin Australia zafi raƙuman ruwa, taswirar zafi da aka nuna a ja]] Ruwa na zafi sau da yawa yana da tasiri mai rikitarwa akan tattalin arziki. Suna rage yawan aiki, suna rushe aikin gona da masana'antu da kuma lalata ababen more rayuwa wanda bai dace da matsanancin zafi ba.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> A cikin 2016, wani ruwan zafi na ruwa a Chile da kuma mummunar furewar algal da ta biyo baya ya haifar da dala miliyan 800 (USD) a cikin asarar fitarwa ga masana'antar kiwon kifi yayin da salmon da shellfish suka mutu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trainer |first=Vera L. |last2=Moore |first2=Stephanie K. |last3=Hallegraeff |first3=Gustaaf |last4=Kudela |first4=Raphael M. |last5=Clement |first5=Alejandro |last6=Mardones |first6=Jorge I. |last7=Cochlan |first7=William P. |date=2020-01-01 |title=Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature's experiments with extremes |journal=Harmful Algae |series=Climate change and harmful algal blooms |volume=91 |bibcode=2020HAlga..9101591T |doi=10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.009 |issn=1568-9883 |pmid=32057339 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Rage kayan aikin gona === Ruwa na zafi babban barazana ne ga samar da aikin gona. A cikin raƙuman zafi na 2019 a yankin Mulanje na [[Malawi]] sun haɗa da yanayin zafi har zuwa {{Cvt|40|°C}} ° C (104 ° F). Wannan da kuma ƙarshen lokacin ruwan sama sun ƙone ganyen shayi kuma sun rage amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi heatwaves threaten tea yields and livelihoods |url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/news/malawi-heatwaves-threaten-tea-yields-and-livelihoods/ |access-date=2020-09-24 |publisher=Future Climate Africa |archive-date=2021-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318071126/https://futureclimateafrica.org/news/malawi-heatwaves-threaten-tea-yields-and-livelihoods/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Dabbobi masu noma ==== {{excerpt|Effects of climate change on livestock#Health impacts of heat stress}}Dabbobi suna da kewayon haƙuri wanda ke bayyana yanayin zafi inda suke aiki mafi kyau. Yanayin zafin jiki da ke waje da wannan kewayon na iya fuskantar raguwar lafiya da rashin iya haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=N. A. |last2=Stillman |first2=J. H. |title=Physiological Optima and Critical Limits |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/physiological-optima-and-critical-limits-45749376/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Scitable |publisher=Nature |language=en}}</ref> Nau'in da ke da isasshen bambancin kwayar halitta za su iya tabbatar da cewa wasu mutane za su iya tsira daga kwanakin da za su iya zama ruwan dare a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Extreme heat triggers mass die-offs and stress for wildlife in the West |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/extreme-heat-triggers-mass-die-offs-and-stress-for-wildlife-in-the-west |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref> Rashin zafi na teku na iya haifar da mutuwar jama'a a cikin yawan kifaye, musamman ga nau'in da suka fi dacewa da yanayin sanyi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Burrows |first2=Michael T. |last3=Hobday |first3=Alistair J. |last4=King |first4=Nathan G. |last5=Moore |first5=Pippa J. |last6=Sen Gupta |first6=Alex |last7=Thomsen |first7=Mads S. |last8=Wernberg |first8=Thomas |last9=Smale |first9=Dan A. |date=2023-01-16 |title=Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437 |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=119–145 |bibcode=2023ARMS...15..119S |doi=10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437 |issn=1941-1405 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Nau'in da suka saba da yanayin zafi na iya fadada kewayon su a lokacin zafi. Wadannan nau'o'in mamayewa na iya cinye nau'o-in'in da ke fuskantar mutuwa mafi girma a lokacin zafi, wanda ke rushe aikin yanayin halittu.<ref name=":03" /> Har ila yau, ana danganta ruwan zafi na ruwa tare da mummunar tasiri a kan nau'ikan tushe kamar coral da kelp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smale |first=Dan A. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Oliver |first3=Eric C. J. |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mads |last5=Harvey |first5=Ben P. |last6=Straub |first6=Sandra C. |last7=Burrows |first7=Michael T. |last8=Alexander |first8=Lisa V. |last9=Benthuysen |first9=Jessica A. |last10=Donat |first10=Markus G. |last11=Feng |first11=Ming |last12=Hobday |first12=Alistair J. |last13=Holbrook |first13=Neil J. |last14=Perkins-Kirkpatrick |first14=Sarah E. |last15=Scannell |first15=Hillary A. |date=April 2019 |title=Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |bibcode=2019NatCC...9..306S |doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 |issn=1758-6798 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Zaɓuɓɓuka don rage tasirin mutane == Wata hanyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a a lokacin raƙuman zafi ita ce kafa cibiyoyin sanyaya na jama'a. Ƙara iska mai sanyaya a makarantu yana ba da wurin aiki mai sanyi. Amma zai iya haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai guba sai dai idan an yi amfani da Hasken rana. Masu tsara manufofi, masu ba da kuɗi da masu bincike sun kirkiro hadin gwiwar Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance a karkashin Majalisar Atlantic. Wannan yana ba da shawara don ba da suna ga raƙuman zafi, auna su, da kuma sanya su don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance: Reducing Extreme Heat Risk for Vulnerable People |url=https://wcr.ethz.ch/news-and-events/EHRA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821212642/https://wcr.ethz.ch/news-and-events/EHRA.html |archive-date=21 August 2020 |access-date=2020-09-02 |publisher=wcr.ethz.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2020 |title=The world's getting hotter. Can naming heat waves raise awareness of the risks? |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-19/world-s-getting-hotter-can-naming-heat-waves-raise-awareness-risks |access-date=2020-09-02 |publisher=The World from PRX}}</ref>{{excerpt|List of heat waves#2024}} === Indiya === {{excerpt|2024 Indian heat wave}}{{excerpt|2024 Southeast Asia heat wave}} === China === Wani bincike ya gano matsakaitan mazauna kasar Sin sun fuskanci tsananin zafi na kwanaki 16 a shekarar 2023, inda sama da mutane 37,000 suka mutu sakamakon tsananin zafi. Ban da wannan kuma, adadin sa'o'in aikin da aka yi hasarar saboda tsananin zafi a kasar Sin ya kai biliyan 36.9 a shekarar 2023, kuma jama'ar kasar Sin sun sami karuwar kashi 60 cikin 100 na sa'o'in ayyukan da ba amintacce a waje ba, inda kowane mutum ya yi asarar sa'o'i 2.2 a matsakaicin kowace rana. Binciken ya yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2060, ana sa ran mace-macen da ke da nasaba da zafin rana zai kai 29,000 zuwa 38,000 a kasar Sin, inda aka yi hasarar karuwar sa'o'in aiki da kashi 28% zuwa 37%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ding Rui |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Heat Wave-Related Deaths Soared in China in 2023, Report Finds |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1016149 |website=[[Sixth Tone]]}}</ref> === Amurka ===   A watan Yulin 2019, akwai mutane sama da miliyan 50 a Amurka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da shawarwarin zafi. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa za a karya rikodin da yawa na mafi girman yanayin zafi a cikin kwanaki bayan waɗannan gargadi. Wannan yana nufin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin sa'o'i 24 zai zama mafi girma fiye da kowane ƙarancin zafi da aka auna a baya. Dangane da binciken 2022, mutane miliyan 107 a Amurka za su fuskanci zafi mai haɗari sosai a cikin shekara ta 2053.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Brandon |last2=Waldrop |first2=Theresa |date=2022-08-16 |title=An 'extreme heat belt' will impact over 100 million Americans in the next 30 years, study finds |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/15/weather/extreme-heat-belt-us-impact-study-climate/index.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Tashin zafi shine mafi munin yanayi na yanayi a Amurka. A tsakanin shekara ta 1992 zuwa 2001, an kashe mutane 2,190 daga zafin da ya wuce kima a Amurka, idan aka kwatanta da mutuwar mutane 880 daga ambaliya da 150 daga guguwa mai zafi. Kimanin mutane 400 ne ke mutuwa a shekara a matsakaici kai tsaye sakamakon zafi a Amurka. Guguwar zafi ta Chicago a shekarar 1995, daya daga cikin mafi muni a tarihin Amurka, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan 739 masu alaka da zafi a cikin kwanaki 5. A Amurka, asarar rayukan bil'adama da ake yi a lokacin zafi a lokacin rani ya zarce wanda sauran al'amuran yanayi ke haifarwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da walƙiya, ruwan sama, ambaliya, guguwa, da guguwa Kimanin Amurkawa 6,200 suna buƙatar magani a asibiti a kowane bazara, bisa ga bayanan daga 2008. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan zafi, kuma wadanda ke cikin haɗari mafi girma matalauta ne, marasa inshora ko tsofaffi. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin matsanancin zafin jiki da mace-mace a Amurka ta bambanta da wuri. Zafi na iya kara barazanar mutuwa a garuruwan arewacin kasar fiye da yankunan kudancin kasar. Gabaɗaya, mutane a Amurka suna da alama suna daidaita yanayin zafi a arewa kowace shekara goma. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, ƙarin ƙirar gine-gine na zamani da ingantaccen wayar da kan jama'a<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert E. Davis |last2=Paul C. Knappenberger |last3=Patrick J. Michaels |last4=Wendy M. Novicoff |date=November 2003 |title=Changing heat-related mortality in the United States |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=111 |issue=14 |pages=1712–1718 |bibcode=2003EnvHP.111.1712D |doi=10.1289/ehp.6336 |pmc=1241712 |pmid=14594620}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l0c3to4l0ms7vekpt2ojc540lc0qwrp 883714 883713 2026-07-15T19:01:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Heat_Wave.jpg|thumb|tsarin matsin lamba a cikin sararin samaniya na sama yana kama zafi kusa da ƙasa, yana samar da guguwar zafi (don Arewacin Amurka a cikin wannan misali) ]] [[Fayil:Heatwave_in_London_(9217).jpg|thumb|Ciyawa mai ƙonewa a Greenwich Park, London, Ingila, a lokacin guguwar zafi a watan Agusta 2022.]] '''Ruwa mai zafi''' ko zafi, wani lokacin ana bayyana shi azaman '''matsanancin zafi''', lokaci ne na [[Climate|yanayi]] zafi <ref name=":42">IPCC, 2022: Annex II: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Annex-II.pdf Glossary] [Möller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, pp. 2897–2930, {{Doi|10.1017/9781009325844.029}}.</ref>:{{Rp|2911}} wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Ana yawan auna '''guguwar zafi''' dangane da yanayin da aka saba da shi a yankin da kuma yanayin zafi na yau da kullun don kakar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Peter J |year=2001 |title=On the Definition of a Heat Wave |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=762–775 |bibcode=2001JApMe..40..762R |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0762:OTDOAH>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban matsalolin da ke tattare da wannan ma'anar mai zurfi suna fitowa lokacin da mutum dole ne ya ƙayyade abin da yanayin zafin jiki na 'al'ada' yake, da kuma abin da girman sararin samaniya na taron zai iya ko dole ne ya kasance. Za'a iya ɗaukar yanayin zafi da mutane daga yanayin zafi suka yi la'akari da shi azaman raƙuman zafi a cikin yanki mai sanyi. Wannan zai zama lamarin idan yanayin zafi ya kasance a waje da yanayin yanayi na al'ada na wannan yanki. Ruwa na zafi ya zama mafi yawa, kuma ya fi karfi a kan ƙasa, a kusan kowane yanki a Duniya tun daga shekarun 1950, karuwar mitar da tsawon lokaci ana haifar da [[Canjin yanayi]]. {{Rp|8–10}} Ruwa mai zafi ya samo asali ne lokacin da wani yanki mai matsin lamba a cikin sararin samaniya ya ƙarfafa kuma ya kasance a kan yanki na kwanaki da yawa har zuwa makonni da yawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=J |title=NWS JetStream - Heat Index |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/hi |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=US Department of Commerce NOAA weather.gov}}</ref> Wannan yana kama zafi kusa da farfajiyar duniya. Yawancin lokaci yana yiwuwa a hango hasashen raƙuman zafi, don haka yana ba da damar hukumomi su ba da gargadi a gaba. Ruwa na zafi yana da tasiri ga tattalin arziki. Za su iya rage yawan ma'aikata, rushe hanyoyin noma da masana'antu da lalata ababen more rayuwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bottollier-Depois |first=Amélie |title=Deadly heatwaves threaten economies too |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-06-deadly-heatwaves-threaten-economies.html |access-date=2022-07-15 |publisher=phys.org}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=García-León |first=David |last2=Casanueva |first2=Ana |last3=Standardi |first3=Gabriele |last4=Burgstall |first4=Annkatrin |last5=Flouris |first5=Andreas D. |last6=Nybo |first6=Lars |date=2021-10-04 |title=Current and projected regional economic impacts of heatwaves in Europe |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=5807 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.5807G |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26050-z |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8490455 |pmid=34608159}}</ref> Ruwa mai tsanani ya haifar da mummunar gazawar amfanin gona da dubban mutuwar daga hyperthermia. Sun kara hadarin gobarar daji a yankunan da ke da fari. Suna iya haifar da raguwar wutar lantarki saboda ana amfani da ƙarin iska. Ruwa mai zafi ya ƙidaya a matsayin [[matsanancin yanayi]]. Yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, saboda zafi da hasken rana suna mamaye yanayin zafi a cikin mutane. == Ma'anar == Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na raƙuman zafi: * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] ta bayyana zafi a matsayin "lokacin yanayi mai zafi, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi tare da ambaton iyakar zafin jiki, wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki biyu zuwa watanni" <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2023 |title=Heat Waves Explained |url=https://compass.rauias.com/disaster-management/heat-waves-heat-dome/}}</ref>:{{Rp|2911}}<ref name=":42"/> * Ma'anar da ta danganci Heat Wave Duration Index ita ce cewa guguwar zafi tana faruwa lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun na fiye da kwanaki biyar a jere ya wuce matsakaicin matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki da {{Convert|5|C-change|0}} ° C ° F), lokacin al'ada shi ne 1961-1990 .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frich |first=A. |last2=L.V. Alexander |last3=P. Della-Marta |last4=B. Gleason |last5=M. Haylock |last6=A.M.G. Klein Tank |last7=T. Peterson |date=January 2002 |title=Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century |url=http://www.vsamp.com/resume/publications/Frich_et_al.pdf |journal=Climate Research |volume=19 |pages=193–212 |bibcode=2002ClRes..19..193F |doi=10.3354/cr019193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ma'anar ta yi amfani da ita ta Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Heat wave meteorology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/heat-wave-meteorology |access-date=2019-04-01 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> * Ma'anar daga Glossary of Meteorology ita ce: "Lokaci ne na rashin jin daɗi da rashin jin daɗinsa kuma yawanci yanayin zafi". === Ma'anar ƙasa === Danmak ta bayyana guguwar zafi ta kasa (hedeb Explorer) a matsayin lokacin akalla kwanaki 3 a jere inda matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a fadin fiye da rabin kasar ya wuce {{Convert|28|°C|°F|1}} ° C (82.4 ° F). Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Danish tana da ma'anar "warmth wave" (varmeb Explorer). Ya bayyana wannan ta amfani da ma'auni iri ɗaya don zafin jiki na {{Convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ° C (77.0 ° F).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2008 |title=Danmark får varme- og hedebølge |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/danmark_faar_varme-_og_hedeboelge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723170544/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/danmark_faar_varme-_og_hedeboelge |archive-date=23 July 2008 |access-date=18 July 2013 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=da}}</ref> Sweden ta bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin akalla kwanaki biyar a jere tare da tsananin yau da kullun sama da {{Convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ° C (77.0 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Värmebölja Klimat: Kunskapsbanken SMHI |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/klimat/varmebolja-1.22372 |access-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=Smhi.se |language=sv}}</ref> A Girka, [http://www.hnms.gr/emy/el/ Hellenic National Meteorological Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026115407/http://www.hnms.gr/emy/el/ |date=2021-10-26 }} ya bayyana guguwar zafi kamar yadda ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki uku a jere tare da yanayin zafi ° C (102 ° F) ko mafi girma. A cikin wannan lokacin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|26|°C|°F}} ° C (79 ° F) ko fiye. A wannan lokacin, babu iskõki ko iska mai rauni kawai. Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa a cikin yanki mai faɗi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Netherlands ta bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin lokaci na akalla kwanaki biyar a jere inda matsakaicin zafin jiki a De Bilt ya wuce {{Convert|25|°C|°F}} ° C (77 ° F). A wannan lokacin matsakaicin zafin jiki a De Bilt dole ne ya wuce {{Convert|30|°C|°F}} ° C (86 ° F) na akalla kwana uku. Belgium kuma tana amfani da wannan ma'anar guguwar zafi tare da Ukkel a matsayin ma'anar magana. Haka Luxembourg ke yi. A cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], Ofishin Met yana aiki da tsarin Kula da Lafiyar Zafin.  Wannan ya sanya kowane yanki na Karamar hukuma zuwa ɗaya daga cikin matakai huɗu.  Yanayin zafin rana yana faruwa lokacin da matsakaicin zafin rana da mafi ƙarancin zafin dare ya tashi sama da maƙasudin wani yanki.  Tsawon lokacin da ke sama da ƙofar yana ƙayyade matakin.  Mataki na 1 yana wakiltar yanayin bazara na al'ada.  Mataki na 2 yana faruwa a lokacin da akwai 60% ko mafi girma haɗari cewa zafin jiki zai kasance sama da matakan ƙofa na kwana biyu da tsakar dare.  Mataki na 3 yana tasowa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kasance sama da kofa don rana da dare da suka gabata, kuma akwai damar 90% ko mafi girma cewa zai tsaya sama da bakin kofa a rana mai zuwa.  Mataki na 4 yana haifar da idan yanayi ya fi tsanani fiye da na matakan ukun da suka gabata.  Kowane matakin farko na uku yana haifar da wani yanayi na shirye-shirye da amsa ta ayyukan zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya.  Mataki na 4 ya ƙunshi amsa da yawa.  Matsakaicin zafin rana yana faruwa lokacin da akwai aƙalla kwanaki uku sama da 25 °C (77 °F) a yawancin ƙasar.  Babban London yana da madaidaicin 28 ° C (82 ° F).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=What is a heatwave? |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/temperature/heatwave |access-date=26 May 2023 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref> A Ayanland, an bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin yanayin zafi wanda ya wuce {{Convert|25|°C|°F}} ° C (77 ° F) na kwanaki biyar ko fiye a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Jun 2023 |title=Summer Centre |url=https://www.met.ie/climate/summer-centre |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Met Éireann}}</ref> ==== Arewacin Amurka ==== A cikin Amurka, ma'anoni kuma sun bambanta da yanki. Yawancin lokaci suna ɗaukar tsawon aƙalla kwanaki biyu ko fiye na yanayin zafi da yawa.] A Arewa maso Gabas, zafi yana yawanci lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai ko ya wuce 90 °F (32.2 °C) na tsawon kwanaki uku ko fiye a jere. Ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Wannan saboda yanayin zafi mai girma yana da alaƙa tare da matakan zafi don ƙayyade maƙasudin zafi. Hakanan ba ya shafi bushewar yanayi. Guguwar zafi kalma ce ta California don tsawan zafin zafi. Guguwar zafi na faruwa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai 100 °F (37.8 °C) na tsawon kwanaki uku ko fiye a jere a kan faffadan yanki (dubun mil mil). A Kanada, ana bayyana raƙuman zafi ta amfani da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, kuma a mafi yawan ƙasar, humidex ma, ya wuce ƙofar yanki na kwana biyu ko fiye. Ƙofar da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun dole ne ya wuce tsakanin {{Convert|28|°C|°F}} ° C (82 ° F) a Newfoundland da {{Convert|35|°C|°F}} ° C (95 ° F) na ciki a cikin British Columbia, kodayake wannan ƙofar ta fi ƙasa a Nunavut, tsakanin {{Convert|22|°C|°F}} ° C (72 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 Jul 2024 |title=Criteria for public weather alerts |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/types-weather-forecasts-use/public/criteria-alerts.html#heat |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada}}</ref> ==== Oceania ==== A Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, guguwar zafi tana da kwanaki biyar a jere a ko sama da {{Convert|35|°C|°F}} ° C (95 ° F), ko kwana uku a jere a o sama da {{Convert|40|°C|°F}} ° C (104 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2010 |title=Extreme Heat Services for South Australia |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/sa/20100115_First_Heatwave_SA_Jan.shtml |access-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref> Ofishin Ma'aikatar Ma'aunin Australiya ya bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin kwana uku ko fiye na matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Australia Weather and Warnings |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140923/http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=2016-01-17 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |language=en}}</ref> Kafin wannan sabon Pilot Heatwave Forecast babu wani ma'anar ƙasa don raƙuman zafi ko ma'auni na tsananin raƙuman zafin jiki.<ref name=":0" /> A [[New Zealand]], ƙofofin raƙuman zafi sun dogara da ilimin yanayi na gida, tare da ƙofar zafin jiki tsakanin {{Convert|27|°C|°F}} ° C (81 ° F) a Greymouth da {{Convert|32|°C|°F}} ° C (90 ° F) na Gisborne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Heat |url=https://getready.govt.nz/emergency/heat |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Get Ready - National Emergency Management Agency}}</ref> == Ruwa mai zafi == Guguwar zafi ta ruwa ta zama wani muhimmin batu na bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ke nuni da cewa tun farkon wannan karnin da dama daga cikin yankunan tekun sun fuskanci kololuwar yanayin zafi, tare da yawaitar dumamar yanayi, fiye da yadda aka saba gani a tarihi. Halin yanayin zafi na magudanar ruwa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da abubuwan da ke tattare da teku da na yanayi, galibi suna haifar da tsarin matsa lamba wanda zai rage murfin gajimare tare da ƙara ɗaukar hasken rana ta saman teku. Sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar ya bayyana daure zai taka rawa wajen haɓaka ɗumamar ruwan teku, tare da ƙara yin tasiri kan yanayin yanayin ruwa, kamar yawan mace-mace a cikin al'ummomin benthic, abubuwan da suka faru na bleaching na murjani, rushewar kamun kifi, da canji a cikin rarraba nau'ikan.<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden">[[File:1951+_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg|alt=|216x216px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Sabbin rikodin zafin jiki mai girma sun wuce sabbin rikodin zabin jiki a kan wani yanki mai girma na farfajiyar Duniya.<ref name="NOAA_October"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023"]. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) NCEI.NOAA.gov of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185412/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 Archived] from the original on 16 November 2023.</cite> (change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)</ref></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden">[[File:20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg|alt=|268x268px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Ana sa ran karuwa mai yawa a cikin mitar da tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na [[Extreme weather|matsanancin yanayi]] (don karuwar digiri na dumamar yanayi).<ref name="SPM IPCC 2021">IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001|10.1017/9781009157896.001]]</ref> : 18 <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">&#x3A;&#x200A;18&#x200A;</span></sup></div></div></div></div></div> [[Fayil:Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp|thumb|Taswirar karuwar yanayin guguwar zafi (matsayi da ƙarfin tarawa) a kan tsakiyar latitudes da Turai, Yuli-Agusta 1979-2020 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rousi |first=Efi |last2=Kornhuber |first2=Kai |last3=Beobide-Arsuaga |first3=Goratz |last4=Luo |first4=Fei |last5=Coumou |first5=Dim |date=4 July 2022 |title=Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=3851 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.3851R |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-31432-y |pmc=9253148 |pmid=35788585 |doi-access=free}} </ref>]] Yana yiwuwa a kwatanta raƙuman zafi a yankuna daban-daban na duniya tare da yanayi daban-daban godiya ga alamar gaba ɗaya da ta bayyana a cikin 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Simone |last2=Sillmann |first2=Jana |last3=Fischer |first3=Erich M |year=2015 |title=Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/109725/2/Russo_109725.pdf |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=124003 |bibcode=2015ERL....10l4003R |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tare da waɗannan alamomi, masana sun kiyasta raƙuman zafi a sikelin duniya daga 1901 zuwa 2010. Sun sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin yawan wuraren da abin ya shafa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zampieri |first=Matteo |last2=Russo |first2=Simone |last3=Di Sabatino |first3=Silvana |last4=Michetti |first4=Melania |last5=Scoccimarro |first5=Enrico |last6=Gualdi |first6=Silvio |year=2016 |title=Global assessment of heatwave magnitudes from 1901 to 2010 and implications for the river discharge of the Alps |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=571 |pages=1330–9 |bibcode=2016ScTEn.571.1330Z |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008 |pmid=27418520}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 ya binciki birane 13,115. Ya gano cewa matsanancin zafi na zafin jiki na duniya sama da 30 Celsius ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1983 da 2016, kuma idan tasirin yawan jama'a (ƙara tasirin [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|tsibirin zafi na birane]]) a cikin waɗannan shekarun an cire shi, bayyanar ta karu da ƙarin 50%. Masu binciken sun tattara cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka faru a birane masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tuholske |first=Cascade |last2=Caylor |first2=Kelly |last3=Funk |first3=Chris |last4=Verdin |first4=Andrew |last5=Sweeney |first5=Stuart |last6=Grace |first6=Kathryn |last7=Peterson |first7=Pete |last8=Evans |first8=Tom |date=12 October 2021 |title=Global urban population exposure to extreme heat |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=41 |pages=e2024792118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11824792T |doi=10.1073/pnas.2024792118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8521713 |pmid=34607944 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Ruwa mai zafi ya samo asali ne lokacin da babban matsin lamba a tsawo na mita 3,000-7,600 (9,800-24,900 feet) ya ƙarfafa kuma ya kasance a kan yanki na kwanaki da yawa har zuwa makonni da yawa.<ref name=":1"/> Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani a Arewa da Kudancin Hemispheres. Wannan shi ne saboda jet stream 'yana biye da rana'. Yankin matsin lamba yana kan gefen ma'auni na jet stream a saman yadudduka na yanayi. Tsarin yanayi gabaɗaya yana yin saurin canzawa a lokacin rani fiye da lokacin hunturu.  Don haka, wannan babban matakin matsi shima yana motsawa a hankali.  Karkashin matsin lamba, iska tana nutsewa zuwa saman.  Yana dumi kuma yana bushewa adiabatically.  Wannan yana hana convection kuma yana hana samuwar girgije.  Rage gajimare yana ƙara ɗan gajeren igiyoyin hasken da ke kaiwa saman.  Ƙananan yanki a saman yana kaiwa ga iska daga ƙananan latitudes wanda ke kawo iska mai dumi, yana haɓaka dumamar yanayi.  Iskar tana kuma iya busawa daga cikin [[nahiya]] mai zafi zuwa yankin bakin teku.  Wannan zai haifar da zazzafar igiyar ruwa a bakin teku.  Hakanan za su iya busa daga sama zuwa ƙananan tudu.  Wannan yana haɓaka raguwa ko nutsewar iska don haka ɗumamar adiabatic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lau |first=N |last2=Nath |first2=Mary Jo |year=2012 |title=A Model Study of Heat Waves over North America: Meteorological Aspects and Projections for the Twenty-First Century |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=4761–4784 |bibcode=2012JCli...25.4761L |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00575.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heat Index |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/global/hi.htm |publisher=US National Weather Service}}</ref> A yankunan gabashin Amurka zazzafar zafi na iya faruwa a lokacin da wani babban tsarin matsi da ya samo asali daga mashigin tekun Mexico ya tsaya kusa da Tekun Atlantika. Yawan iska mai zafi yana tasowa a kan Tekun Mexico da Tekun Caribbean. A lokaci guda kuma busasshiyar iska mai zafi ta mamaye hamada Kudu maso Yamma da arewacin Mexico. Iskar kudu maso yamma da ke gefen baya na tudu na ci gaba da yin zafi da iska mai danshi zuwa arewa maso gabas. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin zafi da ɗanɗano ga yawancin gabashin Amurka da kuma zuwa kudu maso gabashin Kanada<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heat Index |url=http://www.co.pasquotank.nc.us/departments/911/webpage/heatwaves.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318154040/http://www.co.pasquotank.nc.us/departments/911/webpage/heatwaves.htm |archive-date=18 March 2012 |publisher=Pasquotank County, NC, U. S. Website}}</ref> A lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, zazzafar zafi na iya faruwa a lokacin da yankin da ake fama da matsananciyar matsin lamba a cikin teku da kuma yankin da ke da matsananciyar matsin lamba a cikin kasa suka hadu suka haifar da iska mai karfin gaske.  Iska tana dumama yayin da take gangarowa daga cikin Karoo.  Zazzabi zai tashi kusan 10 Celsius daga ciki zuwa bakin teku.  Danshi yawanci kadan ne.  Zazzabi na iya wuce Celsius 40 a lokacin rani.  Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin a Afirka ta Kudu (Celsius 51.5) ya faru ne a lokacin rani ɗaya yayin iska mai ƙarfi a kan gabar Tekun Gabashin Cape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bergwind Info |url=http://www.1stweather.com/regional/education/bergwind.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415080019/http://www.1stweather.com/regional/education/bergwind.shtml |archive-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=1stweather.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Hazards - Heat Wave |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/DRM/Pages/HeatWave.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608111607/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/DRM/Pages/HeatWave.aspx |archive-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=City of Cape Town, South Africa Website}}</ref> Matsayin danshi na ƙasa na iya kara yawan raƙuman zafi a Turai.<ref name="Miralles n/a–n/a">{{Cite journal |last=Miralles |first=D. G. |last2=van den Berg |first2=M. J. |last3=Teuling |first3=A. J. |last4=de Jeu |first4=R. A. M. |date=November 2012 |title=Soil moisture-temperature coupling: A multiscale observational analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053703 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue=21 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3921707M |doi=10.1029/2012gl053703 |issn=0094-8276 |s2cid=53668167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seneviratne |first=Sonia I. |last2=Corti |first2=Thierry |last3=Davin |first3=Edouard L. |last4=Hirschi |first4=Martin |last5=Jaeger |first5=Eric B. |last6=Lehner |first6=Irene |last7=Orlowsky |first7=Boris |last8=Teuling |first8=Adriaan J. |date=2010-05-01 |title=Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825210000139 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=125–161 |bibcode=2010ESRv...99..125S |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004 |issn=0012-8252 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rashin danshi na ƙasa yana haifar da hanyoyin da suka dace. Wadannan su ma na iya haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shine rage sanyaya na yanayi.<ref name="Miralles n/a–n/a" /> Lokacin da ruwa ya bushe, yana cinye makamashi. Don haka, zai rage yawan zafin jiki da ke kewaye da shi. Idan ƙasa ta bushe sosai, to radiation mai shigowa daga rana zai dumi iska. Amma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ko babu tasirin sanyaya daga danshi da ke narkewa daga ƙasa.{{excerpt|Effects of climate change#Heat waves and temperature extremes|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam == [[Fayil:Heat_stroke_treatment,_Baton_Rouge,_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg|thumb|Magani da bugun jini a Baton Rouge a lokacin ambaliyar Louisiana ta 2016Ruwan ruwa na Louisiana na 2016]] === Tasirin kiwon lafiya mai alaƙa da zafi ga mutane masu rauni === {{excerpt|heat illness|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}{{excerpt|Effects of climate change on human health#Heat-related health effects for vulnerable people|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} [[Fayil:NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg|thumb|Matsayin haɗarin Sabis na Yanayi na Kasa don ''NWS HeatRisk'']] {{excerpt|Effects of climate change on human health#Heat-related mortality|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ==== Rubuce-rubuce na mutuwar ==== Yawan mutuwar zafi mai yiwuwa ba a bayar da rahoto sosai ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin rahotanni da kuma bayar da rahoto mara kyau.<ref name="heat epidemiology">{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Rupa |last2=Jonathan M. Samet |year=2002 |title=Relation between Elevated Ambient Temperature and Mortality: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence |journal=[[Epidemiologic Reviews]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=190–202 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxf007 |pmid=12762092 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin la'akari da cututtukan da suka shafi zafi, ainihin adadin mutuwar daga matsanancin zafi na iya zama sau shida fiye da adadi na hukuma. Wannan ya dogara ne akan nazarin California da [[Japan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Heat waves are far deadlier than we think. How California neglects this climate threat |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/california-extreme-heat-deaths-show-climate-change-risks/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fujibe |first=Fumiaki |last2=Matsumoto |first2=Jun |date=2021 |title=Estimation of Excess Deaths during Hot Summers in Japan |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sola/17/0/17_2021-038/_article/-char/ja |journal=Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere |volume=17 |pages=220–223 |bibcode=2021SOLA...17..220F |doi=10.2151/sola.2021-038 |s2cid=241577645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na mutuwa a lokacin guguwar zafi na iya zama saboda gajeren lokaci na gaba. A wasu raƙuman zafi akwai raguwar mutuwar gaba ɗaya a cikin makonni bayan raƙuman zafin jiki. Wadannan raguwa a cikin mutuwa suna nuna cewa zafi yana shafar mutanen da za su mutu ko ta yaya, kuma yana kawo mutuwarsu gaba.<ref name="pmid11401757">{{Cite journal |last=Huynen |first=Maud M. T. E |last2=Martens |first2=Pim |last3=Schram |first3=Dieneke |last4=Weijenberg |first4=Matty P |last5=Kunst |first5=Anton E |year=2001 |title=The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=463–70 |doi=10.2307/3454704 |jstor=3454704 |pmc=1240305 |pmid=11401757}}</ref> Cibiyoyin zamantakewa da tsarin suna tasiri ga tasirin haɗari. Wannan ma'anar na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana rashin bayar da rahoto game da raƙuman zafi a matsayin haɗarin lafiya. Rashin zafi na Faransa a shekara ta 2003 ya nuna cewa haɗarin zafi ya haifar da haɗuwa da abubuwan halitta da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poumadère |first=M. |last2=Mays |first2=C. |last3=Le Mer |first3=S. |last4=Blong |first4=R. |year=2005 |title=The 2003 Heat Wave in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/majorhazards/activites/murcia_26-27oct2009/heatwave2003_poumadere2005.pdf |journal=Risk Analysis |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1483–1494 |bibcode=2005RiskA..25.1483P |citeseerx=10.1.1.577.825 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00694.x |pmid=16506977 |s2cid=25784074}}</ref> Rashin ganuwa na zamantakewa yana daya daga cikin irin wannan dalili. Mutuwar da ta shafi zafi na iya faruwa a cikin gida, misali tsakanin tsofaffi da ke zaune su kaɗai. A cikin waɗannan lokuta yana iya zama ƙalubale don sanya zafi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ro |first=Christine |date=2022-09-01 |title=Can Japan really reach "zero deaths" from heat stroke? |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj.o2107 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=378 |pages=o2107 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2107 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=251954370 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ƙididdigar zafi don zafin jiki da zafi mai dangi === {{HeatTable}}Alamar zafi a cikin teburin da ke sama shine ma'auni na yadda yake da zafi lokacin da aka danganta da yanayin zafi na gaske. === Tasirin tunani da zamantakewa === Yawan [[Laifi]] yana haifar da damuwa ta tunani da damuwa ta jiki. Wannan na iya shafar aikin. Hakanan yana iya haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka.<ref name="heat and stress">{{Cite journal |last=Simister |first=John |last2=Cary Cooper |date=October 2004 |title=Thermal stress in the U.S.A.: effects on violence and on employee behaviour |journal=Stress and Health |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=3–15 |doi=10.1002/smi.1029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban yanayin zafi yana da alaƙa da karuwar rikici tsakanin mutane da kuma matakin zamantakewa. A cikin kowace al'umma, yawan aikata laifuka yana ƙaruwa lokacin da yanayin zafi ya tashi. Wannan shi ne musamman game da laifuka na tashin hankali kamar hari, kisan kai da fyade. A cikin ƙasashe marasa daidaituwa na siyasa, yanayin zafi mai yawa na iya kara abubuwan da ke haifar da yakin basasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hsiang |first=Solomon |last2=Burke |first2=Marshall |last3=Miguel |first3=Edward |year=2015 |title=Climate and Conflict |journal=Annual Review of Economics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=577–617 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115430 |s2cid=17657019}}</ref> Babban yanayin zafi kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga samun kudin shiga. Binciken kasashe a Amurka ya gano cewa yawan tattalin arziki na kwanakin mutum ya ragu da kusan kashi 1.7 cikin dari ga kowane digiri na Celsius sama da {{Convert|15|°C|°F}} ° C (59 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solomon |first=Hsiang |last2=Tatyana |first2=Deryugina |date=December 2014 |title=Does the Environment Still Matter? Daily Temperature and Income in the United States |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 20750 |doi=10.3386/w20750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Yankin ozone (ƙazantar da iska) === Babban yanayin zafi kuma yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen ozone a cikin birane ya fi muni. Wannan yana haifar da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi a lokacin raƙuman zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diem |first=Jeremy E. |last2=Stauber |first2=Christine E. |last3=Rothenberg |first3=Richard |date=2017-05-16 |editor-last=Añel |editor-first=Juan A. |title=Heat in the southeastern United States: Characteristics, trends, and potential health impact |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=e0177937 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1277937D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0177937 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5433771 |pmid=28520817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin raƙuman zafi a cikin birane, gurɓataccen ozone na ƙasa na iya zama kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da yadda aka saba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hou |first=Pei |last2=Wu |first2=Shiliang |date=July 2016 |title=Long-term Changes in Extreme Air Pollution Meteorology and the Implications for Air Quality |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=23792 |bibcode=2016NatSR...623792H |doi=10.1038/srep23792 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4815017 |pmid=27029386}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya kalli ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ozone daga 1860 zuwa 2000. Ya gano cewa yawan mutanen duniya da aka auna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin sun karu da kashi 5 cikin dari saboda canjin yanayi. Ƙididdigar ozone a kusa da ƙasa ta tashi da kashi 2.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orru |first=H. |last2=Ebi |first2=K. L. |last3=Forsberg |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=The Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Health |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=504–513 |bibcode=2017CEHR....4..504O |doi=10.1007/s40572-017-0168-6 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=5676805 |pmid=29080073}}</ref> Bincike don tantance tasirin mutuwar haɗin gwiwa na ozone da zafi a lokacin raƙuman zafi na Turai a cikin 2003 ya kammala cewa waɗannan sun bayyana suna da ƙari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosatsky T. |date=July 2005 |title=The 2003 European heat waves |url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=552 |journal=Eurosurveillance |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.2807/esm.10.07.00552-en |pmid=29208081 |access-date=14 January 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tasirin da ke tattare da al'ummomi == [[Fayil:09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG|right|thumb|2009 kudu maso gabashin Australia zafi raƙuman ruwa, taswirar zafi da aka nuna a ja]] Ruwa na zafi sau da yawa yana da tasiri mai rikitarwa akan tattalin arziki. Suna rage yawan aiki, suna rushe aikin gona da masana'antu da kuma lalata ababen more rayuwa wanda bai dace da matsanancin zafi ba.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> A cikin 2016, wani ruwan zafi na ruwa a Chile da kuma mummunar furewar algal da ta biyo baya ya haifar da dala miliyan 800 (USD) a cikin asarar fitarwa ga masana'antar kiwon kifi yayin da salmon da shellfish suka mutu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trainer |first=Vera L. |last2=Moore |first2=Stephanie K. |last3=Hallegraeff |first3=Gustaaf |last4=Kudela |first4=Raphael M. |last5=Clement |first5=Alejandro |last6=Mardones |first6=Jorge I. |last7=Cochlan |first7=William P. |date=2020-01-01 |title=Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature's experiments with extremes |journal=Harmful Algae |series=Climate change and harmful algal blooms |volume=91 |bibcode=2020HAlga..9101591T |doi=10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.009 |issn=1568-9883 |pmid=32057339 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Rage kayan aikin gona === Ruwa na zafi babban barazana ne ga samar da aikin gona. A cikin raƙuman zafi na 2019 a yankin Mulanje na [[Malawi]] sun haɗa da yanayin zafi har zuwa {{Cvt|40|°C}} ° C (104 ° F). Wannan da kuma ƙarshen lokacin ruwan sama sun ƙone ganyen shayi kuma sun rage amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi heatwaves threaten tea yields and livelihoods |url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/news/malawi-heatwaves-threaten-tea-yields-and-livelihoods/ |access-date=2020-09-24 |publisher=Future Climate Africa |archive-date=2021-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318071126/https://futureclimateafrica.org/news/malawi-heatwaves-threaten-tea-yields-and-livelihoods/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Dabbobi masu noma ==== {{excerpt|Effects of climate change on livestock#Health impacts of heat stress}}Dabbobi suna da kewayon haƙuri wanda ke bayyana yanayin zafi inda suke aiki mafi kyau. Yanayin zafin jiki da ke waje da wannan kewayon na iya fuskantar raguwar lafiya da rashin iya haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=N. A. |last2=Stillman |first2=J. H. |title=Physiological Optima and Critical Limits |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/physiological-optima-and-critical-limits-45749376/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Scitable |publisher=Nature |language=en}}</ref> Nau'in da ke da isasshen bambancin kwayar halitta za su iya tabbatar da cewa wasu mutane za su iya tsira daga kwanakin da za su iya zama ruwan dare a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Extreme heat triggers mass die-offs and stress for wildlife in the West |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/extreme-heat-triggers-mass-die-offs-and-stress-for-wildlife-in-the-west |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref> Rashin zafi na teku na iya haifar da mutuwar jama'a a cikin yawan kifaye, musamman ga nau'in da suka fi dacewa da yanayin sanyi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Burrows |first2=Michael T. |last3=Hobday |first3=Alistair J. |last4=King |first4=Nathan G. |last5=Moore |first5=Pippa J. |last6=Sen Gupta |first6=Alex |last7=Thomsen |first7=Mads S. |last8=Wernberg |first8=Thomas |last9=Smale |first9=Dan A. |date=2023-01-16 |title=Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437 |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=119–145 |bibcode=2023ARMS...15..119S |doi=10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437 |issn=1941-1405 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Nau'in da suka saba da yanayin zafi na iya fadada kewayon su a lokacin zafi. Wadannan nau'o'in mamayewa na iya cinye nau'o-in'in da ke fuskantar mutuwa mafi girma a lokacin zafi, wanda ke rushe aikin yanayin halittu.<ref name=":03" /> Har ila yau, ana danganta ruwan zafi na ruwa tare da mummunar tasiri a kan nau'ikan tushe kamar coral da kelp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smale |first=Dan A. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Oliver |first3=Eric C. J. |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mads |last5=Harvey |first5=Ben P. |last6=Straub |first6=Sandra C. |last7=Burrows |first7=Michael T. |last8=Alexander |first8=Lisa V. |last9=Benthuysen |first9=Jessica A. |last10=Donat |first10=Markus G. |last11=Feng |first11=Ming |last12=Hobday |first12=Alistair J. |last13=Holbrook |first13=Neil J. |last14=Perkins-Kirkpatrick |first14=Sarah E. |last15=Scannell |first15=Hillary A. |date=April 2019 |title=Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |bibcode=2019NatCC...9..306S |doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 |issn=1758-6798 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Zaɓuɓɓuka don rage tasirin mutane == Wata hanyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a a lokacin raƙuman zafi ita ce kafa cibiyoyin sanyaya na jama'a. Ƙara iska mai sanyaya a makarantu yana ba da wurin aiki mai sanyi. Amma zai iya haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai guba sai dai idan an yi amfani da Hasken rana. Masu tsara manufofi, masu ba da kuɗi da masu bincike sun kirkiro hadin gwiwar Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance a karkashin Majalisar Atlantic. Wannan yana ba da shawara don ba da suna ga raƙuman zafi, auna su, da kuma sanya su don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance: Reducing Extreme Heat Risk for Vulnerable People |url=https://wcr.ethz.ch/news-and-events/EHRA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821212642/https://wcr.ethz.ch/news-and-events/EHRA.html |archive-date=21 August 2020 |access-date=2020-09-02 |publisher=wcr.ethz.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2020 |title=The world's getting hotter. Can naming heat waves raise awareness of the risks? |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-19/world-s-getting-hotter-can-naming-heat-waves-raise-awareness-risks |access-date=2020-09-02 |publisher=The World from PRX}}</ref>{{excerpt|List of heat waves#2024}} === Indiya === {{excerpt|2024 Indian heat wave}}{{excerpt|2024 Southeast Asia heat wave}} === China === Wani bincike ya gano matsakaitan mazauna kasar Sin sun fuskanci tsananin zafi na kwanaki 16 a shekarar 2023, inda sama da mutane 37,000 suka mutu sakamakon tsananin zafi. Ban da wannan kuma, adadin sa'o'in aikin da aka yi hasarar saboda tsananin zafi a kasar Sin ya kai biliyan 36.9 a shekarar 2023, kuma jama'ar kasar Sin sun sami karuwar kashi 60 cikin 100 na sa'o'in ayyukan da ba amintacce a waje ba, inda kowane mutum ya yi asarar sa'o'i 2.2 a matsakaicin kowace rana. Binciken ya yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2060, ana sa ran mace-macen da ke da nasaba da zafin rana zai kai 29,000 zuwa 38,000 a kasar Sin, inda aka yi hasarar karuwar sa'o'in aiki da kashi 28% zuwa 37%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ding Rui |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Heat Wave-Related Deaths Soared in China in 2023, Report Finds |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1016149 |website=[[Sixth Tone]]}}</ref> === Amurka ===   A watan Yulin 2019, akwai mutane sama da miliyan 50 a Amurka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da shawarwarin zafi. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa za a karya rikodin da yawa na mafi girman yanayin zafi a cikin kwanaki bayan waɗannan gargadi. Wannan yana nufin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin sa'o'i 24 zai zama mafi girma fiye da kowane ƙarancin zafi da aka auna a baya. Dangane da binciken 2022, mutane miliyan 107 a Amurka za su fuskanci zafi mai haɗari sosai a cikin shekara ta 2053.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Brandon |last2=Waldrop |first2=Theresa |date=2022-08-16 |title=An 'extreme heat belt' will impact over 100 million Americans in the next 30 years, study finds |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/15/weather/extreme-heat-belt-us-impact-study-climate/index.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Tashin zafi shine mafi munin yanayi na yanayi a Amurka. A tsakanin shekara ta 1992 zuwa 2001, an kashe mutane 2,190 daga zafin da ya wuce kima a Amurka, idan aka kwatanta da mutuwar mutane 880 daga ambaliya da 150 daga guguwa mai zafi. Kimanin mutane 400 ne ke mutuwa a shekara a matsakaici kai tsaye sakamakon zafi a Amurka. Guguwar zafi ta Chicago a shekarar 1995, daya daga cikin mafi muni a tarihin Amurka, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan 739 masu alaka da zafi a cikin kwanaki 5. A Amurka, asarar rayukan bil'adama da ake yi a lokacin zafi a lokacin rani ya zarce wanda sauran al'amuran yanayi ke haifarwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da walƙiya, ruwan sama, ambaliya, guguwa, da guguwa Kimanin Amurkawa 6,200 suna buƙatar magani a asibiti a kowane bazara, bisa ga bayanan daga 2008. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan zafi, kuma wadanda ke cikin haɗari mafi girma matalauta ne, marasa inshora ko tsofaffi. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin matsanancin zafin jiki da mace-mace a Amurka ta bambanta da wuri. Zafi na iya kara barazanar mutuwa a garuruwan arewacin kasar fiye da yankunan kudancin kasar. Gabaɗaya, mutane a Amurka suna da alama suna daidaita yanayin zafi a arewa kowace shekara goma. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, ƙarin ƙirar gine-gine na zamani da ingantaccen wayar da kan jama'a<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert E. Davis |last2=Paul C. Knappenberger |last3=Patrick J. Michaels |last4=Wendy M. Novicoff |date=November 2003 |title=Changing heat-related mortality in the United States |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=111 |issue=14 |pages=1712–1718 |bibcode=2003EnvHP.111.1712D |doi=10.1289/ehp.6336 |pmc=1241712 |pmid=14594620}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0zoucrs5hmv7hbfy28oz6bq2hsouwpi 0 113496 883802 857655 2026-07-16T02:05:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cinikin jima'i na yanar gizo''', cin zarafin jima'i kai tsaye, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2020 |title=Child Sex Abuse Livestreams Increase During Coronavirus Lockdowns |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/08/828827926/child-sex-abuse-livestreams-increase-during-coronavirus-lockdowns |website=NPR}}</ref> yawon shakatawa na jima'i / cin zarafin yanar gizo ko ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) -sabilized jima'i cin zarafi <ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 2020 |title=Improving the regulation of cybersex trafficking of women and children through the use of data science and artificial intelligence |url=https://repository.gchumanrights.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11825/1811/Stockhem%20Oph%c3%a9lie.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Global Campus of Human Rights}}</ref> wani laifi ne na yanar gizo wanda ya shafi fataucin jima'i da kuma kai tsaye watsa shirye-shiryen jima'i ayyukan jima'i masu jima'i a kan kyamarar gizo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Masri |first=Lena |date=2015-12-31 |title=Webcam Child Sex Abuse |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gj_etds/64 |journal=Capstones}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated11">{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2019 |title=After Fleeing North Korea, Women Get Trapped as Cybersex Slaves in China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/13/world/asia/north-korea-cybersex-china.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="northKoreanWomenForced">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=North Korean women 'forced into sex slavery' in China – report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48340210 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="CriminalLawBulletin">{{Cite journal |last=Carback |first=Joshua T. |date=2018 |title=Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response |journal=Criminal Law Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=64–183 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Cybersex Trafficking |url=https://www.ijmuk.org/our-work/cybersex-trafficking |website=IJM}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2013 |title=Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/philippines-cybersex-trafficking/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> Cinikin jima'i na yanar gizo ya bambanta da sauran [[Sex crimes|Laifukan jima'i]].<ref name="CriminalLawBulletin2">{{Cite journal |last=Carback |first=Joshua T. |date=2018 |title=Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response |journal=Criminal Law Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=64–183 |ref=none}}</ref> Wadanda abin ya shafa ana jigilar su ne ta hanyar masu fataucin mutane zuwa 'cybersex dens', <ref name="autogenerated52">{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2020 |title=Senator warns of possible surge in child cybersex traffic |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/04/13/2006955/senator-warns-possible-surge-child-cybersex-traffic |website=The Philippine Star}}</ref> waɗanda wurare ne tare da kyamarorin yanar gizo <ref name="autogenerated62">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2019 |title=Duterte's drug war and child cybersex trafficking |url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/dutertes-drug-war-and-child-cybersex-trafficking |website=The ASEAN Post}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated152">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Norwegian national, partner nabbed; 4 rescued from cybersex den |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/05/01/norwegian-national-partner-nabbed-4-rescued-from-cybersex-den/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013030/https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/05/01/norwegian-national-partner-nabbed-4-rescued-from-cybersex-den/ |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |access-date=May 10, 2020 |website=Manila Bulletin}}</ref> da na'urorin da ke haɗe da intanet tare da software mai gudana kai tsaye.<ref name="EnforcementBulletin2">{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2016 |title=International Efforts by Police Leadership to Combat Human Trafficking |url=https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/international-efforts-by-police-leadership-to-combat-human-trafficking |website=FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Cybersex Trafficking |url=https://www.ijmuk.org/our-work/cybersex-trafficking |website=IJM}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2017 |title=Child sex abuse live streams rising at 'alarming rate' amid surge in 'cybersex trafficking' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/child-sex-abuse-live-streams-cyber-trafficking-rise-alarming-rate-latest-warning-a8058866.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> A can, ana tilasta wadanda abin ya shafa yin jima'i a kansu ko wasu mutane a cikin [[Bautar Jima'i|bautar jima'i]] ko kuma masu fataucin mutane suka yi musu fyade ko kuma taimaka wa masu kai farmaki a cikin [[Streaming media|Bidiyo na kai tsaye]].<ref name="northKoreanWomenForced2">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=North Korean women 'forced into sex slavery' in China – report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48340210 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated262">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Andy |date=June 7, 2016 |title=Safe from harm: Tackling online child sexual abuse in the Philippines |url=https://blogs.unicef.org/east-asia-pacific/safe-harm-tackling-online-child-sexual-abuse-philippines/ |website=UNICEF Blogs}}</ref> Ana umarci wadanda abin ya shafa akai-akai su kalli masu amfani da nesa da ke biyan kuɗi ko masu siye a kan allo da aka raba kuma su bi umarnin su.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2013 |title=Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/philippines-cybersex-trafficking/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="northKoreanDefectors2">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=These North Korean defectors were sold into China as cybersex slaves. Then they escaped |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/09/asia/north-korea-defectors-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2013 |title=Man jailed in Sweden for ordering webcam rape in Philippines |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/9793567/Man-jailed-in-Sweden-for-ordering-webcam-rape-in-Philippines.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/9793567/Man-jailed-in-Sweden-for-ordering-webcam-rape-in-Philippines.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Sau da yawa nau'in karuwanci ne na tilasta wa mutane.<ref name="autogenerated252">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Child Sexual Exploitation |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/child-sexual-exploitation |website=Europol}}</ref><ref name="northKoreanWomenForced2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greiman |first=Virginia |last2=Bain |first2=Christina |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=The Emergence of Cyber Activity as a Gateway to Human Trafficking |journal=Journal of Information Warfare |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=41–49 |ref=none}} p. 43.</ref> Mata, yara, da mutanen da ke cikin talauci suna da matukar damuwa ga tilasta jima'i ta intanet.<ref name="autogenerated32">{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2020 |title=Police rescue 4 women, child from Dumaguete cybersex den |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/306570/police-rescue-4-women-child-from-dumaguete-cybersex-den |website=Cebu Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2013 |title=Australian arrested over alleged cybersex den |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-19/australian-arrested-over-alleged-cybersex-den/4640336 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2013 |title=In cybersex den: Dutchman nabbed, 8 women rescued |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/region/2013/08/09/1070351/cybersex-den-dutchman-nabbed-8-women-rescued |website=The Freeman}}</ref><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2016 |title=IJM Seeks to End Cybersex Trafficking of Children and #RestartFreedom this Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedom-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html |website=PR Newswire}}</ref> Hotunan sadarwa na kwamfuta da aka samar a lokacin aikata laifuka wani nau'in hotunan batsa ne na fyade ko [[Child pornography|Hotunan batsa na yara]] wanda aka yi fim kuma aka watsa shi a ainihin lokacin kuma ana iya yin rikodin shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal |url=https://cybercrime.gov.in/Webform/FAQ.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515145407/https://www.cybercrime.gov.in/Webform/FAQ.aspx |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |access-date=May 12, 2020 |website=India India}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated132">{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2017 |title=Philippines Makes More Child Cybersex Crime Arrests, Rescues |url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/philippines-makes-more-child-cybersex-crime-arrests-rescues |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521223759/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/philippines-makes-more-child-cybersex-crime-arrests-rescues |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated222">{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2014 |title=Philippine children exploited in billion-dollar webcam paedophilia industry |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/philippine-children-exploited-in-billiondollar-webcam-paedophilia-industry-20140708-zszsd.html |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated212">{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2017 |title=First paedophile in NSW charged with cybersex trafficking |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/first-paedophile-in-nsw-charged-with-cybersex-trafficking/news-story/bd7d1e178b1f6f55ad99f8d0433afa94 |website=the Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated192">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Study on the Effects of New Information Technologies on the Abuse and Exploitation of Children |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/Cybercrime/Study_on_the_Effects.pdf |website=UNODC}}</ref> Babu wani bayani game da girman fataucin jima'i na cyber a duniya.<ref name="autogenerated16">{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2019 |title=Philippines targets cybersex trafficking but young victims are often left in limbo |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3008948/philippines-targets-cybersex-trafficking-young-victims-are |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated9">{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2019 |title=Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/global-taskforce-tackles-cybersex-child-trafficking-in-the-philippines-idUSKCN1RR1D1 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Surge in online sex trade of children challenges anti-slavery campaigners |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-conference-women-cybersextrafficking/surge-in-online-sex-trade-of-children-challenges-anti-slavery-campaigners-idUSKBN13Q54E |website=Reuters}}</ref> Fasahar gano duk abubuwan da suka faru na aikata laifuka na kai tsaye ba a riga an haɓaka ta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2020 |title=Internet child sex abuse contagion in PH: 8 out of 10 perpetrators related to victims |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1278960/internet-child-sex-abuse-contagion-in-ph-8-out-of-10-perpetrators-related-to-victims |website=Inquirer}}</ref> Ana aika miliyoyin rahotanni game da fataucin jima'i ga hukumomi a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2018 |title=1st Session, 42nd Parliament, Volume 150, Issue 194 |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/421/debates/194db_2018-04-18-e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210012704/https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/421/debates/194db_2018-04-18-e |archive-date=December 10, 2024 |website=Senate of Canada}}</ref> [daidaitaccen tabbaci] Yana da masana'antar biliyan, haramtacciyar doka wanda aka kawo tare da Digital Age kuma yana da alaƙa da duniya.<ref name="autogenerated22">{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2014 |title=Philippine children exploited in billion-dollar webcam paedophilia industry |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/philippine-children-exploited-in-billiondollar-webcam-paedophilia-industry-20140708-zszsd.html |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2016 |title=IJM Seeks to End Cybersex Trafficking of Children and #RestartFreedom this Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedom-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html |website=PR Newswire}}</ref> Ya tashi daga fadada sadarwa a duniya da yaduwar intanet da wayoyin salula na zamani, musamman a Kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name=":2"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2018 |title=Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking-n886886 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated17">{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2019 |title=Former UK army officer jailed for online child sex abuse |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-trafficking-crime/former-uk-army-officer-jailed-for-online-child-sex-abuse-idUSKCN1SS2BO |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Cybersex trafficking spreads across Southeast Asia, fuelled by internet boom. And the law lags behind |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3026664/how-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder-tackle-cybersex |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Har ila yau, an sauƙaƙe shi ta hanyar amfani da software, tsarin sadarwa mai ɓoye, da fasahar cibiyar sadarwa waɗanda ke ci gaba da canzawa, da kuma ci gaban tsarin Biyan kuɗi a kan layi na duniya tare da sabis na canja wurin waya da kuma cryptocurrencies waɗanda ke ɓoye asalin mai ciniki.<ref name="autogenerated28">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2018 |title=Chasing Shadows: Can technology save the slaves it snared? |url=https://news.trust.org/shorthand/chasing-shadows/ |website=Thomson Reuters Foundation}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated24">{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2020 |title=No country is free from child sexual abuse, exploitation, UN's top rights forum hears |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1058501 |website=UN News |access-date=August 12, 2025 |archive-date=May 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520115523/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1058501 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated25">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Child Sexual Exploitation |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/child-sexual-exploitation |website=Europol}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="autogenerated9" /><ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2018 |title=Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-technology/webcam-slavery-tech-turns-filipino-families-into-cybersex-child-traffickers-idUSKBN1JE00X |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2019 |title=How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labour in Asia |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3008403/how-internet-fuels-sexual-exploitation-and-forced-labour |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated23">{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2020 |title=Online child sex abuse rises with COVID-19 lockdowns: Europol |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-eu-crime/online-child-sex-abuse-rises-with-covid-19-lockdowns-europol-idUSKBN22U1XK |website=Reuters}}</ref> Yanayin [[Transnational crime|kasa da kasa]] da kuma sikelin duniya na fataucin jima'i na cyber yana buƙatar amsawar hadin gwiwa daga kasashe, kamfanoni, da kungiyoyi na duniya don rage abubuwan da suka faru na aikata laifuka; <ref name="autogenerated263">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Andy |date=June 7, 2016 |title=Safe from harm: Tackling online child sexual abuse in the Philippines |url=https://blogs.unicef.org/east-asia-pacific/safe-harm-tackling-online-child-sexual-abuse-philippines/ |website=UNICEF Blogs}}</ref> karewa, ceto, da kuma farfado da wadanda abin ya shafa; da kamawa da gurfanar da masu aikata laifukan. Wasu gwamnatoci sun fara bayar da shawarwari da kamfen din kafofin watsa labarai wanda ke mai da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da laifin. Sun kuma aiwatar da tarurrukan horo da aka gudanar don koyar da tilasta bin doka, masu gabatar da kara, da sauran hukumomi, da kuma ma'aikatan [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], don yaki da aikata laifuka da samar da sabis na kulawa da ke da bayanai game da rauni.<ref name="autogenerated182">{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2019 |title='We didn't have much to eat': Poverty pushes some kids towards paid sex abuse in the Philippines |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/poverty-pushes-some-kids-towards-paid-sex-abuse-philippines-10839702 |website=CNA}}</ref> Sabon doka da ke yaki da fataucin jima'i na yanar gizo ana buƙatar shi a cikin karni na ashirin da ɗaya.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Matthew M.|url-status=Klastrup}} pp. 201-203.</ref><ref name="autogenerated82">{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Cybersex trafficking spreads across Southeast Asia, fuelled by internet boom. And the law lags behind |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3026664/how-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder-tackle-cybersex |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> == Kalmomin == Cyber-, a matsayin nau'in haɗuwa, an bayyana shi a matsayin 'haɗe da hanyoyin sadarwa na lantarki, musamman intanet.' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=cyber- combining form |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cyber |website=Oxford Learners Dictionaries}}</ref> Cinikin jima'i shine [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] don manufar cin zarafin jima'i, gami da bautar jima'i. Wadanda ke fama da fataucin jima'i na yanar gizo ana fataucin su ko kuma ana kai su 'yankin cybersex', waɗanda ke da ɗakuna ko wurare tare da kyamarar yanar gizo.<ref name="EnforcementBulletin">{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2016 |title=International Efforts by Police Leadership to Combat Human Trafficking |url=https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/international-efforts-by-police-leadership-to-combat-human-trafficking |website=FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin}}</ref> Har ila yau, [[Cybercrime|Laifin yanar gizo]] ya haɗa da jigilar ko yawo da hotuna na jikin wadanda abin ya shafa da kuma cin zarafin jima'i a ainihin lokacin ta hanyar kwamfuta tare da kyamarar yanar gizo zuwa wasu kwamfutocin da aka haɗa da intanet.<ref name="CriminalLawBulletin"/><ref name="autogenerated11"/><ref name=":2"/> Don haka yana faruwa a wani bangare a cikin zahiri ko duniyar zahiri, kamar yadda cin zarafin jima'i na gaske ne, kuma a wani bangere a cikin cyberspace.<ref name="Scotsman">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2020 |title=Children at risk of increased online sexual exploitation – Andrew Bevan |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/children-risk-increased-online-sexual-exploitation-andrew-bevan-2867326 |website=The Scotsman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Philippine court convicts American of online child abuse |url=https://www.wilx.com/content/news/Philippine-court-convicts-American-of-online-child-abuse-570819341.html |website=WILX NBC}}</ref> == Wadanda aka azabtar == Wadanda abin ya shafa, galibi mata <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2019 |title=Sri Lankan made Filipina wife 'cybersex slave' and molested stepdaughter |url=https://philippineslifestyle.com/sri-lankan-bulacan-cybersex-slave/ |website=PLN}}</ref> <ref name="deutscheWelle">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=China: Thousands of North Korean women forced into prostitution: report |url=https://www.dw.com/en/about-dw/profile/s-30688 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> da yara, <ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2020 |title=Police rescue 4 women, child from Dumaguete cybersex den |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/306570/police-rescue-4-women-child-from-dumaguete-cybersex-den |website=Cebu Daily News}}</ref> an sace su, <ref name="northKoreanWomenForced"/> barazana, ko yaudare su. [5]<ref name="northKoreanDefectors">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=These North Korean defectors were sold into China as cybersex slaves. Then they escaped |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/09/asia/north-korea-defectors-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Sauran suna shan miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2020 |title=Drugged Pinays paid P300 for cybersex |url=https://journal.com.ph/news/provincial/drugged-pinays-paid-p300-cybersex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521223836/https://journal.com.ph/news/provincial/drugged-pinays-paid-p300-cybersex |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 13, 2020 |website=Journal Online (Philippines)}}</ref> Ana tsare su kuma an kulle su a cikin ɗakuna da aka rufe ko babu windows da kuma kyamarar yanar gizo.<ref name="northKoreanDefectors" /><ref name=":2" /> Suna fuskantar rauni na jiki da na tunani.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="autogenerated22"/><ref name="autogenerated18">{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2019 |title='We didn't have much to eat': Poverty pushes some kids towards paid sex abuse in the Philippines |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/poverty-pushes-some-kids-towards-paid-sex-abuse-philippines-10839702 |website=CNA}}</ref> Cin zarafin rukuni ya faru ne a kan kyamarar yanar gizo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2017 |title=Attackers broadcast woman's horrific gang rape on Facebook Live as webcam shows the moment police arrived to save the victim |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11787312 |website=The New Zealand Herald }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana tilasta wa wasu su yi jima'i da dangi.<ref name="autogenerated16"/> An hana wadanda abin ya shafa abinci, an hana su barci, kuma an tilasta su yin aiki lokacin da suke rashin lafiya. <ref name="northKoreanDefectors" /><ref name="autogenerated7" /><ref name="autogenerated11"/> Sun kamu da cututtuka, gami da [[tarin fuka]], yayin da suke cikin bauta.<ref name="autogenerated11" /> An kai wa wasu hari ko kuma an [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da su.<ref name="autogenerated11" /><ref name="northKoreanDefectors" /><ref name="autogenerated21">{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2017 |title=First paedophile in NSW charged with cybersex trafficking |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/first-paedophile-in-nsw-charged-with-cybersex-trafficking/news-story/bd7d1e178b1f6f55ad99f8d0433afa94 |website=the Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated20">{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2017 |title=Why Are Australian Telcos and ISPs Enabling a Child Sexual Abuse Pandemic? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/why-are-australian-telcos-and-isps-enabling-a-child-sexual-abuse/10095644 |website=ABC}}</ref> Masu aikata laifin suna amfani da Facebook, <ref name="autogenerated21"/> <ref name="autogenerated28"/> <ref name="BrusselsTimes">{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2018 |title=Five years in jail for "rape at a distance" for online abuser |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/belgium-all-news/justice-belgium/50940/five-years-in-jail-for-rape-at-a-distance-for-online-abuser/ |website=The Brussels Times}}</ref> Instagram, <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2023 |title=Sextortion (webcam blackmail) |url=https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/what-we-do/crime-threats/kidnap-and-extortion/sextortion-webcam-blackmail |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821094939/https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/what-we-do/crime-threats/kidnap-and-extortion/sextortion-webcam-blackmail |archive-date=August 21, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2022 |website=www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk}}</ref> da sauran fasahar kafofin sada zumunta. <ref name="autogenerated1"/> <ref name="autogenerated4"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9emkbli12b1gakzpi2q0rs0kvv15s24 0 114091 883791 699919 2026-07-15T23:46:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883791 wikitext text/x-wiki   Cibiyar kare hakkin jama'a da kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa gidan tarihi ce da aka sadaukar don nasarorin da kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta samu a Amurka da kuma faffadan fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama a duniya. Ana zaune a cikin garin [[Atlanta]], Jojiya, gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe wa jama'a a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2014. == Tarihi == Evelyn Lowery, matar Joseph Lowery, Juanita Abernathy, gwauruwar [[Ralph Abernathy]]. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na motsi don ba da haƙƙin jama'a ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka a cikin shekarun 1960. <ref name="Emory">{{Cite web |last=Charles McNair |date=Spring 2009 |title=The Dream Center |url=http://www.emory.edu/EMORY_MAGAZINE/2009/spring/center.html |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=Emory Magazine |publisher=Emory Creative Group |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606150439/https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_MAGAZINE/2009/spring/center.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lowery ya sadu da Magajin garin Shirley Franklin a shekara ta 2001, wanda ya yi farin ciki da manufar gidan kayan gargajiya da ke girmama tarihin kare hakkin bil'adama na Atlanta, amma saboda matsalolin da suka fi dacewa da kudaden birnin, magajin garin bai iya taimakawa sosai ba.<ref name="AJC-opening">{{Cite web |last=Bo Emerson |date=20 June 2014 |title=How new rights museum carries Atlanta's story forward |url=http://www.myajc.com/news/news/how-new-rights-museum-carries-atlantas-story-forwa/ngPLy/?icmp=ajc_internallink_invitationbox_apr2013_ajcstub1#4174d5c4.3649036.735429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723082701/http://www.myajc.com/news/news/how-new-rights-museum-carries-atlantas-story-forwa/ngPLy/?icmp=ajc_internallink_invitationbox_apr2013_ajcstub1#4174d5c4.3649036.735429 |archive-date=July 23, 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |website=myajc.com |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sake haduwa a shekara ta 2005, a wannan lokacin magajin gari ya sanya hannu kan aikin, inda aka kafa cibiyar a shekara ta 2007.<ref name="Emory" /> Ka biyar na gine-gine sun gabatar da shawarwarin ƙirar su a cikin shekara ta .<ref name="Emory"/> Cibiyar ta zaɓi ƙirar da masanin gine-gine Philip Freelon ya tsara don gidan kayan gargajiya mai murabba'in ƙafa 90,000 (8,400 m2) <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Jamie Gumbrecht |date=23 June 2014 |title=The rise of the civil rights museum |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/23/living/atlanta-civil-rights-museum/ |access-date=23 June 2014 |website=CNN.com |publisher=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.}}</ref> wanda zai fashe a cikin 2010 kuma ya buɗe a cikin 2012.<ref name="AJC-downsize">{{Cite web |last=Leon Stafford |date=7 March 2011 |title=Civil rights center to break ground in October, open in 2013 |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local/civil-rights-center-to-break-ground-in-october-ope/nQrKh/ |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=ajc.com |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref><ref name="AJC-delay">{{Cite web |last=Kelly Yamanouchi |date=22 October 2010 |title=Center for Civil and Human Rights pushed back a year |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local/center-for-civil-and-human-rights-pushed-back-a-ye/nQmK6/ |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=ajc.com |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref> Gidan yanar gizon {{Convert|2.5|acre|ha}} na gidan kayan gargajiya, a Pemberton Place, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ne ya ba da gudummawa kuma yana kusa da shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido guda uku; Georgia Aquarium, Duniya ta Coca-Cola, da Centennial Olympic Park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erin Moriarty |date=14 May 2007 |title=Turning a dream into reality |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2007/05/14/story2.html?page=all |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=Atlanta Business Chronicle |publisher=American City Business Journals}}</ref> Koyaya, saboda Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki, tara kuɗi ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yadda ake tsammani.<ref name="AJC-downsize"/> Taimako daga Delta Air Lines da masu ba da agaji na gida, ciki har da mai Atlanta Falcons da kuma mai haɗin gwiwar The Home Depot Arthur Blank, wanda kowannensu ya ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 1 yana sannu a hankali. Amma a watan Oktoba na 2010, babban jami'in cibiyar, Doug Shipman, ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a jinkirta gidan kayan gargajiya na shekara guda, tare da kaddamar da ginin a shekara ta 2011 kuma a bude a 2013.<ref name="AJC-delay"/> A cikin Maris 2011, cibiyar ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta rage shirye-shiryen gidan kayan gargajiya, tare da rage girmansa zuwa murabba'in murabba'in 63,000 (5,900 m2) don rage sararin da ba a amfani da shi; filin nunin da aka tsara bai canza ba a murabba'in murabba'in 30,000 (2,800 m2).<ref name="AJC-downsize" /> A watan Disa na shekara ta , cibiyar ta ba da sanarwar wani canji a cikin shirye-shiryen gidan kayan gargajiya, ta zaɓi gina wurin a matakai uku, tare da farkon {{Convert|35000|sqft|sqm}} m2) a watan Yunin 2012 da kuma bude Ranar Tunawa ta 2014. <ref name="AJC-groundbreak">{{Cite web |last=Leon Stafford |date=12 June 2012 |title=Civil Rights Center moves forward after long delay |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/business/civil-rights-center-moves-forward-after-long-delay/nQWRY/ |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=ajc.com |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref> Canjin ya samo asali ne daga barazanar rasa dala miliyan 28.5 daga asusun rarraba haraji na gundumar idan ba a fara aikin ba a watan Yunin 2012. <ref name="AJC-groundbreak" /> A ƙarshe an kafa shi ne a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2012, a cikin wani bikin da manyan mutane da yawa suka halarta, gami da magajin garin Atlanta na yanzu Kasim Reed da tsoffin magajin gari Franklin da Young.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Center For Civil & Human Rights Groundbreaking Held |url=http://atlantadailyworld.com/2012/07/02/center-for-civil-human-rights-groundbreaking-held/ |access-date=15 July 2014 |website=atlantadailyworld.com}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2019, cibiyar mai suna Jill Savitt a matsayin Shugaba, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2019. Ta shiga cibiyar ne daga Cibiyar Kariya ta Simon-Skjodt don Kare kisan kiyashi a gidan tarihin Holocaust Memorial na Amurka inda ta yi aiki a matsayin darekta. Ta maye gurbin Brian Tolleson, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Shugaba na wucin gadi. Ya ci gaba da hidima a kwamitin tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New leader tapped for human rights center in Atlanta |url=http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/business/article225293565.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131093605/https://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/business/article225293565.html |archive-date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=January 30, 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an gayyaci Bobby Grier tare da dangi da Blake Van Leer don yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grier Family Announces Project And Celebrated Juneteenth In Atlanta |url=https://menafn.com/1106448148/Grier-Family-Announces-Project-And-Celebrated-Juneteenth-In-Atlanta |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka nuna == [[Fayil:National_Center_for_Civil_and_Human_Rights_-_Main_hall.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Babban zauren ginin]] Cibiyar tana gudanar da nune-nune da dama, na dindindin da na wucin gadi, waɗanda ba wai kawai ke ba da labarin tarihin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a a Amurka ba, har ma da yadda wannan lokacin ke da alaƙa da gwagwarmayar haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani a duniya. A lokacin ci gaban zamani na gidan kayan gargajiya, an ƙaddara cewa matsakaicin maziyartan gidan kayan gargajiya zai fi sanin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya a [[Sudan]] ko [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] fiye da abubuwan da sun faru a Selma, Alabama, kuma cewa tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kadai ba zai isa ya ci gaba da kayan aikin ba.<ref name="AJC-opening"/> Gidan kayan gargajiya a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi nune-nunen dindindin guda uku, wanda matsakaicin baƙo zai iya kallo a cikin kimanin minti 75.<ref name="AJC-details">{{Cite web |last=Bo Emerson |date=20 June 2014 |title=What to expect at new civil rights museum in Atlanta |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/entertainment/what-to-expect-at-new-national-rights-center-in-at/ngMMw/ |access-date=15 July 2014 |website=ajc.com |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref> Su ne: '''"Murya ga Murya mara Magana: Kwalejin Morehouse Martin Luther King, Jr. Collection"''' ya ƙunshi kayan mutum waɗanda ke na Dokta [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref name="AJC-details"/> An samo tarin ne a shekara ta 2006 lokacin da dukiyar Sarki ta yanke shawarar sayar da wasu wasikunsa da takardu a gwanjo.<ref name="AJC-opening"/> Kafin a gudanar da gwanjon, duk da haka, Magajin garin Franklin ya kaddamar da yunkurin sayen su don dala miliyan 32, tare da Kwalejin Morehouse mallakar tarin kuma cibiyar tana da haƙƙin nuna shi.<ref name="AJC-opening" /> Nunin ya ba da labarin Sarki daga ƙuruciyarsa har zuwa kisan kai da sakamakonsa kuma ya haɗa da irin waɗannan takardu kamar rubutun "Letter from Birmingham Jail" da "Drum Major Instinct", wa'azin Sarki da ya gabatar ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwarsa.<ref name="AJC-details" /> "Rolls Down Like Water: The American Civil Rights Movement" wani tashar hulɗa ce wanda ke buɗewa tare da misalai na rarrabewa a Amurka kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin [[Dokokin Jim Crow]] da alamun da ke nuna wuraren a matsayin "fararen kawai".<ref name="AJC-details"/> George C. Wolfe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya lashe Kyautar Tony, ya tsara tashar zuwa sassa da yawa, kowannensu ya nuna wani muhimmin abu a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama, kamar ''Brown vs. Hukumar Ilimi''.<ref name="AJC-details" /> Yawancin abubuwan da aka nuna suna hulɗa, gami da sakewa na wurin cin abincin rana tare da belun kunne waɗanda ke kwaikwayon zargi da barazanar da aka yi wa masu gwagwarmaya.<ref name="AJC-details" /> "Spark of Conviction: The Global Human Rights Movement", ba kamar sauran nune-nunen ba, ba layi ba ne a cikin zane.<ref name="AJC-details"/> Nunin ya haɗa da tashar masu mulkin kama karya, kamar [[Adolf Hitler]] da Augusto Pinochet, kuma yana fuskantar su da hotuna na masu gwagwarmayar zamani waɗanda ke aiki don inganta yanayin mata da LGBT a duniya.<ref name="AJC-details" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan, wanda ake kira "Wane ne Ka Yi Ni", yana bawa baƙi damar bayyana kansu ta amfani da wani hali - kamar addininsu ko jinsi - kuma yana nuna musu mutumin da ake tsanantawa a ƙasarsu saboda wannan hali.<ref name="AJC-details" /> == Tsarin gini == Gine-ginen cibiyar Philip Freelon ne suka kirkiro tsarin cibiyar tare da haɗin gwiwar HOK. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<''&#x5D;</sup> == Karɓar baƙi == A farkon shekara ta 2014, jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta kira Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Bil'adama a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan dalilan ziyarar Atlanta a shekara ta 2014, tare da titin Atlanta da za a bude ba da daɗewa ba da sauran sabbin abubuwan jan hankali. A cikin cikakken bita game da cibiyar a watan Yunin 2014, Edward Rothstein na Times ya kira wurin "mai rinjaye".<ref name="NYT-Review">{{Cite web |last=Edward Rothstein |date=22 June 2014 |title=The Harmony of Liberty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/23/arts/design/national-center-for-civil-and-human-rights-opens-in-atlanta.html?_r=0 |access-date=23 July 2014 |website=nytimes.com Company}}</ref> Rothstein ya yaba da ƙirar nune-nunen haƙƙin jama'a a matsayin "an aiwatar da shi sosai" da kuma "babban tushen roko na cibiyar".<ref name="NYT-Review" /> Koyaya, Rothstein ya ɗauki matsala tare da abun da ke cikin nune-nunen haƙƙin ɗan adam, yana kiran wasu abubuwan da ke cikin nunin "da son rai" kuma a ƙarshe "ya bar mu da ƙarin tambayoyi fiye da fahimta".<ref name="NYT-Review" /> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen tarihi da aka mayar da hankali ga Afrikawan Amurka|Jerin gidajen tarihi da aka mayar da hankali ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Ƙarin karantawa == * Ci gaban Tsakiyar Atlanta (Disamba 2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110108204354/http://www.atlantaga.gov/mayor/civilhumanrights_122006.aspx Rahoton Kungiyar Aiki] ''Birnin Atlanta'' == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.civilandhumanrights.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|33.7640|-84.3931|type:landmark_region:US-GA}} s51icx4anh35wzopiem8af5x2b4ybhd 0 114092 883697 789070 2026-07-15T18:10:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''María Cecilia Suárez de Garay''' (pronunciation: [seˈsilja ˈswaɾes]; an haife ta 22 Nuwamba 1971) <ref name="debate">{{Cite web |last=Rodarte |first=Jorge |title=A Cecilia Suárez la colman de fe-li-ci-ta-cio-nes en España |url=https://www.debate.com.mx/show/cecilia-suarez-premio-espana-trayectoria-la-casa-de-las-flores-netflix-20181019-0191.html |access-date=April 22, 2020 |website=El Debate |language=es-ES}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Mexico kuma mai fafutuka da ke aiki tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] da ke yakin neman Kisan mata da tashin hankali a kan mata. Ta fito a fina-finai, talabijin, da wasan kwaikwayo a fadin Amurka, Mexico, da Spain.{{IPA|es|seˈsilja ˈswaɾes}}{{IPA|es|seˈsilja ˈswaɾes}}{{IPA|es|seˈsilja ˈswaɾes}} Ta yi rawar gani a ayyukan da suka hada da Jima'i, Kunya da Hawaye, Capadocia, Nos vemos, papá, da Gidan Furanni. An karrama ta da lambobin yabo na nasara a rayuwa guda uku; ita ce mace ta farko da ta samu lambar yabo ta kasar Mexico a fagen fina-finai. Ita ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko da ta fara magana da Mutanen Espanya da aka zaba don Emmy. Mai lambu a kan Netflix ya fara Afrilu 11, 2025. Cecilia tana taka rawa a matsayin mahaifiyar ɗan bugu. 6 episode. Bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da mace, Suárez kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da yancin mata a Mexico da kafofin watsa labarai na Mexico. Ignacio Sánchez Prado, wata ƴar tarihi ce ta fina-finan Mexico, ta rubuta cewa tana da "mafi kyawun matsayi a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan da suka fi samun nasara a Mexico". <sup>:152</sup> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Suárez kuma ya girma a Tampico, wani ƙaramin yanki na bakin teku a arewacin jihar Tamaulipas na Mexico. Ta ce babu wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo a wurin, kuma iyayenta sun kare ta daga yawan wasan kwaikwayo tun tana yarinya saboda “karatu abu ne na tsawaitawa da mutuntawa".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mancilla |first=Alejandro |title=Cecilia Suárez's Glory Days |url=https://americanway.com/en/features/2018/12/la-bella-epoca-de-cecilia-suarez |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=American Way |language=en}}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku, ciki har da darektan Mafer Suárez; mahaifinta Engino "Ben" <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Montoya |first=Leydy |date=June 27, 2019 |title=Historia y biografía de Cecilia Suárez |url=https://historia-biografia.com/cecilia-suarez/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Historia y biografía de |language=es-CO}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarta M<sup>a̰</sup> Elena ce.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Cano |first=Natalia |date=January 18, 2013 |title=Cecilia Suárez: "Nos vemos, papá" fue premonitoria |url=https://laopinion.com/2013/01/18/cecilia-suarez-nos-vemos-papa-fue-premonitoria/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=La Opinión |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> Suárez kuma tana da dangi daga Asturias, Spain, kuma tana da 'yan ƙasa biyu na Mutanen Espanya daga kakanta, ɗan Asturian wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Mexico.<ref name="loc">{{Cite web |last=Rosa del Pino |first=Andrea M. |date=October 17, 2019 |title=Cecilia Suárez, de 'La casa de las Flores', y sus potenciales planes de mudarse a Madrid |url=https://www.elmundo.es/loc/celebrities/2019/10/17/5da70e50fc6c8388258b45e5.html |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=El Mundo |language=es}}</ref><ref name="smoda">{{Cite web |last=Campelo |first=Sara |date=December 22, 2018 |title=Cecilia Suárez: "No voy a interpretar a una bomba sexual porque no dignifica mi género" |url=https://smoda.elpais.com/celebrities/vips/cecilia-suarez-la-casa-de-las-flores/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=S Moda EL PAÍS |language=es}}</ref><ref name="ramosa">{{Cite web |last=Ramos Aísa |first=Lucía |date=March 7, 2020 |title=De estrella de Netflix a madrileña de adopción: "No sé si la gente de aquí valora lo que tiene" |url=https://elpais.com/espana/madrid/2020-03-07/de-estrella-de-netflix-a-madrilena-de-adopcion-no-se-si-la-gente-de-aqui-valora-lo-que-tiene.html |access-date=April 27, 2020 |website=EL PAÍS |language=es}}</ref><ref name="ramosa" /> == Ayyuka == Suárez ta ce ba ta taɓa yin mafarki na zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ba. Ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a 1991 don jami'a, tana halartar Jami'ar Jihar Illinois; <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2012 |title=Acting alum Cecilia Suarez makes her way back to campus |url=https://news.illinoisstate.edu/2012/10/acting-alum-cecilia-suarez-makes-her-way-back-to-campus/ |access-date=November 15, 2019 |website=News - Illinois State |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Efn|Most sources say that Suárez attended the University of Illinois, but she is listed as a '95 alumnus of Illinois State by this institution.}} da niyyar karatun doka, a maimakon haka ta koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo, <ref name=":3"/> wanda 'yar'uwarta Mafer ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Cacho |first=Lydia |date=July 25, 2019 |title=En México el machismo es cultura: Cecilia Suárez |url=https://www.gq.com.mx/entretenimiento/articulo/en-mexico-el-machismo-es-cultura-cecilia-suarez-entrevista-gq |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=GQ Mexico |language=es-MX}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1995, inda ta sami kyautar Jean Scharfenberg Scholarship . <ref name=":7" /> Yayin da ta bar kwaleji, ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Steppenwolf Theatre Acting Fellowship Award, kuma ta fara fitowa ne a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf na Chicago. <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Rebecca |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Rep Sheet Roundup: ICM Partners Signs NASCAR Champ Kurt Busch |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rep-sheet-roundup-icm-partners-signs-nascar-champ-kurt-busch-1068716 |access-date=November 12, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> Tare da alaƙa da birnin, har yanzu tana cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chicago tare da ƙungiyar View / Teatro Vista.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Cecilia Suarez |url=https://www.somosdecididas.com/en/decididas/cecilia-suarez/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426054313/https://www.somosdecididas.com/en/decididas/cecilia-suarez/ |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=Somos Decididas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2019 |title=2019 Special Jeff Award Goes To Teatro Vista |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/chicago/article/2019-Special-Jeff-Award-Goes-To-Teatro-Vista-20190917 |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda yake Illinois, Suárez ya taka rawar gani a cikin wasannin gargajiya da yawa, kuma ya shiga cikin Bikin Shakespeare na Illinois.[b]<ref name=":18" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s ta fito a cikin ''Jima'i, Jin kunya da hawaye'', fim na biyu na Nuevo Cine Mexicano, wanda shine "nasara ta farko". <ref name=":3" /> Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da kwarewarta na yin ''Jima'i, Jin kunya da hawaye'', ta amsa cewa tana tunawa da shi sosai, saboda ta "zama wani ɓangare na labarin fim na ƙasar ". [her]<ref name=":3" /> A wannan lokacin, Suárez ya sadu da mai shirya fina-finai na gaba Manolo Caro, lokacin da yake dan shekara 14.<ref name=":3"/> Ta tafi wani taro a makarantarsa a [[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]]; dan uwanta shine malamin Caro kuma ya gabatar da su biyu. Caro daga nan ya yi karatun gine-gine, amma sun zama abokai lokacin da ya koma [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] don neman yin fim.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aguilar |first=Carlos |date=January 10, 2019 |title=Cecilia Suárez & Manolo Caro on their Two Decades of Friendship and Creative Collaboration |url=https://remezcla.com/features/film/cecilia-suarez-manolo-caro-perfectos-desconocidos-interview/ |access-date=November 4, 2019 |website=Remezcla |language=en-US}}</ref> An bayyana Suárez a matsayin Caro's muse, kuma ta fito a cikin dukkan ayyukansa sai dai daya daga cikin ayyukansa; ba ta da rawar da ta taka a Amor de mis amores saboda Caro "ba ta so ta tilasta shi". <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":0" /> Bayan nasarar ''Jima'i, Jin kunya da hawaye'', Suárez ya yi aiki sosai a manyan fina-finai a farkon shekarun 2000, gami da fina-fukkuna na Hollywood <nowiki><i id="mwuQ">Spanglish</i></nowiki>, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, da The Air I Breathe . <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Chávez |first=Natalia |date=August 8, 2018 |title=Esta es la razón por la que Cecilia Suárez le dijo no a Hollywood |url=https://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2018/08/08/esta-es-la-razon-por-la-que-cecilia-suarez-le-dijo-no-a-hollywood |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Quién |language=es}}</ref> An haɗa wannan da aiki a duk faɗin fim da talabijin na Mexico.<ref name=":3" /> Suárez ya yi aiki tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Gael García Bernal a lokuta da yawa a cikin matsakaici biyu, da kuma darektan Ernesto Contreras, bayan da ya sami matsayi a cikin fina-finai biyu. <ref name=":15"/> Ta kuma ci gaba da samun nasarar aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, tana da matsayi tare da Juan Manuel Bernal a kan mataki da kuma fim da talabijin a wannan lokacin. <ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2012 |title=1967: Llega al mundo el actor Juan Manuel Bernal |url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/821004.1967-llega-al-mundo-el-actor-juan-manuel-bernal.html |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=El Siglo |language=es-ES |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205020531/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/821004.1967-llega-al-mundo-el-actor-juan-manuel-bernal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2000s an zabe ta don lambar yabo ta Ariel ta farko, tare da sauran lambobin yabo.[b] Ta fara yin tauraro a cikin jerin HBO Capadocia a cikin 2008, ta fara wasan fursuna mata La Bambi sannan ta koma wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin masanin ilimin halin ɗabi'a bayan Bambi ya mutu. Kamar yadda wasan kwaikwayon ya shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin nunin farko da ya danganci mutane daban-daban a cikin gidan yarin mata, Suárez ya shafe lokaci yana bincike sannan kuma yana shirya tunani don ayyukan biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2018 |title=Cecilia Suárez y el reto de actuar en Capadocia |url=https://www.ciudad.com.ar/virales/cecilia-suarez-reto-actuar-capadocia_105600 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Ciudad Magazine |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2009, an zabe ta don lambar yabo ta Emmy don wasa La Bambi, kasancewarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko da ta fara jin daɗin Mutanen Espanya da ta sami irin wannan nadin. <ref name=":2" /><ref name="smoda"/> [[Fayil:Ceci_Suárez_red_carpet_Nos_vemos,_papá.png|alt=Photograph of Cecilia Suárez at a red carpet event.|left|thumb|Suárez a kan jan kafet a cikin 2011 don Nos vemos, papá.]] A cikin shekarun 2010, Caro ya fara aikinsa a matsayin darektan da marubuci mai cin nasara. <ref name=":0"/> Suárez ta fito a cikin ayyukansa, da kuma ayyukan 'yar'uwarta, da sauran ayyukan. {{Efn|}} Bayan an haifi ɗanta a shekara ta 2010 ta zaɓi zama a birnin Mexico don aiki. Duk da yawancin fina-finanta na wannan lokacin da ake dangantawa da Caro, Suárez ta ce ba ta jin an yi dambe a matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, ko kuma kamar tana wasa da shi lafiya, yayin da take aiki da Caro kan ayyukan da ta san ya ba da kulawa sosai kuma suna da kalubale.<ref name=":14"/> Suárez ta taka rawa a cikin fim din Nos vemos, papá, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yadda ake nuna bakin ciki, ta binciko hakan ta hanyar martanin halinta game da mutuwar mahaifinta. An saki fim ɗin jim kaɗan bayan mahaifin Suárez ya mutu a ƙarshen 2012. <ref name=":11"/> Suárez ta ce duk da cewa "abin mamaki ne" ga danginta, amma ta yi imanin cewa "ba hatsari ba ne", kuma rawar da ta taka a fim din ya faru ne don taimaka mata ta magance bakin ciki.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Cecilia Suárez atrapada en el letargo de la muerte. {{!}} LoftCinema |url=https://loftcinema.com.mx/2013/01/cecilia-suarez-atrapada-en-el-letargo-de-la-muerte/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Loft Cinema |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan ta biyu Ariel nomination a 2015, Suárez ta dauki matsayi a 2016 a cikin [[Macho (film)|''Maza'']]-linkid="155" href="./Netflix" id="mwARU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Netflix">Netflix asali jerin Sense8 <ref name=":14"/> da kuma Netflix-distributed fim Macho, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2016 |title=Cecilia Suárez, Aislinn Derbez y Miguel Rodarte en primeras imágenes de Macho |url=https://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/cecilia-suarez-aislinn-derbez-miguel-rodarte-macho-pelicula-59141.html |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Cine PREMIERE |language=es}}</ref> da kuma fim din wasan kwaikwayo Cuando los hijos regresan tare da Carmen Maura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Fuente |first=Anna Marie |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Carmen Maura Toplines Invicta Films' 'The Kids Are Back' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/carmen-maura-invicta-films-debut-the-kids-are-back-1201918470/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017 ta sake shiga Netflix, ta sanya hannu don taka rawa a wani asali da Caro ya kirkira, The House of Flowers, kuma ta fara aiki a fim din Amurka Overboard . <ref name=":2"/> Samun karbuwa ta duniya saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Paulina de la Mora a cikin The House of Flowers, Suárez ta kasance tare da cibiyar sadarwar yawo don fitowa a cikin ƙarin ayyukan da Caro ya kirkira kuma ta taka rawar gani a cikin harshen Mutanen Espanya na Fim din Netflix na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marín |first=Verónica |date=August 31, 2018 |title='La casa de las flores' o por qué el personaje de Paulina de la Mora es el mejor de 2018 |url=https://www.vogue.es/living/articulos/la-casa-de-las-flores-netflix-paulina-de-la-mora-cecilia-suarez/36477 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Vogue España |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=Angel |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Netflix adelanta la Navidad con el estreno de 'Klaus' |url=https://forbescentroamerica.com/2019/11/18/netflix-adelanta-la-navidad-con-el-estreno-de-klaus/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Forbes Centroamérica • Información de negocios y estilo de vida para los líderes de Centroamérica y RD |language=es-MX}}</ref> Alejandro Mancilla, wanda ke bayanin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 2018, ya rubuta cewa kodayake Suárez ba ta son yin aiki a cikin telenovelas kuma kawai ta yi kaɗan a farkon aikinta, "mahimmancin Suárez yana cikin aikinta a fina-finai da jerin abubuwan da ke ciki da saitin su na musamman na Mexico ne".<ref name=":3"/> Da farko tana aiki a cikin harshen Mutanen Espanya <ref name=":3" /> kuma a Mexico a kan samar da Mexican, ba ta goyi bayan "al'adun Amurka" na labaran Mexican <ref name=":3" /> kuma ba ta son a ba da matsayi ne kawai. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lerman |first=Gabriel |date=August 20, 2018 |title=Cecilia Suárez: "Prefiero trabajar en mi idioma y en mi país" |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/cecilia-suarez-prefiero-trabajar-en-mi-idioma-y-en-mi-pais |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Golden Globe Awards |language=es |archive-date=November 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117025300/https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/cecilia-suarez-prefiero-trabajar-en-mi-idioma-y-en-mi-pais |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2019 |title=Relevo en La casa de las flores, Juego de series en Diario Informacion |url=https://www.diarioinformacion.com/blogs/juego-de-series/relevo-en-la-casa-de-las-flores.html |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=www.diarioinformacion.com |language=es}}</ref> Koyaya, ta bayyana cewa ba ta da wata ƙiyayya ga yin aiki a Hollywood lokacin da rawar ta dace, bayan da ta ɗauki hutu daga shirye-shiryen duniya don daidaitawa lokacin da aka haifi ɗanta - ta kuma ɗauki hutu na shekaru huɗu daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo bayan ta yi ciki. <ref name=":12" /><ref name="regresaalteatro">{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2012 |title=Regresa al teatro Cecilia Suárez con Love Song |url=https://carteleradeteatro.mx/2012/regresa-al-teatro-cecilia-suarez-con-love-song/ |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=Cartelera de Teatro CDMX |language=es-MX}}</ref> Fim dinta na farko na Hollywood shine ''Spanglish'' na 2004; ta ce ta dauki rawar ne saboda tana so ta yi aiki tare da darakta, James L. Brooks . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2018 |title=Cecilia Suárez, actriz de La Casa de Las Flores, no quiere promover el "imperio" de Hollywood |url=https://www.ciudad.com.ar/virales/cecilia-suarez-actriz-casa-las-flores-no-quiere-promover-imperio-hollywood_105640 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Ciudad Magazine |language=es}}</ref> Ta ce tana jin daɗin taka rawa daban-daban da yin aiki a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban.[1] A cikin 2015, Suárez ta ba da umarnin wani ɗan gajeren wasa, tana cewa za ta yi la'akari da ƙarin jagora, amma kawai a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo; <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Cárdenas |first=Alejandro |title=Cecilia Suárez, la primera mujer en recibir el Premio Cuervo Tradicional |url=https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/cultura/cine/cecilia-suarez-la-primera-mujer-en-recibir-el-premio-cuervo-tradicional-2186593.html |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=El Sol de México |language=es |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410215801/https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/cultura/cine/cecilia-suarez-la-primera-mujer-en-recibir-el-premio-cuervo-tradicional-2186593.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta ce gidan wasan kwaikwayo shine "mafi girman sha'awarta" da "mafi tserewa". <ref name=":15"/> Har ila yau, tana da shirin da ake kira TNT + Film, inda ta gabatar da tambayoyi, gaskiya, da labarai game da fina-finai na Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reyes |first=Gustavo |date=September 6, 2017 |title=La actriz mexicana Cecilia Suárez nominada al Emmy vuelve al cine con una historia de amor |url=http://elespecial.com/la-actriz-mexicana-cecilia-suarez-nominada-al-emmy-vuelve-al-cine-con-una-historia-de-amor |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=El Especial |language=es |archive-date=November 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130234306/http://elespecial.com/la-actriz-mexicana-cecilia-suarez-nominada-al-emmy-vuelve-al-cine-con-una-historia-de-amor |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2009 |title=Cecilia Suárez + Rafael Sarmiento=TNT + Film |url=https://www.merca20.com/tnt-plus-film/ |access-date=January 27, 2020 |website=Revista Merca2.0 |language=es-MX}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 ta rubuta babi "Una habitación propia" ("A room of one's own") don littafin Gritos y susurros II: experiencias intempestivas de otras 39 mujeres . == Yunkurin fafutuka == An san Suárez don magance rashin adalci a Mexico ta hanyar amfani da dandalinta don yin magana a kan batutuwa; Caro ta ce ta fuskanci koma baya saboda mutanen Mexico ba su saba da irin wannan magana kai tsaye ba.<ref name=":3"/> Ta gudanar da wani aiki a cikin asibitocin jama'a na Mexico, tare da tallafi daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya, don inganta haifuwa lafiya, kuma ta yi magana game da al'adun machismo; tana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na gwamnatin Mexico yana nazarin wakilcin machismo da cin zarafin mata a kafofin watsa labarai<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Arellano M. |first=J. Fabián |title=Cecilia Suárez es embajadora de la ONU |url=https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/105420.html |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref><ref name="loc"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Catenacci |first=José |date=August 20, 2018 |title=Conoce las curiosidades de 'La Casa de las Flores': La serie mexicana de Netflix de la que se está hablando {{!}} Guioteca.com |url=https://www.guioteca.com/tv-mexicana/conoce-las-curiosidades-de-la-casa-de-las-flores-la-serie-mexicana-de-netflix-de-la-que-se-esta-hablando/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Guioteca |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau, tana magana game da jima'i a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Mexico kuma ta goyi bayan motsi na Me Too . <ref name=":15"/> Shekaru da yawa Suárez ya kasance abokin tarayya kuma mai fafutuka tare da [[Greenpeace]], <ref name="smoda"/> bayan ya fara kamfen tare da su don kare [[masara]] na Mexico a shekara ta 2006.<ref name=":20"/> A cikin 2018, Suárez ta yi tunani game da aikinta tare da Greenpeace, tana mai cewa kungiyar ta koya mata game da duniyar gwagwarmaya.<ref name="smoda" /> Suárez ya fara aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) a cikin 2011 don ƙirƙirar Shirin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Latin Amurka bayan da gwamnatin Mexico ta fara murkushe manyan laifuka har ta kai ga murkushe masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama.<ref name=":20"/> Ana kiran kamfen ɗin "Declárate", <ref name=":20" /> wanda ta kasance mai magana da yawun . <ref name=":5"/><ref name=":5" /> A cikin 2018, an kira Suárez Champion na Spotlight Initiative <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2019 |title=Media advisory: UN Women at the UN General Assembly 2019 |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/9/media-advisory-un-women-at-unga-74 |access-date=February 4, 2020 |website=UN Women |language=en}}</ref> ga kamfen ɗin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Kisan mata, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrities promote Spotlight's digital engagement campaign |url=http://www.spotlightinitiative.org/news/celebrities-promote-spotlights-digital-engagement-campaign |access-date=February 4, 2020 |website=www.spotlightinitiative.org}}</ref> kuma ta ba da lacca ga taron Majalisar Dinkinobho a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] mai taken "Enough" a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. <ref name=":3"/><ref name="smoda"/> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilai biyar da suka ba da jawabi yayin buɗe kamfen ɗin Yuro miliyan 50 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da [[Tarayyar Turai]] na 2019 don kawo ƙarshen Kisan mata a Latin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Event: Spotlight on femicide in Latin America |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/events/2018/09/event-spotlight-on-femicide-in-latin-america |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=UN Women |language=en}}</ref> {{Efn|In news sources, Suárez is referred to as the UN Global Ambassador Against Femicide. (See:<ref name=":3" /><ref name="smoda" />)}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Fénix_2015-Bernal_y_Suárez_(crop).png|alt=|thumb|242x242px|Suárez da Gael García Bernal suna gabatarwa tare a Kyautar Fénix a cikin 2015]] A shekara ta 2001, Suárez tana cikin dangantaka da Gael García Bernal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Capelo |first=María Eugenia |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Paulina Challenge, el desafío viral que surgió de un curioso personaje de la serie "La Casa de las Flores" |url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/infoshow/2018/09/18/paulina-challenge-el-desafio-viral-que-surgio-de-un-curioso-personaje-de-la-serie-la-casa-de-las-flores/ |access-date=November 5, 2019 |website=Infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2017 |title=Las mujeres que conquistaron el corazón de Gael |url=https://www.capitalmexico.com.mx/show/gael-garcia-novias-amantes-romances/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Capital Mexico |language=es}}</ref> kuma har yanzu suna da alaƙa da su biyu bayan sun fito a cikin Fidel na 2002 tare. Daga nan sai ta yi soyayya da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Osvaldo na León tsakanin 2009 da 2010. Tare da de León, Suárez yana da ɗa, Teo. An haife shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, kuma mahaifinsa shi ne Caro.<ref name=":0"/> Suárez ya sadu da de León a shekara ta 2009, kuma sun fara inganta layin flirtat lokacin da suke tare a cikin wasan Othello kafin su fara dangantaka.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Sáenz |first=Jessica |date=March 2, 2010 |title=Osvaldo de León y su relación con Ceci Suárez |url=https://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2010/03/01/osvaldo-de-leon-en-su-mejor-papel |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Quién |language=es}}</ref> Sun rabu a watan Agusta 2010, jim kaɗan bayan an haifi ɗansu. Suárez ya ci gaba da tsare Teo kuma, a cikin 2015, ya ba da umarnin hana de León a madadin yaron, yana mai da'awar cewa ya kasance mai tayar da hankali da jiki ga Teo kuma baya biyan kuɗin tallafin yara. De León ya musanta zargin, duk da cewa an yanke hukuncin ne a madadin Suárez.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2018 |title=Este es el drama que tiene Cecilia Suárez, la estrella de 'la casa de las flores' con el padre de su hijo |url=https://peru21.pe/espectaculos/internacional/drama-cecilia-suarez-padre-hijo-fotos-421281-noticia/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Peru21 |language=es}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2019, de León ya yi magana game da dangantakar su a karon farko tun lokacin da aka ba da umarnin, yana mai cewa "komai yana da kyau" tsakanin ma'auratan, kodayake sauran 'ya'yansa ba su hadu da Teo ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berman |first=Shanik |title=Osvaldo de León rompe el silencio sobre su trato con Cecilia Suárez |url=https://www.msn.com/es-mx/entretenimiento/famosos/osvaldo-de-le%C3%B3n-rompe-el-silencio-sobre-su-trato-con-cecilia-su%C3%A1rez/ar-BBX0KuC |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=MSN |language=es}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == An zabi Suárez sau biyu don Kyautar Ariel . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Cecilia Suarez, Santiago Segura to host Platino Awards |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/entertainment/cecilia-suarez-santiago-segura-to-host-platino-awards/50000264-3942345 |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=www.efe.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami gabatarwa don [[Emmy Awards|Emmy na Duniya]] a cikin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka ta hanyar Actress a cikin 2009, saboda rawar da ta taka na La Bambi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Cappadocia''; ta zama mai magana da harshen Mutanen Espanya na farko kuma na farko na Mexico da aka zaba don wannan lambar yabo.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":4" /> A shekara ta 2013, ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Guadalajara saboda rawar da ta taka a Tercera llamada . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival Internacional de Cine en Guadalajara (México): Premio del público; Mejor actriz (Cecilia Suárez); Premio Guerrero de la Prensa al Mejor Largometraje Mexicano de Ficción |url=http://ibermediadigital.com/premios/festival-internacional-de-cine-en-guadalajara-mexico-premio-del-publico-mejor-actriz-cecilia-suarez-premio-guerrero-de-la-prensa-al-mejor-largometraje-mexicano-de-ficcion/ |access-date=November 15, 2019 |website=Ibermedia Digital |language=es-ES}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 da 2005 an zabi ta don lambar yabo ta fim ta MTV ta Mexico, don rawar da ta taka a Sin ton ni sonia da Puños Rosas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2019 |title=¿Quién es Cecilia Suárez, la mexicana que ha revolucionado el mundo de las series |url=https://www.libertaddigital.com/fotos/quien-es-asi-es-cecilia-suarez-actriz-la-casa-de-las-flores-netflix-chic-1016605/actriz-cecilia-suarez-2.jpg.html |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=Chic |language=es-ES}}</ref> In 2018, Suárez became the first woman to receive the Premio Cuervo Tradicional, Mexico's lifetime achievement award in film and television.<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=MiMorelia |date=October 22, 2018 |title=Recibe Cecilia Suárez el premio Cuervo Tradicional en el FICM |url=https://www.mimorelia.com/recibe-cecilia-suarez-el-premio-cuervo-tradicional-en-el-ficm/ |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=MiMorelia.com |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> That same year, she received the Bazaar Actitud 43/Actitud Expresiva award, a lifetime achievement award in Spain<ref name=":6" /><ref name="debate"/> that was presented to her by Maura,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2018 |title=Le otorgan a Cecilia Suárez el premio de Actitud Expresiva |url=https://losrostros.com.mx/2018/10/19/le-otorgan-cecilia-suarez-el-premio-actitud-expresiva/ |access-date=April 23, 2020 |website=Los Rostros |language=es}}</ref> and the Mexican National Theatre lifetime achievement award. This was presented to her during a performance of ''A Doll's House, Part 2'', where she played the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huerta |first=Gil |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Homenajean a Cecilia Suárez en 'Después de casa de muñecas' |url=https://www.tvnotas.com.mx/noticias-espectaculos-mexico/homenajean-cecilia-suarez-en-despues-de-casa-de-munecas |access-date=November 28, 2019 |website=TVNotas |language=es}}</ref> In November 2012, Suárez and García Bernal were named "distinguished guests" of the city of Morelia, the location of the Morelia International Film Festival, one of Mexico's largest film festivals, for their contributions to cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2012 |title=Nombran a Gael y Cecilia Huéspedes distinguidos de Morelia |url=https://www.quadratin.com.mx/entretenimiento/cultura/Nombran-a-Gael-y-Cecilia-Huespedes-distinguidos-de-Morelia-2/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Quadratín Michoacán |language=es-MX}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Suárez ta karɓi lambar yabo ta 6th Platino Awards, inda ta kuma ci nasara don wasa Paulina de la Mora a cikin Gidan Furanni, a cikin Mafi kyawun Jaruma (TV).<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Fuente |first=Anna Marie |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Alfonso Cuaron's 'Roma' Nabs Nine Nominations for 6th Premios Platino |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/global/alfonso-cuaron-roma-premios-platino-1203169321/ |access-date=November 12, 2019 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> Ta sake lashe wannan don wannan rawar a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Fuente |first=Anna Marie |date=2020-06-29 |title=Pedro Almodóvar's 'Pain and Glory' Sweeps 7th Platino Xcaret Awards |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/awards/pedro-almodovar-pain-and-glory-platino-xcaret-awards-1234693348/ |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai da gidan wasan kwaikwayo == Suárez ta sami fiye da 60 na fina-finai da ayyukan talabijin, kuma sama da na wasan kwaikwayo 30, tare da kyaututtuka sama da 20 da zaɓe don ayyukanta. [b] == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Cecilia SuárezaIMDb [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i3emli4xt39gady86fxeondyjrcrqdy 0 118266 883744 724610 2026-07-15T21:20:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chol Ajongo''' 'ya kasance dan siyasar kasar Sudan ta Kudu ne a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Shugaban kasa . [daidaitaccen tabbatarwa] a cikin Gwamnatin Rubuce-rubuce ta Ƙasa. An nada shi a wannan mukamin a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2024, ya gaji matsayinsa na Jakadan Sudan ta Kudu a Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Juba's Top Diplomat in Nairobi Appointed Minister in Late-Night Reshuffle |url=https://kenyanforeignpolicy.com/jubas-top-diplomat-in-nairobi-appointed-minister-in-late-night-reshuffle/#:~:text=South%20Sudanese%20President%20Salva%20Kiir,a%20year%20in%20the%20role. |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Kenya Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831093055/https://kenyanforeignpolicy.com/jubas-top-diplomat-in-nairobi-appointed-minister-in-late-night-reshuffle/#:~:text=South%20Sudanese%20President%20Salva%20Kiir,a%20year%20in%20the%20role. |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-05 |title=South Sudan's ambassador to Kenya warns of fake COVID-19 certificates |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/south-sudan-s-ambassador-to-kenya-warns-of-fake-covid-19-certificates |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref>  == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 167ottodnrrtyel4xpn4cvnjxq5sj5u 0 119287 883867 728268 2026-07-16T07:08:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dagoberto Planos Despaigne''' (Yuni 1956 - 3 Maris 2021) mawaƙin Cuban ne. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mawakan kungiyar makada ta Karachi. Ya mutu daga [[cirrhosis]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacón |first=M. Sc Miguel A. Gaínza |title=Falleció Dagoberto Planos Despaigne cantante de la orquesta Karachi |url=http://sierramaestra.cu/index.php/santiago-de-cuba/36679-fallecio-dagoberto-planos-despaigne-cantante-de-la-orquesta-karachi-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315223127/http://sierramaestra.cu/index.php/santiago-de-cuba/36679-fallecio-dagoberto-planos-despaigne-cantante-de-la-orquesta-karachi-2 |archive-date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-03-03 |website=Periódico Sierra Maestra}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2021 |title=Fallece Dagoberto Planos Despaigne, vocalista líder de la orquesta cubana ‘Karachi’ |url=https://www.asere.com/fallece-dagoberto-planos-despaigne-vocalista-lider-de-la-orquesta-cubana-karachi/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |archive-date=July 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708062211/https://www.asere.com/fallece-dagoberto-planos-despaigne-vocalista-lider-de-la-orquesta-cubana-karachi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] 592s9jqg76wx29pmk5hwtm1jx9c0utl 0 124609 883914 751892 2026-07-16T09:36:32Z BnHamid 12586 883914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shraddha Walkar''' wata mace ce 'yar Indiya mai shekaru 27 wacce saurayinta mai shekaru 28 kuma abokin zama Aaftab Amin Poonawala ya kashe a [[Delhi]] a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2022.<ref name="freepressjournal.in">{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Mumbai youth Aaftab threw body parts of Shraddha everyday in Chhatarpur forest hoping animals would eat them |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-shocker-mumbai-youth-aaftab-threw-body-parts-of-shraddha-everyday-in-chhattarpur-forest-hoping-animals-would-eat-them |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == Shari'ar ta bayyana kusan watanni shida bayan kisan, lokacin da mahaifin Shraddha ya gabatar da korafin mutanen da suka ɓace bayan ya san daga abokan Shraddha cewa ba su iya tuntuɓar ta ba sama da watanni biyu da rabi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Man Killed Partner In Delhi, Dumped Body Pieces At 2 am For 18 Days: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/body-chopped-into-35-pieces-disposed-across-delhi-over-18-days-at-2-am-3517633 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2022, mai shekaru 28 Aaftab Poonawala ya rataye abokin aikinsa mai suna Shraddha a kan wata gardama sannan ya ci gaba da raba jikinta zuwa kashi 35, wanda ake zargin yana neman fuskarta don ɓoye ainihinta.<ref name=":0" /> An yi amfani da firiji mai lita 300 don adana sassan jikinta, wanda aka zubar da shi a cikin gandun daji na Chhatarpur a cikin kwanaki 18 masu zuwa, a kusa da 2 AM kowace dare don kauce wa tuhuma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Woman's murder by live-in partner: How horror unfolded in a first-floor flat, under nose of neighbours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-murder-live-in-partner-horror-unfolded-first-floor-flat-8268446/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="freepressjournal.in">{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Mumbai youth Aaftab threw body parts of Shraddha everyday in Chhatarpur forest hoping animals would eat them |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-shocker-mumbai-youth-aaftab-threw-body-parts-of-shraddha-everyday-in-chhattarpur-forest-hoping-animals-would-eat-them |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-shocker-mumbai-youth-aaftab-threw-body-parts-of-shraddha-everyday-in-chhattarpur-forest-hoping-animals-would-eat-them "Delhi Murder: Mumbai youth Aaftab threw body parts of Shraddha everyday in Chhatarpur forest hoping animals would eat them"]. ''Free Press Journal''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=Shraddha Walkar murder: Police widen search, focus on skulls found across Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shraddha-walkar-murder-police-widen-search-focus-on-skulls-found-across-delhi-8274634/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Delhi ne suka kama Poonawala a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Mahaifin Shraddha ya bukaci hukuncin kisa ga Aaftab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> == Game da Shraddha Walkar == Shraddha Walkar ta zauna tare da iyalinta har zuwa 2018, wanda ya kunshi mahaifiyarta da ɗan'uwanta a Vasai, Gundumar Palghar, Maharashtra . Ta yi karatu a wata makarantar maigidana a Vasai kuma ta shiga cikin karatun BMM a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Viva, Virar . Daga baya ta fice daga karatun. Mahaifinta, Vikas Walkar, ya zauna daban kuma yana gudanar da kasuwancin sabis na lantarki. Yayinda yake aiki a cibiyar kira ta MNC a Malad, Shraddha ya sadu da Aaftab Amin Poonawala ta hanyar aikace-aikacen Bumble. Aaftab kuma mazaunin Vasai ne. Ya tafi Kwalejin L.S. Raheja don karatun BMM. Ya kuma yi aiki a wannan cibiyar kira. A cikin 2019, ta tashi ta zauna tare da shi, ba tare da son iyalinta ba, waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da dangantakar addinai da ra'ayin zama tare da wani "ta san komai". Abokai da dangin Shraddha sun ci gaba da zargin Poonawala da cin zarafin Walkar a kai a kai kafin kisan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> An ce suna jayayya akai-akai game da batutuwan kudi, kuma suna jayayya lokacin da kisan ya faru. A lokacin tambayoyin, Aftab ya furta laifin kuma ya ce sun yi yaƙi sau da yawa yayin da Shraddha ke matsa masa don aure.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dexter: All You Need To Know About TV Show That Allegedly Inspired Aftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aftab-ameen-poonawala-shraddha-walkar-dexter-all-you-need-to-know-about-tv-show-that-allegedly-inspired-aftab-poonawala-3522315 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Mahaifin Shraddha, Vikas Walkar, bai san cewa tana zaune a Delhi ba, kuma tana tunanin tana Bangalore. Duk lokacin da ya tambaye ta game da abokin tarayya, ba za ta yi magana da yawa game da shi ba. Mahaifinta ya kuma bayyana cewa ta fi kusa da kawunta fiye da shi. == Wanda ake zargi == Aaftab Poonawala ya yi aiki a wannan cibiyar kiran MNC kamar Shraddha Walkar, wanda ya sadu da shi a Bumble . Ya furta kisan bayan 'yan sanda sun gano bambance-bambance a cikin maganganunsa kuma sun dawo da shaidar kisan. Daga nan aka kai shi cikin daji don gano ragowar Shraddha.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Woman's murder by live-in partner: How horror unfolded in a first-floor flat, under nose of neighbours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-murder-live-in-partner-horror-unfolded-first-floor-flat-8268446/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=Shraddha Walkar murder: Police widen search, focus on skulls found across Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shraddha-walkar-murder-police-widen-search-focus-on-skulls-found-across-delhi-8274634/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kawo ƙungiyar kare don gano sassan jikin. Koyaya, ba a iya samun ɓangarori da yawa, gami da kai ba. An gano ɓangarori goma sha uku na jikinta, wanda yawancin ƙasusuwa suka rage. A kan wasan DNA, an tabbatar da cewa sassan jikin sun kasance na Shraddha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Shraddha Walkar case: Aftab Poonawala charged with murder, disappearance of evidence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shraddha-walkar-killing-case-aftab-poonawala-charged-for-murder-101683609544768.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Da yake shi ƙwararren mai dafa abinci ne, Aaftab ya san yadda za a raba shi kuma a adana nama.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Delhi sun kuma bayyana cewa bayan da ya bincika Google, ya tsabtace tabo na jini daga ƙasa tare da wasu sunadarai kuma ya zubar da tufafin da aka shafa. Aaftab ya yi wahayi daga shirin talabijin na ''Dexter'' don zubar da jikin. Ya saba barci a cikin dakin da ya yanka jikin wanda aka azabtar. Ya kasance yana ganin fuska bayan ya ajiye shi a cikin firiji kuma ya tsabtace firiji bayan ya zubar da sassan jiki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dexter: All You Need To Know About TV Show That Allegedly Inspired Aftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aftab-ameen-poonawala-shraddha-walkar-dexter-all-you-need-to-know-about-tv-show-that-allegedly-inspired-aftab-poonawala-3522315 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=NDTV.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aftab-ameen-poonawala-shraddha-walkar-dexter-all-you-need-to-know-about-tv-show-that-allegedly-inspired-aftab-poonawala-3522315 "Dexter: All You Need To Know About TV Show That Allegedly Inspired Aftab Poonawala"]. ''NDTV.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ya fara ne ta hanyar yanke hanta da hanji. A cikin ikirarinsa, Aaftab ya bayyana cewa ya shirya kashe Shraddha Walkar mako guda kafin ya yi hakan. Koyaya, ganin ta cikin motsin rai da kuka, sai ya yanke shawarar "tsayawa daga baya". Ya yi imanin cewa Shraddha Walkar yana da matsalolin amincewa kuma ya zarge shi da yaudarar duk lokacin da ya yi magana da wani a waya. A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2023, an gabatar da mahaifin Shraddha Walkar, Vikas Madan Walkar, a gaban kotun zaman a Saket a matsayin mai gabatar da kara, inda ya shaida cewa Aaftab Poonawala ya gaya masa cewa ya sayi cokali, [[Wuƙa|wuƙaƙe]] biyu, da [[GUDUMA|guduma]] kuma ya yanke wuyan hannu biyu na Shraddha a cikin dare, ya sanya sassan jiki a cikin jaka na polythene.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> A cikin wannan zaman, ɗan'uwan Shraddha Shreejay Walkar ya ba da shaida a kan Aaftab, yana mai cewa makonni biyu bayan barin gidanta, Shraddha ta gaya masa cewa ita da Aaftab suna fada da yawa - Magana da jiki. Ta gaya masa cewa Aaftab zai buge ta a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Duk da ƙoƙarin yin tunani tare da ita, ta ki ta rabu da shi, tana cewa Aaftab zai nemi gafara a gare ta bayan kowane gwagwarmaya, kuma za ta yarda da neman gafara kuma ta ci gaba da zama tare da shi. Bayan wannan, hulɗar Shreejay da Shraddha ta ragu sosai, bayan ya yi imanin cewa Aaftab ya rinjaye ta gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsu, Shreejay ta shawarci Shraddha da ta sake rabuwa da Aaftab, wanda ba ta saurara ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Woman's murder by live-in partner: How horror unfolded in a first-floor flat, under nose of neighbours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-murder-live-in-partner-horror-unfolded-first-floor-flat-8268446/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> == Kamawa == 'Yan sanda na Delhi sun tuhumi Aaftab Amin Poonawalla da kashe Shraddha Walkar da kuma yanka jikinta a watan Mayu 2022. Takardar tuhumar ta dogara ne akan shaidar da shaidar shaidu. 'Yan sanda sun yi zargin cewa ya maƙure Shraddha kuma ya zubar da gawar. An kama Aaftab bayan binciken ya sami wurin karshe a Delhi. A halin yanzu yana zaune a gidan yarin Tihar na lamba 4 a Yammacin Delhi, inda ake sa ido akai-akai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Shraddha Walkar case: Aftab Poonawala charged with murder, disappearance of evidence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shraddha-walkar-killing-case-aftab-poonawala-charged-for-murder-101683609544768.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shraddha-walkar-killing-case-aftab-poonawala-charged-for-murder-101683609544768.html "Shraddha Walkar case: Aftab Poonawala charged with murder, disappearance of evidence"]. ''Hindustan Times''. 9 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=On Camera, Men With Swords Attack Police Van Carrying Aaftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-van-carrying-aaftab-poonawala-accused-of-killing-girlfriend-attacked-in-delhi-3560411 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, 'yan sanda na Delhi sun gabatar da takardar tuhuma mai tsawon shafuka 6,629 a kansa. An gabatar da takardar cajin kwanaki 75 bayan binciken ya fara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2022, lokacin da ake dawo da Aaftab zuwa kurkuku daga Laboratory na Kimiyya na Yammacin Delhi, 'yan sanda masu amfani da takobi na Hindu Sena sun kai hari kan motar 'yan sanda. Kungiyar ta nisanta kanta daga lamarin, tana mai cewa abin da masu fafutuka suka yi ya kasance ne saboda manufar kansu, kuma kungiyar ba za ta taba tallafawa duk wani aikin da ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=On Camera, Men With Swords Attack Police Van Carrying Aaftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-van-carrying-aaftab-poonawala-accused-of-killing-girlfriend-attacked-in-delhi-3560411 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=NDTV.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-van-carrying-aaftab-poonawala-accused-of-killing-girlfriend-attacked-in-delhi-3560411 "On Camera, Men With Swords Attack Police Van Carrying Aaftab Poonawala"]. ''NDTV.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris 2024, bisa ga bukatar lauyansa Akshay Bhandari, Babban Kotun Delhi ta ba da umarnin gidan yarin Tihar da ya bar Aaftab Poonawala daga gidan yarin sa'o'i takwas kowace rana kamar sauran fursunoni. A baya, an ba shi izinin fita daga gidan kurkukunsa na sa'o'i biyu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Wani benci ne ya ba da umarnin a kan wata takarda da Mai Shari'a Suresh Kumar Kait ke jagoranta a kan wata korafi da Poonawala ya gabatar, yana cewa ba za a iya tsare shi a kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin "garb na tsaro".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == Kaushal Kishore, Ministan Harkokin Gidaje da Harkokin Birane, ya ce ma'aurata da ke son zama tare dole ne su yi rajista a kotu ko kuma su sami rajista mai kyau. Ya kuma kara da cewa ya kamata mata su nisanta daga irin wannan dangantakar rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Vishwa Hindu Parishad ta ambaci lamarin a matsayin misali na "Jihad na soyayya", wanda ya bukaci gwamnatin tsakiya ta yi dokoki don dakatar da irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, ya kara da cewa sun rubuta abubuwan 420 na jihadi na soyayya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata daga New Delhi kadai. Kungiyar ta kuma yanke shawarar kaddamar da kamfen daga 21 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2022 don wayar da kan jama'a game da jihadi na soyayya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Mahaifin Walkar ya kuma zargi Poonawala da yin abin da ya kira jihadi na soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> An yi bikin auren addinai da za a yi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2022 a Vasai, garin Aaftab da Shraddha, dole ne a soke shi saboda kungiyoyin Hindu na gida da suka tuntubi mai gidan auren kuma suka bukaci ya soke taron don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a yankin.[1] Lamarin ya faru ne sakamakon Babban edita Sudharshan News Suresh Chavanke yana amfani da katin gayyatar auren ma'auratan a Twitter. Duk da yake da farko ma'auratan ba su da masaniya game da katin gayyatar bikin aurensu ya bazu a kafofin sada zumunta, sai suka yanke shawarar dakatar da liyafar bayan jawabin siyasa da ta dauka.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ilyor6xph11a872hp6mx9f69kyifg6n 0 125825 883626 755572 2026-07-15T17:24:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Carter Plantation shuka ce ta taba a Wentworth, North Carolina . Thomas Carter III ne ya kafa gonar, zuriyar mai mulkin mallaka na Amurka kuma ministan Puritan Rev. Thomas Carter, wanda ya sami tallafin ƙasa na kadada ɗari uku a cikin Rockingham County lokacin da ya zauna a Arewacin Carolina bayan ya bar Massachusetts a ƙarshen karni na 18. Gidan asali, babban gidan salon Tarayya, an bar shi a cikin 1930 kuma an lalata shi jim kadan bayan haka. Abin da ya rage daga gonar, gami da gidaje biyu na katako, gidan manomi mai haya, da makabarta ga dangin da bayi, suna kusa da Hanyar Arewacin Carolina Highway 65. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Log_cabins_where_photographer_Carol_M._Highsmith's_great-grandfather,_Pleasant_Jiles_Carter_(1847-1931),_and_grandfather,_Yancey_Ligon_Carter_(1873-1947)_were_born_and_lived,_Wentworth,_North_Carolina_LCCN2011630017.tif|left|thumb|250x250px|Mai daɗi Jiles Carter Gida a kan shuka]] Iyalin Carter na Wentworth sun fito ne daga mai mulkin mallaka Rev. Thomas Carter, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan Puritan a Massachusetts Bay Colony, ta hanyar ɗansa, Rev. Samuel Carter . <ref name="Carter" /> Babban jikan Thomas Carter, Thomas Carter III (1745-1817), ya koma Arewacin Carolina daga Massachusetts a kusa da 1782 kuma ya sami tallafin ƙasa na kadada 300 a bangarorin biyu na Little Rockhouse Creek a Rockingham County, gabashin Kogin Dan, daga Jihar North Carolina. A lokacin mutuwarsa, gonar ta kai kadada 459.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Ginin Carter yana kusa da ƙasashen James Robert, John Walker, iyalin Tate, da iyalin Hunter.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> An raba ƙasar tsakanin 'ya'yansa.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Ɗaya daga cikin 'yarta, Phebe Carter, ta sayar da rabonta na dukiyar ga ɗan'uwanta, Isaac Carter . <ref name="encyclopedia" /> Isaac ya sayar da rabonsa na dukiyar a cikin 1820.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Wani ɗan'uwa, Daniel Carter, ya mutu a shekara ta 1815, shekaru biyu kafin mahaifinsa, kuma rabonsa na dukiyar ya tafi ga 'ya'yansa.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> [[Fayil:Carter_Plantation,_Wentworth,_NC_1.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Kabarin mutanen da aka bautar a gonar]] [[Fayil:Pleasant_Jiles_Carter_and_Sarah_Catherine_Sharp.jpg|thumb|Mai daɗi Jiles Carter da Sarah Catherine Sharp Carter a waje da ɗayan gidajen katako]] Jikan Thomas Carter III, Thomas Bracken Carter (1800-1865), daga baya ya gaji gonar. Shi ɗan Daniel Carter ne. Carter da matarsa, Sarah Holman Carter (ta mutu a shekara ta 1892), sun bautar da 'yan Afirka sama da sittin a gonar, suna shuka taba a matsayin babban hanyar samun kudin shiga. Matarsa 'yar Yancey Holman ce, tsohuwar tsohuwar tsoffin sojan juyin juya hali daga Virginia.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Thomas da Sarah suna da 'ya'ya goma da aka haifa a gonar.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> An binne Thomas da Sarah a cikin makabartar iyali, wanda aka haɗa da makabartar waɗanda suka yi bautar a gonar, wanda ke kan gonar.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> An raba gonar tsakanin 'ya'yansu. Gidan shuka na asali, wanda ya haɗa da babban ɗakin karatu, <ref name="encyclopedia" /> ya ƙone a tsakiyar karni na ashirin. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗa, Pleasant Jiles Carter (1847-1931) ya gaji wasu daga cikin gonar shuka da kuma gidan katako, wanda ya ƙunshi babban ɗaki ɗaya a ƙasa tare da wuta ta dutse, da ɗaki ɗaya na sama.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Ya gina babban gidan katako a fadin gidan kuma ya canza ƙaramin gidan zuwa kicin.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Ya auri Sarah Catherine Sharp (an haife shi a shekara ta 1855), 'yar George Valentine Sharp da Jane Tickle Sharp, kuma suna da 'ya'ya goma.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Wasu daga cikin 'ya'yansu, ciki har da ɗa mai suna Yancey Ligon Carter, an haife su ne a cikin wannan gidan.<ref name="encyclopedia" /><ref>Johnson, Edward F., Woburn Records of Births, Deaths, and Marriages, from 1640 to 1873. Part I - Births (Woburn, Mass. : Andrews, Cutler & Co., Steam Book and Job Printers. 1890)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Highsmith |first=Carol M. |date=January 1, 1980 |title=Kate Carter sitting at a barn door on the farm where Carol Highsmith's grandfather and great-grandfather were born in Wentworth, North Carolina |url=https://loc.getarchive.net/media/kate-carter-sitting-at-a-barn-door-on-the-farm-where-carol-highsmiths-grandfather |website=Library of Congress |access-date=December 29, 2025 |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121025312/https://loc.getarchive.net/media/kate-carter-sitting-at-a-barn-door-on-the-farm-where-carol-highsmiths-grandfather |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yancey, wanda ya zama mai shari'a na zaman lafiya kuma lauyan shari'a, ya hayar daya daga cikin gidaje tare da matarsa, Mary Elizabeth Morton Carter, har sai sun tafi suka sayi gona a Madison, North Carolina.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> An binne Yancey Ligon Carter da zuriyarsa a Ikilisiyar Baptist ta Sardis, maimakon makabartar shuka.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Gidajen katako guda biyu da makabarta, waɗanda ke kusa da Hanyar Arewacin Carolina 65 65 a Wentworth, daga baya iyalin suka sayar da su.[undefined] A cikin 2021, 'yan uwa sun sayi gidajen katako da makabarta. Nunin daukar hoto a kan gidaje, da kuma dangin Carter, wanda zuriyar Carter da mai daukar hoto Carol M. Highsmith suka ɗauka, wani ɓangare ne na tarin Gidan Tarihi da Tarihi na Rockingham County.[1][2] Shahararrun zuriyar Yancey Ligon Carter sun hada da Lieutenant-Colonel JP Carter, Linda Carter Brinson, Carol M. Highsmith, da Benny Carter . == Manazarta == 0l790pm1mpv801p55l31a02w3qif0ne 0 127228 883794 874327 2026-07-16T00:50:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Kudancin Australia''' ('''SAHMRI''') cibiyar bincike ce mai zaman kanta a [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya . Cibiyar tana cikin wani gini mai suna da aka gina da manufa tare da ƙirar "cheese-grater" wanda masu zanen gine-gine Woods Bagot suka kirkira, wanda ke cikin yankin kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya na Kudancin Australia a Arewacin Terrace, a gabashin Asibitin Royal Adelaide. Cibiyar ta kunshi kimanin masu bincike 700, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da, kuma suna aiki tare da, wasu cibiyoyin bincike a Ostiraliya da ƙasashen waje. [[Fayil:SAHMRI.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin kudancin ginin SAHMRI a watan Fabrairun 2014]] == Kafawa == A cikin 2007 Gwamnatin Kudancin Australia ta ba da umarnin Binciken Lafiya da Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a Kudancin Ostiraliya. Farfesa John Shine da Alan Young ne suka gudanar da bita. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa Gwamnatin Kudancin Australia ta kafa sabuwar cibiyar bincike ta kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya, da kuma asusun da za su tallafa wa cibiyar. Gwamnatin Kudancin Australia ta himmatu ga kafa cibiyar, kuma Gwamnatin Australiya ta ba da dala miliyan 200 don taimakawa wajen gina ginin cibiyar. An kafa cibiyar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story {{!}} SAHMRI |url=https://www.sahmri.com/about-us/our-story |access-date=2016-05-16 |website=www.sahmri.com |archive-date=2016-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508020923/https://www.sahmri.com/about-us/our-story |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gudanarwa == SAHMRI tana karkashin jagorancin kwamitin mutum tara wanda ya hada da wakilan jami'o'i uku na Kudancin Australia: Jami'ar Flinders, Jami'ar Adelaide da Jami'ar Kudancin Ostiraliya. Darakta na farko na SAHMRI tun daga shekara ta 2011 shine Farfesa Steve Wesselingh.<ref name="board2">{{Cite web |title=Our board |url=http://www.sahmri.org/our-board/ |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=SAHMRI |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706025447/https://www.sahmri.org/our-board/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa cibiyar a hukumance a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009. == Masu bincike == Cibiyar ta kunshi kimanin masu bincike 700, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da, kuma suna aiki tare da, wasu cibiyoyin bincike a Ostiraliya da ƙasashen waje.<ref name="who">{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=http://www.sahmri.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=SAHMRI |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706030322/https://www.sahmri.org/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>h == Manazarta == dseuccxqln2vgtuzmhtkyal3ug7o26r 0 128972 883956 764008 2026-07-16T10:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Reuben''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938) da '''Simon Reuben''' (an haife su a shekara ta 1941) 'yan kasuwa ne na Birtaniya. A shekara ta 2024, an sanya su a matsayin iyali na uku mafi arziki a Burtaniya ta hanyar ''Sunday Times Rich List'', tare da dukiyar da ta kai £24.9.&nbsp;biliyan. == Rayuwar Farko da Tarihi == An haifi 'yan'uwan a [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Birtaniya Indiya, 'ya'yan David Sassoon Reuben da Nancy Reuben, <ref name="rfdn-nancy">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Nancy Reuben Primary School |url=http://www.reubenfoundation.com/nancy-reuben-primary-school/ |access-date=10 June 2016 |website=Reuben Foundation |publisher=[[Reuben Foundation]]}}</ref> dangin Baghdadi Bayahude . <ref name="tatler">{{Cite web |date=October 2013 |title=Mayfair's First Family |url=http://www.reubenbrothers.com/mayfairs-first-family/ |website=[[Tatler]] |publisher=reproduced in the Reuben Brothers website}}</ref> Mahaifinsu ya tafi Bombay daga Iraki don neman aiki a masana'antar yadi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2022 |title=Reuben brothers: The super-rich, Mumbai-born entrepreneurs you probably haven't heard of |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/brothers-reuben-the-super-rich-mumbai-born-entrepreneurs-you-probably-havent-heard-of-8045651.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> Bayan rabuwar iyayensu, 'yan'uwan sun ƙaura zuwa London a shekarun 1950 tare da mahaifiyarsu, kuma saboda canjin yanayin kuɗi, 'yan'uwan sun halarci makarantun gwamnati kuma sun zauna a Islington, Arewacin London, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Inside The Reuben Brothers' Aviation Empire! {{!}} International Aviation HQ |url=https://internationalaviationhq.com/2022/05/21/reuben-brothers-aviation/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116095123/https://internationalaviationhq.com/2022/05/21/reuben-brothers-aviation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma Simon bai kammala karatunsa na yau da kullun ba. == Ayyuka == David ya shiga harkar [[Scrap metal|ƙarafa]] yayin da Simon ya fara da kafet. Simon ya ci gaba da sayen kamfanin kafet mafi tsufa a Ingila daga masu karɓar kaya kuma ya sami isasshen kuɗi daga gare ta don fara saka hannun jari a kadarori, tare da saka hannun jari a [[Walton Street, London|Walton Street]] da King's Road a [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] . 'Yan'uwan sun ƙara arzikinsu a shekarun 1970 da 1980 a fannin ƙarafa da cinikin kadarori. <sup>&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|ana buƙatar ambato]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Kasuwancin karafa === A farkon shekarun 1990s, 'yan uwan sun saka hannun jari a kasuwar karafa ta Rasha. Lokacin da masu gyaran aluminum na Rasha suka gaza saboda bashin, kamfanin Reuben na Trans-World ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi tare da mashaya'antu inda suka biya kuma suka isar da albarkatun kasa don dawo da aluminum da aka gama, wanda daga nan ya sayar don riba. Kasuwancin kamfanin a Rasha ya kai dala biliyan 1.5 (£ 870 miliyan), tare da tallace-tallace na duniya a 1995 sama da dala biliyan 8.<ref name="russia" /> An zargi TransWorld da shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, gami da kisan kai da yawa. 'Yan uwan sun shiga cikin mambobi da yawa na sabuwar oligarchy na kasar, ciki har da Roman Abramovich . <ref name="russia" /> Sun warware takaddamar shari'a mai miliyoyin fam tare da Oleg Deripaska tare da biyan kuɗi ga Reuben Brothers.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta == 4s4lfik1hhs6g64swnmhvu4mc5niluo 0 130047 883942 766799 2026-07-16T10:15:54Z BnHamid 12586 883942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sante Geronimo Caserio (Italian: [ˈsante kaˈzɛrjo]; 8 ga Satumba 1873 - 16 ga Agusta 1894) ya kasance mai yin burodi na Italiya, mai rikici, kuma mai farfaganda ta hanyar aikin. An san shi da farko da kashe Sadi Carnot, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Faransa, a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1894. Wannan aikin ya nuna hari na karshe na Ère des attentats (1892-1894) kuma ya zama muhimmiyar lamari a Tarihin anarchism a Faransa. Har ila yau, hari ne na adawa da mulkin mallaka, yayin da Caserio ya yi niyya ga shugaban a lokacin baje kolin mulkin mallaka na Faransa na farko.ititit – An haife shi a cikin iyalin ma'aikata, Caserio ya fara aiki a matsayin mai yin burodi a Milan yana da shekaru goma sha uku. A lokacin da yake matashi a can, ya sadu da mayakan anarchist kamar Pietro Gori, wanda ya ja shi cikin ƙungiyar anarchist ta Italiya. Bayan lokaci, ya zama fitaccen mutum a cikin ƙungiyoyin anarchist na Milan kuma an kama shi kuma an ɗaure shi saboda rarraba takardun adawa da soja ga sojoji. Daga baya ya tsere wa hukuncinsa, ya gudu zuwa Switzerland, sannan ya zauna a Faransa, inda ya haɗu da 'yan uwansa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1893, Caserio ya koma Sète, ya haɗu da 'yan tawaye na gida, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai yin burodi kafin ya kamu da cutar venereal. A lokacin da yake asibiti, ya shiga farfaganda na anarchist kuma ya karbi ziyara daga 'yan ta'adda har zuwa Lyon. A watan Yunin 1894, Caserio da alama ba zato ba tsammani ya yanke shawarar kashe Sadi Carnot. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Lyon kuma ya sanya kansa daidai a kan hanyar shugaban kasa a kan Rue de la République, inda ya kashe shi. Kama shi da kuma bayyana asalinsa ya haifar da manyan rikice-rikicen adawa da Italiyanci a Lyon, wanda ya haifar da satar dukiyar mallakar Italiyanci, kamar mashaya ko ofishin jakadancin Italiyanci na birnin. Caserio ya yi ikirarin cewa shi ne ke da alhakin harin, yana mai da hankali ga cewa ya yi aiki shi kaɗai - da'awar da masana tarihi na zamani suka yi jayayya, waɗanda ke jayayya cewa aikinsa na iya zama wani ɓangare na makircin da ƙaramin rukuni na 'yan ta'adda suka shirya. Ya kare ayyukansa a matsayin fansa a kan Carnot don murkushe yunkurin anarchist a Faransa. Kotun Rhône Assize ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1894 bayan shari'ar gaggawa, ya ki daukaka kara kuma an kashe shi bayan kwana goma sha uku. == Matasa a Italiya == An haifi Sante Geronimo Caserio a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1873 a Motta Visconti . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1894-08-19 |title=L'Intransigeant |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k779862w |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> An haife shi a cikin iyali mai tawali'u, ɗan Martina Broglia da Antonio Caserio, ma'aikaci wanda ya yi yaƙi don 'yancin Italiya a kan Austria-Hungary.{{Sfn|Accoce|1998}} Caserio ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'yan uwa biyar, wanda ya haɗa da' yar'uwa da' yan'uwa uku, babba shine Giovanni Caserio.{{Sfn|Accoce|1998}}{{Sfn|Berthoud|1969}} Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa mata ta mutu tun tana ƙarama.{{Sfn|Accoce|1998}} Yayinda yake yaro, ƙauyensa sau da yawa ya zaɓa don nuna Yahaya Maibaftisma a lokacin fareti na Katolika.{{Sfn|Accoce|1998}} Caserio ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Bawan bagade a lokacin Mass.{{Sfn|Accoce|1998}} Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa kusan shekaru goma amma ya daina saboda an dauke shi 'ba mai baiwa sosai ba'. {{Sfn|Berthoud|1969}} A shekara goma sha uku, Caserio ya fara aiki a matsayin mai horar da burodi a Milan a karkashin Olgiati, wanda ya daraja shi saboda kwarewarsa a yin burodi.[1][1] Ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin gidan burodi na shekaru da yawa. A shekara goma sha takwas, ya sadu da Pietro Gori da Antonio Caspani, fitattun 'yan tawaye na Milan.[1][1] Caspani ya yi tasiri sosai ga Caserio, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya rungumi manufofin anarchist.[1] Ya fara zuwa gidan cin abinci na Milanese, inda ya haɗu da mutane kamar Ange Mazzini . [1] Kafin barin Milan zuwa Paris a farkon 1892, Caspani ya danƙa wa Caserio gidansa kuma ya ba shi aikin ci gaba da farfaganda na anarchist.[1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1bhenjba9ud4dsfhd2u13hmoc9uy38v 0 130692 883588 768137 2026-07-15T17:12:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 883588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muḥsin bn Ḥusayn bn Hassan bn Abi Numayy''' shine Sarkin Makka kuma mai mulkin yankin [[Hijaz]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Idris ibn Hasan daga shekarar 1603 zuwa 1624, sannan kuma daga nan ya ci gaba da mulki shi kaɗai daga 1624 zuwa 1628. An haifi Muhsin a Jumada ta 1 a shekara ta 984 bayan hijira (Agusta/Satumba 1576). Kawunsa [[Abu Talib ibn Hasan]] ne ya rene shi. {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Bayan rasuwar Sharif Abu Talib a Jumada ta Biyu a shekara ta 1012 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 1603), ''ashraf'' na Makka ya zaɓi Idris ibn Hasan a matsayin Sarki, tare da ɗan'uwansa Fuhayd da ɗan'uwansa Muhsin a matsayin sarakuna. An haɗa Fuhayd da Muhsin a cikin ''addu'ar'' tare da Idris, kuma an basu kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kuɗin shigar Masarautar tare. Sultan Ahmed na ɗaya ya tabbatar da naɗin sharifai uku, kuma ya aika da wata doka da aka karanta a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Haram]] a ranar Laraba, 11 ga watan Safar 1013 bayan hijira (7 ga watan Yuli 1604). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A karshen Rabi'u II 1019 AH (Yuli 1610), Idris da Muhsin suka tsige Fuhayd. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A ranar Alhamis, 4 ga watan Muharram 1034 AH (16 ga watan Oktoba 1624) ''Ashraf'' ya sauke Idris daga kan mulki ya kuma ayyana Muhsin a matsayin Sarkin Makka shi kaɗai. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Ya karɓi umarni daga Sultan Murad na huɗu a watan Ramadan (Yuni 1625). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A tsakiyar watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1037 bayan hijira (Mayu 1628) Muhsin ya mika masarautar zuwa ga Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, sannan ya tafi [[Yemen]]. Ya rasu kusa da [[Sanaa]] a ranar 6 ga watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1038 bayan hijira (29 ga watan Afrilu 1629). An binne shi a Sanaa, kuma an gina hubba a kan kabarinsa. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} == Manazarta == fwrbtl91l2qztcona1r4iodm4qhmws3 883589 883588 2026-07-15T17:12:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 883589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muḥsin bn Ḥusayn bn Hassan bn Abi Numayy''' shine Sarkin Makka kuma mai mulkin yankin [[Hijaz]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Idris ibn Hasan daga shekarar 1603 zuwa 1624, sannan kuma daga nan ya ci gaba da mulki shi kaɗai daga 1624 zuwa 1628. An haifi Muhsin a Jumada ta 1 a shekara ta 984 bayan hijira (Agusta/Satumba 1576). Kawunsa [[Abu Talib ibn Hasan]] ne ya rene shi. {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Bayan rasuwar Sharif Abu Talib a Jumada ta Biyu a shekara ta 1012 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 1603), ''ashraf'' na Makka ya zaɓi Idris ibn Hasan a matsayin Sarki, tare da ɗan'uwansa Fuhayd da ɗan'uwansa Muhsin a matsayin sarakuna. An haɗa Fuhayd da Muhsin a cikin ''addu'ar'' tare da Idris, kuma an basu kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kuɗin shigar Masarautar tare. Sultan Ahmed na ɗaya ya tabbatar da naɗin sharifai uku, kuma ya aika da wata doka da aka karanta a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Haram]] a ranar Laraba, 11 ga watan Safar 1013 bayan hijira (7 ga watan Yuli 1604). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A karshen Rabi'u II 1019 AH (Yuli 1610), Idris da Muhsin suka tsige Fuhayd. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A ranar Alhamis, 4 ga watan Muharram 1034 AH (16 ga watan Oktoba 1624) ''Ashraf'' ya sauke Idris daga kan mulki ya kuma ayyana Muhsin a matsayin Sarkin Makka shi kaɗai. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Ya karɓi umarni daga Sultan Murad na huɗu a watan Ramadan (Yuni 1625). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A tsakiyar watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1037 bayan hijira (Mayu 1628) Muhsin ya mika masarautar zuwa ga Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, sannan ya tafi [[Yemen]]. Ya rasu kusa da [[Sanaa]] a ranar 6 ga watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1038 bayan hijira (29 ga watan Afrilu 1629). An binne shi a Sanaa, kuma an gina hubba a kan kabarinsa. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} == Manazarta == 19n3dzxcf9wefxd4bxzo00fpudzjfr9 883590 883589 2026-07-15T17:12:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 883590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muḥsin bn Ḥusayn bn Hassan bn Abi Numayy''' shine Sarkin Makka kuma mai mulkin yankin [[Hijaz]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Idris ibn Hasan daga shekarar 1603 zuwa 1624, sannan kuma daga nan ya ci gaba da mulki shi kaɗai daga 1624 zuwa 1628. An haifi Muhsin a Jumada ta 1 a shekara ta 984 bayan hijira (Agusta/Satumba 1576). Kawunsa [[Abu Talib ibn Hasan]] ne ya rene shi.{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Bayan rasuwar Sharif Abu Talib a Jumada ta Biyu a shekara ta 1012 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 1603), ''ashraf'' na Makka ya zaɓi Idris ibn Hasan a matsayin Sarki, tare da ɗan'uwansa Fuhayd da ɗan'uwansa Muhsin a matsayin sarakuna. An haɗa Fuhayd da Muhsin a cikin ''addu'ar'' tare da Idris, kuma an basu kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kuɗin shigar Masarautar tare. Sultan Ahmed na ɗaya ya tabbatar da naɗin sharifai uku, kuma ya aika da wata doka da aka karanta a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Haram]] a ranar Laraba, 11 ga watan Safar 1013 bayan hijira (7 ga watan Yuli 1604). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A karshen Rabi'u II 1019 AH (Yuli 1610), Idris da Muhsin suka tsige Fuhayd. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A ranar Alhamis, 4 ga watan Muharram 1034 AH (16 ga watan Oktoba 1624) ''Ashraf'' ya sauke Idris daga kan mulki ya kuma ayyana Muhsin a matsayin Sarkin Makka shi kaɗai. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Ya karɓi umarni daga Sultan Murad na huɗu a watan Ramadan (Yuni 1625). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A tsakiyar watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1037 bayan hijira (Mayu 1628) Muhsin ya mika masarautar zuwa ga Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, sannan ya tafi [[Yemen]]. Ya rasu kusa da [[Sanaa]] a ranar 6 ga watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1038 bayan hijira (29 ga watan Afrilu 1629). An binne shi a Sanaa, kuma an gina hubba a kan kabarinsa. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} == Manazarta == h2odu8pbxmhoo3ka38dmeur6cgtv5gw 883591 883590 2026-07-15T17:13:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 883591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muḥsin bn Ḥusayn bn Hassan bn Abi Numayy''' shine Sarkin Makka kuma mai mulkin yankin [[Hijaz]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Idris ibn Hasan daga shekarar 1603 zuwa 1624, sannan kuma daga nan ya ci gaba da mulki shi kaɗai daga 1624 zuwa 1628. An haifi Muhsin a Jumada ta 1 a shekara ta 984 bayan hijira (Agusta/Satumba 1576). Kawunsa [[Abu Talib ibn Hasan]] ne ya rene shi.{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Bayan rasuwar Sharif Abu Talib a Jumada ta Biyu a shekara ta 1012 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 1603), ''ashraf'' na Makka ya zaɓi Idris ibn Hasan a matsayin Sarki, tare da ɗan'uwansa Fuhayd da ɗan'uwansa Muhsin a matsayin sarakuna. An haɗa Fuhayd da Muhsin a cikin ''addu'ar'' tare da Idris, kuma an basu kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kuɗin shigar Masarautar tare. Sultan Ahmed na ɗaya ya tabbatar da naɗin sharifai uku, kuma ya aika da wata doka da aka karanta a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Haram]] a ranar Laraba, 11 ga watan Safar 1013 bayan hijira (7 ga watan Yuli 1604).{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A karshen Rabi'u II 1019 AH (Yuli 1610), Idris da Muhsin suka tsige Fuhayd. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A ranar Alhamis, 4 ga watan Muharram 1034 AH (16 ga watan Oktoba 1624) ''Ashraf'' ya sauke Idris daga kan mulki ya kuma ayyana Muhsin a matsayin Sarkin Makka shi kaɗai. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Ya karɓi umarni daga Sultan Murad na huɗu a watan Ramadan (Yuni 1625). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A tsakiyar watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1037 bayan hijira (Mayu 1628) Muhsin ya mika masarautar zuwa ga Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, sannan ya tafi [[Yemen]]. Ya rasu kusa da [[Sanaa]] a ranar 6 ga watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1038 bayan hijira (29 ga watan Afrilu 1629). An binne shi a Sanaa, kuma an gina hubba a kan kabarinsa. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} == Manazarta == 3uflfi3unhbkzv2fat5f3i4ffa8ioea 883592 883591 2026-07-15T17:13:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 883592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muḥsin bn Ḥusayn bn Hassan bn Abi Numayy''' shine Sarkin Makka kuma mai mulkin yankin [[Hijaz]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Idris ibn Hasan daga shekarar 1603 zuwa 1624, sannan kuma daga nan ya ci gaba da mulki shi kaɗai daga 1624 zuwa 1628. An haifi Muhsin a Jumada ta 1 a shekara ta 984 bayan hijira (Agusta/Satumba 1576). Kawunsa [[Abu Talib ibn Hasan]] ne ya rene shi.{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Bayan rasuwar Sharif Abu Talib a Jumada ta Biyu a shekara ta 1012 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 1603), ''ashraf'' na Makka ya zaɓi Idris ibn Hasan a matsayin Sarki, tare da ɗan'uwansa Fuhayd da ɗan'uwansa Muhsin a matsayin sarakuna. An haɗa Fuhayd da Muhsin a cikin ''addu'ar'' tare da Idris, kuma an basu kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kuɗin shigar Masarautar tare. Sultan Ahmed na ɗaya ya tabbatar da naɗin sharifai uku, kuma ya aika da wata doka da aka karanta a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Haram]] a ranar Laraba, 11 ga watan Safar 1013 bayan hijira (7 ga watan Yuli 1604).{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A karshen Rabi'u II 1019 AH (Yuli 1610), Idris da Muhsin suka tsige Fuhayd.{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A ranar Alhamis, 4 ga watan Muharram 1034 AH (16 ga watan Oktoba 1624) ''Ashraf'' ya sauke Idris daga kan mulki ya kuma ayyana Muhsin a matsayin Sarkin Makka shi kaɗai. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Ya karɓi umarni daga Sultan Murad na huɗu a watan Ramadan (Yuni 1625). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A tsakiyar watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1037 bayan hijira (Mayu 1628) Muhsin ya mika masarautar zuwa ga Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, sannan ya tafi [[Yemen]]. Ya rasu kusa da [[Sanaa]] a ranar 6 ga watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1038 bayan hijira (29 ga watan Afrilu 1629). An binne shi a Sanaa, kuma an gina hubba a kan kabarinsa. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} == Manazarta == m5ctporffnzfsswwe68h3956qof46x7 883593 883592 2026-07-15T17:13:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 883593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muḥsin bn Ḥusayn bn Hassan bn Abi Numayy''' shine Sarkin Makka kuma mai mulkin yankin [[Hijaz]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Idris ibn Hasan daga shekarar 1603 zuwa 1624, sannan kuma daga nan ya ci gaba da mulki shi kaɗai daga 1624 zuwa 1628. An haifi Muhsin a Jumada ta 1 a shekara ta 984 bayan hijira (Agusta/Satumba 1576). Kawunsa [[Abu Talib ibn Hasan]] ne ya rene shi.{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Bayan rasuwar Sharif Abu Talib a Jumada ta Biyu a shekara ta 1012 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 1603), ''ashraf'' na Makka ya zaɓi Idris ibn Hasan a matsayin Sarki, tare da ɗan'uwansa Fuhayd da ɗan'uwansa Muhsin a matsayin sarakuna. An haɗa Fuhayd da Muhsin a cikin ''addu'ar'' tare da Idris, kuma an basu kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kuɗin shigar Masarautar tare. Sultan Ahmed na ɗaya ya tabbatar da naɗin sharifai uku, kuma ya aika da wata doka da aka karanta a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Haram]] a ranar Laraba, 11 ga watan Safar 1013 bayan hijira (7 ga watan Yuli 1604).{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A karshen Rabi'u II 1019 AH (Yuli 1610), Idris da Muhsin suka tsige Fuhayd.{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A ranar Alhamis, 4 ga watan Muharram 1034 AH (16 ga watan Oktoba 1624) ''Ashraf'' ya sauke Idris daga kan mulki ya kuma ayyana Muhsin a matsayin Sarkin Makka shi kaɗai.{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Ya karɓi umarni daga Sultan Murad na huɗu a watan Ramadan (Yuni 1625). {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A tsakiyar watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1037 bayan hijira (Mayu 1628) Muhsin ya mika masarautar zuwa ga Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, sannan ya tafi [[Yemen]]. Ya rasu kusa da [[Sanaa]] a ranar 6 ga watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1038 bayan hijira (29 ga watan Afrilu 1629). An binne shi a Sanaa, kuma an gina hubba a kan kabarinsa. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} == Manazarta == g02wplmo3zax4tgdx0h64pyechaqx1q 883594 883593 2026-07-15T17:14:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 883594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muḥsin bn Ḥusayn bn Hassan bn Abi Numayy''' shine Sarkin Makka kuma mai mulkin yankin [[Hijaz]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Idris ibn Hasan daga shekarar 1603 zuwa 1624, sannan kuma daga nan ya ci gaba da mulki shi kaɗai daga 1624 zuwa 1628. An haifi Muhsin a Jumada ta 1 a shekara ta 984 bayan hijira (Agusta/Satumba 1576). Kawunsa [[Abu Talib ibn Hasan]] ne ya rene shi.{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Bayan rasuwar Sharif Abu Talib a Jumada ta Biyu a shekara ta 1012 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 1603), ''ashraf'' na Makka ya zaɓi Idris ibn Hasan a matsayin Sarki, tare da ɗan'uwansa Fuhayd da ɗan'uwansa Muhsin a matsayin sarakuna. An haɗa Fuhayd da Muhsin a cikin ''addu'ar'' tare da Idris, kuma an basu kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kuɗin shigar Masarautar tare. Sultan Ahmed na ɗaya ya tabbatar da naɗin sharifai uku, kuma ya aika da wata doka da aka karanta a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Haram]] a ranar Laraba, 11 ga watan Safar 1013 bayan hijira (7 ga watan Yuli 1604).{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A karshen Rabi'u II 1019 AH (Yuli 1610), Idris da Muhsin suka tsige Fuhayd.{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A ranar Alhamis, 4 ga watan Muharram 1034 AH (16 ga watan Oktoba 1624) ''Ashraf'' ya sauke Idris daga kan mulki ya kuma ayyana Muhsin a matsayin Sarkin Makka shi kaɗai.{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Ya karɓi umarni daga Sultan Murad na huɗu a watan Ramadan (Yuni 1625).{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A tsakiyar watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1037 bayan hijira (Mayu 1628) Muhsin ya mika masarautar zuwa ga Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, sannan ya tafi [[Yemen]]. Ya rasu kusa da [[Sanaa]] a ranar 6 ga watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1038 bayan hijira (29 ga watan Afrilu 1629). An binne shi a Sanaa, kuma an gina hubba a kan kabarinsa. {{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}} {{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} == Manazarta == 879uw9aow25y8rpacmsuezm41z5ohrv 883595 883594 2026-07-15T17:14:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 883595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muḥsin bn Ḥusayn bn Hassan bn Abi Numayy''' shine Sarkin Makka kuma mai mulkin yankin [[Hijaz]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Idris ibn Hasan daga shekarar 1603 zuwa 1624, sannan kuma daga nan ya ci gaba da mulki shi kaɗai daga 1624 zuwa 1628. An haifi Muhsin a Jumada ta 1 a shekara ta 984 bayan hijira (Agusta/Satumba 1576). Kawunsa [[Abu Talib ibn Hasan]] ne ya rene shi.{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Bayan rasuwar Sharif Abu Talib a Jumada ta Biyu a shekara ta 1012 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 1603), ''ashraf'' na Makka ya zaɓi Idris ibn Hasan a matsayin Sarki, tare da ɗan'uwansa Fuhayd da ɗan'uwansa Muhsin a matsayin sarakuna. An haɗa Fuhayd da Muhsin a cikin ''addu'ar'' tare da Idris, kuma an basu kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kuɗin shigar Masarautar tare. Sultan Ahmed na ɗaya ya tabbatar da naɗin sharifai uku, kuma ya aika da wata doka da aka karanta a [[Masjid al-Haram|Masallacin Haram]] a ranar Laraba, 11 ga watan Safar 1013 bayan hijira (7 ga watan Yuli 1604).{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A karshen Rabi'u II 1019 AH (Yuli 1610), Idris da Muhsin suka tsige Fuhayd.{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A ranar Alhamis, 4 ga watan Muharram 1034 AH (16 ga watan Oktoba 1624) ''Ashraf'' ya sauke Idris daga kan mulki ya kuma ayyana Muhsin a matsayin Sarkin Makka shi kaɗai.{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} Ya karɓi umarni daga Sultan Murad na huɗu a watan Ramadan (Yuni 1625).{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} A tsakiyar watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1037 bayan hijira (Mayu 1628) Muhsin ya mika masarautar zuwa ga Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, sannan ya tafi [[Yemen]]. Ya rasu kusa da [[Sanaa]] a ranar 6 ga watan Ramadan na shekara ta 1038 bayan hijira (29 ga watan Afrilu 1629). An binne shi a Sanaa, kuma an gina hubba a kan kabarinsa.{{Sfn|al-Ghāzī|2009}}{{Sfn|al-Sinjārī|1998}} == Manazarta == 4hd9m5af74pvmkinfopdqh45sak289i 0 131271 883964 870732 2026-07-16T11:54:08Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Stephen Alan Michael Hester''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1960) <ref name="times 2021">{{Cite web |last=Treanor |first=Jill |date=2021-04-14 |title=Interview: Stephen Hester, the Square Mile survivor |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/markets/article/interview-stephen-hester-the-square-mile-survivor-dtpv5q9jr |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Sunday Times |language=en}}</ref> babban jami'in kasuwanci ne kuma ma'aikacin banki na Burtaniya wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban Nordea Abp tun daga 2022 kuma shugaban easyJet tun daga 2021. Shi ne kuma tsohon babban jami'in gudanarwa na RSA Insurance Group da British Land . == Rayuwar farko == Hester shine ɗan fari ga Ronald, farfesa a fannin sinadarai a Jami'ar York, da kuma Dr Bridget Hester, ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. An haife shi a Ithaca, NY ya girma musamman a ƙauyen Crayke da ke Arewacin Yorkshire. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Easingwold da ke Arewacin Yorkshire, wata makarantar sakandare ta karkara, da kuma a [[Jami'ar Oxford|Oxford]] inda ya yi karatu a Lady Margaret Hall, kuma bayan ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Tory Reform Group, ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na girmamawa na farko a fannin Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki . == Sana'a == Hester ya yi aiki mai yawa a fannin kasuwanci, ciki har da riƙe babban jami'in gudanarwa a kamfanoni uku na FTSE 100 tsawon shekaru 17. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">an buƙata a ambaci</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1982 tare da bankin saka hannun jari na Credit Suisse First [[Boston]], inda ya fara aiki a fannin kuɗaɗen kamfanoni sannan ya yi shekara guda a matsayin mataimakin shugaban. An naɗa shi darakta a shekarar 1987 kuma ya zama manajan darakta a shekarar 1988 yana da shekaru 27. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan ya yi aiki tare a matsayin shugaban haɗin gwiwa na M&A na Turai da bankin saka hannun jari, a shekarar 1996 aka naɗa shi a Hukumar Gudanarwa. Hester ya riƙe muƙamin Babban Jami'in Kuɗi kuma Shugaban Sashen Tallafi, har zuwa watan Mayu na 2000. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Daga watan Mayu na 2000 zuwa Satumba na 2001, shi ne Shugaban Sashen Samun Kuɗi na Duniya. A watan Mayun 2002, ya shiga Abbey National a matsayin Daraktan Kudi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bankin yana da manyan matsalolin kuɗi da suka samo asali daga ayyukansa na inshorar jimilla da na rai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A matsayin wani ɓangare na muhimmin sake fasalin bankin, an ba shi ƙarin nauyi a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na sashin jigilar kaya da inshora na bankin da kuma ayyukan tallafi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An yi nasarar sake fasalin bankin kuma a shekarar 2004 aka sayar da bankin ga masu hannun jari ga Santander da babbar riba. An biya Hester albashin shekara-shekara na fam miliyan 1.1 ta hannun RBS. A shekarar 2012 an ba shi kari na ƙasa da fam miliyan 1, amma bayan matsin lamba daga 'yan siyasa da jama'a, ya ƙi kari. Daga baya a shekarar 2012, a watan Yuni, ya ƙi kari na shekara mai zuwa bayan matsalolin kwamfuta na RBS . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hester ya auri Barbara Abt, haifaffiyar ƙasar Kanada a shekarar 1991, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. <ref name="independent.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2015 |title=Stephen Hester: the first name on every headhunter's hitlist |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/stephen-hester-the-first-name-on-every-headhunters-hitlist-10477774.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/stephen-hester-the-first-name-on-every-headhunters-hitlist-10477774.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=independent.co.uk}}</ref> Sun haɗu lokacin da dukansu ke aiki a Credit Suisse. <ref name="independent.co.uk" /> <ref name="bbc.co.uk" /> Sun rabu kuma suka sake a shekarar 2010. <ref name="independent.co.uk" /> <ref>{{cite news |last=Treanor |first=Jill |date=11 February 2013 |title=RBS chairman defends Stephen Hester's 'modest' pay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/feb/11/rbs-libor-mathematical-impossibility-john-hourican |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2012, Hester ya auri Suzy Neubert, tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar banki kuma manajan dukiya ta manajan asusun JO Hambro. Aure na biyu ne a gare su duka biyun. <ref>{{cite news |last=Peston |first=Robert |date=30 January 2012 |title=RBS boss Stephen Hester rejects £4m bonus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16783571 |accessdate=31 January 2012 |publisher=bbc.co.uk |location=London}}</ref> Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu. <ref name="times 2021">{{Cite web |last=Treanor |first=Jill |date=2021-04-14 |title=Interview: Stephen Hester, the Square Mile survivor |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/markets/article/interview-stephen-hester-the-square-mile-survivor-dtpv5q9jr |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Sunday Times |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTreanor2021">Treanor, Jill (14 April 2021). </cite></ref> Hester ya sayi {{Cvt|400|acre}} Gidajen Broughton Grange da ke Oxfordshire a shekarar 1992. <ref name="independent.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2015 |title=Stephen Hester: the first name on every headhunter's hitlist |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/stephen-hester-the-first-name-on-every-headhunters-hitlist-10477774.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/stephen-hester-the-first-name-on-every-headhunters-hitlist-10477774.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=independent.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/stephen-hester-the-first-name-on-every-headhunters-hitlist-10477774.html "Stephen Hester: the first name on every headhunter's hitlist"]</span>. </cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Hester ke sha'awa shi ne gina lambuna da lambuna a gidan, wanda wani ɓangare nasa an tsara shi ta hannun mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri Tom Stuart-Smith kuma ya haɗa da lemun tsami mai laushi, gadaje na yau da kullun da kuma biyar daga cikin bishiyoyin Wollemi na farko na Australiya da aka kawo zuwa Burtaniya. Tsawon shekaru tara Hester ya kasance amintaccen Gidauniyar da Abokan Lambunan Botanic na Royal, Kew . <ref>{{cite news |last=Peston |first=Robert |date=30 January 2012 |title=RBS boss Stephen Hester rejects £4m bonus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16783571 |accessdate=31 January 2012 |publisher=bbc.co.uk |location=London}}</ref> Hester yana jin daɗin wasan tennis, gudu da harbi, da kuma wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, wanda yake da gidan haya a [[Verbier]], [[Switzerland]]. <ref>{{cite news |last=Treanor |first=Jill |date=11 February 2013 |title=RBS chairman defends Stephen Hester's 'modest' pay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/feb/11/rbs-libor-mathematical-impossibility-john-hourican |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2010 |title=Profile: Stephen Hester |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/letters/profile-stephen-hester-2511025 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Scotsman |language=en}}</ref> Hester kuma yana jin daɗin hawan dawaki, <ref name=":02" /> domin matarsa ta farko ƙwararriya ce a fannin [[Fox hunting|karnukan kare]] a Warwickshire. Hester ya taɓa bayar da gudummawa ga Jam'iyyar Conservative a baya. <ref>{{cite news |last=Treanor |first=Jill |date=11 February 2013 |title=RBS chairman defends Stephen Hester's 'modest' pay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/feb/11/rbs-libor-mathematical-impossibility-john-hourican |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> A cikin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2024, an naɗa Hester a matsayin ɗalibi na farko a fannin ayyukan Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki. <ref>{{cite news |last=Peston |first=Robert |date=30 January 2012 |title=RBS boss Stephen Hester rejects £4m bonus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16783571 |accessdate=31 January 2012 |publisher=bbc.co.uk |location=London}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] lihpvppqddyrsfql3f6gck4bj8gtvn6 0 131711 883910 794601 2026-07-16T09:29:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daniel Aaron''' (Agusta 4, 1912 - Afrilu 30, 2016) marubuci ne kuma masanin ilimi ɗan Amurka wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa Laburare na Amurka . == Ilimi == An haifi Daniel Baruch Aaron, ɗan Yahudawan da suka yi ƙaura daga Rasha a shekarar 1912. Aaron ya sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar Michigan, daga baya ya ci gaba da karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref name="NYT 2016">{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=2016-05-04 |title=Daniel Aaron, Critic and Historian Who Pioneered American Studies, Dies at 103 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/04/books/daniel-aaron-literary-critic-and-historian-dies-at-103.html |access-date=2018-02-03 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1937, Aaron ya zama na farko da ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin "Wayewar Amurka" daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . == Sana'a == === Rubutu === Aaron ya buga takardarsa ta ilimi ta farko a shekarar 1935, "Melville and the Missionaries". Ya rubuta bincike kan Renaissance na Amurka, Yaƙin Basasa, da marubutan ci gaba na Amurka. Aikinsa na ƙarshe shine tarihin rayuwarsa, ''The Americanist'' (2007). <ref name="Harvard"> {{Cite web |date=15 December 2011 |title=Scholars Venerable |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/12/scholars-venerable/ |access-date=4 January 2012 |website=[[The Harvard Gazette]]}}</ref> Ya gyara littattafan tarihin mawaƙin Amurka Arthur Crew Inman (1895–1963): kimanin kalmomi miliyan 17 daga 1919 zuwa 1963. Ya rubuta labarai da dama don ''New York Review of Books'' . <ref> {{Cite web |title=Contributor: Daniel Aaron |url=http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/daniel-aaron/ |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> === Koyarwa === Aaron ya koyar a Kwalejin Smith tsawon shekaru talatin da kuma a Harvard (1971–1983). Shi ne Farfesa Victor S. Thomas na Turanci da Adabin Amurka na Emeritus a Harvard. <ref name="Harvard"/> Ɗansa, Jonathan Aaron, ƙwararren mawaƙi ne wanda ke da digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Yale kuma yana koyar da rubutu a Kwalejin Emerson da ke Boston, Massachusetts. === Bugawa === A shekarar 1979, ya taimaka wajen kafa Laburare na Amurka, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa har zuwa 1985 kuma memba na kwamitin gudanarwa kuma ya ci gaba da zama memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na emumeritus. == Ganewa == An zaɓe Aaron a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1973 <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=18 March 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |page=1}}</ref> kuma memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasiku ta Amurka a shekarar 1977. <ref name="AAAL">{{Cite web |title=Current Members |url=http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_current.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624004136/http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_current.php |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Letters}}</ref> Jami'ar Harvard ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Letters a shekarar 2007. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Daniel Aaron, scholar who helped develop academic field of American studies, dies at 103 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/daniel-aaron-scholar-who-helped-develop-academic-field-of-american-studies-dies-at-103/2016/05/02/4f18e390-1054-11e6-8967-7ac733c56f12_story.html |access-date=2016-05-02 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙasa kan harkokin ɗan adam, <ref name="NEH">{{Cite web |title=2010 National Humanities Medalists |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/archive/2010_Medalists.html#No1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116125324/http://www.neh.gov/news/archive/2010_Medalists.html#No1 |archive-date=16 November 2011 |access-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=Daniel Aaron, scholar who helped develop academic field of American studies, dies at 103 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/daniel-aaron-scholar-who-helped-develop-academic-field-of-american-studies-dies-at-103/2016/05/02/4f18e390-1054-11e6-8967-7ac733c56f12_story.html |access-date=2016-05-02 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=Daniel Aaron, scholar who helped develop academic field of American studies, dies at 103 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/daniel-aaron-scholar-who-helped-develop-academic-field-of-american-studies-dies-at-103/2016/05/02/4f18e390-1054-11e6-8967-7ac733c56f12_story.html |access-date=2016-05-02 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> wanda ambatonsa ya ce: {{Blockquote|Daniel Aaron: Literary scholar for his contributions to American literature and culture. As the founding president of the Library of America, he helped preserve our nation's heritage by publishing America's most significant writing in authoritative editions.<ref> {{cite web | title = Winners of the National Humanities Medal and the Charles Frankel Prize | publisher = National Endowment for the Humanities | url = https://www.neh.gov/taxonomy/term/246 | access-date = 4 January 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054114/http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/nationalmedals.html | archive-date = 21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 'The Americanist' Author Daniel Aaron Awarded National Humanities Medal | publisher = University of Michigan Press | url = http://umichpress.typepad.com/university_of_michigan_pr/2011/03/the-americanist-author-daniel-aaron-awarded-national-humanities-medal.html | date = 14 March 2011 | access-date = 4 January 2011 | archive-date = 17 April 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110417000907/http://umichpress.typepad.com/university_of_michigan_pr/2011/03/the-americanist-author-daniel-aaron-awarded-national-humanities-medal.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>}} == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == === Rubutu === * ''Littafin Commonplace, 1934-2012'' (Mai Buga Wafer 2015) <ref name="NYT 2016"/> * ''Littafin Tace-tace'' ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20160623023341/http://pressedwafer.com/books/scrap-book/ Mai Latsa Wafer 2014] ) * ''Ɗan Amurka'' (2007). * ''Bayanan Amurka: Zaɓaɓɓun Makaloli'' (1994). <ref name="NYREV1"> {{Cite web |title=Books by Daniel Aaron |url=http://www.nybooks.com/authors/2107 |access-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=New York Review of Books}}</ref> * ''Cincinnati, Sarauniyar Birnin Yamma: 1819-1838'' (1992) <ref name="NYREV1" /> * ''Yaƙin da Ba a Rubuta ba: Marubutan Amurka da Yaƙin Basasa'' (1973) <ref name="NYREV1" /> * ''Amurka a Cikin Matsala: Abubuwa Goma Sha Huɗu Masu Muhimmanci a Tarihin Amurka'' (1971) <ref name="NYREV1" /> * ''Marubuta a Hagu: Kashi a cikin Kwaminisancin Adabi na Amurka'' (1961, <ref>{{Cite news |title=Daniel Aaron, scholar who helped develop academic field of American studies, dies at 103 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/daniel-aaron-scholar-who-helped-develop-academic-field-of-american-studies-dies-at-103/2016/05/02/4f18e390-1054-11e6-8967-7ac733c56f12_story.html |access-date=2016-05-02 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> 1974 da 1992 <ref name="NYREV1" /> ) * ''Mutanen Fata Mai Kyau'' (1951) <ref name="NYT 2016" /> === Gyara === * Arthur Crew Inman, ''Daga Ɗaki Mai Duhu: Littafin Diary na Inman'', edita Daniel Aaron (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996) * Arthur Crew Inman, ''Littafin Diary na Inman: Ikirarin Jama'a da na Sirri'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985) * Paul Elmer More, ''Makaloli na Shelburne akan Adabin Amurka'', edita Daniel Aaron (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963) == Duba kuma == * Jerin membobin Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasiku ta Amurka Sashen Adabi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]] 1bennd4q2z9dj9t0pkzhxjy3rgxl5tg 0 131919 883937 839563 2026-07-16T09:57:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daniel Yaw Domelevo''' akawu ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Ofishin Laifuka da Tattalin Arziki (EOCO) a Ghana kuma [[Board Member|memba ne na Hukumar]] [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria|Asusun Duniya]] . Tsohon [[Babban mai binciken Ghana|Babban Odita-Janar ne na Ghana]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-31 |title=Republic of Ghana Appoints New Auditor General • INTOSAI Journal |url=http://intosaijournal.org/news-from-ghana/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=INTOSAI Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] ne ya naɗa shi a shekarar 2016 don maye gurbin [[Richard Quartei Quartey]] wanda ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati. <ref name=":622">{{Cite web |title=Prez Mahama swears in new Auditor-General |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/prez-mahama-swears-in-new-auditor-general.html |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref name=":722">{{Cite web |last=Ghana News Agency |date=2016-12-30 |title=President Mahama swears-in Auditor General |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2016/12/30/president-mahama-swears-in-auditor-general/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Ghana Business News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar Mutuncin Mutunci ta 2019 a kyaututtukan Integrity Initiative na Ghana na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Domelevo wins 2019 Integrity Personality Award |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124235422/https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Domelevo wins 'Integrity personality of the year' award |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-of-the-year-award |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=The Ghana Guardian News |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Domelevo yana da digirin babban jami'i a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (Kuɗi) daga [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Ghana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-31 |title=Republic of Ghana Appoints New Auditor General • INTOSAI Journal |url=http://intosaijournal.org/news-from-ghana/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=INTOSAI Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi horo a matsayin akawu mai lasisi kuma ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Akanta Masu Shaida (Ghana) tun daga 1993. <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == === Farkon aikina === Domelevo kwararren akawu ne ta hanyar sana'a kuma ya yi aiki a manyan mukamai a Sashen Gudanarwa da Akanta Janar (CAGD) a [[Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki (Ghana)|Ma'aikatar Kudi da Tsare-tsare na Tattalin Arziki (Ghana)]] tsawon shekaru 18. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=BRIEF PROFILES OF SHORTLISTED NOMINEES {{!}} Ghana Integrity Awards |url=https://ghanaintegrityawards.org/newsarticles/brief-profiles-of-shortlisted-nominees/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=ghanaintegrityawards.org |archive-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162151/https://ghanaintegrityawards.org/newsarticles/brief-profiles-of-shortlisted-nominees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga Janairu 2010 zuwa Disamba 2016, ya kasance ƙwararren Manajan Kuɗi na Jama'a na Bankin Duniya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwararren Manajan Kuɗi wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan Gudanar da Kuɗi na Jama'a a [[Zimbabwe]] da [[Malawi]] . <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Prez Mahama swears in new Auditor-General |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/prez-mahama-swears-in-new-auditor-general.html |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Akawu na Kamfanin Masana'antar Fina-finai na Ghana (wanda yanzu ake kira TV3 ). <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2" /> === Babban Odita-Janar na Ghana === A shekarar 2016, Shugaba John Mahama ya naɗa shi a matsayin [[Babban mai binciken Ghana|Babban Mai Binciken Kuɗi na Ghana]] . <ref name=":62"/> <ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Ghana News Agency |date=2016-12-30 |title=President Mahama swears-in Auditor General |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2016/12/30/president-mahama-swears-in-auditor-general/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Ghana Business News |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Babban Mai Binciken Kuɗi na ƙasar, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban mai jawabi a laccoci kan binciken kuɗi, cin hanci da rashawa da batutuwan da suka shafi kula da kuɗi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Domelevo wins 2019 Integrity Personality Award |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124235422/https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Domelevo wins 2019 Integrity Personality Award |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124235422/https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FlockEventsPage |url=https://accaafrica.flockplatform.com/ep/?event=2nd-ACCA-Africa-Members-Convention2019 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=accaafrica.flockplatform.com}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2018, shi ne babban mai jawabi a taron tunawa da [[Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu]] karo na 3. Ya yi magana kan taken " ''Kare Jakar Jama'a - A rufe ƙofar kafin a rufe ƙofar'' " don tunawa da marigayi Ministan Kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-21 |title=Daniel Domelovo's full speech at Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu Memorial Lecture |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/09/full-kwadwo-baah-wiredu-memorial-lecture-by-daniel-domelovo/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> === Lakcocin Domelevo na Lissafi === A shekarar 2021, Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Zamantakewa da Gidauniyar Friedrech Elbert Stiftung sun amince da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Babban Odita Janar na Ghana wajen tabbatar da gaskiya da rikon amana ga albarkatun jama'a, sun kaddamar da lacca ta shekara-shekara mai suna Domelevo Accountability Lakcoci. An gudanar da laccar farko a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2021 a Zauren Malamai da ke Accra. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Senyo |first=Efo Kosi |date=2021-06-12 |title=Domelevo earns Accountability Lecture Series; maiden edition slated for July 1 |url=https://awakenewsroom.com/domelevo-earns-accountability-lecture-series-maiden-edition-slated-for-july-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929114441/https://awakenewsroom.com/domelevo-earns-accountability-lecture-series-maiden-edition-slated-for-july-1/ |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=Awake News}}</ref> === Alƙawarin Asusun Duniya === A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2022, an amince da shi aka kuma naɗa shi memba na kwamitin Asusun Duniya wanda ke wakiltar Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Domelevo wins 2019 Integrity Personality Award |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124235422/https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Domelevo wins 2019 Integrity Personality Award |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124235422/https://www.theghanareport.com/breaking-domelevo-wins-integrity-personality-2019-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da wasu mutum goma sha ɗaya (11), yana aiki a Kwamitin Bincike da Kuɗi kuma zai yi kaɗa ƙuri'a kan batutuwan da aka gabatar a gaban kwamitin. === Shugaban hukumar Ofishin Laifuka da Tattalin Arziki (EOCO) === Shugaban Ghana John Mahama ya naɗa Mista Domelevo a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Ofishin Laifuka da Tattalin Arziki (EOCO) a watan Agusta na 2025 https://www.myjoyonline.com/mahama-appoints-domelevo-as-eoco-board-chairman/ == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kl7ctiu6q1h4qsf8tw4g34gl4nhac41 0 132635 883938 772523 2026-07-16T10:01:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Danielle Susan Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1971) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar gargajiya ce kuma ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar siyasa ta Amurka. Ita ce Farfesa a Jami'ar James Bryant Conant a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Ita ce kuma tsohuwar Daraktar Cibiyar Ɗabi'a ta Edmond &amp;amp; Lily Safra a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . Kafin ya shiga jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2015, Allen Farfesa ne na Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Allen 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . Allen marubuciya ce mai bayar da gudummawa a ''jaridar The Washington Post'' har sai da ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2020 cewa tana neman takarar Gwamnar Massachusetts a 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta na takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Yunin 2021, amma daga baya ta janye daga takarar a watan Fabrairun 2022. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kuznitz |first=Allison |date=2022-02-15 |title=Harvard professor Danielle Allen dropping out of Democratic race for Massachusetts governor |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2022/02/harvard-professor-danielle-allen-dropping-out-of-democratic-race-for-massachusetts-governor.html |access-date=2022-02-15 |publisher=MassLive}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Allen a shekarar 1971 <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/academy/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2024 |publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref> a Takoma Park, Maryland . <ref name="Zongker">{{Cite web |last=Zongker |first=Brett |date=2020-06-22 |title=Library of Congress to Award Kluge Prize for Achievement in the Study of Humanity to Danielle Allen |url=https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |website=Center for Research on Computation & Society |publisher=[[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2022-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129164125/https://crcs.seas.harvard.edu/news/library-congress-award-kluge-prize-achievement-study-humanity-danielle-allen |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita 'yar masanin kimiyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William B. Allen ce . Mahaifiyarta, Susan, ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta bincike kuma iyayenta sun yi aure a lokacin da auren jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Kakan Allen mai wa'azin Baptist ne wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa babi na farko na NAACP a Arewacin Florida kuma kakarta 'yar ƙasa ce . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Allen ta girma ne a Claremont, California, inda mahaifinta ya koyar a Kwalejin Harvey Mudd . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Claremont kuma ta kammala karatunta a [[California]] <ref name="allenforma">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Meet Danielle |url=https://allenforma.com/meet-danielle/ |access-date=2021-06-29 |publisher=allenforma.com}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Princeton, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, ''wato summa cum laude'', a shekarar 1993 tare da zama memba a Phi Beta Kappa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Allen ta kammala karatun digiri na farko mai taken "Yanayin Hukunci" a ƙarƙashin kulawar Andre Laks. A Princeton, ta kasance memba a ''The Princeton Tory'' . Allen ta sami tallafin karatu na Marshall don yin karatu a Kwalejin King's da ke Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa (M.Phil.) da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (Ph.D.) a fannin litattafan gargajiya a shekarar 1994 da 1996, bi da bi. An yi mata taken rubutun digirinta na farko mai taken "Yanayin Hukunci: Siyasa da Ra'ayin Hukuncin Athenian". Daga nan Allen ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha (MA) a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 1998 da kuma digiri na uku a fannin gwamnati a shekarar 2001. <ref name="news.harvard.edu" /> Rubutun digirinta na biyu mai taken "Dimokuradiyya Mai Tsanani: Hobbes, Ellison, da Aristotle akan Rashin Amincewa, Magana, da Abokantaka". <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Daga 1997 zuwa 2007, ta yi aiki a sashen koyarwa na Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami mukamai a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar gargajiya da na siyasa, da kuma zama memba a Kwamitin Tunanin Jama'a na jami'ar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Bil Adama daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na Dewey: Ilimi, Makarantu da Jiha, tare da Rob Reich . Tsohuwar aminiyar Kwalejin Amherst ce <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> da Jami'ar Princeton, kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar Pulitzer Prize ce <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> inda ta yi aiki daga 2007 zuwa 2015. <ref name="harvard2016">{{Cite web |last=Lenfield |first=Spencer Lee |date=2016-04-15 |title=The Egalitarian |url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/05/the-egalitarian |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=Harvard Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance Farfesa a Gidauniyar UPS a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba da ke Princeton, kafin ta shiga jami'ar Harvard kuma ta zama darektan Cibiyar Safra a 2015. [[Fayil:2023_Mala_and_Solomon_Kamm_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Agnes_Callard.jpg|left|thumb|Allen ya yi maraba da Agnes Callard don gabatar da laccar Mala da Solomon Kamm kan Ɗabi'u a 2023]] An naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Gidauniyar MacArthur a shekara ta 2001, domin girmama ta da haɗa "kulawa da mai sharhin gargajiya ke yi wa rubutu da harshe tare da hulɗar mai sharhin siyasa mai zurfi da kuma fahimtar juna". An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Allen tsohon shugaban kwamitin amintattu ne na Gidauniyar Mellon . ''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta buga littafin Allen mai suna "The Life of a South Central Statistic" a cikin fitowarta ta ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2017. Tare da Stephen B. Heintz da Eric Liu, Allen sun jagoranci Kwamitin Gudanar da 'Yancin Dimokuradiyya na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Kwamitin, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi "don bincika yadda za a iya magance raunin da raunin da ke cikin rayuwarmu ta siyasa da ta jama'a da kuma ba wa Amurkawa damar shiga cikin dimokuradiyya mai inganci a cikin dimokuradiyya mai bambancin ƙarni na 21", ya fitar da wani rahoto mai taken ''Manufarmu ta gama gari: Sake Kirkiro Dimokuradiyya ta Amurka don ƙarni na 21,'' a watan Yunin 2020. Rahoton ya haɗa da dabaru da shawarwarin manufofi "don taimakawa ƙasar ta fito a matsayin dimokuradiyya mai juriya nan da shekarar 2026". <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2022, Allen ya shiga aikin Majalisar Kafafen Sadarwar Zamani ta Responsible Social Media da aka ƙaddamar da shi a Mujalla ta Ɗaya don magance mummunan tasirin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa]] a Amurka, wanda tsohon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat na Majalisar Dick Gephardt da tsohon Laftanar Gwamna Kerry Healey na Massachusetts suka jagoranta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Allen ta sanar a watan Disamba na 2020 cewa za ta binciki takararta a takarar gwamna a Massachusetts ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> Ta sanar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2022 cewa ba ta da wata hanya, kuma ta kawo karshen yakin neman zabenta kan "lissafi mai tsabta." <ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Allen ya auri masanin falsafa na Harvard James Doyle kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. <ref name="harvard2016"/> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar John W. Kluge ta 2020, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> * Kyautar Francis Parkman ta 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-03-21 |title=Press release |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233944/https://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/1174479063 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> * 2009 Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka <ref name="AAAS"/> * Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na MacArthur na 2001 <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Allen Bio |url=http://www.ias.edu/people/faculty-and-emeriti/allen |website=IAS.edu}}</ref> * Kyautar Quantrell <ref name="Prize">{{Cite web |title=Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching |url=https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/global-impact/accolades/llewellyn-john-and-harriet-manchester-quantrell-awards-for-excellence-in-undergraduate-teaching |website=UChicago}}</ref> * 1993 Marshall Scholar == Ayyuka == * {{Cite journal |date=Spring 2010 |title=It's Up to Obama |journal=[[Democracy (journal)|Democracy]] |issue=16}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5epzfywwmise0ku91woqwo7y7wuf899 0 132658 883946 772568 2026-07-16T10:18:18Z BnHamid 12586 883946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mahmudul Hasan''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1950) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Bangladesh, a halin yanzu yana rike da mukamin Shugaban Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh, babban bangare na gwamnati ga Madrasas na Qawmi, da kuma Shugaban Befaqul Madarisil Arabiya Bangladesh tun daga ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2020. Sau da yawa ana kiransa 'Mohius [[Sunnah]]' (Mai farfado da Sunnah) saboda rawar da ya taka wajen jagorantar Majlis-e Dawatul Haq Bangladesh, wani motsi da ke da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin Ashraf Ali Thanwi, kuma an san shi a matsayin malamin Sufi a cikin tsarin Thanwi ta hanyar almajiransa a ƙarƙashin Abrarul Haqqqi Ha, magajin Thanwi. Ya kasance yana jagorantar [[Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania|Jamia Islama Darul Uloom Madania]] sama da shekaru arba'in kuma yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Fatwa ta Kasa, da kuma Khatib na Masallacin Gulshan na Tsakiya. Ya rubuta littafi mai suna ''Burhan al-Qur'an'' kuma ya rubuta wasu littattafai sama da ɗari biyu, ban da kafa ''Al-Jamia'', mujallar kowane wata da aka buga a Dhaka. == Hoton rayuwa == [[Fayil:গুলশান_সেন্ট্রাল_মসজিদে_এন্ড_ঈদগাহ_৫.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gulshan na Tsakiya, inda Hasan ke aiki a matsayin Khatib.]] An haifi Hasan a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1950, a Charkharicha, Kotwali, Mymensingh . Iyayensa sune Ghalimuddin Ahmad da Fatema Ramjani . Ya fara karatunsa ne a madrasas da yawa, ciki har da Jamia Islamia Mymensingh, Jamia Arabia Ashraful Uloom Balia, Al Jamiatul Imdadiya, da Jamia Korania Arabia Lalbagh . {{Sfn|Ullah|2021}} A shekara ta 1967, ya bi shawarar Shamsul Haque Faridpuri, ya yi tafiya zuwa Pakistan, inda ya shiga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekara ta 1968.{{Sfn|Ullah|2021}} Ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1969 kuma daga baya ya sami digiri na musamman a Hadith, Fiqh, Tafsir, da wallafe-wallafen Larabci.<ref name=":Gazhali" /> Daga cikin masu koyar da shi akwai [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Yusuf Banuri]], [[Idris Merathi]], Wali Hasan Tonki, Zafar Ahmad Usmani, Salimullah Khan, da Zakariyya Kandhlawi .{{Sfn|Ullah|2021}} Ayyukan koyarwa na Hasan ya fara ne a Jessore Railway Station Madrasa, sannan ya biyo baya da matsayi a Jamia Farooqia a Pakistan. A shekara ta 1974, ya shiga Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania a matsayin Muhaddith, daga baya ya zama [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] da darektan a shekara ta 1980. {{Sfn|Ullah|2021}} Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Khatib na Masallacin Gulshan na Tsakiya da Eidgah Society a Dhaka . Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa cibiyoyin ilimi na Islama da yawa a Bangladesh, da yawa daga cikinsu suna aiki a karkashin jagorancinsa.<ref name=":Gazhali" /> A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2020, an zabe shi Shugaban kungiyar Befaqul Madarisil Arabiya Bangladesh . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh . Kafin shugabancinsa, ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban Befaq kuma an sake zabarsa a matsayin shugaban a taron majalisar 11 a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023. == Sauye-sauye na kasa == A shekara ta 1993, Abrarul Haq Haqqi ya sake kafa Majlis-e Dawatul Haq Bangladesh kuma ya nada Mahmudul Hasan a matsayin Amir. Abrarul Haq Haqqi da Shah Ahmad Shafi ne suka jagoranci Hasan ta ruhaniya, kuma daga baya ya ba da jagorancin ruhaniya ga mutane 157, ciki har da Nizamuddin Shamzai, Syed Rezaul Karim, da [[Ubaidur Rahman Khan Nadwi]] . {{Sfn|Ullah|2021}} A cikin 2018, Hasan ya nuna godiyarsa ga Firayim Minista don wucewar [[Qawmi Madrasa Act, 2018|Dokar Madrasa ta Qawmi]] amma ya jaddada cewa wannan amincewa bai kamata ya daidaita ainihin dabi'u da manufofi na Madrasas na Qawmi ba. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin da Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta kafa don warware rikicin cikin gida na Tablighi Jamaat . A shekara mai zuwa, lokacin da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta ba da umarni game da wa'azin addini, ya jaddada muhimmancin isar da koyarwar Islama tare da hikima, tausayi, da daidaitawa, yana ƙin duk wani amfani da karfi ko tilastawa. A lokacin jayayya game da gina wani mutum-mutumi na [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] a cikin 2020, Hasan ya ba da shawarar gina Mujib Minar (abin tunawa) a maimakon haka. A cikin 2021, biyo bayan mutuwar daliban madrasa na Qawmi 17 a lokacin zanga-zangar adawa da Modi, ya haramta daliban madrassa da malamai daga shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa. Don aiwatar da wannan umarnin, ya kafa 'Sub-Committee na aiwatarwa' mai mambobi 15 kuma ya nemi gwamnati kada ta tsananta wa ɗaliban madrasa da malamai. A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2021, an nada Hasan a matsayin memba na sabon kwamitin da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kafa. Ya kuma shiga tattaunawa tare da jami'an gwamnati don yin kira ga sake buɗe madrasas a lokacin annobar COVID-19. Lokacin da aka gabatar da wani tsari na tsara cibiyoyin addini a cikin kwamitin majalisa a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, ya yi adawa da shi a bainar jama'a, yana jayayya cewa kafa cibiyoyin addinai bai kamata ya kasance ƙarƙashin yanayin gwamnati ba. A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2024, Hasan ya kafa [[National Fatwa Board|Hukumar Fatwa ta Kasa]] a Bangladesh. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 13 ga Janairu, Hukumar ta ba da fatwa game da transgenderism. Bayan faduwar gwamnatin [[Sheikh Hasina]] a 2024, Hasan ya shirya taron malaman Islama don tattauna rawar da suka taka wajen sake fasalin [[Ƴancin motsin ɗan Adam|Jima'i]]. Taron ya kammala da shawarwari bakwai, yana jaddada buƙatar gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki daidai da ka'idodin Islama, tare da malaman da aka haɗa a cikin kwamitocin jihohi. Har ila yau, ya yi kira ga tsarin ilimi wanda ya dogara da dabi'un Islama, ban da ra'ayoyin rikice-rikice, kariya ta [[Shari'a]] don girmama Annabi da kiyaye imanin Islama, da manufofin jihar da ke nuna dabi'un mafi yawan Musulmai. An ba da shawarar kafa majalisa mai tushe a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hasan don jagorantar al'amuran addini da zamantakewa, tare da buƙatar tsari mai haɗin kai ga kungiyoyin Islama da kuma sa hannu mafi girma ga malamai a cikin al'amarin jihar don tabbatar da cewa sauye-sauye sun dace da burin al'umma. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, ya tattauna "Aikin Befaq a cikin Tsarin Haɗin Kai na Masanan Musulunci, " yana nuna alhakin malaman don kare bukatun yawancin Musulmai 92. Ya jaddada tabbatar da shigar Islama a cikin sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulki da kwamitocin gwamnati don hana duk wani matakan adawa da Islama. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, Sarjis Alam, wani muhimmin mutum a Juyin Juya Halin Yuli, ya sadu da Hasan don tattauna shirye-shiryen sake gina kasa. == Kasancewar kasa da kasa == A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1991, ya yi magana game da ayyukan Musulmai wajen adana wayewar Musulunci da al'adun a wani taro na ilimi a [[Makkah|Makka]]. Ya ci gaba da bayyana ka'idodin Alkur'ani a wani taro a Saudi Arabia a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1993, kuma ya yi magana game da tasirin Islama a kan wayewar Turai a wani taro da aka yi a Madina Mahad Imani a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1998. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, ya nuna muhimmancin ilimin Islama wajen magance tasirin al'adun kasashen waje a Cibiyar Zul Hulaifa Ubai Ibn Ka'b . <ref name=":MAbrar">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Mahmudul Hasan |url=https://maktabatulabrar.com/book-author/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121154701/https://maktabatulabrar.com/book-author/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE/ |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Maktabatul Abrar |publication-place=Islami Tower, 11/1 Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1999, ya tattauna tasirin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] a kan al'ummar Musulmi a Madina kuma ya gabatar da gaskiyar [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi Madhhab]] a [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] . Ya ziyarci London a 1999, inda ya kasance babban mai magana a Leicester Islamia Madrasa a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta kuma ya halarci tarurruka daban-daban na addini, gami da Ijtima na Dawatul Haq . Ya kuma yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a watan Satumbar 1999, yana ba da jawabai a Tablighi Markaz da kuma taron Islama a New Jersey. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya yi magana a sanannun tarurruka, gami da Masallacin Gabashin London a cikin 2000, kuma ya yi magana game da batutuwa kamar [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] da makarantu huɗu na tunani a tarurruka daban-daban.<ref name=":MAbrar" /> Kasancewarsa a taron Dawatul Haq a Qatar a watan Fabrairun 2013 ya haɗa da tattaunawa game da Dawaah na Sunnah . <ref name=":MAbrar" /> A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2023, ya wakilci Bangladesh a taron Musulunci na Duniya a Makka, inda ya ba da shawarar kirkirar encyclopedia a Larabci da Ingilishi don kimanta gudummawar [[Ulama'u|Ulama]]-Mashaikhs ga Islama da al'umma. Ya yi kira ga girmamawa ga Imamai na madhhabs guda huɗu, yana adawa da zargi daga masu Gabas, kuma ya yi kira ga kawo ƙarshen watsa shirye-shiryen da ke inganta [[Mulhidanci|rashin yarda da Allah]] da Rashin addini. Bugu da ƙari, ya ba da shawarar shirya taron kasa da kasa na shekara-shekara kan "Sadarwa da Haɗin Kai" a Saudi Arabia, tare da tarurruka na gida a wasu ƙasashen Musulmai, da inganta daidaituwa ta hanyar tarurruka. Ya ba da shawarar kafa Jami'ar Musulunci da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta tallafa wa ɗaliban Qawmi Madrasa a Bangladesh da kuma amincewa da takardar shaidar Hadith ɗin su daidai da digiri na biyu don shiga kai tsaye cikin jami'o'in Saudiyya, gami da Jami'ar Islama ta Madina, bisa ga kimantawa. == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == [[File:Cover_of_Burhan_al-Quran.png|thumb|Farko na Farko na ''Burhan al-Qur'an'' na Hudu, wanda Maqtabatul Abrar ya buga.]] Ya kammala wani littafi mai nau'i uku mai taken Imam Abu Yusuf: Nazarin Hadith da Shari'a a karkashin kulawar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Yusuf Banuri]] . <ref name=":0" /> Maqtabatul Abrar ne ya buga sharhin Kur'ani na kundi huɗu, ''Burhan al-Qur'an''.<ref name=":0" /> Ya ba da umarnin buga ''Al Jamia'', mujallar kowane wata wacce ke dauke da labarai game da nazarin Islama. A shekara ta 2009, ya wallafa ''Al-Raddul Jamil'', wani zargi game da ra'ayoyin da Ahmad Al Ghamidi, shugaban kwamitin Saudi Arabia don inganta kyawawan halaye da rigakafin mataimakin, wanda daga baya ya sake fasalin matsayinsa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin aikinsa, ya rubuta littattafai sama da 200 a kan batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da Dawatul Haq da Dawat-e Tabligh, Islama da Tunanin Siyasa na zamani, Ƙaunar Iyali na Annabi, Rayuwar Usmani, Al Burhanul Mu'iyad, Kyauta daga Abrar, Kyauta Daga Sunnah, Kyauta Mai Kyauta, Maweze Hasana, da Binciken Hanyar Daidai. An tattara jawabinsa na Larabci a cikin ''Al Irshad Ila Sabilir Rashad,'' kuma ana shirya tarin fatwa na farko mai zaman kansa, ''Hasanul Fatwa'', don bugawa a cikin kundi uku, wanda ke nuna abun ciki a cikin Larabci da Urdu. <ref name=":Gazhali" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] ogr7uwxp13kqmbk96eg9jbo0307hs8w 0 133471 883953 774246 2026-07-16T10:24:03Z BnHamid 12586 883953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nikki Kesangane McCray-Penson''' (née McCray; 17 ga Disamba, 1971 - 7 ga Yuli, 2023) ta kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] da kuma kocin Amurka. Ta kasance babban kocin kungiyar Kwallon kwando na mata na Jihar Mississippi Bulldogs daga 2020 zuwa 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=Courtney |date=April 9, 2020 |title=MISSISSIPPI STATE TO NAME NIKKI MCCRAY-PENSON WOMEN'S HEAD BASKETBALL COACH |url=https://www.wcbi.com/mississippi-state-name-nikki-mccray-newest-womens-basketball-coach/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=WCBI.com}}</ref> kuma ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando daga 1996 zuwa 2006. Ta taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata (WNBA) na tsawon shekaru takwas. A shekara ta 2008 bayan barin WNBA, McCray ya shiga ma'aikatan kocin a matsayin mataimakin kocin South Carolina Gamecocks . An shigar da McCray-Penson cikin Hall of Fame na Kwando na Mata a shekarar 2012. == Ayyukan wasa == mai tsaro {{Convert|5|ft|11|in}} daga [[Jami'ar Tennessee]], McCray ta kasance tauraruwa a cikin Kungiyar Kwando ta Amurka da ta ɓace yanzu. Yayinda take wasa a Kungiyar Kwando ta Amurka, an ba ta suna Mafi Kyawun Mai kunnawa a kakar 1996-97. McCray ya kuma buga wasan kwando a matakin kasa da kasa. Ta lashe lambobin zinare a gasar Olympics ta 1996 da 2000, kuma ta shiga cikin tawagar Amurka ta 1998 FIBA World Championship. Ta yi wa kanta suna a wasan kwando na mata a matsayin mai tsaron gida na duniya ta hanyar rufe wasu 'yan wasa mafi kyau a duniya. A shekara ta 2000, an nada ta memba na Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Shugaban kasa, kuma an zaba ta don Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Olympics ta Amurka ta 2000. == WNBA == === Washington Mystics === An zaɓi McCray a matsayin wani ɓangare na rabon ɗan wasa na farko ta Washington Mystics a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1998. An buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1998, a cikin asarar 57-83 ga Charlotte Sting inda ta rubuta maki 19 da 6 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=Courtney |date=April 9, 2020 |title=MISSISSIPPI STATE TO NAME NIKKI MCCRAY-PENSON WOMEN'S HEAD BASKETBALL COACH |url=https://www.wcbi.com/mississippi-state-name-nikki-mccray-newest-womens-basketball-coach/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=WCBI.com}}</ref> McCray za ta kasance mai tsaron gida na Mystics a cikin shekaru hudu na farko a WNBA. Ta taka leda a wasanni 125 ga Mystics a cikin waɗannan lokutan huɗu kuma ta fara a 124 daga cikinsu, tare da matsakaicin maki 15.4, 2.4 ya taimaka, 1.2 sata a cikin minti 31.1 a kowane wasa. An sanya mata suna zuwa kungiyoyi uku na WNBA All-Star (a 1999, 2000, da 2001). Mystics sun rasa wasan kwaikwayo a 1998, 1999 da 2001 amma sun yi shi a cikin 2000 tare da rikodin asarar 14-18 (wannan zai yiwu saboda Mystics na 4 a Taron Gabas kuma manyan kungiyoyi 4 na kowane taron sun sanya postseason). Koyaya, wasan kwaikwayo na tawagar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin da New York Liberty ta kawar da su a zagaye na farko a wasanni biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=Courtney |date=April 9, 2020 |title=MISSISSIPPI STATE TO NAME NIKKI MCCRAY-PENSON WOMEN'S HEAD BASKETBALL COACH |url=https://www.wcbi.com/mississippi-state-name-nikki-mccray-newest-womens-basketball-coach/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=WCBI.com}}</ref> A wasan na biyu na wannan jerin wasannin, an gudanar da McCray ba tare da ci ba a cikin minti 30 a ƙasa kuma ta harbe 0-3 FG. === Rashin zazzabi na Indiya === A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, 2001, an sayar da McCray zuwa Indiana Fever tare da zagaye na 2 na 2002 da zagaye ya 4 na 2002 don musayar Angie Braziel, zagaye na 1 na 2002 da kuma zagaye na 3 na 2002. [1] Matsayinta a matsayin mai tsaron farawa zai koma sabuwar tawagarta, yayin da ta fara a wasanni 64 daga cikin wasanni 66 na Indiana a cikin lokutan da ta yi tare da su. A lokacin kakar wasa ta farko tare da tawagar (2002), zazzabi ta kai ga wasan kwaikwayo amma za a sake kawar da McCrary a zagaye na farko ta Liberty (2-1). Kodayake ta taka leda a WNBA na karin yanayi hudu, McCray ba za ta kai wasan kwaikwayo ba bayan kakar 2002. Lokacinta na biyu tare da zazzabi (ko da yake har yanzu tana farawa) ta ga minti a kowane wasa ya sauka sosai zuwa minti 21.6 kawai a kowane wasa. === Phoenix Mercury === Bayan kakar 2003, McCray zai buga wa kungiyoyi daban-daban guda uku a cikin shekaru uku. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2004, an sanya hannu a Phoenix Mercury a matsayin wakilin kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=Courtney |date=April 9, 2020 |title=MISSISSIPPI STATE TO NAME NIKKI MCCRAY-PENSON WOMEN'S HEAD BASKETBALL COACH |url=https://www.wcbi.com/mississippi-state-name-nikki-mccray-newest-womens-basketball-coach/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=WCBI.com}}</ref> Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta McCray a matsayin dan wasa na ajiya kuma ta fara ne kawai a wasanni 9 daga cikin wasanni 27 da ta buga wa Phoenix. Ta sami matsakaicin FG % a cikin kakar wasa a 44.8%, amma kuma ta sami matsakaitan maki mafi ƙasƙanci a kowane wasa na aikinta a wannan lokacin a 2.6 ppg kawai. Mercury ta gama 17-17 kuma ta rasa wasan kwaikwayo. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 9utlp86m4oryfw5upnhrwhd7l7og7pv 883954 883953 2026-07-16T10:24:13Z BnHamid 12586 883954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nikki Kesangane McCray-Penson''' (née McCray; 17 ga Disamba, 1971 - 7 ga Yuli, 2023) ta kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] da kuma kocin Amurka. Ta kasance babban kocin kungiyar Kwallon kwando na mata na Jihar Mississippi Bulldogs daga 2020 zuwa 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=Courtney |date=April 9, 2020 |title=MISSISSIPPI STATE TO NAME NIKKI MCCRAY-PENSON WOMEN'S HEAD BASKETBALL COACH |url=https://www.wcbi.com/mississippi-state-name-nikki-mccray-newest-womens-basketball-coach/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=WCBI.com}}</ref> kuma ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando daga 1996 zuwa 2006. Ta taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata (WNBA) na tsawon shekaru takwas. A shekara ta 2008 bayan barin WNBA, McCray ya shiga ma'aikatan kocin a matsayin mataimakin kocin South Carolina Gamecocks . An shigar da McCray-Penson cikin Hall of Fame na Kwando na Mata a shekarar 2012. == Ayyukan wasa == mai tsaro {{Convert|5|ft|11|in}} daga [[Jami'ar Tennessee]], McCray ta kasance tauraruwa a cikin Kungiyar Kwando ta Amurka da ta ɓace yanzu. Yayinda take wasa a Kungiyar Kwando ta Amurka, an ba ta suna Mafi Kyawun Mai kunnawa a kakar 1996-97. McCray ya kuma buga wasan kwando a matakin kasa da kasa. Ta lashe lambobin zinare a gasar Olympics ta 1996 da 2000, kuma ta shiga cikin tawagar Amurka ta 1998 FIBA World Championship. Ta yi wa kanta suna a wasan kwando na mata a matsayin mai tsaron gida na duniya ta hanyar rufe wasu 'yan wasa mafi kyau a duniya. A shekara ta 2000, an nada ta memba na Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Shugaban kasa, kuma an zaba ta don Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Olympics ta Amurka ta 2000. == WNBA == === Washington Mystics === An zaɓi McCray a matsayin wani ɓangare na rabon ɗan wasa na farko ta Washington Mystics a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1998. An buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1998, a cikin asarar 57-83 ga Charlotte Sting inda ta rubuta maki 19 da 6 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=Courtney |date=April 9, 2020 |title=MISSISSIPPI STATE TO NAME NIKKI MCCRAY-PENSON WOMEN'S HEAD BASKETBALL COACH |url=https://www.wcbi.com/mississippi-state-name-nikki-mccray-newest-womens-basketball-coach/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=WCBI.com}}</ref> McCray za ta kasance mai tsaron gida na Mystics a cikin shekaru hudu na farko a WNBA. Ta taka leda a wasanni 125 ga Mystics a cikin waɗannan lokutan huɗu kuma ta fara a 124 daga cikinsu, tare da matsakaicin maki 15.4, 2.4 ya taimaka, 1.2 sata a cikin minti 31.1 a kowane wasa. An sanya mata suna zuwa kungiyoyi uku na WNBA All-Star (a 1999, 2000, da 2001). Mystics sun rasa wasan kwaikwayo a 1998, 1999 da 2001 amma sun yi shi a cikin 2000 tare da rikodin asarar 14-18 (wannan zai yiwu saboda Mystics na 4 a Taron Gabas kuma manyan kungiyoyi 4 na kowane taron sun sanya postseason). Koyaya, wasan kwaikwayo na tawagar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin da New York Liberty ta kawar da su a zagaye na farko a wasanni biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=Courtney |date=April 9, 2020 |title=MISSISSIPPI STATE TO NAME NIKKI MCCRAY-PENSON WOMEN'S HEAD BASKETBALL COACH |url=https://www.wcbi.com/mississippi-state-name-nikki-mccray-newest-womens-basketball-coach/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=WCBI.com}}</ref> A wasan na biyu na wannan jerin wasannin, an gudanar da McCray ba tare da ci ba a cikin minti 30 a ƙasa kuma ta harbe 0-3 FG. === Rashin zazzabi na Indiya === A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, 2001, an sayar da McCray zuwa Indiana Fever tare da zagaye na 2 na 2002 da zagaye ya 4 na 2002 don musayar Angie Braziel, zagaye na 1 na 2002 da kuma zagaye na 3 na 2002. [1] Matsayinta a matsayin mai tsaron farawa zai koma sabuwar tawagarta, yayin da ta fara a wasanni 64 daga cikin wasanni 66 na Indiana a cikin lokutan da ta yi tare da su. A lokacin kakar wasa ta farko tare da tawagar (2002), zazzabi ta kai ga wasan kwaikwayo amma za a sake kawar da McCrary a zagaye na farko ta Liberty (2-1). Kodayake ta taka leda a WNBA na karin yanayi hudu, McCray ba za ta kai wasan kwaikwayo ba bayan kakar 2002. Lokacinta na biyu tare da zazzabi (ko da yake har yanzu tana farawa) ta ga minti a kowane wasa ya sauka sosai zuwa minti 21.6 kawai a kowane wasa. === Phoenix Mercury === Bayan kakar 2003, McCray zai buga wa kungiyoyi daban-daban guda uku a cikin shekaru uku. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2004, an sanya hannu a Phoenix Mercury a matsayin wakilin kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robb |first=Courtney |date=April 9, 2020 |title=MISSISSIPPI STATE TO NAME NIKKI MCCRAY-PENSON WOMEN'S HEAD BASKETBALL COACH |url=https://www.wcbi.com/mississippi-state-name-nikki-mccray-newest-womens-basketball-coach/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=WCBI.com}}</ref> Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta McCray a matsayin dan wasa na ajiya kuma ta fara ne kawai a wasanni 9 daga cikin wasanni 27 da ta buga wa Phoenix. Ta sami matsakaicin FG % a cikin kakar wasa a 44.8%, amma kuma ta sami matsakaitan maki mafi ƙasƙanci a kowane wasa na aikinta a wannan lokacin a 2.6 ppg kawai. Mercury ta gama 17-17 kuma ta rasa wasan kwaikwayo. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] o857gqffa2oqwur4hshopiuhnukv4cs 0 134941 883920 777011 2026-07-16T09:39:27Z BnHamid 12586 883920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James K. Gordon''' CM (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1937) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Sudbury, Ontario daga 1976 zuwa 1981 da kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2003, kuma a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Lardin a gundumar zaɓen lardin Sudbury daga 1981 zuwa 1987. Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Ontario, inda ya riƙe muƙamin Ministan Ayyukan Gwamnati a 1985. Shi ne magajin garin Sudbury mafi dadewa, bayan ya yi shekaru 17 a jere. A shekara ta 2000, mujallar ''Reader's Digest'' ta Kanada ta ba shi suna ɗaya daga cikin magajin gari uku mafi tasiri da kirkire-kirkire a Kanada. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gordon a Rouyn-Noranda a shekarar 1937 kuma ya girma a Sudbury. Ya kasance ɓangare na farko ajin kammala karatunsa na Kwalejin St. Charles . A lokacin makarantar sakandare, ya kasance shugaban majalisar ɗalibai kuma ya ɗauki nauyin shirin rediyo nasa, Time for Youngs, Asabar tsakanin 1951 da 1955 a rediyon CKSO da ke Sudbury. Ya fafata a tseren nesa, mil ɗaya da biyu, a tseren gudu da filin wasa. Ya sami digirin farko a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Assumption a shekarar 1960. A shekararsa ta ƙarshe a jami'a, ya auri Donna Drew. A shekarar 1961, suka koma Greater Sudbury, Ontario . Baya ga Rediyo da Talabijin na CKSO, Gordon ya yi aiki a fannin tallace-tallace na UPJOHN Pharmaceuticals sannan ya zama malamin makarantar sakandare. Jim da Donna Gordon sun haifi 'ya'ya mata shida kuma yanzu suna da jikoki goma. == Aikin koyarwa == Gordon ya koyar da Turanci a makarantun sakandare a Greater Sudbury tsawon shekaru arba'in. Ya kuma yi ƙwararre a fannin Kimiyyar Laburare kuma ya kasance mai kula da Cibiyar Albarkatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gundumar Nickel tsawon wani lokaci a makarantar. Gordon ya koyar a makarantun sakandare masu zuwa, inda ya koma karatu a wurare daban-daban na aikinsa na siyasa: * Kwalejin St. Charles – 1961 zuwa 1965 * Makarantar Sakandare ta Espanola – 1965 zuwa 1966 * Makarantar Sakandare ta Confederation - 1965 zuwa 1968 * Kwalejin St. Charles – 1968 zuwa 1969 * Makarantar Sakandare ta Gundumar Nickel – 1969 zuwa 1976 * Makarantar Sakandare ta Sudbury – 1988 zuwa 1991 == Aikin siyasa == Gordon ya yi aiki a majalisar garin Espanola a shekarar 1965 kafin ya koma Sudbury. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Conservative mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a mazabar Sudbury a zaɓen 1967, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. <ref name="vaillancourt" /> An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Birnin Sudbury a shekarar 1971, kuma ya zama magajin gari a shekarar 1976. Ya yi aiki har zuwa 1981 kuma ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu a matsayin ɗan takarar Progressive Conservative a Sudbury a zaɓen lardi na 1981. Ya lashe wannan zaɓen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai goyon bayan gwamnatin Bill Davis . Gordon ya goyi bayan Larry Grossman a taron shugabannin Jam'iyyar Progressive Conservative na Fabrairu 1985. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] s9czn4s8lalk3hkn7jx758hoe3f4axt 0 135627 883844 778201 2026-07-16T05:37:43Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 883844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pavlos Geroulanos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]: an haife shi a 1966 a [[Athens]], Girka) ɗan siyasan Girka ne na Ƙungiyar Socialist ta Panhellenic. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido na Girka daga 2009 har zuwa 2012. == Rayuwa == An haifi Pavlos Geroulanos a shekarar 1966 a [[Athens]], Girka. Shi ne jikan Georgios Streit wanda ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje na Girka a gaban [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Geroulanos ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Williams a shekarar 1988 tare da mafi girman girmamawa tare da digiri a tarihi. Ya buga wasan rugby tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Williams College Rugby. A shekara ta 1994 ya sami digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kennedy a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] da kuma MBA daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta MIT Sloan. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Kudi na Kamfanin Photoelectron, reshe na Kamfanin Thermo Electron, daga 1989 har zuwa 1992. A shekara ta 1994 ya ɗauki matsayin Babban Jami'in Kudi na Kifi na Kefalonia kuma ya kula da sake fasalin kamfanin. Daga 2004 zuwa 2006 ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Egon Zehnder International. Pavlos Geroulanos ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a 1999, a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga George Papandreou, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje, kuma a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Helenawa a kasashen waje, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 2004. Daga 2006 zuwa 2009 ya kasance darektan ofishin siyasa na jam'iyyar Papandreou, a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Panhellenic Socialist Movement. Kafin zaben kasa na shekara ta 2009, an nada Geroulanos a matsayin Sakataren Sadarwa na PASOK, yana aiki a matsayin manajan yakin neman zabe na yakin neman zabe a Turai da kuma yakin neman zabe ta kasa na shekara. Bayan nasarar zaben PASOK a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, an nada Pavlos Geroulanos a matsayin Ministan Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido. Fashi a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na tarihin Wasannin Olympics na Dā a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2012, ya haifar da murabus din Ministan Al'adu Pavlos Geroulanos. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2012 |title=Manhunt launched in dramatic Greek museum robbery |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/18/world/europe/greece-museum-theft/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Ba a yarda da murabus dinsa ba. A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2024 ya sanar da sha'awarsa na zama shugaban PASOK da kuma yin gasa da mai mulki ND" id="mwMQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nikos Androulakis">Nikos Androulakis don wannan taken bayan da PASOK ta tsaya a zaben majalisar dokokin Turai na shekara ta 2024 da kuma gazawarta ta zama babbar jam'iyyar adawa ga ND. Ya tara sa hannu sama da 5000 don ya zama shugaban PASOK.[1][2][3][4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jvxmox9ffk9xisaozbmtpcn0vyh4jni 0 136594 883936 779890 2026-07-16T09:49:53Z BnHamid 12586 883936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jihadiyar Sahib''' (Pashto) memba ne na kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta [[Taliban]] ta Afghanistan wanda a halin yanzu [[List of deputy governors of Farah|mataimakin gwamna]] lardin Farah ne, tun daga ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شو |url=http://azamnews.com/?p=108148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145754/http://azamnews.com/?p=108148 |archive-date=2021-11-07}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ej9fh55ftdpgha1h1owyy3oqkhes2f6 0 136601 883933 779899 2026-07-16T09:48:32Z BnHamid 12586 883933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Tsontos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]: ) ({{Circa}} 1871-1942) wanda aka fi sani da sunan de guerre '''Kapetan Vardas''' (Καπετάν Βάρδας), ya kasance mayakan 'yan tawaye na Girka, janar, kuma daga baya ɗan siyasa daga tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == == Ayyukan soja == A shekara ta 1904 ya tafi Makidoniya mai mulkin Ottoman a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yakin Makidoniya, kuma ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi yana jagorantar 'yan tawaye a yankin Monastir don yaƙi da Ottomans da Bulgarian Komitadjis . Ya kasance a Makidoniya inda yake aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan de guerre na ''Kapetan Vardas'' . Ya kuma yi yaƙi a cikin Yakin Balkan na 1912-13 a matsayin kyaftin. A cikin Yaƙin Balkan na Biyu da Bulgaria musamman, ya sake jagorantar dakarun da ba su dace ba don kawar da gabashin Makidoniya daga 'yan bindigar Bulgarian (Komitadjis). <ref name="Enc" /> A shekara ta 1914 ya yi murabus na ɗan lokaci don shiga rundunar soji ta Jamhuriyar Arewacin Epirus mai cin gashin kanta. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Epirote, an nada shi gwamna na soja da na farar hula na Korytsa . [1] A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya shirya kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a Arewacin Epirus don yin aiki a kan ƙungiyoyin Albania da ke mamaye yankunan da Girka ke zaune [1] A cikin Rarraba ta Kasa, ya goyi bayan masu mulkin mallaka, kuma a sakamakon haka ya sami kansa an kore shi daga soja a 1917-20.[2] == Ayyukansa na baya == Bayan Nasarar zabe masu mulkin mallaka a watan Nuwamba 1920 an sake dawo da shi, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan Kwalejin Sojan Hellenic da kwamandan garuruwan Athens. Ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja a watan Fabrairun 1923 tare da matsayin babban janar. An mayar da shi zuwa aikin da ba ya aiki a 1927 kuma a ƙarshe a 1935, ya kai matsayin janar janar. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin MP na Florina Prefecture a 1932-33 da kuma Kastoria Prefecture na 1933-35. Ya mutu a [[Athens]] a shekarar 1942. == Manazarta == bpohe33ft4k2g8uxilqsd8uhraluvgc 883934 883933 2026-07-16T09:48:45Z BnHamid 12586 883934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Tsontos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]: ) ({{Circa}} 1871-1942) wanda aka fi sani da sunan de guerre '''Kapetan Vardas''' (Καπετάν Βάρδας), ya kasance mayakan 'yan tawaye na Girka, janar, kuma daga baya ɗan siyasa daga tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == == Ayyukan soja == A shekara ta 1904 ya tafi Makidoniya mai mulkin Ottoman a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yakin Makidoniya, kuma ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi yana jagorantar 'yan tawaye a yankin Monastir don yaƙi da Ottomans da Bulgarian Komitadjis . Ya kasance a Makidoniya inda yake aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan de guerre na ''Kapetan Vardas'' . Ya kuma yi yaƙi a cikin Yakin Balkan na 1912-13 a matsayin kyaftin. A cikin Yaƙin Balkan na Biyu da Bulgaria musamman, ya sake jagorantar dakarun da ba su dace ba don kawar da gabashin Makidoniya daga 'yan bindigar Bulgarian (Komitadjis). <ref name="Enc" /> A shekara ta 1914 ya yi murabus na ɗan lokaci don shiga rundunar soji ta Jamhuriyar Arewacin Epirus mai cin gashin kanta. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Epirote, an nada shi gwamna na soja da na farar hula na Korytsa . [1] A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya shirya kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a Arewacin Epirus don yin aiki a kan ƙungiyoyin Albania da ke mamaye yankunan da Girka ke zaune [1] A cikin Rarraba ta Kasa, ya goyi bayan masu mulkin mallaka, kuma a sakamakon haka ya sami kansa an kore shi daga soja a 1917-20.[2] == Ayyukansa na baya == Bayan Nasarar zabe masu mulkin mallaka a watan Nuwamba 1920 an sake dawo da shi, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan Kwalejin Sojan Hellenic da kwamandan garuruwan Athens. Ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja a watan Fabrairun 1923 tare da matsayin babban janar. An mayar da shi zuwa aikin da ba ya aiki a 1927 kuma a ƙarshe a 1935, ya kai matsayin janar janar. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin MP na Florina Prefecture a 1932-33 da kuma Kastoria Prefecture na 1933-35. Ya mutu a [[Athens]] a shekarar 1942. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1942]] q2sk84gtrrhw7b1d0goibvgyrp8iqz5 0 137228 883919 781108 2026-07-16T09:39:02Z BnHamid 12586 883919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andreas Kokas''' (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na kulob din Super League 2 na Olympiacos Volos . <ref>{{Soccerway|andreas-kokas/595272}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ɗan'uwan tagwaye na Kokas, Dimos, shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. == Karramawa == * Gasar kwallon kafa: 2018-192018–19 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r0c51bdjk5aihec4gn0huhaf5vwdk5a 0 137422 883915 781509 2026-07-16T09:36:59Z BnHamid 12586 883915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mullah Borjan''' (Pashto / Dari: ملا بورجان; 1958 - 27 Satumba 1996), wanda aka fi sani da '''Mullah Aminullah''', kwamandan mayakan [[Taliban]] ne na Afghanistan. An dauke shi a matsayin jagora mai tasiri a Lardin Kandahar . {{Sfn|Dam|2021}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a Talkan a shekara ta 1958, Borjan ya fito ne daga dangin da ke da asalin addini. Mahaifinsa shi ne Haji Mullah Muhammad Sadiq, yayin da kakansa shi ne Mullah Muhammad Musa Jan. Borjan ya kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a makarantun gida da masallatai.<ref name="Akhund">{{Cite web |last=Abdullah |first=Abdullah |title=د شهید ملا بورجان (تقبله الله) ژوند او کارنامو ته یوه لنډه کتنه |url=https://www.nunn.asia/72396/%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%A7/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=nuun.asia |publisher=Nuun.asia}}</ref> == Ayyukan soja == === Yaƙin Soviet da Afghanistan === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 25, Borjan ya bar makaranta kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar mujahideen karkashin jagorancin Mullah Haji Muhammad Akhund a Panjwayi . Kungiyar tana da alaƙa da Mohammad Yunus Khalis . Ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Soviet da Afghanistan da rana da dare. Bugu da ƙari, ya shirya kuma ya umarci harin Mujahideen a kan cibiyar soja ta Soviet a [[Kandahar]], wanda ya haifar da rauni ga sojojin Soviet.<ref name="Akhund">{{Cite web |last=Abdullah |first=Abdullah |title=د شهید ملا بورجان (تقبله الله) ژوند او کارنامو ته یوه لنډه کتنه |url=https://www.nunn.asia/72396/%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%A7/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=nuun.asia |publisher=Nuun.asia}}</ref> A shekara ta 1987, Borjan ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Arghandab da sojojin Soviet da Boris Gromov ke jagoranta inda ya sami nasarar ɗaga kewaye na kwanaki 33 na sansanin sojojin Mullah Naqib.<ref name="Akhund">{{Cite web |last=Abdullah |first=Abdullah |title=د شهید ملا بورجان (تقبله الله) ژوند او کارنامو ته یوه لنډه کتنه |url=https://www.nunn.asia/72396/%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%A7/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=nuun.asia |publisher=Nuun.asia}}</ref> Kodayake ya sami nasarar karya kewaye, ya ji rauni saboda fashewar bam. Baya ga wannan, ya kuma ji rauni a lokacin yakin da aka yi da sojojin Soviet a yankin Mohallajat a shekarar 1987.<ref name="Mullah">{{Cite web |last=Shirazi |first=Hafiz |title=د کابل د فاتح شهید ملا بورجان ژوند لیک! |url=https://www.nunn.asia/7703/%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=nuun.asia |publisher=nuun.asia}}</ref> === Taliban === Borjan ya shiga Taliban a shekarar 1994. Da farko, an sanya shi a matsayin shugaban 'yan sanda na Kandahar kuma daga baya ya zama babban kwamandan kungiyar.<ref name="Mullah">{{Cite web |last=Shirazi |first=Hafiz |title=د کابل د فاتح شهید ملا بورجان ژوند لیک! |url=https://www.nunn.asia/7703/%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=nuun.asia |publisher=nuun.asia}}</ref> An dauke shi babban aboki na Mullah Omar.{{Sfn|Dam|2021}} Ya umurci sojojin Taliban a lokacin [[Kabul]]_(1992–1996)" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)">Yaƙin Kabul da faduwar [[Jalalabad]] a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1996. {{Sfn|Maley|1998}}{{Sfn|Maley|1998}} Yayinda yake jagorantar yakin a yankin Kabul, ya ji rauni a wani rikici a Char Asiab a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1995, wanda ya sa aka kai shi Kandahar don magani.<ref name="Mullah" /> Bugu da ƙari, ya kuma 'yantar da rundunar Pakistan da ke kan hanyar zuwa Kandahar daga hannun 'yan bindiga na Amir Lalai a 1994 kuma ya ba da mafaka ga Abdul Ali Mazari da sojojinsa don tserewa daga Kabul.{{Sfn|Dam|2021}}{{Sfn|Qazizai|Sands|2019}} A cikin 1995, Borjan ya jagoranci jawabin tare da Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Mahmoud Mestiri]], wanda ya bukaci Taliban ta zama kungiyar da ta karɓi iko da Kabul kafin canja wurin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |title=Afghan militia demands control of Kabul |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/02/18/Afghan-militia-demands-control-of-Kabul/5859793083600/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=upi.com |publisher=UPI}}</ref> A matsayinsa na kwamandan rukuni, ya fi son gudanar da ayyukan soja kafin dare don hana lalacewar tallafi kuma ya yi kira ga ci gaba da yaki har sai gwamnatin tsakiya ta rushe.<ref name="Akhund">{{Cite web |last=Abdullah |first=Abdullah |title=د شهید ملا بورجان (تقبله الله) ژوند او کارنامو ته یوه لنډه کتنه |url=https://www.nunn.asia/72396/%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%A7/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=nuun.asia |publisher=Nuun.asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IRNA |first=IRNA |title=گزارش یک روزنامه چاپ کابل از کودتای نافرجام علیه رهبر گروه طالبان |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/5797354/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=irna.ir |publisher=IRNA}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1996. Akwai nau'o'i uku na mutuwar Borjan. A cewar Taliban, an kashe Borjan ta hanyar harbin tanki na Rabbani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |title=Afghan militia demands control of Kabul |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/02/18/Afghan-militia-demands-control-of-Kabul/5859793083600/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=upi.com |publisher=UPI}}</ref> A halin yanzu, a cewar Bette Dam, wani dan bindiga ya harbe Borjan a kan hanyar da ke kan hanyar zuwa Jalalabad kuma mutuwarsa ta damu da Mullah Omar, ta sa ya guje wa cin abinci na kwana uku.{{Sfn|Dam|2021}} Wata majiya ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa Rabbani shine mutumin da ke bayan kisan Borjan tun lokacin da Rabbani bai yarda da shawarar Borjan na kawo Mohammad Najibullah a gaban shari'a ba.{{Sfn|Dam|2021}} A baya, Borjan ya gaya wa 'yan jaridar Pakistan cewa ISI ta nemi ya kashe Najibullah nan da nan lokacin da Taliban ta kama Kabul.{{Sfn|Gall|2014}} A cewar Carlotta Gall, mai tsaronsa ne ya kashe Borjan.{{Sfn|Gall|2014}} Daga baya, an binne Borjan a Lardin Kandahar . {{Sfn|Dam|2021}} == Kyauta == Mutanen yankin sun girmama kabarin Borjan saboda karfinsa. Mahajjata da dama sun ziyarci kabarinsa don yin Ziyara, da fatan samun albarka[1]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] djg90ldbr9u2dazjerc33cqx66qvooo 0 137608 883935 781809 2026-07-16T09:49:26Z BnHamid 12586 +Databox 883935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agelaus na Naupactus''' (Girkanci na dā) ya kasance babban jami'i a cikin Aetolian League, sananne ne saboda kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya a Naupactus . Ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da manufar 'yan uwantaka tsakanin dukkan Helenawa. Duk da kasancewa sananne a matsayin janar, an ce kwarewarsa ta diflomasiyya ta fi shahara. An fara ambata shi lokacin da a cikin 221 BC ya tattauna kawance tsakanin shugaban Illyrian Scerdilaidas da Aetolians. Ta hanyar jawabinsa mai rinjaye ne aka sa Philip V na Makidoniya da abokan hulɗarsa su yi sulhu da Aetolians bayan Yakin Jama'a (220-217 BC) kuma an zabe shi janar na Aetoliens a cikin shekara mai zuwa, kodayake halinsa na ba da shawarar zaman lafiya ba da daɗewa ba 'yan ƙasarsa masu saurin rikici suka soki shi. Polybius ya ambaci Agelaus kamar yadda ya ba da jawabin da ya biyo baya don goyon bayan zaman lafiya: : Abinda ya fi kyau shi ne cewa Helenawa kada su je yaƙi da juna kwata-kwata, amma su gode wa alloli idan duk suna magana da murya ɗaya, kuma su haɗa hannu kamar mutane suna ƙetare rafi, za su iya kawar da hare-haren barbarians kuma su ceci kansu da biranen su. Amma idan wannan ba zai yiwu ba, a halin yanzu aƙalla ya kamata mu kasance tare kuma a kan tsaronmu, lokacin da muka ga makamai masu kumbura da kuma girman girman da yaƙin ya ɗauka a yamma. Har ma a yanzu a bayyane yake ga duk wanda ya ba da hankali ga al'amuran jama'a, cewa ko Carthaginians sun ci Romawa, ko Romawa Carthaginiyawa, a kowace hanya ba zai yiwu masu nasara su kasance da gamsuwa da daular Sicily da Italiya ba. Za su ci gaba: kuma za su faɗaɗa dakarunsu da ƙirarsu fiye da yadda muke so. Don haka, ina rokon ku duka ku kasance a kan tsaronku game da haɗarin rikicin, kuma sama da duka, Ya Sarki. Za ku yi haka, idan ku watsar da manufofin raunana Helenawa, don haka ku sa su zama ganima mai sauƙi ga mai mamayewa; kuma ku tuntubi akasin haka don amfanin kansu kamar yadda za ku yi wa kanka, kuma ku kula da dukkan sassan Girka daidai, a matsayin wani ɓangare da yanki na yankunanku. Idan kun yi aiki a cikin wannan ruhun, Helenawa za su zama abokai masu farin ciki da masu goyon baya masu aminci a duk ayyukanku; yayin da baƙi ba za su kasance a shirye don tsara kayayyaki a kansu ba, ganin da damuwa amincin Helenawa. Idan kuna da sha'awar yin aiki, juya idanunku zuwa yamma, kuma bari tunaninku ya kasance a kan yaƙe-yaƙe a Italiya. Jira da sanyi game da sauye-sauyen abubuwan da suka faru a can, kuma ku yi amfani da damar yin yajin aiki don mulkin duniya. Har ila yau, rikicin da ke akwai a yanzu ba shi da kyau ga irin wannan bege. Amma ina rokon ku da ku jinkirta jayayya da yaƙe-yaƙe da ku yi da Helenawa zuwa lokacin da za ku sami kwanciyar hankali; kuma ku sanya shi babban burin ku riƙe ikon yin zaman lafiya ko yaƙi da su da yardarka. Domin idan da zarar ka bari girgije yanzu ya taru a yamma don ya zauna a kan Girka, ina jin tsoro sosai cewa ikon yin zaman lafiya ko yaƙi, kuma a cikin kalma duk waɗannan wasannin da muke wasa da juna yanzu, za a kori su gaba ɗaya daga hannunmu duka, cewa za mu yi addu'a sama don ba mu kawai wannan ikon yin yaƙi ko zaman lafiya da juna da yardarmu, da kuma warwarewarmu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4wfdp3dc0h3j6ejzsspmz2skoflcwoc 0 137770 883906 782080 2026-07-16T09:00:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dan Obrycki''' shine wanda ya kafa The Applied Finance Group . Obrycki da Rafael Resendes tare sun ƙirƙiri Economic Margin (EM), tsarin mallakar AFG, don kimanta aikin kamfanoni daga mahangar tattalin arziki na kwararar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Margin Summary and Forum - 12manage |url=https://www.12manage.com/methods_afg_economic_margin.html/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=www.12manage.com |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515181750/https://www.12manage.com/methods_afg_economic_margin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Obrycki shine shugaban babban ofishin AFG a Chicago. == Ilimi == Obrycki ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniyan Kasa (Small Laude) daga Jami'ar Missouri-Rolla, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kuɗi (MBA) daga Jami'ar Chicago . Obrycki ya kuma kasance farfesa a fannin kuɗi a Jami'ar DePaul da ke Chicago, Illinois . == Sauran kasuwanci == Kafin ya kafa AFG tare, Obrycki shine Manajan Bincike na wani kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci, [[HOLT Value Associates]] . Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Nazarin Tattalin Arziki na Kamfanin Samar da Kayayyaki na Amoco a sassan kasuwancinsu na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. A can ya ba da cikakken nazari kan tattalin arziki da kimantawa kan damammaki da dama na saka hannun jari, saye-saye, raba hannun jari, shirye-shiryen samar da kuɗi, da batutuwan haraji da musayar kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Margin Summary and Forum - 12manage |url=https://www.12manage.com/methods_afg_economic_margin.html/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=www.12manage.com |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515181750/https://www.12manage.com/methods_afg_economic_margin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] b4aeyrzc80kl0h74ail1z6slom64pao 0 138324 883784 788987 2026-07-15T22:34:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Brian McCombs''' (an haife shi ranar 25 ga Agusta 1980) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma mai ƙira a Amurka. Shi ne mai ƙirƙira, tauraro, marubuci, kuma mai shirya shirin Japan on demand ''The Benza'' da kuma shirinsa ''na Benza English'' akan Amazon Prime Video . An san shi da nuna Michael a cikin jerin fina-finan [[Netflix]] na asali <nowiki><i id="mwEQ">Followers</i></nowiki>, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Hannah |title=Netflix's 'Followers' takes viewers inside the glittering world of Tokyo's Instagram influencers |url=https://www.insider.com/review-netflix-followers-takes-viewers-inside-world-of-tokyo-influencers-2020-4 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Insider}}</ref> da kuma rawar da Lucas ya taka a fim ɗin Aichaku . Hakanan an san shi da rawar da ya taka a matakin mataki kamar Hoteye a cikin shirin ''Fairy Tail'' kai tsaye. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ライブ・ファンタジー「FAIRY TAIL」 {{!}} 日本2.5次元ミュージカル協会 |url=https://www.j25musical.jp/stage/40 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=www.j25musical.jp}}</ref> McCombs ya iya magana da Jafananci sosai, kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka da dama na wasan kwaikwayo saboda rawar da ya taka a Turanci da Jafananci. <ref>{{Cite web |title="壊れた便座"巡る日本発のコメディ「The Benza」韓国の国際映画祭で2冠（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/296078 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2025-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427233623/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/296078 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBT映画『The Actor and The Model』が国際映画祭で賞を取ったぞ!! |url=https://blnews.chil-chil.net/newsDetail/16913/ |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=ちるちる |language=ja}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi McCombs a Geneva, Ohio, kuma ya koma Cleveland tare da mahaifiyarsa, malamarsa Karen Callahan, tun yana ƙarami. Tun yana ƙarami, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo na cocin gida. A makarantar sakandare, an ƙarfafa shi ya shiga wani shiri na kiɗa na makarantar sakandare daga wani darakta da ya yi aiki da shi tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da yin kwaikwayo a sana'a tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar yayin da yake makarantar sakandare, bayan da malaminsa mai hazaka ya matsa masa ya yi gwajin gwaji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Hannah |title=Netflix's 'Followers' takes viewers inside the glittering world of Tokyo's Instagram influencers |url=https://www.insider.com/review-netflix-followers-takes-viewers-inside-world-of-tokyo-influencers-2020-4 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Insider}}</ref> Ya fara yawon shakatawa da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo a daidai lokacin kuma ya bayyana wannan lokacin a matsayin "mai yiwuwa ƙwarewar da ta fi ba ni ilimi a rayuwata ta ƙuruciya." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Rencontre avec Christopher McCombs – acteur, scénariste, producteur… et peut-être votre futur coup de cœur |url=https://www.leternelle-romantique.fr/2025/07/15/christopher-mccombs-interview/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=leternelle-romantique |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yaba wa mahaifinsa, David McCombs, saboda sha'awarsa ga yaren Jafananci. Lokacin da yake yaro, mahaifinsa ya saya masa Super Famicom da ɗan'uwansa Matthew, wanda hakan ya sa McCombs ya buga wasannin bidiyo a cikin harshen Jafananci, ciki har da Final Fantasy V da Trials of Mana . [1] Wannan fallasa da wuri daga baya ya motsa shi ya yi nazarin yaren a hukumance, wani aiki da ya bayyana a matsayin "wani nau'i na cikar burin yara." == Sana'a == McCombs ya ci gaba da yin tallan kayan kawa a [[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, Nevada]] kuma ya bayyana cewa ya yi amfani da kuɗin shigarsa na yin tallan kayan kawa don yin karatun Jafananci, da farko tare da wani malami mai zaman kansa kafin ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Kudancin Nevada da Jami'ar Las Vegas . <ref name="ENbio">{{Cite web |title=Chris McCombs |url=https://f-w.co.jp/en/catalog/?modelId=5966&detailflg=1 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Freewave}}</ref> Kimanin shekara guda da fara karatunsa, wata mujallar da ya yi wa tallan kayan kawa ta ba shi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a [[Tokyo|Tokyo, Japan]] inda ake buƙatar ƙwarewar Japan ta asali. Bayan mako guda a Japan, ya fahimci cewa zai iya gina aiki a can kuma ya sami wakilcin hukuma cikin sauri. <ref name="Anime">{{Cite web |title=Aichaku, when love for Japan is seen from the eyes of a LGBTQ+ foreigner: interview |url=https://www.animeclick.it/news/108281-aichaku-when-love-for-japan-is-seen-from-the-eyes-of-a-lgbtq-foreigner-interview |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=AnimeClick}}</ref> Ya ƙaura har abada a 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Hannah |title=Netflix's 'Followers' takes viewers inside the glittering world of Tokyo's Instagram influencers |url=https://www.insider.com/review-netflix-followers-takes-viewers-inside-world-of-tokyo-influencers-2020-4 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Insider}}</ref> kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma talabijin, inda ya sami matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin ''Go Ji Ni Muchu'' na MX Television a 2012–2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title="壊れた便座"巡る日本発のコメディ「The Benza」韓国の国際映画祭で2冠（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/296078 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2025-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427233623/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/296078 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zama fuskar da ya saba da ita a shirye-shiryen Ilimi na NHK, yana bayyana a ''EiEiGo!,'' ''Shigoto no Kiso Eigo'', da ''Omotenashi no Kiso Eigo'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBT映画『The Actor and The Model』が国際映画祭で賞を取ったぞ!! |url=https://blnews.chil-chil.net/newsDetail/16913/ |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=ちるちる |language=ja}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Hannah |title=Netflix's 'Followers' takes viewers inside the glittering world of Tokyo's Instagram influencers |url=https://www.insider.com/review-netflix-followers-takes-viewers-inside-world-of-tokyo-influencers-2020-4 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Insider}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, McCombs ya fito a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na China da Japan na ''Fairy Tail'', inda ya taka rawar Hoteye. <ref name="FairyTail">{{Cite web |title=Fairy Tail Stage Play 2016 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-30/fairy-tail-stage-play-reveals-full-cast-visual/.100472 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Anime News Network}}</ref> Ya kuma ci gaba da yin nasara a sana'ar tallan kayan kawa a Japan, inda ya fito a mujallu kamar ''Rolling Stone Japan'', ''GQ Japan'', da ''ELLE'', kuma yana aiki ga kamfanoni kamar Tommy Hilfiger da Houston. Tun daga shekarar 2015 zuwa gaba, ya faɗaɗa kasancewarsa a cikin nishaɗi, yana fitowa a cikin waƙoƙin dandamali, CD na wasan kwaikwayo, da aikin murya a cikin tallace-tallace, har ma yana yin zane a kan Billboard Japan a matsayin ɗan wasan murya. Daga shekarar 2017, McCombs ya dauki nauyin ''shirin Kodawari Navi'' na Television Asahi na mako-mako <ref name="TVASAHI">{{Cite web |title=vivia |url=https://www.tv-asahipro.co.jp/works/5828 |access-date=2021-03-17 |website=www.tv-asahipro.co.jp}}</ref> kuma ya kan bayyana a bikin ''Bento Expo'' na NHK1 . <ref name="BENTO">{{Cite web |last=株式会社フリー・ウエイブ |date=2019-07-02 |title=本日放送！NHK総合「BENTO EXPO」に外国人俳優のクリス・マッコームスが出演します！ {{!}} 東京で外国人モデル・タレント・ナレーターをお探しならフリー・ウエイブ |url=https://f-w.co.jp/past-works/international-model-2019-nhk-bento-expo0702 |access-date=2021-03-17 |website=Free Wave |language=ja}}</ref> Ya kuma bayar da rahoto ga ''JTrip Japan'' na NHK World. <ref name="ENbio"/> A shekarar 2020, ya shiga shirin safe na Nippon TV ''mai suna ZIP!'' kuma ya ci gaba da fitowa a shirye-shiryen Ilimi na NHK, ciki har da ''Girke-girken Turanci na Onishi Hiroto'' da ''Tattaunawar Turanci da ke da daɗi!.'' A cikin sararin watsa shirye-shiryen, McCombs ya taka rawar Michael a cikin jerin fina-finan Netflix na asali ''Followers'' (2020). <ref name="Followers">{{Cite web |last=株式会社フリー・ウエイブ |date=2020-10-15 |title=NETFLIXオリジナルドラマ『F♡LL♡WERS』に クリス・マッコームスが出演！！ {{!}} 東京で外国人モデル・タレント・ナレーターをお探しならフリー・ウエイブ |url=https://f-w.co.jp/past-works/?p=18338 |access-date=2021-03-17 |website=Free Wave |language=ja}}</ref> Ya kuma ƙirƙira kuma ya fito a cikin jerin fina-finan Amazon Prime Video ''The Benza'' (2019) da kuma ''Benza English'' (2020), waɗanda duka biyun yake rubutawa tare da samarwa. <ref name="ENbio"/> A cikin 2021, ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasanni tare da fitowar ''The Benza RPG'', wanda ya rubuta labarin da tattaunawa a kansa. <ref name="BenzaRPG">{{Cite web |title=The Benza RPG |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/1480040/The_Benza_RPG/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Steam}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, babban jami'in McCombs ya shirya kuma ya bayyana a cikin shirin Amazon Prime Video na balaguro ''mai suna Getting Dirty in Japan'', wanda ke binciko kasada ta waje da al'adun gida a Japan. <ref name="GettingDirty">{{Cite web |title=Getting Dirty in Japan |url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/video/detail/B0BWWMGGKH/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Amazon Prime Video Japan}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya yi rubutu tare, shirya, kuma ya fito a fim ɗinsa na farko, wato wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya tsakanin 'yan luwaɗi ''Aichaku'' . <ref name="Aichaku">{{Cite web |title=Aichaku Official Website |url=https://www.tokyo-cowboys.com/aichaku |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Tokyo Cowboys}}</ref> Kamfanin Free Wave Co., Ltd. ne ke wakiltar McCombs a Japan a halin yanzu. === 'Yan Kaboyi na Tokyo === A shekarar 2015, McCombs ta kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai mai zaman kansa na Tokyo Tokyo Cowboys da nufin samar da ayyuka masu yawa ga masu wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasashen waje da na Japan a cikin nishaɗin Japan, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, jinsi, ko yanayin jima'i ba. McCombs yana aiki a matsayin furodusa da kuma babban marubucin rubutun kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |title="壊れた便座"巡る日本発のコメディ「The Benza」韓国の国際映画祭で2冠（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/296078 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2025-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427233623/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/296078 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Da farko an mayar da hankali kan gajerun fina-finai—kamar gajeren fim ɗin LGBT mai lambar yabo The Actor and the Model— <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Hannah |title=Netflix's 'Followers' takes viewers inside the glittering world of Tokyo's Instagram influencers |url=https://www.insider.com/review-netflix-followers-takes-viewers-inside-world-of-tokyo-influencers-2020-4 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Insider}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="壊れた便座"巡る日本発のコメディ「The Benza」韓国の国際映画祭で2冠（コメントあり） |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/296078 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2025-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427233623/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/296078 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tokyo Cowboys ta faɗaɗa zuwa cikin abubuwan da aka tsara a cikin 2019 tare da ƙaddamar da The Benza akan Amazon Prime Video, sannan kuma jerin shirye-shiryenta na Benza English . A cikin 2023, babban jami'in McCombs ya shirya kuma ya fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na farko na kamfanin, Getting Dirty in Japan, wanda aka sake shi ta Amazon Prime Video Japan. Fim ɗin Tokyo Cowboys na farko, Aichaku, an sake shi a 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBT映画『The Actor and The Model』が国際映画祭で賞を取ったぞ!! |url=https://blnews.chil-chil.net/newsDetail/16913/ |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=ちるちる |language=ja}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2025, McCombs ya bayyana ƙungiyar masu shirya fina-finai a matsayin "ƙungiyar masu nishadantarwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya da ke Tokyo." Ya bayyana cewa Tokyo Cowboys na da niyyar ƙirƙirar nishaɗi wanda ke nuna bambancin da ke cikin Japan yayin da kuma girmama al'adunta da al'adunta. "Tokyo Cowboys ra'ayi ne," in ji shi. "Shawara ce ta yadda masu nishadantarwa na Japan da na ƙasashen waje za su iya yin aiki tare don ƙirƙirar wani abu na musamman." Ya jaddada sha'awar kamfanin na sa masu kallo su ji daɗin maraba, ba tare da la'akari da inda suke kallo ba. <ref name=":1"/> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 08whrj3ufzca9q826ye5h7yhfn72h9c 0 140290 883907 833389 2026-07-16T09:13:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Children_performing_Dandiya_in_Palace_Grounds,_Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Dandiya Raas rawa ta yara a lokacin Navratri a Bangalore]]   '''Raas''' ko '''Dandiya Raas''' rawa ce ta al'adu da addinai da ta samo asali daga jihar [[Gujarat]] ta Indiya kuma an fi yin ta a bikin Navaratri . Ana yin rawa a yankin Marwar na [[Rajasthan]] ma. Asalin Dandiya-Raas yana cikin Sanskrit. Dandiya-raas yana wanzuwa a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban, gami da salon gasa na kwaleji. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Falcone |first=Jessica Marie |date=2013 |title='Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html |journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1353/jaas.2013.0010 |issn=1096-8598 |s2cid=145669630 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Salon rawa yanzu yana cikin tsarin gasa da tsarin gargajiya. Maza da mata a al'ada suna yin wasan ''dandiya-raas'' kuma rawa tana gudana biyu-biyu, ma'ana dole ne ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi lamba ɗaya tilo. Gabaɗaya, ana yin layuka biyu, tare da abokan hulɗa suna fuskantar juna:<blockquote>Layukan suna tafiya a hankali, kuma kowane mutum ya taka gaba don buga sanduna tare da abokin tarayyarsa, sannan ya motsa a kan mutane biyu. A ƙarshen layin, kowannensu ya juya ya haɗu da layin da ke akasin haka, don haka motsi yana ci gaba. Kiɗan yana farawa a hankali […] Zagaye ne na lokaci mai bugun takwas da ake kira Kaherva kuma ana yin sa ta wannan hanyar: a bugun farko, ana buga sandunan ku tare, sannan a bi sandunan dama tare da abokin tarayyar ku, sannan sandunan hagu (ko sanda ɗaya idan kuna amfani da ɗaya). Kowannensu sai ya juya zuwa hagu don buga sandunan nasa tare kafin ya koma ga abokin tarayyar don sake buga sandunan na dama, kuma kafin ya koma wurare biyu zuwa sabon abokin tarayya. </blockquote> == Asalin Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Dandiya.jpg|thumb|Dandiya]] Kalmar "Raas" ta fito ne daga kalmar [[Sanskrit]] " Rasa ", wata ra'ayi ta Indiya mai kyau da ke da alaƙa da motsin rai da ji. Kapila Vatsyayan ta yi jayayya cewa ka'idar kyau ta Rasa ta ba da haɗin kai ga fasahar Indiya. == Siffofin == Dandiya Raas, Gopgunthan Solanga Raas da Mer Dandiya Raas sune shahararrun nau'ikan Raas. A Saurashtra, Raas ne maza ke yi kuma raye-rayen da mata ke yi ana kiranta da Raasda. Abubuwan raye-raye sun fi shahara a Raas yayin da kiɗa ya fi shahara a Raasda. === Kwalejin Garba-Raas === Garba-Raas, wanda aka fi sani da Raas, salon rawa ne mai hade da juna wanda ya kunshi Dandiya-Raas da wasu [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] . Garba-Raas ya fito a matsayin salon rawa mai gasa saboda kokarin Tarayyar Kungiyoyin Gujarati na Arewacin Amurka (FOGNA). <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Falcone |first=Jessica Marie |date=2013 |title='Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html |journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1353/jaas.2013.0010 |issn=1096-8598 |s2cid=145669630 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFalcone2013">Falcone, Jessica Marie (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html "'Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing"]</span>. ''Journal of Asian American Studies''. '''16''' (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>89. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jaas.2013.0010|10.1353/jaas.2013.0010]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8598 1096-8598]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145669630 145669630].</cite></ref> An kara bunkasa salon rawa mai gasa na Garba-Raas a farkon shekarun 2000 ta hanyar daliban kwaleji na farko 'yan asalin Indiya da Amurka . Bugu da kari, an kafa wata kungiya mai hadin gwiwa ta kasa ga Garba-Raas a shekarar 2009 mai suna Raas All-stars (RAS). <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://www.raasallstars.com/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119052200/https://www.raasallstars.com/about |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=Raas All-Stars |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, kungiyar ta kunshi kusan kungiyoyin Garba-Raas guda 50 masu fafatawa a dukkan fannoni a fadin kasar, daga cikin jimillar kungiyoyi 66 da aka yi rikodi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directory |url=https://www.raasallstars.com/directory |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Raas All-Stars |publisher=Raas All-Stars |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216163718/https://www.raasallstars.com/directory |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Garba-Raas Mai Nasara === Garba-Raas a al'ada salon rawa ne na nishaɗi wanda ake yi a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Falcone |first=Jessica Marie |date=2013 |title='Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html |journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1353/jaas.2013.0010 |issn=1096-8598 |s2cid=145669630 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFalcone2013">Falcone, Jessica Marie (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html "'Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing"]</span>. ''Journal of Asian American Studies''. '''16''' (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>89. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jaas.2013.0010|10.1353/jaas.2013.0010]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8598 1096-8598]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145669630 145669630].</cite></ref> An bayyana salon gasa a matsayin "...wasan gasa, maimakon salon rawa mai haɗaka, na al'ada, buƙatar "nishaɗi" ta zama mafi mahimmanci" ta Falconer. Domin mayar da wannan rawar zamantakewa zuwa aikin gasa, fannoni da yawa na rawa, kamar tsarin, motsi, da tsarin, sun canza. An bayyana sabon salon da aka haɓaka dalla-dalla a ƙasa a ƙarƙashin "Salon Rawar Gasar Garba-Raas". Kamanceceniya tsakanin salon gargajiya da na gasa shine tufafi, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan da suka dace. Jessica Falcone ta nuna cewa masu rawa sun fi son gane sabon salon rawa a matsayin reshe na Garba da Dandiya-raas amma a zahiri, ta bayyana cewa Garba-Raas mai shiga jami'a yana canzawa zuwa salon rawa nasa. <ref>name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Falcone |first=Jessica Marie |date=2013 |title='Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html |journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1353/jaas.2013.0010 |issn=1096-8598 |s2cid=145669630 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFalcone2013">Falcone, Jessica Marie (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html "'Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing"]</span>. ''Journal of Asian American Studies''. '''16''' (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>89. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jaas.2013.0010|10.1353/jaas.2013.0010]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8598 1096-8598]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145669630 145669630].</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Collegiate_Garba-Raas.jpg|thumb|Tawagar Kwaleji ta Garba-Raas sanye da Tufafin Gargajiya]] Rawar gasar tsari ta ƙunshi 'yan rawa 12-16 waɗanda ke yin rawa 8-9 akai-akai waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Garba (dance)|Garba]], dandiya-raas, da tran tali. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Falcone |first=Jessica Marie |date=2013 |title='Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html |journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1353/jaas.2013.0010 |issn=1096-8598 |s2cid=145669630 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFalcone2013">Falcone, Jessica Marie (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html "'Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing"]</span>. ''Journal of Asian American Studies''. '''16''' (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>89. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jaas.2013.0010|10.1353/jaas.2013.0010]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8598 1096-8598]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145669630 145669630].</cite></ref> Ana buƙatar dukkan 'yan rawa su zama ɗaliban kwaleji amma suna iya zuwa wata kwaleji daban da suke wakilta. Ana sa ran ƙungiyoyi su kasance cikin tufafin Garba-Raas na gargajiya. Ana gina ayyukan yau da kullun da jigo da aka gabatar a duk tsawon rawa ta hanyar kayan tallafi da tasirin musamman. <ref name=":1" /> A kan mataki an bayyana rawa a matsayin "mai ƙarfi da kuzari sosai: (1) kiɗan yawanci yana cikin sauri fiye da sauran nau'ikan Garba-Raas da aka tattauna a baya, (2) ana koyar da masu rawa wani nau'in bugun kai mai sauri, (3) ana liƙa murmushin manic akan kowane mai rawa don jaddada sha'awar alkalai". <ref name=":1" /> Ɗalibai maza da mata galibi suna yin gasar Garba-raas tare da 'yan rawa 12-16 a kan dandamali a lokaci guda kuma koyaushe a cikin adadi daidai idan zai yiwu, duk da cewa tsarin da kansa ba ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan hulɗar abokin tarayya ba. Masu rawa suna ɗaukar cikakken matakin ɗakin taro tare da nau'ikan tsari da motsi daban-daban a cikin aikin rawa na kimanin mintuna shida. A cikin aikin, ko dai masu rawa suna yin wasan kwaikwayo suna fuskantar masu sauraro ko kuma suna hulɗa da sauran abokan hulɗa a kan dandamali na ɗan gajeren lokaci don ambaton tushen gargajiya na Garba-raas. Ba kamar ɗandiya-raas na gargajiya ko Garba ba, ɗaliban kwaleji Garba-raas ba su da wani wuri mai mahimmanci. ==== Taurari na Raas ==== Raas All-Stars (RAS) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa wadda gasa da ƙungiyoyi na kwaleji na Garba-Raas ke aiki a ƙarƙashinta. An kafa RAS a shekarar 2009. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://www.raasallstars.com/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119052200/https://www.raasallstars.com/about |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=Raas All-Stars |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210119052200/https://www.raasallstars.com/about "ABOUT US"]. ''Raas All-Stars''. Archived from [https://www.raasallstars.com/about the original] on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da cancantar gasa da kuma ɗaukar nauyin gasar cin kofin ƙasa a ƙarshen kowace kakar wasa. <ref name=":2" /> ===== Tsarin gini ===== Lokacin gasar Garba-Raas yana faruwa ne a farkon kowace shekara ta kalanda (Janairu zuwa Afrilu). <ref name=":2"/> Domin yin gasa a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar RAS, ƙungiyoyi dole ne su gabatar da aikace-aikacen ga gasannin da aka ba da izini, waɗanda aka sani da Gasar Bid, ta hanyar wa'adin da aka ƙayyade. Aikace-aikacen yawanci ya haɗa da bidiyon gwaji na ƙungiyar da ke nuna rawa ga waƙoƙi uku. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Falcone |first=Jessica Marie |date=2013 |title='Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html |journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1353/jaas.2013.0010 |issn=1096-8598 |s2cid=145669630 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFalcone2013">Falcone, Jessica Marie (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studies/v016/16.1.falcone.html "'Garba With Attitude': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing"]</span>. ''Journal of Asian American Studies''. '''16''' (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>89. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jaas.2013.0010|10.1353/jaas.2013.0010]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8598 1096-8598]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145669630 145669630].</cite></ref> Sannan ana zaɓar ƙungiyoyi takwas kuma hukumar gudanarwa ta kowace gasa za ta gayyace su don yin gasa. Kowace gasa tana ba da manyan ƙungiyoyi uku, na 1, na 2, da na 3 da maki 4 na tayi, maki 2 na tayi, da maki 1 na tayi, bi da bi. Ana gayyatar ƙungiyoyi 8 da suka fi yawan jimlar maki na tayi zuwa gasar RAS ta ƙasa. <ref name=":1" /> ===== Hukunci ===== [[Fayil:Competition_photo.jpg|alt=Collegiate Garba-Raas team on stage, captured during Raas section of performance (holding dandiyas) dressed in traditional attire|thumb|Tawagar Garba-Raas ta Kwaleji Suna Wasa Don Gasar Matakin Ƙasa]] Ana kimanta ayyukan Garba-Raas bisa ga abubuwa uku: Abubuwan Fasaha, Choreography da kuma Aiwatarwa. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Judging Guidelines |url=https://www.raasallstars.com/judgingguidelines |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=Raas All-Stars |publisher=Raas All-Stars }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana buƙatar gasar neman 'yan wasa ta kasance aƙalla alkalai biyar (Careography biyu, Finale biyu da kuma Artistic Element ɗaya) amma mafi kyau shine a sami alkali fiye da ɗaya a kowace rukuni, tare da mafi yawan alkalai tara a kowace kwamiti (uku a kowace rukuni). <ref name=":10" /> Ana kimanta dukkan abubuwa uku bisa ga abubuwan da suka shafi "WOW" (lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar rubric), kuma kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar suna karɓar ra'ayoyi kan ayyukan ƙungiyarsu daga alkalai bayan kowace ƙungiya ta shiga gasa kuma an sanya su a matsayi. <ref name=":10" /> A lokacin gasar kanta, akwai ƙa'idodi masu tsauri da ya kamata alkalan su bi: "A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon, alkalan za su zauna daban-daban don guje wa duk wani tattaunawa game da wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan yana nufin cewa alkalai daga rukuni ɗaya ba za su iya zama kusa da juna ba. (Misali, wasan kwaikwayo da aiwatarwa na iya kasancewa kusa da juna, amma alkalai biyu na wasan kwaikwayo dole ne su zauna daban-daban.) alkalan za su kuma guji duk wani amfani da na'urorin lantarki, kamar wayoyin hannu ko kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na gasa, alkalai za su yi wa ƙungiyoyi maki ta amfani da rubin hukunci na Raas All-Stars. alkalai za su iya la'akari da rubuta duk wani bayanin inganci akan takarda don amfani a cikin tattaunawa." <ref name=":10"/> Hukumar Zartarwa ta Raas All-Stars ce ke ƙirƙira kuma ta tsara [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1osPde0fDeL9cjthV-UZd1o68lkRY4pSh?usp=sharing rubin] hukunci ga duk Gasar Biyan Kuɗi ta RAS. Ana daidaita dukkan rubin uku kowace shekara don ƙa'idodin yin hukunci a duk gasa da ƙungiyoyi su kasance daidai. <ref name=":10" /> ====== Sharuɗɗa ====== Abubuwan fasaha sun haɗa da abubuwa da yawa na wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ba su haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ba, amma duk da haka suna da mahimmanci kuma alkalai sun sanya su a matsayi ta amfani da rubin da ƙungiyar RAS ta tsara. "A matsayinta na hukumar kula da wasanni, RAS tana ƙirƙira kuma tana aiwatar da sharuɗɗan zaɓe da yin hukunci a kan waɗannan gasa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raas All-Stars XI: Rewrite the Stars |url=https://artandseek.org/calendar/event/96003/raas-all-stars-xi-rewrite-the-stars |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Eisemann Center |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216045206/https://artandseek.org/calendar/event/96003/raas-all-stars-xi-rewrite-the-stars |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana tantance jigon aikin ƙungiyar da ke fafatawa, gami da ƙirƙirar jigon da aiwatarwa dangane da saitin, kayan tallafi da dabarun da ƙungiya za ta iya yi. Rubin ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka dace kamar: "Shin haɗa jigo da alama ya dace da aikin ƙungiyar ba tare da cire rawa daga rawa ba ko kuma yana kama da dole ne?" Bugu da ƙari, ana tantance kiɗa dangane da saurinsa, sautinsa da kuma jan hankalinsa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon. A tarihi, hukunci mai jigo ya fi sauran abubuwa kyau saboda ra'ayoyin mutum da alkali ko manyan membobin al'ummar Garba-Raas za su iya yi. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Falcone |first=Jessica Marie |date=February 2013 |title='GARBA WITH ATTITUDE': Creative Nostalgia in Competitive Collegiate Gujarati American Folk Dancing |journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=57–89<!-- |access-date=13 February 2023-->}}</ref> Ana yin hukunci kan waƙoƙi ta hanyar irin wannan tsari, duk da haka, ana buƙatar alkalan wannan ɓangaren su sami ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci kuma Hukumar Zartarwa ta RAS za ta tantance su sosai kafin a ba su matsayin. <ref name=":10"/> Ana yin hukunci kan waƙoƙin ƙungiya ta hanyar jerin buɗewa da rufewa, tsari, asali, kiɗa, kusanci da Garba-Raas na gargajiya, rikitarwa, tsari da saurin gudu. <ref name=":10" /> Ana yin hukunci kan aiwatarwa ta hanyar rukunoni na uku, wanda ya haɗa da rukunoni kamar murmurewa, daidaitawa, sauyawa, kuzari, alheri da kuma ra'ayi gabaɗaya. <ref name=":10" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iljjja0q6qtngurmpm7suo7rrt7qze1 0 140345 883712 874124 2026-07-15T18:47:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rawar Chari''' rawa ce ta al'umma a jihar [[Rajasthan]] ta Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art and culture of Rajasthan |url=http://rajasthan.gov.in/StateProfile/ArtandCulture/Pages/FolkDanceMusic.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430060526/http://rajasthan.gov.in/StateProfile/ArtandCulture/Pages/FolkDanceMusic.aspx |archive-date=30 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> Rawar Chari rawa ce ta ƙungiyar mata. Tana da alaƙa da Ajmer da Kishangarh . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2012 |title=Dance Forms of Rajasthan |url=http://www.pinkcity.com/citizenblogger/dance-forms-of-rajasthan/ |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Pinkcity.com}}</ref> Rawar Chari ta shahara a cikin al'ummar Gurjar ta Kishangarh da Ajmer kuma an san ta a ko'ina cikin Rajasthan. Ana yin rawa ta Chari a bukukuwan aure, ranar haihuwar ɗa namiji da kuma bukukuwan alheri. == Aiki == A lokacin rawa ta Chari, mata masu ado masu launuka daban-daban suna riƙe da tukwanen ƙasa ko na tagulla na Chari a kansu. Sau da yawa, ana sanya Chari a kan fitilar mai mai haske (Diya) ko kuma a zuba tsaban auduga a cikin mai. Masu rawa suna ɗauke da tukunya mai harshen wuta a kansu ba tare da taɓa ta ba, yayin da suke yin motsi mai kyau na gaɓoɓi da kuma juyawar gwiwoyi masu zurfi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance festivals in Udaipur |url=http://www.hotelsatudaipur.com/dance-festivals-in-udaipur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917172232/http://www.hotelsatudaipur.com/dance-festivals-in-udaipur.html |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Hotelsatudaipur}}</ref> Don sa rawa ta yi kyau, ana ƙirƙirar layukan alamu masu haske yayin da masu rawa ke motsawa a hankali a ƙasa. [[Fayil:Chari_dance_in_bagore_ki_haveli.jpg|thumb|Chari_dance_in_bagore_ki_haveli]] == Asali == Rajasthan hamada ce inda mata ke tafiya na tsawon mil da yawa don dibar ruwa ga iyalansu. Suna tattara ruwansu na yau da kullun a Chari. Rawar tana murnar wannan al'ada ta tara ruwa tsawon rayuwa. [[Fayil:Chari_Dance.jpg|thumb|Chari_Dance]] == Riga da kayan ado == Masu rawa suna sanya kayan ado na zinariya na Rajasthani mai suna Hansli, Hansli, Timniya, Mogri, Punchi, Bangdi, Gajra, Armlets, Karli, Kanka da Navr. <ref name="doi">{{Cite web |title=Dances of India |url=http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150411213140/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Dancesofindia.co.in}}</ref> == Kayan kida == Ana yin rawar Chari da Nagada, Dholak, Dhol Harmonium, Thali (wani kayan kida na autophonic) da Bankia . Bankia ita ce ta fi yawa. Tana fitar da sauti mai ƙarfi da ban tsoro a cikin hannaye masu ƙarfi. <ref>name="doi">{{Cite web |title=Dances of India |url=http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150411213140/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=Dancesofindia.co.in }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212539/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |date=2015-09-23 }}. ''Dancesofindia.co.in''. Archived from [http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212539/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/rajasthan/chari.html |date=2015-09-23 }} on 11 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Chari_dance.jpg|thumb|Shahararrun matan Gujar ne na Rajasthan. A cikin wannan rawa, ana ƙona irin auduga a cikin tukunya kuma ana yin rawar.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} n9zm0igs1tm9yx4o0lvp4ubkxtfzofi 0 140847 883918 796166 2026-07-16T09:38:41Z BnHamid 12586 883918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arabic-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Al-Ism al-Aʿẓam''' (Arabic), a zahiri "Sunan Mafi Girma", <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="405" href="./Allah" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Allah">Allah, in the Quran<nowiki></a></nowiki> tebyan.net Retrieved 27 Oct 2018"}}" id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Al-Ism_al-A'zam#cite_note-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> wanda aka fi sani da '''{{Transl|ar|Ism Allah al-Akbar}}''' (اسم الله الأکبر, <nowiki>''</nowiki>), yana nufin a cikin Islama ga mafi girman sunan Allah, wanda aka sani kawai ga [[Annabi|annabawa]]. == Hadisi == {{Blockquote|Narrated Anas ibn Malik: I was sitting with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and a man was offering prayer. He then made supplication: O Allah, I ask Thee by virtue of the fact that praise is due to Thee, there is no deity but Thou, Who showest favour and beneficence, the Originator of the Heavens and the earth, O Lord of Majesty and Splendour, O Living One (Ya [[Al-Ḥayy|Haaiiyu]]), O Eternal One (Ya [[Al-Qayyūm|Qayyium]]). The Prophet (ﷺ) then said: He has supplicated Allah using His Greatest Name, when supplicated by this name, He answers, and when asked by this name He gives.|Abu Dawood 1495 (Sahih: Albani)}} == Ma'anar == A cewar wasu hadisai na Islama, duk wanda ya kira Allah ta amfani da {{Transl|ar|al-Ism al-A'zam}}, za a ba da addu'arsa (du'a).<ref name="Farsi12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 Oct 2018 |title=What is Ism A'zam? |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Question/View/2483/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA |website=hawzah.net}}</ref> A cikin Islama ta Shi'a, an yi imanin cewa {{Transl|ar|al-Ism al-A'zam}} yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a cikin aikin albarka.<ref name="Farsi12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 Oct 2018 |title=What is Ism A'zam? |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Question/View/2483/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA |website=hawzah.net}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Allah a cikin Islama * Hashem, Ibrananci don "Sunan", sunan Allah a addinin Yahudanci * [[Jerin sunayen Allah a Musulunci|Sunayen Allah a cikin Islama]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://al-asmaa-ul-husna.blogspot.com/2020/04/what-is-ism-al-azam.html Menene Ism Al-Azam?] {{Authority control}} t61xn35be26c0aryukoyco1sptcl171 0 141327 883948 875800 2026-07-16T10:21:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna Simi wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. [1][2] A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".[3][4] Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da Wizkid, Lil Kesh, Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230731/https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225143/https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c86j4lrtadw4pbpb73ykexvuqx4j7pz 0 142076 883709 835079 2026-07-15T18:37:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Imani ( Arabic , lit. ' , kuma 'sani') a cikin tauhidin Musulunci yana nufin amincewa da imani da ayyuka a cikin bangarorin addini na Musulunci . [1] [2] Ma'anarsa mafi sauƙi ita ce imani da ginshiƙai shida na imani, wanda aka sani da arkān al-īmān . Masana tauhidin Shi'a sun gabatar da ka'idoji da dama game da imani ( ko a cikin sigar Larabci, "Iman" ). Wasu suna da'awar cewa imani ya ƙunshi ginshiƙi ɗaya: imani da ke riƙe a cikin zuciya ( ɓangaren da ya fi ciki da gaskiya na ɗan adam ). Saboda haka, ana bayyana imani a matsayin tabbatar da zuciya, tare da ikirari da magana da ayyuka ba su taka rawa a cikin aiwatar da ita ba. [3] An bayyana kalmar {{Transl|ar|iman}} a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da [[Hadisi|hadith]]. A cewar [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], dole ne a bi imam da ayyukan adalci kuma duka biyun suna da muhimmanci don shiga Aljannah. A cewar Alkur'ani, wurin zama na bangaskiya shine zuciya ta ciki, ɓangaren ciki na fahimtar ɗan adam, yayin da wurin zama na "Islama" shi ne hankali.<ref> {{Cite web |title=مرکز ادراک انسان؛ قلب یا مغز یا عقل یا روح |trans-title=The innermost part of human perception; the heart or brain or intellect or soul |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Question/View/65605/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=مراد از قلب در قرآن چیست؟ آيا دل ،جايگاه تعقل و تفكر است؟ |trans-title=What is meant by the heart in the Quran? Is the heart the seat of reasoning and thought? |url=http://www.quranpuyan.com/yaf_postsm8799_posts.aspx |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin hadisi, iman ban da Islama da {{Transl|ar|[[ihsan]]}} sun samar da bangarori uku na addinin Islama. Akwai muhawara a ciki da wajen da Islama game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin bangaskiya da dalili a cikin addini, da kuma muhimmancin ko dai. Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa bangaskiya da dalili sun fito ne daga wannan tushe kuma dole ne su kasance masu jituwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=نسبت عقل و ایمان در آموزه‌‏های اسلامی |trans-title=The relationship between reason and faith in Islamic teachings |url=https://ensani.ir/fa/article/70220/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=عقل و دین و ایمان دینی |trans-title=Reason, religion, and religious faith |url=https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A/190433 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121212813/https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A/190433 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=بحثی در نسبت دین و عقلانیت |trans-title=A discussion on the relationship between religion and rationality |url=https://iict.ac.ir/1400/06/aghlaniat-2/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602090955/https://iict.ac.ir/1400/06/aghlaniat-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ma'anar da ma'anar == In a [[Hadisi|hadith]], the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] defined {{Transl|ar|iman}} as "an acknowledgement in the heart, a voicing with the tongue, and an activity with the limbs."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2016}} Faith is confidence in a real truth. When people have confidence, they submit themselves to that truth. It is not sufficient just to know the truth, but the recognition of the heart should be expressed by the tongue which is the manifestation of intelligence and at last to reflect this confidence in their activities.{{Sfn|Murata|Chittick|1994}} Hamiduddin Farahi, yayin da yake bayanin ma'anar {{Transl|ar|iman}} a cikin bayaninsa, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|The root of {{transliteration|ar|imān}} is {{transliteration|ar|‘amana}}. It is used in various shades of meaning.<ref>{{qref|106|4|b=y}}</ref> One of its derivatives is {{transliteration|ar|[[mu'min]]}}, which is among the noble names of Allah because He gives peace to those who seek His refuge. This word is also an ancient religious term. Hence the certitude which exists with humility, trust and all the conditions and corollaries of adherence to a view is called imān and he who professes faith in Allah, in His signs and His directives and submits himself to Him and is pleased with all His decisions is a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}}.<ref name=autogenerated1 />}} Ma'anar {{Transl|ar|iman}} bisa ga [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah]] shine: {{Blockquote|Giving recognition with the heart, saying with the tongue, and doing with the limbs; it increases with obedience and decreases with sins.<ref name="درر">{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215205628/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3162/المبحث-الثاني:-تعريف-الإيمان-شرعا|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=15 December 2019|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} * Ibn 'Abd al-Barr ya ce: Mutanen shari'a da hadisi sun yarda cewa Iman magana ce da aiki, kuma babu wani mataki sai dai da niyya.{{pb}}{{Blockquote|The people of jurisprudence and hadith are unanimous that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is speech and action, and there is no action except with the [[intention]].}} * [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]] ya ce a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Kitab al-Umm]]}}: {{pb}}{{Blockquote|[A]nd the consensus was from the {{transliteration|ar|[[sahaba]]s}}, and the {{transliteration|ar|[[Tabiun|Tabi'een]]}}. After them, we realized that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is saying and doing, and intention is one of the three, those are not sufficient alone without the others.}} * Muhammad bin Ismail bin Muhammad bin Al-Fadl Al-Taymi Al-Asbhani ya ce: Kuma Iman a cikin harshen doka shine tabbatarwa da zuciya, da aiki tare da gaɓoɓin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{pb}}{{Blockquote|And {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} in the language of the law is ratification with the heart, and action with the limbs.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}}} * Sufyan ibn 'Uyaynah ya ce: {{pb}}{{Blockquote|{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is saying and deed, it increases and decreases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215210227/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3293/المطلب-الثاني:-أقوال-السلف-في-أن-الإيمان-قول-وعمل-يزيد-وينقص|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=15 December 2019|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} * [[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari|Al-Ash'ari]] ya ce: Sun yarda da cewa Iman (sanarwa) yana ƙaruwa da biyayya kuma yana raguwa da zunubai, kuma rashi ba yana nufin cewa muna shakkar abin da aka umarce mu mu yi imani da shi ba, ko jahilcinmu game da shi, saboda wannan shine Kufr ko ƙin yarda daga addini, a maimakon haka raguwa ne a cikin matsayi na ilimi ko aiki da karuwa a cikin maganganunmu, kama da hakan, nauyin biyayya da biyayya na Annabi (Allah zai sa mu albarkace shi kuma mu yi zaman lafiya) duk sun bambanta,[16]{{pb}}{{Blockquote|They are unanimously agreed that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} (recognition) increases with obedience and decreases with sins, and its deficiency does not mean that we doubt about what we are commanded to believe in, nor our ignorance of it, because that is {{transliteration|ar|[[Kufr]]}} or rejection from the religion, instead it is a decrease in the rank of knowledge or mind and an increase in our sayings, similar to that, the weight of our obedience and the obedience of the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) differs, even if we are all performing our duty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110133457/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3291/المطلب-الأول:-نقل-الإجماع-على-أن-الإيمان-قول-وعمل-ويزيد-وينقص|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=10 January 2020|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} == Tasiri da halaye == Ayoyi da yawa na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] suna magana game da bangaskiya, tasirinsa, da halaye. Sakamakon haka, bangaskiya ta bambanta da Islama kuma ana ɗaukar ta a matakin da ya fi girma.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bangaskiya tana nuna gaskiya mai zurfi wanda ke inganta zurfin ƙauna ga Allah.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Allah yana jagorantar masu bi daga "duhu" zuwa cikin mulkin "haske".<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> A cewar Alkur'ani, bangaskiya na iya ƙaruwa da raguwa, <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> kuma zukatan masu bi suna samun tabbaci da kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar ta. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Alkur'ani ya kuma bayyana cewa babu wanda za'a iya tilasta ko tilasta wa bangaskiya ko imani.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> A cikin ayoyin Alkur'ani, an nuna kurakurai, gazawar, da zunuban masu bi, suna ƙarfafa su su sake fasalin kansu.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Ginshiƙai Bakwai na Bangaskiya == Bangaskiya ({{Transl|ar|iman}}) ta haɗa da imani na farko guda bakwai:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml |archive-date=2018-08-13 |access-date=2019-07-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> # Bangaskiya ga [[Tauhidi|wanzuwar Allah da hadin kai]] (Tawhid, ra'ayin Musulunci na Monotheism). # Imani da wanzuwar [[Mala'iku a cikin Islama|Mala'iku]] kamar [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibril]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila, da sauransu. # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar littattafan da Allah ne marubucin su: [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] (wanda aka bayyana wa Hazrat Muhammad (Sm.) ), Injil (wanda aka fallasa wa [[Annabi Isah|Hazrat Isa (As.)]] (wanda aka sani da Yesu ga Kiristoci)), [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]] (wanda aka nuna wa [[Annabi Musa|Hazrat Musa (As.)]] ), Zabur (wanda aka gano wa Hazrat Dawud (As.) , Naɗaukan Hazrat Musa, da Naɗaukan Ibrahim (As.). # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar [[Annabi|annabawa]]: Hazrat Muhammad (Sm.) kasancewa na ƙarshe daga cikinsu, [[Annabi Isah|Hazrat Isa (As.) na ƙarshe]], da sauransu da aka aiko a gaban su kamar [[Annabi Musa|Hazrat Musa (As.)]] , [[Annabi Ibrahim|Hazrat Ibrahim (As.)]] , Hadrat Dawud (As.), [[Annabi Yusuf|Hazrat Yusuf (As.)]] , Hagrat Yaqoob (As.). # Imani da wanzuwar Ranar Shari'a: A wannan rana, za a raba bil'adama zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: na aljanna da na jahannama. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun hada da ƙananan rukuni. # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar ƙaddara ta Allah ({{Transl|ar|qadar}}, <nowiki>''</nowiki>) saboda Halin Allah, ko ya shafi nagarta ko mugunta. # Bangaskiya ga tashin matattu bayan mutuwa wanda zai kasance a Ranar Shari'a. Dukkanin wadannan bakwai an bayyana su a cikin {{Transl|ar|iman}}-e-Mufassal . Daga cikin wadannan, an ambaci hudu na farko kuma na biyar an nuna shi a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Āyah|ayah]]}} 2:285 na Alkur'ani. Shida daga cikin wadannan sun bayyana a cikin hadisi na farko na tarin {{Transl|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, inda mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibril]] ya nemi a gaya masa game da imam kuma Muhammadu ya amsa: {{Blockquote|That you affirm your faith in Allah, in His angels, in His Books, in His Apostles, in the Day of Judgment, and you affirm your faith in the Divine Decree about good and evil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim Book 1 (Book of Faith), Hadith 1|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:8a|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302062050/https://sunnah.com/muslim:8a|archive-date=2 March 2021|website=Sunnah.com}}</ref>}} Wani irin wannan labarin da aka danganta ga Muhammadu shine: {{Blockquote|Ibn Abbas narrates that the Angel Jibril once asked the Prophet: "Tell me what is Islam?" The Prophet replied: "{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is to believe in Allah, the Day of Judgment, His (Allah's) Angels, Books and Prophets and to believe in life after death; and to believe in Paradise and the Fire, and the setting up of the {{transliteration|ar|Mizan}} (scales) to weigh the deeds; and to believe in the Divine Decree, the good and the bad of it (all). Jibril then asked him: "If I do all this will I be with {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}?" The Prophet said: "When you have done all of this, you will be having {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}."<ref>[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Musnad Ahmad]]</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2022}}}} == Bayani a cikin Alkur'ani da hadisi == [[Fayil:The_three_dimensions_of_Islam.png|thumb|Abubuwa uku na Islama ciki har da {{Transl|ar|iman}}.]] A cikin Alkur'ani, imam yana ɗaya daga cikin halaye 10 waɗanda ke sa mutum ya zama mai karɓar jinƙai da lada na Allah. Alkur'ani ya bayyana cewa bangaskiya na iya girma tare da tunawa da Allah. Alkur'ani ya kuma bayyana cewa babu wani abu a wannan duniyar da ya kamata ya fi daraja ga mai bi na gaskiya fiye da bangaskiya. Al-'Abbas ya ba da rahoton: Manzon Allah, zaman lafiya da albarkatu su kasance a kansa, ya ce, "Ya ɗanɗana ta'azin bangaskiya wanda ya gamsu da Allah a matsayin Ubangiji, Musulunci a matsayin addini, da Muhammadu a matsayin manzo. " (Source: Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 34) Ya kuma ce babu wanda zai iya zama mai bi na gaskiya sai dai idan ya ƙaunaci Muhammadu fiye da 'ya'yansa, iyaye da dangi. A wani misali, ya ce wannan soyayya ce da Allah da Muhammadu bayan haka mutum zai iya sanin ainihin dandano na bangaskiya. Amin Ahsan Islahi, sanannen masanin Alkur'ani ya bayyana yanayin wannan soyayya: {{Blockquote|[I]t does not merely imply the passionate love one naturally has for one's wife, children, and other relatives, but it also refers to the love based on intellect and principles for some viewpoints and stances. It is because of this love that a person, in every sphere of life, gives priority to this viewpoint and direction... So much so, if the demands of his wife, children and relatives clash with the demands of this viewpoint, he adheres to it and without any hesitation turns down the desires of his wife and children and the demands of his family and clan.<ref>Amin Ahsan Islahi, Tazkiyah-i nafs (translation: Self Purification), 119</ref>}} Islahi da Abul A'la Maududi dukansu sun yi la'akari da cewa kwatancin Kur'ani na kalma mai kyau da mummunar kalma a babi na 14 kwatankwacin bangaskiya da rashin gaskatawa ne. Don haka, Alkur'ani yana kwatanta bangaskiya da itace wanda tushensa ke da zurfi a cikin ƙasa kuma rassan da suka bazu a cikin sararin sama. {{Transl|ar|Iman}} kuma shine batun addu'ar da Muhammadu ya yi wa Allah: {{Blockquote|O God! I have resigned myself to You and I have consigned my matter to you and have taken support from You fearing Your grandeur and moving towards You in anticipation. There is no refuge and shelter after running away from You, and if there is, it is with You. Lord! I have professed faith in your Book which You have revealed and have professed faith in the Prophet you have sent as a Messenger.<ref>Al-Bukhari, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 45, (no. 247)</ref>}} === Rukunin Bangaskiya Kashi Bakwai da Bakwai === "The Seventy-Seven Branches of Faith" tarin ne wanda [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]] [[Liman|imam]] [[al-Bayhaqi]] ya tattara a cikin aikinsa {{Transl|ar|iman}}<nowiki>]]"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAVU" title="Arabic-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></nowiki>''Shu'ab al-Iman'' . A ciki, ya bayyana muhimman kyawawan halaye waɗanda ke nuna imam na gaskiya (bangaskiya da amincewa) ta hanyar ayoyin Kur'ani da maganganun annabci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 77 Branches of Faith - Shafii |url=http://www.sunnipath.com/resources/Questions/qa00004226.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310194416/http://www.sunnipath.com/resources/Questions/qa00004226.aspx |archive-date=2007-03-10 |access-date=2006-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central-Mosque.com redirector to the new design |url=https://www.central-mosque.com/aqeedah/BranchesofEeman.htm |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=www.central-mosque.com}}</ref> Wannan ya dogara ne akan Hadisi mai zuwa da aka danganta ga Muhammadu: {{Blockquote|Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet said: "{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} has more than 70 branches. The most excellent among these branches is the saying {{transliteration|ar|"Laa ilaaha ill Allah"}} (there is no God but Allah), and the smallest branch is to remove an obstacle from the wayside. And {{transliteration|ar|"[[Haya (Islam)|Haya]]"}} (modesty) is an important branch of {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}."<ref>Sahih Muslim</ref>}} Wadannan rassa 77 da Bayhaqi ya bayyana sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=77 Branches of Faith |url=https://www.islam.org.uk/hadith/77-branches-of-faith/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Islam.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ayyuka talatin da suka danganci zuciya: # Bangaskiya da Allah (Shaida na Amincewa: {{Transl|ar|La ilaha illallah'}} (babu wani allah na gaskiya sai Allah) # Da yake yarda cewa da farko, babu wani abu sai Allah; sa'an nan Allah ya halicci duk abin da ya kasance daga baya # Amincewa da wanzuwar mala'iku ({{Transl|ar|malaikah}}). # Amincewa da cewa duk littattafai masu tsarki ({{Transl|ar|qutub}}) da aka aika wa Annabawa daban-daban gaskiya ne. Koyaya, duk littattafai ban da Alkur'ani ba su da inganci. # Amince cewa duk annabawa gaskiya ne. Koyaya, an umarci Musulmai su bi annabin Musulunci kawai, Muhammad # Yin imani cewa Allah ya riga ya san komai kuma duk abin da ya ba da izini ko ya so zai faru. # Yin imani da cewa ranar ƙarshe za ta faru. # Amincewa da wanzuwar {{Transl|ar|Jannat}} (Paradise). # Amincewa da wanzuwar Jahannama # Kasancewa da Allah. # Amincewa da ƙaunar Muhammadu ga Allah # Soyayya ko ƙin wani ne kawai saboda Allah. # Yin dukkan ayyuka masu kyau da gaskiya (ma'anar soyayya; kawai don faranta wa Allah rai). # Don tuba da nuna nadama lokacin da aka yi zunubi. # Tsoron Allah. # Da fatan jinƙai na Allah. # Kasancewa mai tawali'u. # Bayyana godiya ({{Transl|ar|shukr}}) don ni'ima ko ni'ima. # Amincewa da alkawuran. # Kasancewa da haƙuri ({{Transl|ar|sabar}}). # Jin ƙasa da wasu. # Ka yi alheri ga halittun Allah. [yanawa da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> # Don gamsu da duk wani umarni da aka tsara ya fito daga Allah # Amincewa da Allah. # Kada ku yi alfahari ko alfahari game da kowane inganci da mutum yake da shi # Kada ku ƙi ko ƙin kowa. # Kada ku yi kishi da kowa. # Kada ku yi fushi. # Kada ka yi wa kowa lahani. # Ba za a soyayya da duniya ba. Ayyuka bakwai da aka haɗa da harshe: # Yin maimaita [[Shahada|Kalema]] da harshe. # Karin Alkur'ani. # Samun ilimi. # Bayar da ilimi # Yin {{Transl|ar|[[dua]]}}. # {{Transl|ar|[[Zikr]]}} na Allah. # Tsayawa daga waɗannan: karya, backbiting (blasphemy in an same shi), lalata, la'ana, da raira waƙa (la'ana) waƙoƙin da ke adawa da Shariah. Ayyuka arba'in suna haɗe da dukan jiki: # Performing ablution, bathing and keeping clothes clean. # To be steadfast in prayer. # Paying {{Transl|ar|zakat}} and {{Transl|ar|sadaqatul fitr}}. # Fasting. # Performing {{Transl|ar|[[Hajj]]}}. # To perform {{Transl|ar|itikaaf}}. # Moving away or emigrating from a place harmful to religion # To fulfil the promise made to Allah. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2023)">which?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> # Fulfilling vows that are not sins. # Paying expiation for unfulfilled vows. # To cover the body. # Sacrificing for Allah # The shrouding and burial of the deceased. # Paying off one's debts # Abstaining from prohibited things while doing financial transactions. # Not to hide the truth while testifying. # Marry when {{Transl|ar|[[nafs]]}} wants to marry. # Allowing those under oneself to fulfil their rights # Providing comfort to parents. # Bringing up children in the right way. # Not cutting ties with friends or relatives. # Obeying one's boss # To be fair and righteous # Not to initiate any path contrary to the generality of Muslims. # To obey the ruler, if what they command is not contrary to the Shariah. # Making peace between two warring factions or individuals. # Enjoining good and forbidding wrong ({{Transl|ar|Amr bil ma'ruf want nahi anil munkar}}). # Gwagwarmaya da abokan gaba na addini (idan zai yiwu da hannu, idan ba da harshe ba (ta hanyar alkalami), idan ba da zuciya ba). # Ba da rance ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata # Ganin bukatun maƙwabtan mutum. # Tabbatar da [[halal]] da tsabtar samun kudin shiga. # Kudin bisa ga Shari'a. # Amsa ga duk wanda ya gaishe kansa # {{Transl|ar|Yarhamukallah}} lokacin da wani ya ce {{Transl|ar|Alhamdulillah}} bayan ya yi murmushi. # Kada ku cutar da kowa ba bisa ka'ida ba. # Ka guje wa wasanni da nishaɗi waɗanda ke adawa da Shari'a. # Cire dutse, duwatsu, ƙayoyi, sanduna da sauransu daga hanya. == Bangaskiya da Ayyuka == A cikin Islama, dole ne a sami jituwa da jituwa tsakanin bangaskiya da ayyuka. Farāhī ya bayyana wannan bangare a cikin {{Transl|ar|tafsīr}} kamar haka: {{Blockquote|Righteous deeds are mentioned in the Qurān right after faith in the capacity of an explanation{{nbsp}}[...] In the case of faith, the need for its explanation is obvious: the place of faith is the heart and the intellect. In matters of intellect and heart, not only can a person deceive others but also at times he can remain in deception. He considers himself to be a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}} (believer) whereas actually, he is not. For this reason, two testimonies needed to be required for it: a person's words and a person's deeds. Since words can be untrue, hence a person who only professes faith through words is not regarded as a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}} and it was deemed essential that a person's deeds also testify to his faith.<ref name="Farāhī 1998"/>}} == Bangaskiya da dalili a cikin Islama == Dangantaka tsakanin dalili da bangaskiya a cikin Islama muhawara ce mai rikitarwa da ta kai ƙarni. Ismail Raji al-Faruqi ya ce a kan wannan batun: {{Blockquote|As for the non-Muslims, they may contest the principles of Islam. They must know, however, that Islam does not present its principles dogmatically, for those who believe or wish to believe, exclusively. It does so rationally, and critically. It comes to us armed with logical and coherent arguments, and expects our acquiescence on rational, and hence necessary, grounds. It is not legitimate for us to disagree on the relativist basis of personal taste, or that of subjective experience.<ref>Isma'il Raji al Faruqi, ''Islam and Other Religions''</ref>}} == A cikin Musulunci na Shia == A cikin Islama ta Shia (Shi'a goma sha biyu, reshe mafi girma na Islama ta Shi'a), Bangaskiya (''ko a cikin Larabci: Iman'') imani ne na gaskiya ga Allah da Ɗaya daga cikinsu, annabci, da koyarwar Annabi na Islama, [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], da kuma Imamai Goma sha biyu marasa kuskure. Masu shari'a na Shia suna ɗaukar bangaskiya a matsayin muhimmiyar cancanta ga shugabannin addini, shugabannin ikilisiya, alƙalai, da masu tarawa na [[Zakka|Zakat]]. Yawancin malaman Shia suna tabbatar da cewa bangaskiya ba za ta iya zama nau'in kwaikwayon ba.<ref> {{Cite web |title=ایمان |trans-title=Faith |url=https://hedayatcentre.org/fa/4058/faith/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref> Masana tauhidin Shi'a suna ɗaukar imani da Imamate na Imamai marasa kuskure bayan Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga bangaskiya, tare da imani da allahntaka ɗaya, annabcin Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], Adalci na Allah, da tashin matattu. Bisa ga koyarwar [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], bangaskiya ta bambanta da Islama kuma tana nan a matakin da ya fi girma. Bugu da ƙari, bangaskiya na iya canzawa, ƙaruwa ko raguwa a tsawon lokaci, kuma babu wanda za'a iya tilasta masa ya yi imani.<ref> {{Cite web |title=دیدگاه عالمان شیعه درباره‌ی حقیقت ایمان و اسلام |trans-title=The view of Shiite scholars about the truth of faith and Islam |url=https://www.adyannet.com/fa/news/31923 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref> Yawancin malaman Shia suna tabbatar da cewa addinin Musulunci ya ƙunshi fiye da bangaskiya kawai; saboda haka, kowane mai bi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin [[Musulmi]], duk da haka ba kowane Musulmi ba ne mai bi na gaskiya. Wasu malaman Shia, ciki har da Nasir al-Din al-Tusi da Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili, suna jayayya cewa bangaskiya da Islama na gaskiya suna da alaƙa, yayin da aikin Islama na waje ya wanzu a matakin ƙasa da bangaskiya ta gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مومن |trans-title=Faithful |url=https://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Islama, bangaskiya ta dogara ne akan ilimi da fahimta. Akasin haka, bangaskiya ma ta samo asali ne daga tunani, kuma duka biyun kyauta ne na allahntaka waɗanda ke ƙarfafa juna. Bugu da ƙari, daga hangen nesa na Islama, akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin bangaskiya da aiki; aiki yana aiki azaman bayyanar bangaskiya ta waje. Idan ba a yi wani mataki ba, a bayyane yake cewa bangaskiya ba ta da tushe a cikin zuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ایمان |trans-title=Faith |url=https://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Ka'idoji === A cikin al'adun [[Shi'a]] da ayyukan [[Fiƙihu|shari'a]], ana fahimtar kalmar "Iman (bangaskiya) " a cikin duka al'amuran gaba ɗaya da takamaiman mahallin. Ma'anar gabaɗaya tana nufin imani na zuciya a duk koyarwar Annabi na Islama. Sabanin haka, takamaiman ma'anar ta ƙunshi wannan imani gabaɗaya yayin da ya haɗa da amincewa a cikin Imamate da kula da [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai]] [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]].<ref name="fffhsh"> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Dangane da wannan takamaiman fahimtar bangaskiya, duk Shi'a goma sha biyu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu bi.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bangaskiya, a cikin takamaiman mahallin, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni daban-daban na Shari'a Musulunci, gami da [[Ijitihadi|Ijtihad]], Taqlid, tsarkakewa na al'ada, [[Sallah|Addu'a]], [[Zakat]]" id="mwAio" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zakat">Zakat, [[Khums]]" id="mwAis" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Khums">Khums, [[Azumi a Musulunci|Azumi]], [[Iʿtikāf]], Hajj, Waqf, [[Nazr]], [[Shari'a]], da Shaida. An dauke shi a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don inganci da karɓar duk ayyukan ibada.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bugu da ƙari, bangaskiya tana da mahimmanci ga ikon Taqlid, [[Liman|imam]] na ikilisiya, waɗanda suka cancanci Zakat da Khums, alƙalai, shaidu, da masu rarraba dukiya waɗanda mai mulkin Sharia ya nada.<ref name="fffhsh"/> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin lauyoyin Islama sun ƙayyade cewa bangaskiya ma abin da ake buƙata ne ga [[Ladani|Muezzin]] na ikilisiya da mataimakin a lokacin aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]].<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Al-Shaykh al-Mufid, wani shahararren masanin al'adar [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], ya bayyana bangaskiya a matsayin tabbatarwa ta zuciya, ikirarin baki, da kuma aikin biyayya ga Allah.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Hakazalika, [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]], sanannen masanin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]], yana da wannan hangen nesa.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Yawancin malaman [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], ciki har da Sharif al-Murtaza, Shaykh Tusi, al-Bahrani, Fazel Miqdad, da Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji, sun tabbatar da cewa bangaskiya ainihin aikin zuciya ne. Don haka, bangaskiya daidai take da gaskatawa da gaske ga Allah, Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] na Islama, da wahayi na Allah. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, mai bi shine wanda ke riƙe da wannan tabbacin a cikin zuciyarsa, kuma ba a ganin ikirarin baki ya zama dole. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Bangaskiya ta kwaikwayon == Shahararrun malaman [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]] sun tabbatar da cewa kwaikwayon kawai bai isa ga bangaskiya ta gaskiya ba.<ref name="sshi"> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Mu'tazilites da mafi yawan Ash'arites sun yarda da hangen nesa na [[Shi'a]] akan wannan al'amari.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Sabanin haka, [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]], <ref name="sshi" /> Hashwiyyah da Ta'limiyyah, suna ɗaukar bangaskiya bisa ga kwaikwayon a matsayin mai inganci.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == === Bayani === {{Reflist}} === Tushen ===   == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://www.islam.org.uk/hadith/77-branches-of-faith/ 77 rassan Iman (Bangaskiya)] * [https://madinahcollege.uk/understanding-the-meaning-of-iman-faith-in-islam/ Fahimtar Ma'anar Iman (Bangaskiya) a cikin Islama] * [https://sabilalquran.com/meaning-of-iman-in-islam/ Menene Ma'anar Iman a cikin Islama?] * [https://www.getquranic.com/the-meaning-of-iman/ Ma'anar Iman] * [https://islamqa.info/en/answers/148793/the-difference-between-islam-and-iman Bambanci tsakanin Islama da Iman] * Gaskiya na Iman (Bangaskiya) - Ma'ana da Fahimtar An adana * Bangaskiya cikin Allah An adana shi {{Islam topics}}{{Ahmadiyya topics}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 58p169bjewqhv20o8nj5w6h56amibyy 883710 883709 2026-07-15T18:38:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Imani ( Arabic , lit. ' , kuma 'sani') a cikin tauhidin Musulunci yana nufin amincewa da imani da ayyuka a cikin bangarorin addini na Musulunci . [1] [2] Ma'anarsa mafi sauƙi ita ce imani da ginshiƙai shida na imani, wanda aka sani da arkān al-īmān . Masana tauhidin Shi'a sun gabatar da ka'idoji da dama game da imani ( ko a cikin sigar Larabci, "Iman" ). Wasu suna da'awar cewa imani ya ƙunshi ginshiƙi ɗaya: imani da ke riƙe a cikin zuciya ( ɓangaren da ya fi ciki da gaskiya na ɗan adam ). Saboda haka, ana bayyana imani a matsayin tabbatar da zuciya, tare da ikirari da magana da ayyuka ba su taka rawa a cikin aiwatar da ita ba. [3] An bayyana kalmar {{Transl|ar|iman}} a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da [[Hadisi|hadith]]. A cewar [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], dole ne a bi imam da ayyukan adalci kuma duka biyun suna da muhimmanci don shiga Aljannah. A cewar Alkur'ani, wurin zama na bangaskiya shine zuciya ta ciki, ɓangaren ciki na fahimtar ɗan adam, yayin da wurin zama na "Islama" shi ne hankali.<ref> {{Cite web |title=مرکز ادراک انسان؛ قلب یا مغز یا عقل یا روح |trans-title=The innermost part of human perception; the heart or brain or intellect or soul |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Question/View/65605/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=مراد از قلب در قرآن چیست؟ آيا دل ،جايگاه تعقل و تفكر است؟ |trans-title=What is meant by the heart in the Quran? Is the heart the seat of reasoning and thought? |url=http://www.quranpuyan.com/yaf_postsm8799_posts.aspx |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin hadisi, iman ban da Islama da {{Transl|ar|[[ihsan]]}} sun samar da bangarori uku na addinin Islama. Akwai muhawara a ciki da wajen da Islama game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin bangaskiya da dalili a cikin addini, da kuma muhimmancin ko dai. Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa bangaskiya da dalili sun fito ne daga wannan tushe kuma dole ne su kasance masu jituwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=نسبت عقل و ایمان در آموزه‌‏های اسلامی |trans-title=The relationship between reason and faith in Islamic teachings |url=https://ensani.ir/fa/article/70220/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=عقل و دین و ایمان دینی |trans-title=Reason, religion, and religious faith |url=https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A/190433 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121212813/https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A/190433 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=بحثی در نسبت دین و عقلانیت |trans-title=A discussion on the relationship between religion and rationality |url=https://iict.ac.ir/1400/06/aghlaniat-2/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602090955/https://iict.ac.ir/1400/06/aghlaniat-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ma'anar da ma'anar == In a [[Hadisi|hadith]], the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad p.b.u]] defined {{Transl|ar|iman}} as "an acknowledgement in the heart, a voicing with the tongue, and an activity with the limbs."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2016}} Faith is confidence in a real truth. When people have confidence, they submit themselves to that truth. It is not sufficient just to know the truth, but the recognition of the heart should be expressed by the tongue which is the manifestation of intelligence and at last to reflect this confidence in their activities.{{Sfn|Murata|Chittick|1994}} Hamiduddin Farahi, yayin da yake bayanin ma'anar {{Transl|ar|iman}} a cikin bayaninsa, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|The root of {{transliteration|ar|imān}} is {{transliteration|ar|‘amana}}. It is used in various shades of meaning.<ref>{{qref|106|4|b=y}}</ref> One of its derivatives is {{transliteration|ar|[[mu'min]]}}, which is among the noble names of Allah because He gives peace to those who seek His refuge. This word is also an ancient religious term. Hence the certitude which exists with humility, trust and all the conditions and corollaries of adherence to a view is called imān and he who professes faith in Allah, in His signs and His directives and submits himself to Him and is pleased with all His decisions is a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}}.<ref name=autogenerated1 />}} Ma'anar {{Transl|ar|iman}} bisa ga [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah]] shine: {{Blockquote|Giving recognition with the heart, saying with the tongue, and doing with the limbs; it increases with obedience and decreases with sins.<ref name="درر">{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215205628/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3162/المبحث-الثاني:-تعريف-الإيمان-شرعا|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=15 December 2019|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} * Ibn 'Abd al-Barr ya ce: Mutanen shari'a da hadisi sun yarda cewa Iman magana ce da aiki, kuma babu wani mataki sai dai da niyya.{{pb}}{{Blockquote|The people of jurisprudence and hadith are unanimous that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is speech and action, and there is no action except with the [[intention]].}} * [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]] ya ce a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Kitab al-Umm]]}}: {{pb}}{{Blockquote|[A]nd the consensus was from the {{transliteration|ar|[[sahaba]]s}}, and the {{transliteration|ar|[[Tabiun|Tabi'een]]}}. After them, we realized that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is saying and doing, and intention is one of the three, those are not sufficient alone without the others.}} * Muhammad bin Ismail bin Muhammad bin Al-Fadl Al-Taymi Al-Asbhani ya ce: Kuma Iman a cikin harshen doka shine tabbatarwa da zuciya, da aiki tare da gaɓoɓin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{pb}}{{Blockquote|And {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} in the language of the law is ratification with the heart, and action with the limbs.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}}} * Sufyan ibn 'Uyaynah ya ce: {{pb}}{{Blockquote|{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is saying and deed, it increases and decreases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215210227/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3293/المطلب-الثاني:-أقوال-السلف-في-أن-الإيمان-قول-وعمل-يزيد-وينقص|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=15 December 2019|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} * [[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari|Al-Ash'ari]] ya ce: Sun yarda da cewa Iman (sanarwa) yana ƙaruwa da biyayya kuma yana raguwa da zunubai, kuma rashi ba yana nufin cewa muna shakkar abin da aka umarce mu mu yi imani da shi ba, ko jahilcinmu game da shi, saboda wannan shine Kufr ko ƙin yarda daga addini, a maimakon haka raguwa ne a cikin matsayi na ilimi ko aiki da karuwa a cikin maganganunmu, kama da hakan, nauyin biyayya da biyayya na Annabi (Allah zai sa mu albarkace shi kuma mu yi zaman lafiya) duk sun bambanta,[16]{{pb}}{{Blockquote|They are unanimously agreed that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} (recognition) increases with obedience and decreases with sins, and its deficiency does not mean that we doubt about what we are commanded to believe in, nor our ignorance of it, because that is {{transliteration|ar|[[Kufr]]}} or rejection from the religion, instead it is a decrease in the rank of knowledge or mind and an increase in our sayings, similar to that, the weight of our obedience and the obedience of the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) differs, even if we are all performing our duty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110133457/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3291/المطلب-الأول:-نقل-الإجماع-على-أن-الإيمان-قول-وعمل-ويزيد-وينقص|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=10 January 2020|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} == Tasiri da halaye == Ayoyi da yawa na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] suna magana game da bangaskiya, tasirinsa, da halaye. Sakamakon haka, bangaskiya ta bambanta da Islama kuma ana ɗaukar ta a matakin da ya fi girma.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bangaskiya tana nuna gaskiya mai zurfi wanda ke inganta zurfin ƙauna ga Allah.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Allah yana jagorantar masu bi daga "duhu" zuwa cikin mulkin "haske".<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> A cewar Alkur'ani, bangaskiya na iya ƙaruwa da raguwa, <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> kuma zukatan masu bi suna samun tabbaci da kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar ta. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Alkur'ani ya kuma bayyana cewa babu wanda za'a iya tilasta ko tilasta wa bangaskiya ko imani.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> A cikin ayoyin Alkur'ani, an nuna kurakurai, gazawar, da zunuban masu bi, suna ƙarfafa su su sake fasalin kansu.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Ginshiƙai Bakwai na Bangaskiya == Bangaskiya ({{Transl|ar|iman}}) ta haɗa da imani na farko guda bakwai:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml |archive-date=2018-08-13 |access-date=2019-07-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> # Bangaskiya ga [[Tauhidi|wanzuwar Allah da hadin kai]] (Tawhid, ra'ayin Musulunci na Monotheism). # Imani da wanzuwar [[Mala'iku a cikin Islama|Mala'iku]] kamar [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibril]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila, da sauransu. # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar littattafan da Allah ne marubucin su: [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] (wanda aka bayyana wa Hazrat Muhammad (Sm.) ), Injil (wanda aka fallasa wa [[Annabi Isah|Hazrat Isa (As.)]] (wanda aka sani da Yesu ga Kiristoci)), [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]] (wanda aka nuna wa [[Annabi Musa|Hazrat Musa (As.)]] ), Zabur (wanda aka gano wa Hazrat Dawud (As.) , Naɗaukan Hazrat Musa, da Naɗaukan Ibrahim (As.). # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar [[Annabi|annabawa]]: Hazrat Muhammad (Sm.) kasancewa na ƙarshe daga cikinsu, [[Annabi Isah|Hazrat Isa (As.) na ƙarshe]], da sauransu da aka aiko a gaban su kamar [[Annabi Musa|Hazrat Musa (As.)]] , [[Annabi Ibrahim|Hazrat Ibrahim (As.)]] , Hadrat Dawud (As.), [[Annabi Yusuf|Hazrat Yusuf (As.)]] , Hagrat Yaqoob (As.). # Imani da wanzuwar Ranar Shari'a: A wannan rana, za a raba bil'adama zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: na aljanna da na jahannama. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun hada da ƙananan rukuni. # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar ƙaddara ta Allah ({{Transl|ar|qadar}}, <nowiki>''</nowiki>) saboda Halin Allah, ko ya shafi nagarta ko mugunta. # Bangaskiya ga tashin matattu bayan mutuwa wanda zai kasance a Ranar Shari'a. Dukkanin wadannan bakwai an bayyana su a cikin {{Transl|ar|iman}}-e-Mufassal . Daga cikin wadannan, an ambaci hudu na farko kuma na biyar an nuna shi a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Āyah|ayah]]}} 2:285 na Alkur'ani. Shida daga cikin wadannan sun bayyana a cikin hadisi na farko na tarin {{Transl|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, inda mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibril]] ya nemi a gaya masa game da imam kuma Muhammadu ya amsa: {{Blockquote|That you affirm your faith in Allah, in His angels, in His Books, in His Apostles, in the Day of Judgment, and you affirm your faith in the Divine Decree about good and evil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim Book 1 (Book of Faith), Hadith 1|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:8a|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302062050/https://sunnah.com/muslim:8a|archive-date=2 March 2021|website=Sunnah.com}}</ref>}} Wani irin wannan labarin da aka danganta ga Muhammadu shine: {{Blockquote|Ibn Abbas narrates that the Angel Jibril once asked the Prophet: "Tell me what is Islam?" The Prophet replied: "{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is to believe in Allah, the Day of Judgment, His (Allah's) Angels, Books and Prophets and to believe in life after death; and to believe in Paradise and the Fire, and the setting up of the {{transliteration|ar|Mizan}} (scales) to weigh the deeds; and to believe in the Divine Decree, the good and the bad of it (all). Jibril then asked him: "If I do all this will I be with {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}?" The Prophet said: "When you have done all of this, you will be having {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}."<ref>[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Musnad Ahmad]]</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2022}}}} == Bayani a cikin Alkur'ani da hadisi == [[Fayil:The_three_dimensions_of_Islam.png|thumb|Abubuwa uku na Islama ciki har da {{Transl|ar|iman}}.]] A cikin Alkur'ani, imam yana ɗaya daga cikin halaye 10 waɗanda ke sa mutum ya zama mai karɓar jinƙai da lada na Allah. Alkur'ani ya bayyana cewa bangaskiya na iya girma tare da tunawa da Allah. Alkur'ani ya kuma bayyana cewa babu wani abu a wannan duniyar da ya kamata ya fi daraja ga mai bi na gaskiya fiye da bangaskiya. Al-'Abbas ya ba da rahoton: Manzon Allah, zaman lafiya da albarkatu su kasance a kansa, ya ce, "Ya ɗanɗana ta'azin bangaskiya wanda ya gamsu da Allah a matsayin Ubangiji, Musulunci a matsayin addini, da Muhammadu a matsayin manzo. " (Source: Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 34) Ya kuma ce babu wanda zai iya zama mai bi na gaskiya sai dai idan ya ƙaunaci Muhammadu fiye da 'ya'yansa, iyaye da dangi. A wani misali, ya ce wannan soyayya ce da Allah da Muhammadu bayan haka mutum zai iya sanin ainihin dandano na bangaskiya. Amin Ahsan Islahi, sanannen masanin Alkur'ani ya bayyana yanayin wannan soyayya: {{Blockquote|[I]t does not merely imply the passionate love one naturally has for one's wife, children, and other relatives, but it also refers to the love based on intellect and principles for some viewpoints and stances. It is because of this love that a person, in every sphere of life, gives priority to this viewpoint and direction... So much so, if the demands of his wife, children and relatives clash with the demands of this viewpoint, he adheres to it and without any hesitation turns down the desires of his wife and children and the demands of his family and clan.<ref>Amin Ahsan Islahi, Tazkiyah-i nafs (translation: Self Purification), 119</ref>}} Islahi da Abul A'la Maududi dukansu sun yi la'akari da cewa kwatancin Kur'ani na kalma mai kyau da mummunar kalma a babi na 14 kwatankwacin bangaskiya da rashin gaskatawa ne. Don haka, Alkur'ani yana kwatanta bangaskiya da itace wanda tushensa ke da zurfi a cikin ƙasa kuma rassan da suka bazu a cikin sararin sama. {{Transl|ar|Iman}} kuma shine batun addu'ar da Muhammadu ya yi wa Allah: {{Blockquote|O God! I have resigned myself to You and I have consigned my matter to you and have taken support from You fearing Your grandeur and moving towards You in anticipation. There is no refuge and shelter after running away from You, and if there is, it is with You. Lord! I have professed faith in your Book which You have revealed and have professed faith in the Prophet you have sent as a Messenger.<ref>Al-Bukhari, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 45, (no. 247)</ref>}} === Rukunin Bangaskiya Kashi Bakwai da Bakwai === "The Seventy-Seven Branches of Faith" tarin ne wanda [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]] [[Liman|imam]] [[al-Bayhaqi]] ya tattara a cikin aikinsa {{Transl|ar|iman}}<nowiki>]]"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAVU" title="Arabic-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></nowiki>''Shu'ab al-Iman'' . A ciki, ya bayyana muhimman kyawawan halaye waɗanda ke nuna imam na gaskiya (bangaskiya da amincewa) ta hanyar ayoyin Kur'ani da maganganun annabci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 77 Branches of Faith - Shafii |url=http://www.sunnipath.com/resources/Questions/qa00004226.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310194416/http://www.sunnipath.com/resources/Questions/qa00004226.aspx |archive-date=2007-03-10 |access-date=2006-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central-Mosque.com redirector to the new design |url=https://www.central-mosque.com/aqeedah/BranchesofEeman.htm |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=www.central-mosque.com}}</ref> Wannan ya dogara ne akan Hadisi mai zuwa da aka danganta ga Muhammadu: {{Blockquote|Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet said: "{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} has more than 70 branches. The most excellent among these branches is the saying {{transliteration|ar|"Laa ilaaha ill Allah"}} (there is no God but Allah), and the smallest branch is to remove an obstacle from the wayside. And {{transliteration|ar|"[[Haya (Islam)|Haya]]"}} (modesty) is an important branch of {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}."<ref>Sahih Muslim</ref>}} Wadannan rassa 77 da Bayhaqi ya bayyana sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=77 Branches of Faith |url=https://www.islam.org.uk/hadith/77-branches-of-faith/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Islam.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ayyuka talatin da suka danganci zuciya: # Bangaskiya da Allah (Shaida na Amincewa: {{Transl|ar|La ilaha illallah'}} (babu wani allah na gaskiya sai Allah) # Da yake yarda cewa da farko, babu wani abu sai Allah; sa'an nan Allah ya halicci duk abin da ya kasance daga baya # Amincewa da wanzuwar mala'iku ({{Transl|ar|malaikah}}). # Amincewa da cewa duk littattafai masu tsarki ({{Transl|ar|qutub}}) da aka aika wa Annabawa daban-daban gaskiya ne. Koyaya, duk littattafai ban da Alkur'ani ba su da inganci. # Amince cewa duk annabawa gaskiya ne. Koyaya, an umarci Musulmai su bi annabin Musulunci kawai, Muhammad # Yin imani cewa Allah ya riga ya san komai kuma duk abin da ya ba da izini ko ya so zai faru. # Yin imani da cewa ranar ƙarshe za ta faru. # Amincewa da wanzuwar {{Transl|ar|Jannat}} (Paradise). # Amincewa da wanzuwar Jahannama # Kasancewa da Allah. # Amincewa da ƙaunar Muhammadu ga Allah # Soyayya ko ƙin wani ne kawai saboda Allah. # Yin dukkan ayyuka masu kyau da gaskiya (ma'anar soyayya; kawai don faranta wa Allah rai). # Don tuba da nuna nadama lokacin da aka yi zunubi. # Tsoron Allah. # Da fatan jinƙai na Allah. # Kasancewa mai tawali'u. # Bayyana godiya ({{Transl|ar|shukr}}) don ni'ima ko ni'ima. # Amincewa da alkawuran. # Kasancewa da haƙuri ({{Transl|ar|sabar}}). # Jin ƙasa da wasu. # Ka yi alheri ga halittun Allah. [yanawa da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> # Don gamsu da duk wani umarni da aka tsara ya fito daga Allah # Amincewa da Allah. # Kada ku yi alfahari ko alfahari game da kowane inganci da mutum yake da shi # Kada ku ƙi ko ƙin kowa. # Kada ku yi kishi da kowa. # Kada ku yi fushi. # Kada ka yi wa kowa lahani. # Ba za a soyayya da duniya ba. Ayyuka bakwai da aka haɗa da harshe: # Yin maimaita [[Shahada|Kalema]] da harshe. # Karin Alkur'ani. # Samun ilimi. # Bayar da ilimi # Yin {{Transl|ar|[[dua]]}}. # {{Transl|ar|[[Zikr]]}} na Allah. # Tsayawa daga waɗannan: karya, backbiting (blasphemy in an same shi), lalata, la'ana, da raira waƙa (la'ana) waƙoƙin da ke adawa da Shariah. Ayyuka arba'in suna haɗe da dukan jiki: # Performing ablution, bathing and keeping clothes clean. # To be steadfast in prayer. # Paying {{Transl|ar|zakat}} and {{Transl|ar|sadaqatul fitr}}. # Fasting. # Performing {{Transl|ar|[[Hajj]]}}. # To perform {{Transl|ar|itikaaf}}. # Moving away or emigrating from a place harmful to religion # To fulfil the promise made to Allah. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2023)">which?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> # Fulfilling vows that are not sins. # Paying expiation for unfulfilled vows. # To cover the body. # Sacrificing for Allah # The shrouding and burial of the deceased. # Paying off one's debts # Abstaining from prohibited things while doing financial transactions. # Not to hide the truth while testifying. # Marry when {{Transl|ar|[[nafs]]}} wants to marry. # Allowing those under oneself to fulfil their rights # Providing comfort to parents. # Bringing up children in the right way. # Not cutting ties with friends or relatives. # Obeying one's boss # To be fair and righteous # Not to initiate any path contrary to the generality of Muslims. # To obey the ruler, if what they command is not contrary to the Shariah. # Making peace between two warring factions or individuals. # Enjoining good and forbidding wrong ({{Transl|ar|Amr bil ma'ruf want nahi anil munkar}}). # Gwagwarmaya da abokan gaba na addini (idan zai yiwu da hannu, idan ba da harshe ba (ta hanyar alkalami), idan ba da zuciya ba). # Ba da rance ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata # Ganin bukatun maƙwabtan mutum. # Tabbatar da [[halal]] da tsabtar samun kudin shiga. # Kudin bisa ga Shari'a. # Amsa ga duk wanda ya gaishe kansa # {{Transl|ar|Yarhamukallah}} lokacin da wani ya ce {{Transl|ar|Alhamdulillah}} bayan ya yi murmushi. # Kada ku cutar da kowa ba bisa ka'ida ba. # Ka guje wa wasanni da nishaɗi waɗanda ke adawa da Shari'a. # Cire dutse, duwatsu, ƙayoyi, sanduna da sauransu daga hanya. == Bangaskiya da Ayyuka == A cikin Islama, dole ne a sami jituwa da jituwa tsakanin bangaskiya da ayyuka. Farāhī ya bayyana wannan bangare a cikin {{Transl|ar|tafsīr}} kamar haka: {{Blockquote|Righteous deeds are mentioned in the Qurān right after faith in the capacity of an explanation{{nbsp}}[...] In the case of faith, the need for its explanation is obvious: the place of faith is the heart and the intellect. In matters of intellect and heart, not only can a person deceive others but also at times he can remain in deception. He considers himself to be a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}} (believer) whereas actually, he is not. For this reason, two testimonies needed to be required for it: a person's words and a person's deeds. Since words can be untrue, hence a person who only professes faith through words is not regarded as a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}} and it was deemed essential that a person's deeds also testify to his faith.<ref name="Farāhī 1998"/>}} == Bangaskiya da dalili a cikin Islama == Dangantaka tsakanin dalili da bangaskiya a cikin Islama muhawara ce mai rikitarwa da ta kai ƙarni. Ismail Raji al-Faruqi ya ce a kan wannan batun: {{Blockquote|As for the non-Muslims, they may contest the principles of Islam. They must know, however, that Islam does not present its principles dogmatically, for those who believe or wish to believe, exclusively. It does so rationally, and critically. It comes to us armed with logical and coherent arguments, and expects our acquiescence on rational, and hence necessary, grounds. It is not legitimate for us to disagree on the relativist basis of personal taste, or that of subjective experience.<ref>Isma'il Raji al Faruqi, ''Islam and Other Religions''</ref>}} == A cikin Musulunci na Shia == A cikin Islama ta Shia (Shi'a goma sha biyu, reshe mafi girma na Islama ta Shi'a), Bangaskiya (''ko a cikin Larabci: Iman'') imani ne na gaskiya ga Allah da Ɗaya daga cikinsu, annabci, da koyarwar Annabi na Islama, [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], da kuma Imamai Goma sha biyu marasa kuskure. Masu shari'a na Shia suna ɗaukar bangaskiya a matsayin muhimmiyar cancanta ga shugabannin addini, shugabannin ikilisiya, alƙalai, da masu tarawa na [[Zakka|Zakat]]. Yawancin malaman Shia suna tabbatar da cewa bangaskiya ba za ta iya zama nau'in kwaikwayon ba.<ref> {{Cite web |title=ایمان |trans-title=Faith |url=https://hedayatcentre.org/fa/4058/faith/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref> Masana tauhidin Shi'a suna ɗaukar imani da Imamate na Imamai marasa kuskure bayan Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga bangaskiya, tare da imani da allahntaka ɗaya, annabcin Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], Adalci na Allah, da tashin matattu. Bisa ga koyarwar [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], bangaskiya ta bambanta da Islama kuma tana nan a matakin da ya fi girma. Bugu da ƙari, bangaskiya na iya canzawa, ƙaruwa ko raguwa a tsawon lokaci, kuma babu wanda za'a iya tilasta masa ya yi imani.<ref> {{Cite web |title=دیدگاه عالمان شیعه درباره‌ی حقیقت ایمان و اسلام |trans-title=The view of Shiite scholars about the truth of faith and Islam |url=https://www.adyannet.com/fa/news/31923 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref> Yawancin malaman Shia suna tabbatar da cewa addinin Musulunci ya ƙunshi fiye da bangaskiya kawai; saboda haka, kowane mai bi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin [[Musulmi]], duk da haka ba kowane Musulmi ba ne mai bi na gaskiya. Wasu malaman Shia, ciki har da Nasir al-Din al-Tusi da Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili, suna jayayya cewa bangaskiya da Islama na gaskiya suna da alaƙa, yayin da aikin Islama na waje ya wanzu a matakin ƙasa da bangaskiya ta gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مومن |trans-title=Faithful |url=https://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Islama, bangaskiya ta dogara ne akan ilimi da fahimta. Akasin haka, bangaskiya ma ta samo asali ne daga tunani, kuma duka biyun kyauta ne na allahntaka waɗanda ke ƙarfafa juna. Bugu da ƙari, daga hangen nesa na Islama, akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin bangaskiya da aiki; aiki yana aiki azaman bayyanar bangaskiya ta waje. Idan ba a yi wani mataki ba, a bayyane yake cewa bangaskiya ba ta da tushe a cikin zuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ایمان |trans-title=Faith |url=https://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Ka'idoji === A cikin al'adun [[Shi'a]] da ayyukan [[Fiƙihu|shari'a]], ana fahimtar kalmar "Iman (bangaskiya) " a cikin duka al'amuran gaba ɗaya da takamaiman mahallin. Ma'anar gabaɗaya tana nufin imani na zuciya a duk koyarwar Annabi na Islama. Sabanin haka, takamaiman ma'anar ta ƙunshi wannan imani gabaɗaya yayin da ya haɗa da amincewa a cikin Imamate da kula da [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai]] [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]].<ref name="fffhsh"> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Dangane da wannan takamaiman fahimtar bangaskiya, duk Shi'a goma sha biyu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu bi.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bangaskiya, a cikin takamaiman mahallin, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni daban-daban na Shari'a Musulunci, gami da [[Ijitihadi|Ijtihad]], Taqlid, tsarkakewa na al'ada, [[Sallah|Addu'a]], [[Zakat]]" id="mwAio" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zakat">Zakat, [[Khums]]" id="mwAis" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Khums">Khums, [[Azumi a Musulunci|Azumi]], [[Iʿtikāf]], Hajj, Waqf, [[Nazr]], [[Shari'a]], da Shaida. An dauke shi a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don inganci da karɓar duk ayyukan ibada.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bugu da ƙari, bangaskiya tana da mahimmanci ga ikon Taqlid, [[Liman|imam]] na ikilisiya, waɗanda suka cancanci Zakat da Khums, alƙalai, shaidu, da masu rarraba dukiya waɗanda mai mulkin Sharia ya nada.<ref name="fffhsh"/> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin lauyoyin Islama sun ƙayyade cewa bangaskiya ma abin da ake buƙata ne ga [[Ladani|Muezzin]] na ikilisiya da mataimakin a lokacin aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]].<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Al-Shaykh al-Mufid, wani shahararren masanin al'adar [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], ya bayyana bangaskiya a matsayin tabbatarwa ta zuciya, ikirarin baki, da kuma aikin biyayya ga Allah.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Hakazalika, [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]], sanannen masanin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]], yana da wannan hangen nesa.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Yawancin malaman [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], ciki har da Sharif al-Murtaza, Shaykh Tusi, al-Bahrani, Fazel Miqdad, da Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji, sun tabbatar da cewa bangaskiya ainihin aikin zuciya ne. Don haka, bangaskiya daidai take da gaskatawa da gaske ga Allah, Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] na Islama, da wahayi na Allah. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, mai bi shine wanda ke riƙe da wannan tabbacin a cikin zuciyarsa, kuma ba a ganin ikirarin baki ya zama dole. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Bangaskiya ta kwaikwayon == Shahararrun malaman [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]] sun tabbatar da cewa kwaikwayon kawai bai isa ga bangaskiya ta gaskiya ba.<ref name="sshi"> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Mu'tazilites da mafi yawan Ash'arites sun yarda da hangen nesa na [[Shi'a]] akan wannan al'amari.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Sabanin haka, [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]], <ref name="sshi" /> Hashwiyyah da Ta'limiyyah, suna ɗaukar bangaskiya bisa ga kwaikwayon a matsayin mai inganci.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == === Bayani === {{Reflist}} === Tushen ===   == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://www.islam.org.uk/hadith/77-branches-of-faith/ 77 rassan Iman (Bangaskiya)] * [https://madinahcollege.uk/understanding-the-meaning-of-iman-faith-in-islam/ Fahimtar Ma'anar Iman (Bangaskiya) a cikin Islama] * [https://sabilalquran.com/meaning-of-iman-in-islam/ Menene Ma'anar Iman a cikin Islama?] * [https://www.getquranic.com/the-meaning-of-iman/ Ma'anar Iman] * [https://islamqa.info/en/answers/148793/the-difference-between-islam-and-iman Bambanci tsakanin Islama da Iman] * Gaskiya na Iman (Bangaskiya) - Ma'ana da Fahimtar An adana * Bangaskiya cikin Allah An adana shi {{Islam topics}}{{Ahmadiyya topics}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q9jxxdpg9q1mhtofv1qictbol3ccsi7 883711 883710 2026-07-15T18:47:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Imani ( Arabic , lit. ' , kuma 'sani') a cikin tauhidin Musulunci yana nufin amincewa da imani da ayyuka a cikin bangarorin addini na Musulunci . [1] [2] Ma'anarsa mafi sauƙi ita ce imani da ginshiƙai shida na imani, wanda aka sani da arkān al-īmān . Masana tauhidin Shi'a sun gabatar da ka'idoji da dama game da imani ( ko a cikin sigar Larabci, "Iman" ). Wasu suna da'awar cewa imani ya ƙunshi ginshiƙi ɗaya: imani da ke riƙe a cikin zuciya ( ɓangaren da ya fi ciki da gaskiya na ɗan adam ). Saboda haka, ana bayyana imani a matsayin tabbatar da zuciya, tare da ikirari da magana da ayyuka ba su taka rawa a cikin aiwatar da ita ba. [3] An bayyana kalmar {{Transl|ar|iman}} a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da [[Hadisi|hadith]]. A cewar [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], dole ne a bi imam da ayyukan adalci kuma duka biyun suna da muhimmanci don shiga Aljannah. A cewar Alkur'ani, wurin zama na bangaskiya shine zuciya ta ciki, ɓangaren ciki na fahimtar ɗan adam, yayin da wurin zama na "Islama" shi ne hankali.<ref> {{Cite web |title=مرکز ادراک انسان؛ قلب یا مغز یا عقل یا روح |trans-title=The innermost part of human perception; the heart or brain or intellect or soul |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Question/View/65605/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=مراد از قلب در قرآن چیست؟ آيا دل ،جايگاه تعقل و تفكر است؟ |trans-title=What is meant by the heart in the Quran? Is the heart the seat of reasoning and thought? |url=http://www.quranpuyan.com/yaf_postsm8799_posts.aspx |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin hadisi, iman ban da Islama da {{Transl|ar|[[ihsan]]}} sun samar da bangarori uku na addinin Islama. Akwai muhawara a ciki da wajen da Islama game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin bangaskiya da dalili a cikin addini, da kuma muhimmancin ko dai. Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa bangaskiya da dalili sun fito ne daga wannan tushe kuma dole ne su kasance masu jituwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=نسبت عقل و ایمان در آموزه‌‏های اسلامی |trans-title=The relationship between reason and faith in Islamic teachings |url=https://ensani.ir/fa/article/70220/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=عقل و دین و ایمان دینی |trans-title=Reason, religion, and religious faith |url=https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A/190433 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121212813/https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A/190433 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=بحثی در نسبت دین و عقلانیت |trans-title=A discussion on the relationship between religion and rationality |url=https://iict.ac.ir/1400/06/aghlaniat-2/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602090955/https://iict.ac.ir/1400/06/aghlaniat-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ma'anar da ma'anar == In a [[Hadisi|hadith]], the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad p.b.u]] defined {{Transl|ar|iman}} as "an acknowledgement in the heart, a voicing with the tongue, and an activity with the limbs."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2016}} Faith is confidence in a real truth. When people have confidence, they submit themselves to that truth. It is not sufficient just to know the truth, but the recognition of the heart should be expressed by the tongue which is the manifestation of intelligence and at last to reflect this confidence in their activities.{{Sfn|Murata|Chittick|1994}} Hamiduddin Farahi, yayin da yake bayanin ma'anar {{Transl|ar|iman}} a cikin bayaninsa, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|The root of {{transliteration|ar|imān}} is {{transliteration|ar|‘amana}}. It is used in various shades of meaning.<ref>{{qref|106|4|b=y}}</ref> One of its derivatives is {{transliteration|ar|[[mu'min]]}}, which is among the noble names of Allah because He gives peace to those who seek His refuge. This word is also an ancient religious term. Hence the certitude which exists with humility, trust and all the conditions and corollaries of adherence to a view is called imān and he who professes faith in Allah, in His signs and His directives and submits himself to Him and is pleased with all His decisions is a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}}.<ref name=autogenerated1 />}} Ma'anar {{Transl|ar|iman}} bisa ga [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah]] shine: {{Blockquote|Giving recognition with the heart, saying with the tongue, and doing with the limbs; it increases with obedience and decreases with sins.<ref name="درر">{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215205628/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3162/المبحث-الثاني:-تعريف-الإيمان-شرعا|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=15 December 2019|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} * Ibn 'Abd al-Barr ya ce: Mutanen shari'a da hadisi sun yarda cewa Iman magana ce da aiki, kuma babu wani mataki sai dai da niyya.{{pb}}{{Blockquote|The people of jurisprudence and hadith are unanimous that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is speech and action, and there is no action except with the [[intention]].}} * [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]] ya ce a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Kitab al-Umm]]}}: {{pb}}{{Blockquote|[A]nd the consensus was from the {{transliteration|ar|[[sahaba]]s}}, and the {{transliteration|ar|[[Tabiun|Tabi'een]]}}. After them, we realized that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is saying and doing, and intention is one of the three, those are not sufficient alone without the others.}} * Muhammad bin Ismail bin Muhammad bin Al-Fadl Al-Taymi Al-Asbhani ya ce: Kuma Iman a cikin harshen doka shine tabbatarwa da zuciya, da aiki tare da gaɓoɓin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{pb}}{{Blockquote|And {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} in the language of the law is ratification with the heart, and action with the limbs.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}}} * Sufyan ibn 'Uyaynah ya ce: {{pb}}{{Blockquote|{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is saying and deed, it increases and decreases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215210227/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3293/المطلب-الثاني:-أقوال-السلف-في-أن-الإيمان-قول-وعمل-يزيد-وينقص|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=15 December 2019|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} * [[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari|Al-Ash'ari]] ya ce: Sun yarda da cewa Iman (sanarwa) yana ƙaruwa da biyayya kuma yana raguwa da zunubai, kuma rashi ba yana nufin cewa muna shakkar abin da aka umarce mu mu yi imani da shi ba, ko jahilcinmu game da shi, saboda wannan shine Kufr ko ƙin yarda daga addini, a maimakon haka raguwa ne a cikin matsayi na ilimi ko aiki da karuwa a cikin magan liyayya da biyayya na Annabi (Allah zai sa mu albarkace shi kuma mu yi zaman lafiya) duk sun bambanta,[16]{{pb}}{{Blockquote|They are unanimously agreed that {{transliteration|ar|Iman}} (recognition) increases with obedience and decreases with sins, and its deficiency does not mean that we doubt about what we are commanded to believe in, nor our ignorance of it, because that is {{transliteration|ar|[[Kufr]]}} or rejection from the religion, instead it is a decrease in the rank of knowledge or mind and an increase in our sayings, similar to that, the weight of our obedience and the obedience of the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) differs, even if we are all performing our duty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dorar.net/aqeeda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110133457/https://dorar.net/aqadia/3291/المطلب-الأول:-نقل-الإجماع-على-أن-الإيمان-قول-وعمل-ويزيد-وينقص|url-status=dead|title=الموسوعة العقدية|archivedate=10 January 2020|website=dorar.net}}</ref>}} == Tasiri da halaye == Ayoyi da yawa na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] suna magana game da bangaskiya, tasirinsa, da halaye. Sakamakon haka, bangaskiya ta bambanta da Islama kuma ana ɗaukar ta a matakin da ya fi girma.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bangaskiya tana nuna gaskiya mai zurfi wanda ke inganta zurfin ƙauna ga Allah.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Allah yana jagorantar masu bi daga "duhu" zuwa cikin mulkin "haske".<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> A cewar Alkur'ani, bangaskiya na iya ƙaruwa da raguwa, <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> kuma zukatan masu bi suna samun tabbaci da kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar ta. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Alkur'ani ya kuma bayyana cewa babu wanda za'a iya tilasta ko tilasta wa bangaskiya ko imani.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> A cikin ayoyin Alkur'ani, an nuna kurakurai, gazawar, da zunuban masu bi, suna ƙarfafa su su sake fasalin kansu.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Ginshiƙai Bakwai na Bangaskiya == Bangaskiya ({{Transl|ar|iman}}) ta haɗa da imani na farko guda bakwai:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml |archive-date=2018-08-13 |access-date=2019-07-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> # Bangaskiya ga [[Tauhidi|wanzuwar Allah da hadin kai]] (Tawhid, ra'ayin Musulunci na Monotheism). # Imani da wanzuwar [[Mala'iku a cikin Islama|Mala'iku]] kamar [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibril]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila, da sauransu. # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar littattafan da Allah ne marubucin su: [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] (wanda aka bayyana wa Hazrat Muhammad (Sm.) ), Injil (wanda aka fallasa wa [[Annabi Isah|Hazrat Isa (As.)]] (wanda aka sani da Yesu ga Kiristoci)), [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]] (wanda aka nuna wa [[Annabi Musa|Hazrat Musa (As.)]] ), Zabur (wanda aka gano wa Hazrat Dawud (As.) , Naɗaukan Hazrat Musa, da Naɗaukan Ibrahim (As.). # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar [[Annabi|annabawa]]: Hazrat Muhammad (Sm.) kasancewa na ƙarshe daga cikinsu, [[Annabi Isah|Hazrat Isa (As.) na ƙarshe]], da sauransu da aka aiko a gaban su kamar [[Annabi Musa|Hazrat Musa (As.)]] , [[Annabi Ibrahim|Hazrat Ibrahim (As.)]] , Hadrat Dawud (As.), [[Annabi Yusuf|Hazrat Yusuf (As.)]] , Hagrat Yaqoob (As.). # Imani da wanzuwar Ranar Shari'a: A wannan rana, za a raba bil'adama zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: na aljanna da na jahannama. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun hada da ƙananan rukuni. # Bangaskiya da wanzuwar ƙaddara ta Allah ({{Transl|ar|qadar}}, <nowiki>''</nowiki>) saboda Halin Allah, ko ya shafi nagarta ko mugunta. # Bangaskiya ga tashin matattu bayan mutuwa wanda zai kasance a Ranar Shari'a. Dukkanin wadannan bakwai an bayyana su a cikin {{Transl|ar|iman}}-e-Mufassal . Daga cikin wadannan, an ambaci hudu na farko kuma na biyar an nuna shi a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Āyah|ayah]]}} 2:285 na Alkur'ani. Shida daga cikin wadannan sun bayyana a cikin hadisi na farko na tarin {{Transl|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, inda mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibril]] ya nemi a gaya masa game da imam kuma Muhammadu ya amsa: {{Blockquote|That you affirm your faith in Allah, in His angels, in His Books, in His Apostles, in the Day of Judgment, and you affirm your faith in the Divine Decree about good and evil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim Book 1 (Book of Faith), Hadith 1|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:8a|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302062050/https://sunnah.com/muslim:8a|archive-date=2 March 2021|website=Sunnah.com}}</ref>}} Wani irin wannan labarin da aka danganta ga Muhammadu shine: {{Blockquote|Ibn Abbas narrates that the Angel Jibril once asked the Prophet: "Tell me what is Islam?" The Prophet replied: "{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} is to believe in Allah, the Day of Judgment, His (Allah's) Angels, Books and Prophets and to believe in life after death; and to believe in Paradise and the Fire, and the setting up of the {{transliteration|ar|Mizan}} (scales) to weigh the deeds; and to believe in the Divine Decree, the good and the bad of it (all). Jibril then asked him: "If I do all this will I be with {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}?" The Prophet said: "When you have done all of this, you will be having {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}."<ref>[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Musnad Ahmad]]</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2022}}}} == Bayani a cikin Alkur'ani da hadisi == [[Fayil:The_three_dimensions_of_Islam.png|thumb|Abubuwa uku na Islama ciki har da {{Transl|ar|iman}}.]] A cikin Alkur'ani, imam yana ɗaya daga cikin halaye 10 waɗanda ke sa mutum ya zama mai karɓar jinƙai da lada na Allah. Alkur'ani ya bayyana cewa bangaskiya na iya girma tare da tunawa da Allah. Alkur'ani ya kuma bayyana cewa babu wani abu a wannan duniyar da ya kamata ya fi daraja ga mai bi na gaskiya fiye da bangaskiya. Al-'Abbas ya ba da rahoton: Manzon Allah, zaman lafiya da albarkatu su kasance a kansa, ya ce, "Ya ɗanɗana ta'azin bangaskiya wanda ya gamsu da Allah a matsayin Ubangiji, Musulunci a matsayin addini, da Muhammadu a matsayin manzo. " (Source: Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 34) Ya kuma ce babu wanda zai iya zama mai bi na gaskiya sai dai idan ya ƙaunaci Muhammadu fiye da 'ya'yansa, iyaye da dangi. A wani misali, ya ce wannan soyayya ce da Allah da Muhammadu bayan haka mutum zai iya sanin ainihin dandano na bangaskiya. Amin Ahsan Islahi, sanannen masanin Alkur'ani ya bayyana yanayin wannan soyayya: {{Blockquote|[I]t does not merely imply the passionate love one naturally has for one's wife, children, and other relatives, but it also refers to the love based on intellect and principles for some viewpoints and stances. It is because of this love that a person, in every sphere of life, gives priority to this viewpoint and direction... So much so, if the demands of his wife, children and relatives clash with the demands of this viewpoint, he adheres to it and without any hesitation turns down the desires of his wife and children and the demands of his family and clan.<ref>Amin Ahsan Islahi, Tazkiyah-i nafs (translation: Self Purification), 119</ref>}} Islahi da Abul A'la Maududi dukansu sun yi la'akari da cewa kwatancin Kur'ani na kalma mai kyau da mummunar kalma a babi na 14 kwatankwacin bangaskiya da rashin gaskatawa ne. Don haka, Alkur'ani yana kwatanta bangaskiya da itace wanda tushensa ke da zurfi a cikin ƙasa kuma rassan da suka bazu a cikin sararin sama. {{Transl|ar|Iman}} kuma shine batun addu'ar da Muhammadu ya yi wa Allah: {{Blockquote|O God! I have resigned myself to You and I have consigned my matter to you and have taken support from You fearing Your grandeur and moving towards You in anticipation. There is no refuge and shelter after running away from You, and if there is, it is with You. Lord! I have professed faith in your Book which You have revealed and have professed faith in the Prophet you have sent as a Messenger.<ref>Al-Bukhari, Al-Jami' al-sahih, 45, (no. 247)</ref>}} === Rukunin Bangaskiya Kashi Bakwai da Bakwai === "The Seventy-Seven Branches of Faith" tarin ne wanda [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]] [[Liman|imam]] [[al-Bayhaqi]] ya tattara a cikin aikinsa {{Transl|ar|iman}}<nowiki>]]"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAVU" title="Arabic-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></nowiki>''Shu'ab al-Iman'' . A ciki, ya bayyana muhimman kyawawan halaye waɗanda ke nuna imam na gaskiya (bangaskiya da amincewa) ta hanyar ayoyin Kur'ani da maganganun annabci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 77 Branches of Faith - Shafii |url=http://www.sunnipath.com/resources/Questions/qa00004226.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310194416/http://www.sunnipath.com/resources/Questions/qa00004226.aspx |archive-date=2007-03-10 |access-date=2006-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central-Mosque.com redirector to the new design |url=https://www.central-mosque.com/aqeedah/BranchesofEeman.htm |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=www.central-mosque.com}}</ref> Wannan ya dogara ne akan Hadisi mai zuwa da aka danganta ga Muhammadu (S.A.W): {{Blockquote|Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet said: "{{transliteration|ar|Iman}} has more than 70 branches. The most excellent among these branches is the saying {{transliteration|ar|"Laa ilaaha ill Allah"}} (there is no God but Allah), and the smallest branch is to remove an obstacle from the wayside. And {{transliteration|ar|"[[Haya (Islam)|Haya]]"}} (modesty) is an important branch of {{transliteration|ar|Iman}}."<ref>Sahih Muslim</ref>}} Wadannan rassa 77 da Bayhaqi ya bayyana sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=77 Branches of Faith |url=https://www.islam.org.uk/hadith/77-branches-of-faith/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Islam.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ayyuka talatin da suka danganci zuciya: # Bangaskiya da Allah (Shaida na Amincewa: {{Transl|ar|La ilaha illallah'}} (babu wani allah na gaskiya sai Allah) # Da yake yarda cewa da farko, babu wani abu sai Allah; sa'an nan Allah ya halicci duk abin da ya kasance daga baya # Amincewa da wanzuwar mala'iku ({{Transl|ar|malaikah}}). # Amincewa da cewa duk littattafai masu tsarki ({{Transl|ar|qutub}}) da aka aika wa Annabawa daban-daban gaskiya ne. Koyaya, duk littattafai ban da Alkur'ani ba su da inganci. # Amince cewa duk annabawa gaskiya ne. Koyaya, an umarci Musulmai su bi annabin Musulunci kawai, Muhammad # Yin imani cewa Allah (S.W.A) ya riga ya san komai kuma duk abin da ya ba da izini ko ya so zai faru. # Yin imani da cewa ranar ƙarshe za ta faru. # Amincewa da wanzuwar {{Transl|ar|Jannat}} (Paradise). # Amincewa da wanzuwar Jahannama # Kasancewa da Allah (S.W.A) # Amincewa da ƙaunar Muhammadu ga Allah # Soyayya ko ƙin wani ne kawai saboda Allah. # Yin dukkan ayyuka masu kyau da gaskiya (ma'anar soyayya; kawai don faranta wa Allah rai). # Don tuba da nuna nadama lokacin da aka yi zunubi. # Tsoron Allah. # Da fatan jinƙai na Allah. # Kasancewa mai tawali'u. # Bayyana godiya ({{Transl|ar|shukr}}) don ni'ima ko ni'ima. # Amincewa da alkawuran. # Kasancewa da haƙuri ({{Transl|ar|sabar}}). # Jin ƙasa da wasu. # Ka yi alheri ga halittun Allah. [yanawa da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> # Don gamsu da duk wani umarni da aka tsara ya fito daga Allah # Amincewa da Allah. # Kada ku yi alfahari ko alfahari game da kowane inganci da mutum yake da shi # Kada ku ƙi ko ƙin kowa. # Kada ku yi kishi da kowa. # Kada ku yi fushi. # Kada ka yi wa kowa lahani. # Ba za a soyayya da duniya ba. Ayyuka bakwai da aka haɗa da harshe: # Yin maimaita [[Shahada|Kalema]] da harshe. # Karin Alkur'ani. # Samun ilimi. # Bayar da ilimi # Yin {{Transl|ar|[[dua]]}}. # {{Transl|ar|[[Zikr]]}} na Allah. # Tsayawa daga waɗannan: karya, backbiting (blasphemy in an same shi), lalata, la'ana, da raira waƙa (la'ana) waƙoƙin da ke adawa da Shariah. Ayyuka arba'in suna haɗe da dukan jiki: # Performing ablution, bathing and keeping clothes clean. # To be steadfast in prayer. # Paying {{Transl|ar|zakat}} and {{Transl|ar|sadaqatul fitr}}. # Fasting. # Performing {{Transl|ar|[[Hajj]]}}. # To perform {{Transl|ar|itikaaf}}. # Moving away or emigrating from a place harmful to religion # To fulfil the promise made to Allah. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2023)">which?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> # Fulfilling vows that are not sins. # Paying expiation for unfulfilled vows. # To cover the body. # Sacrificing for Allah # The shrouding and burial of the deceased. # Paying off one's debts # Abstaining from prohibited things while doing financial transactions. # Not to hide the truth while testifying. # Marry when {{Transl|ar|[[nafs]]}} wants to marry. # Allowing those under oneself to fulfil their rights # Providing comfort to parents. # Bringing up children in the right way. # Not cutting ties with friends or relatives. # Obeying one's boss # To be fair and righteous # Not to initiate any path contrary to the generality of Muslims. # To obey the ruler, if what they command is not contrary to the Shariah. # Making peace between two warring factions or individuals. # Enjoining good and forbidding wrong ({{Transl|ar|Amr bil ma'ruf want nahi anil munkar}}). # Gwagwarmaya da abokan gaba na addini (idan zai yiwu da hannu, idan ba da harshe ba (ta hanyar alkalami), idan ba da zuciya ba). # Ba da rance ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata # Ganin bukatun maƙwabtan mutum. # Tabbatar da [[halal]] da tsabtar samun kudin shiga. # Kudin bisa ga Shari'a. # Amsa ga duk wanda ya gaishe kansa # {{Transl|ar|Yarhamukallah}} lokacin da wani ya ce {{Transl|ar|Alhamdulillah}} bayan ya yi murmushi. # Kada ku cutar da kowa ba bisa ka'ida ba. # Ka guje wa wasanni da nishaɗi waɗanda ke adawa da Shari'a. # Cire dutse, duwatsu, ƙayoyi, sanduna da sauransu daga hanya. == Bangaskiya da Ayyuka == A cikin Islama, dole ne a sami jituwa da jituwa tsakanin bangaskiya da ayyuka. Farāhī ya bayyana wannan bangare a cikin {{Transl|ar|tafsīr}} kamar haka: {{Blockquote|Righteous deeds are mentioned in the Qurān right after faith in the capacity of an explanation{{nbsp}}[...] In the case of faith, the need for its explanation is obvious: the place of faith is the heart and the intellect. In matters of intellect and heart, not only can a person deceive others but also at times he can remain in deception. He considers himself to be a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}} (believer) whereas actually, he is not. For this reason, two testimonies needed to be required for it: a person's words and a person's deeds. Since words can be untrue, hence a person who only professes faith through words is not regarded as a {{transliteration|ar|mu'min}} and it was deemed essential that a person's deeds also testify to his faith.<ref name="Farāhī 1998"/>}} == Bangaskiya da dalili a cikin Islama == Dangantaka tsakanin dalili da bangaskiya a cikin Islama muhawara ce mai rikitarwa da ta kai ƙarni. Ismail Raji al-Faruqi ya ce a kan wannan batun: {{Blockquote|As for the non-Muslims, they may contest the principles of Islam. They must know, however, that Islam does not present its principles dogmatically, for those who believe or wish to believe, exclusively. It does so rationally, and critically. It comes to us armed with logical and coherent arguments, and expects our acquiescence on rational, and hence necessary, grounds. It is not legitimate for us to disagree on the relativist basis of personal taste, or that of subjective experience.<ref>Isma'il Raji al Faruqi, ''Islam and Other Religions''</ref>}} == A cikin Musulunci na Shia == A cikin Islama ta Shia (Shi'a goma sha biyu, reshe mafi girma na Islama ta Shi'a), Bangaskiya (''ko a cikin Larabci: Iman'') imani ne na gaskiya ga Allah da Ɗaya daga cikinsu, annabci, da koyarwar Annabi na Islama, [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], da kuma Imamai Goma sha biyu marasa kuskure. Masu shari'a na Shia suna ɗaukar bangaskiya a matsayin muhimmiyar cancanta ga shugabannin addini, shugabannin ikilisiya, alƙalai, da masu tarawa na [[Zakka|Zakat]]. Yawancin malaman Shia suna tabbatar da cewa bangaskiya ba za ta iya zama nau'in kwaikwayon ba.<ref> {{Cite web |title=ایمان |trans-title=Faith |url=https://hedayatcentre.org/fa/4058/faith/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref> Masana tauhidin Shi'a suna ɗaukar imani da Imamate na Imamai marasa kuskure bayan Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga bangaskiya, tare da imani da allahntaka ɗaya, annabcin Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], Adalci na Allah, da tashin matattu. Bisa ga koyarwar [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], bangaskiya ta bambanta da Islama kuma tana nan a matakin da ya fi girma. Bugu da ƙari, bangaskiya na iya canzawa, ƙaruwa ko raguwa a tsawon lokaci, kuma babu wanda za'a iya tilasta masa ya yi imani.<ref> {{Cite web |title=دیدگاه عالمان شیعه درباره‌ی حقیقت ایمان و اسلام |trans-title=The view of Shiite scholars about the truth of faith and Islam |url=https://www.adyannet.com/fa/news/31923 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa}} </ref> Yawancin malaman Shia suna tabbatar da cewa addinin Musulunci ya ƙunshi fiye da bangaskiya kawai; saboda haka, kowane mai bi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin [[Musulmi]], duk da haka ba kowane Musulmi ba ne mai bi na gaskiya. Wasu malaman Shia, ciki har da Nasir al-Din al-Tusi da Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili, suna jayayya cewa bangaskiya da Islama na gaskiya suna da alaƙa, yayin da aikin Islama na waje ya wanzu a matakin ƙasa da bangaskiya ta gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مومن |trans-title=Faithful |url=https://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Islama, bangaskiya ta dogara ne akan ilimi da fahimta. Akasin haka, bangaskiya ma ta samo asali ne daga tunani, kuma duka biyun kyauta ne na allahntaka waɗanda ke ƙarfafa juna. Bugu da ƙari, daga hangen nesa na Islama, akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin bangaskiya da aiki; aiki yana aiki azaman bayyanar bangaskiya ta waje. Idan ba a yi wani mataki ba, a bayyane yake cewa bangaskiya ba ta da tushe a cikin zuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ایمان |trans-title=Faith |url=https://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=18 April 2025 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Ka'idoji === A cikin al'adun [[Shi'a]] da ayyukan [[Fiƙihu|shari'a]], ana fahimtar kalmar "Iman (bangaskiya) " a cikin duka al'amuran gaba ɗaya da takamaiman mahallin. Ma'anar gabaɗaya tana nufin imani na zuciya a duk koyarwar Annabi na Islama. Sabanin haka, takamaiman ma'anar ta ƙunshi wannan imani gabaɗaya yayin da ya haɗa da amincewa a cikin Imamate da kula da [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai]] [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]].<ref name="fffhsh"> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Dangane da wannan takamaiman fahimtar bangaskiya, duk Shi'a goma sha biyu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu bi.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bangaskiya, a cikin takamaiman mahallin, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni daban-daban na Shari'a Musulunci, gami da [[Ijitihadi|Ijtihad]], Taqlid, tsarkakewa na al'ada, [[Sallah|Addu'a]], [[Zakat]]" id="mwAio" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zakat">Zakat, [[Khums]]" id="mwAis" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Khums">Khums, [[Azumi a Musulunci|Azumi]], [[Iʿtikāf]], Hajj, Waqf, [[Nazr]], [[Shari'a]], da Shaida. An dauke shi a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don inganci da karɓar duk ayyukan ibada.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Bugu da ƙari, bangaskiya tana da mahimmanci ga ikon Taqlid, [[Liman|imam]] na ikilisiya, waɗanda suka cancanci Zakat da Khums, alƙalai, shaidu, da masu rarraba dukiya waɗanda mai mulkin Sharia ya nada.<ref name="fffhsh"/> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin lauyoyin Islama sun ƙayyade cewa bangaskiya ma abin da ake buƙata ne ga [[Ladani|Muezzin]] na ikilisiya da mataimakin a lokacin aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]].<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Al-Shaykh al-Mufid, wani shahararren masanin al'adar [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], ya bayyana bangaskiya a matsayin tabbatarwa ta zuciya, ikirarin baki, da kuma aikin biyayya ga Allah.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Hakazalika, [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]], sanannen masanin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]], yana da wannan hangen nesa.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Yawancin malaman [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]], ciki har da Sharif al-Murtaza, Shaykh Tusi, al-Bahrani, Fazel Miqdad, da Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji, sun tabbatar da cewa bangaskiya ainihin aikin zuciya ne. Don haka, bangaskiya daidai take da gaskatawa da gaske ga Allah, Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] na Islama, da wahayi na Allah. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, mai bi shine wanda ke riƙe da wannan tabbacin a cikin zuciyarsa, kuma ba a ganin ikirarin baki ya zama dole. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Bangaskiya ta kwaikwayon == Shahararrun malaman [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Imamiyyah]] sun tabbatar da cewa kwaikwayon kawai bai isa ga bangaskiya ta gaskiya ba.<ref name="sshi"> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Mu'tazilites da mafi yawan Ash'arites sun yarda da hangen nesa na [[Shi'a]] akan wannan al'amari.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> Sabanin haka, [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]], <ref name="sshi" /> Hashwiyyah da Ta'limiyyah, suna ɗaukar bangaskiya bisa ga kwaikwayon a matsayin mai inganci.<ref> {{Cite book|last3=}} </ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == === Bayani === {{Reflist}} === Tushen ===   == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://www.islam.org.uk/hadith/77-branches-of-faith/ 77 rassan Iman (Bangaskiya)] * [https://madinahcollege.uk/understanding-the-meaning-of-iman-faith-in-islam/ Fahimtar Ma'anar Iman (Bangaskiya) a cikin Islama] * [https://sabilalquran.com/meaning-of-iman-in-islam/ Menene Ma'anar Iman a cikin Islama?] * [https://www.getquranic.com/the-meaning-of-iman/ Ma'anar Iman] * [https://islamqa.info/en/answers/148793/the-difference-between-islam-and-iman Bambanci tsakanin Islama da Iman] * Gaskiya na Iman (Bangaskiya) - Ma'ana da Fahimtar An adana * Bangaskiya cikin Allah An adana shi {{Islam topics}}{{Ahmadiyya topics}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l0cr3jq24musp4clwhdzslmq8snmidj 0 142338 883600 801170 2026-07-15T17:16:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 883600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aurora HC Phelps''' (1839 - 4 Janairu 1876) ta kasance mai kawo sauyi a fannin filaye a Amurka, mai tsara ayyukan kwadago kuma shugaba, kuma mai fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a Cortland, New York, ga John da Aurilla Phelps, kuma ta girma a Elmira inda ta zama Baptist. Ta kafa ƙungiyar mata masu aiki ta Boston Working League tare da [[Jennie Collins]] da Elizabeth L. Daniels.<ref>Vapnek, Lara (2010). "Staking Claims to Independence: Jennie Collins, Aurora Phelps, and the Boston Working Women's League, 1865–1877". In Hewitt, Nancy A. (ed.). No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism. Rutgers University Press. pp. 305–328. <nowiki>ISBN 9780813547251</nowiki>.</ref> ebfigi69eg4piy4dzb99cmvp7tvw81d 883602 883600 2026-07-15T17:16:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 883602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aurora HC Phelps''' (1839 - 4 Janairu 1876) ta kasance mai kawo sauyi a fannin filaye a Amurka, mai tsara ayyukan kwadago kuma shugaba, kuma mai fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a Cortland, New York, ga John da Aurilla Phelps, kuma ta girma a Elmira inda ta zama Baptist. Ta kafa ƙungiyar mata masu aiki ta Boston Working League tare da [[Jennie Collins]] da Elizabeth L. Daniels.<ref>Vapnek, Lara (2010). "Staking Claims to Independence: Jennie Collins, Aurora Phelps, and the Boston Working Women's League, 1865–1877". In Hewitt, Nancy A. (ed.). No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism. Rutgers University Press. pp. 305–328. <nowiki>ISBN 9780813547251</nowiki>.</ref> == Manazarta == js7ske9jn1oo4wh8gcid7xj8i9d7jtw 883606 883602 2026-07-15T17:17:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 883606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aurora HC Phelps''' (1839 - 4 Janairu 1876) ta kasance mai kawo sauyi a fannin filaye a Amurka, mai tsara ayyukan kwadago kuma shugaba, kuma mai fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a Cortland, New York, ga John da Aurilla Phelps, kuma ta girma a Elmira inda ta zama Baptist. Ta kafa ƙungiyar mata masu aiki ta Boston Working League tare da [[Jennie Collins]] da Elizabeth L. Daniels.<ref>Vapnek, Lara (2010). "Staking Claims to Independence: Jennie Collins, Aurora Phelps, and the Boston Working Women's League, 1865–1877". In Hewitt, Nancy A. (ed.). No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism. Rutgers University Press. pp. 305–328. <nowiki>ISBN 9780813547251</nowiki>.</ref> == Manazarta == 78vsocws54afgxewgqem0ayf5ocipsp 0 144411 883579 833088 2026-07-15T17:08:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carolina Bunjes''' (1918-2016) ƴar ƙasar Holland ce mai ɗaukar hoto wacce ta yi yaƙi a matsayin 'yar bindiga a Yaƙin basasar Spain kuma ta yi aiki tare da Resistance a Netherlands . <ref name="Schaap">{{Cite journal |last=Schaap |first=Dick |year=2008 |title=Caroline Bunjes-Rosenthal, legerfotograaf bij de republikeinse brigades |url=https://openjournals.ugent.be/broodenrozen/article/id/64377/ |journal=Brood & Rozen |language=nl |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=75–79 |doi=10.21825/br.v13i3.3327 |issn=1370-7477 |oclc=6850308176 |access-date=30 May 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama take adawa da mulkin kama karya na gurguzu, ta yi tafiya zuwa Spain inda ta ɗauki makamai don yaƙar ' yan kishin ƙasar Spain a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa . Ta yi yaƙi a fannoni daban-daban na yaƙin, amma ta kasa gamsuwa da abokan kawancenta a jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain bayan an daure ta bisa zarginta da zama ɗan leƙen asiri na Jamus. 'Yan kishin ƙasa sun kama ta bayan nasarar da suka samu kuma suka koma Netherlands, inda suka same ta a ƙarƙashin mamayar 'yan Nazi . A can ta shiga ƙungiyar adawa ta Holland, inda ta kare Yahudawa daga hannun 'yan sanda masu kare haƙƙin jama'a da kuma ɓoye makamai don adawa da gwamnatin Nazi. Bayan 'yantar da Netherlands, ta tafi Luxembourg ta kafa iyali tare da wani da ya tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust. Bayan mutuwarsa, ta ƙaura zuwa Italiya ta kafa otal, wanda ta kula da shi har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya tana da shekaru 70. An ba ta fansho saboda ayyukanta na adawa kuma ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe tsakanin Amsterdam da Pontassieve, inda ta mutu a shekarar 2016. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Carolina Bunjes a Utrecht a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1918. Ita 'yar Rebecca Jacobs ce, wacce ta fito daga dangin Yahudawa 'yan asalin ƙasar Holland, da kuma Wilhelm Rudolf Bunjes, Bajamushe wanda ya tsere daga Jamus bayan ya gudu daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . <ref name="Ara">{{Cite web |last=Marimon Molas |first=Sílvia |date=24 May 2020 |title=Lini, l'enigmàtica miliciana fotògrafa |url=https://diumenge.ara.cat/diumenge/lini-enigmatica-miliciana-fotografa-carolina_1_1139831.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=[[Ara (newspaper)|Ara]] |language=ca |issn=2014-010X}}</ref> <ref name="IISH">{{Cite web |last=Scholten |first=Yvonne |date=7 March 2019 |title=BUNJES, Lini |url=https://spanjestrijders.nl/bio/bunjes-lini |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Nederlandse vrijwilligers in de Spaanse Burgeroorlog |publisher=[[International Institute of Social History]] |language=nl }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama, ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin tare da iyalinta, inda suka rayu a lokacin da Adolf Hitler ya hau mulki . <ref name="Ara" /> Tana da shekaru goma sha shida, ta bar gidan danginta don komawa [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Ta koma [[Amsterdam]] inda ta zauna tare da babbar 'yar uwarta, Cato, wata mace mai ra'ayin siyasa mai zurfi a ɓangaren hagu wanda zai zama babban tasiri ga Bunjes. <ref name="JA">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=Caroline Bunjes-Rosenthal |url=https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/caroline-bunjes-rosenthal/ |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Joodsamsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama ta fara sha'awar [[Anarchism|rashin tsari]] da [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] . <ref name="D&I">{{Cite web |last=Schliesser |first=Eric |date=25 May 2016 |title=RIP: Carolina (Lini) Bunjes-Rosenthal 1918–2016 |url=https://digressionsnimpressions.typepad.com/digressionsimpressions/2016/05/rip-carolina-lini-bunjes-rosenthal-2018-2016.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Digressions & Impressions |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530102357/https://digressionsnimpressions.typepad.com/digressionsimpressions/2016/05/rip-carolina-lini-bunjes-rosenthal-2018-2016.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan matakin ta haɗu da Franz Lövenstein, wani matashi ɗan gurguzu na Jamus, wanda ta shiga zanga-zanga daban-daban. An daure ta saboda rarraba takardu na gurguzu kuma an kori Lövenstein daga ƙasar, kuma bayan an sake ta sun yanke shawarar zama tare a Paris. A wancan lokacin, tare da yawan kwararar Yahudawan Jamus zuwa Faransa, an ba da izinin zama na ɗan lokaci kawai, don haka lokacin da Bunjes ke da shekaru goma sha takwas, sun yi tafiya zuwa Spain inda dukansu suke son yin yaƙi a matsayin masu sa kai a yaƙi da mulkin kama karya . <ref name="Ara"/> Sun ga Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a matsayin farkon yaƙin duniya. <ref name="Schaap"/> === Yaƙin Basasa na Spain === Da isowarsu Spain a lokacin bazara na 1936, suna zaune a El Raval . Domin samun abin rayuwa, Bunjes ta isar da jaridu kuma ta ɗauki hotuna don buga littattafan wasanni da kuma hotunan ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa . An buga ayyukanta galibi a ''Última Hora'' da ''La Humanidad'' . Max Friedmann da Werner Hemlin, waɗanda suka kasance ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje na Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Catalonia (PSUC) sun taimaka musu. <ref name="Ara"/> Franz Lövenstein ya shiga gwagwarmayar tun daga farko. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, ya shiga yaƙin titi a Barcelona kuma daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mayaƙan da suka kafa Bataliyar Thälmann na Brigade ta 11 ta Duniya . Lövenstein ya rabu da Bunjes ya tafi filin Aragon, inda ya mutu a yaƙin Ebro a 1938. <ref name="Ara" /> An yi wa Bunjes rijista a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a hedikwatar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain (PCE) kuma ta yi aiki a jaridun ''Juventud'' da ''Ahora: Diario Gráfico'' . <ref name="Schaap"/> A watan Satumba na 1936, a [[Madrid]], ta ba da rahoto kan zanga-zangar Brigade ta Duniya. <ref name="Ara"/> <ref name="IISH"/> <ref name="Schaap" /> A wata hira, Bunjes ta tuna cewa mafi munin abin da ya faru da ta fuskanta a Madrid shine mummunan harin bam da rundunar Nazi Condor da rundunar sojin saman Italiya suka kai birnin. Ta ɗauki hotunansa wanda ta aika wa 'yar uwarta a ofishin rundunar sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke Paris, wanda ke da alhakin rarraba su. <ref name="Schaap" /> A watan Nuwamba na 1936, a lokacin da aka kewaye babban birnin, ta shiga cikin kare Madrid daga rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Francisco Franco . A can ta haɗu ta auri Antonio Blas García, wani kwamandan sojojin Spain a rundunar Republican . <ref name="Ara" /> <ref name="IISH" /> <ref name="JA"/> Lini, kamar yadda ake kiranta, ta kasance jakada a cikin rundunar sojojin Joven Guardia. A watan Disamba, a gefen Navalcarnero, ta ji rauni a hannunta. Hotonta da aka ɗaure da hannunta ya bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban na lokacin. Ɗaya daga cikin hotunan da aka yaɗa shi ne Hans Gutmann, marubucin wasu hotuna masu ban sha'awa da yawa kamar na Marina Ginestà . <ref name="Ara" /> A cikin fitowar jaridar ''{{Interlanguage link|Mundo Gráfico|es}}'' ta Disamba 1936, tare da hoton da Aibero y Segovia ta ɗauka, an bayyana ta kamar haka: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1918]] kvc9u3yeg1qbcy6f8gu9jirdxsg7b7c 0 147106 883780 816322 2026-07-15T22:18:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christine Lanyero Awany''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Mego Larem''', 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar siyasa a ƙasar Uganda. A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2026, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda a matsayin wakiliyar mata a Gundumar Nwoya. An zaɓe ta a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement a wa'adin 2026–2031 da ƙuri'u 12,715 kamar yadda Hukumar Zaɓe ta ƙasar Uganda, ta tabbatar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jwee |first=Wilfred Lamony |date=2026-01-17 |title=Ugandaelections2026: Awany announced Nwoya Woman MP as EC cancels results in two polling stations |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/ugandaelections2026/awany-announced-nwoya-woman-mp-as-ec-cancels-NV_226399_022026 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=New Vision}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=People love me because I am a freedom fighter |url=https://thepubliclensug.com/2024/02/09/people-love-me-because-i-am-a-freedom-fighter/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Public Lens}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mego Larem clinches NRM Woman MP flag in Nwoya with landslide victory |url=https://www.thekampalareport.com/latest/2025071952426/mego-larem-clinches-nrm-woman-mp-flag-in-nwoya-with-landslide-victory.html |website=The Kampala Report}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ita kuma 'yar kasuwa ce a gundumar Nwoya. Asalin danginta yana da alaƙa da dangin Patira, wanda daga gare ta ta bayyana cewa ta sami albarkar gargajiya a lokacin da take gudanar da harkokin siyasa. Tana da alaƙa da sassan sufuri da karɓar baƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-29 |title=Uganda: Thousands NRM Supporters Celebrated Chiestine Lanyero Awany Offical{{sic |nolink=yes}} Party Campaign |url=https://www.oyengyeng.com/brea/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=oyengyeng}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> == Duba kuma == * Majalisar Uganda * Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na 12 * Gundumar Nwoya * Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa * Siyasar Uganda * Kwizera Eudia * Lanyero Sarah Ochieng * Sharon Balmoi Laker == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.ec.or.ug/election/results Hukumar Zaɓe ta Uganda – Sakamakon A hukumance] * [https://nwoya.go.ug/ Bayanin Gundumar Nwoya (Gwamnatin Uganda)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418072955/https://nwoya.go.ug/ |date=2026-04-18 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ocpih6r4miuf3hgtucc0m8tpuw7gyfp 0 147193 883584 816782 2026-07-15T17:11:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 883584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Mugyenyi''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda, kuma wakiliya a majalisar dokokin yankin gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EALA commences in Kampala, inducts MPs |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1469567/eala-commences-kampala-inducts-mps |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce a gundumar Nyabushozi a gundumar Kiruhura. Ita ce matar tsohon darektan bankin [[Uganda]] [[Joshua Mugyenyi]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Dalhousie, Kanada, da kuma digiri na farko a fannin siyasa da gudanarwa daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda|Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda,]] kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Makerere. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministar noma. Ita ce kwararriyar da ke goyon bayan '''Ƙauyen Al'adu na Nshenyi''', wani shiri na yawon buɗe ido na al'umma da ke gundumar Ntungamo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html "Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi"]. ''Watchdog Uganda''. 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ita mutum ce ta musamman wacce ta yi imanin cewa kuɗi yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban siyasar Gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=EALA RACE: Mary Mugyenyi Fears Bribery Could Cost Uganda Competent Representatives |url=https://chimpreports.com/eala-race-mary-mugyenyi-fears-bribery-could-cost-uganda-competent-representatives/ |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2013, ita da ma'aikatan Makerere sun karrama marigayi mijinta kuma tsohon malamin siyasa Joshua Baitwa Mugyenyi a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] tare da Ephraim Kamuntu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Makerere honours Dr Joshua Mugyenyi {{!}} News@CHUSS |url=https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203082336/https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=chuss.mak.ac.ug}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] flnec4tpfd7qh64ctvh54qcqvcawlbp 883585 883584 2026-07-15T17:11:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 883585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Mugyenyi''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar [[Uganda]], kuma wakiliya a majalisar dokokin yankin gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EALA commences in Kampala, inducts MPs |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1469567/eala-commences-kampala-inducts-mps |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce a gundumar Nyabushozi a gundumar Kiruhura. Ita ce matar tsohon darektan bankin [[Uganda]] [[Joshua Mugyenyi]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Dalhousie, Kanada, da kuma digiri na farko a fannin siyasa da gudanarwa daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda|Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda,]] kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Makerere. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministar noma. Ita ce kwararriyar da ke goyon bayan '''Ƙauyen Al'adu na Nshenyi''', wani shiri na yawon buɗe ido na al'umma da ke gundumar Ntungamo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html "Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi"]. ''Watchdog Uganda''. 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ita mutum ce ta musamman wacce ta yi imanin cewa kuɗi yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban siyasar Gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=EALA RACE: Mary Mugyenyi Fears Bribery Could Cost Uganda Competent Representatives |url=https://chimpreports.com/eala-race-mary-mugyenyi-fears-bribery-could-cost-uganda-competent-representatives/ |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2013, ita da ma'aikatan Makerere sun karrama marigayi mijinta kuma tsohon malamin siyasa Joshua Baitwa Mugyenyi a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] tare da Ephraim Kamuntu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Makerere honours Dr Joshua Mugyenyi {{!}} News@CHUSS |url=https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203082336/https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=chuss.mak.ac.ug}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] 4tsa0m1jc14tjzbmyhvh9yeqmd21ryn 883586 883585 2026-07-15T17:11:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 883586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Mugyenyi''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar [[Uganda]], kuma wakiliya a majalisar dokokin yankin [[gabashin Afirka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EALA commences in Kampala, inducts MPs |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1469567/eala-commences-kampala-inducts-mps |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce a gundumar Nyabushozi a gundumar Kiruhura. Ita ce matar tsohon darektan bankin [[Uganda]] [[Joshua Mugyenyi]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Dalhousie, Kanada, da kuma digiri na farko a fannin siyasa da gudanarwa daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda|Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda,]] kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Makerere. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministar noma. Ita ce kwararriyar da ke goyon bayan '''Ƙauyen Al'adu na Nshenyi''', wani shiri na yawon buɗe ido na al'umma da ke gundumar Ntungamo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html "Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi"]. ''Watchdog Uganda''. 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ita mutum ce ta musamman wacce ta yi imanin cewa kuɗi yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban siyasar Gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=EALA RACE: Mary Mugyenyi Fears Bribery Could Cost Uganda Competent Representatives |url=https://chimpreports.com/eala-race-mary-mugyenyi-fears-bribery-could-cost-uganda-competent-representatives/ |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2013, ita da ma'aikatan Makerere sun karrama marigayi mijinta kuma tsohon malamin siyasa Joshua Baitwa Mugyenyi a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] tare da Ephraim Kamuntu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Makerere honours Dr Joshua Mugyenyi {{!}} News@CHUSS |url=https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203082336/https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=chuss.mak.ac.ug}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] c7izq3ypc7u50r89m176k7vzlfk2k96 883587 883586 2026-07-15T17:11:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 883587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Mugyenyi''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar [[Uganda]], kuma wakiliya a majalisar dokokin yankin [[gabashin Afirka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EALA commences in Kampala, inducts MPs |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1469567/eala-commences-kampala-inducts-mps |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> Tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce a gundumar Nyabushozi a gundumar Kiruhura. Ita ce matar tsohon darektan bankin [[Uganda]] [[Joshua Mugyenyi]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Dalhousie, Kanada, da kuma digiri na farko a fannin siyasa da gudanarwa daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]]. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda|Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda,]] kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Makerere. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministar noma. Ita ce kwararriyar da ke goyon bayan '''Ƙauyen Al'adu na Nshenyi''', wani shiri na yawon buɗe ido na al'umma da ke gundumar Ntungamo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170130/12261/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-eala-seat-aspirant-mary-mugyenyi.html "Six things you didn't know about EALA seat aspirant Mary Mugyenyi"]. ''Watchdog Uganda''. 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ita mutum ce ta musamman wacce ta yi imanin cewa kuɗi yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban siyasar Gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=EALA RACE: Mary Mugyenyi Fears Bribery Could Cost Uganda Competent Representatives |url=https://chimpreports.com/eala-race-mary-mugyenyi-fears-bribery-could-cost-uganda-competent-representatives/ |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2013, ita da ma'aikatan Makerere sun karrama marigayi mijinta kuma tsohon malamin siyasa Joshua Baitwa Mugyenyi a [[Jami'ar Makerere]] tare da Ephraim Kamuntu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makerere honours Dr Joshua Mugyenyi {{!}} News@CHUSS |url=https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203082336/https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/content/makerere-honours-dr-joshua-mugyenyi |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=chuss.mak.ac.ug}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] qcd07a7j1thzglt331vl6gnqxrbkie8 0 147256 883897 874691 2026-07-16T08:34:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Damaris Berta Egurrola Wienke (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Agusta 1999) ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' yar wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Premierère Ligue Lyon da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Netherlands . A matakin ƙungiya, ta fara buga wasa da Athletic Club a shekarar 2015, ta koma Everton a shekarar 2020, sannan ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa Lyon a watan Janairun 2021. [1] An haife ta a Amurka, ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sipaniya a shekarar 2019; a shekarar 2022, ta nemi a sauya mata wasa sau ɗaya don wakiltar ƙasar Netherlands . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |title=Lyon's Damaris swaps Spain for Netherlands |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60909269 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Rayuwa ta farko === Egurrola ta yi yarinta a Orlando, [[Florida]], 'ya'ya na biyu cikin 'ya'ya uku da mahaifiyarta 'yar ƙasar Holland da mahaifinta ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya (Pablo Egurrola Osa, ƙwararren ''ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa'' ne wanda ke fafatawa a gasar American Jai Alai leagues); lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2006, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali a gabashin Biscay a ƙasar Basque Country ta ƙasar Spain. <ref name="hija" /> === Athletic Bilbao === Bayan ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a ƙungiyoyi a yankin Gernika, Egurrola - wacce kuma ta nuna hazaka a [[Tennis|wasan tennis]] - ta sanya hannu a Athletic Club a 2014, tana da shekaru 14, ta cika sharuɗɗan sa hannu na ƙungiyar saboda yadda ta girma a yankin. Bayan kakar wasa ɗaya da ƙungiyar B, ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar a watan Disamba na 2015, inda ta buga wasanni shida a gasar Primera División ta 2015–16 yayin da Athletic ta kare a matsayin zakara, <ref name="hija" /> kuma ta zama mai yawan shekaru tun daga lokacin. Tare da abokiyar wasanta kuma kawarta Maite Oroz, ta yanke shawarar barin ƙungiyar lokacin da kwangilarta ta ƙare a lokacin bazara na 2020. A watan Yulin 2020, wata ƙarar kotu game da halalcin 'jerin diyya' ga 'yan wasa a ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Spain ta tabbatar da cewa sabon ma'aikaci ba zai biya kuɗin Athletic Club ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=El triunfo del 'padre coraje' de una futbolista, que luchó tres años en un piquete |trans-title=The triumph of the 'courageous father' of a footballer, who fought three years on a picket |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2020-07-23/futbol-femenino-audiencia-nacional_2686775/ |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=[[El Confidencial]] |language=Spanish}}</ref> === Everton === Bayan sanar da barin Athletic Bilbao a ƙarshen kwangilarta, Egurrola ta jawo sha'awar manyan ƙungiyoyin Turai, ciki har da Everton, waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka sayi ɗan wasan tsakiya a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a farkon Satumba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2020 |title=Everton Women Sign Spain Midfielder |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1801481/everton-women-sign-spain-midfielder |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=www.evertonfc.com}}</ref> Egurrola ta fara buga wasa a FA WSL a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 6-0 kuma ta fara taka rawar gani a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfi ga ƙungiyar, inda ta fara dukkan wasannin da suka biyo baya. Abokin wasanta Izzy Christiansen ya yi mamakin farawar Egurrola kuma ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ƙwararriyar baiwa". <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2021 |title=Christiansen Salutes Everton Midfield Colleague's 'Incredible Talent' |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1967702/christiansen-salutes-everton-midfield-colleagues-incredible-talent |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=www.evertonfc.com}}</ref> === Lyon === Watanni huɗu kacal bayan sanya hannu a Everton, jita-jita ta fara yaɗuwa game da sabon yuwuwar komawa Egurrola. Rahotanni sun ce zakarun Turai Lyon suna sha'awar siyan ɗan wasan tsakiya a lokacin bazara don magance matsalolin da suke fuskanta a gasar. Egurrola ta sanya ''hannu'' kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da rabi a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2021 |title=Damaris Egurrola rejoint l'Olympique Lyonnais |trans-title=Damaris Egurrola joins Olympique Lyonnais |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr-fr/contenus/articles/2021/01/20/damaris-egurrola-rejoint-lolympique-lyonnais |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=www.OL.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> kuma ta fara bugawa a wasan Coupe de France da Stade de Reims . Ba da daɗewa ba, ta fara bugawa a gasar Division 1 Féminine da UEFA Champions League, duka sun ƙare da nasara da rashin nasara. Egurrola ta kafa kanta a matsayin mai farawa a farkon kakar wasa ta 2021-22, inda ta tabbatar da cewa ita mamba ce mai muhimmanci a cikin ƙungiyar. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ta hanyar haihuwa da kuma zuri'a, Egurrola ta cancanci bugawa Amurka, Spain, da Netherlands wasa. Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa na Spain a matakai daban-daban kuma ta yi nasara sosai, kasancewarta memba a cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da ta lashe lambar azurfa a Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA U-17 ta 2016 da kuma tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta 2016 ; ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 19 da ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA U-19 ta 2017, <ref name="sway" /> (ta yi amfani da tsayinta don zura kwallo a raga a nasarar ƙarshe akan Faransa ) - ta kuma taimaka wa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 su cancanci shiga gasar 2018 wadda suka sake lashewa, amma ta koma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya - da kuma ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 20 waɗanda suka zo na biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2018. <ref name="sway" /> Egurrola ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa na farko a Spain a watan Mayun 2019, tana da shekaru 19, ta fito a matsayin madadin mintunan ƙarshe na nasarar da ta samu a kan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|Kamaru]] da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2019, duk da cewa ba a zaɓe ta a cikin tawagar da ta buga wasan ƙarshe ba. A watan Oktoban 2019, an kira ta zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta <nowiki><i id="mwug">España Promesas</i></nowiki> (musamman Spain B), tare da abokan wasanta biyu. Ta kuma buga wa ƙungiyar Basque Country wasa. Shekaru biyu bayan fitowarta ga Spain, a watan Nuwamba na 2021, kocin tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Spain Jorge Vilda ya bayyana cewa ya yi kokarin kiran Egurrola sau biyu a cikin 'yan watannin da suka gabata, kuma ya yi magana da ita ta waya a lokuta da dama; <ref name="sport1121">{{Cite web |last=Sport |date=16 November 2021 |title=Vilda revela que Damaris ha pedido jugar con otra selección |trans-title=Vilda reveals that Damaris has asked to play with another team |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol-femenino/vilda-revela-damaris-pedido-jugar-12857631 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=Sport |language=es}}</ref> wakilan 'yan wasan sun musanta hakan, suna mai cewa wadannan kiran sun shafi Promesas ('yan kasa da shekara 23) maimakon babbar kungiyar, kuma babu wani yunkurin tuntuɓarta da kanta a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. An kuma bayyana cewa Egurrola ta zabi bugawa wata kungiyar 'yan wasan kasa, a wancan lokacin ba a tantance ta ba (amma daya daga cikin kungiyoyi biyu a wasan karshe na cin kofin duniya na mata na FIFA na 2019 ). <ref name="sport1121" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=La agencia de Damaris asegura que Vilda miente, nunca le llamó |trans-title=Damaris' agency assures that Vilda is lying, he never called her |url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/11/17/femenino/1637143974_849759.html |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=as.com |language=es}}</ref> Bayan shigar da ƙarar sauya sheka sau ɗaya, Egurrola ta sadaukar da kanta ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Netherlands a watan Maris na 2022. <ref name="auto"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |title=Spaans-Nederlands talent Egurrola kiest voor Oranje en zit bij selectie |url=https://nos.nl/l/2423089 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasa a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022. Daga baya aka bayyana cewa ba ta da ra'ayin da ya dace game da Jorge Vilda game da yadda yake mu'amala da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata ciki har da ita, kuma wannan babban dalili ne a shawararta ta wakiltar Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naidu |first=Unnati |date=2022-09-01 |title=Seven Years and Zero Titles Later, It's Time for Jorge Vilda to leave |url=https://sportingher.com/seven-years-and-zero-titles-later-its-time-for-jorge-vilda-to-leave/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Sporting Her}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2023, an nada ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar wucin gadi ta Netherlands don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark White |date=2023-06-05 |title=Netherlands Women's World Cup 2023 squad: 30-player preliminary team named |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/netherlands-women-world-cup-2023-squad-team-roster-players-holland |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=fourfourtwo.com}}</ref> Ta buga dukkan wasanni biyar na Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=Damaris Egurrola |url=https://www.uefa.com/womensworldcup/teams/players/250097203--damaris-egurrola/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[UEFA]] |language=en}}</ref> A gasar UEFA Nations League ta 2023–24 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2023, Netherlands ta ci Belgium 2-0 a minti na 90, amma ta sake cin kwallo don ta doke Ingila a kan bambancin kwallaye a rukunin A1 da kuma zuwa wasan karshe (da kuma yiwuwar cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024 ). Egurrola ta ci kwallo a minti na farko na [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|lokacin rauni]] . Duk da haka, Ingila ta ci kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Scotland, wanda hakan ya sa ta koma saman rukunin. A cikin dakika na karshe na wasan da suka yi da Belgium, Egurrola ta sake zura kwallo, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da cewa tawagarta ta kai wasan karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2023 |title=10 things from the Nations League: Dutch drama ends England's Olympic hopes |url=https://global.espn.com/football/story/_/id/39053120/nations-league-drama-dutch-pip-england-late-goals |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 7 March 2026}}<ref name=sway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Sipaniya | 2019 | 1 | 0 |- | rowspan="6" | Netherlands | 2022 | 11 | 3 |- | 2023 | 16 | 2 |- | 2024 | 9 | 1 |- | 2025 | 11 | 1 |- | 2026 | 2 | 0 |- ! Jimilla ! 49 ! 7 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimillar aiki ! 50 ! 7 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Netherlands ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Egurrola ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Damaris Egurrola ya ci a gasar cin kofin duniya ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | rowspan="2" | 12 Afrilu 2022 | rowspan="2" | Filin wasa na ADO Den Haag, [[Hague|The Hague]], Netherlands | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|RSA}} | align="center" | 4–1 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 5–1 | rowspan="2" | Aboki |- | align="center" | 2 | align="center" | 5–1 |- | align="center" | 3 | 13 Yuli 2022 | Kauyen Wasanni na Leigh, Leigh, Ingila |{{Fbw|POR}} | align="center" | 1–0 | align="center" | 3–2 | Gasar cin kofin Turai ta Mata ta UEFA 2022 |- | align="center" | 4 | rowspan="2" | 5 Disamba 2023 | rowspan="2" | Koning Willem II Stadion, Tilburg, Netherlands | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|BEL}} | align="center" | 3–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 4–0 | rowspan="2" | Gasar Ƙungiyoyin Mata ta UEFA ta 2023–24 |- | align="center" | 5 | align="center" | 4–0 |- | align="center" | 6 | 25 Oktoba 2024 | De Vijverberg, Doetinchem, Netherlands |{{Fbw|IDN}} | align="center" | 8–0 | align="center" | 15–0 | Aboki |- | align="center" | 7 | 4 ga Afrilu, 2025 | Erve Asito, Almelo, Netherlands |{{Fbw|AUT}} | align="center" | 2–0 | align="center" | 3–1 | Gasar Ƙungiyoyin Mata ta UEFA ta 2025 |- |} == Daraja == '''Athletic Bilbao''' * Raba ta Farko : 2015–16 '''Lyon''' * Première Ligue : 2021-22, 2022-23, <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=LYON BAT PARIS ET S'OFFRE LE DOUBLÉ |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/10319-lyon-bat-paris-et-s-offre-le-double.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |language=fr |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005145835/https://www.fff.fr/article/10319-lyon-bat-paris-et-s-offre-le-double.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2023-24 <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=LYON GARDE SA COURONNE |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12515-lyon-garde-sa-couronne.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |language=fr |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725110152/https://www.fff.fr/article/12515-lyon-garde-sa-couronne.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Coupe de France Féminine : 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2023 |title=ET DE 10 POUR LYON |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/10256-et-de-10-pour-lyon.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |language=fr |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103321/https://www.fff.fr/article/10256-et-de-10-pour-lyon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Trophée des Championnes : 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2022 |title=LYON DOUBLE LA MISE |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/7958-lyon-double-la-mise.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616133327/https://www.fff.fr/article/7958-lyon-double-la-mise.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trophée des Championnes 2023 - Finale - Lyon (D1)-PSG (D1) 2-0 |url=https://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/match.php?id=33036 |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA : 2021–22 ; <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2022 |title=Barcelona 1-3 Lyon: OL win eighth UEFA Women's Champions League final in thriller |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0275-153314ba2c2b-159d8f034f30-1000/ |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> wanda ya zo na biyu a 2023–24 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Champions League final: Barcelona beat Lyon to retain title |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cz9951m47l7t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531010305/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cz9951m47l7t |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ƙungiyar Ligue ta LFFP Premier ta kakar wasa: 2023–24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=TROPHÉES 2023-2024 : LES LAURÉATES |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12405-trophees-2023-2024-les-laureates.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328064857/https://www.fff.fr/article/12405-trophees-2023-2024-les-laureates.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024–25 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2025 |title=Trophées LFFP 2024-2025 : les lauréates |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/14627-trophees-lffp-2024-2025-les-laureates.html |access-date=29 April 2025 |archive-date=29 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429174857/https://www.fff.fr/article/14627-trophees-lffp-2024-2025-les-laureates.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Gasar Firimiya Ligue ta 'Yan wasa mafi kyau a Watan : Disamba 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=EGURROLA TITRÉE EN DÉCEMBRE |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/11732-egurrola-titree-en-decembre.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414211701/https://www.fff.fr/article/11732-egurrola-titree-en-decembre.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Damaris Egurrola at Athletic Bilbao * Damaris Egurrola at TeamNL (in Dutch) {{Olympique Lyonnais Féminin squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Netherlands squads|bg=#F1771D|fg=#FFFFFF|bordercolor=#000000|list1={{Netherlands squad UEFA Women's Euro 2022}} {{Netherlands squad 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{Netherlands squad UEFA Women's Euro 2025}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nev5eov473qdqjrb23vyv0x11ra2jf8 0 148504 883949 825392 2026-07-16T10:21:50Z BnHamid 12586 883949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Jonathan Tah 2019.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Jonathan Tah | hoto = Jonathan Tah 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Jonathan Glao Tah | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1996|2|11}} | wurin_haihuwa = Hamburg, Jamus | tsawo = 1.95 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kulob_na_yanzu = Bayer Leverkusen | lamba = 4 }} '''Jonathan Glao Tah''' (an haife shi ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya shahara wajen ƙarfinsa, tsayinsa, da kuma iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan baya a gasar Bundesliga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jonathan Tah Profile|url=https://www.bayer04.de}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Jonathan Tah a birnin Hamburg na ƙasar Jamus, inda ya taso a cikin iyali mai haɗin al’adu, mahaifinsa daga Ivory Coast ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ‘yar Jamus ce. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda a ƙungiyoyin yara a Hamburg.<ref>{{cite web|title=Early life of Jonathan Tah|url=https://www.dfb.de}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Hamburger SV === Tah ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a ƙungiyar Hamburger SV, inda ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta matasa. Ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar wasa a shekarar 2013, yana ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa masu tasowa a ƙasar Jamus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hamburger SV career|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com}}</ref> === Fortuna Düsseldorf (aro) === A shekarar 2014, an ba shi aro zuwa Fortuna Düsseldorf domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A can ne ya samu damar nuna ƙwarewarsa sosai, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen samun gogewa a matakin manya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortuna loan spell|url=https://www.kicker.de}}</ref> === Bayer Leverkusen === A shekarar 2015, Tah ya koma Bayer Leverkusen inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan tsaron ƙungiyar. Tun daga wannan lokaci, ya buga wasanni da dama a Bundesliga da gasannin Turai, yana taimakawa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori masu muhimmanci.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bayer Leverkusen career|url=https://www.bundesliga.com}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Jonathan Tah ya wakilci ƙasar Jamus a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa. Ya halarci manyan gasa kamar gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai da kuma wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsaron ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Germany national team appearances|url=https://www.dfb.de}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Tah sananne ne da ƙarfinsa na jiki, tsayinsa, da kuma iya taka rawa wajen hana hare-haren abokan hamayya. Yana da kwarewa wajen bugun kai da kuma iya fara hari daga baya, wanda ke sa ya zama cikakken mai tsaron baya na zamani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Playing style analysis|url=https://www.bundesliga.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar kashin kai == Duk da kasancewarsa fitaccen ɗan wasa, Tah yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye rayuwarsa ta sirri. Yana kuma shiga ayyukan jin ƙai da taimakon al’umma, musamman a fannin matasa da wasanni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Personal life|url=https://www.goal.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1996]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan kwallon kafa na Jamus]] [[Category:Masu tsaron baya]] [[Category:Mutanen Hamburg]] 6qqxpclq54uvlq2j783qnpq056yxs5c 883950 883949 2026-07-16T10:22:11Z BnHamid 12586 883950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jonathan Tah 2019.jpg|thumb]] '''Jonathan Glao Tah''' (an haife shi ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya shahara wajen ƙarfinsa, tsayinsa, da kuma iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan baya a gasar Bundesliga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jonathan Tah Profile|url=https://www.bayer04.de}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Jonathan Tah a birnin Hamburg na ƙasar Jamus, inda ya taso a cikin iyali mai haɗin al’adu, mahaifinsa daga Ivory Coast ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ‘yar Jamus ce. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda a ƙungiyoyin yara a Hamburg.<ref>{{cite web|title=Early life of Jonathan Tah|url=https://www.dfb.de}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Hamburger SV === Tah ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a ƙungiyar Hamburger SV, inda ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta matasa. Ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar wasa a shekarar 2013, yana ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa masu tasowa a ƙasar Jamus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hamburger SV career|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com}}</ref> === Fortuna Düsseldorf (aro) === A shekarar 2014, an ba shi aro zuwa Fortuna Düsseldorf domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A can ne ya samu damar nuna ƙwarewarsa sosai, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen samun gogewa a matakin manya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortuna loan spell|url=https://www.kicker.de}}</ref> === Bayer Leverkusen === A shekarar 2015, Tah ya koma Bayer Leverkusen inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan tsaron ƙungiyar. Tun daga wannan lokaci, ya buga wasanni da dama a Bundesliga da gasannin Turai, yana taimakawa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori masu muhimmanci.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bayer Leverkusen career|url=https://www.bundesliga.com}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Jonathan Tah ya wakilci ƙasar Jamus a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa. Ya halarci manyan gasa kamar gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai da kuma wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsaron ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Germany national team appearances|url=https://www.dfb.de}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Tah sananne ne da ƙarfinsa na jiki, tsayinsa, da kuma iya taka rawa wajen hana hare-haren abokan hamayya. Yana da kwarewa wajen bugun kai da kuma iya fara hari daga baya, wanda ke sa ya zama cikakken mai tsaron baya na zamani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Playing style analysis|url=https://www.bundesliga.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar kashin kai == Duk da kasancewarsa fitaccen ɗan wasa, Tah yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye rayuwarsa ta sirri. Yana kuma shiga ayyukan jin ƙai da taimakon al’umma, musamman a fannin matasa da wasanni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Personal life|url=https://www.goal.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1996]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan kwallon kafa na Jamus]] [[Category:Masu tsaron baya]] [[Category:Mutanen Hamburg]] 0cmuxr2g5th3tz2u7kjamxk7kvxo7a6 0 149057 883832 829396 2026-07-16T04:59:58Z Dan marayerh 45930 883832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Cooked_masa.jpg|thumb|Masa / Waina]] '''Masa''', wanda aka fi sani da Waina, wani kek ne da aka yi da girki a Arewacin Najeriya da wasu sassan Yammacin Najeriya . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ana danganta shi da abincin Hausawa . Yana kama da siffar Idli . Yana da ciki mai laushi da soso tare da wani yanki mai kauri na waje. Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi da tsami. [1] [ tabbacin da ya gaza ] Girke-girken Masa galibi suna buƙatar farar shinkafar da aka jika, har sai ta yi tsami kamar yadda ake so,sai a dafa wata shinkafar sai kuma akai niƙa kodayake akwai wasu nau'ikan da ke da wasu manyan sinadaran. Ana dafa masa a cikin wani kasko na musamman. Sinadaran sun haɗa da shinkafa, yisti, baking foda, yogurt wasu nasa gishiri da wuta da kuma nono. [2]<ref>Osinkolu, Lola (2015-09-08). "Stuffed savory Masa (Waina)". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 2026-01-09.</ref><ref>How to make Masa or Waina ?". Top Nigerian Food Blog. 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2026-01-09.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Abincin Hausawa]] 8egoprvd2te1akwo432hwjwfw43ez3m 0 149160 883426 853961 2026-07-15T12:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Álvaro André Rodrigues da Silva''' (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 14, 1989, a Paulista ), ko kuma kawai '''Branquinho''', ɗan wasan Brazil ne . A halin yanzu yana bugawa Manaus wasa . == Sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa a Salgueiro a shekarar 2009. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya koma América (PE), inda yake cikin ƙungiyar da ta sami damar shiga ƙungiyar Campeonato Pernambucano mai ƙarfi a shekarar 2010. Ya yi fice a Campeonato Pernambucano a shekarar 2011 kuma ya jawo hankalin Recife Sport, wacce ta ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin aro don ya fafata da Campeonato Brasileiro Série B a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Branquinho no Sport e outras novidades |url=http://www.blogdomequinha.com.br/2011/04/branquinho-no-sport-e-outras-novidades.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418194413/http://www.blogdomequinha.com.br/2011/04/branquinho-no-sport-e-outras-novidades.html |archive-date=2019-04-18 |access-date=2019-06-18 |publisher=Blog de Mequinha |language=pt}}</ref> Duk da haka, ɗan wasan bai samu damar yin wasa da yawa a ƙungiyar baƙar fata ba, kuma ya buga wasanni 8 kacal. Ya sanya hannu a matsayin aro tare da Santa Cruz a kakar wasa ta 2012 kuma ya buga wasa a shekarar 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2011 |title=superesportes.com.br |url=https://www.pe.superesportes.com.br/app/18,103/2011/12/23/noticia_santa_cruz,14519/santa-cruz-apresenta-branquinho-nesta-manha.shtml |language=pt}}</ref> An sanar da Branquinho a matsayin "babban ɗan wasa" ga Corinthians-AL a watan Disamba na 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2012 |title=Corinthians Alagoano contrata meia-atacante Branquinho, ex-Santa Cruz |url=http://gazetaweb.globo.com/portal/noticia-old.php?c=329167&e= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208211054/http://gazetaweb.globo.com/portal/noticia-old.php?c=329167&e= |archive-date=8 December 2019 |access-date=18 June 2019 |publisher=Globo |language=pt}}</ref> Duk da haka, a ƙarshen Fabrairu na 2013 ya sanya hannu don Passo Fundo don buga wasa a Campeonato Gaúcho . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2013 |title=Trio de novidades no Passo Fundo |url=http://esportche.rs/2013/02/trio-de-novidades-no-passo-fundo/ |publisher=esportchê.rs |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya koma ƙungiyar iyaye ta América (PE) don shiga rukuni na biyu na Campeonato Pernambuco a rabin na biyu na 2013, kafin ya sanya hannu don Linense don Campeonato Paulista na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2013 |title=Paulistão: Linense contrata ex-atacante de Sport e Santa Cruz |url=https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/futebol/Linense-SP/noticias/2013-12/Paulistao:-Linense-contrata-Branquinho-ex-Sport-e-Santa-Cruz |publisher=Futebol Interior |language=pt}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2014, Branquinho yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Brazil huɗu da suka sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Tarxien Rainbows ta Maltese Premier League a kakar wasa ta 2014–15. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2014 |title=Tarxien Rainbows Present New Signings |url=http://www.maltafootball.com/2014/08/09/tarxien-rainbows-present-new-signings/ |publisher=maltafootball.com}}</ref> Bai gama kakar wasa ba, kuma a watan Janairun 2015 ya koma Brazil da kuma Passo Fundo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2015 |title=Branquinho volta ao EC Passo Fundo |url=https://diariodamanha.com/noticias/branquinho-volta-ao-ec-passo-fundo/ |publisher=Diário da Manhã |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Mayu 2015, Caxias do Sul ya gabatar da Branquinho a matsayin ƙarfafawa ga 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=S.E.R. Caxias apresenta mais dois reforços para a Série C |url=http://www.sercaxias.com.br/imprensa/noticias_detalhes/822 |publisher=S.E.R. Caxias do Sul Official Site |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan watanni uku, da rabin dozin wasanni da aka buga, ya koma Ypiranga don yakin neman zaben su na 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D, wanda ya ƙare a ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Ypiranga apresentará novo atacante nesta quarta |url=http://www.yfc.com.br/noticia/ypiranga-apresentara-novo-atacante-nesta-quarta/ |publisher=Ypiranga F.C. Official Site |language=pt}}</ref> <ref name="rdplanato">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2015 |title=Branquinho está de volta ao Esporte Clube Passo Fundo |url=http://rdplanalto.com/noticias/12701/upf.br |publisher=rádio planato |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Branquinho ya koma Passo Fundo a karo na uku a watan Nuwamba na 2015, a lokacin da za a buga gasar Campeonato Gaúcho ta 2016. <ref name="rdplanato"/> A watan Yunin 2016 ya koma América (PE), inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta Campeonato Brasileiro Série D ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2016 |title=Com dois de Branquinho, América-PE bate o Galícia na abertura da Série D |url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/pe/caruaru-regiao/futebol/noticia/2016/06/com-dois-de-branquinho-america-pe-bate-o-galicia-na-abertura-da-serie-d.html |publisher=Globo Esporte |language=pt}}</ref> A cikin 2017 Branquinho ya fara taimaka wa Novo Hamburgo don lashe Campeonato Gaúcho, sannan ya taimaka wa São Bento ya ci nasara daga 2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C. [1] Ya koma Novo Hamburgo a farkon rabin kakar 2018 kuma ya zauna don wakiltar su a cikin 2018 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D, kafin ya shiga tare da São Bento kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan farko na gida da Coritiba a kan 24 Yuli 2018. [2] A cikin Janairu 2019, Branquinho ya sanya hannu tare da Brasil de Pelotas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Campeão gaúcho em 2017, Branquinho quer repetir o feito no Brasil de Pelotas |url=https://www.bol.uol.com.br/esporte/2019/01/18/campeao-gaucho-em-2017-branquinho-quer-repetir-o-feito-no-brasil-de-pelotas.htm |publisher=bol.uol.com.br |language=pt |access-date=4 May 2026 |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124065217/https://www.bol.uol.com.br/esporte/2019/01/18/campeao-gaucho-em-2017-branquinho-quer-repetir-o-feito-no-brasil-de-pelotas.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] pz19fajpk0yezvxu1kli1vpre7h26af 0 149994 883951 832605 2026-07-16T10:22:36Z BnHamid 12586 883951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vitinho.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Vitinho | fullname = Victor Vinícius Coelho Santos | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|10|9}} | birth_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | position = Winger / Attacking midfielder | currentclub = Al-Ettifaq | clubnumber = 11 }} '''Victor Vinícius Coelho Santos''' (an haife shi 9 Oktoba 1993), wanda aka fi sani da ''':contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger ko attacking midfielder. Ya shahara da sauri, fasaha da iya zura kwallo daga nesa. <ref>Transfermarkt player profile; ESPN player profile</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == Vitinho ya taso ne a birnin Rio de Janeiro, inda ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga makarantar horar da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Botafogo, inda ya fara nuna bajinta a matakin matasa. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen samun damar shiga ƙungiyar manya tun yana matashi. <ref>CBF records; Botafogo youth academy reports</ref> == Fara Sana’ar Kwallon Kafa == Ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da Botafogo a shekara ta 2011. A can ya fara jan hankali saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen dribbling da zura kwallaye masu muhimmanci. A 2013, ya koma CSKA Moscow inda ya fara samun gogewa a Turai. <ref>UEFA records; CSKA Moscow official archives</ref> == CSKA Moscow == A CSKA Moscow, Vitinho ya samu damar buga manyan gasannin Turai kamar UEFA Champions League. Duk da cewa ya fara da wahala wajen daidaitawa da yanayin sanyi da salon wasa, daga baya ya fara nuna ingantaccen ci gaba. <ref>UEFA match reports; Russian Premier League statistics</ref> == Flamengo == A 2018, Vitinho ya koma Brazil inda ya shiga Flamengo. A nan ne ya samu babban nasara a cikin aikinsa, inda ya lashe gasar Copa Libertadores da sauran kofuna na cikin gida. Ya kasance muhimmin ɗan wasa a tawagar da ta yi fice a Kudancin Amurka. <ref>CONMEBOL records; Flamengo official site</ref> == Al-Ettifaq == Daga baya ya koma Saudiyya domin taka leda a Al-Ettifaq. A can yana ci gaba da ba da gudummawa da ƙwarewarsa a gaban gida da kuma taimakawa wajen gina ƙungiyar. <ref>Saudi Pro League statistics; club announcements</ref> == Salon Wasa == Vitinho yana taka leda a gefen fili (winger) inda yake amfani da sauri da fasaha wajen wucewa da ‘yan wasa. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen zura kwallo daga nesa da kuma yin assist ga abokan wasansa. <ref>FIFA technical analysis reports; ESPN scouting reports</ref> == Kammalawa == Vitinho yana daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Brazil da suka taka rawar gani a kasashen waje da kuma gida. Kwarewarsa ta sa ya zama ɗan wasa mai daraja a dukkan ƙungiyoyin da ya buga musu wasa. == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1993]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ljxcil811w16u4qeuqzj761ych051yx 0 151163 883916 835892 2026-07-16T09:37:35Z BnHamid 12586 883916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Ibrahim Alhassan | fullname = Ibrahim Alhassan | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|4|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Nigeria | height = | position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]] | currentclub = }} '''Ibrahim Alhassan''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga Najeriya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya (midfielder). Ya fara shahara ne a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida ta Najeriya kafin ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙasashen waje.<ref name="intro">Bayanan tarihin ɗan wasa daga NFF/Football databases kamar Transfermarkt da sauran bayanan kulob.</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ibrahim Alhassan a Najeriya, inda ya taso yana sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara horo a ƙananan kulob-kulob na cikin gida kafin ya samu damar shiga manyan matakan wasan ƙwallo a Najeriya. Wannan mataki ya taimaka masa wajen gina ƙwarewa da fahimtar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun da wuri.<ref name="earlylife">Bayanan rayuwa da ci gaban matashi daga tarihin kulob da rahotannin wasanni na Najeriya.</ref> == Aikin kulob == Alhassan ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru a Najeriya inda ya buga wasa ga kulob ɗin Akwa United, wanda ya kasance mataki mai muhimmanci a rayuwarsa ta wasa. A lokacin da yake Akwa United, ya nuna kwarewa a tsakiyar fili ta hanyar sarrafa ƙwallo da taimakawa wajen kai hari. Daga baya, ya samu damar komawa ƙasashen waje inda ya shiga tsarin ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid (B) a Sifaniya, matakin da ya ƙara masa gogewa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Turai. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen fahimtar salon wasa daban-daban da kuma ƙara ƙwarewa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="clubcareer">Bayanan canjin kulob daga Transfermarkt da rahotannin jaridun wasanni.</ref> == Aikin ƙasa (National team) == Ibrahim Alhassan ya wakilci Najeriya a matakan matasa, ciki har da tawagar U-23. Ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen ƙoƙarin Najeriya a gasar matasa da kuma shirye-shiryen Olympics. Wannan ya nuna irin yadda ake ganin ƙwarewarsa a matakin ƙasa.<ref name="nationalteam">Bayanan NFF da rahotannin gasar U-23.</ref> == Salon wasa == Alhassan ɗan wasa ne mai taka leda a tsakiyar fili wanda yake da ƙarfin gudu, iya riƙe ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari. Ana amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai haɗa kai hari da kariya (box-to-box midfielder). Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen yin passes masu inganci da kuma taimakawa wajen sarrafa wasan.<ref name="style">Binciken ƙwararrun masu nazarin wasanni da scouting reports.</ref> == Nasarori == * Taka leda a manyan gasannin Najeriya * Wakiltar Najeriya a matakin U-23 * Samun damar buga wasa a ƙasashen Turai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] nciklp987tykt4n6tfaqp2ow0xekldx 0 151238 883480 874059 2026-07-15T14:45:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Calabar Rovers | fullname = Calabar Rovers Football Club | nickname = Rovers | founded = 1976 | ground = [[U. J. Esuene Stadium]] | capacity = 16,000 | league = Nigeria National League | chairman = Maurice Inok | manager = Bob Osim | city = [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State]], Najeriya }} '''Calabar Rovers Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a birnin [[Calabar]] na jihar [[Cross River State]]. Ƙungiyar tana buga wasanninta na gida ne a filin wasa na [[U. J. Esuene Stadium]], wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen wasa a yankin kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. Calabar Rovers ta kasance daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa wasan ƙwallo a Najeriya musamman tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar_Rovers_F.C. |title=Calabar Rovers F.C. |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1976 domin wakiltar jihar Cross River a manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya. Tun bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fara shiga gasar Nigerian Second Division lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1979. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin kocin Brazil mai suna Paulo Luiz Campos, ƙungiyar ta yi fice da salon wasa mai saurin kai hari wanda ya taimaka mata samun matsayi mai kyau a gasar cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roversfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |title=History of Calabar Rovers Football Club |publisher=Rovers FC Official Site |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209132045/https://roversfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1981, Calabar Rovers ta samu hawa zuwa babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan ta kammala gasar mataki na biyu a matsayi na biyu. Wannan nasara ta sanya ƙungiyar cikin fitattun kungiyoyin Najeriya a lokacin. A cikin shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, ƙungiyar ta kasance mai fafatawa da manyan kungiyoyi kamar [[Enugu Rangers]], Bendel Insurance da Shooting Stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar_Rovers_F.C. |title=Calabar Rovers F.C. |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Calabar Rovers ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar FA Cup ta Najeriya sau biyu, kodayake ba ta taɓa lashe babban kofin ƙasa ba. Duk da rashin samun manyan kofuna, ƙungiyar ta kasance sananniya wajen haɓaka matasa ‘yan wasa da kuma samar da fitattun ‘yan ƙwallon ƙafa ga Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka taka leda a ƙungiyar sun samu damar wakiltar ƙasar a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/club/5065/1989/Calabar_Rovers.html |title=Calabar Rovers (1989) |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1993, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci koma baya bayan da aka mayar da ita ƙananan rukunan gasar Najeriya. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru masu yawa da ta shafe tana taka leda a babban matakin gasar ƙasar. Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen dawo da martabarta, ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fama da matsalolin kuɗi da rashin ingantaccen tallafi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9992628 |title=Calabar Rovers |publisher=En-academic |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi jawo cece-kuce a tarihin ƙungiyar shi ne wasan da ta buga da Akwa United a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan 2006, inda ta sha kashi da ci 13–0. Wannan sakamako ya janyo muhawara sosai a ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya saboda yadda bambancin ƙwallaye ya taimaka wa Akwa United samun hawa zuwa babbar gasar Najeriya. Bayan wannan lamari, Calabar Rovers ta rushe na wani lokaci saboda matsalolin gudanarwa da kuɗi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar_Rovers_F.C. |title=Calabar Rovers F.C. |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, gwamnatin jihar Cross River tare da kamfanin United Cement Company (UNICEM) suka taimaka wajen dawo da ƙungiyar. An sake shigar da ita cikin Nigeria National League bayan cimma yarjejeniya da Dankat FC ta jihar Kano. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya bai wa ƙungiyar damar sake dawowa harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa bayan shekaru biyu tana cikin matsala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roversfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |title=History of Calabar Rovers Football Club |publisher=Rovers FC Official Site |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209132045/https://roversfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Filin wasan ƙungiyar, wato '''U. J. Esuene Stadium''', yana cikin birnin Calabar kuma yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 16,000. An buɗe filin wasan a shekarar 1977 tare da wasan da aka yi tsakanin Calabar Rovers da Bendel Insurance. Filin wasan ya karɓi manyan wasanni da dama ciki har da wasu wasannin gasar cin kofin duniya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 17 ta FIFA a shekarar 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._J._Esuene_Stadium |title=U. J. Esuene Stadium |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Calabar Rovers ta kasance muhimmiyar ƙungiya a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. Duk da cewa ba ta cikin manyan kungiyoyin da suka fi cin kofuna a Najeriya, tarihin ƙungiyar ya nuna yadda ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa matasan ‘yan wasa da kuma ci gaban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Cross River da Najeriya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roversfc.sitesng.com/ |title=Calabar Rovers Football Club |publisher=Rovers FC Official Site |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234319/https://roversfc.sitesng.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 66fk1eeza93f8xc058p99c7npaie9ol 0 151359 883842 836409 2026-07-16T05:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Crown FC | fullname = Crown Football Club | nickname = Ajilete Boys | founded = 1994 | ground = Lekan Salami Stadium | capacity = 10,000 | chairman = Bello Noah | manager = Oladunni Oyekale | league = Nigeria National League | pattern_b1 = _bluestripes | leftarm1 = 324dd0 | body1 = fcd424 | rightarm1 = 324dd0 | shorts1 = 324dd0 | socks1 = fcd424 }} '''Crown FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Najeriya wacce ke da hedikwata a garin Ogbomosho na jihar Oyo. Ƙungiyar tana buga wasanninta a gasar ''Nigeria National League'' (NNL), kuma tana amfani da filin wasa na ''Lekan Salami Stadium'' domin karɓar bakuncin wasanninta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_F.C. |title=Crown F.C. |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar Crown FC ne a shekarar 1994 ta hannun Fasto Farfesa Yusuf Ameh Obaje, wanda ya kasance malami kuma tsohon limamin shugaban ƙasar Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo. Tun bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa daga jihar Oyo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://crownfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |title=Crown Football Club History |website=Crown FC Official History |access-date=2026-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Crown FC tana da babbar hamayya da ƙungiyar {{entity|["sports_team","Shooting Stars SC","Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria"]}} ta Ibadan. Wasannin da ake yi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu suna daga cikin manyan wasannin hamayya a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, musamman bayan da Shooting Stars ta sauka daga babban gasar NPFL zuwa NNL a shekarar 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_F.C. |title=Crown F.C. Rivalry |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009–2010, Crown FC ta lashe gasar rukuni na Division 1B wanda ya ba ta damar hawa zuwa gasar firimiyar Najeriya karo na farko a tarihinta. Sai dai ƙungiyar ta sake komawa ƙasa bayan kakar wasa guda saboda rashin samun isassun nasarori.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_F.C. |title=Crown F.C. History |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Bayan shekaru biyu a matakin ƙasa, ƙungiyar ta sake samun damar hawa sama a kakar wasa ta 2013 bayan ta doke kungiyar Fountain FC da ci 1–0 a wasan ƙarshe na kakar. Crown FC ta kammala wannan kakar da nasarori 14, canjaras 2, da shan kaye 10.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://crownfc.sitesng.com/en_History.html |title=Crown FC Promotion Story |website=Crown FC Official History |access-date=2026-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Crown FC ta nuna ƙoƙari sosai a gasar Nigeria National League inda ta kai matakin ''Super 8 Playoffs'' domin neman dawowa gasar NPFL bayan shekaru masu yawa. Ƙungiyar ta samu nasarori masu muhimmanci ciki har da doke Ijele FC da ci 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/2024-2025-nnl-match-day-21-crown-fc-inches-closer-to-npfl-berth-after-six-seasons |title=Crown FC Inches Closer to NPFL Berth |website=Africa Sport Network |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Filin wasa == Crown FC tana amfani da ''Lekan Salami Stadium'' wanda ke da ƙarfin ɗaukar kusan mutane 10,000. A wasu lokuta kuma ƙungiyar tana amfani da ''Soun Township Stadium'' da ke Ogbomosho domin wasu wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_F.C. |title=Crown F.C. Stadium Information |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Nigeria National League''' ** Zakarun Division 1B: 2009–10<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_F.C. |title=Crown FC Honours |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Fitattun 'yan wasa == * Alexander Olasumbo Lawal * Ibrahim Obayomi * Abdulwaheed Afolabi * Peter Godly Michael<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_F.C. |title=Notable Players of Crown FC |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.facebook.com/CrownFootballClubogbomoso Shafin Facebook na Crown FC] 2u44br85byo05o1j6ewo5jt2g7bwfbo 0 151410 883779 836589 2026-07-15T21:49:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christantus Ugonna Uche''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2003) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Premier League ta Crystal Palace, a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar La Liga [[Getafe CF|ta Getafe]], da kuma [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Aikin kulob == === Moralo === An haife shi a [[Owerri]], Uche ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta amateur tare da abokansa a garinsu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2024 |title=Done deal: Getafe beat Real Betis to the signing of Nigerian youngster Christantus Uche |url=https://soccernet.ng/2024/02/done-deal-getafe-beat-real-betis-to-the-signing-of-nigerian-youngster-christantus-uche.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=Soccernet.ng}}</ref> kafin ya sami tayin daga ƙungiyar Morala ta Sipaniya a watan Yulin 2022; ƙungiyar ta sanar da Uche a hukumance a watan Nuwamba, kuma da farko an tura shi zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Primera División Extremeña . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=MORALO_CP}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa na farko a ƙungiyar B a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Moraleja da ci 2-1, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko bayan kwana bakwai a wasan da suka doke Jaraíz da ci 4-0 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2022 |title=Un Jaraíz desconocido pierde su primer encuentro ante el Moralo C.P. "B" |trans-title=An unknown Jaraíz lose their first match against Moralo C.P. "B" |url=https://diariodejaraizdelavera.es/un-jaraiz-desconocido-pierde-su-primer-encuentro-ante-el-moralo-c-p-b/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=Diario de Jaraíz |language=es}}</ref> Uche ya fara buga wa ƙungiyarsa ta farko wasa a Morala a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2023, inda ya maye gurbinsa a rabi na biyu a wasan da Tercera Federación ta yi nasara a kan Villafranca da ci 4-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2023 |title=Goleada del Moralo a un indulgente Villafranca, 4–1 |trans-title=Thrashing of Moralo over an indulgent Villafranca, 4–1 |url=https://navalmoral.hoy.es/deportes/goleada-moralo-indulgente-20230108221450-nt.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=Hoy |language=es}}</ref> Daga baya ya kafa kansa a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa akai-akai, yayin da ƙungiyarsa ta rasa damar shiga gasar share fage . === Ceuta === A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2023, Uche ya rattaba hannu kan ƙungiyar Primera Federación da ke Ceuta, inda aka fara ba shi aikin horar da 'yan wasan B, amma ya shiga shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa tare da babban ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=El Ceuta incorpora a su filial al joven mediocentro nigeriano Uche, ex del Moralo |trans-title=Ceuta sign for their reserves the young Nigerian central midfielder Uche, formerly of Moralo |url=https://www.ceutadeportiva.com/2023/07/el-ceuta-incorpora-a-su-filial-al-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-ex-del-moralo/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=Ceuta Deportiva |language=es}}</ref> Duk da haka, bai buga wasa a ƙungiyar B ba, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban rukunin ' ''yan wasan Caballas'' ; a watan Janairun 2024, wata kafar watsa labarai ta Spain mai ''suna Mundo Deportivo'' ta ruwaito cewa Real Betis ce ke zawarcinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=El Betis se fija en Uche, pivote nigeriano del Ceuta |trans-title=Betis set sights on Uche, Nigerian defensive midfielder of Ceuta |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/betis/20240118/1002172641/betis-fija-uche-pivote-nigeriano-ceuta.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=[[Mundo Deportivo]] |language=es}}</ref> === Getafe === A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2024, an ruwaito cewa Uche ya amince da yarjejeniyar da [[Getafe CF|Getafe]], kungiyar [[La Liga]], ta yi da kocin Ceuta , José Juan Romero, wanda ya tabbatar da cinikin bayan kwana biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=El Getafe ficha al mediocentro nigeriano Uche |trans-title=Getafe sign Nigerian central midfielder Uche |url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/el-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-jugara-en-el-getafe-la-proxima-temporada-n/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es |archive-date=20 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620133813/https://as.com/futbol/primera/el-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-jugara-en-el-getafe-la-proxima-temporada-n/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=José Juan Romero confirma el fichaje de Uche con el Getafe por "cuatro temporadas" |trans-title=José Juan Romero confirms the signing of Uche with Getafe for "four seasons" |url=https://www.ceutatv.com/articulo/deportes/jose-juan-romero-confirma-fichaje-uche-getafe-temporadas/20240223114746172999.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=Ceuta Televisión |language=es}}</ref> biyu sun sanar da cinikin a hukumance a ranar 13 ga Yuni, inda dan wasan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da kungiyar da ke wajen [[Madrid|birnin Madrid]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Gracias, Uche |trans-title=Thank you, Uche |url=https://adceutafc.com/gracias-uche/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=AD Ceuta FC |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Comunicado oficial {{!}} Christantus Uche |trans-title=Official announcement {{!}} Christantus Uche |url=https://www.getafecf.com/noticias/comunicado-oficial-or-christantus-uche |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=Getafe CF |language=es}}</ref> Uche ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasa - kuma na farko - a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2024, inda ya fara a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba sannan ya zura ƙwallo a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Athletic Bilbao . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Nico no es suficiente |trans-title=Nico is not enough |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/primera-division/cronica/2024/08/15/66be1254ca474168378b45d3.html |access-date=15 August 2024 |publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Christantus Uche, la primera revelación de LaLiga: de los campos de tierra de Nigeria a marcar en San Mamés en dos años |trans-title=Christantus Uche, the first revelation of ''LaLiga'': From the fields of land of Nigeria to scoring at the San Mamés within two years |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/getafe/2024/08/15/66be6111ca474176368b45a8.html |access-date=15 August 2024 |publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es}}</ref> === Fadar Crystal === A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2025, Uche ya sanya hannu kan aro zuwa kulob din Premier League Crystal Palace har zuwa watan Yunin 2026, tare da alƙawarin siyan kusan fam miliyan 17.3. [1] == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Uche zuwa babbar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] don gasar cin kofin Unity Cup ta sada zumunci ta 2025 a watan Mayu na 2025. <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Roster for the #UnityCup2025 and the International Friendly vs Russia|user=NGSuperEagles}}</ref> Ya zura bugun fenariti mai nasara a kan Jamaica don lashe gasar ga Super Eagles. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=Nigeria are Unity Cup kings! |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/sport/football/2025/05/31/nigeria-are-unity-cup-kings/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=www.voice-online.co.uk}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 5 March 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa {{Efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | Kofin League {{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | Turai ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Moralo B | 2022–23 | Tarayyar Tercera | 6 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 6 | 0 |- | Moralo | 2022–23 | Tarayyar Tercera | 11 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 {{Efn|Appearances in [[2023 Tercera Federación play-offs]]}} | 0 | 14 | 0 |- | Ceuta | 2023–24 | Primera Federation | 34 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 {{Efn|Appearances in [[2024 Primera Federación play-offs]]}} | 0 | 36 | 0 |- | rowspan="3" | [[Getafe CF|Getafe]] | 2024–25 | [[La Liga|Gasar La Liga]] | 33 | 4 | 5 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 39 | 4 |- | [[2025–26 Getafe CF season|2025–26]] | Gasar La Liga | 3 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 36 ! 5 ! 5 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 41 ! 5 |- | Crystal Palace (aron) | 2025–26 | [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 {{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} | 2 | colspan="2" | — | 22 | 2 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 101 ! 5 ! 6 ! 0 ! 3 ! 0 ! 4 ! 2 ! 5 ! 0 ! 119 ! 7 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 8cwefdp0gezm56j4raiwl4os563npy5 0 151727 883932 837909 2026-07-16T09:48:12Z BnHamid 12586 883932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Mustapha Grema Mohammed | fullname = Mustapha Grema Mohammed | occupation = Alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa | nationality = ɗan Najeriya | years_active = 2020–yanzu | internationalyears = 2020–yanzu | confederation = FIFA }} '''Mustapha Grema Mohammed''' alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida da kuma wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa ƙarƙashin hukumar [[FIFA]]. Ya kasance cikin sababbin alkalan wasan Najeriya da suka samu karɓuwa a nahiyar Afirka saboda ƙwarewa da kuma gudanar da wasa cikin natsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nigerias-most-recognised-football-referees/ |title=Nigeria’s most recognised football referees |website=Sporting Tribune |date=30 October 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Mustapha Grema Mohammed a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin alkalan wasan Najeriya da FIFA ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar 2024. Sunansa ya fito cikin jerin alkalai 11 daga Najeriya da aka tantance domin ayyukan hukuma na duniya ƙarƙashin FIFA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/athletics/fifa-places-11-nigerian-referees-11-assistant-referees-on-2024-international-lists |title=FIFA places 11 Nigerian referees, 11 assistant referees on 2024 international lists |website=Africa Sport Network |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Mustapha Grema Mohammed yana daga cikin alkalan wasan da ke jagorantar manyan wasanni a gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL). Haka kuma ya samu damar gudanar da wasu wasanni a ƙarƙashin [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]], lamarin da ya ƙara masa ƙwarewa da kuma martaba a harkar alƙalanci a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nigerias-most-recognised-football-referees/ |title=Nigeria’s most recognised football referees |website=Sporting Tribune |date=30 October 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020 ne aka fara sanya Mustapha Grema Mohammed cikin jerin alkalan wasan FIFA daga Najeriya. Wannan mataki ya ba shi damar shiga jerin alkalan wasan da ke wakiltar Najeriya a manyan gasa da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nigerias-most-recognised-football-referees/ |title=Nigeria’s most recognised football referees |website=Sporting Tribune |date=30 October 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * Alkalin wasa a gasar Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL) * Alkalin wasa mai rajista a hukumar FIFA * Jagorantar wasannin CAF a nahiyar Afirka<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/fifa-picks-11-nigerian-referees-11-assistants-for-2024-games/ |title=FIFA picks 11 Nigerian referees, 11 assistants for 2024 games |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[FIFA]] * [[Confederation of African Football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Alƙalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] b9efvu3hxmmipg48q9cu1fdcmqxavnp 0 152217 883927 840122 2026-07-16T09:45:09Z BnHamid 12586 883927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Godwin Akpan Amaowoh | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|11|29}} | birth_place = Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malamin addini, marubuci, mai bincike | known_for = Kirkirar tsarin shugabanci na ''Tupocracy'' | organization = Assemblies of God Nigeria | title = Babban Sakatare na Assemblies of God Nigeria }} '''Godwin Akpan Amaowoh''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1959) malamin addini ne, mai bincike, marubuci kuma mai sharhi kan harkokin zamantakewa daga Najeriya. Ya shahara ne saboda kirkirar tsarin shugabanci mai suna ''Tupocracy'', wanda ke nufin shugabanci ta hanyar bada misali mai kyau. Yana aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare kuma amintacce na cocin Assemblies of God Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Akpan_Amaowoh |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Rayuwar farko da karatu== An haifi Godwin Akpan Amaowoh a garin Mbiabong Ikon No. 1 da ke karamar hukumar Ikono a Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun firamare a Government School, Mbiabong Ikon da Methodist School, Nung Ukim. Daga baya ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ikono People’s High School, Nung Ukim inda ya samu takardar shaidar WAEC a shekarar 1978.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Amaowoh ya karanci Geography da History a College of Education, Uyo inda ya samu takardar NCE. Daga baya ya samu Diploma a ilimin tauhidi daga Assemblies of God Theological Seminary, Uyo. Haka kuma ya sami digirin BA a Biblical Studies da Theology daga Assemblies of God Divinity School of Nigeria. Ya ci gaba da samun digirin MA a Religious Studies daga Jami’ar Uyo sannan ya samu PhD a Religious Studies daga Jami’ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intersection of Religion and Governance: Insights from Godwin Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/the-intersection-of-religion-and-governance-insights-from-godwin-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Aiki== Amaowoh ya fara aiki a ma’aikatar ilimi ta Cross River State a matsayin clerical officer tsakanin shekarar 1979 zuwa 1980. Bayan ya kammala bautar ƙasa ta NYSC, ya yi aikin koyarwa a Jihar Rivers kafin ya shiga aikin wa’azi na cikakken lokaci a Assemblies of God Nigeria a shekarar 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A cikin cocin Assemblies of God Nigeria, Amaowoh ya rike mukamai daban-daban kamar Fasto, shugaban sashe, shugaban Eket District, daraktan harkokin matasa na ƙasa da kuma memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙasa. Daga baya ya zama Babban Sakatare kuma memba na kwamitin amintattu na cocin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leaders – Assemblies of God |url=https://agnigeria.org/leaders/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Baya ga aikin addini, Amaowoh ya shahara a matsayin mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa a Najeriya. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da jawabai kan shugabanci, addini, ɗabi’a da ci gaban ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intersection of Religion and Governance: Insights from Godwin Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/the-intersection-of-religion-and-governance-insights-from-godwin-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Tupocracy== Godwin Akpan Amaowoh ya shahara sosai saboda kirkirar tsarin shugabanci mai suna ''Tupocracy''. Wannan tsarin yana ƙarfafa shugabanci ta hanyar bada misali mai kyau da gaskiya. Ya gabatar da wannan tunani ne yayin binciken digirinsa na PhD a Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarar 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFRICAN-BORN INVENTOR OF A WORLD ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT, TUPOCRACY |url=https://thesun.ng/african-born-inventor-of-a-world-accepted-system-of-government-tupocracy/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Tsarin Tupocracy ya samu karɓuwa a Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe ta hanyar littattafai, jawabai da tattaunawa kan shugabanci. Wannan ya sa aka saka sunan Amaowoh cikin Nigerian Books of Records saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen kirkire-kirkire da tunanin shugabanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Face Behind TUPOCRACY |url=https://nigerianbooksofrecordofficial.com/the-face-behind-tupocracy/ |website=Nigerian Books of Record |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Amaowoh ya bayyana cewa Tupocracy zai iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin shugabanci, talauci da rashawa a Najeriya idan shugabanni suka rungumi shugabanci mai gaskiya da bada misali mai kyau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tupocracy will take Nigeria out of the woods— Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/tupocracy-will-take-nigeria-out-of-the-woods-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 January 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Littattafai== Amaowoh ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan shugabanci, addini da zamantakewa. Daga cikin sanannun littattafansa akwai: * ''Tupocracy: Leadership by Example for the Church and Civil Society'' * ''An Understanding of Tupos in Pauline Letters on the Pastoral Ministry of the Church and its Implication for Contemporary Society'' * ''The Role of Tupocracy in National Development: The Nigerian Perspective''<ref>{{cite web |title=Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Akpan_Amaowoh |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Lambobin yabo== Godwin Akpan Amaowoh ya samu lambobin yabo da dama saboda gudunmawarsa a fannin addini, shugabanci da ci gaban al’umma. An saka sunansa cikin Nigerian Books of Records saboda kirkirar Tupocracy.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Face Behind TUPOCRACY |url=https://nigerianbooksofrecordofficial.com/the-face-behind-tupocracy/ |website=Nigerian Books of Record |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Rayuwar kai== Amaowoh ya auri Rev. Mrs. Comfort Godwin Amaowoh wadda tsohuwar jami’ar lafiya ce. Suna da yara da jikoki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1959]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Rukunin:Mutanen Jihar Akwa Ibom]] [[Rukunin:Shugabannin addinin Najeriya]] [[Rukunin:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukunin:Tsoffin ɗaliban Jami'ar Najeriya]] n9pnxxcwib1qtvhsdl80yvvbkn7xamn 883928 883927 2026-07-16T09:45:40Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 883928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Godwin Akpan Amaowoh | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|11|29}} | birth_place = Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malamin addini, marubuci, mai bincike | known_for = Kirkirar tsarin shugabanci na ''Tupocracy'' | organization = Assemblies of God Nigeria | title = Babban Sakatare na Assemblies of God Nigeria }} '''Godwin Akpan Amaowoh''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1959) malamin addini ne, mai bincike, marubuci kuma mai sharhi kan harkokin zamantakewa daga Najeriya. Ya shahara ne saboda kirkirar tsarin shugabanci mai suna ''Tupocracy'', wanda ke nufin shugabanci ta hanyar bada misali mai kyau. Yana aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare kuma amintacce na cocin Assemblies of God Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Akpan_Amaowoh |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Rayuwar farko da karatu== An haifi Godwin Akpan Amaowoh a garin Mbiabong Ikon No. 1 da ke karamar hukumar Ikono a Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun firamare a Government School, Mbiabong Ikon da Methodist School, Nung Ukim. Daga baya ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ikono People’s High School, Nung Ukim inda ya samu takardar shaidar WAEC a shekarar 1978.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Amaowoh ya karanci Geography da History a College of Education, Uyo inda ya samu takardar NCE. Daga baya ya samu Diploma a ilimin tauhidi daga Assemblies of God Theological Seminary, Uyo. Haka kuma ya sami digirin BA a Biblical Studies da Theology daga Assemblies of God Divinity School of Nigeria. Ya ci gaba da samun digirin MA a Religious Studies daga Jami’ar Uyo sannan ya samu PhD a Religious Studies daga Jami’ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intersection of Religion and Governance: Insights from Godwin Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/the-intersection-of-religion-and-governance-insights-from-godwin-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Aiki== Amaowoh ya fara aiki a ma’aikatar ilimi ta Cross River State a matsayin clerical officer tsakanin shekarar 1979 zuwa 1980. Bayan ya kammala bautar ƙasa ta NYSC, ya yi aikin koyarwa a Jihar Rivers kafin ya shiga aikin wa’azi na cikakken lokaci a Assemblies of God Nigeria a shekarar 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A cikin cocin Assemblies of God Nigeria, Amaowoh ya rike mukamai daban-daban kamar Fasto, shugaban sashe, shugaban Eket District, daraktan harkokin matasa na ƙasa da kuma memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙasa. Daga baya ya zama Babban Sakatare kuma memba na kwamitin amintattu na cocin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leaders – Assemblies of God |url=https://agnigeria.org/leaders/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Baya ga aikin addini, Amaowoh ya shahara a matsayin mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa a Najeriya. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da jawabai kan shugabanci, addini, ɗabi’a da ci gaban ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intersection of Religion and Governance: Insights from Godwin Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/the-intersection-of-religion-and-governance-insights-from-godwin-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Tupocracy== Godwin Akpan Amaowoh ya shahara sosai saboda kirkirar tsarin shugabanci mai suna ''Tupocracy''. Wannan tsarin yana ƙarfafa shugabanci ta hanyar bada misali mai kyau da gaskiya. Ya gabatar da wannan tunani ne yayin binciken digirinsa na PhD a Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarar 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFRICAN-BORN INVENTOR OF A WORLD ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT, TUPOCRACY |url=https://thesun.ng/african-born-inventor-of-a-world-accepted-system-of-government-tupocracy/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Tsarin Tupocracy ya samu karɓuwa a Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe ta hanyar littattafai, jawabai da tattaunawa kan shugabanci. Wannan ya sa aka saka sunan Amaowoh cikin Nigerian Books of Records saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen kirkire-kirkire da tunanin shugabanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Face Behind TUPOCRACY |url=https://nigerianbooksofrecordofficial.com/the-face-behind-tupocracy/ |website=Nigerian Books of Record |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Amaowoh ya bayyana cewa Tupocracy zai iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin shugabanci, talauci da rashawa a Najeriya idan shugabanni suka rungumi shugabanci mai gaskiya da bada misali mai kyau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tupocracy will take Nigeria out of the woods— Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/tupocracy-will-take-nigeria-out-of-the-woods-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 January 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Littattafai== Amaowoh ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan shugabanci, addini da zamantakewa. Daga cikin sanannun littattafansa akwai: * ''Tupocracy: Leadership by Example for the Church and Civil Society'' * ''An Understanding of Tupos in Pauline Letters on the Pastoral Ministry of the Church and its Implication for Contemporary Society'' * ''The Role of Tupocracy in National Development: The Nigerian Perspective''<ref>{{cite web |title=Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Akpan_Amaowoh |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Lambobin yabo== Godwin Akpan Amaowoh ya samu lambobin yabo da dama saboda gudunmawarsa a fannin addini, shugabanci da ci gaban al’umma. An saka sunansa cikin Nigerian Books of Records saboda kirkirar Tupocracy.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Face Behind TUPOCRACY |url=https://nigerianbooksofrecordofficial.com/the-face-behind-tupocracy/ |website=Nigerian Books of Record |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Rayuwar kai== Amaowoh ya auri Rev. Mrs. Comfort Godwin Amaowoh wadda tsohuwar jami’ar lafiya ce. Suna da yara da jikoki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1959]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Akwa Ibom]] [[Category:Shugabannin addinin Najeriya]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Tsoffin ɗaliban Jami'ar Najeriya]] 4ml6ammrbk75ckwkqavswq7twfi2q7z 0 152357 883456 854039 2026-07-15T13:37:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bukatun biza ga 'yan ƙasar [[Kamaru]] ƙuntatawa ne na shigarwa ta gudanarwa da hukumomin wasu jihohi suka sanya wa' yan ƙasar Kamaru. Ya zuwa 2026, 'yan ƙasar Kamaru suna da biza ba tare da izini ba ko biza a lokacin da suka isa ƙasashe da yankuna 47, suna sanya Fasfo na Kamaru na 85 dangane da' yancin tafiye-tafiye bisa ga Henley Passport Index . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Henley Passport Index |url=https://www.henleyglobal.com/passport-index/ranking}}</ref> == Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Afirka ta Tsakiya == A lokacin 12th Ordinary Session na [[CEMAC]] da aka gudanar a watan Mayu 2015, Shugabannin Jihohi sun yanke shawarar ba da kyauta ga mutane a cikin yankin tare da sakamako nan take.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENTRAL AFRICAN STATES AGREE TO IMPLEMENT FREE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE PROTOCOL |url=http://uhuruspirit.org/news/newsdetail.php?x=8091 |website=UHURU SPIRIT ONLINE}}</ref> Don haka, ya kamata 'yan ƙasar Kamaru su iya tafiya zuwa [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] da [[Gabon]] ba tare da biza ba. Koyaya, wannan shawarar da alama ba a aiwatar da ita ba tukuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2015 |title=Cameroun: La libre circulation n'a pas encore son visa... |url=http://237online.com/article-37688-cameroun-la-libre-circulation-n-a-pas-encore-son-visa.html |website=237online.com |access-date=27 May 2026 |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618235726/http://237online.com/article-37688-cameroun-la-libre-circulation-n-a-pas-encore-son-visa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Taswirar buƙatun biza == [[Fayil:Visa_requirements_for_Cameroonian_citizens.png|center|thumb|Bukatun Visa ga 'yan ƙasar Kamaru Visa kyauta Visa a lokacin isowa Visa samuwa a lokacin isowar ko kan layi  <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; table-layout: fixed;" ! width="18%" |Territory ! width="19%" |Conditions of access !Notes |- ! colspan="3" |China |- |{{Flag|Hong Kong}} | {{yes2|eVisa}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=HK}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Macau}} | {{yes-no|Visa on arrival}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=MO}}</ref> | |- ! colspan="3" |Denmark |- |{{Flag|Faroe Islands}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitfaroeislands.com/en/about-the-faroe-islands/important-facts-for-travelers/passport-and-visa/|title=Passport and visa|work=Visit Faroe Islands|access-date=2014-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720043911/http://www.visitfaroeislands.com/en/about-the-faroe-islands/important-facts-for-travelers/passport-and-visa/|archive-date=2014-07-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Greenland}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenland-travel.com/practical-information/|title=Practical information|website=Greenland Travel EN}}</ref> | |- ! colspan="3" |France |- |{{Flag|French Guiana}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=GF}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|French Polynesia}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=PF}}</ref> | |- |{{Flagicon|France}} [[French West Indies]] | {{No|Visa required}} |Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin. |- |{{Flag|Mayotte}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=YT}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|New Caledonia}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=NC}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Réunion}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=RE}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=PM}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Wallis and Futuna}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/requesting-a-visa/|title=Requesting a visa|first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires|last=étrangères|website=France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs}}</ref> | |- ! colspan="3" |Netherlands |- |{{Flag|Aruba}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=AW}}</ref> | |- |{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Caribbean Netherlands]] | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=BQ}}</ref> |Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. |- |{{Flag|Curaçao}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=CW}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Sint Maarten}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=SX}}</ref> | |- ! colspan="3" |New Zealand |- |{{Flag|Cook Islands}} | {{Yes|Visa not required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=CK}}</ref> |31 days |- |{{Flag|Niue}} | {{Yes|Visa not required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=NU}}</ref> |30 days |- |{{Flag|Tokelau}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=NZ&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=AI&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C |title=Visa information |access-date=2014-03-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140315034207/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=NZ&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=AI&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C |archive-date=2014-03-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- ! colspan="3" |United Kingdom |- |{{Flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/enlargement_process/future_prospects/negotiations/eu10_bulgaria_romania/treaty_2003/en/aa00042_re03_en.pdf Protocols No. 3 and 10 to the Treaty of Accession 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611181622/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/enlargement_process/future_prospects/negotiations/eu10_bulgaria_romania/treaty_2003/en/aa00042_re03_en.pdf |date=2016-06-11 }}, [[European Commission]], 16 April 2003.</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Anguilla}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=AI}}</ref> |Holders of a valid visa issued by the United Kingdom do not require a visa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visas & Travel |url=http://www.gov.ai/visas_travel.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621170814/http://www.gov.ai/visas_travel.php |archive-date=2016-06-21 |access-date=2017-07-14 |website=[[Government of Anguilla]]}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bermuda}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=BM}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | {{yes-no|Special permit required}} |Special permit required.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/british-indian-ocean-territory |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|British Virgin Islands}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=VG}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cayman Islands}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=KY}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Falkland Islands}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=FK}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Gibraltar}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=GI}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Montserrat}} | {{Yes|Visa not required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=MS}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Pitcairn Islands}} | {{Yes|Visa not required}} |14 days visa free and landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourist Information - Visas & Legal Info - Pitcairn Island Tourism<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018001850/http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html |archive-date=2013-10-18 |access-date=2015-09-25 |website=visitpitcairn.pn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haigh |first=Bill |title=Pitcairn Islands |url=http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021104351/http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php |archive-date=2017-10-21 |access-date=2017-07-14 |website=www.government.pn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration Control Ordinance 2006 |url=http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106205311/http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[Government of the Pitcairn Islands]]}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Ascension Island}} | {{yes2|eVisa}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascension-visas.com|title=Ascension Island E-Visa System|date=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/|title=Entry Visas|date=13 November 2018|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085843/https://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/entry-visas/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * 3 months within any year period |- |{{Flag|Saint Helena}} | {{yes2|eVisa}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint Helena eVisa|url=https://evisa.sainthelena.gov.sh|website=Saint Helena Government}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Tristan da Cunha}} | {{yes-no|Permission required}} |Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for [[Yanayin tsibirin Gough|Gough Island]], Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grundy |first=Richard |title=Tristan da Cunha Tourism |url=http://www.tristandc.com/visitsadmin.php |website=www.tristandc.com}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} | {{yes-no|Permit required}} |Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (British Overseas Territory) travel advice |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/south-america/south-georgia-south-sandwich#entryRequirements |website=fco.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Information for Visitors - South Georgia Website<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412170649/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis |archive-date=2008-04-12 |access-date=2018-05-09 |website=sgisland.gs}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=TC}}</ref> |Holders of a valid visa issued by Canada, United Kingdom or the USA do not required a visa for a maximum stay of 90 days. |- ! colspan="3" |United States |- |{{Flag|American Samoa}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=AS}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Guam}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=GU}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=MP}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=PR}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}} | {{No|Visa required}}<ref>{{Timatic|nationality=CM|destination=VI}}</ref> | |- ! colspan="3" |[[Antatika|Antarctica]] and adjacent islands |- | colspan="3" {{yes-no|Special permits required for {{flag|Bouvet Island}}, {{flag|British Antarctic Territory}}, {{Flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}, {{flag|Argentine Antarctica}}, {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian Antarctic Territory]], {{flagicon|Antártica Chilena Province}} [[Chilean Antarctic Territory]], {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]], {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Peter I Island]], {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Queen Maud Land]], {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Ross Dependency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/tourism/index.php|title=Antarctic tourism - British Antarctic Survey|website=www.antarctica.ac.uk|access-date=2026-05-27|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706231742/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/tourism/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/north-central-south-america/12940285/fco_trv_ca_britishantarcticterr?ta=travelSummary&pg=1 |title=British Antarctic Territory |access-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110427210122/http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/north-central-south-america/12940285/fco_trv_ca_britishantarcticterr?ta=travelSummary&pg=1 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/tourism/|title=British Antarctic Territory - GOV.UK|website=britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique|title=Accès à l'Antarctique|website=www.taaf.fr|access-date=2017-07-14|archive-date=2018-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501210951/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes|title=Accès aux Terres australes françaises|website=www.taaf.fr|access-date=2017-07-14|archive-date=2012-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501121508/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses|title=Accès aux îles Eparses|website=www.taaf.fr|access-date=2017-07-14|archive-date=2012-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501122022/http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM |title=Dna-IAA - la Antártida |access-date=2014-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805081831/http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM |archive-date=2014-08-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information|title=Forms expeditioners must sign|website=www.antarctica.gov.au|date=19 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heardisland.aq/about/frequently-asked-questions#visit_heard_island|title=Frequently asked questions|first=c=AU;o=Commonwealth of Australia;ou=Department of the Environment and Energy;ou=Australian Antarctic|last=Division|website=www.heardisland.aq|date=28 February 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html |title=Peter I Øy - Norwegian Polar Institute |access-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215217/http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html |archive-date=2013-10-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html|title=Dronning Maud Land|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php|title=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade acts in the world to make New Zealanders safer and more prosperous|first=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and|last=Trade|website=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref>}} |- |} == Ƙuntatawa ba tare da visa ba ==  {{#section-h:Non-visa travel restrictions|List of common non-visa travel restrictions}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 272n8dzqi6hrwnqzn6akvutgq5h49pz 0 152458 883881 874607 2026-07-16T07:29:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dajin Bugoma''' daji ne mai kariya a wurare masu zafi wanda ke kudu maso yammacin Hoima da arewa maso gabashin garuruwan Kyenjojo, da kuma gabashin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], a gundumar Hoima da ke yammacin [[Uganda]]. An gano shi a shekarar 1932 kuma ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2003. <ref name="reporting.unhcr.org">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Natural resources and shared environment |url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/node/16616 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=UNCHR |language=en}}</ref> Amma an [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/FR-003.pdf faɗaɗa] shi a shekarar 1965, 1968 da 1998. <ref name="dm" /> <ref name=":0" /> An ba da faɗin samansa tsakanin {{Convert|41144|ha|km2}} <ref name="dm" /> <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bitter-sweet exchange: forest cleared for sugarcane - Part 2 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/101197 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Women stage protest over Bugoma forest |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/85204 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> da {{Convert|65000|ha|km2}}.<ref name="bdz">{{Cite web |title=Bugoma Central Forest Reserve |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=24502 |access-date=6 December 2013 |website=Birdlife Data Zone |publisher=Birdlife International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bugoma Ecotourism Site |url=https://www.nfa.go.ug/index.php/11-eco-tourism/99-bugoma-ecotourism-site |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.nfa.go.ug |archive-date=2024-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712203006/https://www.nfa.go.ug/index.php/11-eco-tourism/99-bugoma-ecotourism-site |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin belin manyan gandun daji masu ƙasƙanci tare da yammacin Uganda, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa an haɗa su da juna da kuma gandun daji na Ituri a zamanin da suka gabata.<ref name="fao">{{Cite web |title=Uganda broadleaved forests |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/61326/en/uga/ |access-date=30 January 2014 |website=Closed forests |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010435/http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/61326/en/uga/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yankin gandun daji yana tsakanin mita 500 da 1,650 a.s.l., <ref name="fao" /> kuma Bugoma yana tsakanin 990 da 1,300 m tsawo. <ref name="bdz"/> Ruwan sama na yanki ya kasance daga 1 250 zuwa 1,625 mm.<ref name="fao" /> Yankunan noma da tsire-tsire masu sabuntawa suna gefen gandun daji, wanda ya haɗa da ciyawa na Elephant da ''Hyparrhenia''.&nbsp; Murfin bishiyoyin da ke cikin gandun daji yana nuna halin mamayewa ta musamman. Dajin da aka fara mamayewa ya ƙunshi gandun daji mai gauraye da ''Alstonia congensis'', ''[[Trichilia prieuriana]]'', ''Khaya anthotheca'', ''Celtis mildbraedii'', da ''Cynometra alexandri'' (Uganda ironwood), da sauransu. Dajin da ke tasowa daga baya ya dogara da tsayin. Daga mita 1,000 zuwa 1,200 ''Cynometra alexandri'' yana da rinjaye sosai. ''Lasiodiscus mildbraedii'' kuma wani lokacin ta ''Celtis'' spp. da ''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' wani lokacin suna mamaye ƙarƙashin bene. Manyan bishiyoyi banda ''Cynometra alexandri'' suna faruwa, kamar ''Khaya'' spp. da ''Entandrophragma'' spp. Faci na nau'ikan da ke mamaye gidaje (misali ''Maesopsis'' spp.) suna girma tare da nau'in rufin da ke rufewa a cikin tsarin mosaic a wurare da manyan bishiyoyi suka bari. Wani nau'in al'umma mai kama da kololuwa shine dajin ''Parinari'', wanda ya ƙunshi kusan tsattsarkan wurin zama na ''Parinari excelsa'', wanda ke da alaƙa da ''[[Carapa grandiflora]]'' a cikin bene na ƙasa. Sauran nau'ikan ƙasa na bene sune ''[[Craterispermum laurinum]]'', ''Trichilia prieuriana'' da ''Pleiocarpa pycnantha'' . <ref name="fao"/> Sunan Bugoma yana nufin "'''''karamin drum'''''". Omukama Kabalega ya yi amfani da shi don horar da Abarusura (sojojin sarauta na Bunyoro) a cikin bishiyoyi a cikin mil na sarauta na Budongo wanda ya dasa kansa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=To kill Bugoma Forest is to bury Lake Albert |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1528284 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi kamar mwitansowera, wanda aka fassara a matsayin "mai kisan kwari na gida (tsuntsaye) ", an yi imanin suna da ikon allahntaka kuma kowa ba ya taɓa su ko taɓa su ciki har da masu katako ba bisa ka'ida ba da masu yin gawayi kamar yadda aka yi imanin cewa suna girgiza duk wanda ya taɓa shi ciki har da kwari.<ref name=":3"/> Banyoro suna samun totems wanda ko dai dabbobi ne ko tsire-tsire masu gandun daji kamar Bugoma . <ref name=":3" /> == Dabbobi na daji == 23 nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa, 225 nau'in tsuntsaye (wanda ya hada da Nahan's partridge, grey parrot da African crowned eagle), nau'in malam buɗe ido (kamar ''Anthene ituria'') da nau'in shuke-shuke 260 (kamar ''Afrothismia winkleri'', ''[[Brazzia longipedicellata]]'' da ''Dialium excelsum''), an san nau'in amphibians 20 da ke faruwa a cikin ajiyar .<ref name=":2"/> Dajin yana da adadi mai yawa na chimpanzees waɗanda suka fara fuskantar tsarin al'ada a watan Janairun 2016 . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Forests in Danger: Bunyoro forests being eaten away by encroachers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/forests-in-danger-bunyoro-forests-being-eaten-away-by-encroachers-1499422 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Matsayin kiyayewa == An yi barazanar gandun daji ta hanyar katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, kone gawayi, farauta, hakar ma'adinai kuma ana tsoron cewa zai iya fadawa ga zama da noma.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Musoke |first=Ronald |date=2021-04-26 |title=Race on to restore Uganda's forests |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/race-on-to-restore-ugandas-forests/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-18 |title=Covid-19 outbreak escalated environmental degradation in Bunyoro - Activists |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/covid-19-outbreak-escalated-environmental-degradation-in-bunyoro-activists/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Executive order No3: Museveni bans charcoal trade, guides on the Balaalo |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/executive-order-no3-museveni-bans-charcoal-trade-guides-on-the-balaalo--4247340 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yanayin ya kara muni ta hanyar kwararar 'yan gudun hijirar Kongo, <ref name="dm" /> da kuma karuwar shayi, sukari, shinkafa da gonakin taba a gefen da ke keta iyakokin ajiya. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wambabya forest reserve encroachers told to vacate |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1009219 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Musasizi |first=Simon |last2=Kibego |first2=John |title=Raffia palm trees face extinction in Bunyoro |url=https://observer.ug/features-sp-2084439083/40563-raffia-palm-trees-face-extinction-in-bunyoro |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=The Observer |language=en-gb}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 an kori wasu masu mamaye ƙasa 1,500, amma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 wasu daga cikinsu suna dawowa don fara noma da kuma yanka rami. A watan Agustan 2020, Nema ta ba da takardar shaidar ga Kamfanin Shukari na Hoima don juya 22 sq mil na gandun daji zuwa gonar sukari, cibiyar kasuwanci da sulhu ta birane da sauransu. Wannan yankin ƙasa yana da girma sosai tare da nau'ikan bishiyoyi da nau'in ciyawa da sauran nau'ikan yanayi / halittar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2021 |title=Uganda's forest cover under threat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/uganda-s-forest-cover-under-threat-3277176}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsi |first=Federica |title=Ugandan campaigners vow to keep on fighting for Bugoma Forest |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/7/9/ugandan-campaigners-vow-keep-on-fighting-for-bugoma-forest |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-21 |title=Conservationists want Bugoma Forest made national park |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/conservationists-want-bugoma-forest-made-national-park/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == huzy0hq9k0pnbas0vywadgc0my1a146 0 152873 883929 841847 2026-07-16T09:46:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Kolawole Olukoya | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|7|15}} | birth_place = Akure, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, farfesa, masanin kimiyya | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries | spouse = Elizabeth Folashade Olukoya | children = 1 | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas<br>Jami'ar Reading }} '''Daniel Kolawole Olukoya''' (an haife shi 15 ga Yuli, 1957), wanda aka fi sani da '''Dr. D.K. Olukoya''', fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, masanin kimiyyar ƙwayoyin halitta kuma farfesa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai kula da cocin ''Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (MFM)''. Haka kuma ya yi suna a fannin binciken kimiyyar ƙwayoyin halitta da ilimin biotechnology a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daniel Olukoya, MFM General Overseer, becomes a Professor|url=https://dailytrust.com/daniel-olukoya-mfm-general-overseer-becomes-a-professor/|work=Daily Trust|date=2022-12-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Olukoya a garin Akure da ke Jihar Ondo a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa jami’in ɗan sanda ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa ‘yar kasuwa ce. Ya fara makarantar firamare a St. John’s CAC Primary School da ke Akure kafin iyalinsu su koma Legas inda ya ci gaba da karatu a St. Jude’s Primary School, Ebute Metta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Dr D.K Olukoya and Pastor Mrs Shade Olukoya|url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/About/MummyAndDaddyGO|website=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries}}</ref> Daga baya ya halarci makarantar Methodist Boys’ High School da ke Legas. A shekarar 1976 ya samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Legas domin nazarin ilimin microbiology. Ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko da sakamako mafi girma a fannin microbiology a jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Osinbajo celebrates Pastors Adeboye, Olukoya as UNILAG's firsts|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/|work=Premium Times}}</ref> Bayan haka ya samu gurbin karatu zuwa Jami'ar Reading da ke Birtaniya inda ya yi digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin Molecular Genetics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Dr. Daniel Olukoya|url=https://www.mfmrockville.org/aboutgo/|website=MFM Rockville}}</ref> == Aikin kimiyya == Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, Olukoya ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Najeriya (Nigerian Institute of Medical Research – NIMR) da ke Yaba, Legas. Ya wallafa bincike sama da 70 a mujallun kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our General Overseer|url=https://www.mfmhyattsville.com/our-general-overseer/|website=MFM Hyattsville}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar Najeriya da suka ba da gudummawa a fannin biotechnology da nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Haka kuma ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar wani ingantaccen nau’in ''ogi'' mai suna ''DogiK'' wanda ake dangantawa da taimakawa wajen rage gudawa da inganta abinci.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kolawole_Olukoya|work=Wikipedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Jami'ar Legas ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Science saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi da binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UNILAG awards Olukoya Doctor of Science degree|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/unilag-awards-olukoya-doctor-of-science-degree/|work=Vanguard|date=2019-04-04}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2022 kuma ya zama farfesa a fannin Biotechnology a Mountain Top University.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daniel Olukoya, MFM General Overseer, becomes a Professor|url=https://dailytrust.com/daniel-olukoya-mfm-general-overseer-becomes-a-professor/|work=Daily Trust|date=2022-12-08}}</ref> == Aikin addini == A shekarar 1989, Olukoya ya fara taron addu’a a gidansa wanda daga baya ya zama cocin ''Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (MFM)''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_of_Fire_and_Miracles_Ministries|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Cocin ya fara ne a Yaba, Legas, sannan daga baya ya bazu zuwa ƙasashe fiye da 100 a duniya. Cocin MFM ta yi fice wajen koyar da addu’o’in neman kubuta daga matsalolin ruhaniya da kuma tsarkake rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=With MFM, music education gets reloaded|url=https://guardian.ng/art/with-mfm-music-education-gets-reloaded/|work=The Guardian Nigeria}}</ref> Olukoya ya kuma kafa ''Mountain Top University'' da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ''MFM FC''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Testimonies, jubilation as Olukoya holds miracle service in Warri|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/testimonies-jubilation-as-olukoya-holds-miracle-service-in-warri/|work=Nigerian Tribune|date=2024-03-24}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Olukoya ya rubuta littattafai masu yawa kan addu’a, yaƙin ruhaniya da rayuwar Kiristanci. Daga cikin shahararrun littattafansa akwai: * ''Prayer Rain'' * ''Stop Them Before They Stop You'' * ''Overpowering Witchcraft'' * ''Brokenness'' * ''Dealing with Hidden Curses'' <ref>{{Cite news|title=ICONS: Dr. Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/icons-dr-daniel-kolawole-olukoya/|work=Nigerian Tribune|date=2024-03-20}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Olukoya ya auri Elizabeth Folashade Olukoya a shekarar 1989 kuma suna da ɗa guda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Dr. Daniel Olukoya|url=https://www.mfmrockville.org/aboutgo/|website=MFM Rockville}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian scientists]] [[Category:Nigerian pastors]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:People from Ondo State]] [[Category:University of Lagos alumni]] [[Category:Pentecostal pastors]] 6g7g0ict97u7hozhneb60pkgkqso6ik 0 153024 883902 842290 2026-07-16T08:45:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883902 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Damodar Gajanan "Damu" Naik''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1971) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma yana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata daga jihar [[Goa]] . Yana aiki a matsayin shugaban jihar na yanzu. Ya kasance memba na mazabar Fatorda na Majalisar Dokokin Goa tsakanin 2002 da 2012 a cikin majalisar ministocin Manohar Parrikar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Manohar Parrikar |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/manohar-parrikar/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Damodar Naik <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu Naik Fatorda candidate |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/goa/damu-g.-naik-fatorda-candidate-s05a030c01/}}</ref> a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1971 ga Gajanan B. Naik da Laxmi G. Naik . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar Goa a shekarar 1994. a'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ya wakilci [[Fatorda]]_Assembly_constituency" id="mwKA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fatorda Assembly constituency">Mazabar Majalisar Fatorda na Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damodar (Damu Naik) Goa Vidhan Sabha |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member-election-detail.php?id=77&flag=MEM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305113404/https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member-election-detail.php?id=77&flag=MEM |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu G. Naik BJP Fatorda Goa |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/goa/damu-g.-naik-fatorda-candidate-s05a030c01/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu G. Naik Lok Sabha 2019 Fatorda Goa |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=89}}</ref> An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Goa daga mazaba ɗaya a zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Goa na 2002 da kuma zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Goa na 2007. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ɗan Majalisar Zartarwa na Ƙasa na Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha a 2006. Ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Goa..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly election candidate from Fatorda |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/goa/2012/fatorda/damodar-damu-g-naik/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2025-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217051537/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/goa/2012/fatorda/damodar-damu-g-naik/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Election 2022: Fatorda Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/goa-assembly-election/fatorda-186066493 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The BJP |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Janata-Party}}</ref> kuma ya rasa ga Vijay Sardessai da kuri'u 1527. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] mu5yd7h4iyd003a5a0fxwj93o9jo62m 0 153080 883885 842421 2026-07-16T07:49:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Cahora Bassa''' [[madatsar ruwa]] ce a fadin [[Kogin Zambezi]], wanda ke cikin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . An kammala shi a shekara ta 1979, an gina tafkin da ya samo asali, [[Cahora Bassa|Tafkin Cahora Bassa]], musamman don tsara wutar lantarki ta al'ada don amfani a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Dam din Cahora Bassa yana daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan Zambezi, ɗayan kuma shine Dam din Kariba . An fara aikin ne a shekarar 1969 kuma, bayan muhawara mai yawa ta siyasa, ya fara zuwa kan layi a shekarar 1979. <ref name="WLD">{{Cite web |date= |title={{Title case|CABORA BASSA RESERVOIR}} |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3595 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=World Lake Database |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatocin Mozambique da Portugal ne suka mallake su, daga samun [[Yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique|'yancin kai]] har zuwa shekara ta 2007, kashi goma sha takwas cikin dari na madatsar ruwan da tafkinsa mallakar Mozambique ne kuma kashi tamanin da biyu cikin dari na Portugal.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Cahora Bassa, 1969-1995 |url=http://www.mozambiquehistory.net/cahora_bassa_2.php |website=Mozambique History Net}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, Portugal ta sayar da rabonta zuwa kashi 15. Dam din Cahora Bassa shine mafi girman tashar wutar lantarki a [[kudancin Afirka]] kuma mafi inganci [ana buƙatar ambaton] tashar samar da wutar lantarki a Mozambique.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}} == Tarihi == Kafin a fara ginin, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun yi zanga-zanga game da madatsar ruwan a kokarin riƙe mallakar da / ko amfani da gonar su. Lokacin da aka ba da umarnin fara gini a shekarar 1969, Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a Mozambique ta tilasta wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su fita daga gidajensu da ƙauyukansu don ma'aikatan Portugal da Turai su sami wurin zama yayin gini. Gwamnatin Portugal ta gina wani karamin gari ga dukkan 'Yan kwangila, masu lantarki, da injiniyoyi a saman gidajen Mozambique. Ba a ba da diyya ga manoma da aka fitar da su ba saboda asarar dukiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen |date=2005 |title=Displaced People, Displaced Energy, and Displaced Memories: The Case of Cahora Bassa, 1970-2004 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=201–238 |jstor=40034919}}</ref> A cikin 2021, an yi iƙirarin cewa sama da manoma miliyan ɗaya da ke zaune a kogi sun sami mummunar tasiri daga madatsar ruwan; kuma fiye da mutane 42,000 sun rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="AAAS"/> Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki, ana sa ran cewa sunan Zambezi zai haifar da aikin gona mai ban ruwa, karuwar zaman Turai da fitar da ma'adanai, inganta sadarwa da sufuri a ko'ina cikin kwarin, da rage abubuwan ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon sakamakon ruwan sama mai ban mamaki kuma wani lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa.<ref name="AAAS"/> Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 1969, wanda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ba da izini, kuma madatsar ruwan ta fara cikawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974 kuma tana da mita 12 kawai (39 a ƙasa da cikakken matakin samarwa a cikin watanni shida.<ref name="WLD"/> A lokacin ginin, an lalata dogon layin watsa wutar lantarki a cikin shekaru 16 na yakin basasar Mozambican wanda ya ƙare a shekarar 1992. An yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta goyi bayan ci gaban madatsar ruwan don murkushe dakarun 'yan tawaye masu adawa da mulkin mallaka kamar [[FRELIMO]] da abokinsa, African National Congress (ANC). <ref name="AAAS"/> An gina madatsar ruwan ne don samar da wutar lantarki ga gonakin Afirka ta Kudu, ma'adinai, da birane. Tun da madatsar ruwan ta canja wutar lantarki da ta kirkira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, tana karbar wutar lantarki daga 'yan asalin da suka riƙe wasu ƙasashensu. A shekara ta 2009, an ruwaito cewa 'yan asalin suna gwagwarmaya don samun wutar lantarki da samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebitosi |first=A. B. |last2=Da Graça |first2=A. |date=2009-05-01 |title=Cahora Bassa and Tete Province (Mozambique): A great potential for an industrial hub in Southern Africa |journal=Energy Policy |language=en |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=2027–2032 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.001 |issn=0301-4215}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Ganuwar madatsar ruwan tana da mita 171 (561 da tsawon mita 303 (994 . Gidan tafkin ya kai matsakaicin kusan kilomita 250 (160 tsawo da kilomita 38 (24 faɗin, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye yanki na kilomita 2,700 (1,000 sq tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 20.9 (69 . Kafin shekara ta 2010, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance santimita 94 (37 in); kuma yana raguwa. 2016, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance 64 centimeters (25 in). An ba da shawarar cewa idan matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya ci gaba da raguwa, masu aiki da madatsar ruwa na iya rufe kwarara zuwa wasu ko duk turbines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-30 |title=The Ring Around Lago de Cahora Bassa: Image of the Day |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=88558 |access-date=2018-03-26 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka zai adana ruwa da makamashi har sai tafkin ya cika don ba da damar ruwa ya juya turbines kuma ya samar da karin wutar lantarki. Samun wasu ko duk turbines zai haifar da wasu sassan Afirka ta Kudu su rasa makamashi. A lokacin rufe shuka, Songo da [[Apollo, South Africa|Apollo]] za su sami wani ɓangare na makamashi da ke zuw tashoshin mai canzawa. Wadannan wurare har yanzu za su iya amfani da wutar lantarki saboda makamashi da aka adana a cikin na'urar da ake kira accumulator ko ta amfani da hanyar famfo. Ana yin wannan hanyar ta hanyar yin famfo ruwa a cikin tafki kuma a bar shi ya shiga cikin turbine lokacin da ake buƙatar makamashi. Har ila yau, tafkin yana kula da kamun kifi mai amfani, yana tallafawa fiye da Hippos 4,000, kuma yana ba da mahimman wurin zama ga tsuntsaye masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2024 |title=Zambezi Basin: Cahora Bassa |url=https://www.thewildernessproject.org/research/publications-reports/cahora-bassa |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Wilderness Project}}</ref> == Tashar wutar lantarki == Tsarin Cahora Bassa shine mafi girman tsarin samar da wutar lantarki a kudancin Afirka, tare da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|415|MW}}injinan turbines . Yawancin wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ana fitar da su zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, wanda tsarin Cahora Bassa HVDC ke yi, wani tsari na layukan wutar lantarki kai tsaye . Tsarin ya haɗa da tashoshin juyawa guda biyu, ɗaya a Songo a Mozambique ɗayan kuma a Apollo a Afirka ta Kudu. Masana'antar tana samar da {{Convert|1450|MW|e3hp}} daga ruwan da ke ratsa injinan turbines guda biyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sommer |first=Ulrich |last2=Gliwicz |first2=Z. Maciej |date=1986 |title=Long Range Vertical Migration of Volvox in Tropical Lake Cahora Bassa (Mozambique) |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=650–653 |doi=10.4319/lo.1986.31.3.0650 |jstor=2836880 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana canja wannan wutar lantarki sama da {{Convert|1800|km|mi}} na layukan wutar lantarki kai tsaye masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke gudana daga Songo zuwa ga hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai layukan wutar lantarki guda biyu a jere tsakanin waɗannan tashoshin guda biyu, waɗanda suka kai {{Convert|1400|km}}, wanda {{Convert|900|km}} yana cikin yankin Mozambique. Waɗannan layukan HVDC suna aiki a kan 533 kV kuma a yankin Mozambique suna da hasumiyai kusan 4,200. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-17 |title=Renegotiation of Cahora Bassa Dam deal |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-17-will-the-cahora-bassa-dam-deal-still-be-renegotiated/ |access-date= |website=mg.co.za}}</ref> === Sabuntawa da haɓakawa === A watan Disamba na 2022, Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), mai kula da tashar wutar lantarki, ya sami rancen dala miliyan 125 don gyara da kuma sabunta kayayyakin more rayuwa da tsarin aiki na madatsar ruwa. Mai tuntubar EPC don gyaran wani kamfani ne da ya kunshi Sweco daga [[Sweden]] da Intertechne Consultores daga [[Brazil]] . Ana sa ran gyaran zai kiyaye karfin samar da wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki a {{Convert|2075|MW|e6hp}} , har zuwa 2050 a mafi ƙarancin farashi. Ana sa ran aikin gyaran zai ƙare a 2025. <ref name="RehabR">{{Cite web |last=Takouleu, Jean Marie |date=1 December 2022 |title=Mozambique: US$125 Million to Upgrade Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-us125-million-to-upgrade-cahora-bassa-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=Afik2.africa |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203194459/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-us125-million-to-upgrade-cahora-bassa-hydroelectric-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Caborabassa02.jpg|Construction of the dam in 1974 Fayil:Cahorra_bassa.jpg|Cahora Bassa Dam upstream view Fayil:Cahorabassadam.jpg|Cahora Bassa Dam </gallery> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 8yx7ide8rksr6akzxdu4009q4d9lw7z 0 153127 883888 842544 2026-07-16T08:10:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dam din Angololo wani madatsar ruwa ne da aka tsara a fadin Kogin Malaba, a kan iyaka tsakanin [[Kenya]] da [[Uganda]] . Dam din zai haifar da tafkin da zai iya adana cubic mita 43,000,000 (4.3 na ruwa don sha, ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Ana sa ran kimanin hekta 3,300 (acre 8,200) za su zo ƙarƙashin ban ruwa (acre 1,180 (acre 2,900) a Kenya da hekta 2,120 (acre 5,200) a Uganda), tare da ruwa daga wannan madatsar ruwan. Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan za ta amfana da akalla mutane 127,300 a kasashen biyu. Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan za ta tallafa wa ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da ruwa tare da ƙarfin 1.75 megawatts.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Inès Magoum |date=28 July 2022 |title=Uganda/Kenya: New dam to provide water and electricity to 5 towns |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-kenya-new-dam-to-provide-water-and-electricity-to-5-towns/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728051020/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-kenya-new-dam-to-provide-water-and-electricity-to-5-towns/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Dam din Angololo zai kasance a ƙauyen Bugesera, a cikin [[Tororo]]_District" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tororo District">Gundumar Tororo, a Yankin Gabas Uganda. Za a sami tashar wutar lantarki a fadin Kogin Malaba, wanda ya zama iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin Kenya da Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Hydropower & Dams |date=3 July 2019 |title=Dam safety experts sought for Angololo Water Resources Development Project |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/dam-safety-experts-sought-for-angololo-water-resources-development-project/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Hydropower-dams.com}}</ref> Wannan kusan kilomita 15 (9 ne ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso gabashin garin Tororo, inda hedkwatar Gundumar Tororo take. Garin Kalait yana da kusan kilomita 52 (32 mi) kudu maso gabashin Mbale, birni mafi girma a Yankin Gabashin Uganda. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Dam din a wannan wurin ya kasance a cikin tsare-tsaren tun daga shekara ta 2010. A wannan shekarar, Shirin Ayyuka na Ƙasar Nilu (NELSAP) ya gudanar da nazarin prefeasibility tare da kudade ta hanyar tallafi daga [[Norway|Gwamnatin Sarauta ta Norway]] da Gwamnatin Sarauniya ta Sweden. Bayan wadannan binciken, gwamnatocin kasashen biyu na Gabashin Afirka sun nemi NELSAP ta haɗa madatsar ruwan cikin "bututun ayyukanta don ƙarin kimantawa da ci gaba". Yankin aikin yana da kilomita 430 (166 sq . <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program |date=March 2020 |title=Angololo Water Resources Development Project |url=https://nelsap.nilebasin.org/index.php/en/media-items/factsheets/33-project-brief-angololo-multipurpose-water-resource-project-march-2020/file |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Nelsap.nilebasin.org |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815185248/https://nelsap.nilebasin.org/index.php/en/media-items/factsheets/33-project-brief-angololo-multipurpose-water-resource-project-march-2020/file |url-status=dead }}</ref> NELSAP ta gudanar da cikakken binciken yiwuwar, cikakkun ƙirar aikin, ta gudanar da kimanta tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA), ta haɓaka shirin sake zama da biyan diyya (RCAP), da kuma shirya takardun tayin. Wannan matakin ci gaba ya ɗauki watanni 34 kuma an kammala shi a watan Yulin 2022. Ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 1.83. <ref name="5R" /><ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=African Development Bank |date=14 March 2019 |title=Multinational - Angololo Multipurpose Water Resources Development Project |url=https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-Z1-DZ0-024 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[African Development Bank]] |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728144201/https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-Z1-DZ0-024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kudin da kudade == Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2022, ba a bayyana farashin ginin ba. Ana sa ran samun kuɗi ta hanyar rance daga New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). Wannan aikin ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka a lokacin matakin binciken yiwuwar.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="6R"/> == Sauran la'akari == Ana sa ran wannan aikin samar da ruwa zai kara yawan ruwan sha ga garuruwan Tororo, Manafwa da Namisindwa a Uganda, da kuma Busia da Bungoma a Kenya.<ref name="1R"/> ==manazarta== 3wwxnqmfo5ig8ep7z4eg74agj3g70tv 0 153242 883886 842830 2026-07-16T07:57:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Koromojo''', wanda aka fi sani da Dam din Mwambe, yana nufin madatsun ruwa guda biyu (Upper da Lower) a kan [[Mwabanda River|Kogin Mwabanda]] a arewacin Msambweni a kudu maso gabashin [[Kenya]]. An gina madatsar ruwa Upper Koromojo a cikin shekarun 1920 yayin da Associated Sugar ta kammala madatsar ruwa ta Lower Koromojo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EIA Study Report: Mukurumudzi River Dam |url=https://www.nema.go.ke/option/Dcom_phocadownload%26view%3Dcategory%26download%3D499%3Aeia974-study-report-mukurumudzi-finalpdf%26id%3D121%3Aeia970-979-reports&ei=FXqvUrmxKKbSsATU7YHQCg&usg=AFQjCNGKEZG1dE8At8ycSUXqVsmPfCOqqg&sig2=9CR8THa4ozE7UP5089h6BQ&bvm=bv.57967247,d.cWc |access-date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Kwale International Sugar Company Ltd }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == 389t5y9thnm51inemvunrffries0gjp 0 153386 883952 843225 2026-07-16T10:23:20Z BnHamid 12586 883952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football organization | name = Ogun State Football Association | abbreviation = Ogun FA | founded = | headquarters = Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria | region = Ogun State | parent_organization = Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) | chairman = Ganiyu Majekodunmi | website = }} '''Ogun State Football Association''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Ogun FA''') ita ce hukumar da ke kula da harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Ogun da ke kudancin Najeriya. Hukumar tana da alhakin tsara gasar ƙwallon ƙafa, bunƙasa matasan 'yan wasa, gudanar da harkokin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na jihar, da kuma wakiltar jihar Ogun a ƙarƙashin tsarin '''Nigeria Football Federation (NFF)'''. Hukumar tana aiki tare da ƙananan hukumomi, makarantu da ƙungiyoyin wasanni domin haɓaka wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar. <ref>{{Cite news|title=OGUN FA TASKS NEWLY INAUGURATED FOOTBALL COUNCILS|url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/01/16/ogun-fa-tasks-newly-inaugurated-football-councils/|publisher=Sports Village Square|date=16 January 2019}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da muhimman zaɓuɓɓuka da sauye-sauye a cikin shugabancin Ogun State Football Association a shekarar 2011 lokacin da aka zaɓi Ganiyu Majekodunmi a matsayin shugaban hukumar. Zaɓen ya gudana a cibiyar wasanni ta Alake Sports Centre da ke Abeokuta, inda ya kayar da wasu masu neman kujerar shugaban ƙungiyar. Wannan ya zama wani sabon babi a tarihin gudanar da ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Ogun. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ogun Football Association inaugurates new leadership|url=https://nigeriang.com/sports/ogun-football-association-inaugurates-new-leadership/7172/|publisher=Nigeria Content Online|date=26 January 2011}}</ref> Tun bayan hawansa mulki, Majekodunmi ya ci gaba da jagorantar hukumar tare da gudanar da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban na shugabanci. A shekarar 2019, hukumar ta shirya sabon zaɓen shugabanni domin ci gaba da tafiyar da harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar bisa umarnin NFF. <ref>{{Cite news|title=OGUN STATE FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION TO ELECT NEW EXECUTIVES ON FEBRUARY 6, 2019|url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/01/16/ogun-state-football-association-to-elect-new-executives-on-february-6-2019/|publisher=Sports Village Square|date=16 January 2019}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2023, an sake zaɓen Ganiyu Majekodunmi a matsayin shugaban Ogun FA karo na huɗu a jere bayan ya samu cikakken goyon bayan wakilan zaɓe da mambobin hukumar. An gudanar da zaɓen ne a Agroterra Golf Resort da ke Yewa North a jihar Ogun. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Just-In: Ganiyu Majekodunmi Returns As Ogun FA Chairman|url=https://www.sports247.ng/just-in-ganiyu-majekodunmi-returns-as-ogun-fa-chairman/|publisher=Sports247 Nigeria|date=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Majekodunmi returns as Ogun FA chairman|url=https://blueprint.ng/majekodunmi-returns-as-ogun-fa-chairman/|publisher=Blueprint Newspapers|date=2 June 2023}}</ref> == Ayyuka da manufofi == Ogun FA na da alhakin kula da gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a faɗin jihar Ogun tare da haɗa kai da ƙananan hukumomi wajen bunƙasa harkokin wasan. Hukumar tana kafa da kula da majalisun ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙananan hukumomi domin tabbatar da cewa an samu ci gaba daga matakin tushe zuwa matakin ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite news|title=OGUN FA TASKS NEWLY INAUGURATED FOOTBALL COUNCILS|url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/01/16/ogun-fa-tasks-newly-inaugurated-football-councils/|publisher=Sports Village Square|date=16 January 2019}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, hukumar ta ƙaddamar da kwamitin matasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai mambobi 17 domin ƙarfafa ci gaban matasan 'yan wasa da kuma tsara kalandar wasannin matasa a faɗin jihar. Wannan mataki ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa daga tushe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ogun State FA Inaugurates Youth Football Committee|url=https://www.oguncitynews.com.ng/2024/07/ogun-state-fa-inaugurates-youth.html|publisher=Ogun City News|date=20 July 2024}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa == Hukumar ta taka rawa wajen tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi da makarantu masu haɓaka matasa a jihar. A shekarar 2024, shugaban hukumar ya yaba wa ƙungiyar Beyond Limits Football Academy bayan samun nasarar hawa gasar Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL), yana mai bayyana cewa wannan nasara alama ce ta ci gaban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Ogun. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ogun FA Chairman Congratulates Beyond Limits FA on NPFL Promotion|url=https://www.oguncitynews.com.ng/2024/06/ogun-fa-chairman-congratulates-beyond.html|publisher=Ogun City News|date=12 June 2024}}</ref> == Tsofaffin jami'ai == Daya daga cikin fitattun tsofaffin jami'an hukumar shi ne Leo Oyenekan, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren Ogun State Football Association na tsawon shekaru sama da goma sha biyar kafin rasuwarsa a shekarar 2016. An bayyana shi a matsayin ma'aikaci mai ƙwazo kuma jajirtacce wajen hidimar ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Ogun State Football Association Secretary Dies at 57|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/06/former-ogun-state-football-association-secretary-dies-at-57/|publisher=BellaNaija|date=14 June 2016}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Ogun State]] * [[Football in Nigeria]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Ƙwallon Ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sports organizations in Nigeria]] [[Category: Jihar Ogun]] [[Category:Football governing bodies in Nigeria]] 4ufy9xflw29nyx5b0b7x366e7ih1wen 0 153445 883947 843360 2026-07-16T10:21:16Z BnHamid 12586 883947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Okey Ndibe | image = | birth_name = Okechukwu Ndibe | birth_date = 1960 | birth_place = Yola, Adamawa State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Marubuci, ɗan jarida, mai sharhin siyasa, farfesa | genre = Adabin Afirka, almara, tarihin rayuwa | notable_works = ''Arrows of Rain'', ''Foreign Gods, Inc.'', ''Never Look an American in the Eye'' | alma_mater = University of Massachusetts Amherst }} '''Okechukwu "Okey" Ndibe''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960) fitaccen marubucin Najeriya ne, mai sharhin siyasa, ɗan jarida da kuma farfesa. Ya yi suna a fagen adabin Afirka saboda litattafansa masu nazarin siyasa, mulkin kama-karya, hijira, asalin ɗan adam da kuma al'adun Afirka. Ayyukansa sun samu karɓuwa a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje, musamman littattafan ''Arrows of Rain'' (2000) da ''Foreign Gods, Inc.'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.gmu.edu/articles/11535 |title=Visiting Writer: Okey Ndibe |publisher=George Mason University |date=2018-02-06 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://okeyndibe.com/about |title=About Okey Ndibe |publisher=Okey Ndibe Official Website |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Okey Ndibe a garin Yola, babban birnin jihar Adamawa a Najeriya. Yana daga cikin kabilar Igbo. Yaran ƙuruciyarsa sun zo daidai da lokacin Yaƙin Basasar Biyafara, wani lamari da ya yi tasiri sosai a rubuce-rubucensa daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/okechukwu-ndibe/ |title=Okechukwu Ndibe Biography |publisher=Igbo Genealogy and Biographies |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndibe ya yi karatu a Najeriya kafin daga bisani ya tafi Amurka. Ya samu digirin Master of Fine Arts (MFA) a rubuce-rubuce da kuma digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin adabi daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://okeyndibe.com/about |title=About Okey Ndibe |publisher=Okey Ndibe Official Website |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin jarida == Kafin komawarsa Amurka, Ndibe ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida da editan mujallu a Najeriya. A shekarar 1988, fitaccen marubucin Najeriya Chinua Achebe ya gayyace shi zuwa Amurka domin ya zama editan kafa mujallar ''African Commentary'', wata mujalla da ta mayar da hankali kan harkokin Afirka da siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://okeyndibe.com/about |title=About Okey Ndibe |publisher=Okey Ndibe Official Website |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Daga baya ya rubuta maƙalu da sharhi a jaridu da mujallu daban-daban ciki har da ''The New York Times'', ''BBC Online'', ''Al Jazeera'', ''Financial Times'' da ''Daily Sun'' na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.literaturevoices.com.ng/interviews/nigerian-writers-abroad-do-not-outwork-those-based-in-nigeria-okey-ndibe |title=Nigerian Writers abroad do not Outwork those Based in Nigeria – Okey Ndibe |publisher=Literature Voices |date=2021 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Okey Ndibe ya koyar a jami'o'i da dama a Amurka da Najeriya. Ya kasance malami a: * Brown University * Connecticut College * Trinity College * Bard College at Simon's Rock * University of Lagos (a matsayin Fulbright Scholar) Ayyukansa na koyarwa sun fi mayar da hankali kan adabin Afirka, rubuce-rubucen almara da nazarin al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://okeyndibe.com/about |title=About Okey Ndibe |publisher=Okey Ndibe Official Website |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Ayyukan adabi == === Arrows of Rain === Littafinsa na farko, ''Arrows of Rain'', wanda aka wallafa a shekara ta 2000, ya yi nazari kan mulkin kama-karya, cin zarafin ɗan adam da tasirin siyasa ga rayuwar talakawa a wata ƙasa ta Afirka. Littafin ya taimaka wajen kafa sunansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Afirka masu tasiri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/one-dot-com/one-dot-com/international-schools/pdfs/rights-and-licensing/African-Writers-Series-2020.pdf |title=The Longman African Writers Series |publisher=Pearson Education |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> === Foreign Gods, Inc. === A shekarar 2014 ya wallafa ''Foreign Gods, Inc.'', wani labari da ke nazarin hijira, addini, kasuwancin kayan gargajiya da kuma rikicin da ke tsakanin al'adun Afirka da na Yamma. Littafin ya samu yabo daga manyan gidajen jarida da mujallu, kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin mafi kyawun littattafan shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://okeyndibe.com/ |title=Okey Ndibe Official Website |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> === Never Look an American in the Eye === A shekarar 2016 ya wallafa tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna ''Never Look an American in the Eye: Flying Turtles, Colonial Ghosts, and the Making of a Nigerian American''. Littafin ya bayyana ƙwarewarsa a matsayin baƙon ɗan Najeriya a Amurka da kuma bambance-bambancen al'adu tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.gmu.edu/articles/11535 |title=Visiting Writer: Okey Ndibe |publisher=George Mason University |date=2018-02-06 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da yabo == Ayyukan Ndibe sun samu yabo daga mashahuran marubuta da masu nazarin adabi. Har ila yau, maƙalarsa mai taken ''Eyes to the Ground: The Perils of the Black Student'' ta samu lambar yabo daga Association of Opinion Page Editors a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://okeyndibe.com/about |title=About Okey Ndibe |publisher=Okey Ndibe Official Website |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Littafinsa ''Never Look an American in the Eye'' ya lashe Connecticut Book Award a fannin rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwa a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.literaturevoices.com.ng/interviews/nigerian-writers-abroad-do-not-outwork-those-based-in-nigeria-okey-ndibe |title=Nigerian Writers abroad do not Outwork those Based in Nigeria – Okey Ndibe |publisher=Literature Voices |date=2021 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun littattafai == * ''Arrows of Rain'' (2000) * ''Writers, Writing on Conflicts and Wars in Africa'' (2009, tare da Chenjerai Hove) * ''Foreign Gods, Inc.'' (2014) * ''Never Look an American in the Eye'' (2016) * ''The Man Lives: A Conversation with Wole Soyinka on Life, Literature and Politics'' (2017) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category: Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category: Mutane daga jihar Adamawa]] f71c4cca1i2cg6648qk3h28scc16wg0 0 153449 883911 843364 2026-07-16T09:33:07Z BnHamid 12586 883911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''NPFL Youth League''' wata gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta matasan 'yan wasa da aka kafa domin haɓaka ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya ƙarƙashin kulawar '''Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL)'''. An ƙaddamar da gasar a kakar wasa ta 2023–24 domin samar wa ƙungiyoyin NPFL wata hanyar bunƙasa matasan 'yan wasa da za su iya kaiwa manyan ƙungiyoyi da kuma tawagogin ƙasa a nan gaba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Youth Football Revamp: NPFL Launches New Youth League |url=https://thewillnews.com/2023/11/13/youth-football-revamp-npfl-launches-new-youth-league/ |work=TheWill Nigeria |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inyama heads NPFL Youth League Organising Committee |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2023/11/13/inyama-heads-npfl-youth-league-organising-committee/ |work=NPFL Media |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Hukumar NPFL ta sanar da kafa gasar NPFL Youth League a watan Nuwamban 2023 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin farfaɗo da tsarin haɓaka matasan 'yan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Shugaban NPFL, Gbenga Elegbeleye, ya bayyana cewa manufar gasar ita ce tabbatar da cewa dukkan ƙungiyoyin NPFL suna da ƙungiyoyin matasa masu gasa, tare da samar da tsarin sauya matasa zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi cikin sauƙi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inyama heads NPFL Youth League Organising Committee |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2023/11/13/inyama-heads-npfl-youth-league-organising-committee/ |work=NPFL Media |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NPFL Appoints New Youth League Organising Committee To Invigorate League |url=https://www.sports247.ng/npfl-appoints-new-youth-league-organising-committee-to-invigorate-league/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An kafa kwamitin mutum bakwai domin tsara da gudanar da gasar, inda tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar Abia Warriors, Emeka Inyama, ya zama shugaban kwamitin. Sauran mambobin sun haɗa da Paul Ede, Patrick Paschal, Sabo Abdullahi Eka, Nicholas Morris Kemeghde, Gafar Liameed da Dr. Sunday Obaseki a matsayin sakatare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elegbeleye explains decision to start U-17 NPFL youth league |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/elegbeleye-explains-decision-to-star-u-17-npfl-youth-league/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=9 Disamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inyama heads NPFL Youth League Organising Committee |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2023/11/13/inyama-heads-npfl-youth-league-organising-committee/ |work=NPFL Media |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manufofi == Babbar manufar gasar ita ce samar da wata hanya ta ci gaban matasan 'yan wasa daga matakin makarantu da ƙananan rukuni zuwa ƙungiyoyin NPFL da kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa. Shugaban NPFL, Gbenga Elegbeleye, ya bayyana cewa gasar za ta taimaka wajen gano sabbin hazikan 'yan wasa da kuma rage dogaro da sayen 'yan wasa daga wasu ƙungiyoyi, domin ƙungiyoyi su riƙa haɓaka 'yan wasansu daga gida.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why we introduced U-17 youth league – NPFL |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/why-we-introduced-u-17-youth-league-npfl/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=3 Maris 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League: Clubs face sanctions for non-participation |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2024/01/27/npfl-youth-league-clubs-face-sanctions-for-non-participation/ |work=NPFL Media |date=27 Janairu 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Elegbeleye ya ƙara bayyana cewa gasar tana da nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙin ƙungiyoyin NPFL ta hanyar haɓaka matasa da za a iya sayarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje ko kuma su taka muhimmiyar rawa a manyan ƙungiyoyin cikin gida.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elegbeleye gives reason for creation of NPFL Youth League |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/25/elegbeleye-gives-reason-for-creation-of-npfl-youth-league/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=25 Yuli 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Tsarin Gasar == A farkon kakar wasa ta 2023–24, an tsara gasar ne ga 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 (U-17). An raba ƙungiyoyin NPFL guda 20 zuwa yankuna daban-daban domin gudanar da wasannin share fage. Cibiyoyin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da Lafia, Kaduna, Enugu, Ekiti da Port Harcourt. Bayan kammala wasannin yankuna, ƙungiyoyin da suka yi fice sun samu tikitin zuwa matakin ƙarshe na gasar.<ref>{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League kicks off Feb 1 in five centres |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2024/01/29/npfl-youth-league-kicks-off-feb-1-in-five-centres/ |work=NPFL Media |date=29 Janairu 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League: Clubs face sanctions for non-participation |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2024/01/27/npfl-youth-league-clubs-face-sanctions-for-non-participation/ |work=NPFL Media |date=27 Janairu 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daga baya, a kakar wasa ta 2024–25, an faɗaɗa tsarin zuwa matakin U-19, inda aka raba ƙungiyoyi zuwa rukuni uku a Ikenne, Umuahia da Kano. Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi kowa ƙwazo daga kowanne rukuni sun samu damar shiga gasar ƙarshen kakar domin tantance zakaran NPFL Youth League.<ref>{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League holds in Ikenne, Umuahia, Kano |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2025/08/03/npfl-youth-league-holds-in-ikenne-umuahia-kano/ |work=NPFL Media |date=3 Agusta 2025 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmanci ga Ƙwallon Ƙafar Najeriya == Masu gudanar da NPFL sun bayyana cewa gasar matasa za ta zama tushen zaɓen 'yan wasa ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Najeriya a matakan matasa. Haka kuma ana kallonta a matsayin wata hanya ta samar da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa masu iya maye gurbin tsofaffin 'yan wasa a manyan ƙungiyoyi da kuma samar da sababbin taurari irin su Victor Osimhen da Ademola Lookman a nan gaba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why we introduced U-17 youth league – NPFL |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/why-we-introduced-u-17-youth-league-npfl/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=3 Maris 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League: Elegbeleye Explains Vision Behind Nigeria’s New Talent Pipeline |url=https://www.sports247.ng/npfl-youth-league-elegbeleye-explains-vision-behind-nigerias-new-talent-pipeline/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=19 Oktoba 2025 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Nigeria National League]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Football competitions in Nigeria]] [[Category:Youth football in Nigeria]] [[Category:Sports leagues established in 2023]] [[Category:Nigeria Premier Football League]] c6rdn5lewqp62reua60r9rwd3y9dc5z 0 153485 883944 843436 2026-07-16T10:17:03Z BnHamid 12586 883944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<nowiki/>'Maesaiah''' ko '''<nowiki/>'Maesiah Thabane''' (an haife ta 16 ga Afrilu 1977) ita ce matar tsohon Firayim Minista na Lesotho Tom Thabane <ref name="multitudes">{{Cite web |title=Multitudes witness PM's wedding |url=http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2017/August/multitudes_witness_pm_wedding.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620152545/http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2017/August/multitudes_witness_pm_wedding.html |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=The Lesotho Government Portal}}</ref> tun lokacin da ta auri Thabane a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2017 . <ref name="multitudes" /> A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2020, 'yan sanda sun ba da izinin kama Maesiah Thabane dangane da mutuwar Lipolelo Thabane ta 2017 da aka yi wa matar Tom Thabane. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta '''Liabiloe Ramoholi''' ga mutanen Basotho, ta auri Tom Thabane a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2017 a wani bikin da aka gudanar a Filin wasa na Setsoto a [[Maseru]] . <ref name="multitudes">{{Cite web |title=Multitudes witness PM's wedding |url=http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2017/August/multitudes_witness_pm_wedding.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620152545/http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2017/August/multitudes_witness_pm_wedding.html |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=The Lesotho Government Portal}}</ref> Ta yi takarar kujerar Mokhotlong a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar All Basotho Convention (ABC) a shekarar 2022, inda ta samu kuri'u 190.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohloboli |first=’Marafaele |date=2022-10-12 |title=Bigwigs comprehensively beaten in polls |url=https://lestimes.com/bigwigs-comprehensively-beaten-in-polls/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Lesotho Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, zargin ya tashi cewa Maesiah Thabane Trust Fund Director Makarabo Mojakhomo da mijinta, jami'in Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida Thabang Mojakhomo, L="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-5","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://lestimes.com/thabane-fraud-suspect-granted-m5k-bail/&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Thabane fraud suspect granted M5k bail&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;16 June 2018&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Lesotho Times&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en-US&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2019-08-30&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwjQ\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt25\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwjg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://lestimes.com/thabane-fraud-suspect-granted-m5k-bail/\" id=\"mwjw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Thabane fraud suspect granted M5k bail\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwkA\">Lesotho Times</i></nowiki>. 16 June 2018<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwkQ\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwkg\">2019-08-30</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] sun yaudari kungiyar da uwargidan shugaban kasa ta kafa har zuwa L. A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, bayan da Makarabo ta ɓace daga hannun 'yan sanda, [[Amnesty International]] ta wallafa roƙo don "mataki na gaggawa", inda ta ruwaito, "Iyalin Makarabo suna tsoron cewa an tilasta mata bacewar saboda tarihin irin waɗannan shari'o'in a kasar da suka shafi jami'an tsaro".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urgent Action: Trust Fund Boss Goes Missing From Police Custody (Lesotho: UA 113.18) |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/urgent-actions/urgent-action-trust-fund-boss-goes-missing-from-police-custody-lesotho-ua-113-18/ |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=Amnesty International USA |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan sake bayyanawar Mojakhomo a Afirka ta Kudu a watan Mayu 2019, ta ba da rahoton tsoron cewa uwargidan shugaban kasa tana da "ikon sarrafa 'yan sanda da shari'a don haka ba za ta sami shari'a ta kyauta da adalci ba tare da ita a cikin iko".[she]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lescij |first=Lescij |title=Heartbroken Mojakhomo speaks from exile |url=https://lescij.org/2019/06/06/heartbroken-mojakhomo-speaks-from-exile/ |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=MNNCIJ |language=en-US}}</ref> Motlohi Maliehe, ministan yawon bude ido, muhalli da al'adu kuma shugaban jam'iyyar All Basotho Convention (ABC) ya zargi Thabane da cin hanci da rashawa a watan Satumbar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime minister apologises for disunity in the ruling party |url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=246751008&Country=Lesotho&topic=Politics&subtopic=F_1 |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=country.eiu.com}}</ref> An kori Maliehe daga mukamin minista bayan ya yi iƙirarin cewa Thabane tana "karfafa gwamnati ta hanyar neman sarrafa ministoci da yadda suke gudanar da ayyukansu" da kuma "ta sa a cire ministocin da suka ki bin bukatunta".<ref name="tantrum">{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=The reasons behind Maesaiah's tantrums |url=https://publiceyenews.com/the-reasons-behind-maesaiahs-tantrums/ |access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> Irin waɗannan ayyukan suna da gudummawa ga fashewar ABC, wanda "ya rufe da" irin wannan "halayyar rikici".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fractures weaken Lesotho’s ruling party |url=https://amabhungane.org/stories/fractures-weaken-lesothos-ruling-party/ |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=amaBhungane |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangane da zargin Maliehe, Thabane ya ba da misali da bacin rai game da "cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati", wanda "wani lokaci ya tilasta mata daukar al'amura a hannunta don tabbatar da cewa Basotho ta samu ayyukan da suke bukata".[1] Ta ce ta damu matuka game da rashin maganin masu fama da cutar daji, da kuma cutar kanjamau. A watan Yulin 2019, ta karbi bakuncin taron Stop Cervical, Breast da Prostate Cancers in Africa Conference (SCCA) karo na 12, wanda ya samu halartar wasu matan shugabannin Afirka.[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] k8e3cxmbfwsphe7wg93qn1ihg9vyxms 0 153617 883789 845894 2026-07-15T23:19:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Concrete_lined_irrigation_canal.jpg|thumb|Wata magudanar ruwa ta siminti da cibiyar bincike ta ƙirƙiro a matsayin aikin nuna al'adu a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira a shekarun 1970.]] NWRC tana hidimar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Ban Ruwa (Misira) (MWRI) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Water Survey Projects |url=https://www.nwrc.gov.eg/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=National Water Research Center}}</ref> don ci gaba da hanzarta aiwatar da manufofin ruwa na ƙasa. A matsayinta na ɓangaren bincike da haɓaka MWRI, <ref name=":0" /> NWRC tana tsarawa da gudanar da bincike na asali da na amfani don gano, bayyanawa, da ƙididdige matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa a Masar. Don waɗannan matsalolin, an ba da umarnin NWRC ta samar da mafita masu ƙirƙira da kuma isar da su ga masu amfani da su; saboda haka, inganta ɗaukar bincike. Matsayinta a matsayin ƙungiya ta ƙasa ya wuce MWRI; tana taimaka wa sauran ma'aikatu da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke fuskantar matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa ta hanyar samun damar samun ƙwarewa a fannoni daban-daban. Ƙungiyar '''NWRC''' ta ƙunshi cibiyoyin bincike guda 12; <ref>{{Cite web|last=El-Khairiya|title=Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI), National Water Research Center(NWRC), Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation|url=https://gadri.net/members/2016/02/egypt-2.html|access-date=28 April 2023|website=Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes}}</ref> galibi tana magance fannoni masu zuwa da suka shafi albarkatun ruwa: Ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa, Injinan [[Hydraulics|Hydraulic]], Tsarin Hydraulic da Injina, [[Hydrogeology|Nazarin Ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa]], Sufurin ƙasa, Ingancin [[Ingancin ruwa|Ruwa]] da Gurɓatar [[Gurbatar yanayi|Ruwa]], Kare Teku da Muhalli na Tafki/Bakin Teku, Binciken [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin Yanayi]] da Ma'aunin Ƙasa, [[Socioeconomics|Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da]] Ruwa. == Cibiyar Binciken Gudanar da Ruwa (WMRI) == Cibiyar Bincike ta Gudanar da Ruwa ta mayar da hankali kan manufofin zane waɗanda ke tsara yadda za a yi amfani da albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata ba tare da la'akari da yanayin yanayi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=Water Management Research Institute |url=https://archive.unescwa.org/water-management-research-institute |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=unescwa.org}}</ref> === Yankunan Bincike === * Jadawalin Ban Ruwa * Mafi kyawun rarraba ruwa da rarrabawa a fannin noma * Tasirin tattalin arziki na [[Ban ruwa|tsarin ban ruwa]] * Kimantawa na alamun aiki na tsarin ban ruwa == Cibiyar Binciken Magudanar Ruwa (DRI) == Manufar DRI ita ce gudanar da bincike don tallafawa shirye-shiryen ƙasa don haɓaka magudanar ruwa a Masar. Wannan daga baya yana haifar da aiwatar da tsarin magudanar ruwa waɗanda ba wai kawai suna da tasiri ba har ma suna da inganci a fannin tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Drainage Research Institute |url=https://dri.nwrc.gov.eg/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=dri.nwrc.gov.eg |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428075359/https://dri.nwrc.gov.eg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yankunan bincike === * Ka'idojin ƙira na aiki na hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa ta tayal * Gwaji da kimanta sabbin fasahohi da kayan da ake amfani da su a hanyoyin sadarwa na magudanar ruwa a filin * Tasirin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa na hanyoyin magudanar ruwa na filin * Ci gaban jagororin sake amfani da ruwan gefe a fannin noma * Inganta ƙarfin tsarkakewa da kansa na magudanar ruwa '''Cibiyar Binciken Albarkatun Ruwa (WRRI)''' '''''Cibiyar ta ƙunshi fannonin bincike kamar haka:''''' * Binciken ruwa na Wadi Systems da ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi * Mafi kyawun ƙa'idodin ƙira don tsarin kula da [[ambaliyar ruwa]] da hanyoyin sadarwa na magudanar ruwa * Tasirin ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin [[Nil|Nilu]] kan kwararar ruwa zuwa [[tafkin Nasser]] * Tsarin ci gaban Albarkatun Ruwa na Ƙasa mafi kyau <ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) |url=https://gadri.net/members/pdf/Egypt_Water%20Resources%20Research%20Institute%20(WRRI),%20National%20Water%20Research%20Center%20(NWRC),%20Ministry%20of%20Water%20Resources%20and%20Irrigation%20(MWRI).pdf |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=gadri.net}}</ref> == Cibiyar Binciken Kula da Tashoshi (CMRI) == Aikin CMRI shine samar da mafita don kula da hanyoyin ruwa a buɗe ga ma'aikatar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Channel Management Research Institute |url=https://cmri.nwrc.gov.eg/about.php |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=nwrc.gov.eg}}</ref> === Yankunan Bincike === * Gyaran hanyoyin ruwa don guje wa matsaloli a ƙarshen wutsiyar tashar. * Tsara shirye-shirye don gudanar da ayyukan ƙasa da kuma kula da su waɗanda suka shafi aikin ruwa, kula da ciyayi na ruwa da kuma motsa tuddan yashi. * Samar da mafi kyawun mafita don hanyoyin da ake buƙata don kula da hanyoyin buɗewa. == Manazarta == d3gnb8nvxffnrq0khq75wwyk671hlu5 0 153731 883803 844072 2026-07-16T02:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cissé Mint Cheikh Ould Boide''' ɗan ƙasar Mauritania ne wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Jakadan Mauritania a Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021. Tsohon wakilin dindindin a Kungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNESCO a Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritanie : Cissé Boidé nommée ambassadrice auprès de l'UNESCO |url=http://essahraa.net/fr/html/11072018-2354 |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=essahraa.net}}</ref> kuma tsohon Ministan Al'adu, Matasa da Wasanni a Mauritania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Her Excellency Mrs. Cissé Mint Cheikh Ould Boide. Mauritania Sport, Youth and Culture Minister - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/205091875-Her-excellency-mrs-cisse-mint-cheikh-ould-boide-mauritania-sport-youth-and-culture-minister.html |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=docplayer.net |archive-date=2021-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807114206/https://docplayer.net/205091875-Her-excellency-mrs-cisse-mint-cheikh-ould-boide-mauritania-sport-youth-and-culture-minister.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania holds National sports day {{!}} The North Africa Post |url=https://northafricapost.com/3270-mauritania-holds-national-sports-day.html |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=northafricapost.com}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == An haifi Cheikh Cisse Boide a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1970, a Nouakchott, Mauritania . An nada ta a matsayin Jakadan Mauritania a Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021. Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Jakadan Mauritania a Amurka, Boide ta yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Dindindin na Mauritania a UNESCO daga 2019-2021. Daga 2014-2018 Boide ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na kasa da kasa a fannin manufofi da dabarun da kuma gudanarwa, kimanta aikin da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Al'adu, Matasa da Wasanni na Mauritania daga 2009-2013. Daga 2007-2009, Boide ya kasance Darakta na Yawon Bude Ido a Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci, Ayyuka, da Yawon Bude Udo ta Mauritania. Boide ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin dabarun da kuma gudanar da ayyukan samar da kayayyaki daga Cibiyar Gudanar da Masana'antu a Lille, Faransa. Boide ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Lille inda ta sami Digiri na Mataki a Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido da Yankuna, Al'adu da Wasanni kuma tana da digiri na farko a cikin Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa a cikin Yawon Bude Udo da Kamfanonin Otal daga Cibiyar Yawon Bude Yamma ta Duniya a Tangier, Morocco, ISIT daga 1988 zuwa 1992. Boide ta yi aiki a bangaren yawon bude ido na Mauritania kuma ta kasance Mataimakin Darakta na Ofishin yawon bude bude ido na kasa inda ta shiga cikin baje kolin yawon bude hankali kuma ta yada Mauritania a matsayin wurin yawon bude jiki daga 2002 zuwa 2007 kafin ta hau matsayin Darakta yawon bude baki wanda ke daidaita dabarun kasa don Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido daga 2007 zuwa 2009. Firayim Minista Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf ne ya nada ta Ministan Al'adu, Matasa da Wasanni daga 2009 zuwa 2013. A shekara ta 2018, an nada ta jakadan Mauritania a UNESCO kuma daga baya aka tura ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-16 |title=Anti-Doping Convention: Mauritania to become the 189th State Party |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/anti-doping-convention-mauritania-become-189th-state-party |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Mouvement diplomatique partiel : Cissé Cheikh Boidé nommée ambassadrice à Washington (Noms) |url=https://alwiam.info/fr/ar/9876 |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Alwiam info |language=fr}}</ref> Boide ya fito ne daga dangi mai tasiri a Mauritania kuma yana da alaƙa da jagorancin Mauritania, musamman a cikin soja. Mahaifinta yana daya daga cikin kwamandojin farko na kasar, kuma dan uwanta janar ne a cikin soja. Boide ta auri dan kasar Amurka wanda ya fito ne daga Mauritania Mohamed Amar likita a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin sunadarai, kuma yana da ɗa mai shekaru 22. A shekara ta 2013, an cire Boide a matsayin Ministan Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni bayan tsohon mijinta na lokacin ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa inda ake zargin ya yi amfani da ni'ima na kansa don lashe tayin gina filin wasa a Nouadhibou. Ba a tuhumi tsohon mijinta ba ko kuma an wanke shi da rashin adalci a cikin al'amarin. Ya janye tayin sa bayan kukan jama'a. Boide ba ta da hannu a cikin binciken da ya shafi tsohon mijinta amma duk da haka an cire ta daga ofishinta. Tana iya Faransanci da Larabci, tare da Turanci da Mutanen Espanya masu kyau. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7cwb6d5w8bmwpxptgw25vzk5jomo1qb 0 153744 883647 844111 2026-07-15T17:35:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 883647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, [[Amurka]], tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]] . Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="ARN">{{cite news | title = Wednesday TV Log| work = Abilene Reporter-News| place = Abilene, TX| pages = 7B| date = December 29, 1954}}</ref> Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson.<ref>See, for example, Brian Eckhouse, "Six questions for Michael Sommermeyer," Las Vegas Sun, September 8, 2008, https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/08/six-questions-michael-sommermeyer/</ref> == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hegn1yo2z7fz665dts50kedtqqrsp5m 883648 883647 2026-07-15T17:35:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 883648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, [[Amurka]], tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]]. Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="ARN">{{cite news | title = Wednesday TV Log| work = Abilene Reporter-News| place = Abilene, TX| pages = 7B| date = December 29, 1954}}</ref> Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson.<ref>See, for example, Brian Eckhouse, "Six questions for Michael Sommermeyer," Las Vegas Sun, September 8, 2008, https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/08/six-questions-michael-sommermeyer/</ref> == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bzfvbgd0kkk6fb2bwkbzeat8ufcipou 883651 883648 2026-07-15T17:35:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 883651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, [[Amurka]], tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]]. Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="ARN">{{cite news | title = Wednesday TV Log| work = Abilene Reporter-News| place = Abilene, TX| pages = 7B| date = December 29, 1954}}</ref> Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare. == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson.<ref>See, for example, Brian Eckhouse, "Six questions for Michael Sommermeyer," Las Vegas Sun, September 8, 2008, https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/08/six-questions-michael-sommermeyer/</ref> == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ph052zrs5ec3uwdgjz25cxmwq8kz2kx 883653 883651 2026-07-15T17:36:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 883653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, [[Amurka]], tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]]. Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="ARN">{{cite news | title = Wednesday TV Log| work = Abilene Reporter-News| place = Abilene, TX| pages = 7B| date = December 29, 1954}}</ref> Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare. == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson.<ref>See, for example, Brian Eckhouse, "Six questions for Michael Sommermeyer," Las Vegas Sun, September 8, 2008, https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/08/six-questions-michael-sommermeyer/</ref> == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] turxp3mp46ejewuqdbvsg5gc3dthnnt 0 153854 883887 844523 2026-07-16T08:06:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam ɗin Mphanda Nkuwa''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka tsara za ta samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Kogin Zambezi]] da ke [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Zai kasance kimanin {{Convert|60|km|mi}} ƙasan [[Dam din Cahora Bassa|madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa]] da ke kusa da birnin Tete . Tashar wutar lantarki za ta sami ƙarfin megawatts 1,500. <ref name="ir">{{Cite web |last=Machena, Yolanda |last2=Maposa, Sibonginkosi |date=2013-06-13 |title=Zambezi Basin Dam Boom Threatens Delta |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/zambezi-basin-dam-boom-threatens-delta-8014 |access-date=2014-06-22 |publisher=International Rivers}}</ref> Dam ɗin zai kai {{Convert|103|m|ft}} tsayi <ref name="Morrissey">{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2013 |title=Zuma, Guebuza ignore effect of new hydro dam on residents |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-zuma-guebuza-ignore-effect-of-new-hydro-dam-on-residents/}}</ref> kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye kimanin {{Convert|97|km2|acre}} na kwarin Zambezi. <ref name="ir"/> An kiyasta kudin aikin shine dala biliyan 4.2 na Amurka. Da zarar an kammala madatsar ruwan, ana sa ran za a sayar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], saboda rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa na watsawa a Mozambique. <ref name="ir" /> Madatsar ruwan da aka tsara tana da matuƙar cece-kuce saboda zai tilasta ƙaura da iyalai 1,400, kuma ya shafi rayuwar wasu mutane 200,000 a ƙarƙashin kogin. Saboda za a yi amfani da madatsar ruwan ne a kan kololuwar ruwa, yawan canjin da ake samu a kowace rana a cikin kwararar koguna zai lalata tsarin ban ruwa da ke akwai kuma ya shafi kiwon kamun kifi a cikin babban yankin kogin. <ref name="Morrissey"/> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta bayyana a cikin 1984 madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa da ke akwai a matsayin "babban aikin madatsar ruwa da ba a yarda da shi ba a Afirka." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Pete |date=October 19, 2009 |title=Debate Over Dams on Africa's Zambezi River |url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/debate-over-dams-on-africas-zambezi-river/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 |website=green.blogs.nytimes.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, gwamnatin Mozambique ta sanar da cewa za ta fara gina madatsar ruwan. An yi kwangilar gina madatsar ruwan ga Camargo Corrêa na Brazil, Insitec na Mozambique, da Electricidade de Moçambique . A shekarar 2020, shugaban Mozambique Filipe Nyusi ya yi fatan za a fara gina madatsar ruwan kafin shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DGA |title=Construção da Hidroeléctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa deve iniciar até 2024 |url=http://www.verdade.co.mz/economia/70052 |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=@Verdade Online |language=pt-pt}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya (IFC), wani reshe na Bankin Duniya, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da gwamnatin Mozambique, wanda ke nuna sha'awar shiga cikin haɓaka wannan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=23 May 2022 |title=Mozambique: IFC Supports Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-ifc-supports-mphanda-nkuwa-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523113110/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-ifc-supports-mphanda-nkuwa-hydroelectric-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ci gaba == A watan Oktoba na 2022, gwamnatin Mozambique ta fitar da sunayen kamfanoni bakwai da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda za a ba su izinin ziyartar wurin sannan su tsara tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare don haɓaka madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="ShortR">{{Cite web |last=Xinhua |date=28 September 2022 |title=Mozambique completes prequalification of investors for 4.5-bln-USD hydroelectric project |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2022/09/28/mozambique-completes-prequalification-of-investors-for-45-bln-usd-hydroelectric-project |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]}}</ref> Teburin da ke ƙasa ya bayyana ƙungiyoyin da ke fafutukar kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) don aikinsa. <ref name="EPCR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=12 October 2022 |title=Mozambique: 7 Companies Run for the Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Mega Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-7-companies-run-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-hydroelectric-mega-project/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012113728/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-7-companies-run-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-hydroelectric-mega-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekarar 2023, hukumomin Mozambique suka zaɓi ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Électricité de France da [[Total|TotalEnergies]] a matsayin wadda aka fi so. Sauran membobin ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara su ne kamfanonin Japan, Sumitomo Corporation da Kansai Electric Power . Ana sa ran tattaunawa da wanda aka fi so za ta fara da gaske, wanda zai kai ga sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin rangwame da ake buƙata. <ref name="BidderR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 May 2023 |title=Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602123531/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi ETC Holdings na Mauritius, ZESCO na Zambia, CECOT, reshen Mota-Engil Group na Portugal, da PetroSA, wani reshe na Babban Asusun Makamashi na Afirka ta Kudu, an zaɓi shi a matsayin mai neman ajiyar kuɗi. <ref name="BidderR"/> A wani ɓangare na ci gaban, an samar da tsarin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki 550 kV, wanda ke auna {{Convert|1300|km|0}} za a gina tsakanin garin Cataxa da babban birnin ƙasar [[Maputo]] . Ana sa ran jimillar farashin kwangilar zai kai dala biliyan 4.5. <ref name="BidderR"/> A watan Yulin 2025, Ajay Banga, Shugaban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ziyarci ƙasar, ya sanar da cewa hukumar kuɗi ta ɓangarori daban-daban za ta goyi bayan aikin ta hanyar samar da "kuɗaɗen rangwame ga (a) batutuwan shari'a (b) batutuwan muhalli (c) layukan watsawa (d) garantin haɗari na ɓangare da (e) inshorar haɗarin siyasa". A wancan lokacin ba a buga jimillar kasafin kuɗin ci gaba ba amma an kiyasta tsakanin dala biliyan 5 zuwa 6. == Masu Haɓakawa == A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2023, gwamnatin Mozambique ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi masu alaƙa da masu haɓaka wannan HPP. Ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara, wadda ta ƙunshi EDF Energies of France, [[Total|TotalEnergies]] of France da Sumitomo Corporation of Japan, ita ce ke da kashi 70 cikin 100 na yarjejeniyar, yayin da EDM, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Mozambique da Hidroeléctrica da Cahora Bassa (HCB), kamfanin da ke da [[Dam din Cahora Bassa|Madatsar Ruwa ta Cahora Bassa]], suka mallaki sauran kashi 30 cikin 100. Madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki za su ci kimanin dala biliyan 5 don ginawa. Ana sa ran injin turbin farko zai zo ta yanar gizo a shekarar 2031. <ref name="Own1R">{{Cite web |last=Wendell Roelf and Sharon Singleton |date=13 December 2023 |title=Mozambique signs $5 billion hydro-project accord with EDF-led consortium |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambique-signs-5-bln-hydro-project-accord-with-edf-led-consortium-2023-12-13/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[Reuters.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="Own2R">{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Ingram |date=13 December 2023 |title=Consortium selected to develop 1.5 GW Mphanda Nkuwa hydropower project in Mozambique |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/new-development/consortium-selected-to-develop-1-5-gw-mphanda-nkuwa-hydropower-project-in-mozambique/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Hydroreview.com}}</ref> == Tallafin Kuɗi == Kula da albarkatun ruwa a Masar ya dogara ne akan tsarin ababen more rayuwa mai sarkakiya a duk tsawon kogin. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan ababen more rayuwa shi ne [[babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] wadda ta samar da [[tafkin Nasser]] . Babban madatsar ruwa tana kare Masar daga ambaliyar ruwa, tana adana ruwa don ban ruwa a duk shekara, kuma tana samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tana da karfin adana ruwa mai karfin 90.&#x20;madatsar ruwa mai girman biliyan cubic tana adana fiye da kashi ɗaya da rabi na matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Kogin Nilu a kowace shekara, don haka tana samar da babban matakin tsari a cikin kwarin kogin idan aka kwatanta da sauran kogunan da aka tsara a duniya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rpsab5uw3t272l2hdz58yomu1aufai7 0 153922 883922 844709 2026-07-16T09:40:24Z BnHamid 12586 883922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cif '''James Nwoye Adichie''' (1 Maris 1932 - 10 Yuni 2020) masanin kimiyya ne na Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na farko na kididdiga a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] [[Nsukka]] . Shi ne mahaifin marubuciyar nan [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] . == Rayuwa == An haifi Adichie a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekarar 1932 a Abba, wanda ke [[Njikoka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . Bayan haihuwarsa ba da dadewaba, ya koma Awkuzu daga baya kuma zuwa [[Nimo, Najeriya|Nimo]], inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Nimo don karatun farko. A shekarar 1957, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'ar, Ibadan]], don ya karanci nazarin lissafi, ya kammala a shekara ta 1960. Daga nan sai ya jona sashen bincike a [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN). Bayan barin CBN, Adichie ya koma bangaren ilimi a matsayin malamin lissafi a [[Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Najeriya]] a [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] kuma daga baya ya zama mataimakin lakcara a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], Nsukka . A watan Satumbar 1963, ya bar Najeriya don neman digirin (PHD) a fannin kididdiga a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya yi karatu a karkashin Erich Leo Lehmann . Ya sami digirin (PHD) din sa a shekarar 1966, ya zama dan Najeriya na farko da ya sami digirin PhD a cikin kididdiga daga UC Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Nwoye Adichie |url=https://statistics.berkeley.edu/people/james-nwoye-adichie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312120259/https://statistics.berkeley.edu/people/james-nwoye-adichie |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Department of Statistics |publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref> A shekara ta 1976, ya zama farfesa na farko na kididdiga a Jami'ar Najeriya kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban jami,a daga 1980 zuwa 1984, ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1997. <ref name="auto" /> A tsawon lokacin da yake aiki, Adichie ya wallafa labarai a cikin mujallu da mujallu na ilimi. Ayyukansa na ilimi sun haɗa da zumunci a Jami'ar Sheffield a Ingila da kuma wani lokaci a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'an Jihar San Diego a California, tare da aiki a matsayin editan farko na Journal of Statistical Association of Nigeria . <ref name="auto" /> A ranar 2 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015, yayin da yake komawa Abba daga [[Nsukka]], a kayi karkuwa da Adichie. A cewar rahotanni daga Pulse Nigeria, 'yarsa, [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]], ta bayyana a cikin The New York Times cewa ta kasance wani dalili ne da ya haifar da sacewar.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |date=30 May 2015 |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: My Father's Kidnapping |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/31/opinion/sunday/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-my-fathers-kidnapping.html?smid=tw-nytopinion&_r=1 |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> An sake shi bayan kwana uku bayan biyan kudin fansa.<ref name="NYT" /> == Kyauta == Adichie shine "Odelora Abba", taken shugaban Najeriya. Memba ne na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Kasar Najeriya kan Kididdiga, yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka sake tsara Ofishin Kididdiga na Tarayya wanda daga baya aka sake gyara shi zuwa Ofishin Kidida na Kasa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] 5ucmsyh5c4jqoritgqsejiuiocuq7nn 0 153961 883734 844790 2026-07-15T20:28:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chidi Nwaogu | image = | birth_name = Dominic Chidiebere Nwaogu | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|5|20}} | birth_place = Lagos State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | education = Jami'ar Lagos | occupation = Ɗan kasuwa, ɗan fasahar kere-kere, injiniyan manhaja | known_for = Kafa Publiseer, Savvy da Efiwe }} '''Chidi Nwaogu''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1990) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Najeriya, ƙwararren injiniyan manhaja kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu kafa kamfanonin fasaha a Afirka. Ya shahara ne saboda kasancewarsa wanda ya kafa kamfanonin '''Publiseer''', '''Savvy''' da '''Efiwe''', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali wajen tallafawa masu fasaha, marubuta da matasa 'yan kasuwa a nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chidi.xyz/ |title=Chidi Nwaogu |website=Chidi.xyz |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Chidi Nwaogu a jihar Lagos, Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa a Jami'ar Lagos inda ya samu ilimi a fannin da ya shafi fasahar sadarwa da ci gaban kasuwancin zamani. Tun yana matashi ya fara koyon shirye-shiryen kwamfuta (programming), kuma yana da shekaru 16 ya fara harkokin kasuwancin fasaha ta hanyar kirkirar wasannin bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://productschool.com/product-leaders/chidi-nwaogu |title=Chidi Nwaogu – Co-founder and CEO, Publiseer |website=Product School |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Harkokin kasuwanci == === LAGbook === A shekarar 2010, Chidi Nwaogu tare da ɗan'uwansa Chika Nwaogu suka kafa '''LAGbook''', wata kafar sada zumunta da aka kirkira a Najeriya. Dandalin ya samu masu amfani sama da miliyan ɗaya cikin shekaru uku kacal, kafin wani kamfanin fasaha daga ƙasar Kanada ya saye shi a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://startupafricas.com/publiseer/ |title=Meet Chidi Nwaogu, Co-Founder and CEO at Publiseer |website=African Startup News |date=2021-10-15 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> === Publiseer === A shekarar 2017 ya kafa '''Publiseer''', kamfanin rarraba waƙoƙi, littattafai, fina-finai da sauran ayyukan fasaha na masu kirkire-kirkire daga Afirka. Kamfanin ya taimaka wa dubban marubuta, mawaka da masu shirya fina-finai wajen samun kuɗaɗen shiga daga ayyukansu. An bayyana Publiseer a wasu rahotanni a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan dandamalin wallafa abun ciki na dijital a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://businesspost.ng/technology/2021-foya-awards-nomination-thrills-chidi-nwaogu/ |title=2021 FOYA Awards Nomination Thrills Chidi Nwaogu |website=Business Post Nigeria |date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> Har ila yau, International Finance Corporation (IFC) ta lissafta Publiseer cikin kamfanonin da za su iya saurin bunƙasa kirkire-kirkire a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://investorsking.com/2021/06/15/chidi-nwaogu-nominated-as-techpreneur-of-the-year-at-2021-foya-awards/ |title=Chidi Nwaogu Nominated As Techpreneur Of The Year At 2021 FOYA Awards |website=Investors King |date=2021-06-15 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> === Savvy === A shekarar 2020, Nwaogu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa '''Savvy''', wani shiri na duniya da ke koyarwa, tallafawa da kuma ba matasa masu son kafa kasuwanci damar samun horo da jagoranci. Shirin ya samu masu halarta daga ƙasashe sama da 150, kuma an gudanar da shi cikin harsuna fiye da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legit.ng/business-economy/technology/1499493-technigerian-tech-entrepreneur-chidi-nwaogu-receives-global-award-education-innovation/ |title=Nigerian Tech Entrepreneur Chidi Nwaogu Receives Global Award for Education Innovation |website=Legit.ng |date=2022-10-28 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar '''HundrED''' ta zaɓi Savvy cikin sabbin shirye-shiryen ilimi guda 100 mafi tasiri a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legit.ng/business-economy/technology/1499493-technigerian-tech-entrepreneur-chidi-nwaogu-receives-global-award-education-innovation/ |title=Nigerian Tech Entrepreneur Chidi Nwaogu Receives Global Award for Education Innovation |website=Legit.ng |date=2022-10-28 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> === Efiwe === A shekarar 2025, Nwaogu ya taimaka wajen kafa '''Efiwe''', wata manhaja da ke amfani da fasahar basirar na'ura (AI) wajen koyar da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ta hanyar wayoyin hannu, musamman ga mutanen da ke yankunan da ke da ƙarancin damar samun kayan koyon fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chidi.xyz/ |title=Chidi Nwaogu |website=Chidi.xyz |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Lambobi da yabo == Nwaogu ya samu lambobin yabo da dama saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa a harkar fasaha da kasuwanci. Daga cikinsu akwai: * '''Migration Entrepreneurship Prize''' na gwamnatin Switzerland (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://businesspost.ng/technology/nwaogu-wins-2020-itu-global-innovation-challenge/ |title=Nwaogu Wins 2020 ITU Global Innovation Challenge |website=Business Post Nigeria |date=2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> * '''Africa's Business Heroes Prize''' wanda gidauniyar Jack Ma ta bayar (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://startup{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2qmxr6dwqdrsy21j5kt5amgfcrpvpnz 0 154232 883930 845405 2026-07-16T09:47:21Z BnHamid 12586 883930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Matthew Ashimolowo | image = | caption = Matthew Ashimolowo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|3|17}} | birth_place = Kaduna, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, mai wa'azi | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Kingsway International Christian Centre (KICC) | spouse = Yemisi Ashimolowo | children = 2 }} '''Matthew Ashimolowo''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Maris 1952) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma mai wa'azin Kiristanci. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban faston '''Kingsway International Christian Centre (KICC)''', wata babbar cocin Pentecostal da ke da hedikwata a Birtaniya tare da rassanta a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kicc.org.uk/leadership/ |title=Leadership – Pastor Matthew Ashimolowo |publisher=Kingsway International Christian Centre |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ashimolowo a Kaduna, Najeriya, a cikin iyali Musulmi. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya sauya addini zuwa Kiristanci yana da kusan shekaru 20. Daga baya ya shiga makarantar koyon Littafi Mai Tsarki inda ya fara shirin aikin bishara da wa'azi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Matthew Ashimolowo |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ashimolowo |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thechurcharchive.org/churches/kicc-nigeria-kingsway-international-christian-centre/ |title=KICC Nigeria Profile |publisher=The Church Archive |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Aikin wa'azi == Ashimolowo ya yi hidima a matsayin fasto a Najeriya kafin ya koma Birtaniya. A shekarar 1992 ya kafa '''Kingsway International Christian Centre (KICC)''' a Landan. Cocin ta fara da ƙananan mambobi amma daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'un Pentecostal a Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kicc.org.uk/leadership/ |title=Leadership – Pastor Matthew Ashimolowo |publisher=KICC |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kingsway International Christian Centre |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsway_International_Christian_Centre |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> Ya shahara ta hanyar shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo masu suna '''Winning Ways''', waɗanda ake watsawa a ƙasashe da dama. Haka kuma ya ƙaddamar da '''KICC TV''', wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin talabijin na farko mallakar coci a Birtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kicc.org.uk/leadership/ |title=Leadership – Pastor Matthew Ashimolowo |publisher=KICC |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Ashimolowo ya wallafa littattafai sama da 90 da suka mayar da hankali kan bangaskiya, ci gaban rayuwa, addu'a da shugabanci. Littattafansa sun samu karɓuwa a tsakanin Kiristoci musamman a Afirka da Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kicc.org.uk/leadership/ |title=Leadership – Pastor Matthew Ashimolowo |publisher=KICC |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin kai == Ta hanyar KICC da sauran ƙungiyoyinsa, Ashimolowo ya tallafa wa shirye-shiryen taimakon marasa galihu a Najeriya. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa cocinsa ta tallafa wa dubban zawarawa, ta shirya ayyukan kiwon lafiya kyauta da kuma wasu ayyukan ci gaban al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thechurcharchive.org/churches/kicc-nigeria-kingsway-international-christian-centre/ |title=KICC Nigeria Profile |publisher=The Church Archive |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9wRVIdBKDE |title=Senior Pastor of KICC, Matthew Ashimolowo Speaks On Christ Compassion To Rural World |publisher=TVC News Nigeria |date=2023-10-09 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == A shekarar 2005, Hukumar Kula da Ƙungiyoyin Agaji ta Birtaniya (Charity Commission) ta gudanar da bincike kan tsarin tafiyar da wasu kuɗaɗen cocin KICC. Binciken ya haifar da sauye-sauye a tsarin gudanarwar ƙungiyar da kuma mayar da wasu kuɗaɗe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Matthew Ashimolowo |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ashimolowo |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, jaridar ''Vanguard'' ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin Landan suna binciken wani zargin damfara da ya shafi wani tsarin saka hannun jari da wasu mambobin KICC suka shiga, duk da cewa binciken bai zargi Ashimolowo kai tsaye da aikata laifi ba.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/kicc-ashimolowos-church-alleged-fraud-investigation/ |title=KICC, Ashimolowo’s church under alleged fraud investigation |work=Vanguard News |date=2017-02-16 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Matthew Ashimolowo ya auri Yemisi Ashimolowo kuma suna da yara biyu. Ya ci gaba da jagorantar KICC tare da kula da ayyukan bishara da wallafe-wallafe a sassa daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Matthew Ashimolowo |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ashimolowo |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.kicc.org.uk/ Shafin KICC na hukuma] * [https://www.matthewashimolowo.com/ Shafin Matthew Ashimolowo] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ashimolowo, Matthew}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[[Category: limaman Kiristocin Najeriya]] [[Category: Fastocin Pentikostal na Najeriya]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category: Jama'ar Jihar Kaduna]] 813979s3by8m86707e2b367388eaktk 883931 883930 2026-07-16T09:47:43Z BnHamid 12586 /* Hanyoyin waje */ 883931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Matthew Ashimolowo | image = | caption = Matthew Ashimolowo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|3|17}} | birth_place = Kaduna, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, mai wa'azi | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Kingsway International Christian Centre (KICC) | spouse = Yemisi Ashimolowo | children = 2 }} '''Matthew Ashimolowo''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Maris 1952) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma mai wa'azin Kiristanci. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban faston '''Kingsway International Christian Centre (KICC)''', wata babbar cocin Pentecostal da ke da hedikwata a Birtaniya tare da rassanta a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kicc.org.uk/leadership/ |title=Leadership – Pastor Matthew Ashimolowo |publisher=Kingsway International Christian Centre |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ashimolowo a Kaduna, Najeriya, a cikin iyali Musulmi. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya sauya addini zuwa Kiristanci yana da kusan shekaru 20. Daga baya ya shiga makarantar koyon Littafi Mai Tsarki inda ya fara shirin aikin bishara da wa'azi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Matthew Ashimolowo |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ashimolowo |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thechurcharchive.org/churches/kicc-nigeria-kingsway-international-christian-centre/ |title=KICC Nigeria Profile |publisher=The Church Archive |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Aikin wa'azi == Ashimolowo ya yi hidima a matsayin fasto a Najeriya kafin ya koma Birtaniya. A shekarar 1992 ya kafa '''Kingsway International Christian Centre (KICC)''' a Landan. Cocin ta fara da ƙananan mambobi amma daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'un Pentecostal a Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kicc.org.uk/leadership/ |title=Leadership – Pastor Matthew Ashimolowo |publisher=KICC |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kingsway International Christian Centre |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsway_International_Christian_Centre |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> Ya shahara ta hanyar shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo masu suna '''Winning Ways''', waɗanda ake watsawa a ƙasashe da dama. Haka kuma ya ƙaddamar da '''KICC TV''', wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin talabijin na farko mallakar coci a Birtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kicc.org.uk/leadership/ |title=Leadership – Pastor Matthew Ashimolowo |publisher=KICC |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Ashimolowo ya wallafa littattafai sama da 90 da suka mayar da hankali kan bangaskiya, ci gaban rayuwa, addu'a da shugabanci. Littattafansa sun samu karɓuwa a tsakanin Kiristoci musamman a Afirka da Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kicc.org.uk/leadership/ |title=Leadership – Pastor Matthew Ashimolowo |publisher=KICC |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin kai == Ta hanyar KICC da sauran ƙungiyoyinsa, Ashimolowo ya tallafa wa shirye-shiryen taimakon marasa galihu a Najeriya. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa cocinsa ta tallafa wa dubban zawarawa, ta shirya ayyukan kiwon lafiya kyauta da kuma wasu ayyukan ci gaban al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thechurcharchive.org/churches/kicc-nigeria-kingsway-international-christian-centre/ |title=KICC Nigeria Profile |publisher=The Church Archive |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9wRVIdBKDE |title=Senior Pastor of KICC, Matthew Ashimolowo Speaks On Christ Compassion To Rural World |publisher=TVC News Nigeria |date=2023-10-09 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == A shekarar 2005, Hukumar Kula da Ƙungiyoyin Agaji ta Birtaniya (Charity Commission) ta gudanar da bincike kan tsarin tafiyar da wasu kuɗaɗen cocin KICC. Binciken ya haifar da sauye-sauye a tsarin gudanarwar ƙungiyar da kuma mayar da wasu kuɗaɗe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Matthew Ashimolowo |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ashimolowo |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, jaridar ''Vanguard'' ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin Landan suna binciken wani zargin damfara da ya shafi wani tsarin saka hannun jari da wasu mambobin KICC suka shiga, duk da cewa binciken bai zargi Ashimolowo kai tsaye da aikata laifi ba.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/kicc-ashimolowos-church-alleged-fraud-investigation/ |title=KICC, Ashimolowo’s church under alleged fraud investigation |work=Vanguard News |date=2017-02-16 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Matthew Ashimolowo ya auri Yemisi Ashimolowo kuma suna da yara biyu. Ya ci gaba da jagorantar KICC tare da kula da ayyukan bishara da wallafe-wallafe a sassa daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Matthew Ashimolowo |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ashimolowo |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.kicc.org.uk/ Shafin KICC na hukuma] * [https://www.matthewashimolowo.com/ Shafin Matthew Ashimolowo] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ashimolowo, Matthew}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category: limaman Kiristocin Najeriya]] [[Category: Fastocin Pentikostal na Najeriya]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category: Jama'ar Jihar Kaduna]] lezjvn0wfotzboded3clj890z98y28s 0 154597 883483 846370 2026-07-15T15:22:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) magani ne na [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] wanda Dr. Stephen Ilardi da ɗalibai da yawa suka haɓaka a Jami'ar Kansas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=TLC Home |url=http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316014631/http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirin TLC ba shi da miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ya dogara da sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa guda shida. An gano shirin ya zama ingantaccen magani ga baƙin ciki, tare da 70 -75% na marasa lafiya da ke fuskantar raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin alamun baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=TLC Home |url=http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) |language=en |quote=Our research has demonstrated that TLC is an effective treatment for depression, with over 70% of patients experiencing a favorable response, as measured by symptom reduction of at least 50%. |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316014631/http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta bayyana cewa bakin ciki shine babban dalilin nakasa a duk duniya kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga nauyin cutar a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depression |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Stephen Ilardi ya bayyana baƙin ciki a matsayin "ciwo na wayewa", yana mai cewa "Ba a taɓa tsara mu don zama ba, cikin gida, marasa barci, warewa, mai saurin abinci, saurin rayuwa ta zamani". <ref name=":0"/> Ilardi ya bayyana cewa karuwar yaduwar baƙin ciki galibi saboda zaɓin salon rayuwa mara lafiya ne, musamman tsakanin mutane a kasashe masu tasowa. Ya ambaci bincike wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yaduwar baƙin ciki ya fi ƙasa a wasu sassan duniya inda mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa da al'adun gargajiya. == Abubuwan TLC == TLC ya ƙunshi sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa guda shida waɗanda suka haɗa da: * Ƙara amfani da Omega-3 fatty acids. * Kasancewa cikin abubuwan sha'awa masu ma'ana don hana rumination. * Yin aiki a jiki. * Samun Hasken rana. * Kasancewa da alaƙa da jama'a. * Samun akalla sa'o'i 8 na [[Bacci|Barci]] kowace dare. == Tasiri == A cikin littafinsa The Depression Cure: The 6-Step Program to Beat Depression without Drugs, Ilardi ya ambaci wani meta-analysis na 2002 na Kirsh, [1] wanda ya gano cewa kusan rabin marasa lafiya masu baƙin ciki [2] ba za su sami raguwa mai ma'ana a cikin alamun baƙin ciki ba bayan amfani da antidepressants. Idan aka kwatanta, 70 -75% na marasa lafiya da aka kula da su tare da shirin TLC sun lura da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin alamun baƙin ciki (wanda aka nuna ta akalla raguwar 50% a cikin alamomi).[3][4] == Manazarta == a2prytx8lyknuhl1y6ainlnarbjgj8s 0 154614 883845 846405 2026-07-16T05:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cutar kaɗaici kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana karuwar kaɗaici da warewar jama'a.[1][2] An yi jayayya cewa karuwar ta fara ne a cikin shekarun 2010 kuma ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar nisantar jama'a, umarnin zama a gida, da Mutuwa a lokacin annobar COVID-19. [1] [3] Sauran abubuwan da aka ba da gudummawa don karuwar sun haɗa da son kai, fasaha da kafofin sada zumunta, Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, rashin tallafin zamantakewa, da rashin digiri na kwaleji.[4] == Tarihin nazarin kaɗaici == A cikin shekara ta 2010, wani bita na tsari da kuma nazarin meta da Holt-Lunstad, Smith, da Layton suka yi, sun bayyana cewa "hanyar rayuwa ta zamani a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu" tana rage ingancin dangantakar zamantakewa sosai, wani bangare saboda mutanen da ba sa zaune kusa da iyalansu. Binciken ya lura cewa daga 1990 zuwa 2010, yawan Amurkawa da ba su bayar da rahoton cewa babu wani asirin da ya ninka sau uku.<ref name="Holt-Lunstad2010SysMet">{{Cite journal |last=Holt-Lunstad |first=Julianne |last2=Smith |first2=Timothy B. |last3=Layton |first3=J. Bradley |year=2010 |title=Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review |journal=[[PLOS Medicine]] |volume=7 |issue=7 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 |pmc=2910600 |pmid=20668659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An buga bincike da yawa game da batun jim kadan kafin annobar COVID-19 ta hanyar masana kimiyya kamar Claude S. Fischer da Eric Klinenberg. Duk da yake ba a bayyana batun kaɗaici a duniya a matsayin " annoba ba," binciken ya kammala cewa kaɗaici babban batu ne tare da tasirin kiwon lafiya ga miliyoyin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=All the Lonely Americans? |url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/republicans/2018/8/all-the-lonely-americans |access-date=1 March 2020 |publisher=[[United States Congress Joint Economic Committee]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=Is there a loneliness epidemic? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/loneliness-epidemic |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=[[University of Oxford]]}}</ref> A [[Turai]], Cibiyar Bincike ta hadin gwiwa ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gudanar da kwatankwacin kwatankwacin yaduwar da ke tattare da kaɗaici da warewar jama'a a lokacin kafin COVID. Binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 8.6% na yawan manya a Turai suna fuskantar kaɗaici akai-akai kuma kashi 20.8% suna fuskantar warewar zamantakewa, tare da [[gabashin Turai]] da ke yin rikodin mafi girman yaduwar abubuwan biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baarck |first=J |last2=D'hombres |first2=B |last3=Tintori |first3=G |date=16 November 2021 |title=Loneliness in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126802 |journal=Joint Research Centre of the European Commission}}</ref> Tare, waɗannan binciken sun haifar da ƙoƙarin da aka yi kwanan nan don bincikawa da magance kaɗaici a matsayin fifiko na kiwon [[lafiyar jama'a]], a Amurka da duniya. Wasu marubutan sun gano son kai a matsayin tushen dalilin kaɗaici a cikin Al'ummomin Yamma, musamman a cikin Masanan Amurka kamar Robert N. Bellah, a cikin Habits of the Heart, suna jayayya cewa son kai na Amurka yana raunana alaƙar al'umma, wanda ke haifar da warewar zamantakewa da kaɗaici. Hakazalika, rubutun Wendell Berry sun jaddada yadda tsarin zamantakewa na zamani, na riba ke lalata haɗin al'umma. [[Fasaha|Amfani da fasaha]] wani muhimmin abu ne. A cewar Capita, wani tanki na Amurka wanda ya kware a cikin nazarin kaɗaici, yawan amfani da dijital da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]], musamman tsakanin matasa, sau da yawa yana Ragewa hulɗa Rayuwa ta ainihi kuma yana zurfafa jin dadin warewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Social Connection Report: The Ties That Bind and Nurture |url=https://capita.org/publication/social-connection-report-the-ties-that-bind-and-nurture/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> A cikin wani rubutun da ake kira The Good, The Bad & The Lonely, Capita ya nuna cewa Gen Z yana fuskantar matsanancin kaɗaici, yayin da suke ba da rahoton ƙarancin shiga cikin Ayyukan al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erickson |first=Elizabeth |date=8 September 2022 |title=The Good, The Bad & The Lonely: What we need to know about Gen Z |url=https://capita.org/the-good-the-bad-the-lonely-what-we-need-to-know-about-gen-z/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> Binciken Richard Weissbourd ya goyi bayan waɗannan binciken, yana haɗa kafofin sada zumunta da Lokacin allo zuwa cirewa tsakanin matasa na Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Richard Weissbourd, Milena Batanova, Virginia Lovison, and Eric Torres |date=February 2021 |title=Loneliness in America: How the Pandemic Has Deepened an Epidemic of Loneliness and What We Can Do About It |url=https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/reports/loneliness-in-america |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Making Caring Common {{!}} Harvard Graduate School of Education}}</ref> An kuma sami ƙalubalen tattalin arziki don ƙara waɗannan batutuwan. Ma'aikatan da ke biyan albashi da mutane a yankunan da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki suna fuskantar matakan kaɗaici saboda iyakancewar motsi na zamantakewa da samun damar albarkatun al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corbin |first=Ian Marcus |date=24 July 2024 |title=What's Behind America's Loneliness Crisis? |url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/whats-behind-americas-loneliness-crisis |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[Commonweal Magazine]]}}</ref> Littafin Chris Arnade Dignity ya bayyana yadda Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki ke ware mutane, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga. Yawan da aka ruwaito na jin kaɗaici yana da alaƙa mara kyau da samun kudin shiga, a duk faɗin da kuma cikin ƙasashe. A halin yanzu, binciken 2021 game da tasirin Iyaye akan kaɗaici ya nuna cewa kodayake iyaye suna ba da rahoton ɗan ƙarin [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] fiye da waɗanda ba iyaye ba, Gidaje masu zaman kansu da ƙananan yanayin tallafin zamantakewar jama'a suna fuskantar haɗarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sprague-Jones |first=Jessica |date=10 December 2021 |title=Survey: Parents feel more social support than non-parents |url=https://capita.org/survey-parents-feel-more-social-support-than-non-parents/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> Timothy P. Carney's Family Unfriendly ya nuna manufofi waɗanda suka kasa tallafawa iyaye masu zama a gida, suna ba da gudummawa ga warewa da ƙalubalen lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Amsawar duniya game da annobar kaɗaici == Tun daga shekarun 2010, an ƙaddamar da manyan shirye-shirye a ƙasashe da suka haɗa da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da Burtaniya.<ref name="BMJ2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Surkalim DL, Luo M, Eres R, Gebel K, van Buskirk J, Bauman A et al. |date=2022 |title=The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=376 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2021-067068 |pmc=8826180 |pmid=35140066 |quote=Worldwide, initiatives have been launched to address "the epidemic of loneliness."}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ayyana kaɗaici a matsayin "damuwar lafiyar jama'a ta duniya" kuma ta kaddamar da kwamiti na kasa da kasa don nazarin matsalar. === Amurka === A Amurka, annobar kaɗaici ta ƙara zama batun muhawara ta jama'a, musamman tun daga Mayu 2023, lokacin da likitan Amurka Janar Vivek Murthy ya buga wani shawarwari na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam game da tasirin annobar kaɗaiبوون da warewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation |url=https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502132300/https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2023 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.hhs.gov |language=en}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana haɗarin kiwon lafiya na kaɗaici, gami da cututtukan zuciya, bugun jini, da rashin hankali, kuma ya kwatanta haɗarin kaɗaici da wasu barazanar [[lafiyar jama'a]] kamar shan sigari da kiba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness |url=https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/demographic-change-and-healthy-ageing/social-isolation-and-loneliness |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health |date=4 March 2024 |title=Tackling the loneliness epidemic: A Q&A with Sen. Chris Murphy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INAfe81nR2Q |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Bayan shawarwarin Murthy, shawarwarin majalisa na jam'iyyun biyu sun fito, musamman Dokar Shirye-shiryen Kasa don Haɗin Jama'a karkashin jagorancin Sanata Chris Murphy. Wannan aikin da aka gabatar yana da niyyar kafa ofishin tarayya wanda ke mai da hankali kan magance kaɗaici da inganta haɗin zamantakewa ta hanyar al'umma da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Murphy Introduces Legislation to Establish National Strategy to Combat Loneliness, Promote Social Connection |url=https://www.murphy.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/murphy-introduces-legislation-to-establish-national-strategy-to-combat-loneliness-promote-social-connection |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Senator Chris Murphy}}</ref> Tattaunawar game da kaɗaici tun daga lokacin ya fadada don haɗawa da martani na [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|matakin jihar]] da kuma wayar da kan jama'a, yana jaddada buƙatar ƙoƙarin tsarin don magance wannan ƙalubalen lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":2"/> A watan Satumbar 2024, jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa ma'aunin da ke nuna kaɗaici sun kasance sananne ne musamman tsakanin Amurkawa waɗanda ba su da digiri na kwaleji. == Bayanan littattafai == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] Halin Zuciya: Mutum da Alkawari a Rayuwar Amurka. [[Jami'ar California Press]]. {{ISBN|9780520053885}} * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Bowling_Alone/rd2ibodep7UC Bowling Alone: Rushewa da farfadowa na al'ummar Amurka]''. Simon &amp;amp; Schuster. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780743203043|<bdi>9780743203043</bdi>]]{{ISBN|9780743203043}}&nbsp; * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2910600/ "Hadin gwiwar Jama'a da Hadarin Mutuwa: Binciken Meta-analytic".] Magungunan PLOS. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry . ReadHowYouWant. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781458780645|<bdi>9781458780645</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9781458780645}}&nbsp; * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [https://files.&#x3C;i&#x20;id= KFF.org/attachment/Report-Loneliness-and-Social-Isolation-in-the-United-States-the-United-Kingdom-and-Japan-An-International-Survey" id="mwATM" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Samun kai da warewar jama'a a Amurka, Ingila, da Japan: Binciken Duniya"]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. KFF. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Daraja: Neman Daraja a Back Row America . Kungiyar Bugawa ta Penguin. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780525534730|<bdi>9780525534730</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9780525534730}}&nbsp; * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. "Loneliness a Turai kafin da kuma lokacin annobar COVID-19". ''Cibiyar Bincike ta hadin gwiwa ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai''. * Kyaftin. (2022). ''[https://capita.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/TheTiesThatBindandNurtureFinal.pdf Rahoton Haɗin Jama'a: Dangantakar da ke Haɗa da Kulawa]''. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] * Surkalim, D. L.; Luo, M.; Eres, R.; Gebel, K.; van Buskirk, J.; Bauman, A; da sauransu (2022). [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8826180/ "Yaduwar kaɗaici a cikin ƙasashe 113: bita na tsari da meta-analysis"]. ''BMJ''. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2024]. Family Unfriendly: Yadda Al'adunmu suka Sa Rashin Yara Fiye da Ya Bukata. HarperCollins [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780063236479|<bdi>9780063236479</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9780063236479}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mhpxh1dtg6il3cdk16126ztg37ensn7 0 154832 883742 847113 2026-07-15T21:02:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chinyere Ekenna Moneme | honorific_suffix = SAN | birth_name = Chinyere Ekene Otuonye | birth_date = 27 August 1980 | birth_place = Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer, Arbitrator | alma_mater = University of Jos | profession = Legal Practitioner | known_for = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN), Arbitration, Commercial Law | organization = Crystal Legal Services | title = Principal Partner | spouse = Anthony Obiora Moneme | children = 3 }} '''Chinyere Ekenna Moneme''' lauya ce 'yar Najeriya, mai shiga tsakani a harkokin sulhu (arbitrator), kuma babbar ƙwararriyar lauya wadda aka ba muƙamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Ta shahara a fannonin dokokin kasuwanci, sasanci da sulhu, dokokin makamashi, dokokin jiragen sama, da dokokin kamfanoni. Ita ce babbar abokiyar hulɗa (Principal Partner) a kamfanin lauyoyi na Crystal Legal Services.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chinyere Moneme Set to Receive Anambra Inspiring Woman of the Year Award |work=ThisDay |date=2026-04-04 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2026/04/04/chinyere-moneme-set-to-receive-anambra-inspiring-woman-of-the-year-award/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinyere Ekene Moneme Profile |website=Chinyere Moneme Official Website |url=https://chinyeremoneme.com/profile/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Chinyere Ekene Moneme (née Otuonye) a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1980 a cikin iyalin marigayi Chief Dennis Otuonye daga Afara Ukwu Ibeku da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Umuahia North a Jihar Abia. Ta fara karatunta a Imola Day Nursery and Primary School da ke Legas kafin ta kammala makarantar firamare a Library Avenue Primary School da ke Umuahia. Daga nan ta halarci Ibeku High School a Umuahia, sannan ta wuce Jami'ar Jos inda ta kammala karatun digirinta a shekarar 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinyere Ekene Moneme Profile |website=Chinyere Moneme Official Website |url=https://chinyeremoneme.com/profile/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun jami'a, ta shiga Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lauya ta Najeriya (Nigerian Law School) a shekarar 2004, kuma aka kira ta zuwa Bar na Najeriya a matsayin Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria a watan Nuwamban 2005. Ta kuma yi hidimar NYSC a Lokoja, Jihar Kogi tsakanin shekarar 2006 da 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinyere Ekene Moneme Profile |website=Chinyere Moneme Official Website |url=https://chinyeremoneme.com/profile/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Moneme ta shafe kusan shekaru ashirin tana gudanar da aikin lauya a Najeriya. Ta yi fice musamman a fannoni irin su dokokin kasuwanci, sasanci da sulhu, dokokin makamashi, dokokin jiragen sama, da dokokin kamfanoni. A matsayinta na jagorar Crystal Legal Services, ta wakilci kamfanoni da mutane a muhimman shari'o'i da harkokin sasanci na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chinyere Moneme Set to Receive Anambra Inspiring Woman of the Year Award |work=ThisDay |date=2026-04-04 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2026/04/04/chinyere-moneme-set-to-receive-anambra-inspiring-woman-of-the-year-award/}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an naɗa ta a matsayin mai shiga tsakani (arbitrator) bayan ta samu cancantar zama mamba a Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (United Kingdom). Haka kuma ta kasance memba mai aiki a cikin Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), inda ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban a reshen ƙungiyar da take cikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinyere Ekene Moneme Profile |website=Chinyere Moneme Official Website |url=https://chinyeremoneme.com/profile/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Muƙamin Senior Advocate of Nigeria == A watan Yulin 2025, Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee (LPPC) ta amince da ɗaga Chinyere Moneme zuwa matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman muƙami ga lauyoyi masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal da suka samu wannan matsayi a shekarar 2025, lamarin da ya jawo yabo daga masana harkokin shari'a da ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oyinkan Badejo-Okusanya and Chinyere Moneme earn all-too-rare spots for women among prestigious SAN ranks |work=Africa Legal |date=2025-07-25 |url=https://www.africa-legal.com/news/oyinkan-badejo-okusanya-and-chinyere-moneme-earn-all-too-rare-spots-for-women-among-prestigious-san-ranks/122444}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=[FULL LIST] Uwanna, Badejo-Okusanya, Moneme, 54 others make SAN List |work=NewsclickNG |date=2025-07-24 |url=https://newsclickng.com/news/full-list-uwanna-badejo-okusanya-moneme-54-others-make-san-list/}}</ref> Bayan rantsar da sabbin SANs, ƙungiyoyi da dama sun bayyana cewa nasarar Moneme ta zama abin ƙarfafawa ga mata masu neman ci gaba a fannin shari'a. Nigerian Bar Association Women Forum ta bayyana cewa wannan nasara ta nuna jajircewa, ƙwarewa da gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen bunƙasa adalci a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oyinkansola Badejo-Okusanya and Chinyere Moneme inspire next generations as new Nigerian silks |work=Africa Legal |date=2025-10-03 |url=https://www.africa-legal.com/news/oyinkansola-badejo-okusanya-and-chinyere-moneme-inspire-next-generations-as-new-nigerian-silks/123395}}</ref> == Karramawa == A shekarar 2026, masu shirya lambar yabo ta Anambra Man of the Year Awards (AMTY) sun sanar da cewa za su karrama Chinyere Moneme da lambar yabo ta '''Anambra Inspiring Woman of the Year'''. Masu shirya taron sun bayyana cewa an zaɓe ta ne saboda ƙwarewarta a aikin lauya, ci gabanta a sana'a, da kuma yadda take zama abin koyi ga matasa mata masu sha'awar harkar shari'a.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chinyere Moneme Set to Receive Anambra Inspiring Woman of the Year Award |work=ThisDay |date=2026-04-04 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2026/04/04/chinyere-moneme-set-to-receive-anambra-inspiring-woman-of-the-year-award/}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == A shekarar 2005, Chinyere ta auri Dr. Anthony Obiora Moneme daga Agulu a Ƙaramar Hukumar Anaocha ta Jihar Anambra. Aurensu ya haifar da 'ya'ya uku. Duk da nauyin aikin lauya da take yi, ta kasance mai ba da muhimmanci ga iyali da kuma ci gaban matasa masu tasowa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinyere Ekene Moneme Profile |website=Chinyere Moneme Official Website |url=https://chinyeremoneme.com/profile/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fwk6rt3qbo80ie8h8clsq21a2n0nff6 0 155084 883811 847774 2026-07-16T03:36:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Clement Amechi Ezika | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal practice | profession = Legal Practitioner | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) }} '''Clement Amechi Ezika''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya shahara a harkar aikin lauya kuma yana daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin da aka tantance domin samun matsayin [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]] (SAN), wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi da ake bai wa lauyoyi masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=LPPC shortlists 98 lawyers for SAN conferment |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/03/lppc-shortlists-98-lawyers-for-san-conferment-full-list/ |work=Daily Post |date=3 July 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yulin shekarar 2024, Kwamitin Bayar da Matsayin SAN na Najeriya (Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee – LPPC) ya sanya sunan Clement Amechi Ezika cikin jerin lauyoyi 98 da aka tantance domin a yi la'akari da su wajen ba su mukamin Senior Advocate of Nigeria. Sunansa ya bayyana a cikin jerin lauyoyi masu aikin lauya (advocates) da aka fitar ga jama'a domin karɓar korafe-korafe ko bayanai daga jama'a kafin kammala tsarin tantancewar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tinubu's lawyer, 97 others to get SAN title |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/tinubus-lawyer-97-others-to-get-san-title/ |work=Vanguard |date=3 July 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FULL LIST: LPPC shortlists 98 lawyers for SAN conferment |url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-lppc-shortlists-98-lawyers-for-san-conferment/ |work=TheCable |date=3 July 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> Bayan kammala aikin tantancewa, LPPC ta amince da ɗaukaka lauyoyi 87 zuwa matsayin Senior Advocate of Nigeria a shekarar 2024, kuma Clement Amechi Ezika yana cikin waɗanda suka samu wannan matsayi. Matsayin SAN ana ba shi ne ga lauyoyin da suka nuna ƙwarewa, gogewa da kuma gudummawa mai muhimmanci ga ci gaban aikin shari'a a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=87 lawyers emerge Senior Advocates of Nigeria (full list) |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/08/03/87-lawyers-emerge-senior-advocates-of-nigeria-full-list/ |work=PM News Nigeria |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CJN to swear in 87 new SANs Monday |url=https://thewillnews.com/2024/09/27/cjn-to-swear-in-87-new-sans-monday/ |work=The Will |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Samun matsayin Senior Advocate of Nigeria na daga cikin manyan nasarorin da lauya zai iya samu a Najeriya. Ana kallon masu wannan matsayi a matsayin manyan ƙwararru a fannin shari'a, kuma ana ba su wasu gata na musamman a kotunan ƙasar. Shigar Clement Amechi Ezika cikin jerin waɗanda suka samu wannan matsayi ya nuna matsayin da ya kai a sana'ar lauya a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Committee elevates 87 lawyers to SAN status |url=https://business247news.com/2024/08/02/committee-elevates-87-lawyers-to-san-status/ |work=Business247News |date=2 August 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CJN to swear in 87 new SANs Monday |url=https://thewillnews.com/2024/09/27/cjn-to-swear-in-87-new-sans-monday/ |work=The Will |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=5 June 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} dsetrsrohcdjclh1ywsdepuuk7rrwq1 0 155487 883858 874593 2026-07-16T06:48:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ladubban Jima'i a Musulunci da Yammacin Duniya ( Persian اخلاق جنسی '''جهان غرب''' ) littafi ne da ke ɗauke da jerin kasidu na Morteza Motahhari . Kasidun sun ƙunshi batutuwa kamar ɗabi'un jima'i da ra'ayoyin masu tunani na zamani, kimanta ƙa'idodin sabon tsarin jima'i, abubuwan da ke haifar da tawaye ga ikon sihiri, dimokuraɗiyya a cikin ɗabi'a, ci gaban mutum dangane da ɗabi'ar jima'i. Dangane da ra'ayoyin Will Durant da Bertrand Russell kan ɗabi'un jima'i da manufofinsu na 'yanci a cikin batutuwan jima'i, an yi kwatancen a cikin littafin tsakanin Musulunci da duniyar Yamma game da batun takaita ko rashin takaita ayyukan jima'i a cikin al'umma. <ref> {{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - کتابخانه الفبا |trans-title= |url=https://alefbalib.com/Metadata/10848/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب (مرتضی مطهری) |trans-title= |url=https://www.lib.ir/book/83179379/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201211755/http://www.lib.ir/book/83179379/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب (معرفی کتاب) |trans-title= |url=https://alefbalib.com/index.aspx?pid=256&PdfID=304896 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |date=18 May 2013 |title=بزرگترین تیشه ای که به ریشه اخلاق زده شد - خبرآنلاین |trans-title= |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/293621/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref name="jo1"> {{Cite web |title=رهایی از گرداب اخلاق جنسی غرب با ریسمان اعتدال |trans-title= |url=https://www.javanonline.ir/fa/news/943808/%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == A cikin littafin ''"Dabi'un Jima'i a Musulunci da kuma a cikin Yammacin Duniya'' ," marubucin Morteza Motahhari ya yi nazari kan tattaunawar "dabi'un jima'i" a fannoni daban-daban a makarantun Yammacin duniya, sannan ya soki waɗannan ka'idoji, ya bayyana ra'ayin makarantar Musulunci. Ya lissafa ƙarfi da fa'idodin ra'ayin Musulunci akan ra'ayin Yammacin duniya, wanda ke haɓaka halayen ɗan adam da haɓaka ɓangaren aminci na iyali da al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - مرکز نشر آثار استاد مطهری |trans-title= |url=https://motahari.org/product/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%87-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |website=مرکز نشر آثار استاد مطهری |language=fa |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611063650/https://motahari.org/product/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%87-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب اثر مرتضی مطهری - فیدیبو |trans-title= |url=https://fidibo.com/book/65998-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب |trans-title= |url=https://www.laklakbook.com/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/bookID6577_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Babban jigon littafin shine iyali da mata. Littafin ya yi bayani game da tsarin haƙƙin mata a Musulunci, tsarin shari'a na iyali da kuma buƙatun dangantakar shari'a tsakanin maza da mata, sannan ya yi bayani game da buƙatun ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a na dangantakar da ke tsakanin maza da mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=آثار شهید مطهری - اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب |trans-title= |url=http://old.roshd.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=717&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0#akhlagh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606125819/http://old.roshd.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=717&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0#akhlagh |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - مرتضی مطهری - کتابراه |trans-title= |url=https://www.ketabrah.ir/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8/book/23255 |access-date=8 June 2021 |website=کتابراه |language=fa}}</ref> <ref name="edub"> {{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - بانک مقالات ایران |trans-title= |url=https://www.edub.ir/book/view/12874%3A%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%88+%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - جامعة المصطفی العالمیة |trans-title= |url=https://www.miu.af/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87/41-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82/144-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612075303/https://www.miu.af/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87/41-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82/144-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Marubucin ya ɗauki ɗabi'ar jima'i a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɗabi'a a ma'anar gabaɗaya, gami da waɗannan halaye, halaye, da hanyoyin da suka dogara da yanayin jima'i. Wasu daga cikin misalansa sune: ladabin mata daga maza, himmar girmama maza, tsarkin rai da amincin mata ga maza, al'amuran da suka shafi [[Hijab|hijabi]] da haramcin Musulunci suna da mahimmanci a cikin jima'i. <ref name="edub"/> <ref> {{Cite web |title=معرفی کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/BookIntro/View/537/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب -مرتضی مطهری - فراکتاب |trans-title= |url=https://www.faraketab.ir/content/14630/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - اثر مرتضی مطهری |trans-title= |url=https://pooyabook.com/books/4887 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Marubucin ya kuma yi la'akari da imani mai wulaƙanci game da mata a tsakanin tsoffin al'ummomi da ƙabilu, tare da jigon cewa mace ba cikakkiyar mutum ba ce, tsarki ne tsakanin namiji da dabba, mace ba ta da rai mai hankali, mace ba za ta taɓa shiga aljanna ba, da kuma irin waɗannan da yawa. Marubucin ya ce waɗannan ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi ba su da amfani kuma ba su isa su san gaskiyar ɗan adam ta mata ba, sai dai jin alfahari da maza da kuma jin ƙarancin mata. Imani da ƙazantar jima'i da jima'i yana damun ruhin namiji da mace daidai gwargwado, kuma yana haifar da rikici mai tsanani tsakanin yanayin halitta a gefe ɗaya da imani na addini a gefe guda. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="jo1"/> Motahhari ya ambaci cewa rikicin motsin rai da ke haifar da mummunan sakamako koyaushe yana faruwa ne sakamakon rikici tsakanin sha'awar halitta da kuma sha'awar zamantakewa mai adawa. Dangane da abubuwan da ke sama, babbar dabarar Musulunci a fannin jima'i tana jan hankali sosai. A Musulunci, babu ko da kalma ɗaya da ta nuna ƙazanta ta sha'awar jima'i da tasirinta. Musulunci ya yi amfani da tasirinsa don daidaita sha'awa. <ref> {{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - اشجع |trans-title= |url=https://www.ashja.com/fa/book/item/?bid,5368/%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%88-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8.html |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |date=5 March 2017 |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و غرب - تک بوک |trans-title= |url=https://www.takbook.com/216114-audio-ebook/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%BA/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> A cewar Musulunci, sha'awar jima'i ta takaita a wasu fannoni don tabbatar da yanayin ga al'umma ta yanzu ko tsara mai zuwa, kuma a wannan fanni, Musulunci ya ɗauki matakan da ba sa haifar da jin rashin kuɗi da gazawa da kuma danne sha'awar jima'i. <ref name="jo1"/> Abin takaici, malaman Yammacin duniya waɗanda ke sukar Kiristanci, Buddha, da sauransu a wannan fanni sun yi shiru game da Musulunci. <ref name="b16"> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=علاقه جنسی یا گناه ذاتی در جهان قدیم - حوزه |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/en/Book/View/45277/25806/?Mode=Result&SearchText= |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> == Babi-babi == === Sha'awar Jima'i ko Zunubi na Gado a Tsohuwar Duniya === Me ke sa mutum ya yi wa sha'awarsa ta halitta kallon rashin bege da kuma yin Allah wadai da wani ɓangare na halittarsa? <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> A cewar Musulunci, sha'awar jima'i ba wai kawai ta saba wa ruhi ba ce, har ma tana cikin halayen annabawa. <ref> {{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب اثر مرتضی مطهری - نوار |trans-title= |url=https://www.navaar.ir/audiobook/779/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] da [[Limamai Sha Biyu|limamai goma sha biyu]], bisa ga ayyuka da ruwayoyi da yawa, sun bayyana soyayyarsu da ƙaunarsu ga mata a fili, kuma akasin haka, sun yi Allah wadai da waɗanda ke son zama sufaye. Ɗaya daga cikin [[Sahabban Annabi|sahabban Muhammadu]], Uthman ibn Mazon, ya yi ibada fiye da kima, yana azumi kowace rana, kuma yana yin addu'a kowace dare har zuwa safe. Matarsa ta gaya wa Muhammadu wanda ya yi kama da fushi, ya tashi ya je wurin ''Uthman ibn Mazon'', ta ce masa: "Ya Usman, ka sani cewa Allah bai aiko ni don sufaye ba, shari'ata, <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> doka ce mai sauƙi ta halitta, ni da kaina ina yin addu'a da azumi kuma ina yin jima'i da matata, duk wanda yake son bin addinina dole ne ya karɓi al'adata. Aure da jima'i tsakanin maza da mata yana ɗaya daga cikin al'aduna". <ref name="b18"> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=علاقه جنسی یا گناه ذاتی در جهان قدیم |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Book/View/45277/25806/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref name="jo1"/> === Ɗabi'ar Jima'i === Ɗabi'ar jima'i ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sassan ɗabi'ar ɗan adam saboda ƙarfi da ƙarfin wannan ɗabi'ar da wannan ɓangaren ɗabi'ar ɗan adam ya dogara da ita. Menene tushen wannan ɗabi'ar? <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Shin wannan ɗabi'ar ta samo asali ne daga ɗabi'ar ɗan adam? Shin yanayi ya sanya waɗannan ji da motsin rai a cikin ɗan adam don cimma burinsu da kuma tsara rayuwar ɗan adam, wadda take ta zamantakewa ta halitta? Ko kuma akwai wasu dalilai da ke aiki kuma a tsawon tarihi sun shafi ruhin ɗan adam don ya zama wani ɓangare na lamiri na ɗabi'ar ɗan adam a hankali. Me za a yi a yau? A fannin ɗabi'ar jima'i, wace hanya ya kamata ɗan adam ya bi don cimma farin ciki? <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |date=26 May 2019 |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - طرفداری |trans-title= |url=https://www.tarafdari.com/node/1311262 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی - پایگاه اطلاع رسانی حوزه |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Book/View/45277/25807/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Allah bai halicci wani ɓangare na jiki a banza ba, kuma bai halicci baiwar baiwa ta ruhaniya ba, kamar yadda dukkan gabobin jiki dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a ciyar da su, haka nan dole ne a rubuta baiwar ruhaniya a ba su isasshen abinci don su girma. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> "Tauhidi" ya kai mu ga wannan ƙa'ida: renon baiwa ba don hana su ba. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Wasu mutane suna tunanin cewa ɗabi'un Musulunci da iliminsu sun dogara ne akan rigakafi da hana baiwa ta halitta. Sun yi amfani da fassarori na musamman na Musulunci a fannin "tace da gyara ruhi" a matsayin uzuri. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] ya ce: "Albarka ta tabbata ga wanda ya tsarkake ruhinsa". Daga wannan an fahimci cewa da farko, Alqur'ani yana ɗaukar gurɓatar lamiri na ɗan adam mai yiwuwa ne, kuma na biyu, yana ɗaukar tsarkake lamiri daga waɗannan ƙazanta bisa ga ra'ayin mutum, kuma na uku, yana ɗaukarsa wajibi ne kuma wajibi ne kuma yana ɗaukar farin ciki da ceto a cikinsa. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=تبیین مبانی انسان شناختی اخلاق جنسی از دیدگاه اسلام |trans-title= |url=https://civilica.com/doc/833681/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=تبيين مباني انسان شناختي اخلاق جنسي از ديدگاه اسلام (تبيين مبادئ الأخلاق الجنسية في الإسلام) |trans-title= |url=https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=214804 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> A wani wuri, Musulunci ya ambaci ruhi (yanayin ciki na mutum) da siffa "mai karkata ga mugunta"; a wani wuri kuma da siffa "mai son zargin kansa" wanda ke nufin zagin kansa saboda aikata mugunta, da kuma a wani wuri da siffa "mai kwarin gwiwa game da kansa" wanda ke nufin kwantar da hankali da isa ga kamala. Daga duk wannan, an fahimci cewa bisa ga Alqur'ani, yanayin jiki na ɗan adam na iya samun matakai daban-daban. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Saboda haka, Musulunci a cikin falsafarsa ta ka'ida bai ɗauki yanayin jiki na ɗan adam a matsayin mugunta ba, kuma a cikin falsafarsa ta aiki, ba kamar tsarin falsafa da ilimi [[Indiya|na Indiya]] ba, ko dai mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko [[Kiristanci]], ba ya bin hanyar lalata ikon jiki ko aƙalla ɗaure shi ta hanyar munanan ayyukansu. <ref> {{Cite web |title=دانلود کتاب صوتی اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب |trans-title= |url=http://ketabesabz.com/book/33130/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Kamar yadda umarnin Musulunci na aiki ya tabbatar da wannan iƙirari. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="jo1"/> <ref> {{Cite web |title=آیا اخلاق اسلامی با رشد طبیعی استعدادها مباین است؟ |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Book/View/45277/25812/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Idan, daga mahangar ɗabi'a ta Musulunci, bai kamata a lalata baiwar halitta ba, to menene ma'anar kalmar "kisan kai", ko "kashe baiwar jiki", wacce za a iya samu a cikin fassarorin addini da kuma ƙarin bayani game da malaman ɗabi'a na Musulunci, musamman ma a cikin fassarorin sihiri na masu sihiri na Musulunci? <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Musulunci bai ce ya kamata a lalata dabi'ar jiki da baiwar jiki ta halitta ba, Musulunci ya ce ya kamata a kashe "ɓangaren jiki na girman kai". "Bangaren jiki na girman kai" yana wakiltar rikici da wani nau'in tawaye da ke faruwa a cikin lamiri na ɗan adam saboda wasu dalilai. Kashe baiwar jiki yana nufin kashewa da danne fitina da tawaye a fagen iko da baiwar jiki. Akwai bambanci tsakanin rufe fitina da lalata ƙarfin da ke haifar da tawaye. Kashe fitina, ba ya buƙatar halaka mutane da ƙarfin da suka haifar da tarzoma da tawaye, amma yana buƙatar kawar da abubuwan da suka tilasta wa waɗannan mutane da ƙarfi su yi tawaye. Wannan nau'in kashewa wani lokacin ana samunsa ta hanyar gamsuwa da gamsuwa, wani lokacin kuma ta hanyar adawa da shi. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="pjoe1"> {{Cite web |title=تبیین مبانی هستی شناسی اخلاق جنسی از دیدگاه اسلام - پرتال جامع علوم انسانی |trans-title= |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/306300/%D8%AA%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref name="mag1"> {{Cite web |last=طاهرپور |first=محمدشریف |last2=شرفی |first2=محمدرضا |date=22 June 2011 |title=تبیین مبانی هستی شناسی اخلاق جنسی از دیدگاه اسلام - مگیران |trans-title= |url=https://www.magiran.com/paper/872010 |access-date=8 June 2021 |website=نشریه اسلام و پژوهش های تربیتی |page=53 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref name="teb1">{{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسي ( 4 ) - اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب |trans-title= |url=https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/68178/13 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612072258/https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/68178/13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=کشتن نفس یعنی چه؟ |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Book/View/45277/25813/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3-%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%86%D9%87 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> === Ruɗani na Ilhami da Sha'awa === Danne sha'awa da sha'awa, musamman sha'awar jima'i, yana haifar da illoli da rashin jin daɗi da yawa. Ka'idar da wataƙila yawancin masu tunani na da suka gabata suka yarda da ita ita ce, yayin da aka rage ƙarfin sha'awa da sha'awar halitta, yayin da fagen ke buɗewa da rashin toshewa ga manyan sha'awa da ƙarfi, ba shi da tushe. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Rashi shine tushen samuwar hadaddun abubuwa, kuma hadaddun abubuwa na iya bayyana a matsayin halaye masu haɗari kamar sha'awar zalunci da aikata laifuka, girman kai, kishi, warewa, rashin bege, da sauransu. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="teb1"/> <ref name="ter5"> {{Cite web |title=آشفتگی غرایز و میلها |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Book/View/45277/25814/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2-%D9%88-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Rashin danne sha'awa yana nufin sakin sha'awa, ba yana nufin cire duk wani ƙuntatawa da iyaka ba. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Cikakkiyar sha'awa ba ta saba wa ƙa'idar tsarki da ibada ba, amma kawai a cikin inuwar tsarki da ibada ne za a iya cika sha'awa sosai kuma a hana farin ciki da rashin jin daɗi da jin rashin wadata da dannewa da waɗannan motsin rai ke haifarwa. A wata ma'anar, "noman" baiwa ba ta kai matsayin "gamsarwa" sha'awa marasa iyaka ba. Ɗaya daga cikin halaye da fa'idodin ɗan adam akan dabbobi shine cewa ana iya samun nau'ikan sha'awa guda biyu a cikin ɗan adam, sha'awa ta gaskiya da sha'awa ta ƙarya. Sha'awa ta gaskiya ita ce waɗanda suka zama dole ga babban yanayi. A cikin kowane ɗan adam, yanayi yana da sha'awar kiyaye kansa, iko da iko, jima'i, cin abinci, da makamantansu. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan sha'awa yana da manufa da hikima, ban da haka, waɗannan suna da iyaka, amma duk waɗannan na iya zama tushen sha'awa ta ƙarya, misali, sha'awar ƙarya da mutane ke da ita game da abinci sananne ne. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="ter5"/> A wasu sha'awa da ilhami, waɗanda ilhami na jima'i ɗaya ne daga cikinsu, wannan sha'awa sau da yawa tana komawa ga ƙishirwa ta ruhaniya, wato, gamsuwa da ƙarshe ba haka suke ba. Ilhami na halitta na iya cika, amma sha'awar ƙarya ba ta cika ba, musamman idan ta ɗauki siffar ƙishirwa ta ruhaniya. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=کتاب اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب اثر مرتضی مطهری - رابید |trans-title= |url=https://rabid.ir/product/195442/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612072255/https://rabid.ir/product/195442/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref> {{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی مطهری - پروجکتس |trans-title= |url=http://projectz.ir/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b3%db%8c-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%87%d8%b1%db%8c/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> === Horar da Jima'i, Ilhamin Soyayya === Dole ne mutum ya ɗauki tunaninsa da sha'awarsa kamar gwamnatin adalci da dimokuradiyya tare da talakawa. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman batutuwa na ɗabi'ar jima'i shine batun soyayya. Masu sihiri sun ɗauki soyayya a matsayin wacce take wanzuwa a cikin komai, kuma ƙaunar ɗan adam a matsayin bayyanar wannan gaskiyar ta duniya baki ɗaya. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Dangane da tasirin tunani da zamantakewa na soyayya, wato, dangane da canje-canjen da take haifarwa a cikin ruhi da kuma tasirin da take da shi akan ƙirƙirar ayyukan fasaha, dandano da zamantakewa, soyayya ta bambanta sosai da sha'awar dabba mai sauƙi wacce ke nufin kawai gamsarwa da cikawa. <ref name="p73"> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="how1"> {{Cite web |title=رشد شخصیت از نظر غریزه جنسی |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Book/View/45277/25817/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D8%BA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Yanayin sha'awa na musamman yana da son kai matuƙar yana da siffar sha'awa, kuma a wannan yanayin mutum yana kallon batun sha'awa a matsayin kayan aiki, amma da zarar ya ɗauki siffar soyayya, batun da ake so ya zama na asali har ya zama mafi daraja da daraja a rayuwar ɗan adam. Dangane da yadda mutum yake son sadaukar da ransa. <ref name="p73"/> <ref name="how1"/> Daga mahangar Gabas, soyayya tana ba da ruhi, hali da ɗaukaka, tana da ban sha'awa, tana da tasirin alchemy, tana da alaƙa, tana tsarkakewa, ba wai don tana kaiwa ga ƙauna ba, domin soyayya tana 'yantar da girman kai daga bayyanar son kai. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="how1"/> Soyayya tana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba za a iya ba da shawara ko umarni ba. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - تبیان |trans-title= |url=https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/68178/14 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612072255/https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/68178/14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Soyayya da Tsarkaka === Akwai nau'ikan soyayya guda biyu masu yiwuwa: Ɗaya a cikin yanayin sha'awa da himma, wanda sakamakon nisan da masoyi ke kaiwa da kuma farin ciki na rai da kuma tattarawar ikon tunani a wuri guda a gefe guda, da kuma mulkin tsarki da taƙawa ga ran masoyi a gefe guda. Wannan irin soyayya tana haifar da canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin ruhi, wataƙila tana haifar da baiwa, kuma, ba shakka, rabuwa su ne manyan sharuɗɗan fitowar irin wannan yanayi, kuma haɗuwa da masoyi shine wurin binne shi, aƙalla haɗuwa tana hana shi isa ga kololuwar ƙarfinsa da ƙirƙirar canje-canje masu ban mamaki da masana falsafa ke so. Irin waɗannan soyayya sun fi na ciki, wato, batun waje uzuri ne ga ruhu ya tafasa daga ciki. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="teb20">{{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب نسخه متنی |trans-title= |url=https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/68178/20 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612072300/https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/68178/20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani nau'in soyayya kuma shine soyayya, tausayi, tsarki da kusanci da ke tasowa tsakanin ma'aurata a tsawon lokaci sakamakon ci gaba da mu'amala da juna da kuma raba wahalhalu da rauni da farin ciki da baƙin cikin rayuwa da kuma daidaita ruhinsu ga juna. Idan al'umma tsarkakakkiya ce kuma ba ta da ƙazanta, <ref>{{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - تبیان |trans-title= |url=https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/68178/21 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612072255/https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/68178/21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an bai wa juna jin daɗin ma'auratan kamar yadda ƙa'idodin tsarki da ibada suka buƙata, har ma a lokacin tsufa lokacin da sha'awa ta yi shiru kuma ba ta iya haɗa ma'auratan ba, wannan soyayya ta gaskiya za ta haɗa su. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام - پرسمان |trans-title= |url=https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85/114734 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612072304/https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85/114734 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> Nau'i na farko a zahiri shine gudu, aiki da jan hankali na rayuka biyu masu bambancin ra'ayi, kuma na biyu shine haɗin kai da haɗin kai na ruhohin abokan tarayya guda biyu. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> Duk waɗannan suna tafiya ne kawai kuma suna bunƙasa a cikin al'ummomin da ke ƙarƙashin tsarki da taƙawa. Muhalli na jima'i ko na jima'i ba za su iya ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira soyayya ta waka da soyayya ba, kuma ba za su iya ƙirƙirar irin wannan tsarki da kusanci tsakanin ma'aurata da aka ambata ba. <ref> {{Cite book|last3=Morteza Motahhari}}</ref> <ref name="teb20"/> == Fassarori == An fara buga littafin ''Sexual Ethics in Islam and in the Western World'' a cikin [[Farisawa|harshen Farisanci]] . <ref> {{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسی در اسلام و جهان غرب - الفهرست |trans-title= |url=https://alfehrest.com/product/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |website=الفهرست &#124; فروشگاه بین المللی خرید کتاب ، پوستر و مجله |language=fa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=مطهری |first=/ مرتضی |date=26 October 2013 |title=اخلاق جنسی دراسلام و جهان غرب - کتابخانه الکترونیک و دیجیتال - آذرسا |trans-title= |url=http://libportal.umsha.ac.ir/site/catalogue/293 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611070653/http://libportal.umsha.ac.ir/site/catalogue/293 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=اخلاق جنسى - مرتضی مطهری |trans-title= |url=http://mortezamotahari.com/fa/BookView.html?BookID=391&BookArticleID=0&AssetID=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611063649/http://mortezamotahari.com/fa/BookView.html?BookID=391&BookArticleID=0&AssetID=1 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> An fassara shi zuwa [[Turanci]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexual Ethics in Islam and in the Western World The Islamic College |trans-title= |url=https://www.islamic-college.ac.uk/shop/sexual-ethics-islam-western-world/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611065154/https://www.islamic-college.ac.uk/shop/sexual-ethics-islam-western-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]], [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]], [[Larabci]] da [[Urdu]] suma. <ref> {{Cite web |title=سازمان تبلیغات اسلامی - کتابشناسی شهید مرتضی مطهری |trans-title= |url=http://ido.ir/pages/?id=210820 |access-date=19 June 2021 |language=fa}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * <nowiki><i id="mwAaU">Jawabin Ruhaniya</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwAag">Fahimtar Kimiyyar Musulunci</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwAas">Hadisai na mutanen kirki</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwAa4">Ka'idojin Falsafa da Hanyar Gaskiya</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwAbE">Atlas na Shi'a</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwAbQ">Hadiqat al-Haqiqa</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwAbc">Tunani kan yunkurin Ashura</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwAbo">Mataki-mataki Zuwa Haɗin Kai Da Allah</i></nowiki> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.al-islam.org/sexual-ethics-islam-and-western-world-murtadha-mutahhari Ɗabi'un Jima'i a Musulunci da kuma a Yammacin Duniya Rubutu na Turanci a Al-Islam.org] * [https://iranchamber.com/personalities/mmotahari/works/sexual_ethics_islam_and_western_world.pdf Ɗabi'un Jima'i a Musulunci da kuma a Yammacin Duniya PDF] * [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35207877-sexual-ethics-in-islam-and-in-the-western-world Ɗabi'un Jima'i a Musulunci da kuma a Yammacin Duniya a Goodreads] * [https://books.google.com/books/about/Sexual_Ethics_in_Islam_and_in_the_Wester.html?id=cSNVCAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description Ɗabi'un Jima'i a Musulunci da kuma a Yammacin Duniya a Google Books] {{Morteza Motahhari}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ep4pgt81tn6c8arjbxtwzuzmfrgk7n1 0 155552 883970 878971 2026-07-16T11:58:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883970 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Norton Hill''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1943) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Amurka. Ta kasance Dean na Makarantar Nursing ta Johns Hopkins kuma Farfesa na Nursing, Medicine, da La'''Martha'''fiya ta Jama'a a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Hill a shekara ta 1943 <ref name="portraitcollection">{{Cite web |title=Martha Norton Hill 1943- |url=http://portraitcollection.jhmi.edu/portraits/hill-martha-norton |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=portraitcollection.jhmi.edu |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516022533/http://portraitcollection.jhmi.edu/portraits/hill-martha-norton |url-status=dead }}</ref> ga mahaifinsa Paul L. Norton a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] kuma ya girma tare da 'yan'uwa mata Catherine da Ann. Hill ta kammala digirin jinya da digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins (JHU) kafin ta shiga Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] don digiri na biyu.<ref name="portraitcollection" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga JHU, Hill ta auri Gary S. Hill.<ref name="marriage" /> Ta koma Johns Hopkins don PhD kuma ta kasance abokiyar postdoctoral ta hanyar Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Nurse Scholars Program a Jami'ar Pennsylvania daga 1986 zuwa 1988.<ref name="portraitcollection" /> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta na post-doctoral, Hill ta yi aiki a bangaren Jami'ar Pennsylvania kuma ta yi aiki ne a matsayin ƙwararren likita a cikin hawan jini. A shekara ta 1980, ta koma Johns Hopkins a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Makarantar Ci gaba da Nazarin Sashen Nursing. <ref name="portraitcollection"/> Hill na ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko da aka nada a Makarantar Nursing ta Johns Hopkins da zarar an kafa ta a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta jami'ar a shekarar 1985.<ref name="Kress">{{Cite web |last=Kress |first=Daniel |date=June 6, 2017 |title=Martha Hill, former Hopkins Nursing dean, to retire after more than five decades in nursing |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/06/06/martha-hill-dean-emerita-to-retire/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=hub.jhu.edu}}</ref> Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin Mataimakin farfesa kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Nursing ta Hopkins, Hill ya zama shugaban farko wanda ba likita ba na American Heart Association (AHA) a shekarar 1996. Kafin ci gabanta, ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harkokin Majalisar AHA da Kwamitin Nursing . A sakamakon nasarorin da ta samu a ilimi, Hill ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta JHU ta 1997 Distinguished Alumnus Award don nasarorin sirri, ƙwararru, ko na jin kai <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1997 |title=Alumni News |url=https://pages.jh.edu/jhumag/0697web/alumnews.html |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=pages.jh.edu}}</ref> kuma an zabe ta memba na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Martha N. Hill, Ph.D., R.N. |url=https://nam.edu/member/?member_id=5D1SRBewoi8jS7jkWi%2Bcew%3D%3D |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=nam.edu}}</ref> Bayan wannan, an nada Hill a matsayin Dean na Makarantar Nursing bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin dean na wucin gadi tun daga ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rienzi |first=Greg |date=May 6, 2002 |title=Hill Named Dean of Nursing |url=https://pages.jh.edu/gazette/2002/06may02/06martha.html |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=pages.jh.edu}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a wannan rawar, ta jagoranci binciken bincike kan hanawa da kuma kula da [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]] kuma ta kula da gwaje-gwajen asibiti na NIH. A shekara ta 2006, The Daily Record ta amince da ita a matsayin daya daga cikin Mata 100 na [[Maryland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=User |first=Administrative |date=April 6, 2006 |title=Dean Martha N. Hill Named to The Daily Record 2006 Maryland's Top 100 Women |url=https://nursing.jhu.edu/news-events/news/archives/2006/dean_top_100_women.html |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Hill ta gayyaci Makarantar Nursing da Midwifery ta [[Jami'ar Flinders]] don shiga Cibiyar Nursing ta Duniya ta JHU don "sauƙaƙa ci gaban jinya a duniya ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari, kirkire-kirkire da haɓaka iyawa". Daga baya aka zabe ta memba na Sigma Theta Tau International Nurse Researcher Hall of Fame. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citation for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Public Health, honoris causa |url=https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/about/citations/citation-martha-hill.pdf |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=flinders.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2010 |title=Hall of Famer: Dean Hill |url=https://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2010/08/hall-of-famer-dean-hill-2/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=magazine.nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> Hill ta sauka a matsayin Dean na Makarantar Nursing ta Johns Hopkins a shekarar 2013 don komawa aikinta na kwaleji a matsayin farfesa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2012 |title=Dean Hill to Step Down in 2013 |url=https://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2012/12/dean-hill-to-step-down-in-2013/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=magazine.nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe a matsayin Dean, The Daily Record ta amince da Hill a matsayin mai tasiri na 2013 a matsayin "wani wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a fannonin su kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa jagora a jihar. " Bayan ya sauka a hukumance, an kira Hill Dean Emerita na makarantar don nuna godiya ga ci gaba da gudummawarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Summer 2013 |title=CLASS NOTES |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2013/summer/class-notes/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=hub.jhu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2014 |title=Martha Hill Named Dean Emerita |url=https://nursing.jhu.edu/news-events/news/archives/news/hill-dean-emerita |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> A cikin 2013 an ba HIll lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta Royal College of Nursing . <ref>{{Cite web |title=RCN Fellows and Honorary Fellows {{!}} Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/About-us/RCN-Fellows-and-Honorary-Fellows |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Royal College of Nursing |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an ba Hill lambar yabo ta American Academy of Nursing's Living Legend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2016 |title=Johns Hopkins School of Nursing Faculty Named FAAN and Living Legend |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/johns-hopkins-school-of-nursing-faculty-named-faan-and-living-legend |access-date=May 15, 2015 |website=newswise.com}}</ref> Hill ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins a shekarar 2017.<ref name="Kress"/> Don girmama aikinta a makarantar, JHU ta kafa Hill Interprofessional Research Commons a cikin sunanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2017 |title=Building to Change the World |url=https://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2017/08/building-change-world/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=magazine.nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] py1no98k98gmdrlg764doj2cukcge5s 0 155793 883862 851153 2026-07-16T07:03:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dag Heward-Mills | image = | caption = Dag Heward-Mills | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|5|14}} | birth_place = London, United Kingdom | nationality = Ghana | occupation = Fasto, mai wa'azi, marubuci | known_for = Kafa Lighthouse Chapel International da United Denominations Originating from the Lighthouse Group of Churches | spouse = Adelaide Heward-Mills | children = 4 }} '''Dag Heward-Mills''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1963) fasto ne, mai wa'azin bishara kuma marubuci daga Ghana. Ya shahara ne a matsayin wanda ya kafa '''Lighthouse Chapel International''', wanda daga baya ya rikide zuwa '''United Denominations Originating from the Lighthouse Group of Churches (UD-OLGC)'''. Ya yi suna wajen yaɗa bishara a ƙasashen Afirka da sauran sassan duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen wa'azi da horas da fastoci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dag Heward-Mills |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Heward-Mills |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Dag Heward-Mills a London, Birtaniya, ga mahaifi ɗan Ghana Nathaniel Heward-Mills da mahaifiya 'yar Switzerland Elisabeth Heward-Mills. Ya taso ne a Ghana inda ya yi karatunsa. Daga baya ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya zama ƙwararren likita kafin ya sadaukar da kansa gaba ɗaya ga aikin wa'azi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dag Heward Mills Biography |url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/dag-heward-mills-biography-age-net-worth/ |website=GhLinks |access-date=7 June 2026 |archive-date=15 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315211138/https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/dag-heward-mills-biography-age-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin wa'azi == A shekarar 1988, yayin da yake karatun likitanci, ya fara wata ƙungiyar Kirista da daga baya ta zama '''Lighthouse Chapel International'''. Cocin ta bunƙasa zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Kirista masu asali daga Afirka, tare da rassan coci a ƙasashe da dama na duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bishop Dag Heward-Mills: Winning Souls for Christ |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1313570/anchorbishop-dag-heward-mills-winning-souls-for.html |website=Modern Ghana |date=20 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma kafa '''Anagkazo Bible and Ministry Training Center''', makarantar horas da fastoci da ma'aikatan coci. Dubban mutane daga ƙasashe daban-daban sun samu horo a cibiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dag Heward-Mills |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Heward-Mills |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> == Evangelism == Dag Heward-Mills ya jagoranci kamfen ɗin '''Healing Jesus Campaign''', wani babban shirin wa'azin bishara da ake gudanarwa a ƙasashe daban-daban. Ta hanyar wannan aiki, ya yi wa miliyoyin mutane wa'azi a tarurruka na fili a faɗin Afirka da sauran yankuna.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Dag Heward-Mills |url=https://www.daghewardmills.org/the-prodigal-son/about-dag-heward-mills/ |publisher=Dag Heward-Mills Ministries |access-date=7 June 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Dag Heward-Mills ya rubuta littattafai masu yawa kan jagoranci, bishara, girman coci da koyarwar Kirista. Daga cikin fitattun littattafansa akwai: * ''Loyalty and Disloyalty'' * ''The Art of Leadership'' * ''Model Marriage'' * ''Church Growth'' Littattafansa sun bazu a ƙasashe da dama kuma an fassara wasu zuwa harsuna daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Founder – SAIS |url=https://saintadelaideschools.org/index.php/about-us/founder/ |access-date=7 June 2026 |archive-date=10 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110234336/https://saintadelaideschools.org/index.php/about-us/founder/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == Dag Heward-Mills ya auri Adelaide Heward-Mills kuma suna da 'ya'ya huɗu. Matarsa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan coci da ayyukan jinƙai da suke gudanarwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Dag Heward-Mills |url=https://www.daghewardmills.org/the-prodigal-son/about-dag-heward-mills/ |access-date=7 June 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Lighthouse Chapel International * United Denominations Originating from the Lighthouse Group of Churches == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.daghewardmills.org/ Official website] oyph2f3ltkqjl3pgnh2twngih97oocv 0 155915 883852 851559 2026-07-16T06:14:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Surgical Infections wata mujallar kiwon lafiya ce da Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. ta wallafa. Ita ce mujallar hukuma ta Surgical Enfection Society, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Surgical Infection Society - Journal |url=http://www.sisna.org/journal |access-date=2016-01-24 |publisher=sisna.org}}</ref> SurgicalInfection Society Europe, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Surgical Infection Society Europe |url=http://www.sis-e.org/ |access-date=2016-01-24 |publisher=sis-e.org}}</ref> Surgical Инfection Society Latin America, da kuma Chinese Society of Surgical Interfection and Intensive Care. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Surgical Infections - Fast Facts |url=http://www.liebertpub.com/DContent/Files/FastFacts/FastFacts_SurgicalInfections.pdf |access-date=2016-01-24 |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |archive-date=2015-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603111728/http://www.liebertpub.com/DContent/Files/FastFacts/FastFacts_SurgicalInfections.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cutar tiyata "tana ba da bayani game da ilmin halitta, rigakafi, da kuma gudanar da cututtukan bayan tiyata. " [1] Jaridar tana da tasirin tasirin 2014 na 1.448. Babban edita shi ne Donald E. Fry (Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma Feinberg). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sbufau16ce1qajsuefzlepsmat97078 0 156130 883492 852152 2026-07-15T15:28:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sauyin hali''', dangane da [[lafiyar jama'a]], yana nufin ƙoƙarin da aka yi don canza halaye da halayen mutane na sirri, don hana cututtuka . Sauyin hali a lafiyar jama'a na iya faruwa a matakai da dama kuma an san shi da canjin zamantakewa da halaye (SBC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Social and Behavior Change Communication? – Health Communication Capacity Collaborative – Social and Behavior Change Communication |url=http://healthcommcapacity.org/about/why-social-and-behavior-change-communication/ |access-date=2016-06-17 |website=Health Communication Capacity Collaborative – Social and Behavior Change Communication |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ƙoƙarin yana mai da hankali kan rigakafin cututtuka don adana kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a [[Developing country|ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaitan kuɗi]], inda aka ƙara bincika hanyoyin magance matsalar lafiya saboda farashin. == Manufofi == Manufar 3-4-50 <ref>{{Cite web |title=SD County |url=http://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_health_statistics/3-4-50.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430152906/https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_health_statistics/3-4-50.html |archive-date=2019-04-30 |access-date=2017-08-06}}</ref> ta bayyana cewa akwai halaye 3 (rashin cin abinci mai kyau, ƙarancin motsa jiki ko rashin motsa jiki, da shan taba), waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka huɗu (cututtukan zuciya/bugun jini, ciwon suga, ciwon daji, cututtukan huhu), waɗanda ke haifar da kashi 50% na mace-mace a duk duniya. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka fi mai da hankali kan sa hannun lafiyar jama'a kan canza halaye ko shiga tsakani da wuri don rage mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da waɗannan halaye. Tare da nasarar sa hannun, akwai yuwuwar rage farashin kiwon lafiya da adadi mai yawa, da kuma kuɗaɗen da ke kashewa ga al'umma (cututtuka da mace-mace). Kyakkyawan sa hannun lafiyar jama'a ba wai kawai ana bayyana shi ta hanyar sakamakon da suka ƙirƙira ba, har ma da adadin matakan da ya kai ga samfurin zamantakewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=American College Health Association |url=https://www.acha.org/HealthyCampus/Implement/Ecological_Model/HealthyCampus/Ecological_Model.aspx?hkey=f5defc87-662e-4373-8402-baf78d569c78 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807070814/https://www.acha.org/HealthyCampus/Implement/Ecological_Model/HealthyCampus/Ecological_Model.aspx?hkey=f5defc87-662e-4373-8402-baf78d569c78 |archive-date=2017-08-07 |access-date=2017-08-06}}</ref> (mutum, hulɗar jama'a, al'umma da/ko muhalli). Kalubalen da sa hannun lafiyar jama'a ke fuskanta shine gabaɗaya: abin da zai iya aiki a cikin al'umma ɗaya bazai yi aiki a wasu ba. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaban Healthy People 2020 wanda ke da manufofin ƙasa da nufin cimmawa cikin shekaru 10 don inganta lafiyar dukkan Amurkawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yanayi da cututtuka suna da alaƙa da halaye masu haɗari . Shan taba, [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]], abokan jima'i da yawa, shan ƙwayoyi, tuƙi ba tare da kulawa ba, [[kiba]], ko jima'i ba tare da kariya ba wasu misalai ne. A ƙa'ida, mutane suna da iko kan ayyukansu. Gyaran hali na iya taimakawa wajen samun nasarar kame kai, da kuma halayen da ke ƙara lafiya. Ana iya kawar da halaye masu haɗari waɗanda suka haɗa da motsa jiki, rage nauyi, abinci mai gina jiki, tsaftace haƙori, amfani da robar roba, ko hana haɗari. Canjin halayen lafiya yana nufin hanyoyin motsa jiki, son rai, da aiki na barin irin waɗannan halaye masu kawo cikas ga lafiya don amfani da kuma kula da halayen da ke ƙara lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAID project |url=http://www.psp-one.com |publisher=Private Sector Partnerships }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} SAID project focused on increasing the private sector's role in providing high-quality health products and services in developing countries.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barrier Analysis website |url=http://barrieranalysis.fhi.net/ |website=Barrier Analysis website}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Designing for Behavior Change Curriculum |url=http://www.caregroupinfo.org/docs/Multisectoral_DBC_Curriculum_April_2012.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150202/http://www.caregroupinfo.org/docs/Multisectoral_DBC_Curriculum_April_2012.doc |archive-date=2016-11-20 |access-date=2012-11-29 |website=Designing for Behavior Change Curriculum}}</ref> Shaye-shaye da ke da alaƙa da halaye masu haɗari na iya samun wani ɓangare na kwayoyin halitta. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Biliński P, Wojtyła A, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Chwedorowicz R, Cyranka M, Studziński T |year=2012 |title=Epigenetic regulation in drug addiction |journal=Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=491–496 |pmid=23020045}}</ref> == Ka'idoji == [[Fayil:Transtheoretical_model_of_change-_815_PDSA.png|thumb|Tsarin canjin ɗabi'a na transtheory .]] Shirye-shiryen canza halaye sun fi mayar da hankali kan wasu ka'idoji na canza halaye waɗanda suka samo asali a shekarun 1980. Waɗannan ka'idoji suna da babban haɗin kai wajen bayyana ayyukan mutum ɗaya a matsayin wurin canji. Shirye-shiryen canza halaye waɗanda galibi ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan da ke taimaka wa mutum ko al'umma su yi tunani kan halayen haɗarinsu da kuma canza su don rage haɗarinsu da rauninsu ana kiransu da tsoma baki . Misalan sun haɗa da: "matakan canji na transtheorial (matakan canji) samfurin canza hali", " ka'idar aikin tunani ", " samfurin imani na lafiya ", " ka'idar ɗabi'a da aka tsara ", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Theory of Planned Behavior – The Health COMpass |url=http://www.thehealthcompass.org/sbcc-tools/theory-planned-behavior |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813190035/http://www.thehealthcompass.org/sbcc-tools/theory-planned-behavior |archive-date=2016-08-13 |access-date=2016-06-17 |website=www.thehealthcompass.org}}</ref> yaɗuwar kirkire-kirkire ", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diffusion of Innovations – The Health COMpass |url=http://www.thehealthcompass.org/sbcc-tools/diffusion-innovations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109074439/http://www.thehealthcompass.org/sbcc-tools/diffusion-innovations |archive-date=2016-11-09 |access-date=2016-06-17 |website=www.thehealthcompass.org}}</ref> da kuma hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan lafiya . Ci gaban ka'idojin canza halayen lafiya tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990 sun mayar da hankali kan haɗa ka'idoji daban-daban na canza halayen lafiya zuwa ka'ida ɗaya mai haɗin kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Polly |date=2009 |title=Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change: Background and Intervention Development |journal=Clinical Nurse Specialist |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=161–172 |doi=10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181a42373 |pmc=2778019 |pmid=19395894}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prochaska |first=James |last2=Velicer |first2=Wayne |date=1997 |title=The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change |url=https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/psy_facpubs/500 |journal=American Journal of Health Promotion |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=38–48 |doi=10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38 |pmid=10170434 |s2cid=46879746}}</ref> === Mutum ɗaya da kuma mai hulɗa da mutane === * Tsarin Imani da Lafiya : Tsarin tunani ne da ke ƙoƙarin bayar da bayani da hasashen halayen lafiya ta hanyar mai da hankali kan halaye da imani na mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Becker |first2=Marshall H. |date=2016-09-04 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66877/2/10.1177_109019818401100101.pdf |journal=Health Education Quarterly |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da imanin cewa fahimtar da mutum yake da ita tana ƙayyade nasararsa wajen ɗaukar wannan canjin ɗabi'a. Abubuwan da ke haifar da: saurin kamuwa/tsanani/fa'idodi/shimfida, shirye-shiryen yin aiki, nuna aiki, da kuma ingancin kai . * Ka'idar ƙarfafa kariya : Yana mai da hankali kan fahimtar roƙon tsoro wanda ke shiga tsakani kan canjin hali kuma yana bayyana yadda kimanta barazana/juriya ke da alaƙa da yadda ake daidaitawa ko rashin daidaitawa yayin fuskantar barazanar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Ronald W. |date=1975-09-01 |title=A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1 |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=93–114 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803 |issn=0022-3980 |pmid=28136248}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da: tsananin da ake gani, rauni, da ingancin amsawa. * Tsarin Canjin Ka'ida : Wannan ka'idar tana amfani da "matakan canji" don ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi da hanyoyin canza halaye waɗanda aka samo daga manyan ka'idojin canza halaye. Ya haɗa da fannoni na tsarin haɗin kai na biopsychosocial (CITE). * Ka'idar daidaita kai : Tana tabbatar da cewa mutane suna da iko kan tafiyar canza halayensu, matuƙar suna da albarkatu da fahimta don yin hakan. Tana da nufin ƙirƙirar sakamako na dogon lokaci ga wasu yanayi da yanayi. Mafi mahimmanci tana mai da hankali kan dakatar da munanan halaye. * Tsarin rigakafin sake dawowa : Yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke tantancewa nan take da kuma halayen da suka gabata/abubuwan da suka gabata waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa da/ko haifar da sake dawowa. Yana da nufin gano yanayi masu haɗari da kuma yin aiki tare da mahalarta don magance irin waɗannan yanayi. Abubuwan: ingancin kai, sarrafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa. * Ka'idar koyon ɗabi'a : Manufar fahimtar mahallin ci gaban ɗabi'a na baya wanda ke haifar da wasu sakamako. * Ka'idar fahimtar zamantakewa : Yana bayanin koyo game da ɗabi'a ta hanyar lura da mahallin zamantakewa. Ya dogara ne akan imani cewa ɗabi'a mahallin muhalli ne ta hanyar hanyoyin tunani. Abubuwan da suka shafi: ingancin kai, ilimi, iyawar ɗabi'a, saita manufa, tsammanin sakamako, koyo na lura, ƙaddarar juna, ƙarfafawa. * Ka'idar yanke shawara kan kai : Yana mai da hankali kan tallafawa halaye na halitta da/ko na ciki na ɗabi'a kuma yana ba wa mahalarta hanyoyi masu kyau da inganci don yin aiki da su. Abubuwan da suka shafi: 'yancin kai, ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewa. * Ka'idar ɗabi'a mai tsari : Yana nufin yin hasashen takamaiman shirin mutum don shiga cikin wani hali (lokaci da wuri), da kuma amfani da shi ga halayen da mutane ke da ikon aiwatar da ikon sarrafa kai a kansu. Abubuwan da ke haifar da: niyyar ɗabi'a, kimanta haɗari da hali. * Tsarin aiwatar da ayyukan lafiya : HAPA ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ɗauki ɗabi'un lafiya a matsayin tsari mai tsari wanda ya haɗa da matakin ƙarfafawa da kuma matakin son rai. Na farko ya bayyana ƙirƙirar niyya yayin da na biyun yana nufin tsarawa, da aiki (shiri, kulawa, murmurewa). === Al'umma === * Binciken haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'umma (CBPR): Yana amfani da haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwar masu bincike na al'umma. Mutanen da ke cikin al'ummar da aka keɓe suna aiki tare da mai bincike don taka rawa mai mahimmanci da kuma zama abin da binciken ya kunsa. * Yaɗuwar sabbin abubuwa : Yana neman bayyana yadda ake isar da sabbin ra'ayoyi da halaye da kuma yaɗuwa a cikin ƙungiyoyi. Abubuwan da suka shafi: fa'ida ta dangi, dacewa, sarkakiya, iya gwaji, da kuma iya gani. == Kayan aiki == === Sadarwar canza hali (BCC) === Sadarwar canza hali, ko BCC, hanya ce ta canza hali da ta mayar da hankali kan sadarwa. Haka kuma an san ta da sadarwa ta zamantakewa da canza hali, ko SBCC. Zato shine ta hanyar sadarwa ta wani nau'i, mutane da al'ummomi za su iya shawo kan su ta wata hanya su yi aiki ta hanyoyin da za su sa rayuwarsu ta fi aminci da koshin lafiya. An fara amfani da BCC a ayyukan rigakafin cutar kanjamau da tarin fuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010–2011 |title=Brazil: Behavior Change Communication for More Effective Tuberculosis Control |url=http://www.jsi.com/JSIInternet/IntlHealth/project/display.cfm?ctid=na&cid=na&tid=40&id=7241 |access-date=2 August 2016 |website=John Snow Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2002 |title=Behaviour Change Communication (BCC)for HIV/AIDS a Strategic Framework |url=http://www.hivpolicy.org/Library/HPP000533.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417153857/http://www.hivpolicy.org/Library/HPP000533.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016 |website=HIVPolicy.org}}</ref> Kwanan nan, burinta ya karu don ya ƙunshi duk wani aikin sadarwa wanda burinsa shine taimaka wa mutane da al'ummomi su zaɓi kuma su yi aiki da halayen da za su yi tasiri ga lafiyarsu, kamar rigakafi, duba cutar kansar mahaifa, amfani da sirinji na amfani da shi sau ɗaya, da sauransu. === Jerin dabarun canza hali ===   === Misalai === * Ƙungiyoyi, tushe da shirye-shirye ** Cibiyar Shirye-shiryen Sadarwa ta Johns Hopkins ta ƙware a shirye-shiryen BCC (sadarwar canza ɗabi'a) da suka shafi lafiya, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ya haɗa da shirye-shirye a fannin lafiyar haihuwa da tsarin iyali, zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma HIV/AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Programs |first=Johns Hopkins Center for Communication |title=CCP Home Page |url=https://ccp.jhu.edu/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |website=Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs |language=en-US}}</ref> ** Kamfanin Development Media International yana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai don haɓaka halaye masu kyau a Burkina Faso, DRC da Mozambique. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DMI – Where we work |url=http://developmentmedia.net/where-we-work |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831132532/http://www.developmentmedia.net/where-we-work |archive-date=2015-08-31 |access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> ** Young 1ove yana ba da bayanai ga matasa don rage yaɗuwar cutar HIV/AIDS a Botswana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Evidence Action Beta |url=http://www.evidenceaction.org/evidence-action-beta/}}</ref> ** Kimiyyar Canjin Halayya (SOBC) tana da nufin haɓaka bincike na asali kan farawa, keɓancewa, da kuma kula da canjin hali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Science Of Behavior Change |url=https://scienceofbehaviorchange.org/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> ** Kamfanin Chocolate Moose Media, wanda Firdaus Kharas ta kafa a shekarar 1995, yana ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ke nuna sanarwar ayyukan jama'a masu rai don sadarwa kan canjin hali a fannin lafiya da zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kharas |first=Firdaus |title=Keynote Speaker {{!}} Firdaus Kharas |url=http://chocmoose.com/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |website=Chocolate Moose Media |language=en-US}}</ref> * Motsa jiki da abinci mai gina jiki: Duba Gaba (Aiki don Lafiya a Ciwon Suga), <ref>{{Cite web |title=LOOKAHEADE |url=https://www.lookaheadtrial.org/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |website=www.lookaheadtrial.org}}</ref> Gyara Somerville, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shape Up Somerville |url=https://www.somervillema.gov/departments/health-and-human-services/shape-somerville |access-date=2020-04-26 |publisher=City of Somerville}}</ref> Shirin Rigakafin Ciwon Suga (DPP) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/diabetes/diabetes-prevention-program-dpp |access-date=2020-04-26 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Daina shan taba|Dakatar da Shan Sigari]] : Tsarin Gaskiya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Truth Initiative: inspiring tobacco free-lives |url=https://truthinitiative.org/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |website=truthinitiative.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaƙin Neman Yara Masu Shan Sigari, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-25 |title=Home |url=https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |website=Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids |language=en}}</ref> Hana Shan Sigari da Kula da Taba a Iyali 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Tobacco Regulatory Science Program (TRSP) |url=https://prevention.nih.gov/tobacco-regulatory-research/about-tobacco-regulatory-science-program-trsp |access-date=2020-04-26 |website=Office of Disease Prevention |language=en}}</ref> * Ƙungiyoyin kulawa ƙungiyoyi ne na masu aikin sa kai 10-15, masu koyar da lafiya na al'umma waɗanda ke haɗuwa akai-akai. * Binciken shinge kayan aiki ne na tantancewa cikin sauri da ake amfani da shi a ayyukan canza hali don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗabi'a. * Tsaftace muhalli gaba ɗaya da al'umma ke jagoranta kayan aiki ne na canza ɗabi'a da ake amfani da shi a ɓangaren [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsaftar muhalli]] musamman a yankunan karkara a ƙasashe masu tasowa da nufin dakatar da yin bayan gida a buɗe . Hanyar tana amfani da kunya, ƙyama da kuma matsin lamba na wasu mutane wanda ke haifar da gina "ba zato ba tsammani" da kuma amfani da bayan gida na dogon lokaci bayan an fara aiwatar da aikin farko. == Manazarta == et9qak34m5ow7mll1drukn1ywr0pt1m 0 156161 883903 857887 2026-07-16T08:48:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Damuwa''', ko ta fuskar jiki, ko [[Biology|ta fuskar halitta]], ko [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ta fuskar tunani]], martani ne na halitta ga abin da ke haifar da damuwa, kamar yanayin muhalli ko canjin yanayin rayuwa. <ref name="mlp">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Stress |url=https://medlineplus.gov/stress.html |access-date=2 March 2025 |publisher=MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health}}</ref> <ref name="nccih">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Stress |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/stress |access-date=2 March 2025 |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health}}</ref> Idan aka matsa masa da abubuwan da ke canza yanayin halittu, tsarin jiki da yawa suna amsawa a duk faɗin jiki. <ref name="mlp" /> A cikin mutane da yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsarin jijiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuma axis na hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) sune manyan tsarin jiki guda biyu da ke mayar da martani ga damuwa. <ref name="ulrich">{{Cite journal |last=Ulrich-Lai |first=Yvonne M. |last2=Herman |first2=James P. |date=7 February 2017 |title=Neural Regulation of Endocrine and Autonomic Stress Responses |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=397–409 |doi=10.1038/nrn2647 |issn=1471-003X |pmc=4240627 |pmid=19469025}}</ref> <ref name="chu">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Physiology, Stress Reaction |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31082164 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=31082164}}</ref> Sanannun hormones guda biyu da mutane ke samarwa a lokacin damuwa sune [[adrenaline]] da [[cortisol]] . <ref name="ulrich" /> <ref name="chu" /> Tsarin sympathoadrenal medullary axis (SAM) na iya kunna martanin faɗa ko tashi ta hanyar tsarin juyayi mai tausayi, wanda ke keɓe kuzari ga tsarin jiki mafi dacewa don daidaitawa da damuwa mai tsanani, yayin da tsarin juyayi na parasympathetic ke dawo da jiki zuwa yanayin homeostasis . <ref name="ulrich" /> <ref name="chu" /> Babban cibiyar amsawa ga damuwa ta jiki ta biyu, wato axis na HPA, yana daidaita sakin [[cortisol]], wanda ke shafar ayyuka da yawa na jiki, kamar [[Tsarin rigakafi|ayyukan metabolism, na tunani da na rigakafi]] . <ref name="chu"/> Ana sarrafa axis na SAM da HPA ta yankuna da dama na kwakwalwa, ciki har da tsarin limbic, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, da stria terminalis . <ref name="ulrich"/> Ta hanyar waɗannan hanyoyin, damuwa na iya canza ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwa, lada, [[Tsarin rigakafi|aikin garkuwar jiki]], metabolism, da kuma sauƙin kamuwa da cututtuka. <ref name="ulrich" /> <ref name="chu" /> Haɗarin cututtuka yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga cututtukan kwakwalwa, inda damuwa mai tsanani ko mai tsanani ta kasance sanadin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa da dama. <ref name="mlp"/> <ref name="Suzanne C 2909">{{Cite journal |last=Segerstrom |first=Suzanne C. |last2=Miller |first2=Gregory E. |date=7 February 2017 |title=Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=601–630 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601 |issn=0033-2909 |pmc=1361287 |pmid=15250815}}</ref> == Ilimin halin dan Adam == Yanayi mai tsanani na damuwa inda damuwar da ake fuskanta ta yi tsanani yana haifar da canji a tunanin mutum wanda ke cutar da lafiyarsa, ta yadda ake samun rashin fahimta da rashin fahimtar mutum, da kuma damuwa da yawan tashin hankali . <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Nancy|url-access=Geddes}}</ref> Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya ya haɗa da rukuni na cututtukan tunani da na hali waɗanda ke da alaƙa da rashin lafiyarsu ga matsananciyar damuwa da kuma sakamakon amsawar daidaitawa. <ref>Drs; {{Cite web |last=Sartorius |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Sartorius |last2=Henderson |first2=A.S. |last3=Strotzka |first3=H. |last4=Lipowski |first4=Z. |last5=Yu-cun |first5=Shen |last6=You-xin |first6=Xu |last7=Strömgren |first7=E. |last8=Glatzel |first8=J. |last9=Kühne |first9=G.-E. |title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829150515/https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-29 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=www.who.int [[World Health Organization]] |publisher=[[Microsoft Word]] |page=110 |via=[[Microsoft Bing]] |agency=bluebook.doc |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of aetiology in English |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aetiology |access-date=3 July 2021 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org ([[Cambridge University Press]])}}</ref> Damuwa ta yau da kullun, da rashin albarkatun magance matsalolin da ake da su, ko kuma wanda mutum ke amfani da su, sau da yawa na iya haifar da ci gaban matsalolin tunani kamar ruɗi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kingston |first=Cara |last2=Schuurmans-Stekhoven |first2=James |year=2016 |title=Life hassles and delusional ideation: Scoping the potential role of cognitive and affective mediators |journal=Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=445–463 |doi=10.1111/papt.12089 |pmid=26846698}}</ref> [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]] . <ref name="chu"/> Masu damuwa na yau da kullun ba za su yi tsanani kamar masu damuwa na gaggawa kamar bala'i na halitta ko babban haɗari ba, amma suna ci gaba da daɗewa kuma suna da mummunan tasiri ga lafiya saboda suna dawwama kuma don haka suna buƙatar amsawar jiki ta jiki ta faru kowace rana. <ref name="chu"/> Wannan yana rage kuzarin jiki da sauri kuma yawanci yana faruwa a cikin dogon lokaci, musamman lokacin da ba za a iya guje wa waɗannan ƙananan masu damuwa ba. <ref name="chu" /> Idan mutane suna cikin damuwa ta yau da kullun, canje-canje na dindindin a cikin halayensu na jiki, motsin rai, da halayensu na iya faruwa. <ref name="Cohen2007">{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=S |last2=Janicki-Deverts |first2=D |last3=Miller |first3=GE. |year=2007 |title=Psychological Stress and Disease |url=http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen/JAMA_2007_Psy_Stress_Disease.pdf |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=14 |pages=1685–1687 |bibcode=2007JAMA..298.1685C |doi=10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 |pmid=17925521 |s2cid=12159960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082915/http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen/JAMA_2007_Psy_Stress_Disease.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> Damuwa ta yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da abubuwan da suka faru kamar kula da matar aure mai fama da tabin hankali, ko kuma na iya faruwa daga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan gajeren lokaci waɗanda ke da tasirin dogon lokaci, kamar fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i. Nazarin ya kuma nuna cewa damuwa ta tunani na iya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga yawan mace -mace da [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] da jijiyoyin jini da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin etiologic. Musamman, an nuna damuwa mai tsanani da ta yau da kullun suna haɓaka [[Hypercholesterolemia|lipids na jini]] kuma suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na zuciya. <ref name="Calderon">{{Cite journal |last=Calderon |first=R. |last2=Schneider, R. H. |last3=Alexander, C. N. |last4=Myers, H. F. |last5=Nidich, S. I. |last6=Haney, C. |date=1999 |title=Stress, stress reduction and hypercholesterolemia in African Americans: a review |journal=Ethnicity & Disease |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=451–462 |issn=1049-510X |pmid=10600068}}</ref> Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa mutane su nuna taurin kai - kalma ce da ke nufin ikon kasancewa cikin damuwa na yau da kullun da lafiya. Duk da cewa damuwa ta tunani galibi tana da alaƙa da rashin lafiya ko cuta, yawancin mutane masu lafiya har yanzu suna iya zama ba tare da cutar ba bayan sun fuskanci abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun. Wannan yana nuna cewa akwai bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya a cikin raunin da ke tattare da tasirin damuwa; bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya a cikin rauni yana tasowa ne saboda abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta da na tunani. Bugu da ƙari, shekarun da ake fuskantar damuwa na iya haifar da tasirinsa ga lafiya. Bincike ya nuna cewa damuwa ta yau da kullun a ƙuruciya na iya yin tasiri ga rayuwa a kan martanin halitta, na tunani, da na hali ga damuwa daga baya a rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=G. |last2=Chen |first2=E. |last3=Cole |first3=S. W. |year=2009 |title=Health psychology: Developing biologically plausible models linking the social world and physical health |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=60 |pages=501–524 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163551 |pmid=19035829 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Etymology da amfani da tarihi == Kalmar "damuwa" ba ta da wata ma'ana ta zamani kafin shekarun 1920. Wani nau'i ne na kalmar " ''stress'' " ta Tsakiya ta Ingilishi, wadda aka samo ta hanyar Tsohon Faransanci daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''stringere'', "don jawo hankali". <ref name="Keil2004">{{Cite journal |last=Keil R.M.K. |year=2004 |title=Coping and Stress: A Conceptual Analysis |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=659–665 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02955.x |pmid=15012643}}</ref> Kalmar ta daɗe ana amfani da ita a fannin kimiyyar lissafi don nufin rarrabawar cikin gida na ƙarfin da aka yi wa jiki, wanda ke haifar da damuwa . A cikin shekarun 1920 da '30, da'irori na halittu da na tunani wani lokaci suna amfani da "damuwa" don nufin wani rikici na jiki ko muhalli wanda zai iya haifar da "matsalar jiki" da ta tunani. Yawan damuwa a cikin martanin damuwa ya dogara ne akan juriya . Matsala mai yawa zai bayyana a matsayin rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooke-Taylor |first=C.R. |date=3 Oct 1936 |title=Stress of Homework |journal=The British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=3952 |page=694 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.3952.694 |pmc=2457722}}</ref> Walter Cannon ya yi amfani da shi a shekarar 1926 don ya ambaci abubuwan waje da suka kawo cikas ga abin da ya kira homeostasis . Amma "...damuwa a matsayin bayanin abin da ya faru a rayuwa ba ta cikin labaran rayuwa na yau da kullun da na ƙwararru kafin shekarun 1930". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Viner |first=Russell |date=June 1999 |title=Putting Stress in Life: Hans Selye and the Making of Stress Theory |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=391–410 |doi=10.1177/030631299029003003 |issn=1460-3659 |jstor=285410 |s2cid=145291588}}</ref> Damuwar jiki tana wakiltar nau'ikan martanin jiki iri-iri waɗanda ke faruwa a matsayin tasirin damuwa kai tsaye wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin yanayin jiki. Bayan rushewar daidaiton tunani ko na jiki nan take, jiki yana amsawa ta hanyar ƙarfafa [[Tsarin rigakafi|tsarin]] jijiyoyi, endocrine, da garkuwar jiki. Amsar waɗannan tsarin yana haifar da canje-canje da yawa na jiki waɗanda ke da tasirin ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci akan jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Demetre |first=D. C. |date=2007-06-25 |title=What is Stress |url=https://sciencebeta.com/stress_2/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=sciencebeta.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ƙirƙiro ma'aunin damuwa na Holmes da Rahe a matsayin hanyar tantance haɗarin cututtuka daga canje-canjen rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Captain Richard H. Rahe MC USNR |last2=Dr Ransom J. Arthur, MD |date=1 March 1978 |title=Life Change and Illness Studies: Past History and Future Directions |journal=Journal of Human Stress |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3–15 |doi=10.1080/0097840X.1978.9934972 |issn=0097-840X |pmid=346993}}</ref> Ma'aunin ya lissafa canje-canje masu kyau da marasa kyau waɗanda ke haifar da damuwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar babban hutu ko aure, ko mutuwar miji da korar aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory |url=https://www.stress.org/self-assessments/holmes-rahe-life-stress-inventory/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=The American Institute of Stress |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bukatar Halitta don Daidaito == Homeostasis ra'ayi ne mai mahimmanci ga ra'ayin damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=David S. |last2=Kopin |first2=Irwin J. |date=January 2007 |title=Evolution of concepts of stress |journal=Stress |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=109–120 |doi=10.1080/10253890701288935 |pmid=17514579 |s2cid=25072963 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A [[Biology|fannin ilmin halitta]], yawancin hanyoyin [[Biochemistry|sinadarai]] suna ƙoƙari su kiyaye daidaito (homeostasis), yanayi mai dorewa wanda ke wanzuwa a matsayin mafi kyau kuma ƙasa da yanayin da za a iya cimmawa. Abubuwan muhalli, abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na ciki ko na waje, suna ci gaba da kawo cikas ga homeostasis; yanayin da kwayoyin halitta ke ciki a yanzu yanayi ne na ci gaba da gudana a kusa da wurin homeostasis wanda shine mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa na kwayoyin halitta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dattatreya |first=Shruthi |date=2014 |title=Can Stress Take the Cost of Life |journal=SSRN |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2456211 |ssrn=2456211}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke sa yanayin kwayoyin halitta ya bambanta da homeostasis ana iya fuskantar su a matsayin damuwa. Yanayi mai barazana ga rayuwa kamar babban rauni na jiki ko yunwa mai tsawo na iya kawo cikas ga homeostasis sosai. A gefe guda kuma, ana iya fassara ƙoƙarin da kwayoyin halitta ke yi na dawo da yanayi zuwa ko kusa da homeostasis, wanda galibi yana cinye [[makamashi]] da albarkatun halitta, a matsayin damuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Worthington |first=James |date=2014-11-09 |title=Six ways to spot emotional manipulation before it destroys you |url=http://www.thefusionmodel.com/how-to-spot-emotional-manipulation-in-6-steps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419213459/http://www.thefusionmodel.com/how-to-spot-emotional-manipulation-in-6-steps/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=19 April 2015 |website=The Fusion Model}}</ref> Hans Selye (1907–1982) ne ya fara gane rashin tabbas game da bayyana wannan lamari a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1951 wani mai sharhi ya taƙaita ra'ayin Selye game da damuwa a matsayin wani abu da "...banda kasancewarsa kansa, shi ma shine sanadin kansa, da kuma sakamakonsa". <ref>{{Cite book|last3=James H. Humphrey}}</ref> Da farko da ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin mahallin halitta, Selye ya ci gaba da bayyana damuwa a matsayin "martani mara takamaiman jiki ga duk wata buƙata da aka sanya masa". Masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi kamar Bruce McEwen da Jaap Koolhaas sun yi imanin cewa damuwa, bisa ga shekaru na bincike na gwaji, "ya kamata a takaita damuwa ga yanayi inda buƙatar muhalli ta wuce ƙarfin tsarin halitta na wani abu". <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Koolhaas J |year=2011 |title=Stress revisited: A critical evaluation of the stress concept |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1291–1301 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.003 |pmid=21316391 |s2cid=15584486 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Hakika, a cikin 1995 Toates ya riga ya ayyana damuwa a matsayin "yanayi na yau da kullun wanda ke tasowa ne kawai lokacin da hanyoyin kariya ko dai ana tsawaita su akai-akai ko kuma suna gazawa," yayin da a cewar Ursin (1988) damuwa yana faruwa ne daga rashin daidaito tsakanin abubuwan da ake tsammani ("ƙimar da aka saita") da abubuwan da aka fahimta ("ƙimar gaske") waɗanda ba za a iya warware su da gamsuwa ba, <ref>{{Cite book|edition=I.}}</ref> wanda kuma ya sanya damuwa a cikin mahallin ka'idar daidaiton fahimta . <ref name=":Kampen">{{Cite journal |last=van Kampen |first=H.S. |year=2019 |title=The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour |journal=Behavioural Processes |volume=159 |pages=42–54 |doi=10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.013 |pmid=30562561 |s2cid=56478466}}</ref> == Ilimin Halittar Damuwa == Hulɗar endocrine ta kwakwalwa tana da mahimmanci wajen fassara damuwa zuwa canje-canje na jiki da na tunani. <ref name="chu"/> Tsarin jijiyoyi masu zaman kansu (ANS) yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar fassara damuwa cikin amsawa ga abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa ta jiki da kuma abubuwan da kwakwalwa ke samarwa. <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Physiology, Autonomic Nervous System |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538516/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |pmid=30860751}}</ref> ANS ta ƙunshi tsarin jijiyoyi na parasympathetic da tsarin juyayi mai tausayi, rassan biyu waɗanda duka suna aiki da ƙarfi tare da ayyukan da ke gaba da juna. <ref name="ReferenceB"/> ANS tana shiga nama kai tsaye ta hanyar jijiyoyin postganglionic, waɗanda ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na preganglionic ke sarrafawa. <ref name="ReferenceB" /> ANS tana karɓar bayanai daga medulla, hypothalamus, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, midbrain da monoamine nuclei . <ref name="chu"/> <ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal |last=McKlveen |first=Jessica M. |last2=Myers |first2=Brent |last3=Herman |first3=James P. |date=7 February 2017 |title=The Medial Prefrontal Cortex: Coordinator of Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Behavioral Responses to Stress |journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=446–456 |doi=10.1111/jne.12272 |issn=0953-8194 |pmc=4580281 |pmid=25737097}}</ref> Ayyukan tsarin juyayi mai tausayi yana jagorantar abin da ake kira martanin "yaƙi ko gudu". <ref name="chu"/> Amsar faɗa ko gudu ga gaggawa ko damuwa ta ƙunshi ƙaruwar bugun zuciya da matsewar ƙarfi, matsewar jijiyoyi, bronchodilation, [[Zufa|gumi]], da kuma fitar da epinephrine da cortisol daga adrenal medulla, tsakanin sauran martanin jiki da na hormones da yawa. <ref name="ReferenceB"/> Amsar juyayi mai narkewar jiki ta ƙunshi komawa ga kula da homeostasis, kuma ya haɗa da miosis, matsewar broncho, ƙaruwar aikin tsarin narkewar abinci, da matsewar bangon mafitsara. <ref name="ReferenceB" /> An lura da alaƙa mai rikitarwa tsakanin abubuwan kariya da rauni akan tasirin damuwa a gida na yara akan cututtukan tunani, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da daidaitawa. <ref name="chu" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=El-Sheikh |first=Mona |last2=Erath |first2=Stephen A. |date=7 February 2017 |title=Family conflict, autonomic nervous system functioning, and child adaptation: State of the science and future directions |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=703–721 |doi=10.1017/S0954579411000034 |issn=0954-5794 |pmc=3695441 |pmid=23786705}}</ref> Hanyoyin da suka shafi ANS na iya ƙara haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini bayan manyan abubuwan damuwa. <ref name="chu" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hering |first=Dagmara |last2=Lachowska |first2=Kamila |last3=Schlaich |first3=Markus |date=1 October 2015 |title=Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Stress-Mediated Cardiovascular Disease |journal=Current Hypertension Reports |volume=17 |issue=10 |page=80 |doi=10.1007/s11906-015-0594-5 |issn=1534-3111 |pmid=26318888 |s2cid=30136233}}</ref> Tsarin HPA tsarin neuroendocrine ne wanda ke daidaita martanin damuwa. <ref name="chu"/> Jijiyoyin jijiyoyi a cikin hypothalamus, musamman ma'aunin paraventricular, suna sakin vasopressin da corticotropin hormone mai sakin hormone, waɗanda ke tafiya ta cikin jirgin ruwa mai ƙarancin jini inda suke tafiya zuwa da kuma ɗaurewa ga mai karɓar hormone mai sakin corticotropin akan glandar pituitary ta gaba . <ref name="chu" /> <ref name="ReferenceB"/> An gano peptides CRH da yawa, kuma masu karɓar su suna wanzu a yankuna da yawa na kwakwalwa, gami da amygdala. <ref name="chu" /> CRH shine babban kwayar halittar da ke daidaita sakin ACTH. <ref name="chu" /> Fitar ACTH cikin zagayawar jiki yana ba shi damar ɗaurewa da kunna masu karɓar melanocortin, inda yake ƙarfafa sakin hormones na steroid . <ref name="chu" /> [[Tsarin rigakafi|Tsarin garkuwar jiki]] na iya fuskantar damuwa. Tsarin HPA a ƙarshe yana haifar da sakin cortisol, wanda gabaɗaya yana da tasirin rage garkuwar jiki. <ref name="chu" /> Fuskantar wani abu mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi ba yana lalata ayyukan fahimta na prefrontal cortex, misali yana lalata ƙwaƙwalwar aiki da kuma raunana ikon kulawa, aiki da motsin rai daga sama zuwa ƙasa. Tare da damuwa mai tsanani, akwai ƙaruwar sakin norepinephrine da [[dopamine]] a cikin prefrontal cortex, wanda ke buɗe tashoshin potassium akan kashin baya na dendritic don rage ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa na prefrontal cortical excitatory synapses cikin sauri , wani tsari da ake kira Dynamic Network Connectivity. Tare da fallasa damuwa na yau da kullun, akwai asarar prefrontal cortical dendrites da kashin baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin fahimta. Cortisol na iya ƙara ta'azzara waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar toshe wuraren ɗaukar catecholamine akan glia. === Ilimin halittar damuwa na tsirrai === A cikin tsire-tsire, ilimin halittar damuwa yana nufin martanin sinadarai, ƙwayoyin halitta, da na jiki da ke haifar da mummunan yanayi kamar fari, gishiri, matsanancin zafin jiki, da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki. A cewar binciken ilimin halittar tsirrai da Kaur da Arora suka taƙaita, waɗannan abubuwan damuwa suna kawo cikas ga tsarin metabolism, photosynthesis, da dangantakar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar girma da yawan aiki idan aka wuce hanyoyin daidaitawa. Tsire-tsire suna mayar da martani ga damuwar muhalli ta hanyar daidaitawar tsarin jiki, gami da daidaita osmotic, kunna kariya daga antioxidants, siginar hormones, da canje-canje a cikin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta. Waɗannan martanin suna ba da damar haƙuri na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma daidaitawa na dogon lokaci, kodayake damuwa mai tsawo ko mai tsanani na iya lalata yawan amfanin gona da kwanciyar hankali na yanayin muhalli. == Illolin damuwa na yau da kullun == Damuwa ta yau da kullun kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bambanta ta da damuwa mai tsanani. Ma'anoni sun bambanta, kuma suna iya kasancewa tare da ci gaba da kunna martanin damuwa, <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Schneiderman |first=Neil |last2=Ironson |first2=Gail |last3=Siegel |first3=Scott D. |date=1 January 2005 |title=STRESS AND HEALTH: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=1 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 |issn=1548-5943 |pmc=2568977 |pmid=17716101}}</ref> damuwa da ke haifar da canjin [[Allostasis|allostatic]] a cikin ayyukan jiki, <ref name="ulrich"/> ko kuma kamar "tsawon lokaci na damuwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herman |first=James P. |date=8 August 2013 |title=Neural control of chronic stress adaptation |journal=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience |volume=7 |page=61 |doi=10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00061 |issn=1662-5153 |pmc=3737713 |pmid=23964212 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa martani ga masu damuwa mai tsanani yawanci ba sa sanya nauyi ga matasa, masu lafiya, damuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin tsofaffi ko marasa lafiya na iya samun sakamako na dogon lokaci wanda ke cutar da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneiderman N. |last2=Ironson G. |last3=Siegel S. D. |year=2005 |title=Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 |pmc=2568977 |pmid=17716101}}</ref> === Mai yaɗuwa === Wasu bincike sun lura da ƙaruwar haɗarin [[Cutar hanyar numfashi ta sama|kamuwa da cutar numfashi ta sama]] a lokacin damuwa ta rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Ga marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV, ƙaruwar damuwa ta rayuwa da cortisol suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin ci gaban cutar HIV. <ref name="auto"/> Haka kuma tare da ƙaruwar damuwa, bincike ya tabbatar da shaidar cewa yana iya sake kunna ƙwayoyin cutar herpes da ke ɓoye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Traylen |first=Christopher M |last2=Patel |first2=Hersh R |last3=Fondaw |first3=Wylder |last4=Mahatme |first4=Sheran |last5=Williams |first5=John F |last6=Walker |first6=Lia R |last7=Dyson |first7=Ossie F |last8=Arce |first8=Sergio |last9=Akula |first9=Shaw M |date=April 2011 |title=Virus reactivation: a panoramic view in human infections |journal=Future Virology |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=451–463 |doi=10.2217/fvl.11.21 |issn=1746-0794 |pmc=3142679 |pmid=21799704}}</ref> === Ci gaba === An kuma nuna cewa damuwa ta yau da kullun tana lalata ci gaban yara ta hanyar rage samar da hormone na girma na glandar pituitary, kamar yadda yake a cikin yara da ke da alaƙa da yanayin gida wanda ya haɗa da rikice-rikicen aure, [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]], ko cin zarafin yara . Gabaɗaya, rayuwar haihuwa, jariri, yarinta, da samartaka lokaci ne mai mahimmanci wanda raunin damuwa ke da yawa. <ref name="pmid23112343">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Charmandari E, Achermann JC, Carel JC, Soder O, Chrousos GP |year=2012 |title=Stress response and child health |journal=Science Signaling |type=Review |volume=5 |issue=248 |pages=mr1 |doi=10.1126/scisignal.2003595 |pmid=23112343 |s2cid=13920757}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12649570">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Charmandari E, Kino T, Souvatzoglou E, Chrousos GP |year=2003 |title=Pediatric stress: hormonal mediators and human development |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235323 |journal=Hormone Research |type=Review |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=161–79 |doi=10.1159/000069325 |pmid=12649570 |s2cid=9744754}}</ref> === Ilimin halin dan Adam === Wani bita na 2024 ya ruwaito cewa an kiyasta cewa yawan cututtukan damuwa bayan rauni (PTSD) a duniya a tsawon rayuwa a cikin manya ya kai kusan kashi 3.9%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Randi |last2=Cherian |first2=Kirsten |last3=Jones |first3=Katherine |last4=Wickham |first4=Robert |last5=Gomez |first5=Rowena |last6=Sahlem |first6=Gregory |date=2024 |title=Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2024 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd015040.pub2 |issn=1465-1858 |pmc=11295260 |pmid=39092744}}</ref> Damuwa na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, kamar fibromyalgia, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clauw |first=Daniel J. |year=2014 |title=Fibromyalgia |journal=JAMA |volume=311 |issue=15 |pages=1547–55 |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.3266 |pmid=24737367}}</ref> [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis / ciwon gajiya mai tsanani|chronic fatigue syndrome]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyller |first=Vegard Bruun |date=1 January 2007 |title=The chronic fatigue syndrome—an update |journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum |volume=187 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00840.x |issn=0065-1427 |pmid=17419822 |s2cid=11247547 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Babban rashin damuwa|depression]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saveanu |first=Radu V. |last2=Nemeroff |first2=Charles B. |date=March 2012 |title=Etiology of Depression: Genetic and Environmental Factors |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=51–71 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2011.12.001 |pmid=22370490 |doi-access=}}</ref> da kuma functional somatic syndromes . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Afari |first=Niloofar |last2=Ahumada |first2=Sandra M. |last3=Wright |first3=Lisa Johnson |last4=Mostoufi |first4=Sheeva |last5=Golnari |first5=Golnaz |last6=Reis |first6=Veronica |last7=Cuneo |first7=Jessica Gundy |date=7 February 2017 |title=Psychological Trauma and Functional Somatic Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=2–11 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010 |issn=0033-3174 |pmc=3894419 |pmid=24336429}}</ref> == Ka'idojin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana kiran abubuwan damuwa masu daɗi ko kuma masu ƙarfafa gwiwa ''eustress'', wanda gabaɗaya yana da tasiri mai kyau akan kuzari, lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da ayyukan fahimta . <ref name="chu"/> A shekarar 1975, Selye ta buga wani samfurin da ke raba damuwa zuwa eustress da damuwa . <ref name="selye">{{Cite journal |last=Selye H |year=1975 |title=Confusion and controversy in the stress field |journal=Journal of Human Stress |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.1080/0097840X.1975.9940406 |pmid=1235113}}</ref> Inda damuwa ke inganta aiki (ta jiki ko ta hankali, kamar ta hanyar horar da ƙarfi ko aiki mai wahala), ana iya ɗaukarsa eustress. <ref name="chu"/> Damuwa mai ɗorewa wadda ba a warware ta ta hanyar jurewa ko daidaitawa ba, wacce ake ɗauka a matsayin damuwa, na iya haifar da [[Anxiety|damuwa]] ko ɗabi'ar janyewa (baƙin ciki). <ref name="chu" /> <ref name="selye" /> Bambancin da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da ''eustress'' da waɗanda ke haifar da ''damuwa'' yana faruwa ne ta hanyar rashin daidaito tsakanin abin da ya faru (na gaske ko na tunani) da kuma abin da mutum ke tsammani, da kuma albarkatun da za a iya magance damuwar. <ref name="chu"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Kloet |first=E. Ron |last2=Joëls |first2=Marian |last3=Holsboer |first3=Florian |date=June 2005 |title=Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=463–475 |doi=10.1038/nrn1683 |pmid=15891777 |s2cid=1320302}}</ref> === Kimantawa ta Fahimta === Lazarus ya yi jayayya cewa, domin yanayin zamantakewa ya zama mai damuwa, dole ne a kimanta shi kamar haka. Ya yi jayayya cewa hanyoyin tantancewa na fahimta suna da mahimmanci wajen tantance ko yanayi yana da barazanar, yana haifar da lahani/rashi ko ƙalubale, ko kuma yana da sauƙi. Abubuwan da suka shafi mutum da muhalli suna tasiri ga wannan kimantawa ta farko, wanda hakan ke haifar da zaɓin hanyoyin magance matsalar. Magance matsalar da ta mayar da hankali kan matsaloli yana mayar da hankali kan magance matsalar, yayin da hanyoyin magance matsalar da ta mayar da hankali kan motsin rai suna mayar da hankali kan sarrafa motsin rai mara kyau. Kimantawa ta biyu tana nufin kimanta albarkatun da ake da su don magance matsalar, kuma tana iya canza kimantawa ta farko. A wata ma'anar, kimantawa ta farko ta haɗa da fahimtar yadda matsalar take da damuwa da kuma kimantawa ta biyu ta kimanta ko mutum yana da isassun albarkatu don magance matsalar da ke shafar kimantawar damuwa gaba ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, magancewa yana da sassauƙa ta yadda, gabaɗaya, mutum yana bincika ingancin magancewa akan lamarin; idan ba shi da tasirin da ake so, za su, gabaɗaya, gwada dabaru daban-daban. == Kimantawa == === Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin lafiya === Abubuwan damuwa marasa kyau da masu kyau duka na iya haifar da damuwa. Tsananin damuwa da tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka yana canzawa dangane da yanayi da yanayin motsin zuciyar mutumin da ke tare da shi (Arnold. E da Boggs. K. 2007). Wasu nau'ikan da misalan abubuwan damuwa da aka saba gani sun haɗa da: * Shigar da abubuwan da ke haifar da ji kamar zafi, haske mai haske, hayaniya, yanayin zafi, ko matsalolin muhalli kamar rashin iko kan yanayin muhalli, kamar [[abinci]], iska da/ko ingancin ruwa, [[Gida|gidaje]], [[lafiya]], ' [['yanci|yanci]], ko motsi. * Matsalolin zamantakewa na iya haifar da damuwa, kamar gwagwarmaya da mutane masu wahala da kuma rashin nasara a zamantakewa, ko rikicin dangantaka, yaudara, ko rabuwa, da manyan abubuwan da suka faru kamar haihuwa da [[mutuwa]], [[aure]], da [[saki]] . * Abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa kamar [[talauci]], rashin aikin yi, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]], rashin lafiyar da ke damun mutum, [[Lafiya|shan giya mai yawa]], ko rashin isasshen [[Bacci|barci]] suma na iya haifar da damuwa. Dalibai da ma'aikata na iya fuskantar matsin lamba daga jarrabawa da wa'adin aikin. * Ana kyautata zaton munanan abubuwan da suka faru yayin ci gaba (misali, fuskantar damuwa a lokacin haihuwa ga uwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |last2=Heron |last3=Golding |last4=Beveridge |last5=Glover |year=2002 |title=Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years |journal=Br J Psychiatry |volume=180 |issue=6 |pages=478–9 |doi=10.1192/bjp.180.6.502 |pmid=12042228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> mummunan tarihin alaƙa, cin zarafin jima'i ) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeBellis |first=Michael D. |last2=Chrousos |first2=George P. |last3=D. Dorn |first3=Lorah |last4=Burke |first4=Lillian |last5=Helmers |first5=Karin |last6=Kling |first6=Mitchel A. |last7=K. Trickett |first7=Penelope |last8=Putnam |first8=Frank W. |date=1994 |title=Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=249–255 |doi=10.1210/jcem.78.2.8106608 |pmid=8106608}}</ref> suna taimakawa wajen raguwar girman tsarin amsawar damuwa na mutum. Ɗaya daga cikin kimantawa na damuwa daban-daban a rayuwar mutane shine Holmes da Rahe Scale Stress . === Ciwon daidaitawa na gabaɗaya === Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun bayyana damuwa a matsayin yadda jiki ke mayar da martani ga mai damuwa - wani abu mai motsa rai, na gaske ko na tunani. Abubuwan damuwa masu tsanani suna shafar wani abu a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci; abubuwan damuwa na yau da kullun na tsawon lokaci. '''Ciwon daidaitawa na gabaɗaya''' ( '''GAS''' ), wanda Hans Selye ya haɓaka, bayanin yadda halittu ke mayar da martani ga damuwa; GAS yana da siffofi uku: matakin motsin ƙararrawa mara takamaiman, wanda ke haɓaka aikin tsarin juyayi mai tausayi; matakin juriya, wanda a lokacin yake ƙoƙarin shawo kan barazanar; da kuma matakin gajiya, wanda ke faruwa idan kwayoyin halitta suka kasa shawo kan barazanar kuma suka rasa albarkatun ilimin halittarsu. ==== Mataki na 1 ==== ''Ƙararrawa'' ita ce mataki na farko, wanda aka raba zuwa matakai biyu: matakin ''girgiza'' da matakin ''hana girgiza'' . <ref>{{Cite book|edition=W}}</ref> * ''Matakin Girgiza'' : A wannan lokacin, jiki zai iya jure canje-canje kamar rashin isasshen ruwa, rashin isasshen ruwa, rashin isasshen ruwa, rashin isasshen ruwa, da ƙarancin ruwa - tasirin damuwa. Wannan matakin yana kama da cutar Addison . Juriyar halittar ga mai rage damuwa tana raguwa na ɗan lokaci ƙasa da matsakaicin da aka saba kuma ana iya fuskantar wani matakin girgiza (misali [[Girgiza (hanzari)|girgizar jini]] ). * ''Matakin hana girgiza'' : Lokacin da aka gano ko aka gane barazanar ko abin damuwa, jiki zai fara amsawa kuma yana cikin yanayi na fargaba. A wannan matakin, tsarin jijiyoyi na locus coeruleus da tsarin juyayi masu tausayi suna kunna samar da catecholamines ciki har da adrenaline, wanda ke haifar da martanin yaƙi ko tashi da aka sani. Adrenaline yana samar da ƙarar tsoka na ɗan lokaci, ƙaruwar hawan jini saboda jijiyoyin jini da [[tachycardia]], da kuma ƙaruwar glucose a cikin jini. Akwai kuma ɗan kunna axis na HPA, yana samar da glucocorticoids (cortisol, wanda aka fi sani da S-hormone ko stress-hormone). ==== Mataki na 2 ==== ''Juriya'' ita ce mataki na biyu. A wannan matakin, ƙaruwar fitar da glucocorticoids yana ƙara ƙarfin amsawar jiki ga tsarin jiki. Glucocorticoids na iya ƙara yawan glucose, mai, da amino acid a cikin jini. A cikin allurai masu yawa, glucocorticoid ɗaya, [[cortisol]], yana fara aiki kamar mineralocorticoid ( aldosterone ) kuma yana kawo jiki zuwa yanayin da yayi kama da hyperaldosteronism . Idan mai damuwa ya ci gaba, ya zama dole a yi ƙoƙarin wasu hanyoyin magance damuwar. Jiki yana ƙoƙarin mayar da martani ga abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa, amma bayan tsawaita aiki, albarkatun sinadarai na jiki za su ragu a hankali, wanda zai kai ga matakin ƙarshe. == Tarihi a cikin bincike == Amfani da kalmar ''damuwa'' a yanzu ya samo asali ne daga gwaje-gwajen Hans Selye na shekarun 1930. Ya fara amfani da kalmar don komawa ga wakili kawai, har ma da yanayin halittar yayin da take amsawa da daidaitawa da muhalli. Ka'idojinsa na amsawar damuwa ta duniya ba ta musamman ba sun jawo hankali da jayayya a fannin ilimin halittar jiki, kuma ya gudanar da shirye-shiryen bincike da wallafe-wallafe masu yawa. <ref name="Viner1999">{{Cite journal |last=Viner R |year=1999 |title=Putting Stress in Life: Hans Selye and the Making of Stress Theory |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=391–410 |doi=10.1177/030631299029003003 |jstor=285410 |s2cid=145291588}}</ref> Duk da cewa aikin ya ci gaba da jawo goyon baya daga masu fafutukar maganin psychosomatic, mutane da yawa a fannin gwajin ilimin halittar jiki sun kammala da cewa ra'ayoyinsa ba su da tabbas kuma ba za a iya auna su ba. A shekarun 1950, Selye ya juya baya daga dakin gwaje-gwaje don yaɗa ra'ayinsa ta hanyar littattafai masu shahara da rangadin lacca. Ya yi rubutu ga likitoci marasa ilimi da kuma, a cikin wani littafi mai suna ''Stress of Life'', wanda aka fi sayarwa a duniya, ga jama'a. Faɗaɗɗen ra'ayi na biopsychosocial game da damuwa da daidaitawa ya ba da alƙawarin taimaka wa kowa ya sami lafiya da farin ciki ta hanyar samun nasarar mayar da martani ga ƙalubalen duniya da ke canzawa da matsalolin [[Wayewa|wayewar]] zamani. Selye ya ƙirƙiro kalmar " eustress " don damuwa mai kyau, sabanin damuwa . Ya yi jayayya cewa duk mutane suna da sha'awar halitta kuma suna buƙatar yin aiki don amfanin kansu, saƙo wanda ke samun tagomashi daga masana masana'antu da gwamnatoci. <ref name="Viner1999"/> Ya kuma ƙirƙiro kalmar ''damuwa'' don nufin abin da ke haifar da shi ko abin da ke motsa shi, sabanin yanayin damuwa da ya haifar. Selye ta yi mu'amala da masana'antar taba tun daga shekarar 1958 kuma sun kasance abokan hulɗa da ba a bayyana su a shari'o'i da kuma haɓaka manufar damuwa, suna ɓoye alaƙar da ke tsakanin [[Illar Tasirin shan taba ga Lafiya|shan taba da ciwon daji]], da kuma nuna shan taba a matsayin "ɓarna", ko kuma a cikin ra'ayin Selye "ɓarna", daga damuwar muhalli. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petticrew |first=Mark P. |last2=Lee |first2=Kelley |date=March 2011 |title=The "Father of Stress" Meets "Big Tobacco": Hans Selye and the Tobacco Industry |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=411–418 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2009.177634 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=3036703 |pmid=20466961}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun fara ɗaukar ra'ayin Selye; sun nemi a auna "damuwar rayuwa" ta hanyar ƙididdige " mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa ", kuma an gudanar da bincike mai yawa don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin damuwa da cututtuka iri-iri. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, damuwa ta zama fannin likitanci mafi damuwa ga jama'a, kuma an buƙaci ƙarin bincike na asali don magance matsalar. An kuma sake sabunta binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje kan tushen damuwa na neuroendocrine, molecular, da immunological, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin wani abu mai amfani wanda ba lallai bane ya shafi hasashen Selye na asali. Sojojin Amurka sun zama babbar cibiyar binciken damuwa, suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar da rage raunin jijiyoyi da kuma waɗanda suka mutu a fannin tabin hankali. <ref name="Viner1999"/> An ƙirƙiro cutar tabin hankali ''bayan tashin hankali'' ( ''PTSD'' ) a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, wani ɓangare ta hanyar ƙoƙarin masu fafutukar yaƙi da Yaƙin Vietnam da kuma tsoffin sojojin Vietnam da ke yaƙi da Yaƙin, da kuma Chaim F. Shatan . An ƙara wannan yanayin a cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' a matsayin ''cutar damuwa bayan tashin hankali'' a cikin 1980. An ɗauki PTSD a matsayin mummunan martanin motsin rai ga mummunan rauni na tunani, kuma galibi ana danganta shi da sojoji, jami'an 'yan sanda, da sauran ma'aikatan gaggawa. Abin damuwa na iya haɗawa da barazana ga rayuwa (ko kallon ainihin mutuwar wani), mummunan rauni na jiki, ko barazana ga mutuncin jiki ko na tunani. A wasu lokuta, yana iya kasancewa daga mummunan rauni na tunani da na motsin rai, ban da duk wani lahani na zahiri ko barazana. Sau da yawa, duk da haka, ana haɗa su biyun. A shekarun 1990, "damuwa" ta zama muhimmin ɓangare na fahimtar kimiyya ta zamani a dukkan fannoni na ilimin halittar jiki da aikin ɗan adam, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan misalai na rayuwar Yamma. Mayar da hankali kan damuwa a wasu wurare, kamar damuwa a wurin aiki, kuma an haɓaka dabarun sarrafa damuwa . Kalmar ta kuma zama kalma mai kama da "magana", hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen ambaton matsaloli da kuma nuna tausayi ba tare da furta ikirari ba, kawai "damuwa". Ya zo ne don rufe abubuwa da yawa daga ƙaiƙayi mai sauƙi zuwa irin matsaloli masu tsanani waɗanda ka iya haifar da lalacewar [[lafiya]] . A cikin amfani da jama'a, kusan duk wani abu ko yanayi tsakanin waɗannan mawuyacin hali za a iya kwatanta shi da damuwa. Binciken Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka na 2015 game da Damuwa a Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Stress in America Snapshot |url=http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2015/snapshot.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316152627/http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2015/snapshot.aspx |archive-date=16 March 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref> ya gano cewa damuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar na ƙaruwa kuma manyan hanyoyin damuwa guda uku sune "kuɗi", "alhakin iyali", da "aiki". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kl2fapruzfrli4ivncmu12vn6c5omxn 0 156191 883904 874696 2026-07-16T08:51:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nissan_LEAF_got_thirsty.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin [[Nissan Leaf]] yana da matsayi na {{Convert|73|mi}} a cikin jerin [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|sunayen Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA). .]] '''Damuwar da ke tattare da kewayo''' shine [[Tsoro|tsoron]] direban cewa [[Vehicle|abin hawa]] ba shi da isasshen ajiyar makamashi (mai da/ko ƙarfin baturi) don rufe nisan da ake buƙata don isa inda aka nufa, kuma hakan zai iya ɗaure masu ababen hawa a tsakiyar hanya. <ref name="RSC">{{Cite web |last=Eberle |first=Ulrich |last2=von Helmolt |first2=Rittmar |date=2010-05-14 |title=Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224880220 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Backstrom |first=Michael |date=May 22, 2009 |title=Comments of Southern California Edison Company on the California Public Utilities Commission Staff's White Paper, Light-Duty V |url=http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/8B8F7624-1DF1-426B-847A-74255D3484D6/0/SCE_Comments_on_LDV_Electrification_White_Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629060851/http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/8B8F7624-1DF1-426B-847A-74255D3484D6/0/SCE_Comments_on_LDV_Electrification_White_Paper.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2010 |access-date=26 June 2010 |page=4}}</ref> Kalmar, wacce {{As of|2010}} An yi amfani da shi musamman don la'akari da yanayin tuki na motocin lantarki masu amfani da batir (BEVs), an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shingen tunani ga ɗaukar manyan motocin lantarki a bainar jama'a. <ref name="RSC" /> <ref name="harv1">{{Cite web |last=Jose Gomez-Ibane |last2=Prof. Hermann Bennett |last3=Dean John Haigh |last4=Alfred Wiederer |last5=Ronald Philip |title=Policy options for electric vehicle charging infrastructure in C40 cities |url=http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/cache/documents/11089/1108934.pdf |access-date=23 July 2010 |website=Clinton Climate Initiative |publisher=Harvard}}</ref> An fara bayar da rahoton kalmar "damuwa ta nesa" a cikin manema labarai a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1997, a cikin ''Jaridar Kasuwanci ta San Diego'' ta Richard Acello yana nufin damuwar direbobin motocin lantarki na GM EV1 . <ref name="SDBJ">{{Cite web |title=First public citation of range anxiety |url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/rangeanxiety.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809062102/http://www.wordspy.com/words/rangeanxiety.asp |archive-date=2014-08-09 |access-date=2011-04-16}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2010, General Motors ta shigar da wannan kalma a matsayin alamar kasuwanci, tana mai cewa an yi ta ne don "haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da ƙarfin motocin lantarki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2010 |title=How GM Will Use Fear to Sell You a Chevy Volt |url=http://jalopnik.com/5626306/how-gm-will-use-fear-to-sell-you-a-chevy-volt}}</ref> An sanya ''rekkeviddeangst'' na Norway a matsayi na biyu a cikin jerin "kalmomin shekara" na Norway na 2013 ta Majalisar Harshen Norway . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eric Loveday |title="Range Anxiety" in 2nd Place on Norway's "Words of the Year" List |url=http://insideevs.com/range-anxiety-in-2nd-place-on-norways-words-of-the-year-list/ |website=[[Motorsport Network#InsideEVs|InsideEVs]] |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815222107/http://insideevs.com/range-anxiety-in-2nd-place-on-norways-words-of-the-year-list |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manyan dabarun rage damuwar kewayo tsakanin direbobin motocin lantarki sune tura manyan kayayyakin caji, haɓaka ƙarfin batir mai yawa a farashi mai rahusa, fasahar musanya batir, amfani da na'urorin faɗaɗa kewayon, ingantaccen hasashen kewayawa da kewayon da kuma samuwar motocin lamuni kyauta don dogayen tafiye-tafiye. A cewar wani bincike da Ƙungiyar Motoci ta Amurka ta gudanar, maganin damuwa shine mallakar abin hawa mai amfani da wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edmonds |first=Ellen |date=22 January 2020 |title=AAA: Owning an electric vehicle is the cure for most consumer concerns |url=https://newsroom.aaa.com/2020/01/aaa-owning-an-electric-vehicle-is-the-cure-for-most-consumer-concerns/ |publisher=[[American Automobile Association]]}}</ref> == Amsoshi ga damuwa ta jeri == [[Fayil:Tesla_Model_S_P85+_dashboard_with_zero_range_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Allon kayan aikin Tesla Model S wanda ya isa inda aka nufa kamar yadda kewayon da aka nuna ya kai sifili]] <blockquote>Damuwar da ke tattare da kekuna za ta takaita damar amfani da dukkan motocin lantarki a wasu takamaiman aikace-aikace, koda kuwa farashin batirin ya ragu. - Bill Reinert, Manajan Fasaha na Ƙasa a Kamfanin Toyota na Amurka, 2010 </blockquote>Damuwar da ake nunawa game da kekuna na iya ƙaruwa, domin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya kammala da cewa yawancin tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun ana iya yi su ne a cikin kewayon abin hawa mai araha na lantarki. <ref name="MyUser_The_Washington_Post_August_16_2016c">{{Cite web |last=Chris Mooney |date=August 15, 2016 |title='Range anxiety' is scaring people away from electric cars — but the fear may be overblown |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/08/15/range-anxiety-scares-people-away-from-electric-cars-why-the-fear-could-be-overblown/ |access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> Damuwar da ake nunawa cewa masu amfani da motocin lantarki za su iya shiga cikin mawuyacin hali ya haifar da kira ga jama'a da su yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na caji na jama'a. <ref name="harv1"/> {{As of|2013|12}} [[Istoniya|Estonia]] ita ce kaɗai ƙasar da ta tura hanyar sadarwa ta caji ta EV tare da ɗaukar nauyin da ya dace a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da na'urorin caji masu sauri a kan manyan hanyoyi a matsakaicin nisan tsakanin {{Convert|40|and|60|km}}, da kuma yawan jama'a a birane. <ref>{{Cite web |last=KredEx |date=2013-02-20 |title=Estonia becomes the first in the world to open a nationwide electric vehicle fast-charging network |url=http://estonianworld.com/technology/estonia-becomes-the-first-in-the-world-to-open-a-nationwide-electric-vehicle-fast-charging-network/ |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=Estonian World}}</ref> Yankin ƙasar Estonia da yawan jama'a sune abubuwan da suka sa hakan ya yiwu. Ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe, tunda ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da sauran sassan ƙasa da ƙasa na matakin farko, rabin girmansa ya kai na [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] kuma gundumomi uku a Amurka suna da faɗin ƙasa mafi girma. Masana'antun motocin lantarki sun yi ƙoƙarin rage damuwar da ke tattare da yanayin damuwa ta hanyar ƙara ƙarfin batirin don faɗaɗa kewayon motar. REVA tana da wata fasaha ta musamman mai suna "Revive", wacce ajiyar batir ce da masu amfani da motocin lantarki za su iya saki ta hanyar aika saƙon tes ko kiran cibiyar aiki. <ref name="harv1"/> Ta amfani da mafita ta faɗaɗa kewayon, kamar yadda aka aiwatar a cikin Chevrolet Volt ko BMW i3, injin ƙonewa na ciki yana kunnawa don sake caji batir kafin ya zama babu komai. <ref name="RSC"/> <ref name="R1">{{Cite web |last=Matthe |first=Roland |last2=Eberle |first2=Ulrich |date=2014-01-01 |title=The Voltec System - Energy Storage and Electric Propulsion |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262004450 |access-date=2014-05-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AVL's Range Extender Allows Electrically Driven Ranges equal to those of Conventional Vehicles |url=http://www.atzonline.com/index.php;do=show/site=a4e/sid=18762177414d6a85de938b0568579942/alloc=1/id=9806}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AVL Introduces New Modular Range Extender Technologies and Engineering Services (17 May 2009) |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/05/avl-re-20090517.html |access-date=9 June 2026 |archive-date=14 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914174749/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/05/avl-re-20090517.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The AVL Range Extender |url=https://www.avl.com/electrified-passenger-cars |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707193526/https://www.avl.com/electrified-passenger-cars |archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving Electrically: "AVL Pure Range Extender" for Electric Vehicles |url=https://www.avl.com/press-releases-2010/-/asset_publisher/F57c/content/avl-at-the-geneva-motor-show?redirect=%2Fpress-releases-2010 |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000158/https://www.avl.com/press-releases-2010/-/asset_publisher/F57c/content/avl-at-the-geneva-motor-show?redirect=%2Fpress-releases-2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AVL introduces its own Wankel rotary EV range-extender |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/07/16/avl-introduces-its-own-wankel-rotary-ev-range-extender/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wata hanya kuma ita ce hanyar da aka tsara ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Ridek na mota inda za a iya musanya chassis na abin hawa da wanda ke ɗauke da babban batirin da ke da babban ƙarfin aiki a hanyar sadarwa ta tashoshin musayar chassis kafin fara tafiya mai nisa. Tunda rashin bayanai na iya zama abin da ke haifar da hakan, ingantaccen tsarin kewayawa tare da sanin ƙarfin batirin da kuma nisan da ya rage zai iya rage tsoro. Akwai kuma yiwuwar rage tsoro kafin siyan abin hawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=iEV electric car simulator |url=http://dottribes.com/iEV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154041/http://dottribes.com/iEV |archive-date=2012-07-29}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Motoci ta Amurka (AAA) ta fara wani shirin gwaji na sake cajin motoci a birane shida: Knoxville, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle da Tampa. Membobin AAA masu tuƙi a cikin EV za su iya amfani da ƙarfin caji na matakin 3 na motar don sake cajin [[Nissan Leaf]] zuwa kashi 80% cikin mintuna 30. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Test Ride Electric Cars for Free |url=http://www.torquenews.com/1079/test-ride-electric-car-free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=AAA says that its emergency electric vehicle charging trucks served "thousands" of EVs without power |url=https://electrek.co/2016/09/06/aaa-ev-emergency-charging-truck/ |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=Electrek}}</ref> == Musayar batir == Sauya batir dabara ce ta guje wa damuwa game da kewayo wanda ke ba motocin lantarki damar faɗaɗa ƙarfinsu ta hanyar tashar canza batir. A tashar, ana musanya batirin da ya lalace da batirin da aka cika caji a daidai lokacin da ake ɗauka don cika mota da mai. [1] Sauya batir abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin rumbunan ajiya ta amfani da manyan motocin forklift na lantarki. [2] Yayin da motar lantarki ta fito a matsayin babbar fasahar da ta shahara a ƙarshen shekarun 1890 har zuwa shekarun 1920, an fara gabatar da manufar sabis na batir mai musanya tun daga shekarar 1896 domin shawo kan ƙarancin iyakokin aiki na motocin lantarki da manyan motoci. Kamfanin Hasken Lantarki na Hartford ne ya fara aiwatar da wannan manufar ta hanyar sabis na batir na GeVeCo kuma da farko yana samuwa ga manyan motocin lantarki. Mai motar ya sayi motar daga Kamfanin General Vehicle (GVC, wani reshe na Kamfanin General Electric) ba tare da baturi ba kuma an sayi wutar lantarki daga Hartford Electric ta hanyar batirin da za a iya musanyawa. Mai motar ya biya kuɗin sabis na kowane mil da kuma kuɗin sabis na kowane wata don biyan kulawa da adana motar. An gyara motoci da batura duka don sauƙaƙe musayar batir cikin sauri. An samar da sabis ɗin tsakanin 1910 da 1924 kuma a wannan lokacin ya rufe sama da mil miliyan 6. Tun daga shekarar 1917, an gudanar da irin wannan sabis mai nasara a [[Chicago]] ga masu motocin Milburn Light Electric waɗanda suma za su iya siyan motar ba tare da batura ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4cykib25sm6xobdjqh55n1t032iikem 0 156397 883804 874353 2026-07-16T02:29:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883804 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Cibiyoyin Kasuwanci na '''CityMall'''''', wanda aka fi sani da CityMall. Ya zuwa 2023, tana da rassa 43 a duk faɗin Philippines. == Tarihi == An ƙaddamar da alamar CityMall a ƙarshen 2015, tare da CityMall Arnaldo, Roxas a matsayin babban kanti na farko. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, Grand City Mall Mandalagan, Bacolod ya yi babban bikin buɗewa, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama Grand City Mall na farko da aka buɗe. == Rassan == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;" !Sunan !Ranar buɗewa&nbsp; !Yankin ƙasa (m²) !Yankin bene (m²) ! class="unsortable" |Wurin da bayanin !Magana |- |CityMall Arnaldo-Roxas |{{Sort|2015|March 27, 2015}} |14,000 |7,350 + kari |Arnaldo Boulevard, Baybay, Roxas, Capiz |CityMall na farko da za a buɗe a duka Capiz da Western Visayas. Kamfanin Robinson Retail's Robinsons Supermarket, Robinsons Handyman, Robinsinsons Appliances, da Daiso Japan ne suka kafa shi. |- |CityMall ta'aziyya |{{Sort|2015|May 27, 2015}} |10,251 |  |Sanya. Lucia Townsquare, Cansaga, Consolacion, Cebu |CityMall na farko tare da SM Savemore a matsayin babban kantin sayar da su kuma na farko a duka Cebu da yankin Visayas ta Tsakiya. An yi kwangila da mall ɗin tare da yarjejeniyar haya ta shekaru 30 tare da Eagle Land Development Corporation . <ref name="CityMall-Map">{{Cite web |title=Citymall Map |url=https://www.doubledragon.com.ph/citymall_map |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806042534/https://www.doubledragon.com.ph/citymall_map |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CityMall}}</ref> |- |CityMall Anabu |{{Sort|2015|August 12, 2015}} |20,943 |  |Hanyar Aguinaldo, Anabu, Imus, CaviteKafar da aka yi |CityMall na farko a Cavite da Calabarzon . <ref>{{Cite web |title=DoubleDragon opens first CityMall in Luzon – Caphital |url=http://caphital.com/2015/08/doubledragon-opens-first-citymall-in-luzon/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123202422/http://caphital.com/2015/08/doubledragon-opens-first-citymall-in-luzon/ |archive-date=November 23, 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016 |website=caphital.com}}</ref> Gidan baje kolin yana cikin rukunin Liwayway Marketing Corporation tare da yarjejeniyar haya ta shekaru 26 tsakanin CityMall da Liwayway. |- |CityMall Tetuan |{{Sort|2015|September 30, 2015}} |15,344 |  |Don Alfaro Street, Tetuan, Zamboanga CityBirnin Zamboanga |CityMall na farko a cikin Zamboanga City da Zamboanga Peninsula da kuma CityMall ta farko tare da babban kantin sayar da gida, Shop-O-Rama Hypermarket . |- |CityMall Tagbak |{{Sort|2015|October 10, 2015}} |5,500 |  |Tagbak, Jaro, Birnin Iloilo |Supermarket ta kafa ta Iloilo Supermart.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=City Mall opens 5th branch in Tagbak, Jaro, Iloilo City |url=http://iloilo-travel-guide.blogspot.com/2015/10/city-mall-opens-5th-branch-in-tagbak.html |access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref> An yi kwangila da mall ɗin tare da yarjejeniyar haya ta shekaru 26 tare da Kamfanin Ci gaban Kasuwanci na Iloilo.<ref name=":5" /> |- |CityMall Tiaong |{{Sort|2016|May 7, 2016}} |8,000 |  |Hanyar Maharlika, Lalig, Tiaong, Quezon |Yana hidimtawa mazauna da masu yawon bude ido a cikin Villa Escudero Plantations da Resort, CityMall Villa Escudiro an shirya shi don aiki tare da hayar shekaru 26. Har ila yau ita ce CityMall ta farko a duka Quezon |- |CityMall Parola |{{Sort|2016|July 14, 2016}} |12,734 |  |Parola, Birnin Iloilo |CityMall Parola tana da matsala kafin budewa bayan jami'an Iloilo City sun gano cewa ba ta da izinin kasuwanci. Duk ya fara ne lokacin da rikice-rikice suka tashi a kan yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin CityMall da Parola Ferry Terminal (wanda aka fi sani da Guimaras-Iloilo Ferry Terminal). Koyaya, matsalar tare da izinin su kamar an warware ta biyo bayan babban buɗewar mall ɗin a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2016 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAGARBO OPENS NEWEST BRANCH @ CITY MALL-PAROLA |url=http://www.thedailyguardian.net/iloilo-society/65217-magarbo-opens-newest-branch--city-mall-parola |access-date=November 27, 2016 |website=www.thedailyguardian.net |archive-date=November 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133157/http://www.thedailyguardian.net/iloilo-society/65217-magarbo-opens-newest-branch--city-mall-parola |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City Mall sa GIFT complex sa Parola area, Operational na – Aksyon Radyo Iloilo 720Khz |url=http://www.aksyonradyoiloilo.com.ph/archives/city-mall-sa-gift-complex-sa-parola-area-operational-na/ |access-date=November 27, 2016 |website=www.aksyonradyoiloilo.com.ph |archive-date=November 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051714/http://www.aksyonradyoiloilo.com.ph/archives/city-mall-sa-gift-complex-sa-parola-area-operational-na/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |CityMall Cotabato |{{Sort|2016|October 18, 2016}} |15,000 |  |Gwamna Gutierrez Ave., Birnin Cotabato |Babban CityMall a lokacin da aka buɗe shi dangane da babban filin bene (game da Grand CityMalls) da kuma kantin sayar da kayayyaki na farko a Cotabato City da Bangsamoro . Kuma game da Grand CityMalls, CityMall Cotabato zai zama CityMall na farko da zai sami nasa gidan silima.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COTABATO CITY - CityMall Cotabato City... - Mindanao Economic Boom {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/vismincities/photos/a.307173062810656.1073741828.307163122811650/541785032682790/?type=3&theater |access-date=November 27, 2016 |website=www.Facebook.com}}</ref> |- |CityMall Mandalagan |{{Sort|2016|November 8, 2016}} |10,000 |  |Lacson St., Mandalagan, Bacolod |Babban Birni na farko a Bacolod. |- |CityMall Kabankalan |{{Sort|2017|February 14, 2017}} |15,000 |  |Gidan Lizaran da Bonifacio Streets, Kabankalan, Negros OccidentalBaƙi na Yamma | |- |CityMall Nasara |{{Sort|2017|February 15, 2017}} |13,734 |  |Osmeña Avenue, Victorias, Negros Occidental | |- |CityMall Boracay |{{Sort|2017|February 25, 2017}} |10,000 |  |Boracay Tambisaan Hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa, Boracay, Malay, Aklan |Kamar CityMall Anabu, Imus da CityMall Villa Escudero, CityMall Boracay an shirya shi don aiki tare da hayar shekaru 26. |- |CityMall Tagum |{{Sort|2017|February 28, 2017}} |19,384 |  |Hanyar Lapu-Lapu, Tagum |CityMall na farko a Yankin Davao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagum to have 2 new malls {{!}} Mindanao Times |url=http://mindanaotimes.net/tagum-to-have-2-new-malls/ |access-date=November 27, 2016 |website=mindanaotimes.net |archive-date=November 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128054601/http://mindanaotimes.net/tagum-to-have-2-new-malls/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, yana da takalma na SM na farko a Mindanao. |- |CityMall Koronadal |Nuwamba 8, 2017 |14,800 | |Janar Santos Drive, Morales, Koronadal, Kudancin Cotabato |CityMall na farko a yankin Soccsksargen |- |CityMall Iponan |12 ga Oktoba, 2018 |11,957 | |Hanyar Butuan-Cagayan de Oro-Iligan (Hanyar Kasa), Brgy. Iponan, Cagayan de Oro[[Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan na Zinariya]] |CityMall na farko da ya buɗe a Cagayan de Oro kuma na farko a Arewacin Mindanao. |- |CityMall Bacalso |Afrilu 30, 2022 |11,000 | |N. Bacalso Avenue, Birnin Cebu |CityMall na biyu a Cebu |- |CityMall Bocaue |Satumba 8, 2022 |9,000 | |Hanyar MacArthur, Bunlo, Bocaue, Bulacan |<ref>{{Cite web |title=CityMall Philippines Official Facebook Page |url=https://www.facebook.com/citymallph/photos/a.782438351841716/5369821556436683/ |access-date=October 24, 2022 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> |- |CityMall Surigao |Yuli 28, 2023 |7,200 | |Hanyar Pan-Philippine, Luna, Surigao CityBirnin Surigao |CityMall na farko a Surigao kuma na farko a yankin Caraga (Da farko an shirya bude shi a cikin 2018). |} == Dubi kuma == * Cibiyar Birnin Primark == Manazarta == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} cj9f2ec0g9r2lm554vpnryd2m6xurbt 0 156426 883926 853708 2026-07-16T09:43:46Z BnHamid 12586 883926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Matak (Farisa: ماتك) ƙauye ne a, kuma tsohon babban birnin gundumar karkara ta Tulem a gundumar Tulem ta gundumar Sowme'eh Sara, lardin Gilan, Iran. An mayar da babban birnin gundumar karkara zuwa ƙauyen Lifshagerd . <ref name="Gilan Province Reforms 115536"> {{Cite web |last=Habibi |first=Hassan |author-link=Hassan Habibi |date=17 September 1994 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1373/06/26 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |script-title=fa:ایجاد اصلاحاتی در دهستانهای استان گیلان |trans-title=‌Making reforms in rural districts of Gilan province |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/115536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213220956/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/115536 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|‌وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] F273B063-7BBB-4BAA-ABEF-12DAB8E16D37. {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره دوره}} [Course number] 73, {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره جلد}} [Volume number] 2. |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|کمیسیون سیاسی دفاعی هیأت دولت}} [Political Defense Commission of the Government Board]}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == A lokacin kididdigar kasa ta 2006, yawan mutanen ƙauyen ya kai 888 a cikin gidaje 242. <ref name="2006 Gilan Province"> {{Cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1385 : استان گیلان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2006: Gilan Province |url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083905/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls |archive-date=20 September 2011 |access-date=25 September 2022 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |language=fa |format=Excel}}</ref> Ƙididdigar da ta biyo baya a cikin 2011 ta ƙidaya mutane 770 a cikin gidaje 243.<ref name="2011 Gilan Province"> {{Cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1390 : استان گیلان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2011: Gilan Province |url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gilan.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008063316/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gilan.xls |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=Iran Data Portal—Syracuse University |language=fa |format=Excel |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran]}}</ref> Ƙididdigar shekara ta 2016 ta auna yawan mutanen ƙauyen a matsayin mutane 662 a cikin gidaje 226.<ref name="2016 Gilan Province"> {{Cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1395 : استان گیلان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2016: Gilan Province |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_01.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204200858/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_01.xlsx |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |language=fa |format=Excel}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201204200858/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_01.xlsx <bdi lang="fa">سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1395 : استان گیلان</bdi>] &#x5B;General Population and Housing Census 2016: Gilan Province&#x5D;. </cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙauyuka a Iran]] kgd3qjkz64dfq0bygoq4ny5ktiviwag 0 156522 883805 854057 2026-07-16T02:30:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883805 wikitext text/x-wiki !{{Databox}}  {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|id=Q5123100|type=line|zoom=|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#723B1F|text=Interactive map of Melbourne tram route 35.}}City Circle (Melbourne tram route 35) wani jirgin ƙasa ne mai farashi mara kyau wanda ke gudana a kusa da Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Melbourne a Ostiraliya. Gudun tare da tituna mafi girma na tsakiyar gari hanyar ta wuce abubuwan jan hankali da yawa na Melbourne ciki har da Gidan Majalisar, Ginin Tsohon Baitulmalin da kuma yankin Docklands mai tasowa. Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, yana aiki ne kawai a gefen agogo. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:City-circle-trams-melbourne.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin kasa na City Circle a kan titin La Trobe a watan Agusta 2007]] An gabatar da hanyar jirgin ƙasa a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1994, wanda ke buƙatar karamin tsawo tare da Spring Street, tsakanin Collins da Flinders Streets, don ba da damar samar da cikakken madauki na CBD. Shirin Building Better Cities na Gwamnatin Tarayya ya ba da kuɗin dala miliyan 6.4 na fadada hanyar, yayin da Gwamnatin Jiha ta ba da kuɗin gudanarwa. Har zuwa Janairun 2003, hanyar yamma ta hanyar farko ta tram ɗin tana kan titin Spencer, amma daga baya aka faɗaɗa hanyar zuwa yamma don ta ratsa ta Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Esplanade, Docklands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2003 |title=City Circle Tram now extends to the Docklands Precinct |url=http://www.victrip.com.au/latest_news/service_alteration_detail.php?id=32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030415063438/http://www.victrip.com.au/latest_news/service_alteration_detail.php?id=32 |archive-date=15 April 2003 |website=Victrip}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2003 |title=City Circle Tram Extended to Melbourne's Waterfront at Docklands |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/b0222c68d27626e2ca256c8c001a3d2d/527ef3e293dc01dcca256cb7007d2c50!OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001000737/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/b0222c68d27626e2ca256c8c001a3d2d/527ef3e293dc01dcca256cb7007d2c50!OpenDocument |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Minister for Major Projects, Minister for Public Transport}}</ref> Tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba 2005, hanyar ta ɗan lokaci ta gudana tsakanin Flinders Street / Spencer Street da Victoria Parade / Nicholson Street saboda rufewa da cire Flinders Road Overpass a kan King Street.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2005 |title=Flinders Street Overpass Removal |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/default.jsp?xcid=465 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823132904/http://www.yarratrams.com.au/default.jsp?xcid=465 |archive-date=23 August 2006 |website=Yara Trams}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2005 |title=Routes 13, 24, 30, 48, 70, 75, 86, 109, 112 & City Circle - From Monday 21 November 05 |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/default.jsp?xcid=1118 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820030302/http://www.yarratrams.com.au/default.jsp?xcid=1118 |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2006, an shigar da sabbin Bayanan Fasinjoji tare da Sanarwar Muryar Digital. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, sabis ɗin ya karɓi jadawalin adana hasken rana na dindindin, yana aiki daga 10:00 zuwa 21:00 kowace Alhamis, Jumma'a da Asabar. Ƙarshen sabis a wasu lokuta shine 18:00.<ref name="sundown">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2008 |title=City Circle Tram to Run When the Sun goes Down |url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/minister-for-public-transport/city-circle-tram-to-run-when-the-sun-goes-down.html |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Premier of Victoria |archive-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103443/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/minister-for-public-transport/city-circle-tram-to-run-when-the-sun-goes-down.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2009, an canza hanyar a karo na biyu, ana tsawaita ta daga Harbour Esplanade zuwa NewQuay da Waterfront City ta hanyar Docklands Drive. Wannan ya sanya hanyar ta zama 'q' mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarra Trams |date=1 May 2009 |title=Media Release: Popular City Circle tram extended to Docklands Drive |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-105/99_read-1954 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925130412/http://www.yarratrams.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-105/99_read-1954/ |archive-date=25 September 2009 |access-date=28 March 2010 |publisher=www.yarratrams.com.au}}</ref> Ayyuka bayan 18:00 tsakanin Alhamis da Lahadi an cire su a watan Nuwamba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes to Routes 12, 30, 35, 86, 96 and 109 |url=https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/footer/about-ptv/improvements-and-projects/tram/changes-to-routes-12-30-35-86-96-and-109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218042805/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/footer/about-ptv/improvements-and-projects/tram/changes-to-routes-12-30-35-86-96-and-109/ |archive-date=18 December 2024 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Public Transport Victoria}}</ref> Saboda karancin direbobi, mai gudanar da hanyar, Yarra Trams, ya sami wahalar gudanar da duk ayyukan tram na City Circle. Saboda haka, tun daga 30 ga Oktoba 2023, hanyar tana gudana ne kawai a cikin hanyar da ke tsakanin 9:30 da 17:30 kowace rana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tram timetable changes |url=https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/footer/about-ptv/improvements-and-projects/tram/tram-timetable-changes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004081839/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/footer/about-ptv/improvements-and-projects/tram/tram-timetable-changes |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=PTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatch |first=Patrick |date=21 September 2023 |title=St Kilda, City Circle heritage trams cut in timetable overhaul |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/st-kilda-city-circle-heritage-trams-cut-in-timetable-overhaul-20230920-p5e665.html |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=The Age}}</ref> == Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita == {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|id=Q5123100|type=line|zoom=|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#723B1F|text=Interactive map of Melbourne tram route 35.}} [[Fayil:W_Tram_Interior.JPG|thumb|Cikin wani W class tram a cikin City Circle sabis]] [[Fayil:City-Circle-Tram,-cnr-Flinders&Elizabeth,-Melb,-12.08.2008.jpg|thumb|W class tram a kan Flinders Street a watan Agusta 2008]] Hanyar layin dogo na City Circle yana bin gefen waje na Hoddle Grid, tare da karkatarwa guda uku. Tana bi ta dukkan titin La Trobe, Harbor Esplanade da Flinders Street. Tana bin titin Spring tsakanin titin Flinders da Bourke, amma tana tafiya ta Titin Nicholson da Titin Victoria kafin ta koma Titin La Trobe. A mahadar titin Harbor Esplanade da Titin Latrobe, ana kashe madaurin don gudu zuwa da kuma daga ƙarshen Docklands Drive, Waterfront City. == Aiki == Hanyar City Circle tana aiki tare da trams na W na al'ada, an mayar da su zuwa yanayin asali a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓakar W8. Ya zuwa 2020, waɗannan su ne kawai W-class trams a kan tsarin, kuma babu wani shiri na yin ritaya daga gare su. Jirgin City Circle da farko suna da launi na musamman na maroon wanda ke inganta sabis ɗin, duk da haka a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓakar W8 an mayar da trams zuwa asalin kore da cream. Har zuwa shekara ta 2014, City Circle na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi da yawa don gudanar da trams na W-class ([[Melbourne tram route 79|79]]" Melbourne tram route 30">30, 78 da 79) amma sauran hanyoyin da aka cire su na W-lass, galibi an maye gurbinsu da aji A. Trams suna nuna lambar hanya 35 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=35 City Circle (Free Tourist Tram) |url=https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15834/35/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427122333/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/15834/35/ |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Public Transport Victoria}}</ref> City Circle yana aiki a kan gaba na minti 12 a cikin jagorancin agogo, tare da sabis ɗin da ke ɗaukar kusan minti 60 don kammala madauki. Matsakaicin fasinjoji miliyan uku suna amfani da sabis ɗin a kowace shekara, tare da kowane tram da ke kewaye da birnin sau 9 a rana, ko sau 12 lokacin da tram ɗin ke aiki zuwa 21:00.<ref name="sundown"/> == Taswirar hanya ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bff8evmy8llq34dj5uevudzapj7kfvs 0 156629 883664 854507 2026-07-15T17:38:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 883664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caledon''', wanda aka fi sani da ''Swartberg'', wani gari ne a yankin Overberg a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ke da nisan kilomita 100 (62 a gabashin Cape Town kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011 tana da yawan mutane 13,020. Tana cikin, da kuma wurin zama na, Theewaterskloof Local Municipality. Al'ummomin [[Khoisan|Khoikhoi]] ne ke ci gaba da zama a garin wadanda, kafin zuwan sojojin mulkin mallaka, sune mafi arziki a wannan ƙasar.<ref name="saho">{{Cite web |title=The Khoisan |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/khoisan |access-date=20 September 2020 |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> Caledon yana kan Hanyar ƙasa ta N2, kilomita 113 (70 ta hanyar hanya daga tsakiyar Cape Town. A Caledon N2 ya sadu da R316 daga Arniston da Bredasdorp, da R320 daga Hermanus. Har ila yau, yana kan layin jirgin kasa na reshen Overberg, kilomita 141 (88 ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Tashar Cape Town. Gundumar Caledon da farko yanki ne na [[noma]]. Yawancin ayyukan noma sun haɗa da samar da [[hatsi]] tare da wani adadin noma. Garin sananne ne a cikin gida ga Caledon Spa da Casino, da kuma tuddai masu juyawa da filayen canola masu launin rawaya a cikin bazara. == Yanayin ƙasa == Garin yana da Yanayin Bahar Rum na dumi, lokacin rani mai bushe da sanyi, hunturu mai laushi. Ana canza yanayin zafi ta hanyar kusanci da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ta Kudu, a kan Dutsen Kogin Klein zuwa kudu. == Tarihi == An san wurin ne da farko a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland a matsayin Bad Road de Berg (Bath Behind the Mountain). An gina gidan wanka a shekara ta 1797 kuma ƙauyen da ake kira Swartberg ya tashi, wanda a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1813 aka sake masa suna Caledon don girmama ɗan ƙasar Irish Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon (1777-1839), gwamnan Burtaniya na farko na Cape (1806-1811). == Shahararrun mazauna == An haifi marubucin Peter Dreyer a Caledon a Otal din Caledon Baths a 1939. Ministan gwamnatin Rhodesia P. K. van der Byl ya yi ritaya zuwa Caledon kuma daga baya ya mutu a can, a Fairfield . Mahaifinsa, mai adawa da wariyar launin fata P. V. van der Byl, an haife shi a Caledon a cikin 1889. == Abubuwan jan hankali == * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Caledon, titin Tsarin Mulki. * K3 ZIPLINE - Layin Zipline mafi tsawo a duniya, Hanyar N2, Caledon. == Manazarta == ndgpy9x0j1bl2iva8zt4qlmv2njgn3c 883665 883664 2026-07-15T17:39:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 883665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caledon''', wanda aka fi sani da ''Swartberg'', wani gari ne a yankin Overberg a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ke da nisan kilomita 100 (62 a gabashin Cape Town kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011 tana da yawan mutane 13,020. Tana cikin, da kuma wurin zama na, Theewaterskloof Local Municipality. Al'ummomin [[Khoisan|Khoikhoi]] ne ke ci gaba da zama a garin wadanda, kafin zuwan sojojin mulkin mallaka, sune mafi arziki a wannan ƙasar.<ref name="saho">{{Cite web |title=The Khoisan |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/khoisan |access-date=20 September 2020 |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> Caledon yana kan Hanyar ƙasa ta N2, kilomita 113 (70 ta hanyar hanya daga tsakiyar Cape Town. A Caledon N2 ya sadu da R316 daga Arniston da Bredasdorp, da R320 daga Hermanus. Har ila yau, yana kan layin jirgin kasa na reshen Overberg, kilomita 141 (88 ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Tashar Cape Town. Gundumar Caledon da farko yanki ne na [[noma]]. Yawancin ayyukan noma sun haɗa da samar da [[hatsi]] tare da wani adadin noma. Garin sananne ne a cikin gida ga Caledon Spa da Casino, da kuma tuddai masu juyawa da filayen canola masu launin rawaya a cikin bazara. == Yanayin ƙasa == Garin yana da Yanayin Bahar Rum na dumi, lokacin rani mai bushe da sanyi, hunturu mai laushi. Ana canza yanayin zafi ta hanyar kusanci da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ta Kudu, a kan Dutsen Kogin Klein zuwa kudu. == Tarihi == An san wurin ne da farko a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland a matsayin Bad Road de Berg (Bath Behind the Mountain). An gina gidan wanka a shekara ta 1797 kuma ƙauyen da ake kira Swartberg ya tashi, wanda a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1813 aka sake masa suna Caledon don girmama ɗan ƙasar Irish Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon (1777-1839), gwamnan Burtaniya na farko na Cape (1806-1811). == Shahararrun mazauna == An haifi marubucin Peter Dreyer a Caledon a Otal din Caledon Baths a 1939. Ministan gwamnatin Rhodesia P. K. van der Byl ya yi ritaya zuwa Caledon kuma daga baya ya mutu a can, a Fairfield . Mahaifinsa, mai adawa da wariyar launin fata P. V. van der Byl, an haife shi a Caledon a cikin 1889. == Abubuwan jan hankali == * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Caledon, titin Tsarin Mulki. * K3 ZIPLINE - Layin Zipline mafi tsawo a duniya, Hanyar N2, Caledon. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0nnrp1pal7bpcahzyuoaivn4lsnrdag 0 157119 883830 855986 2026-07-16T04:52:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=<!-- [http://peabody.research.yale.edu//CICHLID/CK/copgeertsim.jpg] -->|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |date=2018 |title=''Copadichromis geertsi'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T60865A47219242 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T60865A47219242.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Copadichromis geertsi|authority=[[Ad Konings|Konings]], 1999|synonyms=}} '''''Copadichromis geertsi''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . == Bayani == ''Copadichromis geertsi'' wani ƙaramin cichlid ne mai matsakaicin girma, yana girma zuwa matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|12.8|cm|in}}, wanda ke nuna tabo biyu, wani lokacin guda ɗaya kawai, a gefuna. Mazan suna da launin duhu tare da saman jikinsu ya bambanta daga shuɗi mai haske zuwa rawaya zuwa kai da kuma kan ƙarshen fin . Ana iya bambanta shi da sauran membobin halittar ''[[Copadichromis]]'' ta hanyar tabo biyu, launin mazan da ke haihuwa baƙi ne tare da walƙiya mai launin shuɗi zuwa rawaya a kansa da bayansa. Matan da mazan da ba sa haihuwa ba su da launin rawaya a cikin fin ɗin dubura da aka gani da kuma mazan da ba sa haihuwa na ''Copadichromis pleurostigmoides'' iri ɗaya <ref name="MC">{{Cite web |last=M.K. Oliver PhD |year=2002 |title=''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08021b.htm |access-date=2 December 2018 |website=Malawi Cichlids |publisher=M. K. Oliver |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202657/https://malawicichlids.com/mw08021b.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma launinsu launin toka ne tare da tabo baƙi biyu. <ref name="GCCA">{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Malawi Cichlids ''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/58-copadichromis-geertsi#.XATxD_Z2sbo |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == ''Kogin Copadichromis'' yana da matuƙar girma a Tafkin Malawi a gefen gabas daga Kogin Nsinje a Malawi) arewa har zuwa Thundu a Mozambique. An yi rikodinsa ne kawai daga wurare huɗu. == Mazauna da muhalli == Ana samun ''Copadichromis geertsi'' a wurare masu laushi gauraye da duwatsu a zurfin da ke tsakanin {{Convert|25–50|m|ft}}, kuma ana yin rikodin shi lokaci-lokaci ne kawai a zurfin da bai kai {{Convert|25|m|ft}} . A wasu lokutan ana samun mata suna neman abinci a cikin rukuni a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa kuma mata ɗaya ɗaya za su yi tafiya tsakanin yankunan da mazan da ke kiwon ke riƙe da su. Wannan nau'in yana cin ƙananan abubuwa da yake ɗauka daga ginshiƙin ruwa. Mazan da ke kiwo suna haƙa wuraren haifuwar kogo a cikin mahalli iri-iri da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|25|m|ft}} . Ana tono wurin haihuwa daga ƙarƙashin dutse da kuma kusa da shi kuma yana da diamita na {{Convert|50-200|cm|in}} . Namijin yankin yana tono yashi daga ƙarƙashin dutsen, yana tara shi sannan ya yi amfani da shi don gina katanga mai zagaye wanda ke kewaye da wurin haihu. Mazan da ke haihu yawanci suna shimfida wuraren haihunsu {{Convert|4|m|ft}} daga juna. Bayan mata sun haɗu, sai su yi ta shayarwar ƙwai da aka yi da taki na tsawon kwanaki 30-36 <ref name="GCCA"/> kuma idan sun shirya sai su koma cikin ruwa mai zurfi inda za su haɗu da ƙananan yara Utaka waɗanda ake samu a saman gidajen kampango ( ''Bagrus meridionalis'' ), inda suke fitar da soyayyen ninkaya kyauta. == Amfanin ɗan adam == Ana samun ''geertsi na Copadichromis'' a cikin kasuwancin kifaye, inda wani lokacin ake kiransa "Virginialis blotch". <ref name="MC"/> An yi kiwon su a cikin bauta amma manya da aka kama a daji har yanzu suna nan. <ref name="GCCA"/> Kamun kifi fiye da kima ta amfani da ragar ruwa mai buɗewa, na wani nau'in da ake kira "ragowar chirimila" a Tafkin Malawi, wataƙila barazana ce ga wannan nau'in. == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa wannan nau'in suna a shekarar 1999 ta hannun masanin kimiyyar ichthy kuma ƙwararren cichlid [[Holand|na ƙasar Holland]] Ad Konings, da sunan da ya bayar, yana girmama Martin Geerts na Ƙungiyar Cichlid ta ƙasar Holland saboda sanin ilimin kimiyya game da cichlids da kuma goyon bayan da ya bai wa Konings a lokacin tafiye-tafiye da dama zuwa Tafkunan Malawi da [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] . <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=3 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == mbls9d4mzvzlqqv1c1gjzi5aravmc82 0 157180 883799 856291 2026-07-16T01:38:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cilumba''' wani gari ne a [[Malawi]] . Cibiyar birni ce a cikin Gundumar Karonga . == Wurin da yake == Chilumba tana gefen yammacin Tekun Malawi, a kudancin Gundumar Karonga, a Yankin Arewa Malawi . Wannan wurin yana da kusan kilomita 73 (45 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Karonga, inda hedkwatar gundumar take. Chilumba tana da nisan kilomita 154 (96 mi), ta hanyar hanya, arewacin birnin Mzuzu, hedkwatar yankin Arewacin Malawi. Yanayin ƙasa na Chilumba sune:10°26'15.0"S, 34°14'51.0"E (Latitude:-10.437500; Longitude:34.247500). Yana zaune a matsakaicin tsawo na mita 487 (1,598 , sama da [[Sea level|matsakaicin matakin teku]].<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Geoview |date=7 May 2020 |title=Elevation of Chilumba, Malawi |url=http://mw.geoview.info/chilumba,930986 |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=Goeview.info}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == A shekara ta 2011, an kiyasta yawan mutanen Chilumba a kusan mutane 5,000. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Sashe na tafkin da ke fuskantar Chilumba ana kiransa Chilumba Bay . [[MV Ilala]] Jirgin ruwa ne, wanda ke haɗa manyan ƙauyuka a kan Tafkin Malawi, yana da Chilumba a matsayin tashar arewacinsa. Da zarar ya isa Chilumba, sai ya fara tafiyarsa zuwa tushe a Lusumbwe a Kudancin Yankin Malawi.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Change Her World Canada |date=7 May 2020 |title=Profile of Chilumba, Malawi |url=https://changeherworld.ca/our-projects/chilumba-malawi/ |access-date=7 May 2020 |publisher=Changeherworld.ca |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813133618/https://changeherworld.ca/our-projects/chilumba-malawi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Ruth Evans |date=22 December 2008 |title=Malawi: Sixty years of the MV Ilala |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/news/story/2008/12/081222_malawi_ilala.shtml |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Heterogeneity a cikin wuri mai faɗi yana ba Chilumba yanayi na musamman don rarraba ayyukan nishaɗi da samarwa. Daga gefen tafkin, yana daya daga cikin wurare na musamman tare da tsibirin Chirwa da tsibirin Chitende, wanda ke karɓar nau'ikan shuke-shuke, tsuntsaye da kifi da yawa. Masu kamun kifi suna amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica)) |date=8 May 2020 |title=Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nyasa |access-date=8 May 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> Yankin da ke fuskantar Chirwa alama ce ta musamman tare da bakin teku mai zurfi tare da ruwa mai zurfi wanda zai iya dacewa da nutsewar dutse. Bayin da ke fuskantar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da ruwa mai zurfi don saukar da jiragen ruwa da kuma yiwuwar ruwa mai zurfin tafiya zuwa 50m sannan ya yi iyo a cikin ruwa mai zurfa da ke fuskantar Chitende Peninsula da tuddan Mphiri. Yammacin tsibirin yana da nisan kilomita 3 (2 na rairayin bakin teku mai tsabta. Yankin ya shimfiɗa zuwa ƙasa kusan kilomita 1 (1 kuma yana da kyau kamar hamada mai duhu wanda aka raba shi da maras kyau biyu. Yankin da ke sama da tafkin shine mafi kyawun ƙasar noma da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin tsarin samar da iri iri iri. A baya akwai iyakar halitta na ajiyar gandun daji wanda ya kai ga tafkin ta hanyar tuddai na Mphiri zuwa arewa, wanda ya dace da hawa doki. == Manazarta == g17m625d6s579rzlrjw65cnx5n4jjho 0 157223 883921 856375 2026-07-16T09:39:44Z BnHamid 12586 883921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Accra Great Olympics Football Club''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Great Olympics''' ko '''Oly Dade''') ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar [[Ghana]] da ke birnin [[Accra]]. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekara ta '''1954''', kuma tana taka leda a gasar [[Ghana Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Great_Olympics_F.C. |title=Accra Great Olympics F.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Great Olympics a Accra a shekarar 1954 ta hannun masu shirya wasanni na cikin gida domin haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana. Ƙungiyar ta yi suna sosai a shekarun 1970s inda ta kasance daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/ |title=Ghana Football Association |website=GFA }}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta samu nasarori masu yawa a cikin tarihi, ciki har da lashe gasar ƙasar Ghana sau biyu a shekarun '''1970''' da '''1974'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Great_Olympics_F.C. |title=Accra Great Olympics F.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Nasarori == Daga cikin manyan kofunan da Great Olympics ta lashe akwai: * Ghana Premier League (1970, 1974) * Ghana FA Cup (1975, 1983, 1995) Haka kuma ƙungiyar ta taɓa kaiwa matakin kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar [[CAF Champions League]] ta 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-sports.org/football-soccer-great-olympics-results-identity-equ11997.html |title=Great Olympics Profile |website=The-Sports.org }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Great Olympics tana buga wasanninta a [[Accra Sports Stadium]], wanda yake ɗaukar kusan mutane 40,000, kuma tana raba filin wasan da manyan ƙungiyoyi kamar [[Hearts of Oak]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Sports_Stadium |title=Accra Sports Stadium |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Hamayya == Babban abokin hamayyar Great Olympics shi ne [[Accra Hearts of Oak]], kuma wasannin da ke tsakanin su ana kiran su '''Ga Mashie Derby'''. Wannan wasa yana da matuƙar tarihi da farin jini a Ghana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ |title=Great Olympics vs Hearts of Oak derby |website=Ghana SoccerNet }}</ref> == Fitattun 'yan wasa == Daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan da suka taka leda a Great Olympics akwai: * Laryea Kingston * Richard Kingson * Godwin Attram * Daniel Quaye * George Alhassan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra_Great_Olympics_F.C. |title=Accra Great Olympics F.C. |website=Wikipedia }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ghana Premier League]] * [[Hearts of Oak]] * [[Asante Kotoko S.C.]] * [[Accra]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka kafa a 1954]] [[Category:Accra]] [[Category:Ghana Premier League]] m5agc7h91p5xgtlpznaxf5bx96hkjd0 0 157516 883783 857267 2026-07-15T22:33:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Christopher Lee Meng Soon (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1971) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Singapore, mai masaukin baki kuma ɗan kasuwa.[lower-alpha 1] An san shi da fitowa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai da yawa na talabijin na harshen Sinanci a Singapore, Taiwan da China. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, Lee ya zama sananne bayan ya lashe Star Awards for Best Actor saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin The Price of Peace, ya zama ƙarami mafi karɓar kyautar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://entlife.8world.com/movies-shows/richie-koh-star-awards-2023-best-actor-2101216 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412014555/https://entlife.8world.com/movies-shows/richie-koh-star-awards-2023-best-actor-2101216 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.asiaone.com/entertainment/i-kept-screaming-christopher-lee-wins-best-supporting-actor-golden-bell-awards-2022-danger-zone-iqiyi</ref> Lee an dauke shi a matsayin "Ah-Ge" (阿哥, "babban ɗan'uwa") na Caldecott Hill don kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu cin nasara a masana'antar nishaɗin harshen Sinanci ta Singapore<ref>https://www.herworld.com/gallery/life/christopher-lee-12-facts-everyone-should-know-about-beloved-actor-and-ah-ge/</ref></ref></ref> Shi ne kawai ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Singapore wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Best Actor a duka Singapore's Star Awards da Taiwan's Golden Bell Awards ==Manzarta== 60zxp5uqidkbpbjooav9hnsy329f52v 0 157589 883739 857494 2026-07-15T20:53:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chintheche''' wani yanki ne a cikin [[Nkhata Bay]] District">Gundumar Nkhata Bay na Yankin Arewa Malawi . Yana kan iyakar [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], kuma yana da kusan kilomita 40 (25 kudu da Nkhata Bay. Garin yana kan babbar hanya (M5) tsakanin Nkhata Bay da Nkhotakota . <ref name="Go2Africa">{{Cite web |title=Northern Region " Cities and towns " Chintheche |url=http://www.go2africa.com/malawi/chintheche |access-date=4 August 2008 |publisher=Go2Africa |archive-date=29 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829164736/http://www.go2africa.com/malawi/chintheche |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Garin Chintheche ya kasance har zuwa kimanin 1950 hedkwatar gundumar Nkhata Bay sannan ake kira West Nyasa . A cikin shekarun 1970s, gwamnatin [[Hastings Banda]] ta shirya bunkasa Chintheche a cikin sabon gari na mutane 25,000, tare da sabon tashar jiragen ruwa da [[Tawali'u da aka tilasta masa|mafaka]]'antar sarrafa takarda. Don karɓar sabon ci gaba, mazaunan Chintheche sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa. Shirin zai haifar da aiki ga dubban mutane, amma ga mafi yawan ba su yi nasara ba; duk da haka, mazauna da suka rasa muhallinsu duk da cewa ba a yarda su koma gidajensu na bakin tekun ba, a zahiri sun dawo a koma ga mulkin demokraɗiyya a farkon shekarun 1990. == Fasaha da al'adu == Garin Chintheche, tsohon hedkwatar gundumar, shine inda aka gudanar da bikin kiɗa na Lake of Stars daga 2004-2007. Garin Chintheche kuma shine tushen Park Town Band. Sauran sanannun raye-raye na al'adu a yankin sun hada da Malipenga da Chi Diana . Kowace shekara Mdawuku wa aTonga tana murna da al'adun al'adun mutanen Tonga. == Abubuwan jan hankali da abubuwan more rayuwa == Chintheche yana da mashaya, gidajen cin abinci, gidajen baƙi, sansanoni, babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki da kaya; yawancin abubuwan more rayuwa na garin suna tare da Chintheche Strip. === Gidajen shakatawa da nishaɗi === An kuma gano ƙauyen a matsayin [[Beach town|Garin rairayin bakin teku]], saboda yana kan rairayin rairayin kan [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], gami da Chintheche da Chigumbuli Beaches. Tasirin canjin yanayi da hauhawar matakin tafkin yana tasiri ga rairayin bakin teku da gidaje. Yankin rairayin bakin teku suna kama da waɗanda aka samu a cikin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], tare da farin yashi da tsire-tsire masu zafi. == Infrastructure == Chintheche yana kan hanyar M5 Salima - Mzuzu. Ana amfani da shi ta hanyar ƙananan bas da taksi daga Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota da Mzuzu. An rufe filin jirgin sama a yammacin garin a cikin 1990s kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi azaman filin gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta gida Chintheche United FC Hanyar da aka yi da ita kawai ita ce M5 kuma ta shimfiɗa daga M5 zuwa Chintheche Inn. In ba haka ba, yawancin hanyoyi a cikin garin Chintheche, kodayake ana iya samun su a duk shekara, waƙoƙi ne na datti.<ref name="Go2Africa" /> Akwai ofishin 'yan sanda guda ɗaya, asibiti, ofishin gidan waya, kasuwa, makarantu da yawa da samar da ruwa. == Manazarta == 8m1v2aq2ffcm11e717t0nf6tzs7iy9l 2 157633 883503 857637 2026-07-15T15:44:13Z Maiakwai4u 37986 883503 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunana Buhari Maiakwai daya daga Cikin Editoci Wiki anna Jahar Sokkwato; Ina amfani da Wikipedia wajan editin, Fasara, da kuma kirkira ingantatun labarai, Haka Kuma Ina kokarin taimakawa sababun shiga na Wikipedia domin su Samu dama domin samun samun bayanai kywata da Kuma Ilimomin wikimedia. ewdw25uaxqk52an9olm5avwscv4u28t 0 157700 883704 857856 2026-07-15T18:28:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883704 wikitext text/x-wiki Cerebellar degeneration wani yanayi ne wanda ƙwayoyin cerebellar, wanda ba a san shi da neurons, ya lalace kuma ya ci gaba da raunana a cikin Cerebellum.[1] Akwai nau'o'i biyu na lalacewar cerebellar; lalacewar paraneoplastic cerebellar, da lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ko abinci mai gina jiki.[2] Kamar yadda cerebellum ke ba da gudummawa ga daidaitawa da tsara ayyukan motsi, da kuma sarrafa daidaito na jikin mutum, duk wani lalacewa ga wannan ɓangaren gaɓoɓin na iya zama barazana ga rayuwa. Cerebellar degeneration na iya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin motsi mai kyau, matsayi, da kuma ilmantarwa a cikin mutane, saboda rikice-rikicen Tsarin vestibular. Wannan yanayin na iya haifar da lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin ba, amma kuma yana iya shafar wasu ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin tsakiya, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙwaƙwalwa (wanda ya ƙunshi medulla oblongata, midbrain, da Pons). [2] Cerebellar degeneration za a iya danganta shi da yawancin yanayin gado da wadanda ba na gado ba. Mafi yawanci, ana iya rarraba lalacewar cerebellar bisa ga yanayin da mutum zai iya samu a lokacin rayuwarsa, gami da cututtukan cututtuka, metabolic, autoimmune, paraneoplastic, abinci mai gina jiki ko masu guba. == Alamomi da alamomi == Marasa lafiya tare da lalacewar cerebellar suna fuskantar asarar ƙwayoyin jijiya (Kwayoyin Purkinje) a duk lokacin cerebellum. Kazalika da wannan, ya zama ruwan dare don samun matakin furotin na jini da kuma yawan ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin Ruwan ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke haifar da kumburi da faɗaɗa kwakwalwa. Mafi yawan alamomi da alamun da marasa lafiya ke fama da cutar cerebellar sun hada da: <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Cerebellar degeneration |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6019/cerebellar-degeneration#ref_681 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126011803/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6019/cerebellar-degeneration#ref_681 |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=2018-10-09 |website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program |publisher=U.S. National Institutes of Health}}</ref> * Rashin ƙarfi na tsoka * tafiya mai ban mamaki, mai ban mamaki * girgizar jikin mutum * motsi na hannu da kafa * halin da za a iya fadawa * [[dysarthria]] (matsalar yin magana) * dysphagia (matsala a cikin haɗiyewa / haɗiyewar abubuwa masu ƙarfi da ruwa) * Vertigo (rashin fahimta) * nystagmus (motsi mai sauri, ba da gangan ba), wanda ke haifar da rikicewar bacci * ophthalmoplegia (ƙarancin tsokoki na ido) * diplopia (ra'ayi biyu) Nazarin kimiyya ya nuna cewa alamun cutar kwakwalwa sun zama ruwan dare a cikin marasa lafiya tare da lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liszewski CM, O'Hearn E, Leroi I, Gourley L, Ross CA, Margolis RL |date=February 2004 |title=Cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms in 133 patients with diseases associated with cerebellar degeneration |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=109–12 |doi=10.1176/jnp.16.1.109 |pmid=14990766}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Phillips JR, Hewedi DH, Eissa AM, Moustafa AA |date=2015 |title=The cerebellum and psychiatric disorders |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=3 |pages=66 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2015.00066 |pmc=4419550 |pmid=26000269 |doi-access=free}}</ref> inda rashin hankali shine rikicewar ƙwayar cuta wanda ya haifar da lalaceyar ƙwaƙwalwa. Kimanin kashi 50% na dukkan marasa lafiya suna fama da rashin hankali sakamakon lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Dalilin da ya haifar da yanayin lalacewar cerebellar na iya zama saboda kewayon yanayi daban-daban da aka gada ko aka samu (marasa kwayar halitta da wadanda ba a gada ba), gami da cututtukan jijiyoyi, cututtukani na paraneoplastic, karancin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma [[Shaye-shaye|Amfani da barasa mai tsanani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agamanolis |first=Dimitri |name-list-style=vanc |title=Ataxia and cerebellar degeneration |url=http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter9/chapter9hAtaxia.html |access-date=2018-10-09 |website=neuropathology-web.org}}</ref> === Cututtukan jijiyoyi === Cutar jijiyoyin jiki tana nufin duk wata cuta ta tsarin jijiyoyin tsakiya, gami da rashin daidaituwa na kwakwalwa, kashin baya da sauran jijiyoyin jijiyoyi.<ref name="Cognitive impairment and psychiatri">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liszewski CM, O'Hearn E, Leroi I, Gourley L, Ross CA, Margolis RL |year=2004 |title=Cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms in 133 patients with diseases associated with cerebellar degeneration |journal=J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=109–12 |doi=10.1176/jnp.16.1.109 |pmid=14990766}}</ref> Inda miliyoyin mutane ke fama da Cututtukan jijiyoyi a duniya, <ref name="Cognitive impairment and psychiatri" /> an gano cewa yawan nau'ikan cututtuken jijiyoyi daban-daban sun wuce ɗari shida, duk wanda mutum zai iya haifar da shi. Wasu daga cikin nau'ikan da suka fi yaduwa sun hada da [[Cutar Alzheimer]], ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, [[Farfaɗiya|farfajiya]], [[Cutar Parkinson]] da [[bugun jini]]. Fiye da haka, cututtukan jijiyoyin da zasu iya haifar da lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa sun haɗa da: ==== Gado ==== * Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) , wanda ke nufin rukuni na yanayin da ya haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam, kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar canje-canje masu lalacewa ga sassa da yawa na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, gami da cerebellum, ƙwaƙwalwa, da ƙwaƙwalwar baya.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Spinocerebellar ataxia |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10748/spinocerebellar-ataxia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123194139/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10748/spinocerebellar-ataxia |archive-date=January 23, 2017 |access-date=2018-10-09 |website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program |publisher=U.S. National Institutes of Health}}</ref> Idan iyaye sun kamu da SCA, kowannensu zai sami haɗarin 50% na gadon kwayar halitta.<ref name=":5" /> ==== Ba a gada ba ==== * [[Sclerosis da yawa|Multiple sclerosis (MS)]], a progressive and incurable condition caused by the combination of an individual's genetic influences and environmental circumstances.<ref name=":3"/> It occurs when the myelin sheath of the nerve cells becomes damaged. As the myelin sheath is responsible for protecting the nerves and conducting rapid impulses between them, any damage to this lipid-rich layer will result in delayed and interrupted nerve impulses to and from the brain. * Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which refers to a combination of diseases caused by the subsistence of foreign proteins in the blood, called prions. Prions originate in the bloodstream via ingestion of contaminated foods or through contact with contaminated medical instruments, body fluids, or infected tissue. This causes severe inflammation of the brain, impairing one's memory, personality and muscular coordination.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * [[Bugun jini|Acute & haemorrhagic stroke]], resulting in the death of neurons in the cerebellum due to a disrupted flow of oxygen to the brain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Stroke |url=https://strokefoundation.org.au/About-Stroke |access-date=2018-10-09 |website=Stroke Foundation - Australia}}</ref> This disrupted flow may be due to one of two causes; either a narrowing or blocked artery which derives from a build-up of plaque in the inner walls of the coronary arteries, or a ruptured [[Tashohin jini|blood vessel]], commonly deriving from high blood pressure or head trauma. === Cututtukan paraneoplastic === [[Paraneoplastic disorders|Cututtukan paraneoplastic]] haɗuwa ce ta yanayin da ba a gada ba wanda ke kunnawa ta hanyar amsawar mutum ga mummunar kumburi. Wadannan cututtukan suna faruwa lokacin da T-cell (wanda aka fi sani da fararen jini) suka fara cutar da ƙwayoyin halitta da aka saba da su a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya maimakon ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar neurons a cikin cerebellum. Sauran alamu da alamun da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta ta paraneoplastic sun haɗa da rashin iya magana, tafiya, barci, kula da daidaituwa da daidaita aikin tsoka, da kuma fuskantar fashewa da hallucinations. Cututtukan paraneoplastic sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutanen da ke da matsakaicin shekaru, yawanci waɗanda ke da huhu, lymphatic, ovarian ko ciwon nono.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paraneoplastic Neurologic Disorders {{!}} Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9415/paraneoplastic-neurologic-disorders |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126002318/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9415/paraneoplastic-neurologic-disorders |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=2018-10-19 |website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Don zaɓar [[Gwajin likita|gwajin bincike]] mai dacewa da daidaito don lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa, yana da mahimmanci cewa ana la'akari da dalilai da yawa na musamman ga kowane mai haƙuri. Wadannan sun hada da; shekarun mai haƙuri, bayyanar alamun su da alamun su, yanayin jijiyoyin da ke tattare da su, da tarihin iyali na nau'ikan gado na lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa. Ana ɗaukar ganewar asali don lalacewar cerebellar bayan duk wani alamomi da alamun da aka ambata a sama. Ga nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta na lalacewar cerebellar, ana iya gudanar da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata ganewar asali, inda wannan nau'in gwajin zai yiwu ne kawai idan an gane kwayar halitta da ke da alhakin dalilin yanayin. A cikin faɗin wannan, ga mafi yawan yanayi ba a san dalilin kwayar halitta na lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa ba, saboda haka waɗannan marasa lafiya ba za su iya ci gaba da Gwajin kwayar halitta ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cerebellar degeneration |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6019/cerebellar-degeneration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126011803/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6019/cerebellar-degeneration |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=2018-10-09 |website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program |publisher=U.S. National Institutes of Health}}</ref> A lokuta inda aka samu lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa, ana iya kafa ganewar asali ta amfani da hanyoyin daukar hoto kamar su tomography na kwamfuta (CT scans) da magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), wanda ya zama dole don gano rashin daidaituwa na kwakwalwa a cikin marasa lafiya tare da lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-spinocerebellar-ataxias. |access-date=2018-10-09 |website=www.uptodate.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Magani == Kamar kowane cuta, magani don lalacewar cerebellar ya dogara da ainihin dalilin, na musamman ga kowane mai haƙuri. Ya zuwa yanzu, nau'ikan gado na lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwa ba za a iya warkar da su ba, kodayake ana iya sarrafa su. Gudanarwa tana ta'allaka ne akan magance alamun cutar da inganta ingancin rayuwar mai haƙuri. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, kulawar nan da nan na lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ya kamata ya haɗa da tuntuɓar Likitan ƙwaƙwalwa, sannan ya biyo bayan takamaiman hanyoyin gudanarwa bisa ga alamomi da alamun da kowane mai haƙuri na musamman ya samu. Wadannan hanyoyin gudanarwa suna da niyyar samar da kulawa ta tallafi ga mai haƙuri, wanda ya kunshi [[Gyaran jiki|maganin jiki]] don ƙarfafa tsokoki, maganin aiki, da cututtukan magana. Gudanar da dogon lokaci na lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta gado ya haɗa da ci gaba da jajircewa ga hanyoyin kulawa na tallafi, da kuma dangantaka mai tsawo tare da likitan jijiyoyi. A wasu lokuta ana buƙatar yin gyare-gyare a cikin marasa lafiya, don inganta samun dama da motsi a ciki da kewayen yanayin rayuwarsu, don inganta aminci.<ref name=":2" /> Cerebellum yana da matukar damuwa ga motsawar yanzu na kai tsaye, dabara wacce za ta iya inganta ataxia. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p80mjnyq2i299ysg3o5aqxa7u3x6y0l 0 157818 883790 858268 2026-07-15T23:33:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883790 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ci Gaban''' Kwarewa kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, wacce ke zaune a [[Oakland, California|Oakland]],_California" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California, wacce ke ba da ɗakunan karatu, kayan aiki, da sararin samaniya ga masu zane-zane da ke da nakasa, tunani, da na jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creative Growth Art Center |url=https://art21.org/artist/creative-growth-art-center/ |website=[[Art21]] |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Taila |date=2020-10-22 |title=Creative Growth artist Juan Aguilera celebrates nature, Mexican heritage through designs |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2020/10/22/creative-growth-artist-juan-aguilera-celebrates-nature-mexican-heritage-through-designs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031234124/https://www.dailycal.org/2020/10/22/creative-growth-artist-juan-aguilera-celebrates-nature-mexican-heritage-through-designs/ |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin fasaha mafi girma ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a duniya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Trefny |first=Ben |date= |title=Creative Growth Art Center gives artists with disabilities a place to shine |url=https://www.kalw.org/post/creative-growth-art-center-gives-artists-disabilities-place-shine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717171254/http://kalw.org/post/creative-growth-art-center-gives-artists-disabilities-place-shine |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=KALW public radio |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana a 355 24th Street a Oakland, California. == Game da == Darakta na shirin tun daga shekara ta 2000 shine Tom di Maria, wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan a Berkeley Art Museum da Pacific Film Archive . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwa |first=Shirley |date=2018-07-25 |title='This Is Who I Am in the World': Preview Art21's Report on the Creative Growth Art Center in Oakland |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/world-preview-art21s-report-creative-growth-art-center-oakland-10706/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805021412/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/world-preview-art21s-report-creative-growth-art-center-oakland-10706/ |archive-date=2020-08-05 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buckwalter |first=Timothy |date=11 December 2007 |title=Creative Growth: An interview with Tom di Maria {{!}} KQED Arts |url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/20885/creative_growth_an_interview_with_tom_di_maria |website=www.kqed.org |publisher=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref> Kimanin masu zane-zane 160 suna aiki a cibiyar. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1974, mijin Florence Ludins-Katz da Elias Katz sun kafa Creative Growth a cikin garage a Berkeley. Ludins-Katz mai zane ne kuma Katz masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurwitz |first=Rebecca |date=23 October 2016 |title=Creative Growth Center: An unwavering community in an ever-changing Oakland {{!}} The Daily Californian |url=http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/23/creative-growth-center-unwavering-community-ever-changing-oakland/ |website=The Daily Californian}}</ref> Cibiyar ta koma a 1978 zuwa tsohon shagon gyaran mota a cikin garin Oakland, inda a halin yanzu ke aiki.<ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, rufe asibitocin kwakwalwa a California ya sa a dakatar da marasa lafiya da yawa.<ref name=":0" /> Kuma a cikin 1967, an sanya hannu kan Dokar Lanterman-Petris-Short kuma ta toshe asibiti ba tare da son rai ba ga yawancin tsoffin marasa lafiya.<ref name=":0" /> Babu isasshen masauki da aka yi bayan da aka saki tsoffin marasa lafiya kuma da yawa sun ƙare ba tare da gida ba ko kuma a kurkuku.<ref name=":0" /> An kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Creative Growth da farko tare da burin tallafawa tsoffin marasa lafiya na asibiti na jihar tare da tallafin warkewa, tallafin fasaha / kirkira, da horar da sana'a.<ref name=":0" /> Creative Growth an nuna shi a cikin Elle Decor (Oktoba 1990) a cikin wata kasida mai suna "Aimed Straight From The Heart" wanda Susan Subtle ta rubuta.<ref name=":2" /> Binciken da aka yi a hankali game da kungiyar kuma ya kwatanta salon fasahar da aka yi da Creative Growth zuwa baƙo, na asali, mara kyau, da kuma fasahar gargajiya ta Amurka ta farko.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Subtle |first=Susan |date=October 1990 |title=Aimed Straight From The Heart |journal=Elle Decor |page=78}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Matthew Higgs, Darakta / Babban Mai Kulawa a White Columns, ya shirya wani wasan kwaikwayon mai taken "Kowane mutum!" wanda ya ƙunshi ayyukan sama da 130 da masu zane-zane na Creative Growth suka yi kuma sun haɗa da kowane mai zane a halin yanzu da ya shiga cikin shirin studio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2010 |title=Everyone! - Creative Growth Art Center |url=http://www.creativegrowth.org/exhibitions/everyone-2/ |website=Creative Growth Art Center}}</ref> A cikin 2018, wani sashi a cikin kakar wasa ta tara na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Art21, yana magana da wasu masu fasaha da masu gudanarwa da ke da hannu tare da Creative Growth . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwa |first=Shirley |date=25 July 2018 |title='This Is Who I Am in the World': Preview Art21's Report on the Creative Growth Art Center in Oakland |url=https://www.artnews.com/2018/07/25/world-preview-art21s-report-creative-growth-art-center-oakland/ |website=ARTnews}}</ref> === Beyond Trend (2010 - yanzu) zane-zane === Beyond Trend shine Creative Growth's runway extravaganza wanda ya fara a cikin 2010 a matsayin karamin zane-zane na salon. Nunin 2018, mafi girma har yanzu, ya buɗe a Cibiyar Rite ta Scotland mai kujeru 1,250 inda mai kafa mujallar Paper Kim Hastreiter da Babban Jami'in kirkirar Target Todd Waterbury suka jagoranci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bravo |first=Tony |date=6 April 2018 |title=Creative Growth's special needs clients seize the limelight at fashion show |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/style/article/Creative-Growth-s-special-needs-clients-seize-12810750.php |website=SFChronicle.com}}</ref> == Shahararrun masu zane-zane == Dubban masu zane-zane sun zo ta ƙofofin Creative Growth a tsawon shekaru kuma da yawa sun kai ga karɓar ƙasa. Masu zane-zane na Creative Growth sun sami manyan nune-nunen a National Gallery of Art, Washington DC (tare da mai zane Judith Scott, 2018); Venice Biennale (tare da masu zane-zane Dan Miller da Judith Scott, 2017); Brooklyn Museum (Judith Scott, 2015); <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum: Judith Scott—Bound and Unbound |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/judith_scott/ |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org |access-date=2026-06-15 |archive-date=2025-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429172946/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/judith_scott |url-status=dead }}</ref> Museum of Modern Art (Dan Miller, 2008); da White Columns (tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo William Scott, 2009, 2006).<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Columns - Exhibitions - William Scott – 'Good Person' |url=https://www.whitecolumns.org/sections/exhibition.php?id=1181 |website=www.whitecolumns.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Bay Area Arts Organizations|state=collapsed}}{{Disability art|state=collapsed}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 55uswgoy3o6cikqd4ugv1jbitrc8sdi 0 157965 883786 858628 2026-07-15T22:47:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chuka Odom''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1960) lauya ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai neman takarar Gwamna na Jihar Imo na 2015 na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). Ya kasance Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman tsakanin 2003 - 2007, a [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], Ministan Jiha na Tarayya na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane daga Disamba 2007 zuwa Mayu 2009 sannan Ministan Ji'a na FCT (Federal Capital Territory, [[Abuja]]), mukamin da ya rike har zuwa Oktoba 2010. == Yaron da Ilimi == An haifi Odom a [[Ikeduru]] a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1960 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-01-17 |title=ODOM, Chief Chuka Julius |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/odom-chief-chuka-julius/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ga dangin Sir Tobias Odom da Lady Irene Odom (née Onyerindu). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}</ref> Ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a makarantar firamare ta St. Michael, [[Umuahia]], Jihar Abia tsakanin 1971 da 1974. Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Nazarin Immaculate Conception Ahia-Eke, [[Umuahia]] a shekara ta 1974 kuma ya sami Takardar shaidarsa ta A"Level a shekara ta 1980. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar jihar Imo|Jami'ar Jihar Imo]] don nazarin doka. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB Hons) a 1981 kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a 1986.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=Ex-minister picks governorship form |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-picks-governorship-form/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka da Siyasa == Odom ya shiga siyasa a 1999 lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dabarun kamfen na [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] na yakin neman gwamna na 1999 kuma an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman, ayyuka na musamman ga tsohon gwamnan tsakanin 1999 da 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=Ex-minister picks governorship form |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-picks-governorship-form/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alred |first=Lanre |title=Nigeria: 'I Ran Away From the Seminary' - Hon. Chuka Odom |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200901261350.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}</ref>Daga baya ya tashi ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Gwamna, Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Musamman, Jihar Abia kuma tsakanin Mayu 2007 zuwa Satumba 2007 an sanya shi Kwamishinan ayyuka, Gidaje da Shirye-shiryen Birane na Gwamnatin Jihar Imo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alred |first=Lanre |title=Nigeria: 'I Ran Away From the Seminary' - Hon. Chuka Odom |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200901261350.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}</ref> Ya zama Ministan Jiha mai daraja na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane na Tarayyar Najeriya a 2007 - 2009 kuma daga baya ya zama Ministan Gwamnati, Babban Birnin Tarayya tsakanin 2009 da 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-03 |title=WHY IGBO FEEL MARGINALISED –Ex-Minister Odom |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-igbo-feel-marginalised-ex-minister-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-13 |title=Awa Kalu, SAN a cherished diamond at 60 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/awa-kalu-san-a-cherished-diamond-at-60/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-27 |title=Govs Forum, ex-minister clash over Abuja building |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/govs-forum-ex-minister-clash-over-abuja-building/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-27 |title=Jonathan 2015: seek amendment to constitution – Odom |url=https://www.itvradionigeria.com/jonathan-2015-seek-amendment-to-constitution-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en}}</ref>Ya yi gwagwarmaya ba tare da nasara ba don kujerar Majalisar Wakilai ta Ikeduru Tarayya, Jihar Imo a shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-27 |title=Jonathan 2015: seek amendment to constitution – Odom |url=https://www.itvradionigeria.com/jonathan-2015-seek-amendment-to-constitution-odom/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en}}</ref> A cikin [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|Babban zaben 2015]], ya bayyana sha'awarsa na tsayawa takarar Gwamnan jihar Imo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Odom joins Imo guber race |url=http://www.imostateonline.com/politics/791-odom-joins-imo-guber-race |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=www.imostateonline.com |archive-date=2019-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906140557/http://www.imostateonline.com/politics/791-odom-joins-imo-guber-race |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-30 |title=2015: 22 for governor in Imo PDP |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2015-22-for-governor-in-imo-pdp/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-21 |title=Understanding the Guber Imbroglio in Imo State |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/01/21/understanding-the-guber-imbroglio-in-imo-state/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> pp tare<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Emeka |title=Nigeria: Chuka Odom and the Imo Gubernatorial Race |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405121849.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}</ref> idan aka zabe shi amma ya rasa tikitin zaben jam'iyyar ga [[Chukwuemeka Ihedioha|Emeka Ihedioha]] wanda daga baya ya rasa Rochas Okorocha na All Progressive Congress a zaben gwamna na 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Emeka |title=Nigeria: Chuka Odom and the Imo Gubernatorial Race |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405121849.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=All Africa}}</ref> Bayan babban zaben 2019 a jihar Imo tare da fitowar Emeka Ihedioha a matsayin gwamnan jihar, an sanar da shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin sauyawa..<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2019 |title=Okorocha, Ihedioha agree on hitch- free transition |url=https://guardian.ng/news/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-hitch-free-transition/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maduabuchi |first=Chidi |date=2019-05-04 |title=Governor Okorocha, Emeka Ihedioha agree on peaceful transition |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/governor-okorocha-emeka-ihedioha-agree-peaceful-transition-217825 |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2 April 2019 |title=Imo- Gov elect Emeka Ihedioha constitute transition committee |url=https://trailreporters.com/imo-gov-elect-emeka-ihedioha-constitutes-transition-committee/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Trails Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olayanju |first=Kabir |title=Okorocha, Ihedioha agree on peaceful transition ahead of May 29 |url=https://latestalert.ng/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-peaceful-transition-ahead-of-may-29/ |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=Latest Alert |archive-date=2019-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906140559/https://latestalert.ng/okorocha-ihedioha-agree-on-peaceful-transition-ahead-of-may-29/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-01 |title=Imo 2019: See FULL LIST of Ihedioha's transition committee |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/imo-2019-see-full-list-of-ihediohas-transition-committee.html |access-date=2019-09-06 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Odom ya auri Lady Adaku Celine Odom, (née Nwakibu) manajan darektan The Lifestyle Group a cikin 1990 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya 8.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":02">{{cite web |last1=Admin |title=Nigeria: Adaku Chuka-Odom Hits Golden Age |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506221285.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=All Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Admin |title=ADAKU CHUKA-ODOM HITS GOLDEN AGE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/adaku-chuka-odom-hits-golden-age/212690/ |access-date=6 September 2019 |newspaper=[[This Day]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qhcmqgwvzvbaj7u9ovbntcltn9m7v2h 0 158216 883913 859544 2026-07-16T09:35:57Z BnHamid 12586 883913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nitroxinil''' magani ne na dabbobi, maganin dabbobi ne akan tsutsotsi a cikin tumaki da shanu. Abinda ke aiki a kan hanta fluke da ''Fasciola hepatica'' kuma zuwa ƙarami a kan tsutsotsi a cikin gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="parasitipedia">{{Cite web |title=NITROXINIL = NITROXYNIL for veterinary use in CATTLE, SHEEP and GOATS against flukes and roundworms |url=http://parasitipedia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2510&Itemid=2783 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Sunayen alama sun haɗa da Fluconix, Dovenix da Trodax . Hakanan ana amfani da Nitroxynil akan nau'ikan jan gum worm (Haemonchus contortus) waɗanda suka zama mai tsayayya da benzimidazoles. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> May & Baker ne suka kirkiro Nitroxinil a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin a cikin bincike game da abubuwan da aka samo daga p-hydroxybenzonitrile. Baya ga nitroxynil, herbicides ioxynil (3,5-diiodo) da bromoxynil (3.5-dibromo) an kuma kirkiresu ne daga wannan kamfani. Nitroxynil yana da ƙungiyar nitro ban da ƙungiyar iodine guda ɗaya.</su> Nitroxynil kusan ba zai iya narkewa a cikin ruwa ba. Yawancin lokaci ana yin allurar a cikin dabbobi a cikin nau'in gishiri mai narkewa na [[ethylglucamine]].<ref name="parasitipedia">{{Cite web |title=NITROXINIL = NITROXYNIL for veterinary use in CATTLE, SHEEP and GOATS against flukes and roundworms |url=http://parasitipedia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2510&Itemid=2783 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Bai kamata a ba da shi ga dabbobi da ke samar da madara don amfani da mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1998 |title=Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Nitroxinil, Summary Report |url=http://www.emea.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500015185.pdf |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medical Products |page=5 |language=English}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0welp7w2q2fu3dbt0nvgyewgbm8hb9n 0 158262 883923 859605 2026-07-16T09:41:44Z BnHamid 12586 883923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Heterakis gallinarum kwayar cuta ce ta Nematode wacce ke zaune a cikin cecum na wasu tsuntsaye na galliform, musamman a cikin masu ciyar da ƙasa kamar [[Kaza|kaji]] na gida da turkeys. Yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta wanda ke da ɗanɗano. Koyaya, sau da yawa yana ɗauke da kwayar cutar protozoan ''Histomonas meleagridis'' wanda ke haifar da histomoniasis (cutar baƙar fata).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lund EE, Chute AM, Wilkins GC |year=1975 |title=The wild turkey as a host for ''Heterakis gallinarum'' and ''Histomonas meleagridis'' |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=376–381 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-11.3.376 |pmid=1171270 |s2cid=45359310}}</ref> Yaduwar ''H. meleagridis'' ta hanyar kwai na ''H. gallinarum''.<ref>Schmidt GD & Roberts LS (2005). ''Foundations of Parasitology, 7th ed''. The McGraw Hill Companies Inc., New York, New York, p. 441. {{ISBN|978-0-07-111271-0}}</ref> ''H. gallinarum'' yana da kimanin 1-2 cm a tsawon tare da wutsiya mai kaifi da kuma mai shan preanal. Kwayar cuta ce ta mutuwa tare da alamar jima'i. Maza sun fi karami kuma sun fi guntu, suna auna kusan 9 mm a tsawon, tare da wutsiya mai laushi na musamman. Mata sun fi tsayi kuma sun fi tsayin daka, suna auna kusan 13 mm a tsawon, tare da ƙarshen wutsiya madaidaiciya.<ref name="Perm">Permin A & Hansen JW (1998). [http://www.smallstock.info/reference/KVLDK/Poultry_Parasites.pdf ''The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites'']. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 29–30. {{ISBN|92-5-104215-2}}</ref> == Rayuwa == ''H. gallinarum'' yana da madaidaiciyar rayuwa da ta shafi Tsuntsaye kamar kwari, [[Talo-talo|turkeys]], [[Agwagwa|Ducks]], geese, grouse, guineafowl, partridges, pheasants, da quails a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa. Kwayoyin ''H. gallinarum'' suna wucewa cikin datti ta hanyar mai masaukin. A mafi kyawun zafin jiki (22 ° C), suna kamuwa da cuta a cikin kwanaki 12-14 kuma suna ci gaba da kamuwa da cutar na shekaru a cikin ƙasa. Bayan mai masaukin ya ci, ƙwai da aka haifa sun fito cikin yara na biyu a cikin gizzard ko duodenum, kuma ana wuce su zuwa cecum. An kammala ci gaban su a cikin lumen, amma wasu na iya shiga cikin mucosa kuma su kasance shekaru da yawa ba tare da ci gaba ba. Lokacin prepatent shine kwanaki 24-30. Ana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin ƙasa da ƙwayoyin gida a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa, saboda suna iya cinye kwai a cikin datti kuma ƙarami na iya fitowa a cikin kyallen takarda, wanda ke barci har sai [[Ƙwari|tsuntsaye]] suka ci.<ref name="Perm">Permin A & Hansen JW (1998). [http://www.smallstock.info/reference/KVLDK/Poultry_Parasites.pdf ''The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites'']. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 29–30. {{ISBN|92-5-104215-2}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == ''H. gallinarum'' an rarraba shi a duk duniya, ana samun sa a cikin kaji, turkeys na gida, da sauran nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa, da farko na kaji. Ana samun ƙwai suna rayuwa shekaru da yawa a cikin ƙasa wanda ke sa ya zama da wahala a kawar da ''H. gallinarum'' daga garken gida. Tsuntsaye na iya cinye ƙwai na ''H. gallinarum'' kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin kaji. Kodayake ƙwai da kansu suna kamuwa da cuta, suna iya ci gaba zuwa mataki na biyu na kamuwa da cututtuka. Wannan ci gaban yana faruwa a kusa da 27 °C kuma yana ɗaukar makonni 2-4.<ref>Kaufmann, J (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fUBq2P3vgokC&pg=PA358&lpg=PA358 ''Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals: A Diagnostic Manual.''] Birkhäuser Verlag AG, Basel, Switzerland, p. 358. {{ISBN|3-7643-5115-2}}</ref> == Halitta == Cutar ''H. gallinarum'' kanta tana da ɗanɗano. Koyaya, ''H. gallinarum'' yana taka rawar mai ɗaukar hoto a cikin rayuwar ''Histomonas meleagridis'', wanda ke haifar da enterohepatitis "blackhead" na turkeys. ''H. meleagridis'' yana ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake cikin kwai na ''H. gallinarum'' . <ref name="Patt">Pattison M, McMullin P, Bradbury JM, Alexander D (2007). [https://www.amazon.com/Poultry-Diseases-Mark-Pattison-MRCVS/dp/0702028622 ''Poultry Diseases''], 6th ed. Saunders Ltd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 623. {{ISBN|0-7020-2862-2}}</ref> Cutar cuta mai tsanani a cikin pheasants ta nuna mummunar rauni da ke tattare da tarwatsawa, kauri, haemorrhages na petechial na mucosa, intussusception, da nodules a cikin bango na cecal. Bugu da ƙari a ƙarƙashin microscopy, an lura da cututtukan cututtuka cututtukayyaki, haemosiderosis, granulomas tare da cibiyar necrotic a cikin submucosa da leiomyomas a cikin sub mucosa, tsokoki da serosa da ke da alaƙa da tsutsotsi na ''H. gallinarum''.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Menezes RC, Tortelly R, Gomes DC, Pinto RM |year=2003 |title=Nodular typhlitis associated with the nematodes ''Heterakis gallinarum'' and ''Heterakis isolonche'' in pheasants: frequency and pathology with evidence of neoplasia |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |volume=98 |issue=8 |pages=1011–1016 |doi=10.1590/s0074-02762003000800005 |pmid=15049081 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Bincike da magani == Cututtukan farko yawanci ba su bayyana ba. Ana nuna cututtukan sakandare ta hanyar samar da nodules a cikin cecum da submucosa na cecum. A lokacin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, ganuwar hanji na iya yin kauri kuma yana nuna alamar kumburi. A cikin kaji masu sa kwai, kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani yana rage samar da kwai sosai. Binciken yawanci yana ta hanyar kasancewar ƙwai a cikin datti. Magani mai inganci shine ta hanyar amfani da mebendazole, wanda aka rarraba ga garken tsuntsaye a cikin abinci da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, kiwon tsuntsaye a kan kayan aiki yana taimakawa wajen kawar da wannan kwayar cuta. Kayan kaji masu zaman kansu na iya kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Patt">Pattison M, McMullin P, Bradbury JM, Alexander D (2007). [https://www.amazon.com/Poultry-Diseases-Mark-Pattison-MRCVS/dp/0702028622 ''Poultry Diseases''], 6th ed. Saunders Ltd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 623. {{ISBN|0-7020-2862-2}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/H/Heterakis_gallinarum/ Zipcodezoo] * [https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonposition/id88767/ BioLib] * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Heterakis_gallinarum/ Bayani a Yanar Gizo na Dabbobi] * [http://eol.org/pages/4963944/overview Rarraba a cikin Encyclopedia of Life] * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/65465 Tarihin lissafi a UniProt] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tsjiss8j8zv2njqx2vohg3y4q0nzx9l 0 158423 883461 860308 2026-07-15T13:51:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=459985754|IUPAC_name=2-((4-''tert''-Butylcyclohexyl)methyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone|image=Buparvaquone v2.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|changed|??}}|CAS_number=88426-33-9|CAS_supplemental=|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=EX03|ATC_supplemental=|PubChem=|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=10807457|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=0354RT7LG4|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=292009 <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=21|H=26|O=3|smiles=CC(C)(C)C3CCC(C\C2=C(/O)C(=O)c1ccccc1C2=O)CC3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C21H26O3/c1-21(2,3)14-10-8-13(9-11-14)12-17-18(22)15-6-4-5-7-16(15)19(23)20(17)24/h4-7,13-14,24H,8-12H2,1-3H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=KLLIVCPQDTYMLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Buparvaquone magani ne na naphthoquinone antiprotozoal mai alaƙa da atovaquone. Yana da fili mai ban sha'awa don maganin warkewa da rigakafin duk nau'ikan theileriosis. An nuna Buparvaquone yana da aikin anti-leishmanial a cikin vitro. Ana iya amfani da shi don magance protozoa zazzabi na bovine East Coast in vitro, tare da wani abu kawai da aka sani - Peganum harmala. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Shi ne kawai ingantaccen magani na kasuwanci a kan bovine theileriosis, inda aka yi amfani da shi tun daga ƙarshen 1980s. [ana yanayi hujja] == Samar da masana'antu == an fara samar da shi a Burtaniya, sannan a Jamus. [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] Tabbacin haƙƙin mallaka ya ƙare a tsakiyar 2000s, sannan an samar da shi a ƙasashe daban-daban kamar Indiya da Iran. [ana yanayi hujja] == Amfani da shi a cikin bovine theileriosis == Yin amfani da kashi ɗaya na 2.5 MG / kg, yawan dawo da masu warkewa shine 90 zuwa 98%. A cikin Theileriosis na wurare masu zafi, sashi na 2.0 MG / kg yana da inganci iri ɗaya. Yawan zafin jiki ya koma yadda ya kamata a cikin kwanaki biyu zuwa biyar. Parasitemia ya ragu daga 12% a rana 0 zuwa 5% washegari, sannan zuwa 1% a rana 5 kuma babu a rana 7.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abdou TA, Abou-El-naga TR, Mahmoud MA |date=2005 |title=Clinicopathological Studies on Theileria Annulata Infection in Siwa Oasis in Egypt. |url=http://old.eaap.org/Previous_Annual_Meetings/2005Uppsala/Papers/M2.11_Abdou.pdf |journal=BS. Vet. Med. J. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=40–6 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Kwayoyin cuta == An nuna cewa Buparvaquone yana hana kwayar cutar vaccinia gaba ɗaya a cikin gwajin tantanin halitta a cikin layin tantanin halitta na mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witwit H, Cubitt B, Khafaji R, Castro EM, Goicoechea M, Lorenzo MM, Blasco R, Martinez-Sobrido L, de la Torre JC |date=January 2025 |title=Repurposing Drugs for Synergistic Combination Therapies to Counteract Monkeypox Virus Tecovirimat Resistance |journal=Viruses |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=92 |doi=10.3390/v17010092 |issn=1999-4915 |pmc=11769280 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manufar kwayoyin == Tsayayyar Buparvaqu_o tana da alaƙa da maye gurbin kwayar cuta a cikin shafin ɗaurewar Q_o quinone na mitochondrial Cytochrome b . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharifiyazdi H, Namazi F, Oryan A, Shahriari R, Razavi M |date=July 2012 |title=Point mutations in the Theileria annulata cytochrome b gene is associated with buparvaquone treatment failure |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=187 |issue=3–4 |pages=431–5 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.016 |pmid=22305656}}</ref> Yanayin aikinsa yana iya zama kama da na maganin rigakafin malaria atovaquone, irin wannan 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone wanda ke ɗaure zuwa shafin Qo na cytochrome b don haka yana hana Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9e0rmbbq6em7cxf9j5fsf0nf9471jru 0 158638 883848 861359 2026-07-16T06:01:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883848 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox medical condition | name = Trombiculosis | synonym = '''Trombiculiasis''', or '''Trombiculidiasis''' | image = Chigger bites.jpg | alt = | caption = Chigger bites on the foot and ankle | pronounce = | specialty = dermatology | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = [[trombiculidae|trombiculid]] mites | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} {{Clear}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}Trombiculosis wani rash ne wanda ya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman waɗanda ke cikin jinsin [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]Trombicula" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Trombiculidae">trombiculid (chiggers). Ana kuma san rash din sau da yawa da chigger bites. Chiggers galibi ana samun su a saman gashin ciyawa don kama mai masauki, don haka kiyaye ciyawa gajere, da kuma cire shuke-shuke da tarkace na itace inda masu iya zama, na iya iyakance tasirin su a wani yanki. Hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ciyawa zai sa ciyawa ya bushe kuma ya sa ya zama mara kyau ga rayuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Chiggers da alama suna shafar wurare masu dumi da aka rufe a jiki fiye da wuraren da suka bushe.<ref name="ArmaXX">{{Cite web |title=ArmaXX Pest Control |url=http://www.armaxx.com/chigger.html |access-date=2008-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogg |first=Barb |title=Itchy Chiggers |url=http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/chiggers(008).shtml |access-date=2009-05-19 |archive-date=2009-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505172759/http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/chiggers(008).shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka, ana yawan tarawa a bayan gwiwoyi, ko a ƙarƙashin tufafi masu tsayi kamar takalma, tufafi na ciki, ko brassieres. Yankunan da suka fi girma a cikin jiki (kashin kai, baya, igiya, da kuma makamai) suna shafar cikin sauƙi a cikin kananan yara fiye da manya, tunda yara sun fi guntu kuma suna iya haɗuwa da tsire-tsire masu ƙasƙanci da busassun ciyawa inda chiggers ke bunƙasa. An bayyana wani lamari na musamman a cikin ido, wanda ke haifar da [[conjunctivitis]].<ref>Parcell, B. J., Sharpe, G., Jones, B. & Alexander, C. L. 2013: Conjunctivitis induced by a red bodied mite, ''Neotrombicula autumnalis''. Parasite, 20, 25. {{Doi|10.1051/parasite/2013025}}</ref> Aikace-aikacen mai hanawa ga takalma, ƙananan wando da fata suma suna da amfani. Saboda ana samun su a cikin ciyawa, zama a kan hanyoyi, hanyoyi, ko hanyoyi na iya hana hulɗa. Ana amfani da sulfur a kasuwanci don kula da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa chiggers a cikin yadudduka. Dusting na takalma, takalma da ƙafafun wando tare da sulfur na iya zama mai tasiri sosai wajen kawar da chiggers.<ref name="Mites">{{Cite web |last=M Bennett |first=Stuart |year=2003 |title=Mites |url=http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th5i.htm |access-date=2009-05-19 |publisher=Self published by author}}</ref> Wata dabara mai kyau ita ce gane mazaunin chigger don kauce wa fallasawa da farko. Chiggers a Arewacin Amurka suna bunƙasa a ƙarshen lokacin rani, a cikin busassun ciyawa da sauran tsire-tsire masu kauri, marasa inuwa. Ana ba da shawarar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ko Acaricide waɗanda ke ƙunshe da ɗaya daga cikin sinadaran masu aiki masu zuwa: Permethrin, Picaridin, DEET, catnip mai cirewa (nepetalactone), citronella mai na eucalyptus mai cirewa. Hakanan za'a iya bi da chiggers ta amfani da vinegar na gida na kowa (5% acetic acid). [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Ƙarin hotuna == [[Fayil:Chigger2.JPG|left|thumb|Chigger rash 36 hours bayan bayyanar]] [[Fayil:TrombiculosisSores.jpg|thumb|Chigger bites nuna halayyar da aka ɗaga da kuma cibiyar da ke cike da ruwa]] {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10={{ICD10|B|88|0|b|85}} ([[ILDS]] B88.010)|ICD9={{ICD9|133.8}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=D014323|GeneReviewsName=}} == Manazarta == {{Mite-related diseases and infestations}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Mite-related diseases and infestations}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 47bttiqty2is0v49g5tbs6bbv54mfq0 0 159201 883945 863511 2026-07-16T10:17:52Z BnHamid 12586 883945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Cornelis_Bonne.jpg|thumb]] '''Cornelis Bonne''' (3 ga Oktoba 1890 - 25 ga Afrilu 1948) ya kasance likitan Holland, masanin cututtuka da masanin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro wanda ya yi aiki a yankunan Holland a Surinam da Java . Ya yi nazarin sauro tare da matarsa Johanna Bonne-Wepster kuma sun kuma yi nazarin cututtukan da suka yada. ==Farkon rayuwa== An haifi Bonne a Ilpendam kuma ya yi karatu a Amsterdam inda ya sami digiri na likita a 1913. Ya zama mai sha'awar maganin zafi kuma ya halarci darasi daga [[Rudolph Hendrik Saltet]] (1853-1927) da Nicolaas Swellengrebel . Ya kuma sami difloma daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta London a shekara ta 1914. A shekara ta 1915 ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in kiwon lafiya a Netherlands kafin ya koma Surinam. Ya auri likitan Johanna Wepster (d. 1978) a shekarar 1915. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Suriname har zuwa 1919 a lokacin da suka tattara sauro sosai. Sun kuma ziyarci Panama da Arewacin Amurka. A shekara ta 1920 ya shiga Kamfanin Suriname Bauxite a matsayin likita kuma a wannan lokacin shi da matarsa sun rubuta littafi game da sauro na Surinam. Ya ba da shawarar a wannan lokacin cewa fallasa cutar dengue na iya rage tsananin zazzabin rawaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuno |first=Goro |date=2020 |title=The Absence of Yellow Fever in Asia: History, Hypotheses, Vector Dispersal, Possibility of YF in Asia, and Other Enigmas |journal=Viruses |language=en |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1349 |doi=10.3390/v12121349 |issn=1999-4915 |pmc=7759908 |pmid=33255615 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1923 ya tafi aiki a Cibiyar Pasteur a Paris kuma daga 1924 zuwa 1927 ya yi aiki a Ciungiyar Ciwon daji ta Netherlands a Amsterdam. A shekara ta 1927 ya koma Batavia a matsayin farfesa na pathology a sabuwar kwalejin likita da aka kafa. Ya kuma fara shirya Jaridar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dutch East Indies ("Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandisch Indië"). Tarin sauro na Bonne-Wepster ya ƙunshi kimanin samfurori 55000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ciliberti |first=Pasquale |last2=Roquas |first2=Astrid |last3=Desjardins |first3=Becky |last4=Berkholst |first4=Bibiche |last5=Loggen |first5=Frank |last6=Hooft |first6=Menno |last7=Gijswijt |first7=Gideon |last8=de Graaff |first8=Dick |date=2023-07-18 |title=Digitizing the Culicidae collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center, with a special focus on the former Bonne-Wepster subcollection |journal=Gigabyte |volume=2023 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.46471/gigabyte.85 |issn=2709-4715 |pmc=10355122 |pmid=37475966}}</ref> An nada shi Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion kuma ya kasance memba na cibiyoyin kimiyya da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dinger, J.E. |year=1948 |title=In memoriam professor Cornelis Bonne |url=https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1948112900001a.pdf |journal=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde |volume=92 |pages=1290–1292 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311202758/https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1948112900001a.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n0xb4qpctxovidrv35auhx4spc1vs83 0 159385 883806 864716 2026-07-16T02:37:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox medical condition | name = Lyme disease | synonym = Lyme borreliosis | image = Adult deer tick.jpg | caption = An adult [[Ixodes scapularis|deer tick]] (Most cases of Lyme disease are caused by [[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]].) | specialty = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | symptoms = Expanding area of redness at the site of a [[tick]] bite, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[fatigue (medical)|tiredness]]<ref name=CDC2013S/> | onset = A week after a bite<ref name=CDC2013S/> | duration = | causes = ''[[Borrelia]]'' spread by ticks<ref name=NEJM2014/> | risks = | diagnosis = Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests<ref name=CDC2013Diag/> | differential = | prevention = Prevention of tick bites (clothing the limbs, [[DEET]]), [[doxycycline]]<ref name=NEJM2014/> | treatment = | medication = [[Doxycycline]], [[amoxicillin]], [[ceftriaxone]], [[cefuroxime]]<ref name=NEJM2014/> | prognosis = | frequency = ~476k/year in U.S. (a likely overestimate), 200k/year in Europe<ref name="cdc-how-many">{{cite web |title=Lyme Disease Surveillance and Data |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/data-research/facts-stats/index.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=16 August 2024 |language=en-us |date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="cdc-estimate-2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kugeler KJ, Schwartz AM, Delorey MJ, Mead PS, Hinckley AF | title = Estimating the Frequency of Lyme Disease Diagnoses, United States, 2010–2018 | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 616–619 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33496229 | pmc = 7853543 | doi = 10.3201/eid2702.202731 | bibcode = 2021EIDis..27..616K }}</ref><ref name="comparison-2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Marques AR, Strle F, Wormser GP | title = Comparison of Lyme Disease in the United States and Europe | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 2017–2024 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34286689 | pmc = 8314816 | doi = 10.3201/eid2708.204763 }}</ref> | deaths = }} Cutar Lyme, wacce aka fi sani da Lyme borreliosis, cuta ce da kaska ke yaɗawa daga nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Borrelia, waɗanda kaska ke yaɗawa ta hanyar shan jini a cikin nau'in Ixodes . [1] [2] [3] Ita ce cutar da kaska ke yaɗawa a Arewacin Hemisphere . [4] [5] Kamuwa da cuta sun fi yawa a lokacin bazara da farkon lokacin rani. [1] Ana iya magance kamuwa da cuta da maganin rigakafi . Yawancin marasa lafiya da aka yi wa magani suna samun cikakken murmurewa. Ga wasu marasa lafiya murmurewa ba zai zama nan take ko cikakke ba, wanda ke haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci. [6] Ganowa da wuri da kuma magani cikin gaggawa suna da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau. Alamar kamuwa da cuta mafi yawa ita ce kurajen ja mai faɗaɗa, wanda aka sani da erythema migrans (EM), wanda ke bayyana a wurin da aka cizon kaska kimanin mako guda bayan haka. [1] Kurajen yawanci ba sa kaikayi ko ciwo. [1] Kimanin kashi 70-80% na mutanen da suka kamu da cutar suna samun kuraje. [1] Sauran alamun farko na iya haɗawa da zazzabi, ciwon kai da gajiya . [1] Idan ba a yi magani ba, alamun na iya haɗawa da rashin ikon motsa ɗaya ko ɓangarorin biyu na fuska, ciwon haɗin gwiwa, ciwon kai mai tsanani tare da tauri a wuya ko bugun zuciya . [1] Watanni zuwa shekaru bayan haka, maimaita ciwon haɗin gwiwa da kumburi na iya faruwa. [1] Lokaci-lokaci, ciwon kai ko ƙara a hannuwa da ƙafafu na iya tasowa. [1] Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan haɗuwar alamu, tarihin kamuwa da kaska, da kuma yiwuwar gwada takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin jini. <ref name="CDC2013Diag">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2013 |title=Lyme Disease Diagnosis and Testing |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302013440/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/index.html |archive-date=2 March 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2011 |title=Two-step Laboratory Testing Process |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/LabTest/TwoStep/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312123313/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/labtest/twostep/index.html |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> Idan kamuwa da cuta ya taso, magungunan rigakafi da yawa suna da tasiri, gami da [[doxycycline]], [[amoxicillin]] da cefuroxime . <ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shapiro ED |date=May 2014 |title=Clinical practice. Lyme disease |url=http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=18 |pages=1724–1731 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1314325 |pmc=4487875 |pmid=24785207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821071927/http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref> Maganin da aka saba yi yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon makonni biyu ko uku. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ana cewa mutanen da ke da alamun cutar Lyme bayan magani ana iya samun su da cutar Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) bayan magani . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-06-11 |title=Chronic Symptoms and Lyme Disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs-symptoms/chronic-symptoms-and-lyme-disease.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Lyme Disease |language=en-us}}</ref> Rigakafi ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin hana cizon ƙaiƙayi ta hanyar sanya tufafi don rufe hannaye da ƙafafu da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na DEET ko picaridin . <ref name="NEJM2014"/> {{As of|2023}} , ana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen asibiti na alluran rigakafin da aka gabatar ga mutane don cutar Lyme, amma babu allurar rigakafi. An samar da allurar rigakafi, LYMErix, amma an daina amfani da ita a shekarar 2002 saboda ƙarancin buƙata. <ref name="cdc-vaccine">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Lyme disease vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/about/lyme-disease-vaccine.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/prev/vaccine.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Akwai alluran rigakafi da dama don rigakafin cutar Lyme a cikin karnuka.<templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" />  == Alamomi da Alamomi == Cutar Lyme na iya haifar da alamu iri-iri.<templatestyles src="Module:Gallery/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|Lokacin kamuwa da cutar]] yawanci yana da makonni ɗaya zuwa biyu, amma yana iya zama gajeru (kwanaki) ko kuma ya fi tsayi (watanni zuwa shekaru). Alamomin cutar Lyme galibi suna faruwa ne daga Mayu zuwa Satumba a Arewacin Duniya saboda matakin ƙaiƙayi na ƙaiƙayi shine ke da alhakin yawancin lokuta. === Kamuwa da cuta ta farko a yankin === Kimanin kashi 80% na kamuwa da cutar Lyme suna farawa da kuraje iri-iri a wurin da cizon kaska ya faru, sau da yawa kusa da naɗewar fata kamar hammata, maƙogwaro, bayan gwiwa, ko kuma gangar jikin da ke ƙarƙashin madaurin tufafi, ko a gashin yara, kunnuwa, ko wuya. <ref name="NEJM2014"/> Yawancin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ba sa tuna ganin kaska ko cizo. Kurajen suna bayyana yawanci makonni ɗaya ko biyu (tsawon kwanaki 3-32) bayan cizon kuma suna faɗaɗawa 2-3&nbsp;cm (kusan inci 1) kowace rana har zuwa diamita na 5-70&nbsp;cm (inci 2 zuwa 28) (matsakaici shine 16)&nbsp;cm; inci 6). <ref name="NEJM2014" /> <ref name="tibbles_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tibbles CD, Edlow JA |date=June 2007 |title=Does this patient have erythema migrans? |journal=JAMA |volume=297 |issue=23 |pages=2617–2627 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.23.2617 |pmid=17579230}}</ref> Kurajen yawanci suna da zagaye ko oval, ja ko shuɗi, kuma yana iya samun tsakiya mai tsayi ko duhu. <ref name="NEJM2014"/> Wannan kurajen ana kiransa erythema migrans (EM), wanda ke fassara a matsayin "ja mai ƙaura." A kusan kashi 79% na lokuta a Turai, wannan kurajen yana fita daga tsakiya zuwa gefuna, wataƙila yana samar da tsarin "idon bijimi" ko "kamar abin da aka nufa". Wannan sharewa yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 19% na lokuta a yankunan da ke fama da cutar a Amurka. <ref name="tibbles_2007"/> Kurajen na iya jin ɗumi, yawanci ba shi da ƙaiƙayi, ba kasafai yake da taushi ko zafi ba, kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa makonni huɗu kafin a magance shi idan ba a yi masa magani ba. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Sau da yawa kurajen Lyme suna tare da alamun rashin lafiya kamar mura, waɗanda suka haɗa da gajiya, ciwon kai, ciwon jiki, zazzaɓi, da sanyi [kodayake yawanci ba tashin zuciya ko matsalolin numfashi na sama ba]. Waɗannan alamun kuma na iya bayyana ba tare da kuraje ko jinkiri ba bayan kurajen sun ɓace. Lyme na iya ci gaba zuwa matakai na gaba ba tare da kuraje ko waɗannan alamun ba. <ref name="NEJM2014"/> Ya kamata a binciki mutanen da ke fama da zazzabi mai tsanani fiye da kwana biyu ko kuma waɗanda sauran alamun cutar kamar ta kwayan cuta ba su inganta ba duk da maganin rigakafi ga cutar Lyme, ko kuma waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta na fari ko [[Rashin jini|ja]] ko platelets a cikin jini, don yiwuwar kamuwa da wasu cututtukan da ake ɗauka a matsayin kaska kamar su ehrlichiosis da babesiosis . Ba duk wanda ke dauke da cutar Lyme ke da dukkan alamun cutar ba. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan alamomin kuma na iya faruwa tare da wasu cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyme Disease |url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/lyme-disease/ |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library}}</ref> Wannan na iya sa samun ganewar asali ya zama ƙalubale, musamman tare da ƙaruwar kamuwa da cuta tare. Akwai kamuwa da cuta mai rashin alamun cutar, amma wasu bincike sun nuna cewa wannan yana faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 7% na mutanen da suka kamu da cutar a Amurka sabanin kusan kashi 50-70% na waɗanda suka kamu da cutar a Turai. === Kamuwa da cuta da wuri ya yaɗu === Cikin 'yan kwanaki zuwa makonni bayan kamuwa da cuta a yankin, ƙwayoyin cuta ''na Borrelia'' na iya yaɗuwa ta cikin tsarin lymphatic ko jini. A cikin kashi 10-20% na waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba, kurajen EM suna bayyana a wurare a faɗin jiki waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da cizon kaska na asali. Ciwon tsoka na ɗan lokaci da ciwon haɗin gwiwa suma sun zama ruwan dare. A cikin kimanin kashi 10-15% na mutanen da ba a yi musu magani ba, cutar Lyme tana haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyi da aka sani da neuroborreliosis . Ciwon neuroborreliosis na farko yawanci yakan bayyana makonni 4-6 (tsawon makonni 1-12) bayan cizon kaska kuma ya ƙunshi wasu haɗuwa na cutar sankarau ta lymphocytic, ciwon kwakwalwa, radiculopathy, da/ko mononeuritis multiplex. <ref name="efns_guidelines">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mygland A, Ljøstad U, Fingerle V, Rupprecht T, Schmutzhard E, Steiner I |date=January 2010 |title=EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis |journal=European Journal of Neurology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=8–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02862.x |pmid=19930447 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ciwon sankarau na lymphocytic yana haifar da canje-canje na musamman a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF) kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa tare da ciwon kai mai canzawa, kuma, ba kasafai ba, yawanci alamun cutar sankarau masu sauƙi kamar rashin iya lanƙwasa wuya gaba ɗaya da rashin haƙuri ga haske mai haske amma yawanci babu ko kuma ƙaramin zazzabi kawai. <ref name="steere_neuro_findings">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pachner AR, Steere AC |date=July 1984 |title=Neurological findings of Lyme disease |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=481–483 |pmc=2590042 |pmid=6516450}}</ref> Bayan watanni da yawa, cutar sankarau na iya gabatar da alamun otolaryngological . Har zuwa kashi 76.5% daga cikinsu suna nan a matsayin [[tinnitus]], alamar da ta fi yawa. Juyawar jiki da jiri (53.7%) da rashin ji (16.7%) su ne alamomin da suka fi yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moscatello AL, Worden DL, Nadelman RB, Wormser G, Lucente F |date=June 1991 |title=Otolaryngologic aspects of Lyme disease |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=101 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=592–595 |doi=10.1288/00005537-199106000-00004 |pmid=2041438}}</ref> A cikin yara, rashin gani na iya faruwa. Ciwon kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa kumburi ne na jijiyoyin kwakwalwa . Idan aka samu cutar Lyme, yawanci yakan haifar da gurguwar fuska, yana rage kiftawa, murmushi, da taunawa a gefe ɗaya ko biyu na fuska. Hakanan yana iya haifar da gani biyu lokaci-lokaci. <ref name="steere_neuro_findings" /> Ciwon Lyme radiculopathy kumburi ne na tushen jijiyoyi na kashin baya wanda galibi yakan haifar da ciwo da rashin ƙarfi, rauni, ko canjin ji a wuraren jiki da jijiyoyi da ke da alaƙa da tushen da abin ya shafa ke yi, misali gaɓoɓi ko wani ɓangare na gangar jiki. Sau da yawa ana bayyana ciwon a matsayin wanda aka ji a baya, mai raɗaɗi, ƙaura, mafi muni da dare, ba kasafai yake daidaitawa ba, kuma sau da yawa yana tare da matsanancin tashin hankali na barci. <ref name="efns_guidelines" /> <ref name="ogrinc_bannwarth">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ogrinc K, Lusa L, Lotrič-Furlan S, Bogovič P, Stupica D, Cerar T, Ružić-Sabljić E, Strle F |date=August 2016 |title=Course and Outcome of Early European Lyme Neuroborreliosis (Bannwarth Syndrome): Clinical and Laboratory Findings |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=346–353 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciw299 |pmid=27161773 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ciwon Mononeuritis multiplex kumburi ne wanda ke haifar da irin waɗannan alamu a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da jijiyoyi na gefe marasa alaƙa. Ba kasafai ake samun kumburin [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|kwakwalwa]] ko kashin baya ba, tare da alamu kamar ruɗani, tafiya mara kyau, motsin ido, ko magana, rashin motsi, rashin tsarin motsa jiki, ko girgiza . <ref name="efns_guidelines" /> A Arewacin Amurka, cutar gurguwar fuska ita ce cutar neuroborreliosis ta farko da aka fi sani da ita, wadda ke faruwa a cikin kashi 5-10% na mutanen da ba a yi musu magani ba, a cikin kusan kashi 75% na lokuta tare da cutar sankarar lymphocytic. <ref name="garro_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garro A, Nigrovic LE |date=May 2018 |title=Managing Peripheral Facial Palsy |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=618–624 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.08.039 |pmid=29110887 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana bayar da rahoton cutar Lyme radiculopathy sau da yawa, amma ana iya gane yawancin lokuta ba a gane su ba. <ref name="halperin_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Halperin JJ |date=September 2010 |title=Nervous system Lyme disease |journal=The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.4997/JRCPE.2010.314 |pmid=21127770 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin manya na Turai, mafi yawan lokuta ana samun su ne haɗuwa da cutar sankarar lymphocytic da radiculopathy da aka sani da cutar Bannwarth, tare da kashi 36-89% na lokuta ta hanyar cutar gurguwar fuska. <ref name="efns_guidelines"/> <ref name="ogrinc_bannwarth"/> A cikin wannan cutar, ciwon radicular yakan fara ne a yankin jiki ɗaya da kurji na farko na erythema migrans, idan akwai, kuma yana gaba da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar gurguwar fuska da sauran motsi mara kyau . <ref name="ogrinc_bannwarth" /> A cikin mawuyacin hali, lalacewar motsi ko aikin ji na ƙasan gaɓoɓi na iya faruwa. A cikin yaran Turai, mafi yawan bayyanar cututtuka sune gurguwar fuska (a cikin 55%), wasu cututtukan jijiyoyi na kwanyar, da kuma cutar meningitis ta lymphocytic (a cikin 27%). <ref name="efns_guidelines" /> A cikin kimanin kashi 4-10% na waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba a Amurka da kuma kashi 0.3-4% na waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba a Turai, yawanci tsakanin watan Yuni da Disamba, kimanin wata ɗaya (tsawon kwanaki 4 zuwa watanni 7) bayan cizon kaska, kamuwa da cutar na iya haifar da matsalolin zuciya da aka sani da cutar Lyme carditis . <ref name="fish_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fish AE, Pride YB, Pinto DS |date=June 2008 |title=Lyme carditis |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=275–88, vi |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.008 |pmid=18452801}}</ref> <ref name="Stanek2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stanek G, Wormser GP, Gray J, Strle F |date=February 2012 |title=Lyme borreliosis |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9814 |pages=461–473 |bibcode=2012Lanc..379..461S |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60103-7 |pmid=21903253}}</ref> Alamomin na iya haɗawa da bugun zuciya (a cikin kashi 69% na mutane), [[jiri]], suma, ƙarancin numfashi, da ciwon ƙirji . <ref name="fish_2008" /> Sauran alamun cutar Lyme kuma na iya kasancewa, kamar kurji na EM, ciwon haɗin gwiwa, gurguwar fuska, [[ciwon kai]], ko ciwon radicular . <ref name="fish_2008" /> A wasu mutane, duk da haka, cutar cardiac na iya zama bayyanar farko ta cutar Lyme. <ref name="fish_2008" /> Cutar Lyme carditis a cikin kashi 19-87% na mutane tana yin mummunan tasiri ga tsarin wutar lantarki na zuciya, yana haifar da toshewar atrioventricular wanda galibi yakan bayyana a matsayin bugun zuciya wanda ke canzawa cikin mintuna tsakanin jinkirin da ba a saba gani ba da kuma saurin da ba a saba gani ba. <ref name="fish_2008" /> <ref name="Stanek2012" /> A cikin kashi 10-15% na mutane, Lyme yana haifar da matsalolin zuciya kamar su cardiomegaly, matsalar ventricular hagu, ko gazawar zuciya. <ref name="fish_2008" /> Wani yanayin fata, wanda ake samu a Turai amma ba a Arewacin Amurka ba, shine borrelial lymphocytoma, wani kulli mai launin shuɗi wanda ke tasowa a kan kunne, nono, ko kuma ƙwanƙwasa . === Yaɗuwar cutar a ƙarshen lokaci === [[Fayil:Right_knee_swelling_caused_by_Lyme_arthritis_in_a_3-year-old_girl.jpg|thumb|Ciwon gaɓɓai na Lyme ya sa gwiwar wannan yarinya 'yar shekara 3 ta kumbura. Ko da yake ba ta da zafi, amma ya sa ta suma. <ref name="knee-swelling">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guardado KE, Sergent S |date=January 2022 |title=Pediatric unilateral knee swelling: a case report of a complicated differential diagnosis and often overlooked cause |journal=Journal of Osteopathic Medicine |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=105–109 |doi=10.1515/jom-2020-0332 |pmid=34989214 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Cutar Lyme arthritis tana faruwa a cikin kusan kashi 60% na mutanen da ba a yi musu magani ba, yawanci tana farawa ne bayan watanni shida bayan kamuwa da cuta. Yawanci tana shafar gaɓoɓi ɗaya ko kaɗan, sau da yawa gwiwa ko ƙila kwatangwalo, wasu manyan gaɓoɓi, ko haɗin temporomandibular . Yawanci, babban kumburi da kumburi suna faruwa, amma ciwo mai sauƙi ko matsakaici ne kawai. Ba tare da magani ba, kumburi da zafi galibi suna ɓacewa akan lokaci, amma lokaci-lokaci suna dawowa. Kurajen Baker na iya samuwa da fashewa. A cikin binciken farko na Amurka game da cutar Lyme, an bayyana wata cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cutar jijiya ta gefe wadda ta haɗa da jin kasala, tingling, ko ƙonewa daga ƙafafu ko hannuwa, kuma, bayan wani lokaci, wataƙila tana motsa gaɓoɓi. A cikin wani bincike da aka yi daga baya wanda ya gano rashin ingantaccen bayanai game da wannan bayyanar, ƙwararru sun yi mamakin ko tana wanzuwa kwata-kwata a Amurka ko kuma kawai ba kasafai take faruwa ba. <ref name="axonal">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wormser GP, Strle F, Shapiro ED, Dattwyler RJ, Auwaerter PG |date=February 2017 |title=A critical appraisal of the mild axonal peripheral neuropathy of late neurologic Lyme disease |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=163–167 |doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.11.003 |pmc=5924701 |pmid=27914746}}</ref> Wani ciwo na jijiyoyi da ake kira Lyme encephalopathy yana da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauƙi da wahalhalun fahimta, rashin barci, jin rashin lafiya gabaɗaya, da canje-canje a cikin hali. <ref name="MayoClin2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bratton RL, Whiteside JW, Hovan MJ, Engle RL, Edwards FD |date=May 2008 |title=Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=566–571 |doi=10.4065/83.5.566 |pmid=18452688 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lyme encephalopathy yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a Amurka kuma ba a ba da rahotonsa a Turai ba. Matsaloli kamar baƙin ciki da fibromyalgia sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Lyme kamar yadda yake a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. Babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa cutar Lyme tana haifar da cututtukan tabin hankali, ko cututtukan ci gaban jijiyoyi (misali [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] ko autism ). <ref name="guidelines-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lantos PM, Rumbaugh J, Bockenstedt LK, Falck-Ytter YT, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Auwaerter PG, Baldwin K, Bannuru RR, Belani KK, Bowie WR, Branda JA, Clifford DB, DiMario FJ, Halperin JJ, Krause PJ, Lavergne V, Liang MH, Meissner HC, Nigrovic LE, Nocton JJ, Osani MC, Pruitt AA, Rips J, Rosenfeld LE, Savoy ML, Sood SK, Steere AC, Strle F, Sundel R, Tsao J, Vaysbrot EE, Wormser GP, Zemel LS |date=January 2021 |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=e1–e48 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1215 |pmid=33417672 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans cuta ce ta fata mai ɗorewa da ake gani musamman a Turai tsakanin tsofaffi. Yana farawa ne da launin ja-shuɗi na fata mai canza launi, sau da yawa a bayan hannuwa ko ƙafafu. Rauni yana raguwa a hankali tsawon makonni ko watanni da yawa, tare da fatar ta fara zama siriri da wrinkles sannan, idan ba a yi mata magani ba, ta bushe gaba ɗaya kuma ba ta da gashi. == Dalili == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Borrelia_burgdorferi-cropped.jpg|right|thumb|Kwayoyin cutar ''Borrelia'', waɗanda ke haifar da cutar Lyme, sun ƙaru]] Cutar Lyme tana faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da gram-negative daga cikin halittar ''Borrelia'' . Spirochetes suna kewaye da peptidoglycan da flagella . <ref name="Winslow">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Winslow C, Coburn J |date=2019 |title=Recent discoveries and advancements in research on the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi |url= |journal=F1000Res |volume=8 |issue= |page=763 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.18379.1 |pmc=6545822 |pmid=31214329 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nau'in ''Borrelia'' mai alaƙa da Lyme an san su gaba ɗaya da ''Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato'', kuma suna nuna bambancin kwayoyin halitta da yawa. ''B. burgdorferi sensu lato'' wani nau'in halitta ne da ya ƙunshi nau'ikan halittu guda 20 da aka yarda da su da kuma nau'ikan halittu guda uku da aka gabatar. An san nau'ikan halittu takwas suna haifar da cutar Lyme: ''B. mayonii'' (wanda ake samu a Arewacin Amurka), ''B. burgdorferi sensu stricto'' (wanda ake samu a Arewacin Amurka da Turai), ''B. afzelii'', ''B. garinii, B. spielmanii,'' da ''B. lusitaniae'' (duk ana samun su a Eurasia ). {{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name=Cutler2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cutler SJ, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Potkonjak A | title = Emerging borreliae – Expanding beyond Lyme borreliosis | journal = Molecular and Cellular Probes | volume = 31 | pages = 22–27 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27523487 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.08.003 | url = http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5199/1/RBG_Emerging%20borreliosis%20for%20submissionmodHPFAug10_corrected%20without%20track%20change%20SJC.pdf | archive-date = 20 July 2018 | access-date = 18 July 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180720065950/http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5199/1/RBG_Emerging%20borreliosis%20for%20submissionmodHPFAug10_corrected%20without%20track%20change%20SJC.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=Stanek2011/><ref name=Lancet2016/><ref name="Wolcott Host association of Borrelia"/>}} Wasu bincike sun kuma nuna cewa ''B. valaisiana'' na iya kamuwa da mutane a wasu lokutan. Wannan nau'in ba ya bayyana a matsayin muhimmin sanadin cuta ba. === Kaska === [[Fayil:Deer_Tick_life_cycle.svg|thumb|Zagayen rayuwar kaska na barewa]] [[Fayil:Ixodes_scapularis.png|right|thumb|''Ixodes scapularis'', babban mai kamuwa da cutar Lyme a gabashin Arewacin Amurka]] ==== Yi alama da zagayowar rayuwa ==== Matakai uku suna faruwa a cikin zagayowar rayuwar kaska: tsutsa, tsutsa, da babba. A lokacin matakin nymph, kaska galibi suna yada cutar Lyme kuma galibi suna aiki a ƙarshen bazara da farkon bazara a yankuna masu yanayi mai sauƙi. A lokacin matakin girma, yaduwar cutar Lyme ba ta zama ruwan dare ba saboda kaska manya ba ta da saurin cizon mutane kuma suna da girma, don haka ana iya ganin su cikin sauƙi kuma a cire su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-a-tick-bite-for-possible-lyme-disease |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=www.uptodate.com}}</ref> ==== Canje-canje a bayyanar alamar lokacin cin abinci ==== Duk ƙaiƙayin nono da na mace suna ƙaruwa a girma (engorge) lokacin da suke ciyarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forrester |first=Joseph D. |last2=Vakkalanka |first2=J. Priyanka |last3=Holstege |first3=Christopher P. |last4=Mead |first4=Paul S. |date=1 December 2015 |title=Lyme Disease: What the Wilderness Provider Needs to Know |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1016/j.wem.2015.05.001?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.4& |journal=Wilderness & Environmental Medicine |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=555–564 |doi=10.1016/j.wem.2015.05.001 |pmid=26141918 |url-access=subscription |via=SAGE Journals}}</ref> ==== Nau'in kaska, da masu masaukin baki ==== Cutar Lyme tana yaduwa ga mutane ta hanyar cizon ƙwari da suka kamu da cutar ta nau'in ''Ixodes'' . A Amurka, ''Ixodes scapularis'' shine babban mai cutar. A Turai, ''Ixodes ricinus'' ticks na iya yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta cikin sauri. <ref name="Ste2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steere AC, Strle F, Wormser GP, Hu LT, Branda JA, Hovius JW, Li X, Mead PS |date=December 2016 |title=Lyme borreliosis |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=2 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.90 |pmc=5539539 |pmid=27976670}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyme borreliosis |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/healthtopics/emerging_and_vector-borne_diseases/tick_borne_diseases/public_health_measures/Documents/HCP_factsheet_LB_highres.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000428/https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/healthtopics/emerging_and_vector-borne_diseases/tick_borne_diseases/public_health_measures/Documents/HCP_factsheet_LB_highres.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2018 |website=[[ECDC]]}}</ref> A Arewacin Amurka, nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' da <nowiki><i id="mwArs">B. mayonii</i></nowiki> suna haifar da cutar Lyme. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> <ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DK, Neitzel DF, Respicio-Kingry LB, Davis JP, Schiffman E, Sloan LM, Schriefer ME, Replogle AJ, Paskewitz SM, Ray JA, Bjork J, Steward CR, Deedon A, Lee X, Kingry LC, Miller TK, Feist MA, Theel ES, Patel R, Irish CL, Petersen JM |date=May 2016 |title=Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=556–564 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00464-8 |pmc=4975683 |pmid=26856777}}</ref> A Turai da Asiya, ''Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, B. spielmanii'' da wasu nau'ikan halittu guda huɗu suma suna haifar da cutar. <ref name="NEJM2014"/> Duk da cewa ''B. burgdorferi'' yana da alaƙa da kaska da barewa masu wutsiya da beraye masu ƙafafu fari ke ɗauke da ita, ''Borrelia afzelii'' galibi ana gano ta a cikin kaska [[Mai yaduwar cuta|masu]] ciyar da beraye, kuma ''Borrelia garinii'' da ''Borrelia valaisiana'' sun bayyana suna da alaƙa da tsuntsaye. Beraye da tsuntsaye duka ƙwararru ne wajen karɓar beraye don ''B. burgdorferi sensu stricto'' . Juriyar nau'ikan spirochetes na cutar Lyme ga ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanyar da ta dace ta nau'ikan masu masaukin baki daban-daban na iya ƙayyade alaƙar mai masaukin baki da ta wurin. Binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa ''B. burgdorferi sensu lato'' na iya samar da zagayowar enzootic a tsakanin yawan ƙananan tsuntsaye; a baya an yi zaton wannan ba zai yiwu ba a manyan yankuna da ke ɗauke da yawan ƙananan tsuntsaye, kamar California. Banda wani bincike da aka yi a Turai, yawancin bayanan da ke nuna ƙananan tsuntsaye sun dogara ne akan gano kwayar halittar spirochete ta DNA kuma bai nuna cewa ƙananan tsuntsaye na iya kamuwa da ƙwari da ke ci a kansu ba. Kamar yadda wasu gwaje-gwaje suka nuna cewa ƙananan tsuntsaye ba sa kamuwa da cutar ''Borrelia'', da alama shigarsu cikin zagayowar enzootic ya fi rikitarwa kuma ya shafi nau'ikan halittu. [[Fayil:Ixodes-ricinus-life-cycle.jpg|right|thumb|Tick ''Ixodes ricinus'', matakan ci gaba]] A Turai, babban vector shine ''Ixodes ricinus'', wanda kuma ake kira tick na tumaki ko [[Zirman|castor bean]] tick. A China, ''Ixodes persulcatus'' (tick na taiga) wataƙila shine vector mafi mahimmanci. A Arewacin Amurka, tick mai ƙafafu baƙi ko tick na barewa ( ''Ixodes scapularis'' ) shine babban vector a Gabashin Tekun. Kashin tauraro ɗaya tilo ( ''Amblyomma americanum'' ), wanda ake samu a duk faɗin Kudu maso Gabashin Amurka har zuwa yammacin [[Texas]], ba zai iya yaɗa cutar Lyme spirochetes ba, kodayake ana iya danganta shi da wata cuta mai alaƙa da ita da ake kira ciwon kurji na kudanci, wanda yayi kama da wani nau'in cutar Lyme mai sauƙi. A gabar tekun yamma na Amurka, babban abin da ke haifar da wannan cuta shine kashin ƙafafu baƙi na yamma ( ''Ixodes pacificus'' ). Halin wannan nau'in kaska na cin abinci galibi akan nau'ikan da ke karɓar baƙi kamar ƙadangaren shinge na yamma waɗanda ke jure kamuwa da cutar ''Borrelia'' ya nuna yana rage yaɗuwar cutar Lyme a Yamma. === Watsawa === ==== Tsarin aiki ==== An rarraba cutar Lyme a matsayin [[zoonosis]], domin ana [[Yaduwar kwayar cuta|yada ta]] ga mutane daga wani tafki na halitta tsakanin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye ta hanyar kaska da ke cin abinci a kan rukunin masu masaukin baki guda biyu. Kaska mai tauri na nau'in ''Ixodes'' sune [[Mai yaduwar cuta|masu haifar]] da cutar Lyme (kuma mai haifar da ''Babesia'' ). Yawancin kamuwa da cuta ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar kaska a matakin nymphal, saboda ƙanana ne, kuma suna iya ciyarwa ba tare da an gano su ba na dogon lokaci. Kaska mai tauri yawanci girman iri ne na poppy kuma wani lokacin suna da kai mai duhu da jiki mai haske. <ref name="Rut2005">{{Cite web |date=March 2005 |title=2005 Fact Sheet, Prevent Tick Bites: Prevent Lyme Disease |url=https://ocean.njaes.rutgers.edu/garden/documents/fs443.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626133450/http://ocean.njaes.rutgers.edu/garden/documents/fs443.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2013 |publisher=Rutgers University, Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station}}</ref> Ko kuma, kaska mai tauri na iya zama duhu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=People are freaking out over the CDC's photo of a muffin with ticks in it |url=https://www.deseret.com/2019/5/31/20674560/people-are-freaking-out-over-the-cdc-s-photo-of-a-muffin-with-ticks-in-it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125192618/https://www.deseret.com/2019/5/31/20674560/people-are-freaking-out-over-the-cdc-s-photo-of-a-muffin-with-ticks-in-it |archive-date=25 January 2020 |website=Deseret News |quote=The U.S. CDC published a picture of a poppy seed muffin in which some of the "poppy seeds" were actually ticks}}</ref> Ƙananan kaska mai tsutsa ba sa kamuwa da cuta sosai. Duk da cewa barewa sune mafi kyawun masu karɓar kaska mai girma, kuma yawan kaska ya fi ƙasa idan babu barewa, kaska yawanci ba sa samun ''Borrelia'' daga barewa; maimakon haka, suna samun su ne daga ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da suka kamu da cutar kamar bera mai fararen ƙafafu, da kuma wasu lokutan tsuntsaye. <ref name="Westport">{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Westport Weston Health District |url=http://www.wwhd.org/TLD_CD/deertick.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929110519/http://www.wwhd.org/TLD_CD/deertick.htm |archive-date=29 September 2013 |access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> Yankunan da cutar Lyme ta zama ruwan dare suna faɗaɗawa. <ref name="CDC-Lyme-Data">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2019 |title=Lyme Disease Data and surveillance |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/datasurveillance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413133319/https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/datasurveillance/ |archive-date=13 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=Lyme Disease |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> A cikin tsakiyar hanjin kaska, furotin na waje {{'}} ''Borrelia'' A (OspA) yana ɗaurewa da mai karɓar kaska don OspA, wanda aka sani da TROSPA. Lokacin da kaska ke ci, ''Borrelia'' yana rage OspA kuma yana haɓaka OspC, wani furotin na saman. Bayan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ƙaura daga tsakiyar hanji zuwa glandar salivary, OspC yana ɗaurewa zuwa Salp15, wani furotin na salivary kaska wanda da alama yana da tasirin rage garkuwar jiki wanda ke haɓaka kamuwa da cuta. Samun nasarar kamuwa da cutar da dabbobi masu shayarwa ya dogara ne akan bayyanar ƙwayoyin cuta na OspC. ==== Tsawon lokacin da aka haɗa ==== Sharhin ya yi la'akari da ko tsawon lokacin da aka haɗa yana shafar watsawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisen |first=Lars |date=6 March 2018 |title=Pathogen transmission in relation to duration of attachment by Ixodes scapularis ticks |journal=Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=535–542 |doi=10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.01.002 |pmc=5857464 |pmid=29398603}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cook |first=Michael J. |date=6 May 2015 |title=Lyme borreliosis: a review of data on transmission time after tick attachment |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |volume=8 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.2147/IJGM.S73791 |pmc=4278789 |pmid=25565881 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Yaɗuwa ==== Cizon kaska sau da yawa ba a lura da shi ba saboda ƙaramin girman kaska a matakin nymphal ɗinsa, da kuma fitar da kaska da ke hana mai gidan jin ƙaiƙayi ko ciwo daga cizon. Duk da haka, yaduwar ba kasafai take faruwa ba, inda kusan kashi 1.2 zuwa 1.4 cikin ɗari na cizon kaska da aka sani ke haifar da cutar Lyme. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2019 |title=Patient education: What to do after a tick bite to prevent Lyme disease (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/what-to-do-after-a-tick-bite-to-prevent-lyme-disease-beyond-the-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101124546/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/what-to-do-after-a-tick-bite-to-prevent-lyme-disease-beyond-the-basics |archive-date=1 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020 |website=www.uptodate.com |publisher=UpToDate}}</ref> ==== A cikin ciki ==== Cutar Lyme tana yaduwa daga uwa zuwa tayin amma ba kasafai take yaduwa ba, kuma tare da maganin rigakafi, babu ƙarin haɗarin kamuwa da mummunan sakamako na haihuwa. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=How Lyme Disease Spreads |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/causes/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615000549/https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/causes/index.html |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=Lyme Disease}}</ref> KYAKKYAWAN jagora shine a yi amfani da maganin rigakafi da suka dace da juna biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2018 |title=Recommendations &#124; Lyme disease &#124; Guidance &#124; NICE |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng95/chapter/recommendations#management-for-women-with-lyme-disease-during-pregnancy-and-their-babies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511145123/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng95/chapter/Recommendations#management-for-women-with-lyme-disease-during-pregnancy-and-their-babies |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=www.nice.org.uk}}</ref> Babu wani bincike kan sakamakon ci gaban yaran da iyayensu mata suka kamu da cutar Lyme. <ref name="auto" /> ==== Sauran yaduwar cutar ta ɗan adam ==== Babu wata shaida ta kimiyya da ke nuna cewa ana kamuwa da cutar Lyme ta hanyar ƙarin jini, jima'i, ko nonon uwa. <ref name="auto"/> === Cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar kaska === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kaji da ke aika ''B. burgdorferi'' ga mutane suma suna iya ɗaukar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da dama, kamar ''Babesia microti'' da ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'', waɗanda ke haifar da cututtukan babesiosis da kuma anaplasmosis na ɗan adam (HGA), bi da bi. Daga cikin mutanen da ke da cutar Lyme ta farko, ya danganta da wurin da suke, kashi 2-12% kuma za su sami HGA kuma kashi 2-10% za su sami babesiosis. <ref name="guidelines-2020"/> Kaji a wasu yankuna kuma suna aika ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da encephalitis da cutar Powassan . <ref name="guidelines-2020" /> Kaji da ke kamuwa da cutar Lyme ba za su buƙaci ƙarin magani ba, tunda suna iya warkewa da kansu ko kuma - kamar yadda yake a yanayin HGA - za a iya magance su da doxycycline da aka rubuta wa Lyme. Zazzaɓi mai ɗorewa ko sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje marasa daidaituwa na iya zama alamar kamuwa da cuta tare. <ref name="guidelines-2020" /> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == ''B. burgdorferi'' na iya yaɗuwa a cikin jiki yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, kuma an same shi a cikin fata, zuciya, haɗin gwiwa, tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe, da kuma tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. ''B. burgdorferi'' ba ya samar da guba. <ref name="ALDF-toxins">{{Cite web |title=Does Borrelia burgdorferi produce a neurotoxin ? |url=https://www.aldf.com/does-borrelia-burgdorferi-produce-a-neurotoxin-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629125942/https://www.aldf.com/does-borrelia-burgdorferi-produce-a-neurotoxin-2/ |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=American Lyme Disease Foundation}}</ref> Saboda haka, yawancin alamun cutar Lyme sakamakon amsawar garkuwar jiki ga spirochete a cikin waɗannan kyallen takarda ne. ''B. burgdorferi'' ana allurar sa a cikin fata ta hanyar cizon ''Ixodes'' da ya kamu da cutar. <ref name="Strand">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Strnad M, Rudenko N, Rego RO |date=December 2023 |title=Pathogenicity and virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi |url= |journal=Virulence |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/21505594.2023.2265015 |pmc=10566445 |pmid=37814488}}</ref> Yawar kaska, wadda ke raka spirochete zuwa fata yayin ciyarwa, tana ɗauke da abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga amsawar garkuwar jiki a wurin da cizon ya faru. Wannan yana samar da yanayi mai kariya inda spirochete zai iya kamuwa da cuta. Spirochetes suna ninkawa kuma suna ƙaura zuwa waje a cikin fata . Martanin kumburi ga ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin fata yana haifar da raunin EM mai zagaye. Duk da haka, Neutrophils, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don kawar da spirochetes daga fata, sun kasa bayyana a cikin adadi mai mahimmanci a cikin raunin EM mai tasowa saboda yawar kaska tana hana aikin neutrophil. Wannan yana bawa ƙwayoyin cuta damar rayuwa kuma daga ƙarshe su bazu ko'ina cikin jiki. Kwanaki zuwa makonni bayan cizon kaska, spirochetes suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar jini zuwa gaɓoɓi, zuciya, tsarin jijiyoyi, da wuraren fata masu nisa, inda kasancewarsu ke haifar da nau'ikan alamun cutar da ta yaɗu. Yaɗuwar ''B. burgdorferi'' yana taimakawa ta hanyar haɗa sinadarin protease plasmin a saman spirochete. Idan ba a yi maganinsa ba, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jiki na tsawon watanni ko ma shekaru, duk da samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na ''B. burgdorferi'' ta hanyar tsarin garkuwar jiki. Spirochetes na iya guje wa amsawar garkuwar jiki ta hanyar rage bayyanar sunadaran saman da ƙwayoyin rigakafi ke kai hari, bambancin antigenic na furotin saman VlsE, hana manyan abubuwan garkuwar jiki kamar su complement, da ɓoyewa a cikin matrix na extracellular, wanda zai iya tsoma baki ga aikin abubuwan garkuwar jiki. === Nazarin rigakafi === Fuskantar ƙwayoyin cuta na ''Borrelia'' yayin cutar Lyme na iya haifar da kumburi mai ɗorewa da kuma illa ga jiki, wani nau'in cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa ta hanyar garkuwar jiki . Samar da wannan amsawar na iya kasancewa saboda wani nau'in kwaikwayon ƙwayoyin halitta, inda ''Borrelia'' ke guje wa kashe shi ta hanyar tsarin garkuwar jiki ta hanyar kama da sassan kyallen jiki na yau da kullun. Alamomin da suka shafi amsawar garkuwar jiki na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu alamomin ke ci gaba da wanzuwa koda bayan an kawar da spirochetes daga jiki. Wannan hasashe na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa cututtukan amosanin gabbai na ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan maganin rigakafi, kamar zazzabin rheumatic, amma amfani da shi gabaɗaya yana da rikitarwa. == Ganewar Ganewa == Ana [[Binciken kiwon lafiya|gano]] cutar Lyme bisa ga alamu, sakamakon zahiri (kamar kurji na erythema migrans (EM), fatar fuska, ko amosanin gabbai ), tarihin yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar kaska, da kuma yiwuwar gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje . <ref name="NEJM2014"/> Mutanen da ke da alamun cutar Lyme ta farko ya kamata a yi musu cikakken gwajin fata na jiki don kurji na EM kuma a tambaye su ko kurji na EM ya bayyana a cikin watanni 1-2 da suka gabata. Kasancewar kurji na EM da kuma fallasa kaska kwanan nan (watau, kasancewa a waje a wurin da kaska ke zama ruwan dare inda Lyme ya zama [[Yankin da ke cikin cuta (epidemiology)|ruwan dare]], cikin kwanaki 30 da bayyanar kurji) sun isa don gano cutar Lyme; ba a buƙatar ko ba da shawarar tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Yawancin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ba sa tuna kaska ko cizo, kuma kurji na EM ba ya buƙatar yin kama da idon bijimi (yawancin kurji na EM a Amurka ba sa yi) ko kuma a tare da su da wasu alamu. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> A Amurka, cutar Lyme ta fi yawa a jihohin New England da Mid-Atlantic da kuma sassan [[Wisconsin]] da [[Minnesota]], amma tana fadada zuwa wasu yankuna. <ref name="CDC-Lyme-Data"/> Yankuna da dama da ke kan iyaka da Kanada suma suna da babban haɗarin cutar Lyme. <ref name="canada_lyme_map">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2015 |title=Lyme Disease risk areas map |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/lyme-disease/risk-lyme-disease.html#map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510195225/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/lyme-disease/risk-lyme-disease.html#map |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Risk of Lyme disease to Canadians |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Idan babu kurajen EM ko tarihin kamuwa da kaska, gano cutar Lyme ya dogara ne da tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="aucott_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aucott J, Morrison C, Munoz B, Rowe PC, Schwarzwalder A, West SK |date=June 2009 |title=Diagnostic challenges of early Lyme disease: lessons from a community case series |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=79 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-9-79 |pmc=2698836 |pmid=19486523 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da cutar Lyme suna da wahalar gani kai tsaye a cikin kyallen jiki kuma suna da wahala kuma suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don girma a dakin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="NEJM2014"/> Gwaje-gwajen da aka fi amfani da su suna neman kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafi a kan waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini. Sakamakon gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta mai kyau ba ya tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta mai aiki, amma yana iya tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta wanda ake zargi saboda alamu, abubuwan da aka gano a zahiri, da tarihin kamuwa da kaska a cikin mutum. Saboda kusan kashi 5-20% na al'umma na yau da kullun suna da ƙwayoyin rigakafi a kan Lyme, bai kamata a gwada mutanen da ba su da tarihi da alamun cutar Lyme don maganin rigakafi ba: sakamako mai kyau zai iya zama ƙarya, wataƙila yana haifar da magani mara amfani. <ref name="efns_guidelines"/> == Manazarta == === Bayanan kula === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} === Ambato === <nowiki> This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</nowiki> == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/ CDC - Cutar Lyme] * [https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/ID-2021-Lyme-Disease-Serologic-Testing-Reporting.pdf Jagorar Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Jama'a]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Harshe, Fassara da Jagora da aka Ba da Shawara Game da Sakamakon Gwajin Cututtukan Cututtukan Lyme * [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/lyme-disease NIH - Cutar Lyme] * [https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng95/chapter/Recommendations Jagororin NICE - Cutar Lyme] * [https://vbdhub.org ''Cibiyar Cututtuka Masu Yaɗuwa ta Lafiya Ɗaya'' ta Burtaniya] {{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=1531|ICD10={{ICD10|A|69|2|a|65}}|ICD9={{ICD9|088.81}}|MedlinePlus=001319|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|article|330178|330178}}<br />{{eMedicine2|article|965922|965922}}<br />{{eMedicine2|article|786767|786767}}|MeshID=D008193|Scholia=Q201989|ICD10CM={{ICD10CM|A69.2}}|ICD11={{ICD11|1C1G}}}}{{Tick-borne diseases}}{{Gram-negative non-proteobacterial diseases}}{{Bacterial cutaneous infections}}{{Vaccines}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 745q5hrytmh1tltg9ihvbrx4ndb5m3e 0 159444 883795 864973 2026-07-16T01:08:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex ''' ('''KIWTC'''), wani aiki ne na tace ruwa da rarraba shi a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo (DRC). An fara ginin ne a watan Agusta na shekarar 2021, kuma an kammala shi tare da fara amfani da shi na kasuwanci a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2023. Kamfanin kwangilar injiniya, saye da gine-gine (EPC) shi ne Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) na ƙasar Sin. Gwamnatin DRC ce ke da aikin kuma ita ce ta ba da tallafin kuɗi, ta hanyar kuɗaɗen da ta ranyo daga Rukunin Bankin Duniya.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707041946/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Wuri== Ginin tace ruwan yana yankin bayan gari na yamma a babban birnin ƙasar wato Kinshasa, kusa da sansanin soja na Ngaliema, a ɓangaren kudu maso yammacin birnin.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Bayani na Gabaɗaya== Ya zuwa watan Janairu na shekarar 2020, birnin Kinshasa gida ne ga kimanin mutane miliyan 12.<ref name="2R"/> Biye da binciken tantancewa da yiwuwar aiki da kamfanin Antea Group ya gudanar, wanda Hukumar Haɓakawa ta Ƙasa (IDA) ta ba da tallafinsa, jami'an DRC sun yanke shawarar gina sabon ginin tace ruwa mai ƙarfin samar da mita kubik 110,000 na ruwan sha ga birnin kowace rana. A ƙarƙashin tsarin dogon lokaci, birnin yana shirin faɗaɗa ƙarfin ginin zuwa ninki uku na girmansa na farko.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Anteagroup.com |date=2018 | url=https://int.anteagroup.com/projects/rehabilitation-of-the-n-djili-drinking-water-treatment-plant-in-kinshasa-democratic-republic-of-congo#106248 |title=N'Djili, drinking water treatment plant rehabilitation in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo |author=Antea Group |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyin wannan aiki da kuɗi dala miliyan 59.4.<ref name="2R"/> Daga baya, majiya guda ta ruwaito cewa an ƙara yawan lamunin zuwa dala miliyan 72.<ref name="4R"/> ==Mallaka== Kamfanin Régie de distribution d'eau (REGIDESO) ne ke da cikakken mallakar wannan ginin tace ruwa, wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="3R"/> ==Gine-Gine== Ginin rukunin tace ruwan masana'antu na Kinshasa yana ɓangare ne na babban shirin da ake kira Urban Drinking Water Supply Project (Pemu). Manufar Pemu ita ce (a) dorewar haɓaka hanyoyin samun ruwan sha a biranen Kinshasa, Lubumbashi da Matadi da kuma (b) inganta ingancin Regideso, kamfanin rarraba ruwa na gwamnati. Ana kiyasta cewa aikin Pemu zai ci jimillar dala miliyan 360 kafin a kammala shi.<ref name="1R"/> Tsarin KIWTC ya buƙaci shigar da bututun hako ruwa mai faɗin milimita 805 a cikin Kogin Kongo. Bututun hako ruwan zai ratsa cikin birnin na tsawon kusan kilomita 3 zuwa wurin ajiye ruwa na ɗan lokaci, kafin ya shiga cikin ginin tace ruwan. A kan hanyarsa daga Kogin Kongo zuwa sabon ginin sarrafa ruwan, bututun hako ruwan yana ratsa ta Sansanin Soja na Colonel Tshatshi da ke unguwar Ngaliema, a yankin bayan gari na yamma a Kinshasa.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> Sauran sabbin kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da gina bene na musamman don ajiye sinadaran tace ruwa. Har ila yau, aikin ya haɗa da gyare-gyaren sama da kilomita 150 na manyan bututu, na tsakiya da na ƙasa na rarraba ruwa.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Kaddamarwa== Shugaban ƙasar DRC, Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo, ne ya ƙaddamar da kammalallen ginin tace ruwan a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2023.<ref name="4R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-binza-drinking-water-plant-serves-1-5-million-people-in-kinshasa/ |title=DRC: Binza drinking water plant serves 1.5 million people in Kinshasa |date=27 February 2024 |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=29 June 2024 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629152807/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-binza-drinking-water-plant-serves-1-5-million-people-in-kinshasa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Duba Kuma== * [[Aiyukan Ruwa na Katosi]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * [http://www.regidesordc.com/ Official Website of Regideso] k2aidrp221ogtizpr6eksl6691bj6pd 0 159445 883543 864982 2026-07-15T16:32:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [ˈkarl ˈjʊŋ]; 26 ga Yulin 1875 - 6 ga Yuni 1961) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Switzerland, masanin ilimin kwakwalwa, kuma masanin halayyar mutum wanda ya kafa makarantar ilimin halayya. {{Refn|Jung's identification as a "psychoanalyst" was temporary (Quote: "Between the years 1907 and 1912, when Jung was a psycho-analyst").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jung |first=C. G. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eY4CQAAQBAJ&dq=%22jung+was+a+psychoanalyst%22&pg=PR89 |title=Collected Works of C.G. Jung: The First Complete English Edition of the Works of C.G. Jung |date=1 September 1973 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53016-9 |language=en |chapter=Editorial Note (Vol. IV)| page=lxxxix}}</ref> Following Freud's exclusive definition of the term, Jung stopped referring to his practice as "psycho-analysis". He resigned as president of the International Psychoanalytical Association and later was characterized as an "analytical psychologist".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisold |first=Kenneth |year=2002 |title=Jung, Jungians, and psychoanalysis. |url=https://www.academia.edu/55101481 |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=502–503 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.19.3.501 |issn=1939-1331}}</ref>}} Ya kasance marubuci mai yawa na littattafai sama da ashirin, mai zane-zane, mai ba da labari, da kuma masanin kimiyya, wanda aka fi sani da ra'ayinsa na archetypes. An dauke shi daya daga cikin masu [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]] masu tasiri a kowane lokaci, aikin Jung ya inganta ba kawai ilimi ba, har ma da sha'awar sha'awa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2022 |title=Carl Jung – One of the Most Influential Psychiatrists of All Time |url=http://thebuzzdiary.com/carl-jung-one-of-the-most-influential-psychiatrists-of-all-time/ |access-date=23 June 2026 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608120636/http://thebuzzdiary.com/carl-jung-one-of-the-most-influential-psychiatrists-of-all-time/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukansa sun kasance masu tasiri a fannonin ilimin halayyar dan adam, [[ilimin ɗan adam]], ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, adabi, [[Falsafa|falsafar]], ilimin halayya, da Nazarin addini Jung ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya a asibitin Burghölzli a Zurich, a karkashin Eugen Bleuler . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Möller |first=A. |last2=Scharfetter |first2=C. |last3=Hell |first3=D. |date=October 2002 |title=Development and termination of the working relationship of C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler, 1900-1909 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957154X0201305206 |journal=History of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=13 |issue=52 |pages=445–453 |doi=10.1177/0957154X0201305206 |issn=0957-154X}}</ref> Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai tasiri, yana haɓaka abota da [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis, kuma yana gudanar da dogon rubutu game da hangen nesa na haɗin gwiwar halayyar ɗan adam. Freud ya ga ƙaramin Jung ba kawai a matsayin magaji da yake nema don ci gaba da "sabon kimiyya" na psychoanalysis ba, amma a matsayin hanyar halatta aikinsa: Freud da sauran masu nazarin kwakwalwa na zamani Yahudawa ne da ke fuskantar karuwar adawa da Yahudawa a Turai, yayin da Jung ya girma a matsayin [[Kirista]], kodayake bai bi koyarwar Kirista ta gargajiya ba, yana ganin addini, gami da Kristanci, a matsayin furcin mai karfi na tunanin ɗan adam da neman ma'anarsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi}} Freud wrote, "[I]t was only by his appearance on the scene that psycho-analysis escaped the danger of becoming a Jewish national affair."</ref> Freud ya tabbatar da nadin Jung a matsayin shugaban sabuwar kungiyar Freud ta International Psychoanalytical Association. Binciken Jung da hangen nesa na kansa, duk da haka, sun sa ya zama da wahala a bi koyarwar tsohuwar abokin aikinsa, kuma sun rabu. Wannan rarrabuwar ta kasance mai raɗaɗi ga Jung kuma ta haifar da kafa ilimin halayyar Jung a matsayin cikakken tsarin da ya bambanta da psychoanalysis. Daga cikin mahimman ra'ayoyin ilimin halayyar mutum shine mutum - tsarin halayyar rayuwa na bambancin kai daga abubuwan da ke cikin mutum da ba a sani ba. Jung ya yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban aikin ci gaban ɗan adam. Ya kirkiro wasu sanannun ra'ayoyin ilimin halayyar dan adam, gami da daidaituwa, Abubuwan da suka faru, rashin sani, rikitarwa na halayyar mutum, da kuma fitarwa da introversion. Halin da ya yi wa dan kasuwa da ɗan siyasa na Amurka Rowland Hazard a 1926 tare da tabbacinsa cewa [[Shaye-shaye|masu shaye-shaye]] na iya murmurewa idan suna da "ƙwarewar ruhaniya (ko addini) mai mahimmanci" sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka haifar da kafa Alcoholics Anonymous . Jung ya kasance [[Masu kirkira|mai zane]]-zane, [[mai sana'a]], mai ginawa, kuma marubuci mai yawa. Yawancin ayyukansa ba a buga su ba har sai bayan mutuwarsa, kuma wasu sun kasance ba a buga ba. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === ==== Yaronta ==== [[Fayil:Dozwilerstrasse_3_in_Kesswil_TG_(2025).jpg|thumb|Wurin haihuwa a Kesswil]] An haifi Carl Gustav Jung a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1875 a Kesswil, a cikin canton na Switzerland na Thurgau, a matsayin ɗan farko da ya tsira na Paul Achilles Jung (1842-1896) da Emilie Jung (née Preiswerk; 1848-1923). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schellinski |first=Kristina |year=2014 |title=Who am I? |journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=189–210 |doi=10.1111/1468-5922.12069 |issn=0021-8774 |pmid=24673274}}</ref>{{Refn|As a university student, Jung changed the modernized spelling of Karl to the original family form of Carl. {{cite book|last=Bair|first=Deirdre|author-link=Deirdre Bair|title=Jung: A Biography|year=2003|publisher=Back Bay Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-316-15938-8|pages=7, 53}}}} An haife shi da haihuwa biyu da kuma na ɗa mai suna Paul, wanda aka haifa a 1873, wanda ya tsira ne kawai 'yan kwanaki. : 9  Paul Jung, mahaifin Carl, shi ne ɗan ƙarami na sanannen likitan Jamus-Switzerland kuma farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya a Basel, Karl Gustav Jung (1794-1864). : 8-13 <ref name="Stevens">Stevens, Anthony (1994): ''Jung: A very short introduction'', Oxford University Press, Oxford & N.Y. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285458-2}}.</ref>: 2 Karl Jung ya zama Rector na Jami'ar Basel da Master na Swiss Lodge of Freemasons . An yi jita-jita cewa shi ɗan [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] ne, amma wannan mai yiwuwa labari ne. Paul Jung fasto ne na karkara a cikin Ikilisiyar Swiss Reformed . : 7 Jung ya dauki mahaifinsa amintacce, amma mai rauni kuma mara iko.<ref name="Storr" /> : 7  Ya bambanta da mahaifinsa, Carl ya ga mahaifiyarsa ba abin dogaro ba ne kuma ba ta dace ba, : 8 wanda ya sa ya haɗa mata da yawa kamar yadda yake da "rashin dogaro" (Daga baya, an sake fasalin waɗannan ra'ayoyin farko: "Na amince da maza abokai kuma sun yi takaici da su, kuma ban amince da mata ba kuma ban yi takaici. : 8). Emilie mace ce mai ban sha'awa kuma mai baƙin ciki; ta shafe lokaci mai yawa a cikin ɗakinta, inda ta ce ruhohi sun ziyarce ta da dare.<ref name="Jung-3" /> : 18 Ko da yake ta kasance al'ada a rana, Jung ta tuna cewa da dare, mahaifiyarsa ta zama mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki. Ya ce wata dare, ya ga wani adadi mai haske da ba a tantance shi ba yana fitowa daga ɗakinta, tare da kai da aka cire daga wuyansa kuma yana iyo a cikin iska a gaban jikin. Jung yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da mahaifinsa.<ref name="Jung-3" /> : 18 : 18    == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] bs4nifxs5yktie9yer5e9pe29l7nuwb 0 159458 883796 865016 2026-07-16T01:09:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bugolobi Wastewater Treatment Plant''' ('''BWTP'''), wanda kuma ake kira da '''Bugolobi Sewerage Treatment Plant''' ('''BSTP'''), wani aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ne a ƙasar Uganda. Wannan ita ce matatar tace gurbataccen ruwa mafi girma a cikin ƙasashen ƙungiyar East African Community, kuma tana da ƙarfin tace {{convert|45000000|liters|m3}} na gurbataccen ruwa kowace rana.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|access-date=22 June 2018 |date=22 June 2018 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-largest-waste-water-treatment-plant-pump-sewerage-power/688334-4625712-q857ntz/index.html |title=Uganda's largest waste water treatment plant to pump sewerage into electricity |newspaper=Daily Monitor |author=Monitor Reporter | location=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-inaugurate-largest-wastewater-treatment-plant/ | title=Uganda: NWSC to inaugurate largest wastewater treatment plant |work=Afrik21.africa |date=29 June 2018 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=28 April 2022 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Wuri== An gina wannan rukunin tace ruwan ne a unguwar Bugolobi, a cikin Nakawa Division, a sashen kudu maso gabas na Kampala, babban birni kuma mafi girman birni a Uganda. Wannan tana da nisa na kusan {{convert|7|km|0}} ta kan hanya, kudu maso gabas da tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na birnin.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| access-date=29 April 2021 | url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala+Central+Division,+Kampala/Bugoloobi,+Kampala/@0.3115442,32.6031142,14z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc76bde94e75:0x42da82610205b97a!2m2!1d32.5856675!2d0.3250394!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc01495c9873:0xa7d285a6dfaac8!2m2!1d32.6257655!2d0.309722!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Central Kampala And Bugoloobi In Uganda}}</ref> Lambobin haɗin gwiwa na yanayin ƙasa na matatar su ne 0°19'06.0"N, 32°36'27.0"E (Latitude:0.318333; Longitude:32.607500).<ref name="4R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B019'06.0%22N+32%C2%B036'27.0%22E/@0.3183333,32.6053167,451m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.3183333!4d32.6075 |title=Location of Bugoloobi Wastewater Treatment Plant |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> ==Bayanin Gabaɗaya== Matatar Bugoloobi WTP tana tattara gurbataccen ruwa da na shiga bandaki daga sassa daban-daban na birnin, haɗi da Old Kampala, Mengo, Katwe, Nsambya, Kibuli, Mbuya, Nakawa, Naguru, Bukoto da Kamwookya.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/home-mobile/itemlist/category/26-sewer |date=22 June 2018 |title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation: Sewer Services |publisher=National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) |access-date=22 June 2018 |author=NWSC |location=Kampala }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sabuwar matatar STP da aka faɗaɗa tana da manufar ƙara da inganta ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a birnin tare da rage gurbatar Kogin Nakivubo (Nakivubo Channel), wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Victoria (Lake Victoria), ta hakan kuma za a ƙara dorewar muhallin tafkin.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |date=2 May 2014 |url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/component/k2/item/195-construction-works-of-the-bugolobi-nakivubo-sewerage-treatment-plant-begins |title=Construction Works of the Bugolobi/Nakivubo Sewerage Treatment Plant Begins |access-date=22 June 2018 |publisher=National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) |author=NWSC |location=Kampala }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aikin ya haɗa da gina ingantacciyar matatar tace gurbataccen ruwa ta zamani a Bugoloobi, da matatar riga-kafin tace ruwa a Kinawattaka, da tashar famfon gurbataccen ruwa a Kan Titin Kibira, da kuma hanyoyin bututun ruwa masu tsayin {{convert|31|km|0}}. Sabbin yankuna da za a ƙara a cikin tsarin bututun sun haɗa da Bugolobi, Kyambogo, Kasokoso, Kinnawattaka, Banda, Butabika da sauran yankunan da ke maƙwabtaka.<ref name="7R"/> Ana ran na'urorin bio-digesters da ke wannan matatar za su riƙa samar da iskar gas, wanda za a dumama shi don samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin {{convert|630|kW}}, don amfanin cikin gida na matatar kanta.<ref name="7R"/><ref name="8R">{{cite web|access-date=24 July 2018 |first=Javira |url=http://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/07/nwsc-reveals-plans-to-generating-own-electricity.html |title=NWSC to generate own power from city waste |date=23 July 2018 |publisher=PMLDaily.com | last=Ssebwami |location=Kampala}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, datti mai ƙarfi da aka cire daga gurbataccen ruwan ana sa ran za a busar da shi don sayarwa a matsayin takin zamani,<ref name="5R"/> ko kuma azaman ɗanyen abu don kera burtuntunan girki (briquettes).<ref name="8R"/> ==Mallakar Filari== Wannan rukunin tace ruwan mallakar kamfanin National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) ne gaba ɗaya, wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan kwashe gurbataccen ruwa a faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="1R"/> ==Gina Aiki== An fara ginin ne a watan Mayun 2014,<ref name="6R"/> kuma aka kammala shi a shekarar 2021.<ref name="7R"/><ref name="9R">{{cite web |date=28 April 2021 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-the-bugolobi-nakivubo-wastewater-treatment-plant-is-finally-operational/ |title=Uganda: The Bugolobi-Nakivubo wastewater treatment plant is finally operational |publisher=Afrik.21.africa |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |location=Paris, France |access-date=23 June 2026 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324184629/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-the-bugolobi-nakivubo-wastewater-treatment-plant-is-finally-operational/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hukumar NWSC tana shirin gina sabbin matatun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Nalukolongo, tsakanin Ndeeba da Nateete, a kan Titin Kampala–Masaka, da kuma a Kajjansi, ban da wadda ke Lubigi da aka kammala a shekarar 2014.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Kuɗaɗen Aiki== Wannan aiki ya sami tallafin kuɗaɗe daga (a) gwamnatin Uganda, (b) Bankin Haɓakawa na Afirka (African Development Bank), (c) Tarayyar Turai (European Union) da kuma (d) KfW.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=https://chimpreports.com/nwscs-largest-sewerage-treatment-plant-in-east-africa-and-central-africa-nears-completion/ | title=NWSC's Largest Sewerage Treatment Plant in East Africa and Central Africa Nears Completion |access-date=22 June 2018 |date=22 June 2018 |author=Chimp Corps |publisher=Chimp Reports Uganda |location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] * [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1331920/nwsc-increase-water-supply NWSC to increase water supply by 50%] As of 5 August 2015. icrv6i2wmjhp2frtzkmriqbxewbifd6 0 159627 883957 866446 2026-07-16T10:52:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Empire Conrad''''' ya kasance 7,009 Jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya wanda Charles Connell & Co Ltd, Clydebank, ya gina a shekarar 1942, ya kuma maye gurbinsa da Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Yaƙi (MoWT). An sayar da ita ga wani kamfanin [[Faransa]] a shekarar 1952, aka kuma sake sayar da ita ga '''''Franta''''', sannan aka sake sayar da ita daga baya a wannan shekarar, aka sake sanya mata suna '''''Nia''''' . A shekarar 1954, an sayar da ita ga wani kamfanin [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] aka sake sanya mata suna '''''Eugenia''''' . Ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1967, lokacin da aka soke ta. == Bayani == Kamfanin Lithgow's Ltd, Port Glasgow ne ya gina jirgin, a matsayin filin jirgin mai lamba 963. An harba shi a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1942, <ref name="Clyde">{{Cite web |title=Launched 1942: ss EMPIRE CONRAD |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=18288 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403064822/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=18288 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=1 August 2010 |publisher=Clydesite}}</ref> kuma an kammala shi a watan Mayu. <ref name="Conrad41">{{Cite web |title=LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0996.pdf |access-date=1 August 2010 |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0996.pdf "LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Plimsoll Ship Data<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Jirgin ya kasance {{Convert|434|ft|9|in|m|2}} tsayi, tare da katako mai girman {{Convert|56|ft|2|in|m|2}} . Jirgin ruwan yana da zurfin {{Convert|34|ft|2|in|m|2}} da kuma zane na {{Convert|26|ft|3|in|m|2}} . Jirgin ruwan yana da GRT na 7,009 da NRT na 4,972. <ref name="Conrad41"/> An tura jirgin da injin tururi mai faɗaɗawa sau uku, wanda ke da silinda na , da {{Convert|68|in|cm}}diamita na da {{Convert|48|in|cm}} bugun jini. JG Kincaird & Co Ltd, Greenock ne ya gina injin. <ref name="Conrad41"/> == Tarihi == An gina ''Empire Conrad'' a shekarar 1942 don MoWT. An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Glen & Co Ltd. An ware wasiƙun Lambobi BDTG da Lambar Hukuma ta Burtaniya 168983. Tashar rajistarta ita ce Greenock. <ref name="Conrad41"/> A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1942, ''Empire Conrad'' ya tashi daga Milford Haven, Wales da kayan Spitfires guda 32 a cikin akwati. <ref name="Style" /> Jiragen duk Spitfire Mk VcT ne. <ref name="Type">{{Cite web |title=Spitfire aircraft production, page 029 |url=http://www.spitfires.ukf.net/p029.htm |access-date=1 August 2010 |publisher=Spitfires |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513051328/http://www.spitfires.ukf.net/p029.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haka kuma ma'aikatan jirgin ƙasa ne za su haɗa su, jimilla sama da mutum 110. Jirgin ruwan 29th ML Flotilla da corvette {{HMS|Spirea|K08|2}} ne suka raka ''Empire Conrad'' . Daga baya Minesweepers {{HMS|Hythe|J194|2}} da {{HMS|Rye|J76|2}} suka haɗu da tawagar. ''Empire Conrad'' ya isa [[Gibraltar]] a ranar 27 ga Mayu. An mayar da jiragen zuwa jirgin saman {{HMS|Eagle|R05|2}} inda aka haɗa su. A ranar 2 ga Yuni, ''Eagle'' ya tashi daga Gibraltar tare da jirgin ruwa {{HMS|Charybdis|88|2}} da jiragen yaƙi masu lalata {{HMS|Antelope|H36|2}}, {{HMS|Ithuriel|H05|2}}, {{HMS|Partridge|G30|2}}, {{HMS|Westcott|D47|2}} da {{HMS|Wishart|D67|2}} . A ranar 3 ga Yuni, an tashi da jirgin daga ''Eagle'' zuwa Malta. Ashirin da takwas daga cikinsu sun isa lafiya, sauran huɗu kuma aka harbo su a hanya. <ref name="Style">{{Cite web |title=THE SUPPLY OF MALTA 1940-1942, Part 2 of 3 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xAH-MaltaSupply02.htm |access-date=21 July 2010 |publisher=Naval History}}</ref> ''Empire Conrad'' memba ne na Convoy HG 84, wanda ya tashi daga Gibraltar a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1942, ya isa [[Liverpool]] a ranar 20 ga Yuni. Tana ɗauke da ƙarfe pyrites da kayan jigilar kaya kuma tana kan hanyarta ta zuwa Leith da Hull . <ref name="HG84">{{Cite web |title=CONVOY HG 84 |url=http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/hg84.html |access-date=1 August 2010 |publisher=Warsailors}}</ref> ''Empire Conrad'' memba ce a Convoy KMS 15, wacce ta bar Burtaniya a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1943 zuwa Gibraltar da [[Bahar Rum]] . Ta shiga cikin ayarin motocin a [[Tripoli]], Libya ta bar ta a [[Port Said]], Masar. <ref name="KMSa">{{Cite web |title=KMS Convoys – 1942-1945, KMS 1 through KMS 30 |url=http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/kmsconvoys.html |access-date=1 August 2010 |publisher=Warsailors}}</ref> ''Empire Conrad'' memba ne na Convoy MKS 21, wanda ya tashi daga [[Alexandria]], Masar a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1943 ya isa Gibraltar a ranar 14 ga Agusta, ya tashi daga baya a wannan ranar zuwa Liverpool, inda ya isa a ranar 25 ga Agusta. ''Empire Conrad'' ta shiga Gibraltar, tana ɗauke da kayan ƙarfe kuma tana kan hanyarta ta zuwa [[Manchester]] . <ref name="MKS21">{{Cite web |title=CONVOY MKS 21 |url=http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/mks21.html |access-date=1 August 2010 |publisher=Warsailors}}</ref> A shekarar 1945, ''Empire Conrad'' memba ne na Convoy KMS 92G, wanda ya rabu da Convoy OS 118 a teku a ranar 29 ga Maris. <ref name="KMSb">{{Cite web |title=KMS Convoys – 1942-1945, Convoy KMS 51 through KMS 98 |url=http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/kmsconvoys3.html |access-date=1 August 2010 |publisher=Warsailors}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1945, an ruwaito cewa Empire Perdita tana cikin teku a cikin [[Tashar Mozambique|Mozambique Channel]], {{Convert|200|nmi|km}} arewa maso gabashin [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu. ''Empire Conrad'' ta taimaka mata. A shekarar 1952, an sayar da ''Empire Conrad'' ga P Atychiades, [[Marseille]], Faransa kuma aka sake masa suna ''Franta'' . An sayar da ita a shekarar 1954 ga Refast Steamship Co kuma aka sake mata suna ''Nia'' . An gudanar da ita a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Marcou & Sons Ltd, [[Landan|London]] . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an sayar da ita ga Ocean Tramp Tankers Corporation, [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] kuma aka sake mata suna ''Eugenia'' . An mayar da ita zuwa [[Laberiya|Liberia]] . A watan Nuwamba na 1956, ''Eugenia'' tana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa da aka kama a [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]], Masar. Ta yi aiki har zuwa 1967, kuma an kore ta a Niihama, Japan a watan Afrilun 1967. <ref name="Ships" /> == Nassoshi == t0bs9po92gge62a7pn8dwf8pl7byqps 0 159724 883479 877989 2026-07-15T14:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''CalOptima''' shiri ne na inshora na kiwon lafiya na jama'a don 'yan ƙasa masu karamin kuɗi na Orange County, California. Tare da kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na dala biliyan 4 da ke ba da sabis ga mambobi 940,000 har zuwa Yuli 2022,<ref name="OrangeCountyRegisterContractRaisesConcern">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Alicia |date=Oct 14, 2022 |title=CalOptima board extends CEO's contract, raises salary to $841,500 |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/10/14/caloptima-board-extends-ceos-contract-raises-salary-to-841500/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ita ce mafi girman mai ba da inshorar lafiya a jihar.<ref name="LosAngelesTimesSeeksToOfferCoveredCAPlan" /> Shugaba na yanzu shine Michael Hunn.<ref name="LosAngelesTimesSeeksToOfferCoveredCAPlan">{{Cite web |last=San Roman |first=Gabriel |date=Jul 20, 2022 |title=CalOptima, O.C.'s largest health insurer, seeks to offer Covered California plan |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/story/2022-07-20/caloptima-o-c-s-largest-health-insurer-seeks-to-offer-covered-california-plan |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == CalOptima tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen inshorar kiwon lafiya ga yara masu karamin karfi, manya, tsofaffi da nakasassu.<ref name="PhysiciansNewsNetworkPaulYost">{{Cite web |date=Mar 6, 2017 |title=CalOptima Names Paul Yost, MD, New Board Chair |url=http://www.ocma.org/news-events/ocma-blog/paul-b-yost-md-elected-chair-of-caloptima-board-of-directors.aspx |access-date=December 3, 2023 |website=Orange County Medical Association Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="LosAngelesTimesSeeksToOfferCoveredCAPlan"/> Hukumar tana gudanar da shirin maganin titi don kawo kulawa ga marasa gida, aiwatar da Medi-Cal, shirin Medicaid na California.<ref name="OrangeCountyRegisterContractRaisesConcern"/> CalOptima tana hidimtawa kusan mambobi 940,000 tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta likitoci da kwararru sama da 7,200 a asibitoci 30.<ref name="PhysiciansNewsNetworkPaulYost" /> == Tarihi == === 1993-2020: Halitta === === 2020-2022: Andrew Do === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, ɗan siyasa Andrew Do ya yi ƙoƙari ya zama mai kula da CalOptima. Kwamitin daraktocin CalOptima ya ki amincewa da yunkurinsa.[1] Do ya yi ƙoƙari, amma 'yan majalisa na jihar sun toshe shi, don karɓar iko da CalOptima ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa dukkan mambobi 5 na kwamitin masu kula da OC su zama membobin kwamitin CalOptima. Lokacin da wani abokin kula ya ce kokarin karɓar mulki ya motsa ta hanyar kin amincewa da shi a matsayin shugaban, Do bai amsa ba kuma a maimakon haka ya sake jaddada cancantarsa na zama shugaban.[2] An kuma ga wannan matakin a matsayin ƙoƙari na janye CalOptima daga masana'antar kiwon lafiya da kuma shigar da zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai a maimakon haka, bayan tsohon mai kula da gundumar da mai fafutuka ya ba da ikon masana'antar a cikin 2011.[2] Do daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban CalOptima a cikin 2020, wanda ya sa ya zama Ba'amurke na farko na Vietnam da ya ɗauki wannan kujerar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OC Supervisor Andrew Do Unanimously Selected as Chair of the CalOptima Board of Directors |url=https://bos1.ocgov.com/Andrew-Do-Chair-of-CalOptima-Board-of-Directors |access-date=February 8, 2022 |website=Orange County |language=en-US |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209032608/https://bos1.ocgov.com/Andrew-Do-Chair-of-CalOptima-Board-of-Directors |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ya hayar da Veronica Carpenter, daya daga cikin masu ba shi shawara na dogon lokaci, ga sabon shugaban ma'aikata, yana biyan $ 282,000 da fa'idodi.<ref name="VoiceOfOcCarpenter">{{Cite web |last=Gerda |first=Nick |date=December 27, 2021 |title=Local Politicos Fuel Takeover of Orange County's Health Plan For the Poor |url=https://voiceofoc.org/2021/12/local-politicos-fuel-takeover-of-orange-countys-health-plan-for-the-poor/ |access-date=February 8, 2022 |website=Voice of OC |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsoffin shugabannin CalOptima da yawa sun nuna damuwa saboda Carpenter yana da kasa da shekara guda na kwarewar gudanar da asibiti.<ref name="VoiceOfOcCarpenter" /><ref name="OrangeCountyCalOptimaFiresLegalTeam">{{Cite web |last=Staggs |first=Brooke |date=February 7, 2022 |title=CalOptima abruptly fires entire legal team as concerns mount over agency's direction |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/02/07/caloptima-abruptly-fires-entire-legal-team-as-concerns-mount-over-agencys-direction/ |access-date=February 8, 2022 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iscabewuhs2nkwngoqw5xmv0qyh7oav 0 159797 883912 868095 2026-07-16T09:34:49Z BnHamid 12586 883912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Bordetella parapertussis''''' ƙaramin kwayar cuta ce mai cutar Gram-negative na jinsin Bordetella wanda ya dace da mulkin mallaka na numfashi na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Pertussis wanda ''B. parapertussis'' ya haifar yana nuna alamun irin wannan cutar da aka samo daga B. pertussis, amma gabaɗaya ba ta da tsanani.<ref name="Heininger_1994">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heininger U, Stehr K, Schmitt-Grohé S, Lorenz C, Rost R, Christenson P, Uberall M, Cherry J |year=1994 |title=Clinical characteristics of illness caused by Bordetella parapertussis compared with illness caused by Bordetella pertussis |journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=306–9 |doi=10.1097/00006454-199404000-00011 |pmid=8036048}}</ref> Rigakafin da aka samo daga B. pertussis ba ya karewa daga kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar ''B. parapertussis'', duk da haka, saboda ana samun O-antigen ne kawai a kan B. parapérussis. Wannan antigen yana kare ''B. parapertussis'' daga magungunan rigakafi na musamman ga B. pertussis, don haka kwayoyin suna da 'yanci su mallaki huhu na mai karɓar bakuncin ba tare da fuskantar farmaki daga magungun rigakafin da suka gabata ba. Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa ''B. parapertussis'' ya samo asali ne a cikin yawan masu karɓar bakuncin da suka riga sun haɓaka rigakafi ga B. pertussis, inda samun damar guje wa rigakafin B. pertus yana da fa'ida.<ref name="Harvill_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wolfe D, Goebel E, Bjornstad O, Restif O, Harvil E |year=2007 |title=The O Antigen Enables Bordetella parapertussis To Avoid Bordetella pertussis-Induced Immunity |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=75 |issue=10 |pages=4972–9 |doi=10.1128/IAI.00763-07 |pmc=2044517 |pmid=17698566}}</ref> An bayyana zuriya biyu na ''B. parapertussis''. Na farko yana kamuwa da mutane kuma yana da alhakin 'yan tsiraru na cutar pertussis (wanda aka fi sani da tari). <ref name="Cherry_1996">{{Cite journal |last=Cherry J |year=1996 |title=Historical review of pertussis and the classical vaccine |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=174 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S259–63 |doi=10.1093/infdis/174.supplement_3.s259 |pmid=8896526 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na biyu, [[Rago|tumaki]], zuriya tana haifar da [[Ciwon huhu]] mai tsanani a cikin tumaki.<ref name="Porter_1994">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Porter J, Connor K, Donachie W |year=1994 |title=Isolation and characterization of Bordetella parapertussis-like bacteria from ovine lungs |journal=Microbiology |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=255–61 |doi=10.1099/13500872-140-2-255 |pmid=8180690 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dukkanin jinsunan suna tunanin sun samo asali ne daga kakannin ''B. bronchiseptica''.<ref name="van_der_Zee_1997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Zee A, Mooi F, Van Embden J, Musser J |year=1997 |title=Molecular evolution and host adaptation of Bordetella spp.: phylogenetic analysis using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and typing with three insertion sequences |journal=J Bacteriol |volume=179 |issue=21 |pages=6609–17 |doi=10.1128/jb.179.21.6609-6617.1997 |pmc=179586 |pmid=9352907}}</ref> Wannan cuta na iya zama alama ko ba a nuna alamomi ba kuma yana iya sa rundunonin su kamu da cuta ta biyu.<ref name="Porter_1995">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Porter J, Connor K, Krueger N, Hodgson J, Donachie W |year=1995 |title=Predisposition of specific pathogen-free lambs to ''Pasteurella haemolytica'' pneumonia by ''Bordetella parapertussis'' infection |journal=J Comp Pathol |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=381–9 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9975(05)80019-2 |pmid=7593760}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=368&submit=Search Nau'in nau'in ''Bordetella parapertussis'' a BacDive - Base na Bambancin Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar ''Ruwa'' [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qr3nbgxm6r2x32vlvwbvshhxkpjno1b 0 160083 883908 870235 2026-07-16T09:16:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jerin bincike sun binciki '''alaƙar da ke tsakanin rukunin jini da COVID-19''' . Binciken farko da masana kimiyya suka gudanar a [[Wuhan]], [[Sin|China]], kan dubban marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da rukunin jini A sun fi fuskantar alamun kamuwa da cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da rukunin jini O. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-23 |title=Does your blood type increase your risk of coronavirus infection? |url=https://www.darmankade.com/blog/corona-virus-blood-type/ |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=[[Darmankade Medical Magazine]] |language=fa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=Blodet kan ge svar på hur vi drabbas av covid - Vårdfokus |url=https://www.vardfokus.se/webbnyheter/2020/juni/blodet-kan-ge-svar-pa-hur-vi-drabbas-av-covid2/ |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=Vårdfokus |language=sv}}</ref> Sauran nau'ikan jini sun faɗi tsakanin waɗannan biyun dangane da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Wani bincike na biyu, wanda aka buga a mujallar ''New England Journal of Medicine'', bai tabbatar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'in jini da tsananin COVID-19 ba, amma ya goyi bayan binciken da masu bincike na China suka yi a baya. <ref name="hamshahrionline.ir">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-25 |title=Why is COVID-19 less risky for people with blood group O? |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/560011/چرا-کرونا-در-دارندگان-گروه-خونی-O-کم-خطرتر-است |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=Hamshahri Online |language=fa}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken da aka gudanar daga baya a wasu ƙasashe bai tabbatar da wata muhimmiyar alaƙa ko ma'ana tsakanin nau'in jini da tsananin cutar ba, wanda hakan ya sanya shakku kan kasancewar binciken farko a duniya baki ɗaya. == Asalin kimiyya == Saboda mu'amalar jiki da sinadarai mai sarkakiya tsakanin kwayar cutar da ƙwayoyin halittar mai masaukin baki, ci gaban cututtuka ya bambanta tsakanin mutane. Masu bincike sun gano cewa O-glycosylation, haɗewar carbohydrates zuwa ƙungiyoyin da ke ɗauke da iskar oxygen akan furotin, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ci gaban da yaɗuwar COVID-19. Ana kyautata zaton cewa irin wannan tsari na iya faruwa tare da '''O-glycoproteome,''' ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin kamuwa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do people with blood type O not get COVID? |url=https://tabnakjavan.com/fa/news/29890/آیا-گروه-خونی-o-کرونا-نمیگیرد |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=Tabnak Javan |language=fa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zietz |first=Michael |last2=Zucker |first2=Jason |last3=Tatonetti |first3=Nicholas P. |date=2020 |title=Associations between blood type and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5761Z |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19623-x |pmc=7666188 |pmid=33188185}}</ref> == Tarihin bincike == A farkon lokacin da aka fara fama da cutar COVID-19 a China, masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa wasu rukunin jini na iya zama mafi rauni ga COVID-19 fiye da wasu. <ref name="hamshahrionline.ir"/> Bincikensu ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da nau'in jini na A suna da mafi yawan adadin da ake sawa a asibiti, yayin da waɗanda ke da nau'in jini na O ke da mafi ƙarancin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why blood group O may reduce the risk of coronavirus infection |url=http://stnews.ir/content/news/91465/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-O-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%AF--%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3 |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=Science and Technology News Agency |archive-date=2020-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117033821/http://stnews.ir/content/news/91465/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-O-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%AF--%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-25 |title=What is the link between blood type and COVID-19 severity? |url=https://www.imna.ir/news/450303/ارتباط-بین-گروه-خونی-و-ابتلا-به-نوع-شدید-بیماری-کرونا-چیست |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=IMNA}}</ref> Zuwa shekara mai zuwa, an buga wasu bincike da dama, wanda ya haifar da sakamako masu karo da juna. [1] An yi hasashen cewa bambance-bambancen sun faru ne saboda yiwuwar, kodayake ba a san su ba, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, yanayin ƙasa, ko kuma bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin cuta da suka fi yawa a cikin bincike daban-daban. [1] Manyan bincike a Amurka [1] da kuma a Iran [2] ba su sami wata alaƙa tsakanin rukunin jini da yawan kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 ko tsananinta ba. [2] Wani bita na 2020 ya gano alaƙa tsakanin nau'in jini da yawan kamuwa da cuta (wanda aka kiyasta tsakanin 2% da 33% mafi girma ga nau'in A) amma babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a kididdiga a cikin haɗarin mutuwa. [3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Covid-19]] i9kyx2epplen1iw3aapag6thapyf1cs 0 160112 883817 874443 2026-07-16T04:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Collins Nweke''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 1965 a Igbuzo, [[Najeriya|na Najeriya]]) shi ne marubucin diflomasiyyar [[tattalin arziki]] na Diaspora (2026) da kuma mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci na kasa da kasa wanda ke da alaƙa da Kamfanin Kasuwanci na CBL-ACP na [[Beljik|Belgian]]. Tsohon dan siyasar Belgium na Green Party, an rantsar da shi a karo na uku a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2019 a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin zamantakewa a gwamnatin Magajin garin Bart Tommelein a Majalisar Birnin Ostend a lardin West Flanders. Collins Nweke dan asalin Najeriya ne, kuma ya zauna a Belgium a 1993. Shi ne mutum na farko da ba ɗan Belgium ba wanda aka zaba a matsayin shugaban siyasa a Yammacin Flanders. Yana aiki musamman a cikin jin dadin jama'a, tattalin arziki, ci gaban kasa da kasa da kuma batutuwan kabilanci. Ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a zaben 2014. A ƙarshen wa'adinsa na uku a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Collins Nweke bai nemi sake zaben zuwa ofishin siyasa ba, ya fi son mayar da hankali sosai kan shawarwarin kasuwanci na duniya, bincike, rubutu, da nazarin manufofin kafofin watsa labarai. Tun lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga siyasa mai aiki, Collins Nweke ya rubuta littafi, Tattalin Arziki na Diaspora . Wannan littafi ne mai tsawo mai tsawo wanda aka taɓa rubuta shi a cikin wannan nau'in. An buga shi a watan Fabrairun 2026. Nweke ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban zartarwa da shugaban 'yan Najeriya a Diaspora (NIDO) a Turai, kuma ya kasance mai aiki a cikin shawarwari da bayar da shawarwari a fagen ci gaba zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga Najeriya da Afirka gabaɗaya da kuma kyakkyawar alaƙar kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Afirka. Daga ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 2026, Collins Nweke ya zama Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masana Bincike da Masu Gudanarwa ta Duniya (IARSAC), Amurka bayan nadin da Shugaban-Janar, Farfesa Akin Ogunsakin na jikin iyayenta, IARSA Consortium. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Collins Nweke a Najeriya kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Belgium a 1993. Yana da asali guda biyu, Najeriya da Belgium. Nweke yana da harsuna da yawa Turanci-Dutch kuma yana zaune tare da matarsa, Tonia a Ostend, Belgium . Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Tonna Jessy (Teejay) Nweke (an haife shi 11 Maris 1994) da Chidi Rae Nweke (a haife shi 15 Oktoba 1996). Shi matafiyi ne mai yawa zuwa Najeriya, ƙasar da ya fito, inda kusan dukkanin mambobin babban dangin Nweke ke zaune. Mahaifinsa marigayi, Obi (Eze) Adigwe Nweke (ya mutu 1/08/2025), ya kasance mai mulkin gargajiya kuma memba na Majalisar Gudanar da Al'adun Ndi Nze na garinsu na Igbuzo . Mahaifiyarsa, Loveth Nweke, ta mutu 5/09/2014, kwanaki biyu kafin jawabinsa ya karɓi Kyautar Sabis na Jagora a Hamburg, Jamus a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2014. Ya sadaukar da kyautar ga mahaifiyarsa.<ref>http://www.africanheritagemagazine.de/?p=2059</ref> == Ilimi == Collins Nweke ya horar da Mass Communications (OND), International Business Management (BCom) da Management Social Economy (MSE) a wani bangare a Najeriya amma galibi a Turai. Har ila yau, yana da 'Graduaat' na Belgium a cikin Manufofin Kamfanoni da Dokta na Gudanarwa (Honoris Causa) wanda aka ba shi a shekarar 2014.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141229124531/http://www.icampusng.com/2014/03/foreign-varsity-set-to-honour-nigerians/</ref>.Collins Nweke Fellow ne na Cibiyar Masu ba da Shawara ta Gudanarwa (FIMC) da kuma Mai ba da shawara kan Gudanarwa. Ya kasance Babban Fellow na Ƙungiyar Masana Bincike da Masu Gudanarwa ta Duniya, ƙungiyar da aka nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban kasa a 2023 kuma aka nada shi Shugaban ƙungiyar Amurka, IARSAC daga ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2026. A halin yanzu yana aiki a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Kungiyar Hakanan yana da matsayi mafi girma na Fellow Chartered Public Manager (FCPM) na Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a ta Najeriya.<ref>https://www.iarsac.org/</ref> == Ayyuka da sana'o'i == Kafin ƙaura, Nweke ya koyar da wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Omu Boys, Ibusa . Daga nan ya yi aiki na shekaru biyar a Bankin United for Africa plc . A Belgium, ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar da ke ba da Hukumar Shari'a da Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tare da bincike da nazarin sa hannun kabilanci a harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa na Turai. Daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ɗalibai a kan horo daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Yammacin Flanders a ci gaban cibiyar albarkatu tare da ayyukan aiki da aka tsara don bukatun kasuwar ma'aikata na kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru a cikin shekara ta 2004, wanda ya ƙare a taron kasa mai cin nasara na abokan hulɗa masu zaman kansu. Daga 2002 zuwa 2004 ya yi aiki da sashen kula da lafiyar jama'a na Ostend<ref name=":1">http://www.oostende.be/sociaal%20huis</ref> inda ya kafa Cibiyar Binciken Shari'a ta dijital don al'amuran zamantakewa da manufofi. Mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa, Collins kuma yana aiki a bangaren kula da baƙi, wanda shine babban tushen tattalin arzikin yankin Ostend. Ya kasance co-kafa, tare da haɗin gwiwar {{Interlanguage link|Reginald Moreels|nl}} [nl], sannan Ministan Ci Gaban Duniya na Belgium, na Ƙungiyar Jajiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Jakoeboe a Ostend. Nweke ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kafa. === 'Yan Najeriya a kasashen waje a Turai === Nweke ya yi aiki a matsayin babban zartarwa na kwamitin amintattu na 'yan Najeriya a Diaspora a Turai (NIDO Turai) daga 2004 zuwa 2006 kuma a matsayin babban sakatare daga 2007 zuwa 2009, kuma an zabe shi shugaban a 2011. Haɗin gwiwa tare da Global Diaspora a Amurka, Asiya-Pacific da Afirka, Nweke yana da alhakin tsari tare da surori a cikin ƙasashe 18 na Turai waɗanda ke wakiltar al'ummar 'yan gudun hijira na Najeriya ("Diaspora") kusan miliyan 6, manufarta ita ce ta tallafa wa ci gaban Najeriya. Nweke ya taka muhimmiyar rawa<ref>http://www.nidoeurope.org/</ref> a cikin bincike da kuma gudanar da shigarwar Najeriya a cikin Taron Gyaran Siyasa na Kasa na 2005 (NPRC) a Najeriya. Ya gudanar da bincike kan manufar "Voting Out-of-Country" kuma ya gabatar da wani bayani ga Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya kan batun, wanda ya ƙare a cikin kuri'a don tallafawa rubuta manufar cikin doka. A shekara ta 2018 Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya shi a cikin jerin sunayen don la'akari da shi don matsayin darektan janar na sabuwar Hukumar Diaspora ta Najeriya a cewar African Courier Magazine Germany[https://www.theafricancourier.de/europe/nigerian-born-councillor-sworn-into-office-for-a-third-term-in-belgian-city/ Mujallar African Courier Jamus] A matsayinsa na shugaban, Nweke ya mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci da saka hannun jari da kuma samar da hanyoyin gudanar da dabarun ci gaba.<ref>http://www.proshareng.com/news/15675.html</ref>Ya jagoranci Ofishin Jakadancin Kasuwanci wanda ya shafi 45 Diaspora da ayyukan saka hannun jari 13 zuwa Jihar Osun, Najeriya a watan Agustan 2012. Koyaya, ƙoƙarin Nweke na sake fasalin Memorandum da Articles of Association of NIDO Europe a taron koli a Zurich, Switzerland, an hana su. A ƙarshen wa'adinsa na shekaru biyu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, ya rushe kwamitin amintattu na mutum bakwai kuma ya ki ya kasance a ofis.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erhZBdl0Gfs</ref> === Ba da shawara da kuma bayar da shawarwari === Nweke ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Gwamnatin Najeriya kan rawar da Diaspora ke takawa a ci gaban kasa<ref>http://www.nidoeurope.org/</ref> kuma yana ba da shawara don yawancin hukumomin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Yin aiki tare da Peter Tichansky na Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa (BCIU) da Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya, ya taimaka a dangantakar jama'a ta kasa da kasa ga Najeriya ga Gwamnatin Dimokuradiyya ta Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauyen Shugaban kasa kan hangen nesa na Najeriya 2020. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora mai ba da shawara ga African Diaspora Investment Forum a London, wanda [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|NEPAD]] (New Partnership for Africa's Development) ya samo asali, da kuma Majalisar Kasuwancin Commonwealth. Mai ba da shawara kan Gudanarwa (CMC) Collins memba ne na Cibiyar Masu ba da shawara ga Gudanarwa. Har ila yau, shi ne Fellow Chartered Public Manager (FCPM) na Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Public Management of Nigeria . Nweke ya kuma yi aiki tare da Ann Pettifor na Advocacy International UK<ref>http://advocacyinternational.co.uk/?post_type=ai_team</ref><ref>http://www.knack.be/nieuws/belgie/nieuwe-awards-eren-inzet-voor-economische-verandering-van-afrika/article-normal-75433.html%20</ref> a cikin lobbying don soke bashin ga ƙasashen Afirka. A wannan matsayin ya sauƙaƙa tarurruka na Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Afirka a Burtaniya, Faransa, Italiya, Jamus, Japan da Amurka tare da shugabannin siyasa na Afirka. Ya kasance co-kafa tare da Yarima Francis Abutoh (King Franky) na Global Change for Africa Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2015/02/nigerians-for-peace/#.VPXMPvnF-Sp |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2019-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405193156/http://businessdayonline.com/2015/02/nigerians-for-peace/#.VPXMPvnF-Sp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.hln.be/regio/nieuws-uit-oostende/vredesmars-voor-nigeria-a2236660/</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban zartarwa na Global Village Consult, masu mallakar alamar Nigeria Human Capital, tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Gudanar da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya. Bayan hare-haren ta'addanci a Najeriya da kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta addini ta Boko Haram da kuma rikice-rikicen siyasa sakamakon jinkirta babban zaben Najeriya Nweke ta shirya 'Matsayin Zaman Lafiya ga Najeriya' a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2015 a Ostend City Hall da tafiya zuwa Nelson Mandela Bridge.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.hln.be/regio/nieuws-uit-oostende/vredesmars-voor-nigeria-a2236660/</ref> Kafin wannan lokacin, a cikin Majalisar Sitting na 23 ga Janairun 2015 na Majalisar Birnin Ostend, Nweke ya bukaci a hada wadanda aka kai hari kan ta'addanci a Baga, Najeriya a cikin shiru na minti daya da aka shirya don wadanda aka kai farmaki na Charlie Hebdo a Paris. Ya motsa bukatarsa ta hanyar jayayya cewa wadanda aka kai hari kan ta'addanci a Afirka ya kamata su sami hukunci daidai da wadanda aka kashe a Turai.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150128162936/http://www.oostende.be/product.aspx?id=16766</ref>. An ba da izinin yin shiru na minti daya bayan muhawara A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2015, Collins Nweke ya fara fitowa a kan TVC News kuma a cikin hunturu na shekara ta 2017 a kan gidan talabijin na Turkiyya TRT World a matsayin mai sharhi kan harkokin duniya da kuma mai sharhi game da harkokin Afirka bi da bi, yana ba da sharhi, bincike da ra'ayoyi game da harsunan duniya da siyasar Afirka. Ya kasance mai sharhi kan harkokin kasashen waje a kan Channels TV Diplomatic Channel tun lokacin hunturu na 2019.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7fD_ahjXcw&list=PLlWFxD6XYX6M8pFPDj2BM-1uWdX22x5Gs</ref> A cikin jaridar yaren Dutch De Zeewacht na 16 ga Oktoba 2015, shafi na 29 an bayyana Collins Nweke a matsayin "muryar Turai a talabijin na Afirka" Nweke kuma mai ba da gudummawa ne kuma mai ba le shawara ga shirye-shiryen BEN TV na London kamar NigerianAffairs, In Diaspora da The Politics Show.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot</ref>Ya bayyana a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2014 a shirin BEN TV London 'You Decide' yana inganta batutuwan da suka shafi karfafa siyasa na matasa a Najeriya da aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nigerianjobsmarket.com/2013/02/09/creating-jobs-for-unemployed-nigerian-yo/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085916/http://nigerianjobsmarket.com/2013/02/09/creating-jobs-for-unemployed-nigerian-yo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga iyaye da ke da hannu sosai a cikin ilimin yara masu ƙaura kuma yana ba da laccoci game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blikopeners.be/index.php?p=19 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122904/http://www.blikopeners.be/index.php?p=19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ya ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen magana na rediyo da talabijin a kan batun.<ref>http://radiovoiceofnaija.org/?page_id=1920</ref> Rubutun nasa da labaran sun hada da: A Confused Policy Tool (2012),<ref>http://citizensplatform.net/2012/04/a-confused-policy-tool/</ref>The Joy and Regrets of Law-making (2010), Analysis of Nigerian Financial Sector Reforms (2006), Nigerian Diaspora Leadership Report (Nuwamba 2005), The Role of the Diaspora in Bridging Scientific and Digital Divides (2005), da Headquarters and Regional Surters Operations: Towards Synergy in Nigeria's Developmental Aspirations (2004). == Ayyukan siyasa == === Kwamitin ba da shawara na birni don Ƙananan Ƙasashe === Collins Nweke ya yi yaƙi don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ostend City don Ƙananan Ƙasa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. Ya ci gaba da zama shugaban kafa kwamitin ba da shawara amma ya yi murabus bayan kimanin shekara guda, ya yi takaici da rashin damar da hukumomin birni da ma'aikatan gwamnati suka bayar masa don aiwatar da ayyukansa. Ya kara tashin hankali a matsayin memba na bene, yana mai cewa majalisar ba ta riga ta shirya don shugaban asalin kabilanci ba. Ya yi kira ga karin gaskiya, kyakkyawan shugabanci da inganci a gudanar da kwamitin ba da shawara. A cikin fitowar Oktoba 2004 na City Magazine, shafi na 12, "De Grote Klok" <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20050217012802/http://www.oostende.be/file_uploads/585.pdf</ref>.Nweke ya bayyana matsayinsa game da aikin kwamitin ba da shawara na City for Ethnic Minorities. Jaridar Ripple ta Afirka ta ruwaito cewa a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2016, an girmama Collins Nweke tare da Kyautar "Ambassador of Integration and Diversity" kuma ya ba da Yarjejeniyar hakan ta hanyar Magajin garin {{Interlanguage link|Hilde Claes|nl}} [nl] a wani bikin a Hasselt, Belgium.<ref>http://africanripples.com/collins-nweke-becomes-ambassador-integration-and-diversity-nigeria-news/</ref> === Mai ba da shawara na gari === [[Fayil:Collins_Nweke_-_Bart_Tommelein.JPG|thumb|Bayan ya rantsar da shi a matsayin Wakilin Birnin Ostend, Collins ya sami taya murna daga shugaban majalisa, Bart Tommelein, Janairu 2013]] Ya shiga cikin Zaben Majalisar Birnin Ostend na shekara ta 2006. An nada shi a matsayin Green Party Ostend point-man kan manufofin zamantakewa na lokacin majalisa na 2006-2012 kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin zamantakewa, Cibiyar Jama'a don Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a (OCMW) a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata na wannan majalisa, ya zama mutum na farko da aka haifa a waje da Belgium don zama irin wannan ofishin siyasa a lardin West Flanders.<ref>http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=1635bfap</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nigerianewsday.com/world/1280-nigerian-makes-history-in-belgium |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2025-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604213630/http://www.nigerianewsday.com/world/1280-nigerian-makes-history-in-belgium |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xpats.com, Wouter De Vriendt Collins Nweke ya gayyace shi ba memba ne na kowace jam'iyya ba a lokacin, amma an nada shi mutum ne na jam'iyyar don Manufofin Jama'a a lokacin majalisa na 2006-2012, yana aiki kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga jin dadin Jama'a ga Cibiyar Jama'a ta Majalisar don jin dadin Jamaʼa.<ref>http://www.xpats.com/nigerian-councillor-sworn</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141227204236/http://www.diasporacommittee.com/index.php/component/content/article/1-homepagenews/105-nigerian-sworn-in-as-councillor-for-second-term-of-office-in-belgium</ref><ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi ta hanyar jefa kuri'a kai tsaye a shekarar 2012 a cikin majalisar birni. Takardar shaidarsa ta haɗa da tattalin arziki, manufofin zamantakewa, ci gaban kasa da kasa da manufofin daidaito.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://citcom.be/oostende/raad-24-januari-2014/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104185508/http://citcom.be/oostende/raad-24-januari-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/algemeen/morgen-nog-pediatrie-op-campus-henri-serruys/article-4000012696626.htm</ref><ref>http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20130828_00712082</ref> Bayan zabensa a matsayin wakilin majalisa, dole ne ya yi murabus daga cikin mambobin kwamitin ba da shawara na Ostend City City na Ƙananan Ƙasa amma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan siyasa na adawa tare da al'amuran ƙabilu a ƙarƙashin fayil dinsa.<ref>http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/blefo_20130514_002</ref> A cikin littafin yaren Dutch De Keizer van Oostende. an yaba wa Nweke da kawo adawa da muhawara a Majalisar Harkokin Jama'a wacce ba ta wanzu ba kafin lokacinsa. Saboda kasancewa muryar adawa ce kawai, littafin ya yi jayayya, batutuwan da ya tayar da su sun yi watsi da su. ==== Magani na musamman ga 'ya'yan majalisa ==== A cikin Taron Majalisar na 7 ga Disamba 2011, Collins Nweke ya fara kamfen don kawo karshen aikin kulawa ta musamman ga 'ya'yan majalisa a cikin rarraba wurare don ayyukan dalibai.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150104040726/http://collinsnweke.be/tussenkomst_de_raadzitting_van_7_december_2011_over_studentenjob</ref>Nweke ya ci gaba da yin adawa mai karfi ga aikin, yana jayayya a cikin Majalisar cewa ba daidai ba ne ga 'ya'yansa maza biyu da suka matasan suyi aiki a Majalisar kawai saboda mahaifinsu ya kasance wakilin.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/groenoostende/posts/249087678539485</ref> ==== ''Economisch Huis Oostende'' jayayya ==== A farkon shekara ta 2014, Nweke ya nuna damuwa game da ingancin Kasuwancin mallakar Jiha (SOE), ''Economisch Huis Oostende'' (House of the Economy Ostend)<ref>http://www.oostendewerkt.be/</ref> wajen isar da burin kamfaninsa duk da albarkatun da majalisar ta saka a ciki. Duk da haka ya bayyana cewa yana shirye ya ba da dama mai kyau ga sabon Alderman, Niko Geldhof, don yin amfani da wani motsawa a cikin kamfanin. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014 Nweke ya yaba da ci gaban a kafofin sada zumunta. Koyaya, kafin zaman muhawara na Majalisar na kowane wata na watan Agusta 2014, Nweke ya tayar da tambayoyi game da asarar da kamfanin ya yi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyarsa ba za ta amince da ƙarin kudade ga kamfanin ba har sai an gabatar da shirin farfadowa ga Majalisar. Jam'iyyar adawa, New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) ta zargi Collins da flip-flop. Collins ya tabbatar da tsarinsa a cikin maganganun jama'a.<ref>http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=blefo_01236639</ref><ref>http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/algemeen/politiek/groen-verzet-zich-tegen-subsidie-voor-economisch-huis-in-oostende/article-4000729398295.htm</ref> ==== Ostend Citizen List OK jayayya ==== Wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta gida mai suna OK, karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) Hendrik Wallijn a cikin wata hira a cikin wata jarida ta kasa De Standaard na 20 ga Satumba 2018.<ref>https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20180919_03762522</ref> ta bayyana cewa ba za su iya tattara isasshen sa hannu don yin rajista da jam'iyyarsu don shiga cikin zaben birni na 14 ga Oktoba 2018, mai barin gado Collins Nweke ya zo ya cece su ta hanyar yarda da sanya hannu kan ayyukan da suka dace ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da tushen dama na sabuwar jam'iyyar, wasu daga cikin abokan aikin jam'iyyar Collins Nweke da magoya bayan hagu da yawa ba su iya fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ya yanke shawara ba. A cikin wata sanarwa ta jama'a da aka bayar a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2018, Collins Nweke ya yarda cewa ba shi da wani abokin ra'ayi na sabuwar jam'iyyar amma ba game da shi ba ne. A matsayinsa na dan dimokuradiyya ya yi imanin cewa shiga sabuwar jam'iyyar a cikin zaben shine zurfafa dimokuradiyar yankin, sabon zabi ga 'yan ƙasa. ==== Rikici game da manufofin 'yan gudun hijira na Najeriya ==== Nweke ya fuskanci zargi game da dogon sa hannu a cikin jagorancin NIDO. Masu adawa sun zarge shi da abokan hulɗarsa na Diaspora da kula da kungiyar don amfanin kansu, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwa a cikin Diaspora. A watan Fabrairun 2024, a mayar da martani ga sabon shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin kasashen waje, wanda Nweke ya rubuta, an soki shi sosai.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/02/14/ending-the-affront-to-the-rule-of-law-a-response-to-collins-nweke/?amp</ref> Nweke ya ninka sau biyu a kan shawarwarin manufofinsa yana mai da hankali cewa [[Abike Dabiri]] a matsayin Shugaban zai iya yin ƙarin don kafa Kwamitin Najeriya a Hukumar Diaspora (NiDCOM). ==== Ayyukan jirgin ruwa ==== A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2014, Collins shine kadai wakilin daga cikin 41 wanda ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin farar hula don tafiya zuwa Ramsgate da Canterbury (United Kingdom) suna tayar da hankali don ci gaba da ayyukan jirgin ruwa tsakanin Ostend da Ingila.<ref>http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/algemeen/verkeer-en-mobiliteit/actievoerders-steken-het-kanaal-over-om-te-ijveren-voor-een-nieuwe-ferryverbinding-tussen-oostende-en-engeland/article-4000783258456.htm?nb-handled=true&M_BT=2805991681146</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa a kan kafofin sada zumunta bayan tafiyar, ya yi tambaya game da tushen kyakkyawan fata na tattalin arziki na Birnin Ramsgate kuma ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa magajin garin Ostend ya kasance mai mummunan ra'ayi game da damar kasuwanci ga birnin. === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2014 don memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai === Bayan nasarar Zaben fidda gwani da zabarsa a matsayin dan takara, Collins Nweke ya fara kamfen dinsa<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaFIxXLWcDg</ref> a matsayin dan dan takarar Green Party na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a watan Fabrairun 2014 don zaben 25 ga Mayu 2014.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150109070453/http://nigeriacamera.net/first-of-its-kind-as-nigeria-born-collins-nweke-is-contesting-in-eu-paliament-election-under-the-green-party-in-belgium/</ref> Manufar kamfen dinsa ta kasance a kan Talauci da Rarraba Jama'a, Tattalin Arziki, Aiki (matakan aiki na musamman da manufofi), Kasuwanci na Duniya, [[Talauci na makamashi|Talauci na Makamashi]], Hanyoyin Haɗin Kai, Dangantakar Ciniki ta Afirka da Gudanar da Kasuwancin Dan Adam. Ba a zabi Nweke ba, inda ya lashe kuri'u 11,803 kodayake an sake zabar abokin aikinsa na Green Party, memba mai ci, Bart Staes.<ref>http://verkiezingen2014.belgium.be/en/eur/preferred/preferred_EUL12025_1000014.html</ref> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2014 Collins Nweke ya taru kuma ya kaddamar da taron sauye-sauyen manufofin zamantakewar Afirka a majalisar dokokin Turai, wanda Bart Staes ya shirya.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbRitMPFEQQ</ref> === Yajin aikin kasa Disamba 2014 === Ya shiga cikin hadin kai tare da 'yan kungiyar kwadago a yajin aikin kasa na 15 ga Disamba 2014 daga baya ya buga wani labarin Cutting Close to the Bones of Workers a karkashin jerin Social-Economic Policy Briefing a shafin yanar gizonsa. === Sauran matsayi === Nweke memba ne na kwamitin daraktocin Ostend's SOE, House of the Economy,<ref>http://www.oostendewerkt.be/home/rvb</ref> Kwamitin Gudanar da membobin, Hukumar Yawon Bude Ido Ostend Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ofishin WestKans (Lardin Yammacin Flanders) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150104183302/http://www.westkans.be/nl/over-westkans/structuur/raad-van-bestuur</ref>.na Hukumar Gudanar da Harkokin Ilimi (GOK) ga yara marasa galihu, da kuma Hukumar Ostend kan Laifi da Rigakafi. == Dubi kuma ==   * Green jam'iyyar * Siyasa mai laushi * [[Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli na duniya|Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kohrhyxwq49tfrh9i4h7n854ymtd3sl 0 160226 883925 871209 2026-07-16T09:42:42Z BnHamid 12586 883925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allurar rigakafin DTaP-IPV''' rigakafi ne mai haɗuwa wanda cikakken sunansa shine diphtheria da tetanus Toxoids da acellular pertussis adsorbed da inactivated poliovirus allurar rigakafi (IPV).<ref name="Drugs">{{Cite web |title=Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Acellular, Component) And Poliomyelitis (Inactivated) Vaccine (Adsorbed) |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-acellular-component-and-poliomyelitis-inactivated-vaccine-adsorbed.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref><ref name="Syed_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Syed YY |date=October 2019 |title=DTaP-IPV-HepB-Hib Vaccine (Hexyon®): An Updated Review of its Use in Primary and Booster Vaccination |journal=Paediatric Drugs |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=397–408 |doi=10.1007/s40272-019-00353-7 |pmc=6794236 |pmid=31444785}}</ref> Ana kuma san shi da DTaP/IPV, dTaP/IPV, DTPa-IPV, ko DPT-IPV.[1] Yana kariya daga cututtuka masu yaduwa, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, da poliomyelitis.[1] Tsarin alama da ake tallatawa a Amurka shine Kinrix daga GlaxoSmithKline <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kinrix |url=https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm172495.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827232858/http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm172495.htm |archive-date=August 27, 2009 |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=[[US Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> da Quadracel daga Sanofi Pasteur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Quadracel |url=https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm439856.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722190358/http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm439856.htm |archive-date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=[[US Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Ana samun Repevax a Burtaniya.<ref name="repevax">{{Cite web |title=Repevax, suspension for injection, in pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5580#gref |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=www.medicines.org.uk}}</ref> A Japan, ana kiran tsari 四種混合 (shishukongou - "haɗewar 4"). Astellas tana siyar da shi a ƙarƙashin tsarin (Quattro-back), yayin da wani yake samuwa daga Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma mai suna (Tetrabic).<ref>{{Cite web |title=医療用医薬品 : テトラビック (テトラビック皮下注シリンジ) |url=https://www.kegg.jp/medicus-bin/japic_med?japic_code=00060717 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.kegg.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=医療用医薬品 : クアトロバック (クアトロバック皮下注シリンジ) |url=https://www.kegg.jp/medicus-bin/japic_med?japic_code=00060732 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.kegg.jp}}</ref> Kamfanin Takeda Pharmaceutical Company ya janye samfurin da ya gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=【武田薬品】４種混合ワクチンの開発中止-ノロウイルスなどに資源投入｜薬事日報ウェブサイト |url=https://www.yakuji.co.jp/entry41529.html |access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ia3r9fxxg00sktuvcjhoad3nyknehy2 0 160335 883444 872152 2026-07-15T13:03:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{2023 Alberta general election/Edmonton-West Henday}}'''Brooks Arcand-Paul''', wanda aka fi sani da gwagwalada sunansa Nehiyaw sirapîysis, shi ne memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta na Edmonton-West Henday, wanda ya gaji MLA Jon Carson. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar New Democratic Party ta Alberta . == Rayuwa da aiki == Arcand-Paul ya girma ne a kan Alexander First Nation da ke arewa maso yammacin [[Edmonton]] . Shi dan asalin catchistahwayskum ne kai tsaye, shugaban nehiyaw wanda ya bi Yarjejeniyar 6 a 1877 a Fort Edmonton . Sunan gargajiya na Arcand-Paul sirapîysis yana nufin "ƙaramin kogi" a cikin Nehiyawewin (Cree) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brooks Arcand-Paul |url=https://zetapsi.org/alumni/40-under-40/recipient/brooks-arcand-paul/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Zeta Psi Fraternity |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Alberta tare da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa da kimiyyar siyasa. Arcand-Paul daga baya ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Ottawa a shekarar 2016. Ya yi magana don Ma'aikatar Babban Lauyan Ontario, kuma an kira shi zuwa duka Ontario da Alberta Bars. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Astonishing Young Alumni, Brooks Arcand-Paul, JD '16, selected to attend the GGCLC |url=https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-law/common-law/news/astonishing-young-alumni-brooks-arcand-paul-jd-16-selected-attend-ggclc |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=uottawa.ca |publisher=[[University of Ottawa]] |archive-date=2023-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531031823/https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-law/common-law/news/astonishing-young-alumni-brooks-arcand-paul-jd-16-selected-attend-ggclc |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin a zabe shi MLA, Arcand-Paul ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na shari'a ga al'ummarsa ta farko. A matsayinsa na lauya, ya yi aiki a cikin Aboriginal, aiki, da shari'ar kasuwanci, yana aiki ga kamfanoni masu sayarwa da manyan kamfanonin lauyoyi kafin aikinsa tare da Alexander First Nation. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Arcand-Paul ya shiga kwamitin daraktoci na kungiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar, kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke wakiltar' yan majalisa na farko, Inuit, da Métis, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban su har zuwa zaben lardin Alberta na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Astonishing Young Alumni, Brooks Arcand-Paul, JD '16, selected to attend the GGCLC |url=https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-law/common-law/news/astonishing-young-alumni-brooks-arcand-paul-jd-16-selected-attend-ggclc |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Faculty of Law |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, an zabi Arcand-Paul a Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta don hawa Edmonton-West Henday . Ya zuwa 12 ga Satumba, 2024, yana aiki a matsayin Ministan Inuwa na Dangantaka ta 'yan asalin ƙasar. == Tarihin zabe == === Babban zaben 2023 === {{Reflist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sk78cn4xd95tnp66eb463zextu3cl2t 0 160681 883792 875288 2026-07-16T00:08:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883792 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu |archive-date=2015-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818060338/http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905213857/https://www.umc.edu/Administration/Institutional_Advancement/Children_s_Hospital/Dr__Blair_E__Batson.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905150359/https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905063423/http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. UMMC ita ce asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar rauni ta Level 1. Ayyukan asibiti na musamman sun haɗa da: MRI na shiga tsakani; sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo a jihar; asibitoci daban-daban na likita, tiyata, zuciya, ilimin jijiyoyi da na yara; cibiyar kula da cututtukan zuciya don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; shirye-shiryen dashen zuciya, koda, hanta, pancreas, cornea da ƙashi; cikakken sashin [[bugun jini]] ; tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan magunguna na musamman. Wani ɓangare na fili a harabar UMMC a da shine wurin da Mississippi Insane Asylum ya kasance, <ref name=":0"/> wanda ya canza aikinsa a 1935 kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . === Wuraren kiwon lafiya === UMMC tana da asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar kula da rauni ta Level 1, da kuma sashin kula da jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo da ke cikin Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai. Cibiyar Lafiya kuma tana da shirin dashen gabobi (manya da yara) da kuma ɗakin gaggawa na mata/mata a Mississippi. Tare da jimillar gadaje 1,003, ciki har da wuraren Holmes County da Grenada, UMMC ita ce mafi girman tsarin kulawa da ganewar asali, magani da kuma kulawa ta hanyar tura marasa lafiya a jihar. Dangane da kididdigar shekarar kuɗi ta baya-bayan nan (2013-14), shigar marasa lafiya a wurare da dama ya kai sama da 33,000, tare da ziyartar marasa lafiya a asibiti sama da 487,000. Dakunan gaggawa na UMMC da ke Jackson sun ziyarci mutane 70,000, yayin da Grenada ta ziyarci mutane 18,324, kuma Holmes County ta ziyarci mutane 6,657. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> * UP Pavilion – Jackson, Miss. * Jirgin Ruwa na UP Grants - Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Magunguna ta UP Lakeland - Jackson, Miss * UP Northeast Jackson a Asibitin Musamman na Select – Jackson, Miss. * Kula da Lafiya ta Musamman ga Mata a Mirror Lake – Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Fuska da Fata ta Likitocin Jami'a - Ridgeland, Miss. * Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta UMMC a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. * Asibitocin UP a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. Sauran fasaloli da kayan aiki sun haɗa da na'urorin likitanci daban-daban, na tiyata, na zuciya, na jijiyoyi da na kwakwalwa na yara; Cibiyar Zuciya ta Jami'a don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; cibiyar [[bugun jini]] mai cikakken bayani; cibiyar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan [[Magani|magunguna]] na musamman. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dmne4xg257f6ye4b80ng7s9535k9zfi 0 160783 883849 876155 2026-07-16T06:05:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Chure_hill_icu.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton sashen kulawa mai tsanani]] qInganta rayuwa bayan wata mummunar rashin lafiya ya haifar da bincike da aka mayar da hankali kan sakamako na dogon lokaci ga waɗannan marasa lafiya. Wannan ingantacciyar rayuwa ta kuma haifar da gano manyan nakasassu na aiki waɗanda mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani ke fuskanta. <ref name="Improving long-term outcomes after">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Needham DM, Davidson J, Cohen H, Hopkins RO, Weinert C, Wunsch H, Zawistowski C, Bemis-Dougherty A, Berney SC, Bienvenu OJ, Brady SL, Brodsky MB, Denehy L, Elliott D, Flatley C, Harabin AL, Jones C, Louis D, Meltzer W, Muldoon SR, Palmer JB, Perme C, Robinson M, Schmidt DM, Scruth E, Spill GR, Storey CP, Render M, Votto J, Harvey MA |date=February 2012 |title=Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=502–509 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e318232da75 |pmid=21946660 |s2cid=205542342}}</ref> Saboda yawancin wallafe-wallafen da ke cikin magungunan kulawa mai tsanani suna mai da hankali kan sakamako na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali rayuwa), fahimtar PICS a yanzu tana da iyaka. <ref name="pmid23182528">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kress JP |date=January 2013 |title=Sedation and mobility: changing the paradigm |journal=Critical Care Clinics |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=67–75 |doi=10.1016/j.ccc.2012.10.001 |pmid=23182528}}</ref> Kwanan nan bincike ya nuna cewa akwai babban haɗuwa tsakanin manyan nau'ikan alamun guda uku. Haka kuma, kwantar da hankali da kuma tsawaita lokacin hana motsi sun zama jigogi gama gari tsakanin marasa lafiya da ke da PICS. Kalmar PICS ta samo asali ne a kusan shekarar 2010, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, don wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimman matsalolin da ke tattare da magani a sashin kulawa mai zurfi (ICU). Sanin waɗannan nakasassu na aiki na dogon lokaci yana ƙaruwa, kuma ana ci gaba da bincike don ƙara fayyace nau'in nakasassu da kuma nemo hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don hana waɗannan matsalolin na dogon lokaci da kuma magance murmurewa mai inganci. <ref name="Davidson et al 2013">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Post-intensive Care Syndrome |url=https://www.sccm.org/MyICUCare/THRIVE/Post-intensive-Care-Syndrome |website=Society of Critical Care Medicine |access-date=2026-07-04 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205112659/https://www.sccm.org/MyICUCare/THRIVE/Post-intensive-Care-Syndrome |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙara wayar da kan jama'a a cikin al'ummar likitanci ya kuma nuna buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu na asibiti da na al'umma don gano da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da PICS yadda ya kamata bayan sun tsira daga wata mummunar cuta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An yi haɗa waɗannan nakasassu wuri ɗaya a cikin wata cuta don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin rashin lafiya bayan tsanani. <ref name="Improving long-term outcomes after"/> Duk da haka, an buƙaci sabon ma'anar don daidaita sabon ilimin PICS. Ma'anar PICS ta yanzu da ta cikakke ita ce sabuwar ko ƙara tabarbarewar yanayin lafiya, tunani, fahimta, aiki, da/ko zamantakewa bayan rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Waɗannan nakasassu guda biyar sune halaye masu mahimmanci na PICS. Kafin a ƙirƙiri kalmar PICS, an fahimci illolin rashin lafiya mai tsanani. A shekarar 1892, Osler shi ne farkon wanda ya lura da "rashin nama cikin sauri", ko ɓarnar tsoka, a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar sepsis mai tsawo (Osler, 1892, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin Jolley et al., 2016, shafi na 10).&nbsp;1129). A shekarar 1998, masu bincike <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Schelling G, Stoll C, Haller M, Briegel J, Manert W, Hummel T, Lenhart A, Heyduck M, Polasek J, Meier M, Preuss U, Bullinger M, Schüffel W, Peter K |date=April 1998 |title=Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=651–659 |doi=10.1097/00003246-199804000-00011 |pmid=9559601}}</ref> sun gano cewa marasa lafiya masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani sun fuskanci rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma alamun damuwa bayan tashin hankali (PTSD), fiye da marasa lafiya marasa lafiya mai tsanani. A shekarar 1999, an gano cewa da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani suna da nakasa ta fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Pope D, Orme JF, Bigler ED, Larson-LOHR V |date=July 1999 |title=Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9708059 |pmid=10390379 |s2cid=5549564}}</ref> Yayin da bincike kan nakasa ga lafiyar jiki, ta hankali, da ta fahimta sakamakon rashin lafiya mai tsanani ya taru, an gane muhimmancin da alaƙar waɗannan batutuwa na dogon lokaci. Wannan ya haifar da taron ƙwararru da dama na 2010 inda aka ƙirƙiri kalmar PICS. <ref name="Improving long-term outcomes after"/> Nakasa ga lafiyar jiki, ta hankali, da ta hankali da aka haɗa a cikin PICS ta ƙara wayar da kan jama'a, bincike, da ilimi kan sakamakon da aka lura a cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Kamar yadda aka yi niyya, binciken PICS ya ci gaba kuma ƙarin lahani ya bayyana. A cikin shekarun 2010, masu bincike sun lura da rashin aikin yi a cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani. <ref name="Jordanian survivors' experiences of">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abdalrahim MS, Zeilani RS |date=December 2014 |title=Jordanian survivors' experiences of recovery from critical illness: a qualitative study |journal=International Nursing Review |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=570–577 |doi=10.1111/inr.12142 |pmid=25382166}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walker W, Wright J, Danjoux G, Howell SJ, Martin D, Bonner S |date=February 2015 |title=Project Post Intensive Care eXercise (PIX): A qualitative exploration of intensive care unit survivors' perceptions of quality of life post-discharge and experience of exercise rehabilitation |journal=Journal of the Intensive Care Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.1177/1751143714554896 |pmc=5593289 |pmid=28979373 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin aikin yi bayan rashin lafiya mai tsanani ya bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe tun 1995. <ref name="Health and activity after intensive">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Munn J, Willatts SM, Tooley MA |date=December 1995 |title=Health and activity after intensive care |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=1017–1021 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb05942.x |pmid=8546278 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, fahimtar cewa rashin aikin yi saboda rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga walwala da ingancin rayuwa, wani bincike ne da aka gano kwanan nan. <ref name="The needs of patients with post-int">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heydon E, Wibrow B, Jacques A, Sonawane R, Anstey M |date=March 2020 |title=The needs of patients with post-intensive care syndrome: A prospective, observational study |journal=Australian Critical Care |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=116–122 |doi=10.1016/j.aucc.2019.04.002 |pmid=31160217 |s2cid=174806588}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Modini M, Joyce S, Mykletun A, Christensen H, Bryant RA, Mitchell PB, Harvey SB |date=August 2016 |title=The mental health benefits of employment: Results of a systematic meta-review |url=http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_40811 |journal=Australasian Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=331–336 |doi=10.1177/1039856215618523 |pmid=26773063 |s2cid=19860649 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Duk da shaidar rashin aikin yi da lafiyar zamantakewa bayan rashin lafiya mai tsanani, an yi ƙin haɗa waɗannan lahani a cikin ma'anar PICS. Wannan yana nuna cewa ma'anar PICS ta asali ta tsufa kuma ta fi mai da hankali kan tsarin lafiya na likitanci. Domin kula da PICS, likitoci da masu bincike suna buƙatar gane duk lahani da waɗanda suka tsira daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani suka fuskanta. Ta amfani da hangen nesa na gabaɗaya, ana iya gane waɗannan lahani na zamantakewa da aiki a cikin PICS kuma a kula da su yadda ya kamata. Mafi shaharar nau'in ciwon shine rashin lafiyar jiki wanda aka fi sani da rauni na ICU. Sauran matsalolin lafiyar jiki, fahimta, da ta hankali ba a san su sosai ba kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike don a fahimce su sosai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Rashin ƙarfi da ICU ta samu (ICU-AW), wanda wani lokacin ake kira polyneuropathy mai tsanani, shine nau'in rashin ƙarfi na jiki da aka fi sani, kuma an kiyasta yana faruwa a cikin kashi 25 cikin 100 ko fiye na waɗanda suka tsira daga ICU. <ref name="pmid24825371">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hermans G, Van Mechelen H, Clerckx B, Vanhullebusch T, Mesotten D, Wilmer A, Casaer MP, Meersseman P, Debaveye Y, Van Cromphaut S, Wouters PJ, Gosselink R, Van den Berghe G |date=August 2014 |title=Acute outcomes and 1-year mortality of intensive care unit-acquired weakness. A cohort study and propensity-matched analysis |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=190 |issue=4 |pages=410–420 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201312-2257OC |pmid=24825371}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24088092">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis EE, Shintani AK, Moons KG, Geevarghese SK, Canonico A, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW |date=October 2013 |title=Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=369 |issue=14 |pages=1306–1316 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1301372 |pmc=3922401 |pmid=24088092}}</ref> Ana tsammanin yana da tasirin rashin motsi na dogon lokaci da kuma kwantar da hankali mai zurfi wanda yawancin marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ke fuskanta yayin da suke cikin ICU. <ref name="pmid23182528"/> Bugu da ƙari, cututtuka masu tsanani da kumburi sune manyan abubuwan haɗari don haɓaka ICU-AW. ICU-AW sau da yawa yana bayyana a matsayin wahalar yin ayyukan yau da kullun (misali motsawa a cikin yanayin zama, amfani da bandaki, iya yin abinci ko yin wanki). Rashin iya yin waɗannan ayyukan yadda ya kamata na iya zama abin damuwa musamman ga marasa lafiya. Rashin da ke tattare da ICU-AW yana da tasiri kai tsaye da mummunan tasiri ga 'yancin kai na mutum. Yanayin ICU-AW na halitta yana canzawa, amma wasu marasa lafiya suna murmurewa cikin shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nordon-Craft A, Moss M, Quan D, Schenkman M |date=December 2012 |title=Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: implications for physical therapist management |journal=Physical Therapy |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=1494–1506 |doi=10.2522/ptj.20110117 |pmc=3513482 |pmid=22282769}}</ref> 6lepmelbsicoz6p49asviexdyo5wk5j 0 160848 883484 883381 2026-07-15T15:24:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekaara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, Shekara ta 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chikago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A shekara ta 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullum a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, A Shekarar 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8cwc9bkzegf7qrwsakylwkg8828og33 883486 883484 2026-07-15T15:25:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, Shekara ta 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chikago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A shekara ta 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullum a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, A Shekarar 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cfg8imccr793ts85m3fdxvofh1uun9y 883487 883486 2026-07-15T15:26:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, Shekara ta 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chikago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A shekara ta 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullum a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, A Shekarar 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, Shekarar 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oj80awl05oly86dg9pjl2qg8auzls12 883491 883487 2026-07-15T15:28:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, Shekara ta 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chikago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A shekara ta 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullum a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Shekara ta 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, A Shekarar 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, Shekarar 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarun ta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, Shekarar 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c8obs394gbv9pho3weghmkmng5ja7ve 0 161077 883961 878913 2026-07-16T11:52:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Charles "Dino" Vanole''' (6 ga Fabrairu, 1963 - 15 ga Janairu, 2007) [[Mai tsaran raga|ɗan wasan]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Amurka kuma mai horarwa . Ya shafe aikinsa na ƙwararru a ƙungiyar Western Soccer Alliance da kuma ƙungiyar da ta biyo baya, American Professional Soccer League . Ya kuma samu wasanni 14 tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka, ciki har da buga wasa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988, kuma ya kasance memba a ƙungiyar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1990 . == Matasa da kwaleji == Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Aviation a Redondo Beach, California, inda ya kasance mai rubuta wasanni uku kuma mai tsaron gida sau huɗu a gasar All-Ocean League. Vanole ya buga wa UCLA wasa daga 1981 zuwa 1985. A matsayinsa na ƙarami, ya dawo da UCLA zuwa Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Maza ta NCAA . A wannan wasan, UCLA ta doke Jami'ar Amurka a wasanni takwas na ƙarshe. . == Ƙwararren == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga UCLA, Vanole ya buga wa Los Angeles Heat wasa daga 1986 zuwa 1990. A shekarar 1988, ya kuma buga wa San Jose Earthquakes . Ya buga wa Wichita Wings wasa a kakar wasa ta 1987 zuwa 1988 a gasar Major Indoor Soccer League . A shekarar 1991, ya kammala aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da San Francisco Bay Blackhawks wanda ya lashe gasar American Professional Soccer League a wannan kakar. == Tawagar ƙasa == Vanole ya fara buga wa tawagar ƙasa wasa a wasan da suka yi da Kanada a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1986, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. Ya ci gaba da buga wasa sau 18 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka; duk da haka, 14 ne kawai aka ƙidaya a matsayin cikakkun 'yan wasa na ƙasashen waje. Vanole ya buga wasanni 4 tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka, ciki har da gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988. <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Vanole Biography and Statistics |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/david-vanole-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021064800/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/david-vanole-1.html |archive-date=2012-10-21 |access-date=2009-06-09 |publisher=Sports Reference}}</ref> Yayin da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka a lokacin ta ninka wasannin Olympics na Amurka a 1988, [[FIFA]] ba ta ƙidaya wasannin Olympics a matsayin cikakkun 'yan wasa na ƙasashen waje ba. Vanole kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka a wasannin Pan American na 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USA - Details of International Matches 1980-1989 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa-intres-det80.html |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> Vanole ya fara wasanni 4 daga cikin 5 da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta buga a 1986 da 1987. Duk da haka, ya yi wasa tare da wasu masu tsaron gida a 1988. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1989, ya yi ɗaya daga cikin manyan ceton da ya yi a rayuwarsa: ya kare nasarar da Amurka ta samu da ci 1-0 a kan Costa Rica a wasan share fage na gasar cin kofin duniya mai mahimmanci ta hanyar ceton bugun fenariti a lokacin rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-17 |title=Former US keeper Vanole dies at 43 |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=109927.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109180604/http://fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=109927.html |archive-date=November 9, 2007 |access-date=2009-06-09 |publisher=[[Agence France Presse|AFP]]}}</ref> Ya sake samun matsayin babban mai tsaron gidan Amurka, amma bai iya sarrafa nauyinsa ba, kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar ya rasa matsayinsa na farko ga Tony Meola . Lokacin da ya fara wasa ya zo ne a wasan Amurka da kungiyar AS Roma ta Italiya. Yayin da Amurka ta yi nasara da ci 4-3, rashin kyawun aikin Vanole ya shawo kan Gansler ya bai wa Meola aikin farko. A watan Janairun 1990, Vanole, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kwangilar da Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Amurka ta yi masa, ya ajiye aikinsa a sansanin horar da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa saboda takaddamar kwangila. Duk da haka, an zaɓe shi a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai]] tsaron gida ga Tony Meola a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1990. A nan ya jawo hankalin duniya baki ɗaya, yayin da yake zaune a benci a lokacin wasanni kuma yana sanye da hula mai tutar Stars &amp;amp; Stripes . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-17 |title=Vanole with his legendary cap |url=http://www.ussoccerfoundation.org/atf/cf/{4AB68129-5AD7-4143-BFC9-BDBD63658B29}/DavidVanolePhoto01.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110234426/http://www.ussoccerfoundation.org/atf/cf/%7B4AB68129-5AD7-4143-BFC9-BDBD63658B29%7D/DavidVanolePhoto01.jpg |archive-date=2007-11-10 |access-date=2009-06-09}}</ref> A ƙarshe, duk da haka, kocin Bob Gansler ya umarce shi da ya daina sanya ta, domin Gansler ya ji cewa kamannin bai dace ba kuma bai dace da hoton da ƙungiyar Amurka ke son nunawa ba. Tunda Vanole bai buga wannan gasa ba, ƙwallonsa ta ƙarshe ta hukuma ta zo ne a shekarar 1989. Vanole ya buga wasa a gasar Pro Beach Soccer tsawon shekaru huɗu kuma an zaɓe shi sau biyu a matsayin mafi kyawun mai tsaron gida a bakin teku. Ya kuma buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Futsal ta 1989. <ref>{{FIFA player|44725|David Vanole}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Vanole ta shafe shekaru shida a matsayin mataimakiyar mai horas da masu tsaron gida na kungiyoyin maza da mata a UCLA; gasar Olympics ta mata da ta ƙasa ta Amurka; da kuma ƙungiyar maza 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da masu tsaron gida na DC United of Major League Soccer (MLS) da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Washington Freedom of the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA). A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2000, Vanole ta zama kocin mai tsaron gida na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Vanole Named Goalkeeper Coach for U.S. Women's National Team; Jan Smisek and Janet Rayfield Named as National Staff Coaches |url=http://m.ussoccer.com/News/Mens-National-Team/2000/05/David-Vanole-Named-Goalkeeper-Coach-For-U-S-Womens-National-Team-Jan-Smisek-And-Janet-Rayfield-Named.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425162618/http://m.ussoccer.com/News/Mens-National-Team/2000/05/David-Vanole-Named-Goalkeeper-Coach-For-U-S-Womens-National-Team-Jan-Smisek-And-Janet-Rayfield-Named.aspx |archive-date=2012-04-25 |access-date=2012-02-17}}</ref> Ya kasance kocin mai tsaron gida na gasar New England Revolution of MLS daga 2004 zuwa 2006. == Mutuwa == Vanole, wanda ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2007, a birnin Salt Lake sakamakon bugun zuciya a lokacin hutun wasan kankara na iyali. Ya bar matarsa, [[Kerry Tatlock]], babbar daraktan [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] na haɗin gwiwar tallan duniya, da kuma mahaifiyarsa, 'yan'uwansa, da kuma babban danginsa. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/5308513/ce/us/david-vanole-esophagus-saved-us-soccer?cc=5901&ver=us David Vanole da kuma makogwaro wanda ya ceci ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (ESPN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625145137/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/5308513/ce/us/david-vanole-esophagus-saved-us-soccer?cc=5901&ver=us |date=2010-06-25 }} Archived * [http://www.nasljerseys.com/MISL/Players/V/Vanole.David.htm Ƙididdigar MISL] [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} clkvwjxmooorer8nwj0nq9p4878k8ug 0 161236 883900 880256 2026-07-16T08:42:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Damjan Đokanović''' ( Serbian Cyrillic : Дамјан Ђокановић; an haife shi 31 Janairu 2008) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Serbia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar SuperLiga ta Serbian Vojvodina . <ref name="SrbijaSport">{{Cite web |title=Damjan Đokanović |url=https://srbijasport.net/player/22189-damjan-okanovic |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=SrbijaSport}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Đokanović ya fito ne daga makarantar matasa ta Vojvodina . An saka shi cikin shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar farko ta kakar wasa ta hunturu a watan Janairun 2025. Ya fara buga wa Serbian SuperLiga a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2025, inda ya buga wasa a madadin Čukarički a kakar wasa ta 2025-26 ta Serbian SuperLiga . A watan Oktoba na 2025, ya tsawaita kwangilarsa da Vojvodina har zuwa 2028. Đokanović ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a babban wasa a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin Serbia da OFK Vršac a watan Disamba na 2025. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Serbia wasa a watan Oktoban 2022, inda ya buga wasanni biyu da suka yi da [[North Macedonia national under-15 football team|Arewacin Macedonia]] . Daga baya ya shiga gasar cin kofin UEFA Development Tournament a watan Nuwamban 2022. A watan Nuwamba na 2023, an kira Đokanović cikin tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa ta Serbia 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a wannan matakin a wasan sada zumunci da Montenegro a watan Maris na 2024. Daga baya aka zaɓe shi a cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Serbia a watan Satumba na 2024 don buga wasan da suka yi da Slovakia . A watan Maris na 2025, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan sada zumunci da Slovenia . Daga baya a wannan watan, ya buga zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta UEFA, inda Serbia ta kasa kaiwa ga gasar ƙarshe. A watan Nuwamba na 2025, Đokanović ya wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Serbia a wasannin da suka buga da Rasha . == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|4 May 2026}}<ref name="BeSoccer">{{cite web |url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/career-path/d-djokanovic-3422425 |title=Damjan Djokanovic |website=BeSoccer |access-date=18 February 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Vojvodina | 2024–25 | rowspan="2" | SuperLiga ta Serbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 |- | 2025–26 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 11 | 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 10 ! 0 ! 1 ! 1 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 11 ! 1 |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Damjan Đokanović at Soccerbase * Damjan Đokanović at Soccerway * Damjan Đokanović at WorldFootball.net [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hpm1ad6uiweqc5k5pex3w70o8jnvtgy 0 161372 883814 881250 2026-07-16T04:09:00Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox}} [[Fayil:TxHouse2022District66.svg|thumb]]  <u>'''[[:en:Texas_House_of_Representatives|Texas House of Representatives]]' 66th district'''</u> Agbègbè 66th ti Ilé Aṣòfin Texas dúró fún apá kan ti [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|Collin County,]] pẹ̀lú àwọn apá kan ti Plano àti Dallas. Aṣojú agbègbè yìí lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ ni Matt Shaheen, ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Republican láti Plano tí ó ti dúró fún agbègbè náà láti ọdún 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 66 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_66 |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> Agbègbè 66 ti jẹ́ agbègbè tí àwọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Republican ń ṣàkóso; láìpẹ́ yìí, agbègbè náà ti di agbègbè tí àwọn Democratic ń ṣàkóso, pẹ̀lú àwọn Democrat tí ó ní ìpín 1 nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún tó ga jùlọ lẹ́yìn àtúntò agbègbè ní ọdún 2018 àti 2020. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Election Results |url=https://www.collincountytx.gov:443/elections/election_results/Pages/result_archive.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025164834/https://www.collincountytx.gov/elections/election_results/Pages/result_archive.aspx |archive-date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=www.collincountytx.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Guide to voting in Texas == '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' A sakamakon sake rarraba gundumar 2021, gundumar za ta wakilci sassan [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]], Plano, Prosper, da [[Celina, Texas|Celina]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Population Analysis with County Subtotals |url=https://data.capitol.texas.gov/dataset/71af633c-21bf-42cf-ad48-4fe95593a897/resource/4d3dea56-d572-4794-af00-91975614049b/download/planh2316r100.pdf |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=data.capitol.texas.gov}}</ref> h72z0w8wt7y7kn7ntexi31nh8jcmvfg 883815 883814 2026-07-16T04:09:20Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox}} [[Fayil:TxHouse2022District66.svg|thumb]]  <u>'''[[:en:Texas_House_of_Representatives|Texas House of Representatives]]' 66th district'''</u> Agbègbè 66th ti Ilé Aṣòfin Texas dúró fún apá kan ti [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|Collin County,]] pẹ̀lú àwọn apá kan ti Plano àti Dallas. Aṣojú agbègbè yìí lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ ni Matt Shaheen, ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Republican láti Plano tí ó ti dúró fún agbègbè náà láti ọdún 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 66 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_66 |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> Agbègbè 66 ti jẹ́ agbègbè tí àwọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Republican ń ṣàkóso; láìpẹ́ yìí, agbègbè náà ti di agbègbè tí àwọn Democratic ń ṣàkóso, pẹ̀lú àwọn Democrat tí ó ní ìpín 1 nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún tó ga jùlọ lẹ́yìn àtúntò agbègbè ní ọdún 2018 àti 2020. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Election Results |url=https://www.collincountytx.gov:443/elections/election_results/Pages/result_archive.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025164834/https://www.collincountytx.gov/elections/election_results/Pages/result_archive.aspx |archive-date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=www.collincountytx.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Guide to voting in Texas == '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' A sakamakon sake rarraba gundumar 2021, gundumar za ta wakilci sassan [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]], Plano, Prosper, da [[Celina, Texas|Celina]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Population Analysis with County Subtotals |url=https://data.capitol.texas.gov/dataset/71af633c-21bf-42cf-ad48-4fe95593a897/resource/4d3dea56-d572-4794-af00-91975614049b/download/planh2316r100.pdf |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=data.capitol.texas.gov}}</ref> 6yv7oq41kpr0h9wwlsh3ouuk7x6rgw6 883816 883815 2026-07-16T04:09:29Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxHouse2022District66.svg|thumb]]  <u>'''[[:en:Texas_House_of_Representatives|Texas House of Representatives]]' 66th district'''</u> Agbègbè 66th ti Ilé Aṣòfin Texas dúró fún apá kan ti [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|Collin County,]] pẹ̀lú àwọn apá kan ti Plano àti Dallas. Aṣojú agbègbè yìí lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ ni Matt Shaheen, ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Republican láti Plano tí ó ti dúró fún agbègbè náà láti ọdún 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas House of Representatives District 66 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_66 |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> Agbègbè 66 ti jẹ́ agbègbè tí àwọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Republican ń ṣàkóso; láìpẹ́ yìí, agbègbè náà ti di agbègbè tí àwọn Democratic ń ṣàkóso, pẹ̀lú àwọn Democrat tí ó ní ìpín 1 nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún tó ga jùlọ lẹ́yìn àtúntò agbègbè ní ọdún 2018 àti 2020. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Election Results |url=https://www.collincountytx.gov:443/elections/election_results/Pages/result_archive.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025164834/https://www.collincountytx.gov/elections/election_results/Pages/result_archive.aspx |archive-date=2021-10-25 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=www.collincountytx.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Guide to voting in Texas == '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' A sakamakon sake rarraba gundumar 2021, gundumar za ta wakilci sassan [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]], Plano, Prosper, da [[Celina, Texas|Celina]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Population Analysis with County Subtotals |url=https://data.capitol.texas.gov/dataset/71af633c-21bf-42cf-ad48-4fe95593a897/resource/4d3dea56-d572-4794-af00-91975614049b/download/planh2316r100.pdf |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=data.capitol.texas.gov}}</ref> 27kiqkzh6xyh9v6bw5ssvcyg6ampe37 0 161576 883856 882932 2026-07-16T06:33:42Z Featherdiamond 46529 883856 wikitext text/x-wiki    A yayin [[Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]], <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> Rasha ta ƙwace tare da tilasta tura kusan yara 20,000 yan Ukraine zuwa yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta, ta ba su katin zama 'yan ƙasar Rasha, ta canza tare da  tilasta musu karɓar sabbin iyalai wadanda yan Rasha ne, kuma ta haifar da cikas na ganin sun sake komawa cikin mahaifan su da ma ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Они могут начать противодействовать» Российские власти боятся детей, насильно вывезенных из Украины. Их пытаются "перевоспитать" и поставить под жесткий цифровой контроль. Расследование «Медузы" |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2024/03/11/oni-mogut-nachat-protivodeystvovat |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Meduza |language=ru |quote=Точное число украинских детей, насильно вывезенных за время войны в Россию, неизвестно — по данным Киева, речь идет почти о 20 тысячах.}}</ref> Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta ba da takardar shaidar kama shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (wanda ya goyi bayan garkuwa tare da tilasta, gami da kafa doka don sauƙaƙe hakan)<ref name="2022-10-13 AP2">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> da Kwamishiniyar 'Yancin Yara [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] saboda zargin su da hannu.<ref name="2022-10-13 AP">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |last2=Sauer |first2=Pjotr |date=2023-03-17 |title=ICC judges issue arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over alleged war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320193804/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Arrest warrants issued for Russian leader and his children's rights commissioner for 'unlawful deportation' of Ukrainian children |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Da [[:en:International_law|Dokar ƙasa da ƙasa]], gami da [[Yarjejeniyar Kisan kiyashi|Yarjejeniyar]] [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan ƙare dangi]] ta 1948, irin waɗannan ayyukan suna iya zama kisan kare dangi idan an yi su da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na al'umma ko ƙabila.<ref name="2022-05-27 Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |date=2022-05-27 |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |date=2022-05-27 |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Gwamnatin Rasha ta sace yaran Ukraine bayan da hukumomin Rasha suka kama iyayensu ko kuma sun kashe su a lokacin mamayar, <ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw">{{cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=2023-03-17 |title=Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children’s commissioner for abduction |location=[[Kyiv]]}}{{cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=2023-03-17 |title=Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children’s commissioner for abduction |location=[[Kyiv]]}}</ref> <ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>ko kuma bayan sun rabu da iyayensu a wuraren da ake gwabza yaƙi.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT">{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |date=2022-10-22 |title=Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140623/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522 |quote=Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.}}{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |date=2022-10-22 |title=Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140623/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522 |quote=Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.}}</ref> An kuma sace yara daga cibiyoyin gwamnatin Ukraine a yankunan da aka mamaye, ta hanyar "sansanonin hutun bazara" na yara a yankin da  Rasha ta mamaye.<ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw" /> Yaran da aka sace sun kasance [[:en:Russification|ƙarƙashin Rusha]]; yaran da aka kama lokacin yaƙi a wata ƙasa daban domin canza musu al’ada da yare na iya zama aikin kisan ƙare dangi idan an yi niyyar share asalin su.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT" /><ref name="2022-10-13 AP" /> Hukumomin Ukraine sun tabbatar da tantance asalin<ref name="dw202303252">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> yara sama da 19,000 da aka sace,<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> suna cigaba da tattara da kuma sabunta bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na dandalin yanar gizo dake ɗauke da bayanan: "Yara a Yaƙi". Hukumomin Rasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa an dawo da yara sama da 700,000 na Ukraine a tsakiyar 2023, <ref name="dw20230325" /> kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin yara na Ukraine ya yi imanin cewa ainihin adadin yaran da aka sace na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan dubbai.<ref name="dw202303253">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar agaji, [[:en:Save_Ukraine|Save Ukraine]], tana ƙoƙarin  dawo tare da sake haɗa yaran  da aka akai garkuwa da su da iyalin su. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2023-04-25 |title=The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/us/politics/ukraine-missing-children.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2023-04-25 |title=The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/us/politics/ukraine-missing-children.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, hukumomin Rasha a Ukraine sun ƙirƙiro kundin yanar gizo inda 'yan Rasha za su iya zaɓar yara na Ukraine bisa ga hotuna da kwatanci kamar "mai biyayya" ko "kwanciyar hankali", da kuma tacewa ta hanyar shekaru, launi na ido da launin gashi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulakova |first=Maryna |date=2025-08-07 |title=Russia Launches Online Catalog Listing Ukrainian Children for Adoption, Featuring Traits Like 'Obedient' |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/russia-launches-online-catalog-listing-ukrainian-children-for-adoption-featuring-traits-like-obedient-10547 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=United 24 Media}}</ref> Binciken [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gano sojojin Rasha da laifin [[:en:War_crimes_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)|Laifukan yaki]] da [[:en:Crimes_against_humanity|Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama]], wanda ya kunshi c[[:en:Deportation|anja wurin tilas]], korar da kuma [[:en:Enforced_disappearance|tilasta bacewar]].<ref name="bbc10032026">{{cite news |author=Laura Gozzi |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children amounts to crime against humanity, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7g5xnvl2eo |work=BBC News}}{{cite news |author=Laura Gozzi |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children amounts to crime against humanity, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7g5xnvl2eo |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="france2410032026">{{cite news |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children a 'crime against humanity', says UN inquiry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20260310-russia-deportation-ukrainian-children-a-crime-against-humanity-says-un-inquiry |work=[[France 24|France24]]}}{{cite news |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children a 'crime against humanity', says UN inquiry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20260310-russia-deportation-ukrainian-children-a-crime-against-humanity-says-un-inquiry |work=[[France 24|France24]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Shekaru 2010 === Rasha ta fara canja wurin yara daga yankunan Ukraine a cikin 2014, shekarar farko ta [[:en:Russo-Ukrainian_war|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. SShirin farko na irin wannan babban tsari ya fara ne daga shahararriyar mai bada jinƙai ta Rasha [[:en:Elizaveta_Glinka|Elizaveta Glinka]] . <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> A farkon watan Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta "kashe" marayu 500 daga yankin Donetsk zuwa yankin Rasha.<ref name="2023-02-14 Conflict Observatory">{{citation|last1=Khoshnood|first1=Kaveh|title=Russia's Systematic Program for the Re-education & Adoption of Ukraine's Children|date=2023-02-14|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/humanitarian-research-lab-yale-school-public-health-russias-systematic-program-re-education-adoption-ukraines-children-enruuk|access-date=2026-06-18|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]]|publisher=[[Yale School of Public Health]]|language=en|via=ReliefWeb|last2=Raymond|first2=Nathaniel A.|last3=Howarth|first3=Caitlin N.|author2-link=Nathaniel Raymond|display-authors=etal|department=[[Conflict Observatory]]}}</ref> === 2022 === Rahotanni na farko na tilasta kwashe yara zuwa Rasha a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine ya zo a tsakiyar watan Maris na shekarar 2022, yayin fadan Mariupol. <ref name="2022-03-19 Business Insider">{{cite news |last1=Mark |first1=Michelle |date=2022-03-19 |title=Thousands of residents in a besieged Ukrainian city were 'forcibly' taken to Russia, Mariupol city officials say |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/thousands-of-mariupol-residents-forcibly-taken-to-russia-city-says-2022-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218014216/https://www.businessinsider.com/thousands-of-mariupol-residents-forcibly-taken-to-russia-city-says-2022-3 |archive-date=2022-12-18 |access-date=2023-03-29 |work=[[Business Insider]] |language=en |oclc=1076392313}}{{cite news |last1=Mark |first1=Michelle |date=2022-03-19 |title=Thousands of residents in a besieged Ukrainian city were 'forcibly' taken to Russia, Mariupol city officials say |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/thousands-of-mariupol-residents-forcibly-taken-to-russia-city-says-2022-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218014216/https://www.businessinsider.com/thousands-of-mariupol-residents-forcibly-taken-to-russia-city-says-2022-3 |archive-date=2022-12-18 |access-date=2023-03-29 |work=[[Business Insider]] |language=en |oclc=1076392313}}</ref> A wannan watan, kwamishiniyar kare haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] ta bayyana cewa wani rukuni na yaran Ukraine da aka maida zuwa Rasha daga Mariupol da farko sun tabbatar da asalin su na Ukraine, amma tun daga lokacin ya canza zuwa ƙauna ga Rasha, tana mai cewa ta karɓi ɗaya daga cikin yaran da kanta. [[Fayil:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_27-03-2022.svg|thumb|Taswirar mamayar Rasha ta Fabrairu 2022 a Ukraine]] === 2023 === Tun daga farkon 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 2023 satar yaran Ukraine da Rasha keyi ya kasance batun da ya ja hankali  a kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato [[:en:UNSC|UNSC]].<ref name="pgu1">{{cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Daria Herasymchuk speaks about abduction of Ukrainian children by Russia at UN Security Council's special meeting |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/darya-gerasimchuk-na-specialnij-zustrichi-radi-bezpeki-oon-r-82553}}{{cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Daria Herasymchuk speaks about abduction of Ukrainian children by Russia at UN Security Council's special meeting |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/darya-gerasimchuk-na-specialnij-zustrichi-radi-bezpeki-oon-r-82553}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na Reuters na watan Agusta, Alexei Petrov, mataimaki a ofishin kwamishinan kare haƙƙin yara na ofishin shugaban ƙasar Rasha, ya yi amfani da maganganun [[:en:Neo-Nazi|Neo-Nazi]] dda alamomi a cikin ayyukansa a yanar gizo, kuma ya haɗa kansa da neo-Nazi, tare da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kan nuna fifikon fararen fata, da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsuaran ra’ayi a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zverev |first=Anton |date=2023-08-09 |title=Exclusive: Kremlin aide who brings Ukrainian children to Russia associated online with neo-Nazism |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-aide-who-brings-ukrainian-children-russia-associated-online-with-neo-2023-08-09/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Zverev |first=Anton |date=2023-08-09 |title=Exclusive: Kremlin aide who brings Ukrainian children to Russia associated online with neo-Nazism |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-aide-who-brings-ukrainian-children-russia-associated-online-with-neo-2023-08-09/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> === 2024 === A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024 kungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa don dawo da yaran Ukraine ta ƙaddamar da kanta tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe 37. Ukraine da Kanada ne suka jagoranci ƙaddamarwar. === 2025 === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2025 Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Melania Trump]] ta sanar da cewa saboda tattaunawar da ke gudana da Putin ta taimaka wajen dawo da yara takwas da aka "ɗaiɗaita". A cewar Trump, uku daga cikin yara takwas an raba su da iyalansu kuma "an kuma maida su" zuwa Rasha saboda yaƙi a wasu wurare, yayin da sauran suka rabu da dangin su musamman a iyakokin da suka zama fagen fama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Superville |first=Darlene |date=2025-10-10 |title=Melania Trump says 8 kids displaced by Russia-Ukraine war reunite with families after Putin talks |url=https://apnews.com/article/melania-trump-russia-ukraine-children-fe324a08a9a957f05995dac0d95a66c3 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Garkuwa da yara == Yawancin yaran da aka sace an sace su daga [[:en:Southern_Ukraine|kudani]] da [[:en:Eastern_Ukraine|gaabashin Ukraine]] ([[:en:Kherson_Oblast|Kherson]], [[:en:Kharkiv_Oblast|Kharkiv]], [[:en:Zaporizhzhia_Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]], [[:en:Donetsk_Oblast|Donetsk]], [[:en:Luhansk_Oblast|Luhansk]] ds [[:en:Mykolaiv_Oblast|Mykolaiv).]] A cewar mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin yara na Ukraine, Rasha tana gudanar da sace-sacen tare da burin kara yawan jama'arta, kuma Rasha tana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya a kan yara don haɗa yara masu lafiya na Ukraine kawai cikin al'ummar Rasha.<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> == Hukunce-hukunce == [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Tarayyar Turai]], Burtaniya, [[Kanada]] da [[Asturaliya]], sun sanya wa kwamishiniyar kula da haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] takunkumi. == Takaddun shaida na kamawa == [[Fayil:International_Criminal_Court_building_(2016)_in_The_Hague.png|thumb|Ginin Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa a Hague]] A ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da Lvova-Belova, bisa zargin aikata laifukan korar jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma canja yawan jama'a (yara) daga yankunan da aka mamaye na Ukraine zuwa Rasha.<ref name="Khan_statement_Putin_LvovaBelova_17March2023" /> Wannan na ƙunshe a sashi na [[wikisource:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court#Article_8:_War_crimes|articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and article 8(2)(b)(viii) na kudin Roma Statute]],kuma Rasha ta yi niyyar hakan a matsayin na din-din-din. Tuhumar na iya ɗaukar hukuncin rai da rai.<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kotun ta ba da izinin kama shugaban [[:en:Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council|memba na din-din-din]] na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="17-03-2023 AP" /> ai gabatar da ƙara na ICC [[:en:Karim_Ahmad_Khan|Karim Khan]] ya ce, "Dole ne mu tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke da alhakin laifuka da ake zargi amsa tuhuma, kuma an mayar da yara ga iyalansu da al'ummominsu. Ba za mu bari ko sanya ido a maida yara kamar ganimar yaƙi ba".<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> == Madogara == iptfxaxg0b4ntc6ijftfndmsegcu4xl 0 161619 883427 883406 2026-07-15T12:10:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 883427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mayumi''' " '''Maz''' " '''Pacheco''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1998) ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Everton . Tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila, ta sami kiran farko na shiga gasar 'yan wasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Philippines a shekarar 2024. == Aikin kulob == Pacheco ta yi ƙoƙarin shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙungiyar FA WSL 1 ta Liverpool a shekarar 2013 ta hanyar shiga gwajin ƙungiyar. Ta sami damar samun gurbi a ƙungiyar matasa a shekara mai zuwa. Pacheco ta fara buga babbar ƙungiyarta a Liverpool a shekarar 2015. Ta fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 25 ga Maris a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun Sunderland . Bayan haka, ta buga wasanni 11 a kakar wasa ta 2015 da 2016 kafin Pacheco ta tafi ta koma Doncaster Rovers Belles a matsayin aro a sauran kakar wasa ta 2016. <ref name="Soccerway profile" /> Ta buga wasanni 12 kuma ta ci kwallo 1 kafin ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin dindindin a farkon 2017. A watan Yulin 2018, Pacheco ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Reading, bayan ta taimaka wa Doncaster Rover Belles ta lashe gasar WSL 2. A ranar 8 ga Yunin 2020, Reading ta sanar da cewa Pacheco ta bar ƙungiyar bayan kwangilarta ta ƙare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2020 |title=Reading FC Women issue thanks as out of contract players depart |url=https://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/2020/june/reading-fc-women-bid-farewell-to-out-of-contract-players/ |access-date=2020-06-08 |website=www.readingfc.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2020, Pacheco ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa West Ham United . <ref>{{Cite web |title=West Ham United sign defender Maz Pacheco |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/july/10-july/west-ham-united-sign-defender-maz-pacheco |website=www.whufc.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2021, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Aston Villa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Mayumi Pacheco joins Villa Women |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2021/august/Mayumi-Pacheco-joins-Villa-Women-/ |website=[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]}}</ref> Za ta bar Aston Villa idan kwangilarta ta kare a watan Yunin 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Corsie, Nobbs, Turner and Pacheco to depart |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2025/may/09/Corsie--Nobbs--Turner-and-Pacheco-to-depart/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> Pacheco ita ce 'yar wasa mafi dadewa a Villa a lokacin da ta bar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Club |first=Aston Villa Football |date=2025-05-09 |title=Corsie, Nobbs, Turner and Pacheco to depart |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2025/may/09/Corsie--Nobbs--Turner-and-Pacheco-to-depart/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuli 2025, Pacheco ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro zuwa Everton a matsayin aro na dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everton Sign Pacheco |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2025/july/22/everton-sign-pacheco/ |website=www.evertonfc.com}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Pacheco ya buga wa Ingila ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa daga matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 har zuwa matakin ƙasa da shekara 21, inda ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar U17 Euros ta 2015, gasar U19 Euros ta 2017, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta U20 ta 2018 . A watan Oktoban 2024, Pacheco ta sami kiran farko zuwa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Philippines don wasannin da za ta yi da Jordan da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta DR Congo|DR Congo]] a gasar cin kofin Pink Ladies da za a yi a Antalya, Turkiyya. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2025, har yanzu ba ta fara buga wasa a ƙasashen waje ba saboda tana jiran fasfo na ƙasar Philippines. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maz Pacheco will soon be eligible to play for Filipinas, says PFF |url=https://www.spin.ph/football/pff-confident-maz-pacheco-passport-available-in-time-for-women-s-asian-cup-qualifiers-a795-20250110 |website=www.spin.ph}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gsgtloywlttjxa5uyrkwjpgwyxsi3ad 0 161621 883428 883412 2026-07-15T12:11:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 883428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nicholas Percy''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1994) ɗan wasa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya ƙware a fannin jefa ƙwallo a cikin raga. Ya fafata a manyan gasannin gasa daban-daban, ciki har da wasannin Olympics na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Percy |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14452345 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Glasgow, daga baya ya zama mazaunin Isle of Wight . <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Nick Percy in the form of his life |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar matasa ta Turai ta 2013 a Rieti, Italiya, da jefar da discus na mita 62.04. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=European Junior Championships |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7049131?eventId=10229686 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar NCAA a 2016. A wannan shekarar, ya lashe gasar farko ta gasar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Burtaniya . Ya riƙe kambunsa a shekara mai zuwa, kuma daga baya, Percy ya wakilci Burtaniya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2017 ba tare da ya kai wasan karshe ba. <ref name="lewis" /> Ya zama zakaran Burtaniya a karo na biyar lokacin da ya lashe gasar jefar Discus a Gasar Wasannin Burtaniya ta 2022 da jifa da maki 65.00. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Nick Percy in the form of his life |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ "Nick Percy in the form of his life"]. </cite></ref> Ya kare a matsayi na biyar a wakiltar Scotland a jefar Discus a Gasar Wasannin Commonwealth ta 2022 a Birmingham. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=XXII Commonwealth Games |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7147633?eventId=10229620 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya kuma wakilci Burtaniya a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya ta 2022 da Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Turai ta 2022. <ref name="lewis" /> Duk da haka, raunin baya ya kawo ci gaban gaba kuma a shekarar 2023 ya sami mafi kyawun jifa a kakar wasa ta mita 64.73, kuma ya rasa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a wannan shekarar. <ref name="lewis" /> Ya yi nasarar jefa kwallo mafi kyau a tseren mita 67.73, wanda aka yi a gasar Oklahoma Throws Series, Ramona, Oklahoma, Amurka, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2024. Wannan ya inganta PB ɗinsa da fiye da mita biyu kuma ya sami matsayi daga lamba 10 zuwa lamba 2 a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi iya taka leda a Burtaniya, inda mai riƙe da rikodin Burtaniya Lawrence Okoye ne kawai ya ƙara jefa kwallo. Percy ya kuma inganta rikodin Scotland na mita 65.00, wanda ya kafa a baya a Gasar Cin Kofin Burtaniya a 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Nick Percy goes No.2 on the UK all-time discus rankings |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/athletics-news/nick-percy-goes-no-2-on-the-uk-all-time-discus-rankings-1039977174/}}</ref> Bayan ya lashe kyautar azurfa ta discus a Gasar Wasannin Olympics ta Burtaniya ta 2024, daga baya an sanya Percy a cikin tawagar Burtaniya don Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerr & Johnson-Thompson head GB Olympics athletics squad |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/articles/cd1646n46zpo |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> inda ya kasa cancantar shiga wasan karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title='It is such a special day, so there is no disappointment' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/articles/c9355p3ejglo |access-date=9 August 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2025 Percy ya jefa daƙiƙa 67:86 a gasar Oklahoma Jerin Jerin 13; ya inganta PB ɗinsa da santimita 13 kuma ya karya tarihin ƙasar Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Record-breaking throw secures a World Championships qualification' |url=https://iwobserver.co.uk/record-breaking-throw-secures-a-world-championships-qualification/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |publisher=Isle of White Observer}}</ref> == Gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{GBR2}} and {{SCO}} |- |rowspan=3|2011 |[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] |[[Lille, France]] |7th |Discus throw (1.5&nbsp;kg) |58.95 m |- |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games|Commonwealth Youth Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Douglas, Isle of Man]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |Discus throw (1.5&nbsp;kg) |62.96 m |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Hammer throw (5&nbsp;kg) |64.96 m |- |2012 |[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Barcelona, Spain]] |8th |Discus throw (1.75&nbsp;kg) |[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw|57.79 m]] |- |2013 |[[2013 European Athletics Junior Championships|European Junior Championships]] |[[Rieti, Italy]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |Discus throw (1.75&nbsp;kg) |62.04 m |- |2014 |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Glasgow, United Kingdom]] |13th (q) |Discus throw |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's discus throw|56.71 m]] |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London, United Kingdom]] |29th (q) |Discus throw |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw|56.93 m]] |- |2019 |[[Athletics at the 2019 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |[[Naples, Italy]] |7th |Discus throw |[[Athletics at the 2019 Summer Universiade – Men's discus throw|60.92 m]] |- |rowspan=3|2022 |[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, United States]] |14th (q) |Discus throw |[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|63.20 m]] |- |[[2022 European Athletics Championships|European Championships]] |[[Munich, Germany]] |14th (q) |Discus throw |[[2022 European Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|61.26 m]] |- |[[2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Birmingham, United Kingdom]] |5th |Discus throw |[[2022 European Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|63.53 m]] |- |2024 |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Paris, France]] |20th (q) |Discus throw |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|61.81 m]] |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{World Athletics}} * Nicholas Percy at Team Scotland * Nicholas Percy at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gebcm5wuq1rcl1udqpxxxz8ov6r8evy 0 161623 883425 883417 2026-07-15T12:02:02Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363370405|Bruno Jordão]]" 883425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruno André Cavaco Jordão''' (an haife shi 12 Oktoba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bulgarian First League CSKA Sofia . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a Marinha Grande, gundumar Leiria, Jordão ya fara aikinsa a UD Leiria . Ya zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan su kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kowane lokaci a cikin 2015–16 Campeonato de Portugal, kuma a cikin Yuli 2016, ya koma SC Braga . A kan 20 Agusta 2016, Jordão ya fara wasansa na farko tare da Braga B a wasan 2016-17 LigaPro da Cova da Piedade . An maye gurbinsa da Xadas a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci a cikin rashin gida da ci 1-0. Both Jordão and teammate Pedro Neto were loaned to S.S. Lazio from Italy for two years on 31 August 2017, with an obligation to subsequently buy for a combined €26 million. He played only three matches for the Serie A club, starting with a 2–1 away loss to Genoa C.F.C. on 17 February 2019 when he played the final 18 minutes in place of Ștefan Radu. === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019, Jordão ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Premier League]] Wolverhampton Wanderers . Ya fara buga wa Wolves wasa a wasan zagaye na uku na Kofin EFL da Reading a ranar 25 ga Satumba, inda aka cire shi daga wasa jim kadan bayan ya zura kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=Wolves 1-1 Reading |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49736851 |access-date=26 September 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta UEFA a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta Wolves a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019-20 da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|RCD Espanyol]] a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Mantej |date=27 February 2020 |title=Espanyol 3–2 Wolves (agg 3-6): Visitors through despite Jonathan Calleri hat-trick |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51623249 |access-date=27 February 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wasan karshe na gasar Premier ta kakar wasa, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2020 |title=Chelsea 2-0 Wolves |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53460593 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya amince ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da FC Famalicão a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2020. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 18 ga Oktoba da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da SC Farense . Ya rasa gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa, amma ba a rage masa lokaci ba a matsayin aronsa. A ranar 9 ga Janairu 2022, Jordão ya fara bugawa Wolves wasa tun ranar 26 ga Yuli 2020, lokacin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Sheffield United da ci 3-0 a Molineux a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA ta 2021-22 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=Wolves 3–0 Sheffield United: Wolves score in either half to make fourth round |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59911632 |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya koma ƙungiyar Grasshopper Club Zürich ta Switzerland a matsayin aro har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2021–22 a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Jordao joins Grasshoppers on loan |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/loan-watch/20220131-jordao-joins-grasshoppers-on-loan/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Agusta na wannan shekarar, an ba shi aro zuwa babban filin wasan ƙasarsa a CD Santa Clara . Kafin ya bayyana, ya ji rauni da ba a bayyana ba wanda zai buƙaci tiyata a Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har zuwa 2023. Jordão ya bar Wolverhampton ta hanyar amincewar juna akan 6 Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=Jordao makes his Wolves departure |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20240206-jordao-makes-his-wolves-departure/ |access-date=6 February 2024 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wandererers}}</ref> === Radomik Radom === A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Jordão ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2024 |title=Bruno Jordao został nowym zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. W przeszłości grał w Premier League i Serie A |url=https://gol24.pl/bruno-jordao-zostal-nowym-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-w-przeszlosci-gral-w-premier-league-i-serie-a/ar/c2-18296401 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=gol24.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko bayan kwana takwas a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 0-4 a hannun Pogoń Szczecin, inda ya buga cikakken minti 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=PKO Ekstraklasa: Radomiak 0-4 Pogoń |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/330/news3305802-PKO-Ekstraklasa-Radomiak-0-4-Pogon.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> === CSKA Sofia === A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2025, Jordão ya koma ƙungiyar CSKA Sofia ta Bulgarian First League kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kuɗin €500,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karaszewski |first=Artur |date=15 August 2025 |title=Oficjalnie. Piłkarz Radomiaka trafił do CSKA Sofia. Solidny zarobek |trans-title=Officially, the Radomiak player has joined CSKA Sofia. A solid earning |url=https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/pilka-nozna/1204409/oficjalnie-pilkarz-radomiaka-trafil-do-cska-sofia-solidny-zarobek |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=sportowefakty.wp.pl |language=pl}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Jordão ya fara buga wa tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Portugal wasa a watan Mayun 2018, kafin wasan sada zumunta da Italiya a Estoril . Ya shigo wasan ne a hutun rabin lokaci don Stephen Eustáquio a wasan da suka ci 3-2 a ranar 25 ga Mayu. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 9 July 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|bruno-andre-cavaco-jordao/420506}}</ref>  == Daraja == '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Burin Premier League na Watan: Satumba/Oktoba 2020 == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bruno Jordão at ForaDeJogo (archived) * {{Soccerway|bruno-andre-cavaco-jordao/420506}} * Bruno Jordão at Soccerbase * [http://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/liga/clube/20162017/ledmanligapro/286/jogador/72070 Stats and profile at LPFP] {{In lang|pt}} * Bruno Jordão national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 65q3uhkn72yxi4xjp4405slj18uqv1k 883429 883425 2026-07-15T12:13:43Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 883429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bruno André Cavaco Jordão''' (an haife shi 12 Oktoba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bulgarian First League CSKA Sofia . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a Marinha Grande, gundumar Leiria, Jordão ya fara aikinsa a UD Leiria . Ya zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan su kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kowane lokaci a cikin 2015–16 Campeonato de Portugal, kuma a cikin Yuli 2016, ya koma SC Braga . A kan 20 Agusta 2016, Jordão ya fara wasansa na farko tare da Braga B a wasan 2016-17 LigaPro da Cova da Piedade . An maye gurbinsa da Xadas a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci a cikin rashin gida da ci 1-0. Both Jordão and teammate Pedro Neto were loaned to S.S. Lazio from Italy for two years on 31 August 2017, with an obligation to subsequently buy for a combined €26 million. He played only three matches for the Serie A club, starting with a 2–1 away loss to Genoa C.F.C. on 17 February 2019 when he played the final 18 minutes in place of Ștefan Radu. === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019, Jordão ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Premier League]] Wolverhampton Wanderers . Ya fara buga wa Wolves wasa a wasan zagaye na uku na Kofin EFL da Reading a ranar 25 ga Satumba, inda aka cire shi daga wasa jim kadan bayan ya zura kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=Wolves 1-1 Reading |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49736851 |access-date=26 September 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta UEFA a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta Wolves a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019-20 da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|RCD Espanyol]] a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Mantej |date=27 February 2020 |title=Espanyol 3–2 Wolves (agg 3-6): Visitors through despite Jonathan Calleri hat-trick |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51623249 |access-date=27 February 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wasan karshe na gasar Premier ta kakar wasa, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2020 |title=Chelsea 2-0 Wolves |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53460593 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya amince ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da FC Famalicão a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2020. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 18 ga Oktoba da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da SC Farense . Ya rasa gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa, amma ba a rage masa lokaci ba a matsayin aronsa. A ranar 9 ga Janairu 2022, Jordão ya fara bugawa Wolves wasa tun ranar 26 ga Yuli 2020, lokacin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Sheffield United da ci 3-0 a Molineux a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA ta 2021-22 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=Wolves 3–0 Sheffield United: Wolves score in either half to make fourth round |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59911632 |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya koma ƙungiyar Grasshopper Club Zürich ta Switzerland a matsayin aro har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2021–22 a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Jordao joins Grasshoppers on loan |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/loan-watch/20220131-jordao-joins-grasshoppers-on-loan/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Agusta na wannan shekarar, an ba shi aro zuwa babban filin wasan ƙasarsa a CD Santa Clara . Kafin ya bayyana, ya ji rauni da ba a bayyana ba wanda zai buƙaci tiyata a Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har zuwa 2023. Jordão ya bar Wolverhampton ta hanyar amincewar juna akan 6 Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=Jordao makes his Wolves departure |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20240206-jordao-makes-his-wolves-departure/ |access-date=6 February 2024 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wandererers}}</ref> === Radomik Radom === A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Jordão ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2024 |title=Bruno Jordao został nowym zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. W przeszłości grał w Premier League i Serie A |url=https://gol24.pl/bruno-jordao-zostal-nowym-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-w-przeszlosci-gral-w-premier-league-i-serie-a/ar/c2-18296401 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=gol24.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko bayan kwana takwas a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 0-4 a hannun Pogoń Szczecin, inda ya buga cikakken minti 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=PKO Ekstraklasa: Radomiak 0-4 Pogoń |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/330/news3305802-PKO-Ekstraklasa-Radomiak-0-4-Pogon.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> === CSKA Sofia === A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2025, Jordão ya koma ƙungiyar CSKA Sofia ta Bulgarian First League kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kuɗin €500,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karaszewski |first=Artur |date=15 August 2025 |title=Oficjalnie. Piłkarz Radomiaka trafił do CSKA Sofia. Solidny zarobek |trans-title=Officially, the Radomiak player has joined CSKA Sofia. A solid earning |url=https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/pilka-nozna/1204409/oficjalnie-pilkarz-radomiaka-trafil-do-cska-sofia-solidny-zarobek |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=sportowefakty.wp.pl |language=pl}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Jordão ya fara buga wa tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Portugal wasa a watan Mayun 2018, kafin wasan sada zumunta da Italiya a Estoril . Ya shigo wasan ne a hutun rabin lokaci don Stephen Eustáquio a wasan da suka ci 3-2 a ranar 25 ga Mayu. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 9 July 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|bruno-andre-cavaco-jordao/420506}}</ref>  == Daraja == '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Burin Premier League na Watan: Satumba/Oktoba 2020 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bruno Jordão at ForaDeJogo (archived) * {{Soccerway|bruno-andre-cavaco-jordao/420506}} * Bruno Jordão at Soccerbase * [http://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/liga/clube/20162017/ledmanligapro/286/jogador/72070 Stats and profile at LPFP] {{In lang|pt}} * Bruno Jordão national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} ojltziky2sn6oxcd4qdzbofduw1se1d 0 161624 883431 883418 2026-07-15T12:16:04Z Habu2844 46985 /* Dalilin Sunan "Unik" */ 883431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abubakar Adamu Unik''' matashi ne kuma ɗan fafutukar siyasa da al'umma daga yankin Hadejia a Jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. == Tarihin Karatu == Abubakar Adamu Unik ya yi karatunsa na kimiyya a matakai daban-daban na gaba da sakandare:<ref>https://facebook.com</ref> * **Karatun Diploma**: Ya fara karatunsa na gaba da sakandare a makarantar Binyaminu Usman College of Agriculture (BUCAH) da ke mahaifarsa a Hadejia. * **Karatun Digiri**: Bayan nan, ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na fari (B.Sc) a Jami'ar Sa'adu Zungur (Sa'adu Zungur University, Gadau) da ke Jihar Bauchi. * **Fannin Kwarewa**: Ya karanci ilimin Science Laboratory Technology (SLT), inda ya karkata na musamman a fannin Biochemistry option. == Fafutukar Siyasa da Kishin Al'umma == * **Muryar Matasa**: Abubakar ya shahara a dandalin sada zumunta, musamman a Facebook, wajen tsokaci kan al'amuran yau da kullum, ilimi, da kuma ci gaban Jihar Jigawa da Masarautar Hadejia. * **Akidar Siyasa**: Yana ɗaya daqun matasa masu fafutuka da goyon bayan tafiyar siyasa ta Dr. Nuruddeen Muhammad (tsohon Ministan Ƙasa na Lafiya da Harkokin Waje na Najeriya). * **Salon Tafiya**: Rubuce-rubucensa suna mayar da hankali ne kan tattaunawa ta ilimi, neman gaskiya, da kawo hujjoji maimakon zagi ko cin mutunci. == Dalilin Sunan "Unik" == Sunan "Unik" da ke jikin sunansa na fafutuka ya samo asali ne daga mahaifinsa, wanda aka haifa kuma ya taso a garin Unik Babba, da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Auyo, Jihar Jigawa. An ɗauki wannan suna ne domin nuna asali, girmama mahaifinsa, da kuma ci gaba da ɗaukaka sunan garinsu na haihuwa. == Hujjoji == * Shaidar Karatu a Facebook: https://facebook.com * Shaidar Fafutuka da Rubuce-rubuce: https://facebook.com g7sh0dxspdcm0j5bv72ruywgjbm4ioj 0 161626 883482 883423 2026-07-15T15:14:00Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 883482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''André Brock Jr.''' is an American scholar focusing on Black digital practices and online experiences, including Black Twitter. He is an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. == Career == Brock earned a bachelor's degree from City College of New York, a master's degree in English rhetoric from Carnegie Mellon University, and a Ph.D. in library and information science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.<ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Penrice |first=Ronda Racha |date=May 14, 2024 |title=A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brock |first=Andre |title=André Brock curriculum vitae |url=https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=André Brock}}</ref> Brock was an assistant professor of information science at the University of Iowa from 2007 to 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brock |first=Andre |title=André Brock curriculum vitae |url=https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=André Brock}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrock">Brock, Andre. [https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv "André Brock curriculum vitae"]. ''André Brock''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> From 2013 to 2018 he taught as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, he became an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. In 2021, he founded the Project on Rhetoric of Equity, Access, Computation, and Humanities (PREACH) Lab at Georgia Tech with a grant from the University of Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2021 |title=LMC's André Brock Receives Grant for Lab to Study 'Race, Difference, and Computation' |url=https://iac.gatech.edu/news/item/646984/andr-brock-receives-grant-study-race-difference-computation |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts |publisher=Georgia Tech |language=en}}</ref> As a race and digital culture scholar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asmelash |first=Leah |date=May 30, 2020 |title=How Karen became a meme, and what real-life Karens think about it |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/30/us/karen-meme-trnd/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Brock's research has focused particularly on African Americans' use of new media like [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Susan J. |date=August 26, 2014 |title=#BlackTwitter and the Revolutionary Power of Horizontal Networks |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/how-blacktwitter-made-michael-browns-death-front-page-news |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[In These Times (magazine)|In These Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He is an expert on Black Twitter, which has been a focus of his studies since 2012.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Penrice |first=Ronda Racha |date=May 14, 2024 |title=A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPenrice2024">Penrice, Ronda Racha (May 14, 2024). [https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ "A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History"]. ''[[Atlanta Magazine]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> In an interview for Jason Parham's 2021 ''Wired'' series "A People's History of Black Twitter", Brock said of Black Twitter: "Many immigrant communities have a form of signifying. But for some reason, the way Black folk do it on Twitter has really taken off and has really become definitive of what internet culture is." In 2024, he was one of the primary experts for the Hulu docuseries that grew out of the ''Wired'' series, titled ''Black Twitter: A People's History''.<ref name=":1" /> === ''Distributed Blackness'' === Brock is the author of ''Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures'', published in 2020 by New York University Press. He uses a methodological approach proposed in his earlier work, called Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis (CTDA), which he describes as a "holistic approach to analyzing technology as discourse, practice, and artifact".<ref name=":2" /> He also draws on Jean-François Lyotard's libidinal economy to analyze Black technology use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suren |first=Nora |date=2021 |title=Review of Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures by André Brock, Jr. (New York University Press) |journal=[[Lateral (journal)|Lateral]] |language=en-US |volume=10 |issue=2 |doi=10.25158/L10.2.21 |issn=2469-4053 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He argues that "Black folk have made the internet a 'Black space' whose contours have become visible through sociality and distributed digital practice while also decentering whiteness as the default internet identity." A main theme of the book is Black joy as it is expressed and experienced in digital spaces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sobande |first=Francesca |date=2021 |title=Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 |journal=[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1833–1835 |doi=10.1177/13548565211042228 |issn=1354-8565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Francesca Sobande reviewed ''Distributed Blackness'' for <nowiki><i id="mwZQ">Convergence</i></nowiki>, describing it as "significant and detailed" and important to researchers focused on Black cybercultures and philosophy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sobande |first=Francesca |date=2021 |title=Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 |journal=[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1833–1835 |doi=10.1177/13548565211042228 |issn=1354-8565 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSobande2021">Sobande, Francesca (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 "Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures"]</span>. ''[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]]''. '''27''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1833–</span>1835. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/13548565211042228|10.1177/13548565211042228]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-8565 1354-8565].</cite></ref> Kamilles Gentles-Peart gave the book a "recommended" review in ''Choice'', writing that the book is "one corrective to Western pathologizing and to the misconception of Black subjectivity and agency in online spaces".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gentles-Peart |first=Kamille |date=August 15, 2023 |title=Understanding Blackness Online: Race and Cyberculture |url=https://www.choice360.org/choice-pick/understanding-blackness-online-race-and-cyberculture/ |journal=[[Choice (publisher)|Choice]] |volume=61 |issue=3}}</ref> The book earned a starred review in ''Booklist.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Lesley |date=February 2020 |title=Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Distributed-Blackness/pid=9728419 |journal=[[Booklist]] |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=6}}</ref> ''Distributed Blackness'' earned the 2021 Harry Shaw and Katrina Hazzard-Donald Award for Outstanding Work in African-American Popular Culture Studies from the [[Nazarin al'adu|Popular Culture Association]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Literary, Film and Electronic Award Winners |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/pcaaca.org/resource/collection/ECD85287-0E20-4E5B-8DA3-009B2EB5AA35/2021_Award_Winners.pdf |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Popular Culture Association}}</ref> and the 2021 Nancy Baym Annual Book Award from the Association of Internet Researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Baym Annual Book Award |url=https://aoir.org/awards/nancy-baym-annual-book-award/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Association of Internet Researchers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Selected works and publications == === Books === === Selected academic works === * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |last2=Kvasny |first2=Lynette |last3=Hales |first3=Kayla |date=2010 |title=Cultural appropriations of technical capital: Black women, weblogs, and the digital divide |journal=[[Information, Communication & Society]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1040–1059 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2010.498897 |issn=1369-118X}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2011 |title='When Keeping it Real Goes Wrong': Resident Evil 5, Racial Representation, and Gamers |journal=[[Games and Culture]] |language=en |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=429–452 |doi=10.1177/1555412011402676 |issn=1555-4120}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2012 |title=From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation |url= |journal=[[Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media]] |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=529–549 |doi=10.1080/08838151.2012.732147 |issn=0883-8151}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2018 |title=Critical technocultural discourse analysis |journal=[[New Media & Society]] |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1012–1030 |doi=10.1177/1461444816677532 |issn=1461-4448}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l25xiy1up7cljq0y1yzztyswexxj7t3 0 161627 883430 2026-07-15T12:15:55Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1272870195|Ahmed Kabouria]]" 883430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Mohamed Mousa''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1988), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ahmed Kabouria''' ko '''Kaboria''' ( Arabic: ), [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Masar wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Zamalek SC ta Masar a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=رسميا – الزمالك يحصل على استغناء كابوريا |trans-title=Officially - Zamalek get rid of Kporia |url=https://www.filgoal.com/articles/306414 |website=FilGoal.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Farko === Sha'awarsa ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙauyen ta fara ne tun yana ɗan shekara 13, bayan ya kammala jarabawarsa a Railroad Club, amma bai yi nasara ba, don haka ya buga wasanni 4 a jere tare da Ghazal Shebin. === Shebin === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 2rse1vh6vsgsxy4tq7tvrpbq8frj5yx 883432 883430 2026-07-15T12:16:30Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1272870195|Ahmed Kabouria]]" 883432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Mohamed Mousa''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1988), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ahmed Kabouria''' ko '''Kaboria''' ( Arabic: ), [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Masar wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Zamalek SC ta Masar a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=رسميا – الزمالك يحصل على استغناء كابوريا |trans-title=Officially - Zamalek get rid of Kporia |url=https://www.filgoal.com/articles/306414 |website=FilGoal.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Farko === Sha'awarsa ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙauyen ta fara ne tun yana ɗan shekara 13, bayan ya kammala jarabawarsa a Railroad Club, amma bai yi nasara ba, don haka ya buga wasanni 4 a jere tare da Ghazal Shebin. === Shebin === A tsawon shekaru huɗu da ya buga wasa da Ghazal Shebin, hazakarsa ta bayyana kuma ƙungiyar 'yan kwangila ta Arab Contractors ta yi matuƙar nema, amma jami'ai sun ƙi barin ɗan wasan su nisanta shi daga ƙwallon har tsawon shekara guda, bayan da ya ji babban damar kasancewa a gasar Premier tun yana ƙarami. Lokacin da Al-Ahly ta karɓi ƙungiyar farko ta Ghazal Shebin, ya sami nasarar shawo kan ɗan wasan ya koma ƙungiyar ya shiga gasar tare da ƙungiyar farko a wasannin rukuni na uku. Ɗan wasan ya riga ya ba da gudummawa sosai bayan shekaru biyu don cancantar shiga rukuni na biyu don buga wasanni 4 tare da Ghazal Shebin. [[Sami Sami]] ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da Ahmed Moussa tare da ƙungiyar farko da ta juya Shibin a lokacin shugabancinsa a cikin ayyukan sashe na III da na biyu, inda ya sami tayi da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin 'yan kwangila [[Arab Contractors Club|Arab Contractors]] and Club Victory (Egypt), Al-Nasr, Al-Mansoura, Al-Sharqiya Al-Sharqiyya, kuma an zaɓe shi don [[Hossam El-Badri]] a lokacin horonsa a ƙungiyar ENPI. Duk da haka, [rigar Sami] koyaushe yana ba shi shawara da kada ya yi gaggawar zaɓar mataki na gaba, duk da kyawawan tayi na kuɗi a cikin tayin daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, idan aka kwatanta da abin da aka biya shi B daga siyan Shebin; inda yake samun fam 900 kawai kowane wata. === Masar === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] sr0wwe0ojpuwgvxkxdjawijcrvbqyj4 883433 883432 2026-07-15T12:17:13Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1272870195|Ahmed Kabouria]]" 883433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Mohamed Mousa''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1988), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ahmed Kabouria''' ko '''Kaboria''' ( Arabic: ), [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Masar wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Zamalek SC ta Masar a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=رسميا – الزمالك يحصل على استغناء كابوريا |trans-title=Officially - Zamalek get rid of Kporia |url=https://www.filgoal.com/articles/306414 |website=FilGoal.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Farko === Sha'awarsa ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙauyen ta fara ne tun yana ɗan shekara 13, bayan ya kammala jarabawarsa a Railroad Club, amma bai yi nasara ba, don haka ya buga wasanni 4 a jere tare da Ghazal Shebin. === Shebin === A tsawon shekaru huɗu da ya buga wasa da Ghazal Shebin, hazakarsa ta bayyana kuma ƙungiyar 'yan kwangila ta Arab Contractors ta yi matuƙar nema, amma jami'ai sun ƙi barin ɗan wasan su nisanta shi daga ƙwallon har tsawon shekara guda, bayan da ya ji babban damar kasancewa a gasar Premier tun yana ƙarami. Lokacin da Al-Ahly ta karɓi ƙungiyar farko ta Ghazal Shebin, ya sami nasarar shawo kan ɗan wasan ya koma ƙungiyar ya shiga gasar tare da ƙungiyar farko a wasannin rukuni na uku. Ɗan wasan ya riga ya ba da gudummawa sosai bayan shekaru biyu don cancantar shiga rukuni na biyu don buga wasanni 4 tare da Ghazal Shebin. [[Sami Sami]] ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da Ahmed Moussa tare da ƙungiyar farko da ta juya Shibin a lokacin shugabancinsa a cikin ayyukan sashe na III da na biyu, inda ya sami tayi da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin 'yan kwangila [[Arab Contractors Club|Arab Contractors]] and Club Victory (Egypt), Al-Nasr, Al-Mansoura, Al-Sharqiya Al-Sharqiyya, kuma an zaɓe shi don [[Hossam El-Badri]] a lokacin horonsa a ƙungiyar ENPI. Duk da haka, [rigar Sami] koyaushe yana ba shi shawara da kada ya yi gaggawar zaɓar mataki na gaba, duk da kyawawan tayi na kuɗi a cikin tayin daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, idan aka kwatanta da abin da aka biya shi B daga siyan Shebin; inda yake samun fam 900 kawai kowane wata. === Masar === Ya cimma burinsa na komawa gasar Premier ta hanyar ƙofar [[Egypt Club for Clearing|Masar Club for Clearing]], lokacin da Tarek Yehia ya ga kocin a lokacin a ɗaya daga cikin wasannin sada zumunta da Fayoumi ya buga da Ghazal Shebin, wanda al'ada ce ga Sami ya sanya wasannin sada zumunci. Yana ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyoyin Premier League, kuma ɗan wasan ya shiga kakar share fagen 2014-2015 a hukumance, amma bai shiga tare da [[Ihab Galal]] ba a wasanni 3 kacal. === Masry === A wasan ƙarshe na Masar na kakar wasa ta 2014–2015, ya buga wa Al Ittihad ta Alexandria wasa da sanin cewa ya bar ƙungiyar Fayoumi a hukumance saboda 'yan wasannin da ya halarta. Bayan taron, ya sami yabo daga Birgediya Janar Hossam Hassan wanda ya roƙe shi kada ya sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar; yana jiran ya kasance tare da shi a matakinsa na gaba. Ƙungiyar Al-Masri ta shiga Al-Masri na tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan Hossam Hassan ya horar da ƙungiyar Al-Borseidi, kuma saƙon shugaban tsoffin 'yan wasan duniya a horonsu na farko a Port Said shine zai sanya shi ɗan wasa mafi kyau a Masar. Kuma mai ba da kuɗi ga abokan wasansa, don bayar da gudummawa mai ƙarfi ga [[Egyptian Premier League 2015-16#ranking table|teburin gasar Firimiya ta Masar ta 2015-16#]] kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin Confederations ta 2017 . === Gasar Masar === Ya lashe kambun "Mr. Assist" a matsayin mafi kyawun mai ƙwallo a [[Egyptian League 2015-2016|kakar wasa ta 2015-2016]] tare da kwallaye 13 a bayyanarsa a cikin haske da shahara, inda baiwa da ƙwarewarsa suka taimaka masa wajen jawo hankalin masu lura da gasar Masar. A wannan kakar ya gabatar da kakar wasa mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tagwayen Hossam Hassan da Ibrahim Hassan, tare da ƙarancin damarmaki kuma ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta nutsar da Hossam Hassan kuma ta sami nasarar isa gare su zuwa matsayi na huɗu Kuma ta cancanci shiga [[Confederation of African Confederation Cup 2017|gasar cin kofin Confederation na Afirka ta 2017]] . == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|ahmed-kaboria/374683|Ahmed Kaboria (Ahmed Moussa)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042807/http://www.worldfootball.com/p/29235/egypt/Ahmed%20Kaboria Ahmed Kaboria (Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed Mousa)] at WorldFootball.com * Ahmed Kaboria at WorldFootball.net [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] nloarivf9dn3l2qwv52zeeca914oqob 883434 883433 2026-07-15T12:18:17Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 883434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmed Mohamed Mousa''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1988), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ahmed Kabouria''' ko '''Kaboria''' ( Arabic: ), [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Masar wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Zamalek SC ta Masar a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=رسميا – الزمالك يحصل على استغناء كابوريا |trans-title=Officially - Zamalek get rid of Kporia |url=https://www.filgoal.com/articles/306414 |website=FilGoal.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Farko === Sha'awarsa ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙauyen ta fara ne tun yana ɗan shekara 13, bayan ya kammala jarabawarsa a Railroad Club, amma bai yi nasara ba, don haka ya buga wasanni 4 a jere tare da Ghazal Shebin. === Shebin === A tsawon shekaru huɗu da ya buga wasa da Ghazal Shebin, hazakarsa ta bayyana kuma ƙungiyar 'yan kwangila ta Arab Contractors ta yi matuƙar nema, amma jami'ai sun ƙi barin ɗan wasan su nisanta shi daga ƙwallon har tsawon shekara guda, bayan da ya ji babban damar kasancewa a gasar Premier tun yana ƙarami. Lokacin da Al-Ahly ta karɓi ƙungiyar farko ta Ghazal Shebin, ya sami nasarar shawo kan ɗan wasan ya koma ƙungiyar ya shiga gasar tare da ƙungiyar farko a wasannin rukuni na uku. Ɗan wasan ya riga ya ba da gudummawa sosai bayan shekaru biyu don cancantar shiga rukuni na biyu don buga wasanni 4 tare da Ghazal Shebin. [[Sami Sami]] ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da Ahmed Moussa tare da ƙungiyar farko da ta juya Shibin a lokacin shugabancinsa a cikin ayyukan sashe na III da na biyu, inda ya sami tayi da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin 'yan kwangila [[Arab Contractors Club|Arab Contractors]] and Club Victory (Egypt), Al-Nasr, Al-Mansoura, Al-Sharqiya Al-Sharqiyya, kuma an zaɓe shi don [[Hossam El-Badri]] a lokacin horonsa a ƙungiyar ENPI. Duk da haka, [rigar Sami] koyaushe yana ba shi shawara da kada ya yi gaggawar zaɓar mataki na gaba, duk da kyawawan tayi na kuɗi a cikin tayin daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, idan aka kwatanta da abin da aka biya shi B daga siyan Shebin; inda yake samun fam 900 kawai kowane wata. === Masar === Ya cimma burinsa na komawa gasar Premier ta hanyar ƙofar [[Egypt Club for Clearing|Masar Club for Clearing]], lokacin da Tarek Yehia ya ga kocin a lokacin a ɗaya daga cikin wasannin sada zumunta da Fayoumi ya buga da Ghazal Shebin, wanda al'ada ce ga Sami ya sanya wasannin sada zumunci. Yana ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyoyin Premier League, kuma ɗan wasan ya shiga kakar share fagen 2014-2015 a hukumance, amma bai shiga tare da [[Ihab Galal]] ba a wasanni 3 kacal. === Masry === A wasan ƙarshe na Masar na kakar wasa ta 2014–2015, ya buga wa Al Ittihad ta Alexandria wasa da sanin cewa ya bar ƙungiyar Fayoumi a hukumance saboda 'yan wasannin da ya halarta. Bayan taron, ya sami yabo daga Birgediya Janar Hossam Hassan wanda ya roƙe shi kada ya sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar; yana jiran ya kasance tare da shi a matakinsa na gaba. Ƙungiyar Al-Masri ta shiga Al-Masri na tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan Hossam Hassan ya horar da ƙungiyar Al-Borseidi, kuma saƙon shugaban tsoffin 'yan wasan duniya a horonsu na farko a Port Said shine zai sanya shi ɗan wasa mafi kyau a Masar. Kuma mai ba da kuɗi ga abokan wasansa, don bayar da gudummawa mai ƙarfi ga [[Egyptian Premier League 2015-16#ranking table|teburin gasar Firimiya ta Masar ta 2015-16#]] kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin Confederations ta 2017 . === Gasar Masar === Ya lashe kambun "Mr. Assist" a matsayin mafi kyawun mai ƙwallo a [[Egyptian League 2015-2016|kakar wasa ta 2015-2016]] tare da kwallaye 13 a bayyanarsa a cikin haske da shahara, inda baiwa da ƙwarewarsa suka taimaka masa wajen jawo hankalin masu lura da gasar Masar. A wannan kakar ya gabatar da kakar wasa mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tagwayen Hossam Hassan da Ibrahim Hassan, tare da ƙarancin damarmaki kuma ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta nutsar da Hossam Hassan kuma ta sami nasarar isa gare su zuwa matsayi na huɗu Kuma ta cancanci shiga [[Confederation of African Confederation Cup 2017|gasar cin kofin Confederation na Afirka ta 2017]] . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|ahmed-kaboria/374683|Ahmed Kaboria (Ahmed Moussa)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042807/http://www.worldfootball.com/p/29235/egypt/Ahmed%20Kaboria Ahmed Kaboria (Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed Mousa)] at WorldFootball.com * Ahmed Kaboria at WorldFootball.net [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m08fbk1yeq3b0ia8a6pn91p5iv6h134 0 161628 883436 2026-07-15T12:44:46Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359361689|Tyler Morris]]" 883436 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci Tyler Morris''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Indiana Hoosiers . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Morris a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2003, a Bolingbrook, Illinois . Ya halarci Nazareth Academy a La Grange Park, Illinois, inda ya kasance abokin makarantar sakandare tare da J. J. McCarthy. McCarthy da Morris sun haɗu don liyafa 68, yadudduka 1,237, da kuma touchdowns 17 a kakar wasa ta biyu ta Morris a cikin 2019. <ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Morris ya rasa ƙaramin lokacinsa saboda annobar COVID-19, kuma ya tsage ACL dinsa a cikin bazara na 2021, ya rasa dukkan babban lokacinsa. Ya kasance mai daukar taurari huɗu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin mai karɓar No. 18 da kuma No. 104 gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasar a cikin 2022.<ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTrevor_Woods2023">Trevor Woods (May 29, 2023). [https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell "Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall"]. MaizeNBrew.com.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Michigan === A cikin 2022, Morris ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan . A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a wasanni takwas, ya yi karɓar bakuncin uku don yadudduka 25.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=S/R College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> A cikin 2023, a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu, Morris ya buga wasan karɓa kuma ya dawo da punts ga ƙungiyar zakarun Michigan. Morris ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni 15 na Wolverines, ya kammala kakar wasa tare da liyafa 13 don yadudduka 197 da kuma aikinsa na farko; karɓar touchdown na 38-yadi da tsohon abokin makarantar sakandare,J. J. McCarthy, ya jefa, wanda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarar Rose Bowl ta 2024 a kan Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In biggest game of his life, Tyler Morris snags first career touchdown in Rose Bowl win |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/sports/football/in-biggest-game-of-his-life-tyler-morris-snags-first-career-touchdown-in-rose-bowl-win/ |website=The Michigan Daily}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, Morris ya shiga ƙaramin lokacinsa a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin Michigan na No. 1, biyo bayan tashiwar Roman Wilson da Cornelius Johnson zuwa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's a new alpha in Michigan's receiver room |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/06/theres-a-new-alpha-in-michigans-receiver-room.html?outputType=amp |website=Mlive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris Prepared To Lead Michigan WR Room In 2024 |url=https://www.si.com/college/michigan/football/michigan-football-tyler-morris-wide-receiver-roman-wilson |website=Sports Illustrated - Wolverine Digest}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyar da Minnesota, Morris ya kama taɓawa ta farko a kakar, karɓar 11 yadudduka tare da nutsewa a cikin yankin ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Minnesota (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628497#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> A cikin mako goma da Oregon, ya kama uku don yadudduka 38 da kuma touchdown na biyu na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Oregon (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628536#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> Morris ya gama ƙaramin shekarunsa tare da kamawa 23 don yadudduka 248 da kuma touchdowns biyu. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2024, ya shiga Tashar canja wurin NCAA bayan yanayi uku tare da Michigan Wolverines . A wannan lokacin, Morris yana da rikodin 35-6 na ƙungiya, ya lashe gasar zakarun Big Ten biyu da kuma gasar zakarar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rittenberg |first=Adam |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Michigan wide receiver Tyler Morris to enter transfer portal |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/42761371/michigan-wide-receiver-tyler-morris-enter-transfer-portal |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> === Indiya === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025, Morris ya koma Indiya don kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=January 4, 2025 |title=Michigan football WR Tyler Morris makes transfer portal commitment |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/michigan-football-wr-tyler-morris-225527088.html |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=Yahoo! Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa Morris ya sami rauni a gwiwa ba tare da tuntuɓar ba, kuma ya buƙaci tiyata wanda zai haifar da shi ya rasa dukkan kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tow |first=Seth |date=2025-04-01 |title=Indiana WR Tyler Morris out for 2025 season with knee injury |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/indiana-wr-tyler-morris-out-for-2025-season-with-knee-injury/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/tyler-morris/24390 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 2gfqw3l82644nkor3bwk0rfibkdkn1f 883437 883436 2026-07-15T12:45:26Z Aluja 30485 883437 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tyler Morris''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Indiana Hoosiers . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Morris a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2003, a Bolingbrook, Illinois . Ya halarci Nazareth Academy a La Grange Park, Illinois, inda ya kasance abokin makarantar sakandare tare da J. J. McCarthy. McCarthy da Morris sun haɗu don liyafa 68, yadudduka 1,237, da kuma touchdowns 17 a kakar wasa ta biyu ta Morris a cikin 2019. <ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Morris ya rasa ƙaramin lokacinsa saboda annobar COVID-19, kuma ya tsage ACL dinsa a cikin bazara na 2021, ya rasa dukkan babban lokacinsa. Ya kasance mai daukar taurari huɗu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin mai karɓar No. 18 da kuma No. 104 gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasar a cikin 2022.<ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTrevor_Woods2023">Trevor Woods (May 29, 2023). [https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell "Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall"]. MaizeNBrew.com.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Michigan === A cikin 2022, Morris ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan . A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a wasanni takwas, ya yi karɓar bakuncin uku don yadudduka 25.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=S/R College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> A cikin 2023, a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu, Morris ya buga wasan karɓa kuma ya dawo da punts ga ƙungiyar zakarun Michigan. Morris ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni 15 na Wolverines, ya kammala kakar wasa tare da liyafa 13 don yadudduka 197 da kuma aikinsa na farko; karɓar touchdown na 38-yadi da tsohon abokin makarantar sakandare,J. J. McCarthy, ya jefa, wanda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarar Rose Bowl ta 2024 a kan Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In biggest game of his life, Tyler Morris snags first career touchdown in Rose Bowl win |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/sports/football/in-biggest-game-of-his-life-tyler-morris-snags-first-career-touchdown-in-rose-bowl-win/ |website=The Michigan Daily}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, Morris ya shiga ƙaramin lokacinsa a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin Michigan na No. 1, biyo bayan tashiwar Roman Wilson da Cornelius Johnson zuwa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's a new alpha in Michigan's receiver room |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/06/theres-a-new-alpha-in-michigans-receiver-room.html?outputType=amp |website=Mlive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris Prepared To Lead Michigan WR Room In 2024 |url=https://www.si.com/college/michigan/football/michigan-football-tyler-morris-wide-receiver-roman-wilson |website=Sports Illustrated - Wolverine Digest}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyar da Minnesota, Morris ya kama taɓawa ta farko a kakar, karɓar 11 yadudduka tare da nutsewa a cikin yankin ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Minnesota (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628497#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> A cikin mako goma da Oregon, ya kama uku don yadudduka 38 da kuma touchdown na biyu na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Oregon (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628536#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> Morris ya gama ƙaramin shekarunsa tare da kamawa 23 don yadudduka 248 da kuma touchdowns biyu. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2024, ya shiga Tashar canja wurin NCAA bayan yanayi uku tare da Michigan Wolverines . A wannan lokacin, Morris yana da rikodin 35-6 na ƙungiya, ya lashe gasar zakarun Big Ten biyu da kuma gasar zakarar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rittenberg |first=Adam |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Michigan wide receiver Tyler Morris to enter transfer portal |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/42761371/michigan-wide-receiver-tyler-morris-enter-transfer-portal |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> === Indiya === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025, Morris ya koma Indiya don kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=January 4, 2025 |title=Michigan football WR Tyler Morris makes transfer portal commitment |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/michigan-football-wr-tyler-morris-225527088.html |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=Yahoo! Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa Morris ya sami rauni a gwiwa ba tare da tuntuɓar ba, kuma ya buƙaci tiyata wanda zai haifar da shi ya rasa dukkan kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tow |first=Seth |date=2025-04-01 |title=Indiana WR Tyler Morris out for 2025 season with knee injury |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/indiana-wr-tyler-morris-out-for-2025-season-with-knee-injury/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/tyler-morris/24390 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 7fdiozm5fjxouafn1j82pjn3ib90voy 883438 883437 2026-07-15T12:46:29Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 883438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tyler Morris''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Indiana Hoosiers . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Morris a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2003, a Bolingbrook, Illinois . Ya halarci Nazareth Academy a La Grange Park, Illinois, inda ya kasance abokin makarantar sakandare tare da J. J. McCarthy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colleges already have big interest in WR Morris|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|author=Teddy Greenstein|date=May 10, 2019|page=3-8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-colleges-already-have-bi/133448306/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> McCarthy da Morris sun haɗu don liyafa 68, yadudduka 1,237, da kuma touchdowns 17 a kakar wasa ta biyu ta Morris a cikin 2019. <ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Morris ya rasa ƙaramin lokacinsa saboda annobar COVID-19, kuma ya tsage ACL dinsa a cikin bazara na 2021, ya rasa dukkan babban lokacinsa. Ya kasance mai daukar taurari huɗu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin mai karɓar No. 18 da kuma No. 104 gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasar a cikin 2022.<ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTrevor_Woods2023">Trevor Woods (May 29, 2023). [https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell "Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall"]. MaizeNBrew.com.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Michigan === A cikin 2022, Morris ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan . A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a wasanni takwas, ya yi karɓar bakuncin uku don yadudduka 25.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=S/R College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> A cikin 2023, a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu, Morris ya buga wasan karɓa kuma ya dawo da punts ga ƙungiyar zakarun Michigan. Morris ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni 15 na Wolverines, ya kammala kakar wasa tare da liyafa 13 don yadudduka 197 da kuma aikinsa na farko; karɓar touchdown na 38-yadi da tsohon abokin makarantar sakandare,J. J. McCarthy, ya jefa, wanda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarar Rose Bowl ta 2024 a kan Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In biggest game of his life, Tyler Morris snags first career touchdown in Rose Bowl win |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/sports/football/in-biggest-game-of-his-life-tyler-morris-snags-first-career-touchdown-in-rose-bowl-win/ |website=The Michigan Daily}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, Morris ya shiga ƙaramin lokacinsa a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin Michigan na No. 1, biyo bayan tashiwar Roman Wilson da Cornelius Johnson zuwa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's a new alpha in Michigan's receiver room |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/06/theres-a-new-alpha-in-michigans-receiver-room.html?outputType=amp |website=Mlive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris Prepared To Lead Michigan WR Room In 2024 |url=https://www.si.com/college/michigan/football/michigan-football-tyler-morris-wide-receiver-roman-wilson |website=Sports Illustrated - Wolverine Digest}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyar da Minnesota, Morris ya kama taɓawa ta farko a kakar, karɓar 11 yadudduka tare da nutsewa a cikin yankin ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Minnesota (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628497#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> A cikin mako goma da Oregon, ya kama uku don yadudduka 38 da kuma touchdown na biyu na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Oregon (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628536#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> Morris ya gama ƙaramin shekarunsa tare da kamawa 23 don yadudduka 248 da kuma touchdowns biyu. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2024, ya shiga Tashar canja wurin NCAA bayan yanayi uku tare da Michigan Wolverines . A wannan lokacin, Morris yana da rikodin 35-6 na ƙungiya, ya lashe gasar zakarun Big Ten biyu da kuma gasar zakarar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rittenberg |first=Adam |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Michigan wide receiver Tyler Morris to enter transfer portal |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/42761371/michigan-wide-receiver-tyler-morris-enter-transfer-portal |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> === Indiya === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025, Morris ya koma Indiya don kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=January 4, 2025 |title=Michigan football WR Tyler Morris makes transfer portal commitment |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/michigan-football-wr-tyler-morris-225527088.html |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=Yahoo! Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa Morris ya sami rauni a gwiwa ba tare da tuntuɓar ba, kuma ya buƙaci tiyata wanda zai haifar da shi ya rasa dukkan kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tow |first=Seth |date=2025-04-01 |title=Indiana WR Tyler Morris out for 2025 season with knee injury |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/indiana-wr-tyler-morris-out-for-2025-season-with-knee-injury/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/tyler-morris/24390 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] fh7y8oiwjqcdxucb81mf3ndfsy9wnlx 883439 883438 2026-07-15T12:47:03Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 883439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tyler Morris''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Indiana Hoosiers . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Morris a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2003, a Bolingbrook, Illinois . Ya halarci Nazareth Academy a La Grange Park, Illinois, inda ya kasance abokin makarantar sakandare tare da J. J. McCarthy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colleges already have big interest in WR Morris|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|author=Teddy Greenstein|date=May 10, 2019|page=3-8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-colleges-already-have-bi/133448306/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> McCarthy da Morris sun haɗu don liyafa 68, yadudduka 1,237, da kuma touchdowns 17 a kakar wasa ta biyu ta Morris a cikin 2019. <ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Morris ya rasa ƙaramin lokacinsa saboda annobar COVID-19, kuma ya tsage ACL dinsa a cikin bazara na 2021, ya rasa dukkan babban lokacinsa. Ya kasance mai daukar taurari huɗu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin mai karɓar No. 18 da kuma No. 104 gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasar a cikin 2022.<ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Michigan === A cikin 2022, Morris ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan . A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a wasanni takwas, ya yi karɓar bakuncin uku don yadudduka 25.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=S/R College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> A cikin 2023, a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu, Morris ya buga wasan karɓa kuma ya dawo da punts ga ƙungiyar zakarun Michigan. Morris ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni 15 na Wolverines, ya kammala kakar wasa tare da liyafa 13 don yadudduka 197 da kuma aikinsa na farko; karɓar touchdown na 38-yadi da tsohon abokin makarantar sakandare,J. J. McCarthy, ya jefa, wanda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarar Rose Bowl ta 2024 a kan Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In biggest game of his life, Tyler Morris snags first career touchdown in Rose Bowl win |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/sports/football/in-biggest-game-of-his-life-tyler-morris-snags-first-career-touchdown-in-rose-bowl-win/ |website=The Michigan Daily}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, Morris ya shiga ƙaramin lokacinsa a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin Michigan na No. 1, biyo bayan tashiwar Roman Wilson da Cornelius Johnson zuwa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's a new alpha in Michigan's receiver room |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/06/theres-a-new-alpha-in-michigans-receiver-room.html?outputType=amp |website=Mlive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris Prepared To Lead Michigan WR Room In 2024 |url=https://www.si.com/college/michigan/football/michigan-football-tyler-morris-wide-receiver-roman-wilson |website=Sports Illustrated - Wolverine Digest}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyar da Minnesota, Morris ya kama taɓawa ta farko a kakar, karɓar 11 yadudduka tare da nutsewa a cikin yankin ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Minnesota (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628497#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> A cikin mako goma da Oregon, ya kama uku don yadudduka 38 da kuma touchdown na biyu na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Oregon (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628536#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> Morris ya gama ƙaramin shekarunsa tare da kamawa 23 don yadudduka 248 da kuma touchdowns biyu. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2024, ya shiga Tashar canja wurin NCAA bayan yanayi uku tare da Michigan Wolverines . A wannan lokacin, Morris yana da rikodin 35-6 na ƙungiya, ya lashe gasar zakarun Big Ten biyu da kuma gasar zakarar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rittenberg |first=Adam |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Michigan wide receiver Tyler Morris to enter transfer portal |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/42761371/michigan-wide-receiver-tyler-morris-enter-transfer-portal |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> === Indiya === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025, Morris ya koma Indiya don kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=January 4, 2025 |title=Michigan football WR Tyler Morris makes transfer portal commitment |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/michigan-football-wr-tyler-morris-225527088.html |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=Yahoo! Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa Morris ya sami rauni a gwiwa ba tare da tuntuɓar ba, kuma ya buƙaci tiyata wanda zai haifar da shi ya rasa dukkan kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tow |first=Seth |date=2025-04-01 |title=Indiana WR Tyler Morris out for 2025 season with knee injury |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/indiana-wr-tyler-morris-out-for-2025-season-with-knee-injury/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/tyler-morris/24390 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 054zglmwi97wwh7hgapb41ka8v9gf4g 883440 883439 2026-07-15T12:47:21Z Aluja 30485 883440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tyler Morris''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Indiana Hoosiers . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Morris a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2003, a Bolingbrook, Illinois . Ya halarci Nazareth Academy a La Grange Park, Illinois, inda ya kasance abokin makarantar sakandare tare da J. J. McCarthy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colleges already have big interest in WR Morris|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|author=Teddy Greenstein|date=May 10, 2019|page=3-8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-colleges-already-have-bi/133448306/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> McCarthy da Morris sun haɗu don liyafa 68, yadudduka 1,237, da kuma touchdowns 17 a kakar wasa ta biyu ta Morris a cikin 2019. <ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Morris ya rasa ƙaramin lokacinsa saboda annobar COVID-19, kuma ya tsage ACL dinsa a cikin bazara na 2021, ya rasa dukkan babban lokacinsa. Ya kasance mai daukar taurari huɗu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin mai karɓar No. 18 da kuma No. 104 gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasar a cikin 2022.<ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Michigan === A cikin 2022, Morris ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan . A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a wasanni takwas, ya yi karɓar bakuncin uku don yadudduka 25.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=S/R College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> A cikin 2023, a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu, Morris ya buga wasan karɓa kuma ya dawo da punts ga ƙungiyar zakarun Michigan. Morris ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni 15 na Wolverines, ya kammala kakar wasa tare da liyafa 13 don yadudduka 197 da kuma aikinsa na farko; karɓar touchdown na 38-yadi da tsohon abokin makarantar sakandare,J. J. McCarthy, ya jefa, wanda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarar Rose Bowl ta 2024 a kan Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In biggest game of his life, Tyler Morris snags first career touchdown in Rose Bowl win |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/sports/football/in-biggest-game-of-his-life-tyler-morris-snags-first-career-touchdown-in-rose-bowl-win/ |website=The Michigan Daily}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, Morris ya shiga ƙaramin lokacinsa a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin Michigan na No. 1, biyo bayan tashiwar Roman Wilson da Cornelius Johnson zuwa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's a new alpha in Michigan's receiver room |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/06/theres-a-new-alpha-in-michigans-receiver-room.html?outputType=amp |website=Mlive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris Prepared To Lead Michigan WR Room In 2024 |url=https://www.si.com/college/michigan/football/michigan-football-tyler-morris-wide-receiver-roman-wilson |website=Sports Illustrated - Wolverine Digest}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyar da Minnesota, Morris ya kama taɓawa ta farko a kakar, karɓar 11 yadudduka tare da nutsewa a cikin yankin ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Minnesota (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628497#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> A cikin mako goma da Oregon, ya kama uku don yadudduka 38 da kuma touchdown na biyu na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Oregon (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628536#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> Morris ya gama ƙaramin shekarunsa tare da kamawa 23 don yadudduka 248 da kuma touchdowns biyu. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2024, ya shiga Tashar canja wurin NCAA bayan yanayi uku tare da Michigan Wolverines . A wannan lokacin, Morris yana da rikodin 35-6 na ƙungiya, ya lashe gasar zakarun Big Ten biyu da kuma gasar zakarar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rittenberg |first=Adam |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Michigan wide receiver Tyler Morris to enter transfer portal |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/42761371/michigan-wide-receiver-tyler-morris-enter-transfer-portal |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> === Indiya === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025, Morris ya koma Indiya don kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=January 4, 2025 |title=Michigan football WR Tyler Morris makes transfer portal commitment |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/michigan-football-wr-tyler-morris-225527088.html |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=Yahoo! Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa Morris ya sami rauni a gwiwa ba tare da tuntuɓar ba, kuma ya buƙaci tiyata wanda zai haifar da shi ya rasa dukkan kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tow |first=Seth |date=2025-04-01 |title=Indiana WR Tyler Morris out for 2025 season with knee injury |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/indiana-wr-tyler-morris-out-for-2025-season-with-knee-injury/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/tyler-morris/24390 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] beijmt03ii0ndfodt5d2ejpgx8e3ols 883441 883440 2026-07-15T12:48:58Z Aluja 30485 /* Michigan */ 883441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tyler Morris''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Indiana Hoosiers . Ya taba buga wa Michigan Wolverines wasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a shekarar 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Morris a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2003, a Bolingbrook, Illinois . Ya halarci Nazareth Academy a La Grange Park, Illinois, inda ya kasance abokin makarantar sakandare tare da J. J. McCarthy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colleges already have big interest in WR Morris|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|author=Teddy Greenstein|date=May 10, 2019|page=3-8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-colleges-already-have-bi/133448306/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> McCarthy da Morris sun haɗu don liyafa 68, yadudduka 1,237, da kuma touchdowns 17 a kakar wasa ta biyu ta Morris a cikin 2019. <ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Morris ya rasa ƙaramin lokacinsa saboda annobar COVID-19, kuma ya tsage ACL dinsa a cikin bazara na 2021, ya rasa dukkan babban lokacinsa. Ya kasance mai daukar taurari huɗu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin mai karɓar No. 18 da kuma No. 104 gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasar a cikin 2022.<ref name="Maize">{{Cite web |last=Trevor Woods |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Tyler Morris' path to Michigan, outlook for 2023: A shifty and elusive WR looking to have a breakout season this fall |url=https://www.maizenbrew.com/football/2023/5/29/23741483/michigan-football-tyler-morris-scouting-report-2023-preview-ronnie-bell |publisher=MaizeNBrew.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Michigan === A cikin 2022, Morris ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan . A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya ga iyakantaccen lokacin wasa a wasanni takwas, ya yi karɓar bakuncin uku don yadudduka 25.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=S/R College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> A cikin 2023, a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu, Morris ya buga wasan karɓa kuma ya dawo da punts ga ƙungiyar zakarun Michigan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tyler Morris making a name for himself as a wide receiver|newspaper=The Michigan Daily|author=Charlie Pappalardo|date=September 13, 2023|url=https://www.michigandaily.com/sports/football/tyler-morris-making-a-name-for-himself-as-a-wide-receiver/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why Tyler Morris is ready for a prime-time role with Michigan football|publisher=USA Today|work=Wolverines Wire|date=March 23, 2023|author=Isaiah Hole|url=https://wolverineswire.usatoday.com/2023/03/25/why-tyler-morris-is-ready-for-a-primetime-role-with-michigan-football/}}</ref> Morris ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni 15 na Wolverines, ya kammala kakar wasa tare da liyafa 13 don yadudduka 197 da kuma aikinsa na farko; karɓar touchdown na 38-yadi da tsohon abokin makarantar sakandare,J. J. McCarthy, ya jefa, wanda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarar Rose Bowl ta 2024 a kan Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/tyler-morris-2.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In biggest game of his life, Tyler Morris snags first career touchdown in Rose Bowl win |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/sports/football/in-biggest-game-of-his-life-tyler-morris-snags-first-career-touchdown-in-rose-bowl-win/ |website=The Michigan Daily}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, Morris ya shiga ƙaramin lokacinsa a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin Michigan na No. 1, biyo bayan tashiwar Roman Wilson da Cornelius Johnson zuwa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's a new alpha in Michigan's receiver room |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2024/06/theres-a-new-alpha-in-michigans-receiver-room.html?outputType=amp |website=Mlive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Morris Prepared To Lead Michigan WR Room In 2024 |url=https://www.si.com/college/michigan/football/michigan-football-tyler-morris-wide-receiver-roman-wilson |website=Sports Illustrated - Wolverine Digest}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyar da Minnesota, Morris ya kama taɓawa ta farko a kakar, karɓar 11 yadudduka tare da nutsewa a cikin yankin ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Minnesota (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628497#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> A cikin mako goma da Oregon, ya kama uku don yadudduka 38 da kuma touchdown na biyu na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan v. Oregon (2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore/_/gameId/401628536#home |website=ESPN}}</ref> Morris ya gama ƙaramin shekarunsa tare da kamawa 23 don yadudduka 248 da kuma touchdowns biyu. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2024, ya shiga Tashar canja wurin NCAA bayan yanayi uku tare da Michigan Wolverines . A wannan lokacin, Morris yana da rikodin 35-6 na ƙungiya, ya lashe gasar zakarun Big Ten biyu da kuma gasar zakarar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rittenberg |first=Adam |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Michigan wide receiver Tyler Morris to enter transfer portal |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/42761371/michigan-wide-receiver-tyler-morris-enter-transfer-portal |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> === Indiya === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025, Morris ya koma Indiya don kakar wasa ta karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hole |first=Isaiah |date=January 4, 2025 |title=Michigan football WR Tyler Morris makes transfer portal commitment |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/michigan-football-wr-tyler-morris-225527088.html |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=Yahoo! Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa Morris ya sami rauni a gwiwa ba tare da tuntuɓar ba, kuma ya buƙaci tiyata wanda zai haifar da shi ya rasa dukkan kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tow |first=Seth |date=2025-04-01 |title=Indiana WR Tyler Morris out for 2025 season with knee injury |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/indiana-wr-tyler-morris-out-for-2025-season-with-knee-injury/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/tyler-morris/24390 Tarihin Michigan Wolverines] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] oid083cqcdcrnsfngyzof076rysclt2 0 161629 883442 2026-07-15T12:57:04Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342819907|Thanks for Knocking Me Down]]" 883442 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Godiya ga Knocking Me Down''''' (Hungary: '''''Köszönöm, hogy elgázolt''''' ) fim ne na 1935 na soyayya na Hungary wanda Emil Martonffy ya jagoranta kuma tare da tauraro Ida Turay, Pál Jávor da Antal Páger . An harbe shi a Hunni Studios a [[Budapest]] . Daraktan zane-zane Márton Vincze ne ya tsara shirye-shiryen fim ɗin. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Lokacin da Sándor Balázs ya yi tuƙi a ƙauye, mawaki Peter wanda ba ya aiki ya ɗauke motarsa, sai ya ci gaba da harbin Panni, wacce ta gaji da rayuwa a ƙauyen kuma tana sha'awar wani abu mai ban sha'awa ya faru. Wannan ya sa ta shiga wani kasada mai gamsarwa da ya haɗa da soyayya da kuma kuskuren asali, sannan ya ƙare da ƙaura zuwa [[Budapest]] . == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Ida Turay as Galambos Panni * Pál Jávor a matsayin Dr. Balázs Sándor * Antal Páger kamar yadda Asztalos Péter * Mici Erdélyi a matsayin Terka * Gyula Kabos as Ferenc * Gyula Gózon as Galambos * [[Gizi Lengyel]] a matsayin Szobalány vendége * [[Béla Salamon]] as Detektív * Sándor Pethes a matsayin Terka lovagja * Ferenc Pethes a matsayin Terka lovagja * Gusztáv Pártos as Terka lovagja * [[Elvira Horváthy]] as Szakácsnö * [[Piroska Kádár|Piroska Kadár]] as Asztalos Péter barátnöje * [[Annie Réthy]] kamar yadda Julis * [[Géza Rónai]] a matsayin Férfi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1s6mu52ov99t9hw9v2hmz3156gnmmr6 883443 883442 2026-07-15T12:57:52Z D son203 45710 883443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Godiya ga Knocking Me Down''''' (Hungary: '''''Köszönöm, hogy elgázolt''''' ) fim ne na 1935 na soyayya na Hungary wanda Emil Martonffy ya jagoranta kuma tare da tauraro Ida Turay, Pál Jávor da Antal Páger . An harbe shi a Hunni Studios a [[Budapest]] . Daraktan zane-zane Márton Vincze ne ya tsara shirye-shiryen fim ɗin. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Lokacin da Sándor Balázs ya yi tuƙi a ƙauye, mawaki Peter wanda ba ya aiki ya ɗauke motarsa, sai ya ci gaba da harbin Panni, wacce ta gaji da rayuwa a ƙauyen kuma tana sha'awar wani abu mai ban sha'awa ya faru. Wannan ya sa ta shiga wani kasada mai gamsarwa da ya haɗa da soyayya da kuma kuskuren asali, sannan ya ƙare da ƙaura zuwa [[Budapest]] . == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Ida Turay as Galambos Panni * Pál Jávor a matsayin Dr. Balázs Sándor * Antal Páger kamar yadda Asztalos Péter * Mici Erdélyi a matsayin Terka * Gyula Kabos as Ferenc * Gyula Gózon as Galambos * [[Gizi Lengyel]] a matsayin Szobalány vendége * [[Béla Salamon]] as Detektív * Sándor Pethes a matsayin Terka lovagja * Ferenc Pethes a matsayin Terka lovagja * Gusztáv Pártos as Terka lovagja * [[Elvira Horváthy]] as Szakácsnö * [[Piroska Kádár|Piroska Kadár]] as Asztalos Péter barátnöje * [[Annie Réthy]] kamar yadda Julis * [[Géza Rónai]] a matsayin Férfi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n6amj59bh2c9wxrygry02e3bhckp57d 0 161630 883445 2026-07-15T13:11:05Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339188880|1935 Texas Tech Matadors football team]]" 883445 wikitext text/x-wiki    Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Texas Tech Matadors ta 1935 ta wakilci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Texas - wanda yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Texas Tech - a matsayin memba na Taron Yankin a lokacin kakar kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 1935. A kakar wasa ta shida a karkashin kocin Pete Cawthon, Matadors sun tara rikodin 5-3-2 (0-1 a kan abokan adawar taron) kuma sun fi abokan adawar jimlar 110 zuwa 55.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=1935 Texas Tech Red Raiders Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-tech/1935-schedule.html |access-date=September 27, 2017 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref><ref name="MG">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Texas Tech Football 2017 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/techathletics/docs/2017_texas_tech_football_media_guid |access-date=September 27, 2017 |publisher=Texas Tech University |page=101}}</ref> Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na gida a filin Tech . == Shiri == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 20 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team|Hardin–Simmons]] | site_stadium = Parramore Field | site_cityst = [[Abilene, Texas|Abilene, TX]] | score = 9–0 | attend = 6,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-valiant-cowboys/169375564/|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|title=Valiant Cowboys bow to Matadors, 9 to 0|date=September 21, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 27 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=Daniel Baker Hill Billies|title=Daniel Baker}} | site_stadium = [[Tech Field]] | site_cityst = [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock, TX]] | score = 27–6 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/lubbock-morning-avalanche-matadores-brui/169375762/|work=Lubbock Morning Avalanche|title=Matadors bruise Hill Billies, 27 to 6|date=September 28, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 4 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=Wichita Shockers|title=Wichita}} | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 13–7 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-wichita-eagle-shockers-hold-texas-te/169375954/|work=The Wichita Eagle|title=Shockers hold Texas Tech to surprise score|date=October 5, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 12 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 DePaul Blue Demons football team|DePaul]] | site_stadium = [[Soldier Field]] | site_cityst = [[Chicago|Chicago, IL]] | score = 0–0 | attend = 3,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-de-paul-passes-fail-tie/169376087/|work=The Chicago Tribune|title=De Paul passes fail; Ties with Texas Tech, 0–0|date=October 13, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 25 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 Loyola Lions football team|Loyola (CA)]] | site_stadium = [[Gilmore Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | score = 0–16 | attend = 18,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22908239/texas_tech_routed_by_loyola_gridders/|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|title=Texas Tech routed by Loyola gridders, 16–0|date=October 26, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 2 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1935 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team|Oklahoma A&M]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 14–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-austin-american-texas-tech-beats-okl/169376231/|work=The Austin American-Statesman|title=Texas Tech beats Oklahoma Aggies|date=November 3, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 11 | w/l = l | homecoming = y | opponent = [[1935 Arizona Wildcats football team|Arizona]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 6–7 | attend = 5,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-paso-times-tech-defeated-76-by-arizo/169366669/|work=The El Paso Times|title=Tech defeated 7–6 by Arizona|date=November 12, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 23 | w/l = w | away = y | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=St. Mary's Rattlers|title=St. Mary's (TX)}} | site_stadium = | site_cityst = [[San Antonio|San Antonio, TX]] | score = 27–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paris-news-raiders-defeat-st-marys/169376719/|work=The Paris News|title=Raiders defeat St. Mary's 27–0|date=November 24, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 28 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1935 Detroit Titans football team|Detroit]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 7–12 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|title=Tech Raiders Bow To Detroit, 12–7|newspaper=Lubbock Morning Avalanche|author=Collier Parris|date=November 29, 1935|page=8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121090209/tech-raiders-bow-to-detroit-12-7/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = December 7 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1936|team=Oklahoma City Goldbugs|title=Oklahoma City}} | site_stadium = Goldbug Field | site_cityst = [[Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | score = 7–7 | attend = 2,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oklahoma-news-battling-goldbugs-gain/169376850/|work=The Oklahoma News|title=Battling Goldbugs gain 7 to 7 tie with Texas Tech|date=December 8, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}}}<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=1935 Texas Tech Red Raiders Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-tech/1935-schedule.html |access-date=September 27, 2017 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-tech/1935-schedule.html "1935 Texas Tech Red Raiders Schedule and Results"]. ''SR/College Football''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="MG">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Texas Tech Football 2017 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/techathletics/docs/2017_texas_tech_football_media_guid |access-date=September 27, 2017 |publisher=Texas Tech University |page=101}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://issuu.com/techathletics/docs/2017_texas_tech_football_media_guid "Texas Tech Football 2017 Media Guide"]. Texas Tech University. 2017. p.&nbsp;101<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3pjrcck5o7bcxv3md0ymfauslsqcb56 883446 883445 2026-07-15T13:13:11Z Aluja 30485 883446 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Texas Tech Matadors ta 1935 ta wakilci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Texas - wanda yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Texas Tech - a matsayin memba na Taron Yankin a lokacin kakar kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 1935. A kakar wasa ta shida a karkashin kocin Pete Cawthon, Matadors sun tara rikodin 5-3-2 (0-1 a kan abokan adawar taron) kuma sun fi abokan adawar jimlar 110 zuwa 55.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=1935 Texas Tech Red Raiders Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-tech/1935-schedule.html |access-date=September 27, 2017 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref><ref name="MG">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Texas Tech Football 2017 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/techathletics/docs/2017_texas_tech_football_media_guid |access-date=September 27, 2017 |publisher=Texas Tech University |page=101}}</ref> Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na gida a filin Tech . == Shiri == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 20 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team|Hardin–Simmons]] | site_stadium = Parramore Field | site_cityst = [[Abilene, Texas|Abilene, TX]] | score = 9–0 | attend = 6,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-valiant-cowboys/169375564/|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|title=Valiant Cowboys bow to Matadors, 9 to 0|date=September 21, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 27 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=Daniel Baker Hill Billies|title=Daniel Baker}} | site_stadium = [[Tech Field]] | site_cityst = [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock, TX]] | score = 27–6 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/lubbock-morning-avalanche-matadores-brui/169375762/|work=Lubbock Morning Avalanche|title=Matadors bruise Hill Billies, 27 to 6|date=September 28, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 4 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=Wichita Shockers|title=Wichita}} | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 13–7 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-wichita-eagle-shockers-hold-texas-te/169375954/|work=The Wichita Eagle|title=Shockers hold Texas Tech to surprise score|date=October 5, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 12 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 DePaul Blue Demons football team|DePaul]] | site_stadium = [[Soldier Field]] | site_cityst = [[Chicago|Chicago, IL]] | score = 0–0 | attend = 3,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-de-paul-passes-fail-tie/169376087/|work=The Chicago Tribune|title=De Paul passes fail; Ties with Texas Tech, 0–0|date=October 13, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 25 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 Loyola Lions football team|Loyola (CA)]] | site_stadium = [[Gilmore Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | score = 0–16 | attend = 18,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22908239/texas_tech_routed_by_loyola_gridders/|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|title=Texas Tech routed by Loyola gridders, 16–0|date=October 26, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 2 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1935 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team|Oklahoma A&M]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 14–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-austin-american-texas-tech-beats-okl/169376231/|work=The Austin American-Statesman|title=Texas Tech beats Oklahoma Aggies|date=November 3, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 11 | w/l = l | homecoming = y | opponent = [[1935 Arizona Wildcats football team|Arizona]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 6–7 | attend = 5,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-paso-times-tech-defeated-76-by-arizo/169366669/|work=The El Paso Times|title=Tech defeated 7–6 by Arizona|date=November 12, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 23 | w/l = w | away = y | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=St. Mary's Rattlers|title=St. Mary's (TX)}} | site_stadium = | site_cityst = [[San Antonio|San Antonio, TX]] | score = 27–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paris-news-raiders-defeat-st-marys/169376719/|work=The Paris News|title=Raiders defeat St. Mary's 27–0|date=November 24, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 28 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1935 Detroit Titans football team|Detroit]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 7–12 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|title=Tech Raiders Bow To Detroit, 12–7|newspaper=Lubbock Morning Avalanche|author=Collier Parris|date=November 29, 1935|page=8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121090209/tech-raiders-bow-to-detroit-12-7/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = December 7 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1936|team=Oklahoma City Goldbugs|title=Oklahoma City}} | site_stadium = Goldbug Field | site_cityst = [[Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | score = 7–7 | attend = 2,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oklahoma-news-battling-goldbugs-gain/169376850/|work=The Oklahoma News|title=Battling Goldbugs gain 7 to 7 tie with Texas Tech|date=December 8, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}}}<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=1935 Texas Tech Red Raiders Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-tech/1935-schedule.html |access-date=September 27, 2017 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref><ref name="MG">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Texas Tech Football 2017 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/techathletics/docs/2017_texas_tech_football_media_guid |access-date=September 27, 2017 |publisher=Texas Tech University |page=101}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rqiz1ujdsmal8glby9ifirdnpci65ru 883447 883446 2026-07-15T13:13:41Z Aluja 30485 883447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Texas Tech Matadors ta 1935 ta wakilci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Texas - wanda yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Texas Tech - a matsayin memba na Taron Yankin a lokacin kakar kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 1935. A kakar wasa ta shida a karkashin kocin Pete Cawthon, Matadors sun tara rikodin 5-3-2 (0-1 a kan abokan adawar taron) kuma sun fi abokan adawar jimlar 110 zuwa 55.<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=1935 Texas Tech Red Raiders Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-tech/1935-schedule.html |access-date=September 27, 2017 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref><ref name="MG">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Texas Tech Football 2017 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/techathletics/docs/2017_texas_tech_football_media_guid |access-date=September 27, 2017 |publisher=Texas Tech University |page=101}}</ref> Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na gida a filin Tech . == Shiri == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 20 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team|Hardin–Simmons]] | site_stadium = Parramore Field | site_cityst = [[Abilene, Texas|Abilene, TX]] | score = 9–0 | attend = 6,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-valiant-cowboys/169375564/|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|title=Valiant Cowboys bow to Matadors, 9 to 0|date=September 21, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 27 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=Daniel Baker Hill Billies|title=Daniel Baker}} | site_stadium = [[Tech Field]] | site_cityst = [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock, TX]] | score = 27–6 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/lubbock-morning-avalanche-matadores-brui/169375762/|work=Lubbock Morning Avalanche|title=Matadors bruise Hill Billies, 27 to 6|date=September 28, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 4 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=Wichita Shockers|title=Wichita}} | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 13–7 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-wichita-eagle-shockers-hold-texas-te/169375954/|work=The Wichita Eagle|title=Shockers hold Texas Tech to surprise score|date=October 5, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 12 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 DePaul Blue Demons football team|DePaul]] | site_stadium = [[Soldier Field]] | site_cityst = [[Chicago|Chicago, IL]] | score = 0–0 | attend = 3,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-de-paul-passes-fail-tie/169376087/|work=The Chicago Tribune|title=De Paul passes fail; Ties with Texas Tech, 0–0|date=October 13, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 25 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1935 Loyola Lions football team|Loyola (CA)]] | site_stadium = [[Gilmore Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | score = 0–16 | attend = 18,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22908239/texas_tech_routed_by_loyola_gridders/|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|title=Texas Tech routed by Loyola gridders, 16–0|date=October 26, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 2 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1935 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team|Oklahoma A&M]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 14–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-austin-american-texas-tech-beats-okl/169376231/|work=The Austin American-Statesman|title=Texas Tech beats Oklahoma Aggies|date=November 3, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 11 | w/l = l | homecoming = y | opponent = [[1935 Arizona Wildcats football team|Arizona]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 6–7 | attend = 5,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-paso-times-tech-defeated-76-by-arizo/169366669/|work=The El Paso Times|title=Tech defeated 7–6 by Arizona|date=November 12, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 23 | w/l = w | away = y | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1935|team=St. Mary's Rattlers|title=St. Mary's (TX)}} | site_stadium = | site_cityst = [[San Antonio|San Antonio, TX]] | score = 27–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paris-news-raiders-defeat-st-marys/169376719/|work=The Paris News|title=Raiders defeat St. Mary's 27–0|date=November 24, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 28 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1935 Detroit Titans football team|Detroit]] | site_stadium = Tech Field | site_cityst = Lubbock, TX | score = 7–12 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|title=Tech Raiders Bow To Detroit, 12–7|newspaper=Lubbock Morning Avalanche|author=Collier Parris|date=November 29, 1935|page=8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121090209/tech-raiders-bow-to-detroit-12-7/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = December 7 | w/l = t | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1936|team=Oklahoma City Goldbugs|title=Oklahoma City}} | site_stadium = Goldbug Field | site_cityst = [[Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | score = 7–7 | attend = 2,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oklahoma-news-battling-goldbugs-gain/169376850/|work=The Oklahoma News|title=Battling Goldbugs gain 7 to 7 tie with Texas Tech|date=December 8, 1935|accessdate=April 1, 2025|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}}}<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=1935 Texas Tech Red Raiders Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-tech/1935-schedule.html |access-date=September 27, 2017 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref><ref name="MG">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Texas Tech Football 2017 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/techathletics/docs/2017_texas_tech_football_media_guid |access-date=September 27, 2017 |publisher=Texas Tech University |page=101}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o3wyg5bfoe0koj1npxpvvsmoxtx6hqj 0 161631 883448 2026-07-15T13:20:04Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318996828|Earnest Adams]]" 883448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri Earnest Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya fara taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Pittsburgh Maulers da Portland Breakers, amma kuma ya kasance dan wasa mai maye gurbin a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987 na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL), kuma ya buga wa Pittsburgh Gladiators na Arena Football League (AFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois Fighting Illini . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams football Statistics on StatsCrew.com |url=https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-adamsear001 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.statscrew.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Adams ya buga wa Fighting Illini a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign daga 1977 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html "Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives"]. ''www.profootballarchives.com''. Archived from [https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html the original] on September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Maulers na Pittsburgh === Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Pittsburgh Maulers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka a cikin bazara na 1984, kuma ya buga wasanni 18 tare da farawa 11 a tsakiyar linebacker a wannan kakar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html "Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives"]. ''www.profootballarchives.com''. Archived from [https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html the original] on September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Portland Breakers === Bayan rushewar Maulers, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar USFL, Portland Breakers . Ya yi sacks biyu a wannan kakar, don jimlar asarar yadudduka bakwai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html "Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives"]. ''www.profootballarchives.com''. Archived from [https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html the original] on September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1987, Adams ya shiga Pittsburgh Gladiators na sabuwar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arena, wani nau'in kwallon kafa na cikin gida da aka buga a karamin filin. Ya taka leda a kan layi na gaba da na karewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}</ref> === Zaki na Detroit === A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1987, yawancin 'yan wasan sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya haifar da soke wasannin mako na 3, da kuma makonni 4-6 da za a buga tare da maye gurbin' yan wasan. Detroit Lions ta sanya hannu kan Adams don zama daya daga cikin irin wadannan 'yan wasan maye gurbin, kuma ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin maye gurbin uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm "Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1988) === Bayan taƙaitaccen bayyanarsa ta NFL, Adams ya koma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na 1988 don sake yin wasa tare da Gladiators. A kakar wasa ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai karɓa, kuma ya kama touchdown uku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ "Earnest Adams | ArenaFan.com"]. ''www.arenafan.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 1w417tuvtv44iwwa608ui374l42yaf2 883449 883448 2026-07-15T13:20:54Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 883449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri Earnest Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya fara taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Pittsburgh Maulers da Portland Breakers, amma kuma ya kasance dan wasa mai maye gurbin a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987 na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL), kuma ya buga wa Pittsburgh Gladiators na Arena Football League (AFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois Fighting Illini . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams football Statistics on StatsCrew.com |url=https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-adamsear001 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.statscrew.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Adams ya buga wa Fighting Illini a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign daga 1977 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Maulers na Pittsburgh === Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Pittsburgh Maulers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka a cikin bazara na 1984, kuma ya buga wasanni 18 tare da farawa 11 a tsakiyar linebacker a wannan kakar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html "Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives"]. ''www.profootballarchives.com''. Archived from [https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html the original] on September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Portland Breakers === Bayan rushewar Maulers, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar USFL, Portland Breakers . Ya yi sacks biyu a wannan kakar, don jimlar asarar yadudduka bakwai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html "Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives"]. ''www.profootballarchives.com''. Archived from [https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html the original] on September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1987, Adams ya shiga Pittsburgh Gladiators na sabuwar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arena, wani nau'in kwallon kafa na cikin gida da aka buga a karamin filin. Ya taka leda a kan layi na gaba da na karewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}</ref> === Zaki na Detroit === A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1987, yawancin 'yan wasan sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya haifar da soke wasannin mako na 3, da kuma makonni 4-6 da za a buga tare da maye gurbin' yan wasan. Detroit Lions ta sanya hannu kan Adams don zama daya daga cikin irin wadannan 'yan wasan maye gurbin, kuma ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin maye gurbin uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm "Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1988) === Bayan taƙaitaccen bayyanarsa ta NFL, Adams ya koma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na 1988 don sake yin wasa tare da Gladiators. A kakar wasa ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai karɓa, kuma ya kama touchdown uku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ "Earnest Adams | ArenaFan.com"]. ''www.arenafan.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] abr5ky2xp7hx32ud1iguzq8uz4w71gq 883450 883449 2026-07-15T13:21:29Z Aluja 30485 /* Maulers na Pittsburgh */ 883450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri Earnest Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya fara taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Pittsburgh Maulers da Portland Breakers, amma kuma ya kasance dan wasa mai maye gurbin a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987 na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL), kuma ya buga wa Pittsburgh Gladiators na Arena Football League (AFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois Fighting Illini . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams football Statistics on StatsCrew.com |url=https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-adamsear001 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.statscrew.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Adams ya buga wa Fighting Illini a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign daga 1977 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Maulers na Pittsburgh === Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Pittsburgh Maulers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka a cikin bazara na 1984, kuma ya buga wasanni 18 tare da farawa 11 a tsakiyar linebacker a wannan kakar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Portland Breakers === Bayan rushewar Maulers, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar USFL, Portland Breakers . Ya yi sacks biyu a wannan kakar, don jimlar asarar yadudduka bakwai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html "Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives"]. ''www.profootballarchives.com''. Archived from [https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html the original] on September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1987, Adams ya shiga Pittsburgh Gladiators na sabuwar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arena, wani nau'in kwallon kafa na cikin gida da aka buga a karamin filin. Ya taka leda a kan layi na gaba da na karewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}</ref> === Zaki na Detroit === A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1987, yawancin 'yan wasan sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya haifar da soke wasannin mako na 3, da kuma makonni 4-6 da za a buga tare da maye gurbin' yan wasan. Detroit Lions ta sanya hannu kan Adams don zama daya daga cikin irin wadannan 'yan wasan maye gurbin, kuma ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin maye gurbin uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm "Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1988) === Bayan taƙaitaccen bayyanarsa ta NFL, Adams ya koma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na 1988 don sake yin wasa tare da Gladiators. A kakar wasa ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai karɓa, kuma ya kama touchdown uku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ "Earnest Adams | ArenaFan.com"]. ''www.arenafan.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] cimcex6y6l6txmr8aukjzrgu9t8wcby 883451 883450 2026-07-15T13:22:01Z Aluja 30485 /* Portland Breakers */ 883451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri Earnest Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya fara taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Pittsburgh Maulers da Portland Breakers, amma kuma ya kasance dan wasa mai maye gurbin a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987 na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL), kuma ya buga wa Pittsburgh Gladiators na Arena Football League (AFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois Fighting Illini . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams football Statistics on StatsCrew.com |url=https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-adamsear001 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.statscrew.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Adams ya buga wa Fighting Illini a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign daga 1977 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Maulers na Pittsburgh === Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Pittsburgh Maulers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka a cikin bazara na 1984, kuma ya buga wasanni 18 tare da farawa 11 a tsakiyar linebacker a wannan kakar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Portland Breakers === Bayan rushewar Maulers, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar USFL, Portland Breakers . Ya yi sacks biyu a wannan kakar, don jimlar asarar yadudduka bakwai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1987, Adams ya shiga Pittsburgh Gladiators na sabuwar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arena, wani nau'in kwallon kafa na cikin gida da aka buga a karamin filin. Ya taka leda a kan layi na gaba da na karewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}</ref> === Zaki na Detroit === A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1987, yawancin 'yan wasan sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya haifar da soke wasannin mako na 3, da kuma makonni 4-6 da za a buga tare da maye gurbin' yan wasan. Detroit Lions ta sanya hannu kan Adams don zama daya daga cikin irin wadannan 'yan wasan maye gurbin, kuma ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin maye gurbin uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm "Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1988) === Bayan taƙaitaccen bayyanarsa ta NFL, Adams ya koma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na 1988 don sake yin wasa tare da Gladiators. A kakar wasa ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai karɓa, kuma ya kama touchdown uku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ "Earnest Adams | ArenaFan.com"]. ''www.arenafan.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] c17ftvly1h5wsfnj68ub6fgp73el810 883452 883451 2026-07-15T13:22:39Z Aluja 30485 /* Zaki na Detroit */ 883452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri Earnest Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya fara taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Pittsburgh Maulers da Portland Breakers, amma kuma ya kasance dan wasa mai maye gurbin a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987 na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL), kuma ya buga wa Pittsburgh Gladiators na Arena Football League (AFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois Fighting Illini . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams football Statistics on StatsCrew.com |url=https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-adamsear001 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.statscrew.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Adams ya buga wa Fighting Illini a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign daga 1977 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Maulers na Pittsburgh === Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Pittsburgh Maulers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka a cikin bazara na 1984, kuma ya buga wasanni 18 tare da farawa 11 a tsakiyar linebacker a wannan kakar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Portland Breakers === Bayan rushewar Maulers, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar USFL, Portland Breakers . Ya yi sacks biyu a wannan kakar, don jimlar asarar yadudduka bakwai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1987, Adams ya shiga Pittsburgh Gladiators na sabuwar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arena, wani nau'in kwallon kafa na cikin gida da aka buga a karamin filin. Ya taka leda a kan layi na gaba da na karewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}</ref> === Zaki na Detroit === A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1987, yawancin 'yan wasan sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya haifar da soke wasannin mako na 3, da kuma makonni 4-6 da za a buga tare da maye gurbin' yan wasan. Detroit Lions ta sanya hannu kan Adams don zama daya daga cikin irin wadannan 'yan wasan maye gurbin, kuma ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin maye gurbin uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1988) === Bayan taƙaitaccen bayyanarsa ta NFL, Adams ya koma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na 1988 don sake yin wasa tare da Gladiators. A kakar wasa ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai karɓa, kuma ya kama touchdown uku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ "Earnest Adams | ArenaFan.com"]. ''www.arenafan.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] i1hjkq6rgoiopvxkliyyb6x21oosk19 883453 883452 2026-07-15T13:23:20Z Aluja 30485 883453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Earnest Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya fara taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Pittsburgh Maulers da Portland Breakers, amma kuma ya kasance dan wasa mai maye gurbin a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987 na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL), kuma ya buga wa Pittsburgh Gladiators na Arena Football League (AFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois Fighting Illini . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams football Statistics on StatsCrew.com |url=https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-adamsear001 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.statscrew.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Adams ya buga wa Fighting Illini a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign daga 1977 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Maulers na Pittsburgh === Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Pittsburgh Maulers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka a cikin bazara na 1984, kuma ya buga wasanni 18 tare da farawa 11 a tsakiyar linebacker a wannan kakar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Portland Breakers === Bayan rushewar Maulers, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar USFL, Portland Breakers . Ya yi sacks biyu a wannan kakar, don jimlar asarar yadudduka bakwai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1987, Adams ya shiga Pittsburgh Gladiators na sabuwar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arena, wani nau'in kwallon kafa na cikin gida da aka buga a karamin filin. Ya taka leda a kan layi na gaba da na karewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}</ref> === Zaki na Detroit === A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1987, yawancin 'yan wasan sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya haifar da soke wasannin mako na 3, da kuma makonni 4-6 da za a buga tare da maye gurbin' yan wasan. Detroit Lions ta sanya hannu kan Adams don zama daya daga cikin irin wadannan 'yan wasan maye gurbin, kuma ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin maye gurbin uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1988) === Bayan taƙaitaccen bayyanarsa ta NFL, Adams ya koma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na 1988 don sake yin wasa tare da Gladiators. A kakar wasa ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai karɓa, kuma ya kama touchdown uku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ "Earnest Adams | ArenaFan.com"]. ''www.arenafan.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 8tddqz4x1b61q8r22bezgfdkmagkaar 883454 883453 2026-07-15T13:23:59Z Aluja 30485 /* Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) */ 883454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Earnest Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya fara taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Pittsburgh Maulers da Portland Breakers, amma kuma ya kasance dan wasa mai maye gurbin a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987 na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL), kuma ya buga wa Pittsburgh Gladiators na Arena Football League (AFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois Fighting Illini . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams football Statistics on StatsCrew.com |url=https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-adamsear001 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.statscrew.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Adams ya buga wa Fighting Illini a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign daga 1977 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Maulers na Pittsburgh === Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Pittsburgh Maulers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka a cikin bazara na 1984, kuma ya buga wasanni 18 tare da farawa 11 a tsakiyar linebacker a wannan kakar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Portland Breakers === Bayan rushewar Maulers, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar USFL, Portland Breakers . Ya yi sacks biyu a wannan kakar, don jimlar asarar yadudduka bakwai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1987, Adams ya shiga Pittsburgh Gladiators na sabuwar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arena, wani nau'in kwallon kafa na cikin gida da aka buga a karamin filin. Ya taka leda a kan layi na gaba da na karewa. === Zaki na Detroit === A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1987, yawancin 'yan wasan sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya haifar da soke wasannin mako na 3, da kuma makonni 4-6 da za a buga tare da maye gurbin' yan wasan. Detroit Lions ta sanya hannu kan Adams don zama daya daga cikin irin wadannan 'yan wasan maye gurbin, kuma ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin maye gurbin uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1988) === Bayan taƙaitaccen bayyanarsa ta NFL, Adams ya koma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na 1988 don sake yin wasa tare da Gladiators. A kakar wasa ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai karɓa, kuma ya kama touchdown uku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ "Earnest Adams | ArenaFan.com"]. ''www.arenafan.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] mvdr7jr5p2fkgmmxxgj2u6sbod0zuik 883455 883454 2026-07-15T13:24:18Z Aluja 30485 883455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Earnest Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1959) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya fara taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Pittsburgh Maulers da Portland Breakers, amma kuma ya kasance dan wasa mai maye gurbin a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987 na Detroit Lions na National Football League (NFL), kuma ya buga wa Pittsburgh Gladiators na Arena Football League (AFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Illinois Fighting Illini . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams football Statistics on StatsCrew.com |url=https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-adamsear001 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.statscrew.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Adams ya buga wa Fighting Illini a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign daga 1977 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Maulers na Pittsburgh === Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Pittsburgh Maulers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka a cikin bazara na 1984, kuma ya buga wasanni 18 tare da farawa 11 a tsakiyar linebacker a wannan kakar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Portland Breakers === Bayan rushewar Maulers, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar USFL, Portland Breakers . Ya yi sacks biyu a wannan kakar, don jimlar asarar yadudduka bakwai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams NFL Stats - Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224902/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playera/adam02350.html |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.profootballarchives.com}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1987) === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1987, Adams ya shiga Pittsburgh Gladiators na sabuwar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arena, wani nau'in kwallon kafa na cikin gida da aka buga a karamin filin. Ya taka leda a kan layi na gaba da na karewa. === Zaki na Detroit === A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1987, yawancin 'yan wasan sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya haifar da soke wasannin mako na 3, da kuma makonni 4-6 da za a buga tare da maye gurbin' yan wasan. Detroit Lions ta sanya hannu kan Adams don zama daya daga cikin irin wadannan 'yan wasan maye gurbin, kuma ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin maye gurbin uku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AdamEa20.htm |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> === Gladiators na Pittsburgh (1988) === Bayan taƙaitaccen bayyanarsa ta NFL, Adams ya koma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na 1988 don sake yin wasa tare da Gladiators. A kakar wasa ta biyu, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai karɓa, kuma ya kama touchdown uku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Earnest Adams {{!}} ArenaFan.com |url=http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=www.arenafan.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Earnest_Adams-5/ "Earnest Adams | ArenaFan.com"]. ''www.arenafan.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] a2wkni7iac0s54bzpzs5jqglgs3w88z 0 161632 883457 2026-07-15T13:41:11Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354174261|Antonio Anderson (American football)]]" 883457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne Antonio Kenneth Anderson''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1973) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) na Dallas Cowboys . Ya kuma kasance memba na Memphis Maniax a cikin XFL . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Syracuse Orange . == Rayuwa ta farko == Anderson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Midwood, inda ya kasance dan wasa biyu a tsaron tsaron gida kuma tsaron gida ya yi. Ya koma Milford Academy, inda ya mayar da hankali kan yin wasa na karewa. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi rajistar 90 tackles (30 don asarar), 13 sacks, da 3 blocked punts, yayin da yake karɓar girmamawa na Super Prep Al-American da All-Northeast. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Anderson ya karbi tallafin kwallon kafa daga Jami'ar Syracuse . A matsayinsa na sabon dan wasa, ya taka leda a kowane wasa (3 farawa) a tsaron tsaro, ya yi rajistar 13 tackles, sack daya da matsin lamba daya. Ya yi 2 tackles da kuma daya sack a cikin kakar budewa da Ball State University. Ya yi 4 tackles (daya don asarar) a kan Jami'ar Pittsburgh . A matsayinsa na mai ajiyar ajiya na biyu ya bar mai tsaron gida, ya yi 17 tackles (2 don asarar), sack daya da matsin lamba 4 na quarterback. Yana da 5 tackles, daya sack da daya quarterback matsa lamba a kan Virginia Tech. Yana da 4 tackles (daya don asarar), daya quarterback matsin lamba da daya fumble farfadowa a kan Jami'ar Haikali. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 6 a tsaron hagu da kuma gasa 2 a tsaron dama, ya buga 42 tackles (3 don asarar), matsin lamba 8 na kwata-kwata (ƙungiyar da ke jagoranta), sacks 3.5, 2 fumble recoveries da kuma wucewa daya da aka kare. Ya yi kwallo 4 da kuma farfadowa daya a kan Jami'ar Rutgers. Ya zira kwallaye 6 a kan Jami'ar West Virginia . Ya yi 5 tackles da 2 quarterback matsin lamba a kan Virginia Tech. Ya yi 7 tackles (daya don asarar) a kan Jami'ar Pittsburgh . Ya yi sacks 2.5 a kan Kwalejin Boston. A matsayinsa na babban jami'in, ya fara dukkan wasannin, ya yi rikodin 45 tackles (9 don asarar), 4 sacks, 27 quarterback matsin lamba, 2 passes defended da 3 tilasta fumbles. Yana da 6 tackles, rabin sack da 4 quarterback matsin lamba a farkon kakar wasa a kan Jami'ar North Carolina. Ya tattara 6 tackles, 4 quarterback matsin lamba, daya sack da daya tilasta fumble a kan Virginia Tech. Ya yi 7 tackles da 2 sacks a kan Kwalejin Boston. Ya ƙidaya 5 tackles (ɗaya don asarar) da kuma matsin lamba 7 na quarterback a kan Sojoji. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=6 5/8|weight=314|arm span=37 3/4|hand span=10}} === Dallas Cowboys === Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba Anderson a zagaye na huɗu (101st pick overall) na shirin NFL na 1997, bayan ya fadi saboda kwarewarsa ta jiki ba ta dace da aikinsa a filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1997 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1997/draft.htm |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinsa na rookie, ya yi rajistar 40 tackles (2 don asarar), 2 sacks, 3 quarterback matsin lamba da 2 passes kare. Ya fara wasanni biyar kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta NFL All-rookie. Ya yi kwallo 7 a wasan na uku da Philadelphia Eagles, ya fara a madadin Chadi Hennings da ya ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys' Hennings may be out 8 weeks |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19971008&id=OKYkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w6YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2975,4786383&hl=en |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Ya tattara 2 tackles, daya quarterback matsin lamba da daya wuce kare a kan Chicago Bears. Ya yi 4 tackles da kuma daya sack a kan Jacksonville Jaguars. Ya yi kwallo 6 a wasan na takwas da Philadelphia Eagles . Ya yi kwallo 5 a kan San Francisco 49ers . A shekara ta 1998, an iyakance shi zuwa wasanni biyar kawai da 5 tackles (ɗaya don asarar) saboda raunin gwiwoyi na dama, daga ƙarshe ya fadi daga juyawa na Layin tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys get good news on injured Anderson |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19980803&id=Nh1IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HYEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4206,5661153&hl=en |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> An bar shi ba tare da kariya ba don shirin fadada NFL na 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Moose Is Loose Cowboys' Johnston Available in Today's Expansion Draft |url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2642238/the-moose-is-loose-cowboys-johnston-available-in-todays-expansion-draft |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> === Cleveland Browns === Browns sun zaba shi a cikin shirin fadada NFL na 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pennington |first=Bill |date=January 16, 1999 |title=N.F.L. Roundup—Expansion Draft; 130 Veteran Faces For the Browns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/16/sports/nfl-roundup-expansion-draft-130-veteran-faces-for-the-browns.html |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/23/sports/transactions-363146.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Carolina Panthers === A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1999, ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/25/sports/transactions-333700.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> An sake shi kafin a fara kakar a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/22/sports/transactions-722618.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Memphis Maniax === A shekara ta 2001, Anderson ya shiga Memphis Maniax na XFL. Ya kasance mai tsaron gida kuma ya yi rajista da 4 tackles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memphis Maniax bio |url=http://www.all-xfl.com/memphismaniax/team/roster/antonioanderson.htm |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Gasar ta daina aiki a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WWF drops XFL |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/05/10/news/xfl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011117015513/http://money.cnn.com/2001/05/10/news/xfl/ |archive-date=November 17, 2001 |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Anderson ya kasance mataimakin kocin tsaro a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hempstead . Ya kasance kocin tsaron gida tare da Rhein Fire a NFL Turai. Ya kasance mataimakin mai tsaro a Kwalejin Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasuwanci . Ya kasance mai horar da layin tsaro a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Nassau . A halin yanzu shi ne kocin layin tsaro kuma mai kula da daukar ma'aikata a Kwalejin ASA da ke New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASSA College bio |url=https://www.asacollegeavengers.com/sports/fball/coaches/Antonio_Anderson_Bio?view=bio |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin yara 14. Yana da 'yan uwansa 3 da suka buga wasanni masu sana'a: Stanford Jennings (NFL), Keith Jennings (NFL) da John Salley ([[National Basketball Association|NBA]]). == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.all-xfl.com/memphismaniax/team/roster/antonioanderson.htm Rayuwa ta Memphis Maniax] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m3cas9n6wb082lon6ioug5j8h7682nu 883458 883457 2026-07-15T13:44:36Z Aluja 30485 883458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antonio Kenneth Anderson''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1973) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) na Dallas Cowboys . Ya kuma kasance memba na Memphis Maniax a cikin XFL . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Syracuse Orange . == Rayuwa ta farko == Anderson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Midwood, inda ya kasance dan wasa biyu a tsaron tsaron gida kuma tsaron gida ya yi. Ya koma Milford Academy, inda ya mayar da hankali kan yin wasa na karewa. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi rajistar 90 tackles (30 don asarar), 13 sacks, da 3 blocked punts, yayin da yake karɓar girmamawa na Super Prep Al-American da All-Northeast. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Anderson ya karbi tallafin kwallon kafa daga Jami'ar Syracuse . A matsayinsa na sabon dan wasa, ya taka leda a kowane wasa (3 farawa) a tsaron tsaro, ya yi rajistar 13 tackles, sack daya da matsin lamba daya. Ya yi 2 tackles da kuma daya sack a cikin kakar budewa da Ball State University. Ya yi 4 tackles (daya don asarar) a kan Jami'ar Pittsburgh . A matsayinsa na mai ajiyar ajiya na biyu ya bar mai tsaron gida, ya yi 17 tackles (2 don asarar), sack daya da matsin lamba 4 na quarterback. Yana da 5 tackles, daya sack da daya quarterback matsa lamba a kan Virginia Tech. Yana da 4 tackles (daya don asarar), daya quarterback matsin lamba da daya fumble farfadowa a kan Jami'ar Haikali. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 6 a tsaron hagu da kuma gasa 2 a tsaron dama, ya buga 42 tackles (3 don asarar), matsin lamba 8 na kwata-kwata (ƙungiyar da ke jagoranta), sacks 3.5, 2 fumble recoveries da kuma wucewa daya da aka kare. Ya yi kwallo 4 da kuma farfadowa daya a kan Jami'ar Rutgers. Ya zira kwallaye 6 a kan Jami'ar West Virginia . Ya yi 5 tackles da 2 quarterback matsin lamba a kan Virginia Tech. Ya yi 7 tackles (daya don asarar) a kan Jami'ar Pittsburgh . Ya yi sacks 2.5 a kan Kwalejin Boston. A matsayinsa na babban jami'in, ya fara dukkan wasannin, ya yi rikodin 45 tackles (9 don asarar), 4 sacks, 27 quarterback matsin lamba, 2 passes defended da 3 tilasta fumbles. Yana da 6 tackles, rabin sack da 4 quarterback matsin lamba a farkon kakar wasa a kan Jami'ar North Carolina. Ya tattara 6 tackles, 4 quarterback matsin lamba, daya sack da daya tilasta fumble a kan Virginia Tech. Ya yi 7 tackles da 2 sacks a kan Kwalejin Boston. Ya ƙidaya 5 tackles (ɗaya don asarar) da kuma matsin lamba 7 na quarterback a kan Sojoji. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=6 5/8|weight=314|arm span=37 3/4|hand span=10}} === Dallas Cowboys === Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba Anderson a zagaye na huɗu (101st pick overall) na shirin NFL na 1997, bayan ya fadi saboda kwarewarsa ta jiki ba ta dace da aikinsa a filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1997 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1997/draft.htm |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinsa na rookie, ya yi rajistar 40 tackles (2 don asarar), 2 sacks, 3 quarterback matsin lamba da 2 passes kare. Ya fara wasanni biyar kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta NFL All-rookie. Ya yi kwallo 7 a wasan na uku da Philadelphia Eagles, ya fara a madadin Chadi Hennings da ya ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys' Hennings may be out 8 weeks |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19971008&id=OKYkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w6YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2975,4786383&hl=en |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Ya tattara 2 tackles, daya quarterback matsin lamba da daya wuce kare a kan Chicago Bears. Ya yi 4 tackles da kuma daya sack a kan Jacksonville Jaguars. Ya yi kwallo 6 a wasan na takwas da Philadelphia Eagles . Ya yi kwallo 5 a kan San Francisco 49ers . A shekara ta 1998, an iyakance shi zuwa wasanni biyar kawai da 5 tackles (ɗaya don asarar) saboda raunin gwiwoyi na dama, daga ƙarshe ya fadi daga juyawa na Layin tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys get good news on injured Anderson |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19980803&id=Nh1IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HYEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4206,5661153&hl=en |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> An bar shi ba tare da kariya ba don shirin fadada NFL na 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Moose Is Loose Cowboys' Johnston Available in Today's Expansion Draft |url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2642238/the-moose-is-loose-cowboys-johnston-available-in-todays-expansion-draft |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> === Cleveland Browns === Browns sun zaba shi a cikin shirin fadada NFL na 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pennington |first=Bill |date=January 16, 1999 |title=N.F.L. Roundup—Expansion Draft; 130 Veteran Faces For the Browns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/16/sports/nfl-roundup-expansion-draft-130-veteran-faces-for-the-browns.html |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/23/sports/transactions-363146.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Carolina Panthers === A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1999, ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/25/sports/transactions-333700.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> An sake shi kafin a fara kakar a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/22/sports/transactions-722618.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Memphis Maniax === A shekara ta 2001, Anderson ya shiga Memphis Maniax na XFL. Ya kasance mai tsaron gida kuma ya yi rajista da 4 tackles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memphis Maniax bio |url=http://www.all-xfl.com/memphismaniax/team/roster/antonioanderson.htm |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Gasar ta daina aiki a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WWF drops XFL |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/05/10/news/xfl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011117015513/http://money.cnn.com/2001/05/10/news/xfl/ |archive-date=November 17, 2001 |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Anderson ya kasance mataimakin kocin tsaro a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hempstead . Ya kasance kocin tsaron gida tare da Rhein Fire a NFL Turai. Ya kasance mataimakin mai tsaro a Kwalejin Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasuwanci . Ya kasance mai horar da layin tsaro a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Nassau . A halin yanzu shi ne kocin layin tsaro kuma mai kula da daukar ma'aikata a Kwalejin ASA da ke New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASSA College bio |url=https://www.asacollegeavengers.com/sports/fball/coaches/Antonio_Anderson_Bio?view=bio |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin yara 14. Yana da 'yan uwansa 3 da suka buga wasanni masu sana'a: Stanford Jennings (NFL), Keith Jennings (NFL) da John Salley ([[National Basketball Association|NBA]]). == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.all-xfl.com/memphismaniax/team/roster/antonioanderson.htm Rayuwa ta Memphis Maniax] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rbhzebpdc88uk2m650p9znwlittdlci 883462 883458 2026-07-15T13:52:50Z Aluja 30485 883462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Antonio Kenneth Anderson''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1973) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) na Dallas Cowboys . Ya kuma kasance memba na Memphis Maniax a cikin XFL . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Syracuse Orange . == Rayuwa ta farko == Anderson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Midwood, inda ya kasance dan wasa biyu a tsaron tsaron gida kuma tsaron gida ya yi. Ya koma Milford Academy, inda ya mayar da hankali kan yin wasa na karewa. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya yi rajistar 90 tackles (30 don asarar), 13 sacks, da 3 blocked punts, yayin da yake karɓar girmamawa na Super Prep Al-American da All-Northeast. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Anderson ya karbi tallafin kwallon kafa daga Jami'ar Syracuse . A matsayinsa na sabon dan wasa, ya taka leda a kowane wasa (3 farawa) a tsaron tsaro, ya yi rajistar 13 tackles, sack daya da matsin lamba daya. Ya yi 2 tackles da kuma daya sack a cikin kakar budewa da Ball State University. Ya yi 4 tackles (daya don asarar) a kan Jami'ar Pittsburgh . A matsayinsa na mai ajiyar ajiya na biyu ya bar mai tsaron gida, ya yi 17 tackles (2 don asarar), sack daya da matsin lamba 4 na quarterback. Yana da 5 tackles, daya sack da daya quarterback matsa lamba a kan Virginia Tech. Yana da 4 tackles (daya don asarar), daya quarterback matsin lamba da daya fumble farfadowa a kan Jami'ar Haikali. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 6 a tsaron hagu da kuma gasa 2 a tsaron dama, ya buga 42 tackles (3 don asarar), matsin lamba 8 na kwata-kwata (ƙungiyar da ke jagoranta), sacks 3.5, 2 fumble recoveries da kuma wucewa daya da aka kare. Ya yi kwallo 4 da kuma farfadowa daya a kan Jami'ar Rutgers. Ya zira kwallaye 6 a kan Jami'ar West Virginia . Ya yi 5 tackles da 2 quarterback matsin lamba a kan Virginia Tech. Ya yi 7 tackles (daya don asarar) a kan Jami'ar Pittsburgh . Ya yi sacks 2.5 a kan Kwalejin Boston. A matsayinsa na babban jami'in, ya fara dukkan wasannin, ya yi rikodin 45 tackles (9 don asarar), 4 sacks, 27 quarterback matsin lamba, 2 passes defended da 3 tilasta fumbles. Yana da 6 tackles, rabin sack da 4 quarterback matsin lamba a farkon kakar wasa a kan Jami'ar North Carolina. Ya tattara 6 tackles, 4 quarterback matsin lamba, daya sack da daya tilasta fumble a kan Virginia Tech. Ya yi 7 tackles da 2 sacks a kan Kwalejin Boston. Ya ƙidaya 5 tackles (ɗaya don asarar) da kuma matsin lamba 7 na quarterback a kan Sojoji. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=6 5/8|weight=314|arm span=37 3/4|hand span=10}} === Dallas Cowboys === Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba Anderson a zagaye na huɗu (101st pick overall) na shirin NFL na 1997, bayan ya fadi saboda kwarewarsa ta jiki ba ta dace da aikinsa a filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1997 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1997/draft.htm |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinsa na rookie, ya yi rajistar 40 tackles (2 don asarar), 2 sacks, 3 quarterback matsin lamba da 2 passes kare. Ya fara wasanni biyar kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta NFL All-rookie. Ya yi kwallo 7 a wasan na uku da Philadelphia Eagles, ya fara a madadin Chadi Hennings da ya ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys' Hennings may be out 8 weeks |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19971008&id=OKYkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w6YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2975,4786383&hl=en |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Ya tattara 2 tackles, daya quarterback matsin lamba da daya wuce kare a kan Chicago Bears. Ya yi 4 tackles da kuma daya sack a kan Jacksonville Jaguars. Ya yi kwallo 6 a wasan na takwas da Philadelphia Eagles . Ya yi kwallo 5 a kan San Francisco 49ers . A shekara ta 1998, an iyakance shi zuwa wasanni biyar kawai da 5 tackles (ɗaya don asarar) saboda raunin gwiwoyi na dama, daga ƙarshe ya fadi daga juyawa na Layin tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys get good news on injured Anderson |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19980803&id=Nh1IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HYEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4206,5661153&hl=en |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> An bar shi ba tare da kariya ba don shirin fadada NFL na 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Moose Is Loose Cowboys' Johnston Available in Today's Expansion Draft |url=https://oklahoman.com/article/2642238/the-moose-is-loose-cowboys-johnston-available-in-todays-expansion-draft |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> === Cleveland Browns === Browns sun zaba shi a cikin shirin fadada NFL na 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pennington |first=Bill |date=January 16, 1999 |title=N.F.L. Roundup—Expansion Draft; 130 Veteran Faces For the Browns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/16/sports/nfl-roundup-expansion-draft-130-veteran-faces-for-the-browns.html |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/23/sports/transactions-363146.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Carolina Panthers === A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1999, ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/25/sports/transactions-333700.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> An sake shi kafin a fara kakar a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transactions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/22/sports/transactions-722618.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Memphis Maniax === A shekara ta 2001, Anderson ya shiga Memphis Maniax na XFL. Ya kasance mai tsaron gida kuma ya yi rajista da 4 tackles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memphis Maniax bio |url=http://www.all-xfl.com/memphismaniax/team/roster/antonioanderson.htm |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Gasar ta daina aiki a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WWF drops XFL |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/05/10/news/xfl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011117015513/http://money.cnn.com/2001/05/10/news/xfl/ |archive-date=November 17, 2001 |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Anderson ya kasance mataimakin kocin tsaro a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hempstead . Ya kasance kocin tsaron gida tare da Rhein Fire a NFL Turai. Ya kasance mataimakin mai tsaro a Kwalejin Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasuwanci . Ya kasance mai horar da layin tsaro a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Nassau . A halin yanzu shi ne kocin layin tsaro kuma mai kula da daukar ma'aikata a Kwalejin ASA da ke New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASSA College bio |url=https://www.asacollegeavengers.com/sports/fball/coaches/Antonio_Anderson_Bio?view=bio |access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin yara 14. Yana da 'yan uwansa 3 da suka buga wasanni masu sana'a: Stanford Jennings (NFL), Keith Jennings (NFL) da John Salley ([[National Basketball Association|NBA]]). == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.all-xfl.com/memphismaniax/team/roster/antonioanderson.htm Rayuwa ta Memphis Maniax] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qg8wyk58ibi0k4x7fnj9vhgapzeg8in 2 161634 883460 2026-07-15T13:49:18Z Wikeyea 46990 Sabon shafi: Anything is possible, as long as you have faith. 883460 wikitext text/x-wiki Anything is possible, as long as you have faith. impyavqf5lrjdcqq4gb6ca4e518c6g5 0 161635 883463 2026-07-15T13:53:17Z Wikeyea 46990 artikulo 883463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shakan Pitters''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1989) ƙwararren ɗan dambe ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ya riƙe kambun ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauƙi na Burtaniya a shekarar [[2020]]. Ya kuma kasance zakaran ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauƙi na Ingila a shekarar 2019. k9e1dab06kyvrx126uph71c2nc9sn8o 883464 883463 2026-07-15T13:55:58Z Wikeyea 46990 883464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shakan Pitters''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1989) ƙwararren ɗan dambe ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ya riƙe kambun ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauƙi na Burtaniya a shekarar [[2020]]. Ya kuma kasance zakaran ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauƙi na Ingila a shekarar 2019. ==Sana'arsa ta ƙwararru== Pitters ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ranar 18 ga Maris 2017 a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya samu nasara a kan Remigijus Ziausys a zagaye huɗu a wasan da aka yi a Holte Suite da ke Villa Park, Birmingham.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/748034/2148238|title=BoxRec: Shakan Pitters vs. Remigijus Ziausys|last=|first=|date=|website=boxrec.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> ya samu ƙarin nasarori uku a PTS a 2017; a kan Jevgenijs Andrejevs a watan Yuni;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/753082/2170351|title=BoxRec: Shakan Pitters vs. Jevgenijs Andrejevs|last=|first=|date=|website=boxrec.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> Dmitrij Kalinovskij a watan Satumba;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/other-sport/indi-sangha-victory-paul-holt-13654490|title=It's totally INDI-sputable that Sangha's something special|last=Lockley|first=Mike|date=21 September 2017|website=Birmingham Mail|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> da Jiri Svacina a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/757691/2192754|title=BoxRec: Shakan Pitters vs. Jiri Svacina|last=|first=|date=|website=boxrec.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> l7nfoj1vii2qyj91oqdzac4qycpt0qc 883465 883464 2026-07-15T13:57:17Z Wikeyea 46990 883465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shakan Pitters''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1989) ƙwararren ɗan dambe ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ya riƙe kambun ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauƙi na Burtaniya a shekarar [[2020]]. Ya kuma kasance zakaran ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauƙi na Ingila a shekarar 2019. ==Sana'arsa ta ƙwararru== Pitters ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ranar 18 ga Maris 2017 a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya samu nasara a kan Remigijus Ziausys a zagaye huɗu a wasan da aka yi a Holte Suite da ke Villa Park, Birmingham.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/748034/2148238|title=BoxRec: Shakan Pitters vs. Remigijus Ziausys|last=|first=|date=|website=boxrec.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> ya samu ƙarin nasarori uku a PTS a 2017; a kan Jevgenijs Andrejevs a watan Yuni;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/753082/2170351|title=BoxRec: Shakan Pitters vs. Jevgenijs Andrejevs|last=|first=|date=|website=boxrec.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> Dmitrij Kalinovskij a watan Satumba;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/other-sport/indi-sangha-victory-paul-holt-13654490|title=It's totally INDI-sputable that Sangha's something special|last=Lockley|first=Mike|date=21 September 2017|website=Birmingham Mail|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> da Jiri Svacina a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/757691/2192754|title=BoxRec: Shakan Pitters vs. Jiri Svacina|last=|first=|date=|website=boxrec.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == kynkpp9aahbg1ksdtdbm3wf0knpos3p 0 161636 883467 2026-07-15T14:02:32Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334753956|Rita Tower]]" 883467 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a Rita Louise Tower (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="102" href="./Atlantic_Coast_Conference" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;August 24, 2019<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwrQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt18\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFSnyder1987\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Snyder, Bryan (February 4, 1987). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rita_Tower#cite_note-3 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994. Hasumiyar daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona . Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf "2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] fknb53r2u7y11qwd8aasklzgnr2y2fi 883468 883467 2026-07-15T14:03:56Z Aluja 30485 /* Kasashen Duniya */ 883468 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a Rita Louise Tower (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="102" href="./Atlantic_Coast_Conference" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;August 24, 2019<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwrQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt18\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFSnyder1987\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Snyder, Bryan (February 4, 1987). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rita_Tower#cite_note-3 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994. Hasumiyar daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona . Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 01grkt68yuzrlttq9h2zc23jtr1lrur 883469 883468 2026-07-15T14:04:48Z Aluja 30485 883469 wikitext text/x-wiki Rita Louise Tower (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="102" href="./Atlantic_Coast_Conference" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;August 24, 2019<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwrQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt18\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFSnyder1987\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Snyder, Bryan (February 4, 1987). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rita_Tower#cite_note-3 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994. Hasumiyar daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona . Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] igsrx4ahfwuvmnyhoys90jxhdgjt1ht 883470 883469 2026-07-15T14:05:31Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyuka */ 883470 wikitext text/x-wiki Rita Louise Tower (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994. Hasumiyar daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona . Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] ek1ibwmv7blvs8seoaq5tv8lesydhne 883471 883470 2026-07-15T14:06:20Z Aluja 30485 883471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rita Louise Tower''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994. Hasumiyar daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona . Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] e9zg8mlcy457efiw9qf32rnp6o20521 883472 883471 2026-07-15T14:07:32Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyuka */ 883472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rita Louise Tower''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994.<ref name="media guide">{{cite web |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]] |year=2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> She also participated in the [[U.S. Olympic Festival]] in 1989 and 1994.<ref name="USOF89"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/141943774 |title=Soccer: East, West to Meet for Title |newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=July 7, 1994 |page=11D |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Hasumiyar daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona . Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] m3pr1mnam4d2f0hq8gh7zbtti6z2tk6 883473 883472 2026-07-15T14:09:56Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyuka */ 883473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rita Louise Tower''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994.<ref name="USOF89"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/141943774 |title=Soccer: East, West to Meet for Title |newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=July 7, 1994 |page=11D |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Tower daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona . Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 8amdg64l6xaoxqcvneq52aghdfqs0ff 883474 883473 2026-07-15T14:12:57Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 883474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rita Louise Tower''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994.<ref name="USOF89"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/141943774 |title=Soccer: East, West to Meet for Title |newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=July 7, 1994 |page=11D |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Tower daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona .<ref name="USOF89">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/122183519 |title=Arizonans in Festival |newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=July 22, 1989 |page=F5 |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] dkh1a7g2j4v18464x7zlzeq496jp6mp 883475 883474 2026-07-15T14:14:03Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 883475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rita Louise Tower''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994.<ref name="USOF89"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/141943774 |title=Soccer: East, West to Meet for Title |newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=July 7, 1994 |page=11D |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Tower daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona .<ref name="USOF89">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/122183519 |title=Arizonans in Festival |newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=July 22, 1989 |page=F5 |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994.<ref name="graduates"/> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] os85rwlfg8wdnqtn666dy5tnvr3mh7q 883476 883475 2026-07-15T14:15:34Z Aluja 30485 883476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rita Louise Tower'''<ref name="graduates">{{cite news |url=https://www.greensboro.com/graduates/article_954eee8c-89b0-59c5-b270-fe6269659a71.html |title=Graduates |website=[[News & Record]] |date=October 29, 1994 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824194807/https://www.greensboro.com/graduates/article_954eee8c-89b0-59c5-b270-fe6269659a71.html |archive-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1971) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba, inda ta buga wasanni shida a tawagar mata ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Hasumiyar ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Arcadia Tiger Sharks a [[Phoenix]]. Ta kuma buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Arcadia . A kwaleji, ta buga wa kungiyar Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1990 da 1992 zuwa 1993, inda ta lashe [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] a dukkan lokutan hudu. An haɗa ta a cikin ƙungiyoyin ACC's All-Conference da All-Tournament a 1993, kuma an zaba ta a cikin ƙungiyar NCAA All-Tourament a 1992 da 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2019 |title=2019 North Carolina Women's Soccer Media Guide |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817050919/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/unc.sidearmsports.com/documents/2019/8/16/2019MediaGuide.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ta zira kwallaye 33 kuma ta taimaka 32 a wasanni 81 na Tar Heels.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=University of North Carolina: 1989 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182451/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1989stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=University of North Carolina: 1990 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182447/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1990stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=University of North Carolina: 1992 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182440/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1992stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=University of North Carolina: 1993 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182437/https://unc_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/women%27s_soccer/1993stats.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> Hasumiyar ta fara buga wa Amurka wasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993 a wasan sada zumunci da Jamus. A cikin duka, ta buga wasanni shida ga Amurka, inda ta samu lambar yabo ta karshe a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1994 a wasan sada zumunci da Kanada. <ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin bikin Olympics na Amurka a 1989 da 1994.<ref name="USOF89"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/141943774 |title=Soccer: East, West to Meet for Title |newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=July 7, 1994 |page=11D |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Tower daga baya ta horar da ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Eclipse Soccer Club . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pam Cooney |url=https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824195333/https://uabsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3074 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=[[UAB Blazers]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hasumiyar 'yar asalin Phoenix ce, Arizona .<ref name="USOF89">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/122183519 |title=Arizonans in Festival |newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=July 22, 1989 |page=F5 |access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu tare da Digiri na farko daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 1994.<ref name="graduates"/> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Amurka<ref name="media guide">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=2019 U.S. Women's National Team Media Guide |url=https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808074101/https://d1dhn91mufybwl.cloudfront.net/downloads/pdfs/fdxnf1dwi/fdxnf1dwi_print.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |website=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |2 |0 |- !Jimillar !6 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] er8qxopmijw9vg1i29805dmmunghz22 0 161637 883485 2026-07-15T15:24:11Z Armadillo Jack 46856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363166697|2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas]]" 883485 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=2026 State Primary Election Dates |url=https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/2026-state-primary-election-dates |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=NCSL}}</ref> Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == bk20p4k92gn0f1ls4lc2ol7h8gqzve4 883488 883485 2026-07-15T15:26:26Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883488 wikitext text/x-wiki Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == 7ydv37ddk9um22z1evqimhondmidwgw 883489 883488 2026-07-15T15:28:07Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883489 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == dhcac7v5o3z8nqzvikxovdc9fhld6ve 883490 883489 2026-07-15T15:28:27Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883490 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == 6fygwa04mbu952wzxgcv9omadacmhcx 883493 883490 2026-07-15T15:28:55Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883493 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == dhcac7v5o3z8nqzvikxovdc9fhld6ve 883494 883493 2026-07-15T15:29:16Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883494 wikitext text/x-wiki Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == 67hls4x4j042dvuh35my42382kymze5 883495 883494 2026-07-15T15:29:46Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == 1213a9zia5h3kt38n3jrn0nu63we4xt 883507 883495 2026-07-15T15:49:31Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == ec8aimppt6ajk8p190ir0u1qs0dc2ub 883508 883507 2026-07-15T15:51:29Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''This site is under construction''''' (da Turanci ''United States of America'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == mjdcmj32hwnn8uv9iji6i8arn445bbd 883509 883508 2026-07-15T15:51:52Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''This site is under construction''''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == gx9s5utmoimy1ug2e737fsrub08wf3r 883521 883509 2026-07-15T15:59:11Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''This site is under construction''''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == 49m4x04tbxq3swic3rovlqblydn5trm 883524 883521 2026-07-15T16:01:08Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == mnm03wldxsg6xoi66rh6f51u4w4jkdq 883533 883524 2026-07-15T16:14:23Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka. (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == rtd8ke1s931dsoyfd9die0ze4ysuiee 883534 883533 2026-07-15T16:14:33Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka. (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == j8brrex80ug1pjyawej0mq48an1dmi3 883537 883534 2026-07-15T16:24:53Z Armadillo Jack 46856 intro 883537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka. (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == ioiif3od6zbnumgxnie4gama52dbbz6 883538 883537 2026-07-15T16:25:37Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka. (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} This site is under construction == Wakilan jihohin == dp4y2d2lpvn2mllpsml7ohnm2mllyhr 883539 883538 2026-07-15T16:25:45Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka. (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == lit6vnqrdmkex7mbcsssp8b4f2kxo0f 883540 883539 2026-07-15T16:26:58Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka. Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == 1f09224wmnviipz7k5lwgq22tr4xn3i 883542 883540 2026-07-15T16:32:30Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883542 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka. Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== az3zxc8gwgaadm9uc003p0e0ejx3xkf 883545 883542 2026-07-15T16:34:46Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained] Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== 0cl3wsepzcw3crdscpe2abhzyc8wjt0 883546 883545 2026-07-15T16:35:14Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== myev6e6871pa0bhr7suhkqyazksm6tp 883547 883546 2026-07-15T16:36:12Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883547 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th''']] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== dk0wssrarfgafc1t8h4om84kh1zbps8 883549 883547 2026-07-15T16:40:31Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th'''Taswirar]] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== sys5vmkm718dmwpb774y6xa1kcq6j44 883550 883549 2026-07-15T16:42:48Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th'''Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar a 2026 Jihar Texas]] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== sihnqb3hghzowx96clhewroa7ne1n5h 883552 883550 2026-07-15T16:44:29Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|'''Texas Congressional Districts, 120th'''Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar na Texas 2026]] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== b1fhufoaau0ud1nne9v0kojig58xv6o 883553 883552 2026-07-15T16:45:45Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883553 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar na Texas ]] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== 52un0ngg5sf8h4nt46gzan9spig1g9i 883554 883553 2026-07-15T16:48:55Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Amurka na Texas ]] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== sm5cjuk6wjr9trxqjvqh0mfu8w3bmy9 883555 883554 2026-07-15T16:50:38Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini Texas ]] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== 0ig5ofk5xvhdslokiii8a9wwg368fn9 883556 883555 2026-07-15T16:51:06Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883556 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''''This site is under construction''''' Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== 2gekkj659rin6belyoysnd46ypltcjq 883557 883556 2026-07-15T16:54:36Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== nc4l84v292h3nheglfd2mbyo1r5o1ei 883558 883557 2026-07-15T16:54:43Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== iddb6a3jv991fr08qgs4e17y0vpn907 883559 883558 2026-07-15T16:58:29Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> Majalisar Wakilai (Amurka) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |&#x2190;&#x20;2024 '''November 3, 2026''' 2028&#x20;&#x2192; |- ! colspan="2" | ----All 38 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" |&nbsp; | | |- !Party |Republican |Democratic |- !Last&#x20;election |'''25''' |13 |} |} == Wakilan jihohin == ==Manazarta== dnv2omlm9ul09pegj6ivg66be7s2xdb 883597 883559 2026-07-15T17:15:22Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Wakilan jihohin */ 883597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''25''' |- |Democratic |13 |} ==Manazarta== 9rkyano654wbyesium7lnoaukxbbcmj 883604 883597 2026-07-15T17:17:27Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako */ 883604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako na 5 ga Nuwamba, 2024 == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''25''' |- |Democratic |13 |} ==Manazarta== 6jl8kzfvrb0zgkyag1mn3a3w5634ogy 883605 883604 2026-07-15T17:17:53Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''25''' |- |Democratic |13 |} ==Manazarta== 6fgc24w2lgbvqtxlwdqk1q4w7vllisa 883611 883605 2026-07-15T17:19:49Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''25''' |- |Democratic |13 |} ==Manazarta== cftuknp5r1dtbbn5v31ebzk6xstynyo 883617 883611 2026-07-15T17:22:47Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''Ƙuru'u''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican | |'''25''' |- |Democratic | |13 |} ==Manazarta== 8fv54mff6dreztiw71buk42aq4xt07d 883632 883617 2026-07-15T17:26:37Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican | |'''25''' |- |Democratic | |13 |} ==Manazarta== md1lfhdbbv8phigqt88srfrp62ybk2d 883635 883632 2026-07-15T17:29:04Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''decrease 0.37%''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% increase1.66% |13 |} ==Manazarta== szi725lsxz2ygtlz005cms0uf6zrh3o 883643 883635 2026-07-15T17:31:16Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(decrease 0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (increase1.66%) |13 |} ==Manazarta== 8nfsmxmf5jkdh7kiw6qw0ebd2cz09fr 883644 883643 2026-07-15T17:32:47Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (increase1.66%) |13 |} ==Manazarta== flpel9ev4tz2yaheiitp6y96iyvto71 883649 883644 2026-07-15T17:35:34Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (&#x20;+1.66%) |13 |} ==Manazarta== 37fzh7fm1tfe1516qtoufxke7tcxnt9 883652 883649 2026-07-15T17:35:47Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} ==Manazarta== dp18tado0xjim0eyhmht207vuz122ko 883656 883652 2026-07-15T17:37:17Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] ==Manazarta== plq3m4qlfco5gr83is1wxvbt0qpc5l3 883662 883656 2026-07-15T17:38:45Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' ==Manazarta== cxjj0b57t2cbcdsto6ma66j7zek1kbf 883667 883662 2026-07-15T17:39:51Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Shafin yanar gizo */ 883667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''https://www.house.gov/''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' ==Manazarta== bn3a5zbrkp50bapwwu1zu61xzw4ksu3 883669 883667 2026-07-15T17:40:08Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Shafin yanar gizo */ 883669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov/]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== 355iia9db0p18ex0z4zjrl3i8i3zbk3 883671 883669 2026-07-15T17:40:19Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Shafin yanar gizo */ 883671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov/]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== oii67qkt5ken58nldz31avzy9ju109r 883672 883671 2026-07-15T17:40:27Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Shafin yanar gizo */ 883672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== 4f1gf67wokywb9i5erye0zlq45ony8f 883692 883672 2026-07-15T17:56:06Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2023 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== b6mh6yz2grdpbjy35390of4ak133qqk 883693 883692 2026-07-15T17:56:50Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== 9r4ovtcnmnb0877kscpljoiu9nsf5ir 883695 883693 2026-07-15T18:04:17Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123.. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== mmo8oyepuyz3ujgik2ospos7gvm4rm9 883698 883695 2026-07-15T18:14:10Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ made is sound better 883698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== e36v487rnitgy4zrbingtavdct6wpnd 883700 883698 2026-07-15T18:22:47Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{subst:Requested move |Gyaran Zaɓen Majalisar ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas|reason=2026 US Congressional Elections Texas not 2026 US House of Representatives Elections Texas}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== 5l5d4mtcvq0kp2t2z727oain2t013au 883701 883700 2026-07-15T18:23:32Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{subst:Requested move |Gyaran Zaɓen Majalisar ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas|reason=2026 US Congressional Elections Texas not 2026 US House of Representatives Elections Texas}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== gce81c6oorolqxryt0s65emwze1gui0 883702 883701 2026-07-15T18:24:32Z Armadillo Jack 46856 Fix name is good! Double checked 883702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== e36v487rnitgy4zrbingtavdct6wpnd 883703 883702 2026-07-15T18:25:29Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) */ 883703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== bzs03fwuzva4soxxonqwr4yj3mvoxaa 883725 883703 2026-07-15T19:23:54Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaben majalisar dokoki na karshe na dukkan gundumomi ya kasance a shekarar 2023 a ranar 5 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekara ta  2024. == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== ctcx53yckhhawaohi07v2lgqiafvsng 883726 883725 2026-07-15T19:25:24Z Armadillo Jack 46856 typo 883726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'') Zaben majalisar dokoki na karshe na dukkan gundumomi ya kasance a shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekara ta  2024. == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== spw1cysi9uzo2p8ppvu67s6evrovwmc 883727 883726 2026-07-15T19:32:17Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] Za a gudanar da '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'')  na shekarar 2026 a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba. Zaben majalisar dokoki na karshe na dukkan gundumomi ya kasance a shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekara ta  2024. == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== dx00tkzi1df7h08qhrux41j6vzuqwql 883728 883727 2026-07-15T19:40:36Z Armadillo Jack 46856 primary 883728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] Za a gudanar da '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'')  na shekarar 2026 a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba.An gabatar da ƴan takarar a zaben fidda gwanin jam'iyyaun siyasa, wanda aka gudanar 3 ga watan Maris shekarar 2026. Zaben majalisar dokoki na karshe na dukkan gundumomi ya kasance a shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekara ta  2024. == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== dxa5r9q1tsdsqzfbwurb3h2sqtnt0ru 883729 883728 2026-07-15T19:42:37Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Texas Congressional Districts, 120th Congress (PLANC2333).svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumomini a majalisar Texas ]] Za a gudanar da '''Zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasar Amurka a 2026 Jihar Texas''' (da Turanci ''2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas'')  na shekarar 2026 a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba.An gabatar da ƴan takarar a zaben fidda gwanin (''primary elections'') jam'iyyaun siyasa, wanda aka gudanar 3 ga watan Maris shekarar 2026. Zaben majalisar dokoki na karshe na dukkan gundumomi ya kasance a shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekara ta  2024. == Tsarin Zaɓe == Majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Amurka majalisar wakilai ce wacce kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada a Kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Amurka. Jihar Texas ta ƙunshi sassa 38 na Gundumomini a majalisar Tarayyar Amurka.<ref>[https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained The House Explained | house.gov]</ref><ref>[https://www.txdot.gov/data-maps/reference-maps/congressional-district-maps.html Congressional district maps]</ref> == Sakamako (5 ga Nuwamba, 2024) == An gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ƙasa a Amurka a Jihar Texas na shekarar 2024 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba shekarar  2024 kuma  'yan takarar jam’iyyar Republican, ya lashe zaben da kashi 58.41% na kuri’u 6,235,017 kuma yazo na biyu shine 'yan takarar jam’iyyar Democratic ya lashe zaben da kashi 40.39% na kuri’u 4,311,123. {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Jam'iyya''' |'''kowace Jam'iyya da''' '''ƙuri'un da''' '''kowanne ya samu''' |'''kujeru''' |- |Republican |'''58.41%''' '''(−0.37% )''' |'''25''' |- |Democratic |40.39% (+1.66%) |13 |} == Shafin yanar gizo == '''[https://www.house.gov/ www.house.gov]''' '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ VoteTexas.gov]''' '''[https://www.vote411.org/texas vote411.org/texas]''' ==Manazarta== qjwazyevfvwo5uuswv1nni6jibghua1 0 161638 883498 2026-07-15T15:33:00Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357174306|Dante Cephas]]" 883498 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da Dante Lamar Cephas''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Kansas State Wildcats . Ya taba buga wa Kent State Golden Flashes da Penn State Nittany Lions wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Cephas ya girma a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Penn Hills . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Tim |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas offered by Hokies after entering Transfer Portal |url=https://pennstate.rivals.com/news/dante-cephas-offered-by-hokies-after-entering-transfer-portal/ |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> An lasafta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jihar Kent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Penn Hills' Dante Cephas commits to Kent State |url=https://tribhssn.triblive.com/penn-hills-dante-cephas-commits-to-kent-state/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Kent (2019-2022) === Cephas ya taka leda a wasanni uku kuma yana da liyafa hudu don yadudduka 19 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kafin ya sake buga kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Where are they now: Cole Young, Dante Cephas and Haleigh Finale |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/highschool/2022/09/13/where-are-they-now-cole-young-dante-cephas-haleigh-finale/stories/202209140005 |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref> Ya kama 11 passes for 136 yadudduka a wasanni hudu a lokacin Kent State ta COVID-19-shortened 2020 kakar. An kira Cephas a matsayin tawagar farko ta All-Mid-American Conference (MAC) a matsayin redja-shirt sophomore bayan ya kama 82 passes don 1,240 yadudduka da tara touchdowns a matsayin red shirt sophomore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas stars at wide receiver for Kent State football team |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/football/2022/08/04/dante-cephas-stars-at-wide-receiver-for-kent-state-football-team/65390698007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]}}</ref> Cephas ya sake maimaitawa a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta All-MAC bayan ya gama kakar wasa ta 2022 tare da liyafa 48 don yadudduka 744 da kuma touchdowns uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas of Kent State named MAC football player of the week |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2022/10/06/dante-cephas-of-kent-state-named-mac-football-player-of-the-week/69537013007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Kent State football's Dante Cephas enters NCAA Transfer Portal |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2022/12/05/kent-state-wide-receiver-dante-cephas-enters-ncaa-transfer-portal/69701881007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]}}</ref> === Jihar Penn (2023) === A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2023, Cephas ya sanar da niyyarsa ta canja wurin zuwa Penn State bayan kammala karatun digiri a Kent State. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2023 |title=Penn State adds top transfer portal target in WR Dante Cephas |url=https://www.on3.com/teams/penn-state-nittany-lions/news/penn-state-adds-top-transfer-portal-target-in-wr-dante-cephas/ |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[On3]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Cephas ya yi babban kakar wasa 6 don yadudduka 53 da kuma touchdown biyu a kan Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penn State at Maryland Box Score, November 4, 2023 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2023-11-04-maryland.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> === Jihar Kansas (2024-yanzu) === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2024, Cephas ya sanar da cewa zai sake shiga tashar canja wurin. A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, ya sanar da cewa zai koma Jihar Kansas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doebler |first=CJ |date=January 20, 2024 |title=Report: Former Penn State Football Wide Receiver Dante Cephas Enrolls At Kansas State |url=https://onwardstate.com/2024/01/20/report-former-penn-state-football-wide-receiver-dante-cephas-enrolls-at-kansas-state/ |access-date=January 26, 2024 |website=Onward State}}</ref> === Kididdiga === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! colspan="2" |Wasanni ! colspan="4 " |Karɓar |- !GP !GS !Rec !Yds !Avg !TD |- !2019 !Jihar Kent |3 |1 |4 |19 |4.8 |0 |- !2020 !Jihar Kent |4 |3 |11 |136 |12.4 |0 |- !2021 !Jihar Kent |14 |13 |82 |1,240 |15.1 |9 |- !2022 !Jihar Kent |9 |8 |48 |744 |15.5 |3 |- !2023 !Jihar Penn |12 |6 |22 |146 |11.2 |2 |- !2024 !Jihar Kansas |13 |6 |15 |184 |12.3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/colston-loveland-1.html Ayyuka] !55 !37 !182 !2,569 !14.1 !14 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/12233 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] * [https://gopsusports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/14131 Penn State Nittany Lions bio] * [https://kstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/11831 Rayuwar Wildcats ta Jihar Kansas] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 5ur13ck85jh15u9p8tvpug1rddu8yuv 883499 883498 2026-07-15T15:33:48Z Aluja 30485 883499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dante Lamar Cephas''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Kansas State Wildcats . Ya taba buga wa Kent State Golden Flashes da Penn State Nittany Lions wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Cephas ya girma a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Penn Hills . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Tim |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas offered by Hokies after entering Transfer Portal |url=https://pennstate.rivals.com/news/dante-cephas-offered-by-hokies-after-entering-transfer-portal/ |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> An lasafta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jihar Kent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Penn Hills' Dante Cephas commits to Kent State |url=https://tribhssn.triblive.com/penn-hills-dante-cephas-commits-to-kent-state/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Kent (2019-2022) === Cephas ya taka leda a wasanni uku kuma yana da liyafa hudu don yadudduka 19 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kafin ya sake buga kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Where are they now: Cole Young, Dante Cephas and Haleigh Finale |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/highschool/2022/09/13/where-are-they-now-cole-young-dante-cephas-haleigh-finale/stories/202209140005 |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref> Ya kama 11 passes for 136 yadudduka a wasanni hudu a lokacin Kent State ta COVID-19-shortened 2020 kakar. An kira Cephas a matsayin tawagar farko ta All-Mid-American Conference (MAC) a matsayin redja-shirt sophomore bayan ya kama 82 passes don 1,240 yadudduka da tara touchdowns a matsayin red shirt sophomore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas stars at wide receiver for Kent State football team |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/football/2022/08/04/dante-cephas-stars-at-wide-receiver-for-kent-state-football-team/65390698007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]}}</ref> Cephas ya sake maimaitawa a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta All-MAC bayan ya gama kakar wasa ta 2022 tare da liyafa 48 don yadudduka 744 da kuma touchdowns uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas of Kent State named MAC football player of the week |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2022/10/06/dante-cephas-of-kent-state-named-mac-football-player-of-the-week/69537013007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Kent State football's Dante Cephas enters NCAA Transfer Portal |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2022/12/05/kent-state-wide-receiver-dante-cephas-enters-ncaa-transfer-portal/69701881007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]}}</ref> === Jihar Penn (2023) === A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2023, Cephas ya sanar da niyyarsa ta canja wurin zuwa Penn State bayan kammala karatun digiri a Kent State. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2023 |title=Penn State adds top transfer portal target in WR Dante Cephas |url=https://www.on3.com/teams/penn-state-nittany-lions/news/penn-state-adds-top-transfer-portal-target-in-wr-dante-cephas/ |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[On3]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Cephas ya yi babban kakar wasa 6 don yadudduka 53 da kuma touchdown biyu a kan Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penn State at Maryland Box Score, November 4, 2023 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2023-11-04-maryland.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> === Jihar Kansas (2024-yanzu) === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2024, Cephas ya sanar da cewa zai sake shiga tashar canja wurin. A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, ya sanar da cewa zai koma Jihar Kansas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doebler |first=CJ |date=January 20, 2024 |title=Report: Former Penn State Football Wide Receiver Dante Cephas Enrolls At Kansas State |url=https://onwardstate.com/2024/01/20/report-former-penn-state-football-wide-receiver-dante-cephas-enrolls-at-kansas-state/ |access-date=January 26, 2024 |website=Onward State}}</ref> === Kididdiga === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! colspan="2" |Wasanni ! colspan="4 " |Karɓar |- !GP !GS !Rec !Yds !Avg !TD |- !2019 !Jihar Kent |3 |1 |4 |19 |4.8 |0 |- !2020 !Jihar Kent |4 |3 |11 |136 |12.4 |0 |- !2021 !Jihar Kent |14 |13 |82 |1,240 |15.1 |9 |- !2022 !Jihar Kent |9 |8 |48 |744 |15.5 |3 |- !2023 !Jihar Penn |12 |6 |22 |146 |11.2 |2 |- !2024 !Jihar Kansas |13 |6 |15 |184 |12.3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/colston-loveland-1.html Ayyuka] !55 !37 !182 !2,569 !14.1 !14 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/12233 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] * [https://gopsusports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/14131 Penn State Nittany Lions bio] * [https://kstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/11831 Rayuwar Wildcats ta Jihar Kansas] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] lpw4zt4jpcj4h6xq1lb0l6g20z99s4u 883501 883499 2026-07-15T15:35:50Z Aluja 30485 /* Jihar Kansas (2024-yanzu) */ 883501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dante Lamar Cephas''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Kansas State Wildcats . Ya taba buga wa Kent State Golden Flashes da Penn State Nittany Lions wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Cephas ya girma a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Penn Hills . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Tim |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas offered by Hokies after entering Transfer Portal |url=https://pennstate.rivals.com/news/dante-cephas-offered-by-hokies-after-entering-transfer-portal/ |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> An lasafta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jihar Kent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Penn Hills' Dante Cephas commits to Kent State |url=https://tribhssn.triblive.com/penn-hills-dante-cephas-commits-to-kent-state/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Kent (2019-2022) === Cephas ya taka leda a wasanni uku kuma yana da liyafa hudu don yadudduka 19 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kafin ya sake buga kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Where are they now: Cole Young, Dante Cephas and Haleigh Finale |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/highschool/2022/09/13/where-are-they-now-cole-young-dante-cephas-haleigh-finale/stories/202209140005 |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref> Ya kama 11 passes for 136 yadudduka a wasanni hudu a lokacin Kent State ta COVID-19-shortened 2020 kakar. An kira Cephas a matsayin tawagar farko ta All-Mid-American Conference (MAC) a matsayin redja-shirt sophomore bayan ya kama 82 passes don 1,240 yadudduka da tara touchdowns a matsayin red shirt sophomore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas stars at wide receiver for Kent State football team |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/football/2022/08/04/dante-cephas-stars-at-wide-receiver-for-kent-state-football-team/65390698007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]}}</ref> Cephas ya sake maimaitawa a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta All-MAC bayan ya gama kakar wasa ta 2022 tare da liyafa 48 don yadudduka 744 da kuma touchdowns uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas of Kent State named MAC football player of the week |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2022/10/06/dante-cephas-of-kent-state-named-mac-football-player-of-the-week/69537013007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Kent State football's Dante Cephas enters NCAA Transfer Portal |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2022/12/05/kent-state-wide-receiver-dante-cephas-enters-ncaa-transfer-portal/69701881007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]}}</ref> === Jihar Penn (2023) === A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2023, Cephas ya sanar da niyyarsa ta canja wurin zuwa Penn State bayan kammala karatun digiri a Kent State. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2023 |title=Penn State adds top transfer portal target in WR Dante Cephas |url=https://www.on3.com/teams/penn-state-nittany-lions/news/penn-state-adds-top-transfer-portal-target-in-wr-dante-cephas/ |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[On3]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Cephas ya yi babban kakar wasa 6 don yadudduka 53 da kuma touchdown biyu a kan Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penn State at Maryland Box Score, November 4, 2023 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2023-11-04-maryland.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> === Jihar Kansas (2024-yanzu) === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2024, Cephas ya sanar da cewa zai sake shiga tashar canja wurin.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wogenrich |first=Mark |date=2024-01-03 |title=Penn State Receiver Dante Cephas Enters Transfer Portal |url=https://www.si.com/college/pennstate/football/penn-state-football-nittany-lions-receiver-dante-cephas-transfer-portal |access-date=2024-01-04 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |language=en}}</ref> On January 20, he announced that he would transfer to [[Kansas State Wildcats football|Kansas State]].<ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, ya sanar da cewa zai koma Jihar Kansas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doebler |first=CJ |date=January 20, 2024 |title=Report: Former Penn State Football Wide Receiver Dante Cephas Enrolls At Kansas State |url=https://onwardstate.com/2024/01/20/report-former-penn-state-football-wide-receiver-dante-cephas-enrolls-at-kansas-state/ |access-date=January 26, 2024 |website=Onward State}}</ref> === Kididdiga === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! colspan="2" |Wasanni ! colspan="4 " |Karɓar |- !GP !GS !Rec !Yds !Avg !TD |- !2019 !Jihar Kent |3 |1 |4 |19 |4.8 |0 |- !2020 !Jihar Kent |4 |3 |11 |136 |12.4 |0 |- !2021 !Jihar Kent |14 |13 |82 |1,240 |15.1 |9 |- !2022 !Jihar Kent |9 |8 |48 |744 |15.5 |3 |- !2023 !Jihar Penn |12 |6 |22 |146 |11.2 |2 |- !2024 !Jihar Kansas |13 |6 |15 |184 |12.3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/colston-loveland-1.html Ayyuka] !55 !37 !182 !2,569 !14.1 !14 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/12233 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] * [https://gopsusports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/14131 Penn State Nittany Lions bio] * [https://kstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/11831 Rayuwar Wildcats ta Jihar Kansas] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] g6owsn8g530iuo5txxvmrl2m7qj45v5 883502 883501 2026-07-15T15:36:10Z Aluja 30485 883502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dante Lamar Cephas''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Kansas State Wildcats . Ya taba buga wa Kent State Golden Flashes da Penn State Nittany Lions wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Cephas ya girma a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Penn Hills . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Tim |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas offered by Hokies after entering Transfer Portal |url=https://pennstate.rivals.com/news/dante-cephas-offered-by-hokies-after-entering-transfer-portal/ |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> An lasafta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jihar Kent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Penn Hills' Dante Cephas commits to Kent State |url=https://tribhssn.triblive.com/penn-hills-dante-cephas-commits-to-kent-state/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Kent (2019-2022) === Cephas ya taka leda a wasanni uku kuma yana da liyafa hudu don yadudduka 19 a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya kafin ya sake buga kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Where are they now: Cole Young, Dante Cephas and Haleigh Finale |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/highschool/2022/09/13/where-are-they-now-cole-young-dante-cephas-haleigh-finale/stories/202209140005 |access-date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref> Ya kama 11 passes for 136 yadudduka a wasanni hudu a lokacin Kent State ta COVID-19-shortened 2020 kakar. An kira Cephas a matsayin tawagar farko ta All-Mid-American Conference (MAC) a matsayin redja-shirt sophomore bayan ya kama 82 passes don 1,240 yadudduka da tara touchdowns a matsayin red shirt sophomore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas stars at wide receiver for Kent State football team |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/football/2022/08/04/dante-cephas-stars-at-wide-receiver-for-kent-state-football-team/65390698007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]}}</ref> Cephas ya sake maimaitawa a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta All-MAC bayan ya gama kakar wasa ta 2022 tare da liyafa 48 don yadudduka 744 da kuma touchdowns uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2022 |title=Dante Cephas of Kent State named MAC football player of the week |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2022/10/06/dante-cephas-of-kent-state-named-mac-football-player-of-the-week/69537013007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Record-Courier (Ohio)|Record-Courier]]}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Kent State football's Dante Cephas enters NCAA Transfer Portal |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2022/12/05/kent-state-wide-receiver-dante-cephas-enters-ncaa-transfer-portal/69701881007/ |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]}}</ref> === Jihar Penn (2023) === A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2023, Cephas ya sanar da niyyarsa ta canja wurin zuwa Penn State bayan kammala karatun digiri a Kent State. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2023 |title=Penn State adds top transfer portal target in WR Dante Cephas |url=https://www.on3.com/teams/penn-state-nittany-lions/news/penn-state-adds-top-transfer-portal-target-in-wr-dante-cephas/ |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[On3]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Cephas ya yi babban kakar wasa 6 don yadudduka 53 da kuma touchdown biyu a kan Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penn State at Maryland Box Score, November 4, 2023 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2023-11-04-maryland.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> === Jihar Kansas (2024-yanzu) === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2024, Cephas ya sanar da cewa zai sake shiga tashar canja wurin.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wogenrich |first=Mark |date=2024-01-03 |title=Penn State Receiver Dante Cephas Enters Transfer Portal |url=https://www.si.com/college/pennstate/football/penn-state-football-nittany-lions-receiver-dante-cephas-transfer-portal |access-date=2024-01-04 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |language=en}}</ref> On January 20, he announced that he would transfer to [[Kansas State Wildcats football|Kansas State]].<ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, ya sanar da cewa zai koma Jihar Kansas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doebler |first=CJ |date=January 20, 2024 |title=Report: Former Penn State Football Wide Receiver Dante Cephas Enrolls At Kansas State |url=https://onwardstate.com/2024/01/20/report-former-penn-state-football-wide-receiver-dante-cephas-enrolls-at-kansas-state/ |access-date=January 26, 2024 |website=Onward State}}</ref> === Kididdiga === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! colspan="2" |Wasanni ! colspan="4 " |Karɓar |- !GP !GS !Rec !Yds !Avg !TD |- !2019 !Jihar Kent |3 |1 |4 |19 |4.8 |0 |- !2020 !Jihar Kent |4 |3 |11 |136 |12.4 |0 |- !2021 !Jihar Kent |14 |13 |82 |1,240 |15.1 |9 |- !2022 !Jihar Kent |9 |8 |48 |744 |15.5 |3 |- !2023 !Jihar Penn |12 |6 |22 |146 |11.2 |2 |- !2024 !Jihar Kansas |13 |6 |15 |184 |12.3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/colston-loveland-1.html Ayyuka] !55 !37 !182 !2,569 !14.1 !14 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/12233 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] * [https://gopsusports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/14131 Penn State Nittany Lions bio] * [https://kstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/dante-cephas/11831 Rayuwar Wildcats ta Jihar Kansas] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] cp73tnjr2kcib87tjuy5jtdex7utlkp 0 161639 883504 2026-07-15T15:46:11Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363519646|Jeremy Payne]]" 883504 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya Jeremy Payne''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda ke gudu a baya ga TCU Horned Frogs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Payne attended Hightower High School in Missouri City, Texas. During his high school career, he finished as the school's all-time leader in rushing yards with 4,121 yards, touchdowns with 41, and yards per carry averaging 9.2 yards. Payne also finished as second all-time in receiving yards with 1,432 yards and third all-time in receiving touchdowns with 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silva II |first=Dennis |date=7 February 2024 |title=A master of all trades, TCU signee Jeremy Payne awarded opportunity following illustrious Hightower career |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas-sports-nation/college/article/jeremy-payne-sign-tcu-hightower-18653910.php |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> He was rated as a four-star recruit, the 16th overall running back, and the 41st overall player in the state of Texas by 247Sports, and committed to play college football for the TCU Horned Frogs over offers from other schools such as Baylor, Texas A&amp;amp;M, Oklahoma, Auburn, Oregon, Michigan State, Utah, and Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poorman |first=Jon |date=20 June 2023 |title=Hightower 4-star running back Jeremy Payne commits to TCU football program |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas-sports-nation/hs-sports/football/article/jeremy-payne-commits-tcu-hightower-18160727.php |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2024, Payne ya yi gaggawar gudu don yadudduka 239 da kuma touchdowns uku a kan 54 da aka ɗauka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=2025 TCU football preview: Who will emerge as the starting running back? |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article311226510.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> A cikin mako na 13 na kakar 2025, ya rubuta yadudduka 103 a cikin nasarar da ya samu a kan Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=Hero of Alamo Bowl eager for opportunity to lead TCU’s running backs |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article315469217.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> A wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, Payne ya gudu don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns biyu a cikin nasara da Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napetian |first=Ian |title=Jeremy Payne Emerges As TCU's Future Feature Back |url=https://www.si.com/college/tcu/football/jeremy-payne-emerges-as-tcu-future-feature-back-01kbc6s943e1 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=TCU Horned Frogs On SI}}</ref> A cikin 2025 Alamo Bowl, ya yi sauri don yadudduka 73 da kuma touchdown a kan 13 da aka ɗauka, yayin da yake janyewa a cikin shida don yaduddusa 50 da kuma wasan da ya lashe, a cikin nasarar dawowa a cikin overtime da USC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bachar |first=Zach |title=Jeremy Payne, TCU Stun CFB Fans with Comeback Win vs. Lincoln Riley, USC in Alamo Bowl |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/25344160-jeremy-payne-tcu-stun-cfb-fans-comeback-win-vs-lincoln-riley-usc-alamo-bowl |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Payne ya gama kakar 2025 tare da yadudduka 623 da kuma touchdowns biyar a kan 110 dauke, yayin da yake kawo 22 receptions don yadudduka 207 da kuma touch Downs biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Preseason Big 12 running back rankings: Where does TCU’s Jeremy Payne rank? |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article316099954.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jeremy-payne/18243 TCU Horned Frogs bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fgzwkrnrlsocu5pptsas2qaz2icclsg 883505 883504 2026-07-15T15:46:39Z Aluja 30485 883505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeremy Payne''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda ke gudu a baya ga TCU Horned Frogs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Payne attended Hightower High School in Missouri City, Texas. During his high school career, he finished as the school's all-time leader in rushing yards with 4,121 yards, touchdowns with 41, and yards per carry averaging 9.2 yards. Payne also finished as second all-time in receiving yards with 1,432 yards and third all-time in receiving touchdowns with 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silva II |first=Dennis |date=7 February 2024 |title=A master of all trades, TCU signee Jeremy Payne awarded opportunity following illustrious Hightower career |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas-sports-nation/college/article/jeremy-payne-sign-tcu-hightower-18653910.php |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> He was rated as a four-star recruit, the 16th overall running back, and the 41st overall player in the state of Texas by 247Sports, and committed to play college football for the TCU Horned Frogs over offers from other schools such as Baylor, Texas A&amp;amp;M, Oklahoma, Auburn, Oregon, Michigan State, Utah, and Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poorman |first=Jon |date=20 June 2023 |title=Hightower 4-star running back Jeremy Payne commits to TCU football program |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas-sports-nation/hs-sports/football/article/jeremy-payne-commits-tcu-hightower-18160727.php |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2024, Payne ya yi gaggawar gudu don yadudduka 239 da kuma touchdowns uku a kan 54 da aka ɗauka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=2025 TCU football preview: Who will emerge as the starting running back? |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article311226510.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> A cikin mako na 13 na kakar 2025, ya rubuta yadudduka 103 a cikin nasarar da ya samu a kan Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=Hero of Alamo Bowl eager for opportunity to lead TCU’s running backs |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article315469217.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> A wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, Payne ya gudu don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns biyu a cikin nasara da Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napetian |first=Ian |title=Jeremy Payne Emerges As TCU's Future Feature Back |url=https://www.si.com/college/tcu/football/jeremy-payne-emerges-as-tcu-future-feature-back-01kbc6s943e1 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=TCU Horned Frogs On SI}}</ref> A cikin 2025 Alamo Bowl, ya yi sauri don yadudduka 73 da kuma touchdown a kan 13 da aka ɗauka, yayin da yake janyewa a cikin shida don yaduddusa 50 da kuma wasan da ya lashe, a cikin nasarar dawowa a cikin overtime da USC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bachar |first=Zach |title=Jeremy Payne, TCU Stun CFB Fans with Comeback Win vs. Lincoln Riley, USC in Alamo Bowl |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/25344160-jeremy-payne-tcu-stun-cfb-fans-comeback-win-vs-lincoln-riley-usc-alamo-bowl |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Payne ya gama kakar 2025 tare da yadudduka 623 da kuma touchdowns biyar a kan 110 dauke, yayin da yake kawo 22 receptions don yadudduka 207 da kuma touch Downs biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Preseason Big 12 running back rankings: Where does TCU’s Jeremy Payne rank? |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article316099954.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jeremy-payne/18243 TCU Horned Frogs bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eh94cjzch4sgipf510nnls0m8dypl6u 883506 883505 2026-07-15T15:47:05Z Aluja 30485 883506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jeremy Payne''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda ke gudu a baya ga TCU Horned Frogs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Payne attended Hightower High School in Missouri City, Texas. During his high school career, he finished as the school's all-time leader in rushing yards with 4,121 yards, touchdowns with 41, and yards per carry averaging 9.2 yards. Payne also finished as second all-time in receiving yards with 1,432 yards and third all-time in receiving touchdowns with 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silva II |first=Dennis |date=7 February 2024 |title=A master of all trades, TCU signee Jeremy Payne awarded opportunity following illustrious Hightower career |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas-sports-nation/college/article/jeremy-payne-sign-tcu-hightower-18653910.php |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> He was rated as a four-star recruit, the 16th overall running back, and the 41st overall player in the state of Texas by 247Sports, and committed to play college football for the TCU Horned Frogs over offers from other schools such as Baylor, Texas A&amp;amp;M, Oklahoma, Auburn, Oregon, Michigan State, Utah, and Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poorman |first=Jon |date=20 June 2023 |title=Hightower 4-star running back Jeremy Payne commits to TCU football program |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas-sports-nation/hs-sports/football/article/jeremy-payne-commits-tcu-hightower-18160727.php |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2024, Payne ya yi gaggawar gudu don yadudduka 239 da kuma touchdowns uku a kan 54 da aka ɗauka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=2025 TCU football preview: Who will emerge as the starting running back? |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article311226510.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> A cikin mako na 13 na kakar 2025, ya rubuta yadudduka 103 a cikin nasarar da ya samu a kan Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=Hero of Alamo Bowl eager for opportunity to lead TCU’s running backs |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article315469217.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> A wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, Payne ya gudu don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns biyu a cikin nasara da Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napetian |first=Ian |title=Jeremy Payne Emerges As TCU's Future Feature Back |url=https://www.si.com/college/tcu/football/jeremy-payne-emerges-as-tcu-future-feature-back-01kbc6s943e1 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=TCU Horned Frogs On SI}}</ref> A cikin 2025 Alamo Bowl, ya yi sauri don yadudduka 73 da kuma touchdown a kan 13 da aka ɗauka, yayin da yake janyewa a cikin shida don yaduddusa 50 da kuma wasan da ya lashe, a cikin nasarar dawowa a cikin overtime da USC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bachar |first=Zach |title=Jeremy Payne, TCU Stun CFB Fans with Comeback Win vs. Lincoln Riley, USC in Alamo Bowl |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/25344160-jeremy-payne-tcu-stun-cfb-fans-comeback-win-vs-lincoln-riley-usc-alamo-bowl |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Payne ya gama kakar 2025 tare da yadudduka 623 da kuma touchdowns biyar a kan 110 dauke, yayin da yake kawo 22 receptions don yadudduka 207 da kuma touch Downs biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Preseason Big 12 running back rankings: Where does TCU’s Jeremy Payne rank? |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/college/big-12/texas-christian-university/article316099954.html |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jeremy-payne/18243 TCU Horned Frogs bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rz9dv0u36vftx641tnrde3cey27boe6 0 161640 883513 2026-07-15T15:55:28Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352580355|Isaiah Johnson (cornerback, born 2000)]]" 883513 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na Isaiah D. Johnson (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Dartmouth da Syracuse . == Rayuwa ta farko == Johnson ya halarci makarantar Detroit Country Day School a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Johnson ya taka leda a Dartmouth daga 2018 zuwa 2021 kuma an kira shi kungiyar farko ta All-Ivy league DB a 2021.<ref name="transfer mink" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Dartmouth, ya buga wasanni na shekaru biyu a Syracuse a matsayin mai kammala karatun digiri. Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a Syracuse kuma ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru biyu a kusurwa. A wasanni 45 a kwaleji, yana da 188 tackles, 2.5 sacks, 14 pass breakups da uku interceptions. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=3|weight=205|dash=4.64|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.22|cone drill=6.71|vertical=38.5|broad ft=10|broad in=9|bench=12|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/isaiah-johnson/32004a4f-4832-1396-a2a4-75818701dc0f |title=Isaiah Johnson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1056520&DraftYear=2024 |title=Isaiah Johnson College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref>}}Johnson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin shirin NFL na 2024. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2024, ya sanya hannu a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tare da Miami Dolphins kuma daga baya aka tura shi zuwa tawagar motsa jiki, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki bayan kwana biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-08272025-2 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Dolphins make practice squad roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-practice-squad-roster-moves |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2025 |title=Dolphins Sign CB Isaiah Johnson to the Active Roster |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-sign-cb-isaiah-johnson-to-the-active-roster |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> Johnson ya buga wasanni hudu ga Dolphins, inda ya yi rikodin haɗuwa guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4787 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=miamidolphins.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, an ba da sanarwar cewa Johnson zai rasa ragowar kakar bayan ya sha wahala daga fashewar ACL a aikace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins special teamer suffers ACL tear in practice |url=https://dolphinswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/dolphins/2025/12/26/isaiah-johnson-dolphins-acl-injury/87920253007/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=dolphinswire.usatoday.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2026, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson bayan da ya gaza a jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins make roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4792 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Twitter|Isaiah_2live}} * [https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/football/roster/isaiah-johnson/34045 Dartmouth Big Green bio] * [https://cuse.com/sports/football/roster/Isaiah-Johnson/22221 Syracuse Orange bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] 1np60pfnf6sq26p3wgz7ngnhmxip8k1 883516 883513 2026-07-15T15:56:15Z Aluja 30485 883516 wikitext text/x-wiki Isaiah D. Johnson (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Dartmouth da Syracuse . == Rayuwa ta farko == Johnson ya halarci makarantar Detroit Country Day School a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Johnson ya taka leda a Dartmouth daga 2018 zuwa 2021 kuma an kira shi kungiyar farko ta All-Ivy league DB a 2021.<ref name="transfer mink" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Dartmouth, ya buga wasanni na shekaru biyu a Syracuse a matsayin mai kammala karatun digiri. Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a Syracuse kuma ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru biyu a kusurwa. A wasanni 45 a kwaleji, yana da 188 tackles, 2.5 sacks, 14 pass breakups da uku interceptions. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=3|weight=205|dash=4.64|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.22|cone drill=6.71|vertical=38.5|broad ft=10|broad in=9|bench=12|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/isaiah-johnson/32004a4f-4832-1396-a2a4-75818701dc0f |title=Isaiah Johnson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1056520&DraftYear=2024 |title=Isaiah Johnson College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref>}}Johnson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin shirin NFL na 2024. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2024, ya sanya hannu a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tare da Miami Dolphins kuma daga baya aka tura shi zuwa tawagar motsa jiki, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki bayan kwana biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-08272025-2 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Dolphins make practice squad roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-practice-squad-roster-moves |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2025 |title=Dolphins Sign CB Isaiah Johnson to the Active Roster |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-sign-cb-isaiah-johnson-to-the-active-roster |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> Johnson ya buga wasanni hudu ga Dolphins, inda ya yi rikodin haɗuwa guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4787 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=miamidolphins.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, an ba da sanarwar cewa Johnson zai rasa ragowar kakar bayan ya sha wahala daga fashewar ACL a aikace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins special teamer suffers ACL tear in practice |url=https://dolphinswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/dolphins/2025/12/26/isaiah-johnson-dolphins-acl-injury/87920253007/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=dolphinswire.usatoday.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2026, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson bayan da ya gaza a jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins make roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4792 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Twitter|Isaiah_2live}} * [https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/football/roster/isaiah-johnson/34045 Dartmouth Big Green bio] * [https://cuse.com/sports/football/roster/Isaiah-Johnson/22221 Syracuse Orange bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] 8mmiid0asbnahrq7hfd7dw9zucixv77 883518 883516 2026-07-15T15:58:10Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 883518 wikitext text/x-wiki Isaiah D. Johnson (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Dartmouth da Syracuse . == Rayuwa ta farko == Johnson ya halarci makarantar Detroit Country Day School a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Johnson ya taka leda a Dartmouth daga 2018 zuwa 2021 kuma an kira shi kungiyar farko ta All-Ivy league DB a 2021.<ref name="transfer mink" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Dartmouth, ya buga wasanni na shekaru biyu a Syracuse a matsayin mai kammala karatun digiri. Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a Syracuse kuma ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru biyu a kusurwa. A wasanni 45 a kwaleji, yana da 188 tackles, 2.5 sacks, 14 pass breakups da uku interceptions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johnson Invited to NFL Combine |url=https://cuse.com/news/2024/2/13/football-johnson-invited-to-nfl-combine |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[Syracuse University Athletics]] |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=3|weight=205|dash=4.64|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.22|cone drill=6.71|vertical=38.5|broad ft=10|broad in=9|bench=12|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/isaiah-johnson/32004a4f-4832-1396-a2a4-75818701dc0f |title=Isaiah Johnson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1056520&DraftYear=2024 |title=Isaiah Johnson College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref>}}Johnson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin shirin NFL na 2024. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2024, ya sanya hannu a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tare da Miami Dolphins kuma daga baya aka tura shi zuwa tawagar motsa jiki, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki bayan kwana biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-08272025-2 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Dolphins make practice squad roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-practice-squad-roster-moves |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2025 |title=Dolphins Sign CB Isaiah Johnson to the Active Roster |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-sign-cb-isaiah-johnson-to-the-active-roster |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> Johnson ya buga wasanni hudu ga Dolphins, inda ya yi rikodin haɗuwa guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4787 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=miamidolphins.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, an ba da sanarwar cewa Johnson zai rasa ragowar kakar bayan ya sha wahala daga fashewar ACL a aikace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins special teamer suffers ACL tear in practice |url=https://dolphinswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/dolphins/2025/12/26/isaiah-johnson-dolphins-acl-injury/87920253007/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=dolphinswire.usatoday.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2026, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson bayan da ya gaza a jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins make roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4792 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Twitter|Isaiah_2live}} * [https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/football/roster/isaiah-johnson/34045 Dartmouth Big Green bio] * [https://cuse.com/sports/football/roster/Isaiah-Johnson/22221 Syracuse Orange bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] t9et4r4cm2v3bw2th2t9nzaldj1z17u 883520 883518 2026-07-15T15:59:10Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 883520 wikitext text/x-wiki Isaiah D. Johnson (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Dartmouth da Syracuse . == Rayuwa ta farko == Johnson ya halarci makarantar Detroit Country Day School a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Johnson ya taka leda a Dartmouth daga 2018 zuwa 2021 kuma an kira shi kungiyar farko ta All-Ivy league DB a 2021.<ref name="transfer mink" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Dartmouth, ya buga wasanni na shekaru biyu a Syracuse a matsayin mai kammala karatun digiri. Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a Syracuse kuma ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru biyu a kusurwa.<ref name="The D.O.">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Wyatt |title=KNOCKOUT CORNER: Tackling has always been Isaiah Johnson's top priority |url=https://dailyorange.com/2023/09/tackling-has-always-been-isaiah-johnsons-top-priority/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[The Daily Orange]] |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> A wasanni 45 a kwaleji, yana da 188 tackles, 2.5 sacks, 14 pass breakups da uku interceptions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johnson Invited to NFL Combine |url=https://cuse.com/news/2024/2/13/football-johnson-invited-to-nfl-combine |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[Syracuse University Athletics]] |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=3|weight=205|dash=4.64|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.22|cone drill=6.71|vertical=38.5|broad ft=10|broad in=9|bench=12|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/isaiah-johnson/32004a4f-4832-1396-a2a4-75818701dc0f |title=Isaiah Johnson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1056520&DraftYear=2024 |title=Isaiah Johnson College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref>}}Johnson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin shirin NFL na 2024. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2024, ya sanya hannu a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tare da Miami Dolphins kuma daga baya aka tura shi zuwa tawagar motsa jiki, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki bayan kwana biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-08272025-2 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Dolphins make practice squad roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-practice-squad-roster-moves |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2025 |title=Dolphins Sign CB Isaiah Johnson to the Active Roster |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-sign-cb-isaiah-johnson-to-the-active-roster |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> Johnson ya buga wasanni hudu ga Dolphins, inda ya yi rikodin haɗuwa guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4787 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=miamidolphins.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, an ba da sanarwar cewa Johnson zai rasa ragowar kakar bayan ya sha wahala daga fashewar ACL a aikace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins special teamer suffers ACL tear in practice |url=https://dolphinswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/dolphins/2025/12/26/isaiah-johnson-dolphins-acl-injury/87920253007/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=dolphinswire.usatoday.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2026, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson bayan da ya gaza a jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins make roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4792 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Twitter|Isaiah_2live}} * [https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/football/roster/isaiah-johnson/34045 Dartmouth Big Green bio] * [https://cuse.com/sports/football/roster/Isaiah-Johnson/22221 Syracuse Orange bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] i0y2tlohjiuws2xrbjg1v5zggeug5qb 883522 883520 2026-07-15T15:59:58Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 883522 wikitext text/x-wiki Isaiah D. Johnson (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Dartmouth da Syracuse . == Rayuwa ta farko == Johnson ya halarci makarantar Detroit Country Day School a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Johnson ya taka leda a Dartmouth daga 2018 zuwa 2021 kuma an kira shi kungiyar farko ta All-Ivy league DB a 2021.<ref name="transfer mink" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Dartmouth, ya buga wasanni na shekaru biyu a Syracuse a matsayin mai kammala karatun digiri.<ref name="transfer mink">{{cite news |last1=Mink |first1=Nate |title=Syracuse football adds Dartmouth-transfer cornerback Isaiah Johnson |url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangefootball/2022/02/syracuse-football-adds-dartmouth-transfer-cornerback-isaiah-johnson.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[Syracuse.com]] |date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a Syracuse kuma ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru biyu a kusurwa.<ref name="The D.O.">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Wyatt |title=KNOCKOUT CORNER: Tackling has always been Isaiah Johnson's top priority |url=https://dailyorange.com/2023/09/tackling-has-always-been-isaiah-johnsons-top-priority/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[The Daily Orange]] |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> A wasanni 45 a kwaleji, yana da 188 tackles, 2.5 sacks, 14 pass breakups da uku interceptions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johnson Invited to NFL Combine |url=https://cuse.com/news/2024/2/13/football-johnson-invited-to-nfl-combine |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[Syracuse University Athletics]] |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=3|weight=205|dash=4.64|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.22|cone drill=6.71|vertical=38.5|broad ft=10|broad in=9|bench=12|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/isaiah-johnson/32004a4f-4832-1396-a2a4-75818701dc0f |title=Isaiah Johnson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1056520&DraftYear=2024 |title=Isaiah Johnson College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref>}}Johnson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin shirin NFL na 2024. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2024, ya sanya hannu a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tare da Miami Dolphins kuma daga baya aka tura shi zuwa tawagar motsa jiki, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki bayan kwana biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-08272025-2 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Dolphins make practice squad roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-practice-squad-roster-moves |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2025 |title=Dolphins Sign CB Isaiah Johnson to the Active Roster |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-sign-cb-isaiah-johnson-to-the-active-roster |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> Johnson ya buga wasanni hudu ga Dolphins, inda ya yi rikodin haɗuwa guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4787 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=miamidolphins.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, an ba da sanarwar cewa Johnson zai rasa ragowar kakar bayan ya sha wahala daga fashewar ACL a aikace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins special teamer suffers ACL tear in practice |url=https://dolphinswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/dolphins/2025/12/26/isaiah-johnson-dolphins-acl-injury/87920253007/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=dolphinswire.usatoday.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2026, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson bayan da ya gaza a jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins make roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4792 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Twitter|Isaiah_2live}} * [https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/football/roster/isaiah-johnson/34045 Dartmouth Big Green bio] * [https://cuse.com/sports/football/roster/Isaiah-Johnson/22221 Syracuse Orange bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] bscwdb0e9o6b6yg902e4o9eaeacve50 883523 883522 2026-07-15T16:00:56Z Aluja 30485 883523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Isaiah D. Johnson''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Dartmouth da Syracuse . == Rayuwa ta farko == Johnson ya halarci makarantar Detroit Country Day School a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Johnson ya taka leda a Dartmouth daga 2018 zuwa 2021 kuma an kira shi kungiyar farko ta All-Ivy league DB a 2021.<ref name="transfer mink" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Dartmouth, ya buga wasanni na shekaru biyu a Syracuse a matsayin mai kammala karatun digiri.<ref name="transfer mink">{{cite news |last1=Mink |first1=Nate |title=Syracuse football adds Dartmouth-transfer cornerback Isaiah Johnson |url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangefootball/2022/02/syracuse-football-adds-dartmouth-transfer-cornerback-isaiah-johnson.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[Syracuse.com]] |date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a Syracuse kuma ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru biyu a kusurwa.<ref name="The D.O.">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Wyatt |title=KNOCKOUT CORNER: Tackling has always been Isaiah Johnson's top priority |url=https://dailyorange.com/2023/09/tackling-has-always-been-isaiah-johnsons-top-priority/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[The Daily Orange]] |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> A wasanni 45 a kwaleji, yana da 188 tackles, 2.5 sacks, 14 pass breakups da uku interceptions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johnson Invited to NFL Combine |url=https://cuse.com/news/2024/2/13/football-johnson-invited-to-nfl-combine |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[Syracuse University Athletics]] |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=3|weight=205|dash=4.64|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.71|shuttle=4.22|cone drill=6.71|vertical=38.5|broad ft=10|broad in=9|bench=12|arm span=32 7/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[NFL Combine]]/[[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/isaiah-johnson/32004a4f-4832-1396-a2a4-75818701dc0f |title=Isaiah Johnson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1056520&DraftYear=2024 |title=Isaiah Johnson College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref>}}Johnson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin shirin NFL na 2024. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2024, ya sanya hannu a matsayin mai ba da kyauta tare da Miami Dolphins kuma daga baya aka tura shi zuwa tawagar motsa jiki, inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki bayan kwana biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-08272025-2 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Dolphins make practice squad roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-practice-squad-roster-moves |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2025 |title=Dolphins Sign CB Isaiah Johnson to the Active Roster |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-sign-cb-isaiah-johnson-to-the-active-roster |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> Johnson ya buga wasanni hudu ga Dolphins, inda ya yi rikodin haɗuwa guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4787 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=miamidolphins.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, an ba da sanarwar cewa Johnson zai rasa ragowar kakar bayan ya sha wahala daga fashewar ACL a aikace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins special teamer suffers ACL tear in practice |url=https://dolphinswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/dolphins/2025/12/26/isaiah-johnson-dolphins-acl-injury/87920253007/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=dolphinswire.usatoday.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2026, Dolphins sun dakatar da Johnson bayan da ya gaza a jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolphins make roster moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/dolphins-make-roster-moves-x4792 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=MiamiDolphins.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Twitter|Isaiah_2live}} * [https://dartmouthsports.com/sports/football/roster/isaiah-johnson/34045 Dartmouth Big Green bio] * [https://cuse.com/sports/football/roster/Isaiah-Johnson/22221 Syracuse Orange bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] hcx79jo30mx5mdq48cghwh2v58k72zn 0 161641 883527 2026-07-15T16:07:09Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349270511|Pablo Dyego]]" 883527 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka Pablo Dyego''' da Silva Rosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Pablo Dye go, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa San Bernardo . Yafi zama dan wasan dama, yana iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan dama. == Ayyukan kulob == Dyego samfurin matasa ne na makarantar Fluminense . A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, ya sanya hannu ga Djurgårdens IF a kan aro. Pablo ya fara bugawa Djurgårdens IF a Allsvenskan a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2013 a kan Åtvidabergs IF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Dyster eftermiddag på Kopparvallen |url=http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507212453/http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |publisher=Djurgårdens IF |language=Swedish}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Dyego ya koma kungiyar Polish Ekstraklasa Legia Warsaw a kan aro na tsawon lokaci. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Dyego ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Kanada Ottawa Fury kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fury FC Add CanMNT Defender Marcel de Jong and Brazilian striker Pablo Dyego |url=http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010215/http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016 |publisher=ottawafuryfc.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, Diego ya koma San Francisco Deltas a kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Team News: Player Announcement |url=https://medium.com/sfdeltas/team-news-player-announcement-227d8775def2#.3wkldreph |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=medium.com |publisher=San Francisco Deltas}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|10 November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Pablo Dyego|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pablo-dyego-da-silva-rosa/290421/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | valign="center" |Djurgårdens IF |2013 |Allsvenskan |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | valign="center" |Legia Warsaw |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | valign="center" |Fury na Ottawa |2016 |NASL |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | valign="center" |San Francisco Deltas |2017 |NASL |27 |6 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |30 |6 |- | rowspan="4" valign="center" |Fluminense |2018 | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Jerin A |11 |2 |8 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" | - |22 |3 |- |2019 |9 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !11 !0 !0 !0 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !4 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2020 |Jerin B |17 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |4 |- | valign="center" |Atletico Goianiense |2021 |Jerin A |4 |0 |6 |0 |3 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2021 |Jerin B |17 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !86 !15 !17 !0 !5 !0 !10 !2 !2 !0 !119 !17 |}   == Daraja == '''Legia Warsaw''' * Kofin Poland: 2015-162015–16 '''San Francisco Deltas''' * [[2017 North American Soccer League season|2017]])" Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka: 2017 == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Pablo Dyegoa90minut.pl (a cikin yaren Polish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210538/http://dif.se/pablo/ Bayanan Djurgården] (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Pablo Dyegoa Sambafoot (Tarihi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] e2ts3y2h19oory055zpvy9c7nlife7f 883528 883527 2026-07-15T16:08:00Z Aluja 30485 /* Haɗin waje */ 883528 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka Pablo Dyego''' da Silva Rosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Pablo Dye go, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa San Bernardo . Yafi zama dan wasan dama, yana iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan dama. == Ayyukan kulob == Dyego samfurin matasa ne na makarantar Fluminense . A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, ya sanya hannu ga Djurgårdens IF a kan aro. Pablo ya fara bugawa Djurgårdens IF a Allsvenskan a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2013 a kan Åtvidabergs IF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Dyster eftermiddag på Kopparvallen |url=http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507212453/http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |publisher=Djurgårdens IF |language=Swedish}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Dyego ya koma kungiyar Polish Ekstraklasa Legia Warsaw a kan aro na tsawon lokaci. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Dyego ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Kanada Ottawa Fury kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fury FC Add CanMNT Defender Marcel de Jong and Brazilian striker Pablo Dyego |url=http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010215/http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016 |publisher=ottawafuryfc.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, Diego ya koma San Francisco Deltas a kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Team News: Player Announcement |url=https://medium.com/sfdeltas/team-news-player-announcement-227d8775def2#.3wkldreph |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=medium.com |publisher=San Francisco Deltas}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|10 November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Pablo Dyego|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pablo-dyego-da-silva-rosa/290421/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | valign="center" |Djurgårdens IF |2013 |Allsvenskan |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | valign="center" |Legia Warsaw |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | valign="center" |Fury na Ottawa |2016 |NASL |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | valign="center" |San Francisco Deltas |2017 |NASL |27 |6 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |30 |6 |- | rowspan="4" valign="center" |Fluminense |2018 | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Jerin A |11 |2 |8 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" | - |22 |3 |- |2019 |9 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !11 !0 !0 !0 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !4 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2020 |Jerin B |17 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |4 |- | valign="center" |Atletico Goianiense |2021 |Jerin A |4 |0 |6 |0 |3 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2021 |Jerin B |17 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !86 !15 !17 !0 !5 !0 !10 !2 !2 !0 !119 !17 |}   == Daraja == '''Legia Warsaw''' * Kofin Poland: 2015-162015–16 '''San Francisco Deltas''' * [[2017 North American Soccer League season|2017]])" Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka: 2017 == Manazarta == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Pablo Dyegoa90minut.pl (a cikin yaren Polish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210538/http://dif.se/pablo/ Bayanan Djurgården] (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Pablo Dyegoa Sambafoot (Tarihi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] dflehjgv6q9v8sm25ocqbfdxmwsyy66 883529 883528 2026-07-15T16:08:53Z Aluja 30485 883529 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Pablo Dyego''' da Silva Rosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Pablo Dye go, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa San Bernardo . Yafi zama dan wasan dama, yana iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan dama. == Ayyukan kulob == Dyego samfurin matasa ne na makarantar Fluminense . A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, ya sanya hannu ga Djurgårdens IF a kan aro. Pablo ya fara bugawa Djurgårdens IF a Allsvenskan a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2013 a kan Åtvidabergs IF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Dyster eftermiddag på Kopparvallen |url=http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507212453/http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |publisher=Djurgårdens IF |language=Swedish}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Dyego ya koma kungiyar Polish Ekstraklasa Legia Warsaw a kan aro na tsawon lokaci. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Dyego ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Kanada Ottawa Fury kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fury FC Add CanMNT Defender Marcel de Jong and Brazilian striker Pablo Dyego |url=http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010215/http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016 |publisher=ottawafuryfc.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, Diego ya koma San Francisco Deltas a kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Team News: Player Announcement |url=https://medium.com/sfdeltas/team-news-player-announcement-227d8775def2#.3wkldreph |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=medium.com |publisher=San Francisco Deltas}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|10 November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Pablo Dyego|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pablo-dyego-da-silva-rosa/290421/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | valign="center" |Djurgårdens IF |2013 |Allsvenskan |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | valign="center" |Legia Warsaw |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | valign="center" |Fury na Ottawa |2016 |NASL |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | valign="center" |San Francisco Deltas |2017 |NASL |27 |6 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |30 |6 |- | rowspan="4" valign="center" |Fluminense |2018 | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Jerin A |11 |2 |8 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" | - |22 |3 |- |2019 |9 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !11 !0 !0 !0 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !4 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2020 |Jerin B |17 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |4 |- | valign="center" |Atletico Goianiense |2021 |Jerin A |4 |0 |6 |0 |3 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2021 |Jerin B |17 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !86 !15 !17 !0 !5 !0 !10 !2 !2 !0 !119 !17 |}   == Daraja == '''Legia Warsaw''' * Kofin Poland: 2015-162015–16 '''San Francisco Deltas''' * [[2017 North American Soccer League season|2017]])" Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka: 2017 == Manazarta == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Pablo Dyegoa90minut.pl (a cikin yaren Polish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210538/http://dif.se/pablo/ Bayanan Djurgården] (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Pablo Dyegoa Sambafoot (Tarihi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] 4rretpz2v73f0x55u0kjqes3edg37fw 883531 883529 2026-07-15T16:12:01Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan kulob */ 883531 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Pablo Dyego''' da Silva Rosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Pablo Dye go, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa San Bernardo . Yafi zama dan wasan dama, yana iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan dama. == Ayyukan kulob == Dyego samfurin matasa ne na makarantar Fluminense . A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, ya sanya hannu ga Djurgårdens IF a kan aro. Pablo ya fara bugawa Djurgårdens IF a Allsvenskan a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2013 a kan Åtvidabergs IF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Dyster eftermiddag på Kopparvallen |url=http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507212453/http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |publisher=Djurgårdens IF |language=Swedish}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Dyego ya koma kungiyar Polish Ekstraklasa Legia Warsaw a kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pablo Dyego w Legii|url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/252/news2522571-Pablo-Dyego-w-Legii.html|accessdate=19 June 2015|publisher=90minut.pl|trans-title=Pablo Dyego signs for Legia|language=Polish}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Dyego ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Kanada Ottawa Fury kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fury FC Add CanMNT Defender Marcel de Jong and Brazilian striker Pablo Dyego |url=http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010215/http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016 |publisher=ottawafuryfc.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, Diego ya koma San Francisco Deltas a kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Team News: Player Announcement |url=https://medium.com/sfdeltas/team-news-player-announcement-227d8775def2#.3wkldreph |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=medium.com |publisher=San Francisco Deltas}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|10 November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Pablo Dyego|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pablo-dyego-da-silva-rosa/290421/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | valign="center" |Djurgårdens IF |2013 |Allsvenskan |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | valign="center" |Legia Warsaw |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | valign="center" |Fury na Ottawa |2016 |NASL |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | valign="center" |San Francisco Deltas |2017 |NASL |27 |6 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |30 |6 |- | rowspan="4" valign="center" |Fluminense |2018 | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Jerin A |11 |2 |8 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" | - |22 |3 |- |2019 |9 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !11 !0 !0 !0 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !4 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2020 |Jerin B |17 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |4 |- | valign="center" |Atletico Goianiense |2021 |Jerin A |4 |0 |6 |0 |3 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2021 |Jerin B |17 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !86 !15 !17 !0 !5 !0 !10 !2 !2 !0 !119 !17 |}   == Daraja == '''Legia Warsaw''' * Kofin Poland: 2015-162015–16 '''San Francisco Deltas''' * [[2017 North American Soccer League season|2017]])" Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka: 2017 == Manazarta == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Pablo Dyegoa90minut.pl (a cikin yaren Polish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210538/http://dif.se/pablo/ Bayanan Djurgården] (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Pablo Dyegoa Sambafoot (Tarihi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] hz2aedh4utbnc4dljtxfjtdkqmyg4pi 883532 883531 2026-07-15T16:12:35Z Aluja 30485 883532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''''''Pablo Dyego''' da Silva Rosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Pablo Dye go, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa San Bernardo . Yafi zama dan wasan dama, yana iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan dama. == Ayyukan kulob == Dyego samfurin matasa ne na makarantar Fluminense . A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, ya sanya hannu ga Djurgårdens IF a kan aro. Pablo ya fara bugawa Djurgårdens IF a Allsvenskan a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2013 a kan Åtvidabergs IF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Dyster eftermiddag på Kopparvallen |url=http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507212453/http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |publisher=Djurgårdens IF |language=Swedish}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Dyego ya koma kungiyar Polish Ekstraklasa Legia Warsaw a kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pablo Dyego w Legii|url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/252/news2522571-Pablo-Dyego-w-Legii.html|accessdate=19 June 2015|publisher=90minut.pl|trans-title=Pablo Dyego signs for Legia|language=Polish}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Dyego ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Kanada Ottawa Fury kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fury FC Add CanMNT Defender Marcel de Jong and Brazilian striker Pablo Dyego |url=http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010215/http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016 |publisher=ottawafuryfc.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, Diego ya koma San Francisco Deltas a kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Team News: Player Announcement |url=https://medium.com/sfdeltas/team-news-player-announcement-227d8775def2#.3wkldreph |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=medium.com |publisher=San Francisco Deltas}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|10 November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Pablo Dyego|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pablo-dyego-da-silva-rosa/290421/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | valign="center" |Djurgårdens IF |2013 |Allsvenskan |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | valign="center" |Legia Warsaw |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | valign="center" |Fury na Ottawa |2016 |NASL |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | valign="center" |San Francisco Deltas |2017 |NASL |27 |6 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |30 |6 |- | rowspan="4" valign="center" |Fluminense |2018 | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Jerin A |11 |2 |8 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" | - |22 |3 |- |2019 |9 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !11 !0 !0 !0 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !4 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2020 |Jerin B |17 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |4 |- | valign="center" |Atletico Goianiense |2021 |Jerin A |4 |0 |6 |0 |3 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2021 |Jerin B |17 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !86 !15 !17 !0 !5 !0 !10 !2 !2 !0 !119 !17 |}   == Daraja == '''Legia Warsaw''' * Kofin Poland: 2015-162015–16 '''San Francisco Deltas''' * [[2017 North American Soccer League season|2017]])" Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka: 2017 == Manazarta == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Pablo Dyegoa90minut.pl (a cikin yaren Polish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210538/http://dif.se/pablo/ Bayanan Djurgården] (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Pablo Dyegoa Sambafoot (Tarihi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] 2lk27u478nhlt16p3galyjpxehhir4t 883535 883532 2026-07-15T16:14:48Z Aluja 30485 883535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} ''''''Pablo Dyego''' da Silva Rosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Pablo Dye go, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa San Bernardo . Yafi zama dan wasan dama, yana iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan dama. == Ayyukan kulob == Dyego samfurin matasa ne na makarantar Fluminense . A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, ya sanya hannu ga Djurgårdens IF a kan aro. Pablo ya fara bugawa Djurgårdens IF a Allsvenskan a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2013 a kan Åtvidabergs IF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Dyster eftermiddag på Kopparvallen |url=http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507212453/http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |publisher=Djurgårdens IF |language=Swedish}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Dyego ya koma kungiyar Polish Ekstraklasa Legia Warsaw a kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pablo Dyego w Legii|url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/252/news2522571-Pablo-Dyego-w-Legii.html|accessdate=19 June 2015|publisher=90minut.pl|trans-title=Pablo Dyego signs for Legia|language=Polish}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Dyego ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Kanada Ottawa Fury kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fury FC Add CanMNT Defender Marcel de Jong and Brazilian striker Pablo Dyego |url=http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010215/http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016 |publisher=ottawafuryfc.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, Diego ya koma San Francisco Deltas a kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Team News: Player Announcement |url=https://medium.com/sfdeltas/team-news-player-announcement-227d8775def2#.3wkldreph |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=medium.com |publisher=San Francisco Deltas}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|10 November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Pablo Dyego|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pablo-dyego-da-silva-rosa/290421/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | valign="center" |Djurgårdens IF |2013 |Allsvenskan |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | valign="center" |Legia Warsaw |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | valign="center" |Fury na Ottawa |2016 |NASL |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | valign="center" |San Francisco Deltas |2017 |NASL |27 |6 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |30 |6 |- | rowspan="4" valign="center" |Fluminense |2018 | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Jerin A |11 |2 |8 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" | - |22 |3 |- |2019 |9 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !11 !0 !0 !0 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !4 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2020 |Jerin B |17 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |4 |- | valign="center" |Atletico Goianiense |2021 |Jerin A |4 |0 |6 |0 |3 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2021 |Jerin B |17 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !86 !15 !17 !0 !5 !0 !10 !2 !2 !0 !119 !17 |}   == Daraja == '''Legia Warsaw''' * Kofin Poland: 2015-162015–16 '''San Francisco Deltas''' * [[2017 North American Soccer League season|2017]])" Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka: 2017 == Manazarta == == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Pablo Dyegoa90minut.pl (a cikin yaren Polish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210538/http://dif.se/pablo/ Bayanan Djurgården] (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Pablo Dyegoa Sambafoot (Tarihi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] sdx2nvit2yjdfkg8fui3g4n5ea0ryhm 883548 883535 2026-07-15T16:37:42Z Aluja 30485 /* Manazarta */ 883548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} ''''''Pablo Dyego''' da Silva Rosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994), wanda aka fi sani da Pablo Dye go, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke buga wa San Bernardo . Yafi zama dan wasan dama, yana iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan dama. == Ayyukan kulob == Dyego samfurin matasa ne na makarantar Fluminense . A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, ya sanya hannu ga Djurgårdens IF a kan aro. Pablo ya fara bugawa Djurgårdens IF a Allsvenskan a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2013 a kan Åtvidabergs IF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Dyster eftermiddag på Kopparvallen |url=http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507212453/http://dif.se/2013/05/04/dyster-eftermiddag-pa-kopparvallen/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |publisher=Djurgårdens IF |language=Swedish}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Dyego ya koma kungiyar Polish Ekstraklasa Legia Warsaw a kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pablo Dyego w Legii|url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/252/news2522571-Pablo-Dyego-w-Legii.html|accessdate=19 June 2015|publisher=90minut.pl|trans-title=Pablo Dyego signs for Legia|language=Polish}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Dyego ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Kanada Ottawa Fury kan aro na tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fury FC Add CanMNT Defender Marcel de Jong and Brazilian striker Pablo Dyego |url=http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010215/http://www.ottawafuryfc.com/news/2016/03/02/fury-fc-add-canmnt-defender-marcel-de-jong-and-brazilian-striker-pablo-dyego |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016 |publisher=ottawafuryfc.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, Diego ya koma San Francisco Deltas a kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Team News: Player Announcement |url=https://medium.com/sfdeltas/team-news-player-announcement-227d8775def2#.3wkldreph |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=medium.com |publisher=San Francisco Deltas}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|10 November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Pablo Dyego|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pablo-dyego-da-silva-rosa/290421/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | valign="center" |Djurgårdens IF |2013 |Allsvenskan |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | valign="center" |Legia Warsaw |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | valign="center" |Fury na Ottawa |2016 |NASL |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | valign="center" |San Francisco Deltas |2017 |NASL |27 |6 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |30 |6 |- | rowspan="4" valign="center" |Fluminense |2018 | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Jerin A |11 |2 |8 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" | - |22 |3 |- |2019 |9 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |1 | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !20 !2 !11 !0 !0 !0 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !4 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2020 |Jerin B |17 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |4 |- | valign="center" |Atletico Goianiense |2021 |Jerin A |4 |0 |6 |0 |3 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="COS" /> |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | valign="center" |CRB |2021 |Jerin B |17 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !86 !15 !17 !0 !5 !0 !10 !2 !2 !0 !119 !17 |}   == Daraja == '''Legia Warsaw''' * Kofin Poland: 2015-162015–16 '''San Francisco Deltas''' * [[2017 North American Soccer League season|2017]])" Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Amurka: 2017 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Pablo Dyegoa90minut.pl (a cikin yaren Polish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210538/http://dif.se/pablo/ Bayanan Djurgården] (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden) * Pablo Dyegoa Sambafoot (Tarihi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] gsnux1lcfuq32oeoixdc2lld2blodlk 0 161642 883541 2026-07-15T16:30:06Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Rima radio sokoto, shine gidan radio na farko malki jahar sokoto,,an kirkire shine a shekara 1978 shekara Arabia,in da da suka gàbata,rima radio na cikin birni sokoto a unguwar gidan dare dake cikin birni sokoto,shine baban gidan radio ke yada labarai a dukan fadin jahar. 883541 wikitext text/x-wiki Rima radio sokoto, shine gidan radio na farko malki jahar sokoto,,an kirkire shine a shekara 1978 shekara Arabia,in da da suka gàbata,rima radio na cikin birni sokoto a unguwar gidan dare dake cikin birni sokoto,shine baban gidan radio ke yada labarai a dukan fadin jahar. o4vk5omt3bg7mgtct1bcqz2q5lwfs61 0 161643 883544 2026-07-15T16:33:20Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335330447|Chappaqua Mountain Institute]]" 883544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Chappaqua_Mountain_Institute_1906_postcard.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cibiyar Dutsen Chappaqua a shekarar 1906]] '''Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta shirye-shiryen kwaleji na haɗin gwiwa a Chappaqua, New York, wacce Quakers suka kafa a 1870. Makarantar ta rufe a 1908 kuma ta sake buɗewa a Valhalla, New York, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. Ana girmama ta sosai a zamaninta, an bayyana ta a cikin jagorar tafiye-tafiye ta zamani a matsayin "wurin koyon Quaker". Tsoffin ɗaliban Cibiyar sun haɗa da Mario García Menocal, wanda ya zama shugaban [[Cuba]] na uku; babban mai jan ƙarfe William Cornell Greene ; da kuma marubuci Irving Caesar . == Tarihi == Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar a shekarar 1870, dukkan makarantun firamare masu zaman kansu ne ke ba da dukkan ilimin da ya kai aji takwas a yankin, wanda hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Duk da cewa an kafa ta kuma gudanar da ita ta hanyar wani taron Hicksite Quaker wanda ya koma Chappaqua daga Purchase, New York, a shekarun 1830, makarantar ba ta da addini. Da farko, ta samar da shirin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu wanda ya shirya ɗalibai don kwaleji. Daga baya, an ƙara [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] kuma an koyar da darussan hannu da na kasuwanci da kuma kiɗa da fasaha. Duk da cewa yawancin ɗalibanta ' [[Makarantar allo|yan makaranta ne]], akwai yara da yawa daga garin da suka halarci makarantar kwana. Ginin farko na Cibiyar, babban gini mai hawa uku mai ginshiki da rufin mansard, ya tsaya a kan {{Convert|40|acre|ha}} Na filayen daji a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Chappaqua da ke fuskantar Titin Quaker. An gina shi galibi da itace, kuma a safiyar ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1885, wani bututun hayaƙi mai lahani ya haifar da gobara wadda ta lalata ginin gaba ɗaya. Duk ɗaliban da ma'aikata 50 da ke barci a wurin a daren sun fito daga ginin ba tare da sun ji rauni ba, ciki har da matashi Alfred Farragut, ɗan uwan Admiral David Farragut, wanda ya tsira daga ginin. Ganin cewa suna waje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, babu takalmi kuma suna sanye da kayan barci kawai, Alfred da abokansa biyu sun koma ɗakinsu don ɗaukar tufafinsu, amma sun makale a wurin lokacin da matattakalar ta kama da wuta. Daga ƙarshe yaran sun yi amfani da layin tufafi don saukowa daga taga mai hawa na uku. An gina sabon gini na tubali, dutse da siminti tare da ƙarin bene da ƙarin fikafikai biyu a wurin a shekarar 1886 kuma ya zama gidan makarantar har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta. An kuma gudanar da laccoci a wurin, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1894 makarantar da filinta sun zama wurin taron tarurruka bakwai na shekara-shekara na Quaker na Arewacin Amurka tare da wakilai da yawa daga cikin wakilai 1200 sun zauna a cikin tanti a kan ciyawa. A shekarar 1906, Mary Nichols Cox ta zama shugabar mata ta farko a makarantar. Tana da digirin PhD a fannin ilimin tsirrai daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta auri mai zane da masanin tarihi na Quaker John Cox Jr. Lokacin da aka rufe makarantar a shekarar 1908, ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar Makarantar Grayrock Country Home School da ke Chappaqua, makarantar kwana da kuma makarantar kwana ga ƙananan yara. === Bayan rufewa === Shekara guda bayan rufe ta, Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain ta sake buɗewa a [[Valhalla, New York]], kuma zuwa shekarar 1916 ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. [[Children's Aid Society|Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara]] ce ta sayi ginin da filin tsohuwar makarantar da ke Chappaqua a shekarar 1909 tare da gudummawar da ta bayar daga [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] kuma ta zama [[Convalescent home|gidan hutawa]] ga yara daga birnin New York. An rufe Gidan Elizabeth Milbank Anderson a shekarar 1967, kodayake Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara ta ci gaba da amfani da filin a matsayin [[Summer camp|sansanin bazara]] . Ginin ya kasance babu kowa a ciki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga ƙarshe aka rushe shi bayan gobara mai tsanani. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> j8jkpbsxoorvcw2a1tzy3zaxyii74vt 883566 883544 2026-07-15T17:04:48Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 883566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chappaqua_Mountain_Institute_1906_postcard.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cibiyar Dutsen Chappaqua a shekarar 1906]] '''Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta shirye-shiryen kwaleji na haɗin gwiwa a Chappaqua, New York, wacce Quakers suka kafa a 1870. Makarantar ta rufe a 1908 kuma ta sake buɗewa a Valhalla, New York, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. Ana girmama ta sosai a zamaninta, an bayyana ta a cikin jagorar tafiye-tafiye ta zamani a matsayin "wurin koyon Quaker". Tsoffin ɗaliban Cibiyar sun haɗa da Mario García Menocal, wanda ya zama shugaban [[Cuba]] na uku; babban mai jan ƙarfe William Cornell Greene ; da kuma marubuci Irving Caesar . == Tarihi == Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar a shekarar 1870, dukkan makarantun firamare masu zaman kansu ne ke ba da dukkan ilimin da ya kai aji takwas a yankin, wanda hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Duk da cewa an kafa ta kuma gudanar da ita ta hanyar wani taron Hicksite Quaker wanda ya koma Chappaqua daga Purchase, New York, a shekarun 1830, makarantar ba ta da addini. Da farko, ta samar da shirin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu wanda ya shirya ɗalibai don kwaleji. Daga baya, an ƙara [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] kuma an koyar da darussan hannu da na kasuwanci da kuma kiɗa da fasaha. Duk da cewa yawancin ɗalibanta ' [[Makarantar allo|yan makaranta ne]], akwai yara da yawa daga garin da suka halarci makarantar kwana. Ginin farko na Cibiyar, babban gini mai hawa uku mai ginshiki da rufin mansard, ya tsaya a kan {{Convert|40|acre|ha}} Na filayen daji a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Chappaqua da ke fuskantar Titin Quaker. An gina shi galibi da itace, kuma a safiyar ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1885, wani bututun hayaƙi mai lahani ya haifar da gobara wadda ta lalata ginin gaba ɗaya. Duk ɗaliban da ma'aikata 50 da ke barci a wurin a daren sun fito daga ginin ba tare da sun ji rauni ba, ciki har da matashi Alfred Farragut, ɗan uwan Admiral David Farragut, wanda ya tsira daga ginin. Ganin cewa suna waje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, babu takalmi kuma suna sanye da kayan barci kawai, Alfred da abokansa biyu sun koma ɗakinsu don ɗaukar tufafinsu, amma sun makale a wurin lokacin da matattakalar ta kama da wuta. Daga ƙarshe yaran sun yi amfani da layin tufafi don saukowa daga taga mai hawa na uku. An gina sabon gini na tubali, dutse da siminti tare da ƙarin bene da ƙarin fikafikai biyu a wurin a shekarar 1886 kuma ya zama gidan makarantar har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta. An kuma gudanar da laccoci a wurin, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1894 makarantar da filinta sun zama wurin taron tarurruka bakwai na shekara-shekara na Quaker na Arewacin Amurka tare da wakilai da yawa daga cikin wakilai 1200 sun zauna a cikin tanti a kan ciyawa. A shekarar 1906, Mary Nichols Cox ta zama shugabar mata ta farko a makarantar. Tana da digirin PhD a fannin ilimin tsirrai daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta auri mai zane da masanin tarihi na Quaker John Cox Jr. Lokacin da aka rufe makarantar a shekarar 1908, ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar Makarantar Grayrock Country Home School da ke Chappaqua, makarantar kwana da kuma makarantar kwana ga ƙananan yara. === Bayan rufewa === Shekara guda bayan rufe ta, Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain ta sake buɗewa a [[Valhalla, New York]], kuma zuwa shekarar 1916 ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. [[Children's Aid Society|Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara]] ce ta sayi ginin da filin tsohuwar makarantar da ke Chappaqua a shekarar 1909 tare da gudummawar da ta bayar daga [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] kuma ta zama [[Convalescent home|gidan hutawa]] ga yara daga birnin New York. An rufe Gidan Elizabeth Milbank Anderson a shekarar 1967, kodayake Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara ta ci gaba da amfani da filin a matsayin [[Summer camp|sansanin bazara]] . Ginin ya kasance babu kowa a ciki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga ƙarshe aka rushe shi bayan gobara mai tsanani. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> rwno0jqfcn31bf2qhv0p4fq5xjl3iet 883569 883566 2026-07-15T17:05:31Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 883569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chappaqua_Mountain_Institute_1906_postcard.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cibiyar Dutsen Chappaqua a shekarar 1906]] '''Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta shirye-shiryen kwaleji na haɗin gwiwa a Chappaqua, New York, wacce Quakers suka kafa a 1870. Makarantar ta rufe a 1908 kuma ta sake buɗewa a Valhalla, New York, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. Ana girmama ta sosai a zamaninta, an bayyana ta a cikin jagorar tafiye-tafiye ta zamani a matsayin "wurin koyon Quaker". Tsoffin ɗaliban Cibiyar sun haɗa da Mario García Menocal, wanda ya zama shugaban [[Cuba]] na uku; babban mai jan ƙarfe William Cornell Greene ; da kuma marubuci Irving Caesar . <ref>Tucker (2009) p. 394; Harrison (1902) p. 141; Craig (1978) p. 149</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar a shekarar 1870, dukkan makarantun firamare masu zaman kansu ne ke ba da dukkan ilimin da ya kai aji takwas a yankin, wanda hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Duk da cewa an kafa ta kuma gudanar da ita ta hanyar wani taron Hicksite Quaker wanda ya koma Chappaqua daga Purchase, New York, a shekarun 1830, makarantar ba ta da addini. Da farko, ta samar da shirin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu wanda ya shirya ɗalibai don kwaleji. Daga baya, an ƙara [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] kuma an koyar da darussan hannu da na kasuwanci da kuma kiɗa da fasaha. Duk da cewa yawancin ɗalibanta ' [[Makarantar allo|yan makaranta ne]], akwai yara da yawa daga garin da suka halarci makarantar kwana. Ginin farko na Cibiyar, babban gini mai hawa uku mai ginshiki da rufin mansard, ya tsaya a kan {{Convert|40|acre|ha}} Na filayen daji a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Chappaqua da ke fuskantar Titin Quaker. An gina shi galibi da itace, kuma a safiyar ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1885, wani bututun hayaƙi mai lahani ya haifar da gobara wadda ta lalata ginin gaba ɗaya. Duk ɗaliban da ma'aikata 50 da ke barci a wurin a daren sun fito daga ginin ba tare da sun ji rauni ba, ciki har da matashi Alfred Farragut, ɗan uwan Admiral David Farragut, wanda ya tsira daga ginin. Ganin cewa suna waje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, babu takalmi kuma suna sanye da kayan barci kawai, Alfred da abokansa biyu sun koma ɗakinsu don ɗaukar tufafinsu, amma sun makale a wurin lokacin da matattakalar ta kama da wuta. Daga ƙarshe yaran sun yi amfani da layin tufafi don saukowa daga taga mai hawa na uku. An gina sabon gini na tubali, dutse da siminti tare da ƙarin bene da ƙarin fikafikai biyu a wurin a shekarar 1886 kuma ya zama gidan makarantar har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta. An kuma gudanar da laccoci a wurin, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1894 makarantar da filinta sun zama wurin taron tarurruka bakwai na shekara-shekara na Quaker na Arewacin Amurka tare da wakilai da yawa daga cikin wakilai 1200 sun zauna a cikin tanti a kan ciyawa. A shekarar 1906, Mary Nichols Cox ta zama shugabar mata ta farko a makarantar. Tana da digirin PhD a fannin ilimin tsirrai daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta auri mai zane da masanin tarihi na Quaker John Cox Jr. Lokacin da aka rufe makarantar a shekarar 1908, ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar Makarantar Grayrock Country Home School da ke Chappaqua, makarantar kwana da kuma makarantar kwana ga ƙananan yara. === Bayan rufewa === Shekara guda bayan rufe ta, Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain ta sake buɗewa a [[Valhalla, New York]], kuma zuwa shekarar 1916 ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. [[Children's Aid Society|Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara]] ce ta sayi ginin da filin tsohuwar makarantar da ke Chappaqua a shekarar 1909 tare da gudummawar da ta bayar daga [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] kuma ta zama [[Convalescent home|gidan hutawa]] ga yara daga birnin New York. An rufe Gidan Elizabeth Milbank Anderson a shekarar 1967, kodayake Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara ta ci gaba da amfani da filin a matsayin [[Summer camp|sansanin bazara]] . Ginin ya kasance babu kowa a ciki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga ƙarshe aka rushe shi bayan gobara mai tsanani. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> kptwncjsq0tyqrieppumu2h240yrbys 883572 883569 2026-07-15T17:06:33Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 883572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chappaqua_Mountain_Institute_1906_postcard.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cibiyar Dutsen Chappaqua a shekarar 1906]] '''Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta shirye-shiryen kwaleji na haɗin gwiwa a Chappaqua, New York, wacce Quakers suka kafa a 1870. Makarantar ta rufe a 1908 kuma ta sake buɗewa a Valhalla, New York, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. Ana girmama ta sosai a zamaninta, an bayyana ta a cikin jagorar tafiye-tafiye ta zamani a matsayin "wurin koyon Quaker". <ref>Williams (2006) p. 64; New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company (1895) p. 86</ref> Tsoffin ɗaliban Cibiyar sun haɗa da Mario García Menocal, wanda ya zama shugaban [[Cuba]] na uku; babban mai jan ƙarfe William Cornell Greene ; da kuma marubuci Irving Caesar . <ref>Tucker (2009) p. 394; Harrison (1902) p. 141; Craig (1978) p. 149</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar a shekarar 1870, dukkan makarantun firamare masu zaman kansu ne ke ba da dukkan ilimin da ya kai aji takwas a yankin, wanda hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Duk da cewa an kafa ta kuma gudanar da ita ta hanyar wani taron Hicksite Quaker wanda ya koma Chappaqua daga Purchase, New York, a shekarun 1830, makarantar ba ta da addini. Da farko, ta samar da shirin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu wanda ya shirya ɗalibai don kwaleji. Daga baya, an ƙara [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] kuma an koyar da darussan hannu da na kasuwanci da kuma kiɗa da fasaha. Duk da cewa yawancin ɗalibanta ' [[Makarantar allo|yan makaranta ne]], akwai yara da yawa daga garin da suka halarci makarantar kwana. Ginin farko na Cibiyar, babban gini mai hawa uku mai ginshiki da rufin mansard, ya tsaya a kan {{Convert|40|acre|ha}} Na filayen daji a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Chappaqua da ke fuskantar Titin Quaker. An gina shi galibi da itace, kuma a safiyar ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1885, wani bututun hayaƙi mai lahani ya haifar da gobara wadda ta lalata ginin gaba ɗaya. Duk ɗaliban da ma'aikata 50 da ke barci a wurin a daren sun fito daga ginin ba tare da sun ji rauni ba, ciki har da matashi Alfred Farragut, ɗan uwan Admiral David Farragut, wanda ya tsira daga ginin. Ganin cewa suna waje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, babu takalmi kuma suna sanye da kayan barci kawai, Alfred da abokansa biyu sun koma ɗakinsu don ɗaukar tufafinsu, amma sun makale a wurin lokacin da matattakalar ta kama da wuta. Daga ƙarshe yaran sun yi amfani da layin tufafi don saukowa daga taga mai hawa na uku. An gina sabon gini na tubali, dutse da siminti tare da ƙarin bene da ƙarin fikafikai biyu a wurin a shekarar 1886 kuma ya zama gidan makarantar har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta. An kuma gudanar da laccoci a wurin, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1894 makarantar da filinta sun zama wurin taron tarurruka bakwai na shekara-shekara na Quaker na Arewacin Amurka tare da wakilai da yawa daga cikin wakilai 1200 sun zauna a cikin tanti a kan ciyawa. A shekarar 1906, Mary Nichols Cox ta zama shugabar mata ta farko a makarantar. Tana da digirin PhD a fannin ilimin tsirrai daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta auri mai zane da masanin tarihi na Quaker John Cox Jr. Lokacin da aka rufe makarantar a shekarar 1908, ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar Makarantar Grayrock Country Home School da ke Chappaqua, makarantar kwana da kuma makarantar kwana ga ƙananan yara. === Bayan rufewa === Shekara guda bayan rufe ta, Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain ta sake buɗewa a [[Valhalla, New York]], kuma zuwa shekarar 1916 ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. [[Children's Aid Society|Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara]] ce ta sayi ginin da filin tsohuwar makarantar da ke Chappaqua a shekarar 1909 tare da gudummawar da ta bayar daga [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] kuma ta zama [[Convalescent home|gidan hutawa]] ga yara daga birnin New York. An rufe Gidan Elizabeth Milbank Anderson a shekarar 1967, kodayake Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara ta ci gaba da amfani da filin a matsayin [[Summer camp|sansanin bazara]] . Ginin ya kasance babu kowa a ciki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga ƙarshe aka rushe shi bayan gobara mai tsanani. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 7iozi8qt8srtu9ktuq9wn8xb7547yqv 883573 883572 2026-07-15T17:06:54Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Manazarta */ 883573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chappaqua_Mountain_Institute_1906_postcard.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cibiyar Dutsen Chappaqua a shekarar 1906]] '''Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta shirye-shiryen kwaleji na haɗin gwiwa a Chappaqua, New York, wacce Quakers suka kafa a 1870. Makarantar ta rufe a 1908 kuma ta sake buɗewa a Valhalla, New York, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. Ana girmama ta sosai a zamaninta, an bayyana ta a cikin jagorar tafiye-tafiye ta zamani a matsayin "wurin koyon Quaker". <ref>Williams (2006) p. 64; New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company (1895) p. 86</ref> Tsoffin ɗaliban Cibiyar sun haɗa da Mario García Menocal, wanda ya zama shugaban [[Cuba]] na uku; babban mai jan ƙarfe William Cornell Greene ; da kuma marubuci Irving Caesar . <ref>Tucker (2009) p. 394; Harrison (1902) p. 141; Craig (1978) p. 149</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar a shekarar 1870, dukkan makarantun firamare masu zaman kansu ne ke ba da dukkan ilimin da ya kai aji takwas a yankin, wanda hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Duk da cewa an kafa ta kuma gudanar da ita ta hanyar wani taron Hicksite Quaker wanda ya koma Chappaqua daga Purchase, New York, a shekarun 1830, makarantar ba ta da addini. Da farko, ta samar da shirin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu wanda ya shirya ɗalibai don kwaleji. Daga baya, an ƙara [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] kuma an koyar da darussan hannu da na kasuwanci da kuma kiɗa da fasaha. Duk da cewa yawancin ɗalibanta ' [[Makarantar allo|yan makaranta ne]], akwai yara da yawa daga garin da suka halarci makarantar kwana. Ginin farko na Cibiyar, babban gini mai hawa uku mai ginshiki da rufin mansard, ya tsaya a kan {{Convert|40|acre|ha}} Na filayen daji a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Chappaqua da ke fuskantar Titin Quaker. An gina shi galibi da itace, kuma a safiyar ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1885, wani bututun hayaƙi mai lahani ya haifar da gobara wadda ta lalata ginin gaba ɗaya. Duk ɗaliban da ma'aikata 50 da ke barci a wurin a daren sun fito daga ginin ba tare da sun ji rauni ba, ciki har da matashi Alfred Farragut, ɗan uwan Admiral David Farragut, wanda ya tsira daga ginin. Ganin cewa suna waje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, babu takalmi kuma suna sanye da kayan barci kawai, Alfred da abokansa biyu sun koma ɗakinsu don ɗaukar tufafinsu, amma sun makale a wurin lokacin da matattakalar ta kama da wuta. Daga ƙarshe yaran sun yi amfani da layin tufafi don saukowa daga taga mai hawa na uku. An gina sabon gini na tubali, dutse da siminti tare da ƙarin bene da ƙarin fikafikai biyu a wurin a shekarar 1886 kuma ya zama gidan makarantar har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta. An kuma gudanar da laccoci a wurin, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1894 makarantar da filinta sun zama wurin taron tarurruka bakwai na shekara-shekara na Quaker na Arewacin Amurka tare da wakilai da yawa daga cikin wakilai 1200 sun zauna a cikin tanti a kan ciyawa. A shekarar 1906, Mary Nichols Cox ta zama shugabar mata ta farko a makarantar. Tana da digirin PhD a fannin ilimin tsirrai daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta auri mai zane da masanin tarihi na Quaker John Cox Jr. Lokacin da aka rufe makarantar a shekarar 1908, ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar Makarantar Grayrock Country Home School da ke Chappaqua, makarantar kwana da kuma makarantar kwana ga ƙananan yara. === Bayan rufewa === Shekara guda bayan rufe ta, Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain ta sake buɗewa a [[Valhalla, New York]], kuma zuwa shekarar 1916 ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. [[Children's Aid Society|Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara]] ce ta sayi ginin da filin tsohuwar makarantar da ke Chappaqua a shekarar 1909 tare da gudummawar da ta bayar daga [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] kuma ta zama [[Convalescent home|gidan hutawa]] ga yara daga birnin New York. An rufe Gidan Elizabeth Milbank Anderson a shekarar 1967, kodayake Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara ta ci gaba da amfani da filin a matsayin [[Summer camp|sansanin bazara]] . Ginin ya kasance babu kowa a ciki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga ƙarshe aka rushe shi bayan gobara mai tsanani. == Manazarta== sbvsn89pknno4mzcrhtze8x26bvt0y0 883575 883573 2026-07-15T17:07:18Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 883575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chappaqua_Mountain_Institute_1906_postcard.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cibiyar Dutsen Chappaqua a shekarar 1906]] '''Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta shirye-shiryen kwaleji na haɗin gwiwa a Chappaqua, New York, wacce Quakers suka kafa a 1870. Makarantar ta rufe a 1908 kuma ta sake buɗewa a Valhalla, New York, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. Ana girmama ta sosai a zamaninta, an bayyana ta a cikin jagorar tafiye-tafiye ta zamani a matsayin "wurin koyon Quaker". <ref>Williams (2006) p. 64; New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company (1895) p. 86</ref> Tsoffin ɗaliban Cibiyar sun haɗa da Mario García Menocal, wanda ya zama shugaban [[Cuba]] na uku; babban mai jan ƙarfe William Cornell Greene ; da kuma marubuci Irving Caesar . <ref>Tucker (2009) p. 394; Harrison (1902) p. 141; Craig (1978) p. 149</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar a shekarar 1870, dukkan makarantun firamare masu zaman kansu ne ke ba da dukkan ilimin da ya kai aji takwas a yankin, wanda hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Duk da cewa an kafa ta kuma gudanar da ita ta hanyar wani taron Hicksite Quaker wanda ya koma Chappaqua daga Purchase, New York, a shekarun 1830, makarantar ba ta da addini. Da farko, ta samar da shirin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu wanda ya shirya ɗalibai don kwaleji. Daga baya, an ƙara [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] kuma an koyar da darussan hannu da na kasuwanci da kuma kiɗa da fasaha. Duk da cewa yawancin ɗalibanta ' [[Makarantar allo|yan makaranta ne]], akwai yara da yawa daga garin da suka halarci makarantar kwana. Ginin farko na Cibiyar, babban gini mai hawa uku mai ginshiki da rufin mansard, ya tsaya a kan {{Convert|40|acre|ha}} Na filayen daji a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Chappaqua da ke fuskantar Titin Quaker. An gina shi galibi da itace, kuma a safiyar ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1885, wani bututun hayaƙi mai lahani ya haifar da gobara wadda ta lalata ginin gaba ɗaya. Duk ɗaliban da ma'aikata 50 da ke barci a wurin a daren sun fito daga ginin ba tare da sun ji rauni ba, ciki har da matashi Alfred Farragut, ɗan uwan Admiral David Farragut, wanda ya tsira daga ginin. Ganin cewa suna waje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, babu takalmi kuma suna sanye da kayan barci kawai, Alfred da abokansa biyu sun koma ɗakinsu don ɗaukar tufafinsu, amma sun makale a wurin lokacin da matattakalar ta kama da wuta. Daga ƙarshe yaran sun yi amfani da layin tufafi don saukowa daga taga mai hawa na uku. An gina sabon gini na tubali, dutse da siminti tare da ƙarin bene da ƙarin fikafikai biyu a wurin a shekarar 1886 kuma ya zama gidan makarantar har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta. An kuma gudanar da laccoci a wurin, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1894 makarantar da filinta sun zama wurin taron tarurruka bakwai na shekara-shekara na Quaker na Arewacin Amurka tare da wakilai da yawa daga cikin wakilai 1200 sun zauna a cikin tanti a kan ciyawa. A shekarar 1906, Mary Nichols Cox ta zama shugabar mata ta farko a makarantar. Tana da digirin PhD a fannin ilimin tsirrai daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta auri mai zane da masanin tarihi na Quaker John Cox Jr. Lokacin da aka rufe makarantar a shekarar 1908, ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar Makarantar Grayrock Country Home School da ke Chappaqua, makarantar kwana da kuma makarantar kwana ga ƙananan yara. === Bayan rufewa === Shekara guda bayan rufe ta, Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain ta sake buɗewa a [[Valhalla, New York]], kuma zuwa shekarar 1916 ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. [[Children's Aid Society|Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara]] ce ta sayi ginin da filin tsohuwar makarantar da ke Chappaqua a shekarar 1909 tare da gudummawar da ta bayar daga [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] kuma ta zama [[Convalescent home|gidan hutawa]] ga yara daga birnin New York. An rufe Gidan Elizabeth Milbank Anderson a shekarar 1967, kodayake Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara ta ci gaba da amfani da filin a matsayin [[Summer camp|sansanin bazara]] . Ginin ya kasance babu kowa a ciki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga ƙarshe aka rushe shi bayan gobara mai tsanani. == Manazarta == g8xi2xndwncpfv9xzzlg442sdpg803z 883577 883575 2026-07-15T17:07:47Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Manazarta */ 883577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chappaqua_Mountain_Institute_1906_postcard.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Cibiyar Dutsen Chappaqua a shekarar 1906]] '''Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta shirye-shiryen kwaleji na haɗin gwiwa a Chappaqua, New York, wacce Quakers suka kafa a 1870. Makarantar ta rufe a 1908 kuma ta sake buɗewa a Valhalla, New York, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. Ana girmama ta sosai a zamaninta, an bayyana ta a cikin jagorar tafiye-tafiye ta zamani a matsayin "wurin koyon Quaker". <ref>Williams (2006) p. 64; New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company (1895) p. 86</ref> Tsoffin ɗaliban Cibiyar sun haɗa da Mario García Menocal, wanda ya zama shugaban [[Cuba]] na uku; babban mai jan ƙarfe William Cornell Greene ; da kuma marubuci Irving Caesar . <ref>Tucker (2009) p. 394; Harrison (1902) p. 141; Craig (1978) p. 149</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar a shekarar 1870, dukkan makarantun firamare masu zaman kansu ne ke ba da dukkan ilimin da ya kai aji takwas a yankin, wanda hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Duk da cewa an kafa ta kuma gudanar da ita ta hanyar wani taron Hicksite Quaker wanda ya koma Chappaqua daga Purchase, New York, a shekarun 1830, makarantar ba ta da addini. Da farko, ta samar da shirin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu wanda ya shirya ɗalibai don kwaleji. Daga baya, an ƙara [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] kuma an koyar da darussan hannu da na kasuwanci da kuma kiɗa da fasaha. Duk da cewa yawancin ɗalibanta ' [[Makarantar allo|yan makaranta ne]], akwai yara da yawa daga garin da suka halarci makarantar kwana. Ginin farko na Cibiyar, babban gini mai hawa uku mai ginshiki da rufin mansard, ya tsaya a kan {{Convert|40|acre|ha}} Na filayen daji a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Chappaqua da ke fuskantar Titin Quaker. An gina shi galibi da itace, kuma a safiyar ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1885, wani bututun hayaƙi mai lahani ya haifar da gobara wadda ta lalata ginin gaba ɗaya. Duk ɗaliban da ma'aikata 50 da ke barci a wurin a daren sun fito daga ginin ba tare da sun ji rauni ba, ciki har da matashi Alfred Farragut, ɗan uwan Admiral David Farragut, wanda ya tsira daga ginin. Ganin cewa suna waje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, babu takalmi kuma suna sanye da kayan barci kawai, Alfred da abokansa biyu sun koma ɗakinsu don ɗaukar tufafinsu, amma sun makale a wurin lokacin da matattakalar ta kama da wuta. Daga ƙarshe yaran sun yi amfani da layin tufafi don saukowa daga taga mai hawa na uku. An gina sabon gini na tubali, dutse da siminti tare da ƙarin bene da ƙarin fikafikai biyu a wurin a shekarar 1886 kuma ya zama gidan makarantar har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta. An kuma gudanar da laccoci a wurin, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1894 makarantar da filinta sun zama wurin taron tarurruka bakwai na shekara-shekara na Quaker na Arewacin Amurka tare da wakilai da yawa daga cikin wakilai 1200 sun zauna a cikin tanti a kan ciyawa. A shekarar 1906, Mary Nichols Cox ta zama shugabar mata ta farko a makarantar. Tana da digirin PhD a fannin ilimin tsirrai daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta auri mai zane da masanin tarihi na Quaker John Cox Jr. Lokacin da aka rufe makarantar a shekarar 1908, ta zama mamallakiyar kuma shugabar Makarantar Grayrock Country Home School da ke Chappaqua, makarantar kwana da kuma makarantar kwana ga ƙananan yara. === Bayan rufewa === Shekara guda bayan rufe ta, Cibiyar Chappaqua Mountain ta sake buɗewa a [[Valhalla, New York]], kuma zuwa shekarar 1916 ta zama makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata kaɗai. [[Children's Aid Society|Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara]] ce ta sayi ginin da filin tsohuwar makarantar da ke Chappaqua a shekarar 1909 tare da gudummawar da ta bayar daga [[Elizabeth Milbank Anderson]] kuma ta zama [[Convalescent home|gidan hutawa]] ga yara daga birnin New York. An rufe Gidan Elizabeth Milbank Anderson a shekarar 1967, kodayake Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara ta ci gaba da amfani da filin a matsayin [[Summer camp|sansanin bazara]] . Ginin ya kasance babu kowa a ciki tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga ƙarshe aka rushe shi bayan gobara mai tsanani. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jpblrp0mb6qg084r3sqy8zkhunhetdn 0 161644 883562 2026-07-15T17:02:30Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Murtala Dan iya Yana daya daga cikin manya yaran umarun kwabo,an haifi shi a cikin birni sokoto,a sokoto south LoKal government yana daya daga cikin manya Yan siyasa a cikin birni sokoto,yana da dinbin magoyon baya a cikin birni sokoto,a haife shi shekara hamsin da suka gabatar, yanxu shine chairman scholarship board dake sokoto,Wanda gwana sokoto Alh Ahamed Aliyu ya na da shi, kafin wannan lokaci Dan jamiyar pdp ne a 2023,ya chanza sheka zuwa jamiyar Apc tare da me gidan shi u... 883562 wikitext text/x-wiki Murtala Dan iya Yana daya daga cikin manya yaran umarun kwabo,an haifi shi a cikin birni sokoto,a sokoto south LoKal government yana daya daga cikin manya Yan siyasa a cikin birni sokoto,yana da dinbin magoyon baya a cikin birni sokoto,a haife shi shekara hamsin da suka gabatar, yanxu shine chairman scholarship board dake sokoto,Wanda gwana sokoto Alh Ahamed Aliyu ya na da shi, kafin wannan lokaci Dan jamiyar pdp ne a 2023,ya chanza sheka zuwa jamiyar Apc tare da me gidan shi umarun kwabo,Wanda komawa shi taimaka ma nasara jamiyar Apc a jahar sokoto a Zabe 2023. 8nlcbvh2d2zrlzqirqy5igv2uinjdbu 0 161645 883599 2026-07-15T17:15:29Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336461955|1919 North Carolina Tar Heels football team]]" 883599 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1919 ta wakilci Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina a Lokacin ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na 1919. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1919 North Carolina Tar Heels Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/north-carolina/1919-schedule.html}}</ref> == Shirin == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 4 | time = | w/l = l | away = y | opponent = [[1919 Rutgers Queensmen football team|Rutgers]] | site_stadium = Neilson Field | site_cityst = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, NJ]] | score = 9–19 | attend = }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 11 | time = 3:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ydnhistorical.library.yale.edu/?a=d&d=YDN19191011-01.2.11&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- | title=The Yale Daily News 11 October 1919 — Yale Daily News Historical Archive }}</ref> | w/l = l | away = y | opponent = [[1919 Yale Bulldogs football team|Yale]] | site_stadium = [[Yale Bowl]] | site_cityst = [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven, CT]] | score = 7–34 | attend = 10,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1919-10-17/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, October 17, 1919, Image 1 | date=17 October 1919 | issue=1919/10/17 | page=1 }}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 18 | time = | w/l = w | opponent = [[1919 Wake Forest Baptists football team|Wake Forest]] | site_stadium = [[Boshamer Stadium|Emerson Field]] | site_cityst = [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]] | gamename = [[North Carolina–Wake Forest rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 6–0 | attend = }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 23 | time = 3:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650830569/ | title=The News and Observer from Raleigh, North Carolina on October 23, 1919 · 13 }}</ref> | w/l = w | away = y | opponent = [[1919 NC State Aggies football team|NC State]] | site_stadium = [[Riddick Stadium|Riddick Field]] | site_cityst = [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh, NC]] | gamename = [[North Carolina–NC State football rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 13–12 | attend = 10,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1919-10-25/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, October 25, 1919, Image 1 | date=25 October 1919 | issue=1919/10/25 | page=1 }}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 1 | time = 2:30 p.m.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/586672352/ | title=Knoxville Sentinel from Knoxville, Tennessee on November 1, 1919 · 24 (newspapers.com) }}</ref> | w/l = t | away = y | opponent = [[1919 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] | site_stadium = [[Waite Field|Wait Field]] | site_cityst = [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville, TN]] | score = 0–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82779801/tar-heels-and-volunteers-tie/|work=Asheville Citizen-Times|title=Tar Heels and Volunteers tie|date=November 2, 1919|accessdate=August 4, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 8 | time = | w/l = l | opponent = [[1919 VMI Keydets football team|VMI]] | site_stadium = Emerson Field | site_cityst = Chapel Hill, NC | score = 7–29 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90749591/vmi-team-defeats-u-of-north-carolina/|work=Asheville Citizen-Times|title=V.M.I. team defeats U. of North Carolina|date=November 9, 1919|accessdate=December 17, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 15 | time = 3:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1919-11-22/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, November 22, 1919, Image 1 | date=22 November 1919 | issue=1919/11/22 | page=1 }}</ref> | w/l = w | neutral = y | opponent = [[1919 Davidson Wildcats football team|Davidson]] | site_stadium = Prince Albert Park | site_cityst = [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem, NC]] | score = 10–0 | attend = 2,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn78002169/1919-11-16/ed-1/seq-2/ | title=The Wilmington morning star. (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, November 16, 1919, Image 2 | date=16 November 1919 | issue=1919/11/16 | page=2 }}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 27 | time = 2:30 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1919-11-22/ed-1/seq-3/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, November 22, 1919, Image 3 | date=22 November 1919 | issue=1919/11/22 | page=3 }}</ref> | w/l = w | opponent = [[1919 Virginia Orange and Blue football team|Virginia]] | site_stadium = Emerson Field | site_cityst = Chapel Hill, NC | gamename = [[South's Oldest Rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 6–0 | attend = 7,177<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1923-12-04/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, December 04, 1923, Image 1 | date=4 December 1923 | issue=1923/12/04 | page=1 }}</ref> | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-n-carolina-dow/150531261/|work=The Atlanta Constitution|title=N. Carolina downs Old Dominion, 6–0|date=November 28, 1919|accessdate=July 2, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|timezone=Eastern}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1qt6yq6pof2av4kyf6mggyjzmpo1v4l 883601 883599 2026-07-15T17:16:11Z Aluja 30485 883601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Tar Heels ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1919 ta wakilci Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina a Lokacin ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na 1919. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1919 North Carolina Tar Heels Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/north-carolina/1919-schedule.html}}</ref> == Shirin == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 4 | time = | w/l = l | away = y | opponent = [[1919 Rutgers Queensmen football team|Rutgers]] | site_stadium = Neilson Field | site_cityst = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, NJ]] | score = 9–19 | attend = }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 11 | time = 3:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ydnhistorical.library.yale.edu/?a=d&d=YDN19191011-01.2.11&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- | title=The Yale Daily News 11 October 1919 — Yale Daily News Historical Archive }}</ref> | w/l = l | away = y | opponent = [[1919 Yale Bulldogs football team|Yale]] | site_stadium = [[Yale Bowl]] | site_cityst = [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven, CT]] | score = 7–34 | attend = 10,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1919-10-17/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, October 17, 1919, Image 1 | date=17 October 1919 | issue=1919/10/17 | page=1 }}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 18 | time = | w/l = w | opponent = [[1919 Wake Forest Baptists football team|Wake Forest]] | site_stadium = [[Boshamer Stadium|Emerson Field]] | site_cityst = [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]] | gamename = [[North Carolina–Wake Forest rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 6–0 | attend = }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 23 | time = 3:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650830569/ | title=The News and Observer from Raleigh, North Carolina on October 23, 1919 · 13 }}</ref> | w/l = w | away = y | opponent = [[1919 NC State Aggies football team|NC State]] | site_stadium = [[Riddick Stadium|Riddick Field]] | site_cityst = [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh, NC]] | gamename = [[North Carolina–NC State football rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 13–12 | attend = 10,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1919-10-25/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, October 25, 1919, Image 1 | date=25 October 1919 | issue=1919/10/25 | page=1 }}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 1 | time = 2:30 p.m.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/586672352/ | title=Knoxville Sentinel from Knoxville, Tennessee on November 1, 1919 · 24 (newspapers.com) }}</ref> | w/l = t | away = y | opponent = [[1919 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] | site_stadium = [[Waite Field|Wait Field]] | site_cityst = [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville, TN]] | score = 0–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82779801/tar-heels-and-volunteers-tie/|work=Asheville Citizen-Times|title=Tar Heels and Volunteers tie|date=November 2, 1919|accessdate=August 4, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 8 | time = | w/l = l | opponent = [[1919 VMI Keydets football team|VMI]] | site_stadium = Emerson Field | site_cityst = Chapel Hill, NC | score = 7–29 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90749591/vmi-team-defeats-u-of-north-carolina/|work=Asheville Citizen-Times|title=V.M.I. team defeats U. of North Carolina|date=November 9, 1919|accessdate=December 17, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 15 | time = 3:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1919-11-22/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, November 22, 1919, Image 1 | date=22 November 1919 | issue=1919/11/22 | page=1 }}</ref> | w/l = w | neutral = y | opponent = [[1919 Davidson Wildcats football team|Davidson]] | site_stadium = Prince Albert Park | site_cityst = [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem, NC]] | score = 10–0 | attend = 2,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn78002169/1919-11-16/ed-1/seq-2/ | title=The Wilmington morning star. (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, November 16, 1919, Image 2 | date=16 November 1919 | issue=1919/11/16 | page=2 }}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 27 | time = 2:30 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1919-11-22/ed-1/seq-3/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, November 22, 1919, Image 3 | date=22 November 1919 | issue=1919/11/22 | page=3 }}</ref> | w/l = w | opponent = [[1919 Virginia Orange and Blue football team|Virginia]] | site_stadium = Emerson Field | site_cityst = Chapel Hill, NC | gamename = [[South's Oldest Rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 6–0 | attend = 7,177<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn92073227/1923-12-04/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Tar Heel. (Chapel Hill, N.C.) 1943-1946, December 04, 1923, Image 1 | date=4 December 1923 | issue=1923/12/04 | page=1 }}</ref> | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-n-carolina-dow/150531261/|work=The Atlanta Constitution|title=N. Carolina downs Old Dominion, 6–0|date=November 28, 1919|accessdate=July 2, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|timezone=Eastern}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qe7e4x7skxsxjh9snj1t0qt3zn0siyh 0 161646 883613 2026-07-15T17:20:47Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361748990|Xavier Guillory]]" 883613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan Xavier Guillory''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Baltimore Ravens na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals da Arizona State Sun Devils . == Rayuwa ta farko == Guillory ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lewis da Clark a Spokane, Washington. A matsayinsa na babba jami'i, ya yi amfani da 45 passes don yadudduka 725 da kuma touchdowns 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deangelis |first=Vinny |date=April 12, 2023 |title=New ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory sees ASU football as proving ground |url=https://www.statepress.com/article/2023/04/asu-xavier-guillory-feature |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The State Press}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Guillory a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari uku kuma mai daukar nauyin 2,338 a cikin aji na 2020, inda ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Idaho === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2020, Guillory ya samu kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 264 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Xavier Guillory's long journey to acceptance |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/xavier-guillory-s-long-journey-to-acceptance/article_8321da4e-24ce-11ed-8fc4-0fa242316d12.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 259 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavanelle |first=Nikki |title=Nebraska latest to offer red-hot wide receiver in the NCAA transfer Portal |url=https://www.on3.com/college/nebraska-cornhuskers/news/nebraska-latest-to-offer-red-hot-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-in-the-ncaa-transfer-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=HuskerOnline.com |publisher=On3.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2022 Guillory ya yi liyafa 52 don yadudduka 785 da kuma touchdowns hudu a wasanni goma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Idaho State WR Xavier Guillory suspended for final game of season |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/idaho-state-wr-xavier-guillory-suspended-for-final-game-of-season/article_65cf4a1a-6841-11ed-ac0f-3b5cebd8c748.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar 2022 ya yanke shawarar shigar da sunansa a cikin tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU WR Xavier Guillory enters the transfer portal |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/townnews/sport/isu-wr-xavier-guillory-enters-the-transfer-portal/article_e2dfdf13-8541-5a42-8aa7-4c7f894ca2ae.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> === Jihar Arizona === Guillory ya koma buga wa Arizona State Sun Devils . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchultz">Schultz, Nick. [https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ "Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State"]. ''On3.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A farkon kakar 2023, ya zira kwallaye 47 a nasarar da ya samu a Kudancin Utah.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin Sun Devil a 2023, Guillory ya zira kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 226 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=Who is Xavier Guillory? What to know about the ASU wide receiver |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2024/12/30/who-is-xavier-guillory-asu-football/76932895007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A cikin Babban Wasanni na 12 na 2024, ya shiga cikin touchdowns biyu, yayin da ya taimaka wa Sun Devils samun wuri a cikin Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa tare da cin nasara a kan Jihar Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordow |first=Scott |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory driven by faith, family and heritage |url=https://news.asu.edu/20241220-sun-devil-community-asu-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-driven-3-motivations-faith-family |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=ASU News}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2024, Guillory ya shiga 22 don yadudduka 339 da kuma touchdowns biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xavier Guillory 2024 Game Logs |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/xavier-guillory-1/gamelog/2024/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 7/8|weight=201|dash=4.58|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.59|shuttle=4.34|cone drill=6.91|vertical=39.0|broad ft=10|broad in=8|bench=15|arm span=30 5/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1061761&DraftYear=2025 |title=Xavier Guillory College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 29, 2026}}</ref>}} === Ravens na Baltimore === Guillory ya sanya hannu tare da Baltimore Ravens a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=May 4, 2025 |title=Ravens Sign 17 Undrafted Rookie Free Agents |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-undrafted-rookie-free-agents-rookies-sign-2025-camp |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=August 27, 2025 |title=5 Takeaways From Ravens Roster Cuts |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-roster-cuts-53-takeaways-2025 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2026, Guillory ya sake sanya hannu tare da Ravens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Clifton |title=Ravens Re-Sign Wide Receiver Ahead of Draft |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-re-sign-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Guillory a Lewiston, Idaho, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar asalin Amurka ce yayin da mahaifinsa 'yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ne kuma Black.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGardner">Gardner, Michelle. [https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ "ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans"]. ''The Arizona Republic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022, 'yan sanda na Pocatello sun kama Guillory da karfe 11:13 na yamma a kan DUI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU football player Xavier Guillory charged with DUI |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/isu-football-player-xavier-guillory-charged-with-dui/article_8d858d88-5984-11ed-80cd-4fb4fc7c139d.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref>&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.baltimoreravens.com/team/players-roster/xavier-guillory/ Tarihin Baltimore Ravens] * [https://isubengals.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/7318 Rayuwar Jihar Idaho Bengals] * [https://thesundevils.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/15815 Tarihin Sun Devils na Jihar Arizona] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ay577q3lsegegy39jp6wrxa6dba92rt 883615 883613 2026-07-15T17:22:17Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 883615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan Xavier Guillory''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Baltimore Ravens na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals da Arizona State Sun Devils . == Rayuwa ta farko == Guillory ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lewis da Clark a Spokane, Washington. A matsayinsa na babba jami'i, ya yi amfani da 45 passes don yadudduka 725 da kuma touchdowns 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deangelis |first=Vinny |date=April 12, 2023 |title=New ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory sees ASU football as proving ground |url=https://www.statepress.com/article/2023/04/asu-xavier-guillory-feature |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The State Press}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Guillory a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari uku kuma mai daukar nauyin 2,338 a cikin aji na 2020, inda ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Idaho === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2020, Guillory ya samu kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 264 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Xavier Guillory's long journey to acceptance |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/xavier-guillory-s-long-journey-to-acceptance/article_8321da4e-24ce-11ed-8fc4-0fa242316d12.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 259 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavanelle |first=Nikki |title=Nebraska latest to offer red-hot wide receiver in the NCAA transfer Portal |url=https://www.on3.com/college/nebraska-cornhuskers/news/nebraska-latest-to-offer-red-hot-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-in-the-ncaa-transfer-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=HuskerOnline.com |publisher=On3.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2022 Guillory ya yi liyafa 52 don yadudduka 785 da kuma touchdowns hudu a wasanni goma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Idaho State WR Xavier Guillory suspended for final game of season |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/idaho-state-wr-xavier-guillory-suspended-for-final-game-of-season/article_65cf4a1a-6841-11ed-ac0f-3b5cebd8c748.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar 2022 ya yanke shawarar shigar da sunansa a cikin tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU WR Xavier Guillory enters the transfer portal |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/townnews/sport/isu-wr-xavier-guillory-enters-the-transfer-portal/article_e2dfdf13-8541-5a42-8aa7-4c7f894ca2ae.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> === Jihar Arizona === Guillory ya koma buga wa Arizona State Sun Devils . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2023, ya zira kwallaye 47 a nasarar da ya samu a Kudancin Utah.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin Sun Devil a 2023, Guillory ya zira kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 226 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=Who is Xavier Guillory? What to know about the ASU wide receiver |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2024/12/30/who-is-xavier-guillory-asu-football/76932895007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A cikin Babban Wasanni na 12 na 2024, ya shiga cikin touchdowns biyu, yayin da ya taimaka wa Sun Devils samun wuri a cikin Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa tare da cin nasara a kan Jihar Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordow |first=Scott |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory driven by faith, family and heritage |url=https://news.asu.edu/20241220-sun-devil-community-asu-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-driven-3-motivations-faith-family |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=ASU News}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2024, Guillory ya shiga 22 don yadudduka 339 da kuma touchdowns biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xavier Guillory 2024 Game Logs |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/xavier-guillory-1/gamelog/2024/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 7/8|weight=201|dash=4.58|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.59|shuttle=4.34|cone drill=6.91|vertical=39.0|broad ft=10|broad in=8|bench=15|arm span=30 5/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1061761&DraftYear=2025 |title=Xavier Guillory College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 29, 2026}}</ref>}} === Ravens na Baltimore === Guillory ya sanya hannu tare da Baltimore Ravens a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=May 4, 2025 |title=Ravens Sign 17 Undrafted Rookie Free Agents |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-undrafted-rookie-free-agents-rookies-sign-2025-camp |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=August 27, 2025 |title=5 Takeaways From Ravens Roster Cuts |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-roster-cuts-53-takeaways-2025 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2026, Guillory ya sake sanya hannu tare da Ravens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Clifton |title=Ravens Re-Sign Wide Receiver Ahead of Draft |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-re-sign-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Guillory a Lewiston, Idaho, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar asalin Amurka ce yayin da mahaifinsa 'yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ne kuma Black.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGardner">Gardner, Michelle. [https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ "ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans"]. ''The Arizona Republic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022, 'yan sanda na Pocatello sun kama Guillory da karfe 11:13 na yamma a kan DUI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU football player Xavier Guillory charged with DUI |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/isu-football-player-xavier-guillory-charged-with-dui/article_8d858d88-5984-11ed-80cd-4fb4fc7c139d.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref>&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.baltimoreravens.com/team/players-roster/xavier-guillory/ Tarihin Baltimore Ravens] * [https://isubengals.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/7318 Rayuwar Jihar Idaho Bengals] * [https://thesundevils.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/15815 Tarihin Sun Devils na Jihar Arizona] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 514ax7kwv4famy20y9qig26m9yn6le7 883622 883615 2026-07-15T17:24:00Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 883622 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan Xavier Guillory''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Baltimore Ravens na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals da Arizona State Sun Devils . == Rayuwa ta farko == Guillory ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lewis da Clark a Spokane, Washington. A matsayinsa na babba jami'i, ya yi amfani da 45 passes don yadudduka 725 da kuma touchdowns 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deangelis |first=Vinny |date=April 12, 2023 |title=New ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory sees ASU football as proving ground |url=https://www.statepress.com/article/2023/04/asu-xavier-guillory-feature |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The State Press}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Guillory a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari uku kuma mai daukar nauyin 2,338 a cikin aji na 2020, inda ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Idaho === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2020, Guillory ya samu kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 264 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Xavier Guillory's long journey to acceptance |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/xavier-guillory-s-long-journey-to-acceptance/article_8321da4e-24ce-11ed-8fc4-0fa242316d12.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 259 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavanelle |first=Nikki |title=Nebraska latest to offer red-hot wide receiver in the NCAA transfer Portal |url=https://www.on3.com/college/nebraska-cornhuskers/news/nebraska-latest-to-offer-red-hot-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-in-the-ncaa-transfer-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=HuskerOnline.com |publisher=On3.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2022 Guillory ya yi liyafa 52 don yadudduka 785 da kuma touchdowns hudu a wasanni goma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Idaho State WR Xavier Guillory suspended for final game of season |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/idaho-state-wr-xavier-guillory-suspended-for-final-game-of-season/article_65cf4a1a-6841-11ed-ac0f-3b5cebd8c748.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar 2022 ya yanke shawarar shigar da sunansa a cikin tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU WR Xavier Guillory enters the transfer portal |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/townnews/sport/isu-wr-xavier-guillory-enters-the-transfer-portal/article_e2dfdf13-8541-5a42-8aa7-4c7f894ca2ae.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> === Jihar Arizona === Guillory ya koma buga wa Arizona State Sun Devils . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2023, ya zira kwallaye 47 a nasarar da ya samu a Kudancin Utah.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin Sun Devil a 2023, Guillory ya zira kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 226 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=Who is Xavier Guillory? What to know about the ASU wide receiver |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2024/12/30/who-is-xavier-guillory-asu-football/76932895007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A cikin Babban Wasanni na 12 na 2024, ya shiga cikin touchdowns biyu, yayin da ya taimaka wa Sun Devils samun wuri a cikin Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa tare da cin nasara a kan Jihar Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordow |first=Scott |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory driven by faith, family and heritage |url=https://news.asu.edu/20241220-sun-devil-community-asu-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-driven-3-motivations-faith-family |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=ASU News}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2024, Guillory ya shiga 22 don yadudduka 339 da kuma touchdowns biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xavier Guillory 2024 Game Logs |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/xavier-guillory-1/gamelog/2024/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 7/8|weight=201|dash=4.58|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.59|shuttle=4.34|cone drill=6.91|vertical=39.0|broad ft=10|broad in=8|bench=15|arm span=30 5/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1061761&DraftYear=2025 |title=Xavier Guillory College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 29, 2026}}</ref>}} === Ravens na Baltimore === Guillory ya sanya hannu tare da Baltimore Ravens a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=May 4, 2025 |title=Ravens Sign 17 Undrafted Rookie Free Agents |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-undrafted-rookie-free-agents-rookies-sign-2025-camp |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=August 27, 2025 |title=5 Takeaways From Ravens Roster Cuts |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-roster-cuts-53-takeaways-2025 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2026, Guillory ya sake sanya hannu tare da Ravens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Clifton |title=Ravens Re-Sign Wide Receiver Ahead of Draft |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-re-sign-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Guillory a Lewiston, Idaho, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar asalin Amurka ce yayin da mahaifinsa 'yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ne kuma Black.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022, 'yan sanda na Pocatello sun kama Guillory da karfe 11:13 na yamma a kan DUI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU football player Xavier Guillory charged with DUI |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/isu-football-player-xavier-guillory-charged-with-dui/article_8d858d88-5984-11ed-80cd-4fb4fc7c139d.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref>&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.baltimoreravens.com/team/players-roster/xavier-guillory/ Tarihin Baltimore Ravens] * [https://isubengals.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/7318 Rayuwar Jihar Idaho Bengals] * [https://thesundevils.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/15815 Tarihin Sun Devils na Jihar Arizona] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] b8tnemdqvwv68r5v49exnftbb6r1v7c 883624 883622 2026-07-15T17:24:33Z Aluja 30485 883624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Xavier Guillory''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Baltimore Ravens na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals da Arizona State Sun Devils . == Rayuwa ta farko == Guillory ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lewis da Clark a Spokane, Washington. A matsayinsa na babba jami'i, ya yi amfani da 45 passes don yadudduka 725 da kuma touchdowns 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deangelis |first=Vinny |date=April 12, 2023 |title=New ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory sees ASU football as proving ground |url=https://www.statepress.com/article/2023/04/asu-xavier-guillory-feature |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The State Press}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Guillory a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari uku kuma mai daukar nauyin 2,338 a cikin aji na 2020, inda ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Idaho === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2020, Guillory ya samu kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 264 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Xavier Guillory's long journey to acceptance |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/xavier-guillory-s-long-journey-to-acceptance/article_8321da4e-24ce-11ed-8fc4-0fa242316d12.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 259 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavanelle |first=Nikki |title=Nebraska latest to offer red-hot wide receiver in the NCAA transfer Portal |url=https://www.on3.com/college/nebraska-cornhuskers/news/nebraska-latest-to-offer-red-hot-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-in-the-ncaa-transfer-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=HuskerOnline.com |publisher=On3.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2022 Guillory ya yi liyafa 52 don yadudduka 785 da kuma touchdowns hudu a wasanni goma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Idaho State WR Xavier Guillory suspended for final game of season |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/idaho-state-wr-xavier-guillory-suspended-for-final-game-of-season/article_65cf4a1a-6841-11ed-ac0f-3b5cebd8c748.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar 2022 ya yanke shawarar shigar da sunansa a cikin tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU WR Xavier Guillory enters the transfer portal |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/townnews/sport/isu-wr-xavier-guillory-enters-the-transfer-portal/article_e2dfdf13-8541-5a42-8aa7-4c7f894ca2ae.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> === Jihar Arizona === Guillory ya koma buga wa Arizona State Sun Devils . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2023, ya zira kwallaye 47 a nasarar da ya samu a Kudancin Utah.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin Sun Devil a 2023, Guillory ya zira kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 226 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=Who is Xavier Guillory? What to know about the ASU wide receiver |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2024/12/30/who-is-xavier-guillory-asu-football/76932895007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A cikin Babban Wasanni na 12 na 2024, ya shiga cikin touchdowns biyu, yayin da ya taimaka wa Sun Devils samun wuri a cikin Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa tare da cin nasara a kan Jihar Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordow |first=Scott |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory driven by faith, family and heritage |url=https://news.asu.edu/20241220-sun-devil-community-asu-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-driven-3-motivations-faith-family |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=ASU News}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2024, Guillory ya shiga 22 don yadudduka 339 da kuma touchdowns biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xavier Guillory 2024 Game Logs |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/xavier-guillory-1/gamelog/2024/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 7/8|weight=201|dash=4.58|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.59|shuttle=4.34|cone drill=6.91|vertical=39.0|broad ft=10|broad in=8|bench=15|arm span=30 5/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1061761&DraftYear=2025 |title=Xavier Guillory College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 29, 2026}}</ref>}} === Ravens na Baltimore === Guillory ya sanya hannu tare da Baltimore Ravens a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=May 4, 2025 |title=Ravens Sign 17 Undrafted Rookie Free Agents |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-undrafted-rookie-free-agents-rookies-sign-2025-camp |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=August 27, 2025 |title=5 Takeaways From Ravens Roster Cuts |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-roster-cuts-53-takeaways-2025 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2026, Guillory ya sake sanya hannu tare da Ravens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Clifton |title=Ravens Re-Sign Wide Receiver Ahead of Draft |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-re-sign-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Guillory a Lewiston, Idaho, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar asalin Amurka ce yayin da mahaifinsa 'yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ne kuma Black.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022, 'yan sanda na Pocatello sun kama Guillory da karfe 11:13 na yamma a kan DUI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU football player Xavier Guillory charged with DUI |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/isu-football-player-xavier-guillory-charged-with-dui/article_8d858d88-5984-11ed-80cd-4fb4fc7c139d.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref>&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.baltimoreravens.com/team/players-roster/xavier-guillory/ Tarihin Baltimore Ravens] * [https://isubengals.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/7318 Rayuwar Jihar Idaho Bengals] * [https://thesundevils.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/15815 Tarihin Sun Devils na Jihar Arizona] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4vpqaq622fk6u3dj7lzuyxng4x0cjha 883627 883624 2026-07-15T17:24:51Z Aluja 30485 883627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Xavier Guillory''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Baltimore Ravens na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals da Arizona State Sun Devils . == Rayuwa ta farko == Guillory ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lewis da Clark a Spokane, Washington. A matsayinsa na babba jami'i, ya yi amfani da 45 passes don yadudduka 725 da kuma touchdowns 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deangelis |first=Vinny |date=April 12, 2023 |title=New ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory sees ASU football as proving ground |url=https://www.statepress.com/article/2023/04/asu-xavier-guillory-feature |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The State Press}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Guillory a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari uku kuma mai daukar nauyin 2,338 a cikin aji na 2020, inda ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Idaho State Bengals . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Idaho === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2020, Guillory ya samu kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 264 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Xavier Guillory's long journey to acceptance |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/xavier-guillory-s-long-journey-to-acceptance/article_8321da4e-24ce-11ed-8fc4-0fa242316d12.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 259 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavanelle |first=Nikki |title=Nebraska latest to offer red-hot wide receiver in the NCAA transfer Portal |url=https://www.on3.com/college/nebraska-cornhuskers/news/nebraska-latest-to-offer-red-hot-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-in-the-ncaa-transfer-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=HuskerOnline.com |publisher=On3.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2022 Guillory ya yi liyafa 52 don yadudduka 785 da kuma touchdowns hudu a wasanni goma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=Idaho State WR Xavier Guillory suspended for final game of season |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/idaho-state-wr-xavier-guillory-suspended-for-final-game-of-season/article_65cf4a1a-6841-11ed-ac0f-3b5cebd8c748.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar 2022 ya yanke shawarar shigar da sunansa a cikin tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU WR Xavier Guillory enters the transfer portal |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/townnews/sport/isu-wr-xavier-guillory-enters-the-transfer-portal/article_e2dfdf13-8541-5a42-8aa7-4c7f894ca2ae.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref> === Jihar Arizona === Guillory ya koma buga wa Arizona State Sun Devils . <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=Nick |title=Idaho State transfer WR Xavier Guillory commits to Arizona State |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/idaho-state-transfer-wr-xavier-guillory-commitment-arizona-state-sun-devils-wide-receiver-portal/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2023, ya zira kwallaye 47 a nasarar da ya samu a Kudancin Utah.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin Sun Devil a 2023, Guillory ya zira kwallaye 21 don yadudduka 226 da kuma touchdown daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=Who is Xavier Guillory? What to know about the ASU wide receiver |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2024/12/30/who-is-xavier-guillory-asu-football/76932895007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A cikin Babban Wasanni na 12 na 2024, ya shiga cikin touchdowns biyu, yayin da ya taimaka wa Sun Devils samun wuri a cikin Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa tare da cin nasara a kan Jihar Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordow |first=Scott |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory driven by faith, family and heritage |url=https://news.asu.edu/20241220-sun-devil-community-asu-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory-driven-3-motivations-faith-family |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=ASU News}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2024, Guillory ya shiga 22 don yadudduka 339 da kuma touchdowns biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xavier Guillory 2024 Game Logs |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/xavier-guillory-1/gamelog/2024/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 7/8|weight=201|dash=4.58|ten split=1.55|twenty split=2.59|shuttle=4.34|cone drill=6.91|vertical=39.0|broad ft=10|broad in=8|bench=15|arm span=30 5/8|hand span=8 1/2|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1061761&DraftYear=2025 |title=Xavier Guillory College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=June 29, 2026}}</ref>}} === Ravens na Baltimore === Guillory ya sanya hannu tare da Baltimore Ravens a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=May 4, 2025 |title=Ravens Sign 17 Undrafted Rookie Free Agents |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-undrafted-rookie-free-agents-rookies-sign-2025-camp |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mink, Ryan |date=August 27, 2025 |title=5 Takeaways From Ravens Roster Cuts |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-roster-cuts-53-takeaways-2025 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2026, Guillory ya sake sanya hannu tare da Ravens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Clifton |title=Ravens Re-Sign Wide Receiver Ahead of Draft |url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-re-sign-wide-receiver-xavier-guillory |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=BaltimoreRavens.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Guillory a Lewiston, Idaho, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar asalin Amurka ce yayin da mahaifinsa 'yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ne kuma Black.<ref name="NA">{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Michelle |title=ASU wide receiver Xavier Guillory hopes to be example for young Native Americans |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/college/asu/2023/09/22/xavier-guillory-hopes-to-set-example-for-native-american-youth/70921125007/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022, 'yan sanda na Pocatello sun kama Guillory da karfe 11:13 na yamma a kan DUI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |title=ISU football player Xavier Guillory charged with DUI |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/sports/isu-football-player-xavier-guillory-charged-with-dui/article_8d858d88-5984-11ed-80cd-4fb4fc7c139d.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Idaho State Journal}}</ref>&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.baltimoreravens.com/team/players-roster/xavier-guillory/ Tarihin Baltimore Ravens] * [https://isubengals.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/7318 Rayuwar Jihar Idaho Bengals] * [https://thesundevils.com/sports/football/roster/xavier-guillory/15815 Tarihin Sun Devils na Jihar Arizona] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l9sflkypzrnyvs0s6257tbf5w1xdtca 2 161647 883634 2026-07-15T17:28:53Z Bauchi 1 40103 Sabon shafi: Sunana Tijjani Muhammad Surajo 883634 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunana Tijjani Muhammad Surajo iu0j59h2eaohl2n5ijf9o9ob0gk7cie 0 161648 883696 2026-07-15T18:06:49Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359833641|Paul Samuel Zamani]]" 883696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Samuel Zamani''' bishop ne na Anglican a '''[[Najeriya|Paul Samuel Zamani]]''' [[Najeriya|is an]] Anglican bishop in Nigeria. [[Najeriya|He is the current]] Bishop of Kwoi, [[Najeriya|one of 13 dioceses in the]] Anglican Province of Abuja, itself one of 14 provinces in the [[Cocin Najeriya|Church of Nigeria]]<nowiki/>y . Shi ne Bishop na Kwoi na yanzu, ɗaya daga cikin diocese 13 a Lardin Anglican na Abuja, wanda shi kansa yana ɗaya daga cikin larduna 14 a [[Cocin Najeriya]] . An haifi Zamani a [[Zonkwa|garin Zonkwa]] ranar 2 ga watan Yuni haifi Zamani a Zonkwa a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1964 kuma ya yi karatu a St Francis na Kwalejin tauhidin Assisi a Wusasa . kuma ya yi karatu a St Francis of Assisi Theological College da ke [[Wusasa]] . == Bayanan kulaBayani == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 781tv0yccxp7qb99hhxd1ipq8axhmmc 0 161649 883699 2026-07-15T18:17:04Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359833635|Andrew Yakubu]]" 883699 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Andrew Laah Yakubu''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1955) tsohon Manajan Darakta ne na '''Andrew Laah Yakubu''' (an haife shi 10 Satumba 1955) tsohon Manajan Darakta ne na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya. [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ne ya ba shi wannan nadin a shekarar 2012. Shi da ƙungiyar gudanarwa an cire su daga nadin su don ƙarfafa sake fasalin da ke gudana a NNPC ta tsohon Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan a watan Yulin 2014 kuma an kira [[Joseph Thlama Dawha|Joseph Dawha]] a matsayin magajinsa a watan Agustan 2014 . [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya]] . [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ne ya ba shi wannan muƙamin a shekarar 2012. Shi da tawagar gudanarwa sun sami sauƙi daga naɗinsu don ƙarfafa gyare-gyaren da ake yi a NNPC ta tsohon Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan a watan Yulin 2014, kuma an naɗa [[Joseph Thlama Dawha|Joseph Dawha]] a matsayin magajinsa a watan Agustan 2014. == Rayuwa == An haifi An haifi Yakubu a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1955, a Mawukili, [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Yankin Arewa]] (yanzu a kudanci [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]]), [[Najeriya]] . Yakubu mai ba da agaji ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan agaji daban-daban a cikin majami'u da kungiyoyi da yawa a duk faɗin [[Najeriya]]. A cikin shekaru ya ci gaba da tallafawa mabukata ta hanyar gudummawa, tallafawa da tallafin karatu ga matalauta ta amfani da tushe. An ba shi taken shugabanci "''Iya A̠tyap''" daga Atyap Chiefdom na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a shekara ta 2004, kuma cikakken memba ne na Majalisar [[Atyap Chiefdom|Shugabancin Atyap]] . <ref name="NAE">{{Cite web |title=Engr. Andrew Laah Yakubu |url=https://nae.ng/fellows-directory |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=The Nigerian Academy of Engineering}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The untold story of the new NNPC boss |url=http://www.elanzanews.com/the-untold-story-of-the-new-nnpc-boss-andy-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630235541/http://www.elanzanews.com/the-untold-story-of-the-new-nnpc-boss-andy-yakubu/ |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |website=Elanzanews}}</ref> == Ilimi == YakubuYakubu ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati a [[Keffi]] daga 1969 zuwa 1973, inda ya sami [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]]. Bayan haka, ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya a [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]] har zuwa 1975, lokacin da ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] a can, yana karatun injiniyan sinadarai. Bayan kammala karatunsa tare da BA a 1979, ya yi aiki daban-daban a cikin refineries kafin ya zama babban darektan ayyukan NETCO a watan Maris na shekara ta 2005. Baya ga karatunsa a fannin ilmin sunadarai, ya sami takardar shaidar a fannin dabarun da tsari daga Makarantar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke [[Keffi]] daga 1969 zuwa 1973, inda ya sami [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]] . Bayan haka, ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya da ke [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]] har zuwa 1975, lokacin da ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke can, yana karatun injiniyan sinadarai. Bayan kammala karatunsa da digirin BA a 1979, ya yi aiki a matatun mai daban-daban kafin ya zama babban darektan ayyuka a NETCO a watan Maris na 2005. Baya ga iliminsa a fannin sinadarai, ya sami takardar shaidar Dabaru da Tsara Ayyuka daga Makarantar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . == Sana'a == Ya bar mukaminsa na NETCO a watan Disamba na 2006 ya yi aiki a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|Kamfanin Man Fetur na Ƙasa na Najeriya]], da farko a matsayin babban manaja kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin babban darakta kuma babban jami'in bar aikinsa na NETCO a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 don yin aiki a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya, da farko a matsayin janar manajan kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin manajan darektan da Shugaba. Ya ɗauki rawar watanni da yawa bayan rikicin man fetur na kasa a Najeriya, lokacin da aka fahimci NNPC a matsayin ƙungiya mai cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ya kula da canje-canje a cikin ma'aikatar ƙasa har sai an cire shi a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Jonathan kan zargin rashin biyayya. Harkokin Yakubu ya haifar da samar da iskar gas ga kasuwar Najeriya da ke girma daga cubic feet miliyan 300 a kowace rana (mcfpd) zuwa 1500mcfpD, wanda aka sadaukar da kashi 70% don tallafawa bangaren wutar lantarki. Ya ci gaba da kwanciyar hankali a cikin samarwa da rarraba kayayyakin man fetur a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da masana'antun matattarar Najeriya guda uku suna gudana yadda ya kamata a lokacin mulkinsa. Ya yi amfani da Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCC) a cikin kamfanin Kaduna, Port Harcourt FCC yana aiki, yayin da kamfanin Warri ya kasance a cikin ruwa ta hanyar kokarin masana cikin gida da ya shiga.. Ya karɓi ragamar aikin watanni da dama bayan rikicin man fetur na ƙasa a Najeriya, lokacin da ake ɗaukar NNPC a matsayin ƙungiya mai cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ya kula da canje-canje a cikin cibiyar ƙasa har sai da aka cire shi a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Jonathan bisa zargin rashin biyayya. Shiga tsakani na Yakubu ya haifar da samar da iskar gas ga kasuwar Najeriya ya karu daga ƙafa miliyan 300 na cubic a kowace rana (mcfpd) zuwa 1500mcfpd, wanda kashi 70% na cikinsu an sadaukar da su ne don tallafawa ɓangaren wutar lantarki. Ya tabbatar da daidaito a samar da kayayyaki da rarraba kayayyakin man fetur a faɗin ƙasar, tare da matatun mai guda uku na Najeriya suna aiki yadda ya kamata a lokacin mulkinsa. Ya watsa shirye-shiryen Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCC) a matatar mai ta Kaduna, [[Port Harcourt]] FCC tana aiki, yayin da matatar mai ta Warri kuma tana kan hanya ta hanyar ƙoƙarin ƙwararrun masana da ya yi aiki da su. Shi memba ne na ƙungiyar injiniyoyi ta Najeriya ; memba nShi memba ne na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya; Fellow na Ƙungiyar injiniyoyin sinadarai ta Najeriya; Fello na Ƙungiyar Masana Fasaha ta Najeriya a Injiniya Associate Fellow, Ƙungiyar Chemical ta Najeriya kuma Injiniya mai rijista na Majalisar don Gudanar da Injiniya a Najeriya COREN . Shi ɗan'uwan Ƙungiyar Masanin Fasaha ta Najeriya ne a Injiniya . Darajarsa ta haɗa da Kyautar Kyautar Shugaban kasa ta Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (1997) da GMD na NNPC Award (1987).a ƙungiyar injiniyoyi ta Najeriya ; memba na ƙungiyar masana fasaha ta Najeriya a injiniya, ƙungiyar sinadarai ta Najeriya kuma injiniya mai rijista na Majalisar Kula da Injiniya a Najeriya COREN. Shi memba ne na ƙungiyar masana fasaha ta Najeriya a injiniya. Girmamawarsa sun haɗa da kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa ta ƙungiyar injiniyoyin sinadarai ta Najeriya (1997) da lambar yabo ta GMD na NNPC (1987). == Korarsa daSack daga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriyaga kamfanin man fetur na Najeriya == Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya cire Yakubu daga mukaminsa a matsayin manajan darakta na NNPC game da rikice-rikicen da aka yi tsakanin shi da Ministan Man Fetur [[Diezani Alison-Madueke]] wanda zai nada shi a matsayin manajin darakta na Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPDC). Shugaban kasa a gefe guda ya ce an kori ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta NNPC don karfafa sake fasalin da ke gudana a cikin kungiyar. Goodluck Jonathan ya sauke Yakubu daga mukaminsa na manajan darakta na kamfanin NNPC saboda rashin jituwa tsakaninsa da Ministar Man Fetur [[Diezani Alison-Madueke]] kan wanda za a nada a matsayin manajan darakta na Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPDC). A gefe guda kuma, Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta ce an kori tawagar gudanarwar NNPC don ƙarfafa gyare-gyaren da ake ci gaba da yi a cikin kungiyar. A ranar 3 gaA ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, an sami babban adadin tsabar kudi (USD 9.8 Miliyan da GBP 72,000) a wani gidansa a garin [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya ta hanyar ma'aikatan [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi]] (EFCC). Yakubu ya ba da rahoto ga ofishin yanki na hukumar a Kano kuma ya yi wata sanarwa inda ya yarda da mallakar kuɗin, yana mai cewa "kyauta" ce daga mutanen da ba a ambaci sunansu ba. Fabrairu, 2017, jami'an [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa]] (EFCC) sun gano makudan kudade ( dala miliyan 9.8 da fam 72,000) a wani gida mallakarsa da ke birnin [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya. Yakubu ya kai rahoto ga ofishin hukumar da ke Kano kuma ya yi wata sanarwa inda ya amince da mallakar kudin, yana mai ikirarin cewa "kyauta" ne daga mutanen da ba a ambata sunayensu ba. Hukumar yaHukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]] ta tuhumi Yakubu a kotu saboda sanarwar ƙarya game da dukiya, kan gano $ 9.8m a gidansa na Kaduna. Babu kotun shari'a da ta same shi da laifi saboda cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya.ki da cin hanci da rashawa, [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]] ta gurfanar da Yakubu a gaban kotu bisa zargin karya bayyana kadarorinsa, kan gano dala miliyan 9.8 a gidansa da ke Kaduna. Kotu ba ta same shi da laifi ba a Najeriya. Duk da haka ya shigar da ƙarar Naira biliyan Hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]] ta tuhumi Yakubu a kotu saboda sanarwar ƙarya game da dukiya, kan gano $ 9.8m a gidansa na Kaduna. Babu kotun shari'a da ta same shi da laifi saboda cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya. a kan EFCC da Babban Lauyan Tarayya don neman diyya a watan Maris na 2017. A watan Kotun Tarayya ta sallami Andrew Yakubu kuma kotun ta umarci EFCC da ta dawo da tarin tsabar kudi da aka kwace. 2022, Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta sallami Andrew Yakubu kuma ta wanke shi daga zargin, kuma kotun ta umarci EFCC da ta mayar da tarin kudaden da aka kama. == Rayuwa ta sirriRayuwa ta mutum == Yakubu yana auren Sarah Yakubu wadda take Yakubu ya auri Sarah Yakubu tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya shida da jikoki tara. Yana da matukar sha'awar wasannin golf da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]].<ref name="NAE" /> 'ya'ya shida da jikoki tara. Yana da sha'awar wasannin golf da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] . <ref name="NAE">{{Cite web |title=Engr. Andrew Laah Yakubu |url=https://nae.ng/fellows-directory |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=The Nigerian Academy of Engineering}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nae.ng/fellows-directory "Engr. Andrew Laah Yakubu"]. ''The Nigerian Academy of Engineering''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p4n8jwcda4cl7oma51pmxjl9t4fwxu4 2 161650 883731 2026-07-15T20:04:19Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 Sabon shafi: Hi! Welcome to my Wikipedia page. I'm ready to accept any corrections on my contribution. 883731 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi! Welcome to my Wikipedia page. I'm ready to accept any corrections on my contribution. 3vokdcxoeeo4yxtv7hoghgbsfgttax1 2 161651 883732 2026-07-15T20:07:16Z Babajulee 46997 Sabon shafi: = Jazuli Idris Adam = '''Jazuli Idris Adam''' (born '''10 January 1998''') is a Nigerian businessman from '''Tudun Wada Local Government Area''' of '''Kano State, Nigeria'''. He is known for his interest in entrepreneurship and community development. == Early Life and Background == Jazuli Idris Adam was born on 10 January 1998 in Tudun Wada, Kano State. He hails from the '''Tudun Wada Royal Family''', a family with historical ties to traditional leadership in the area. He spe... 883732 wikitext text/x-wiki = Jazuli Idris Adam = '''Jazuli Idris Adam''' (born '''10 January 1998''') is a Nigerian businessman from '''Tudun Wada Local Government Area''' of '''Kano State, Nigeria'''. He is known for his interest in entrepreneurship and community development. == Early Life and Background == Jazuli Idris Adam was born on 10 January 1998 in Tudun Wada, Kano State. He hails from the '''Tudun Wada Royal Family''', a family with historical ties to traditional leadership in the area. He spent his early years in Kano State, where he developed an interest in education, leadership, and business. == Education == Adam obtained a '''Bachelor of Science in Education (B.Sc. Ed.) in Biology''' from '''Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil'''. During his university years, he developed an appreciation for science education while also cultivating an interest in entrepreneurship. == Career == Jazuli Idris Adam is a businessman involved in medium-scale business activities in Nigeria. His business interests focus on entrepreneurship and commercial ventures, with an emphasis on contributing to economic growth and creating business opportunities. == Personal Life == Adam is married to '''Fatima''', and they have one son, '''Adam (Abeed)'''. He resides in Nigeria and maintains close ties with his family and community. == Legacy and Interests == Beyond his business activities, Adam has expressed interest in education, entrepreneurship, and community development. He continues to support initiatives that promote personal growth, economic empowerment, and social progress. '''Personal Information''' * '''Full Name:''' Jazuli Idris Adam * '''Date of Birth:''' 10 January 1998 * '''Nationality:''' Nigerian * '''State of Origin:''' Kano State * '''Local Government Area:''' Tudun Wada * '''Education:''' B.Sc. (Ed.) Biology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil * '''Occupation:''' Businessman * '''Marital Status:''' Married * '''Spouse:''' Fatima * '''Children:''' One son, Adam (Abeed) * '''Family:''' Tudun Wada Royal Family 0j6hte1bzs8yfzhs1y0nng3n0hqzz94 3 161652 883745 2026-07-15T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883745 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Babajulee! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Babajulee|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) cekdv2ymacwef34crcfgsu26l8gzoof 3 161653 883746 2026-07-15T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883746 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, EdgarCabreraFariña! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/EdgarCabreraFariña|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bed3i88g05j8dcsh12oinggjpaj5m9v 3 161654 883747 2026-07-15T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883747 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bnabbas75! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bnabbas75|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 8jdwhmmzpgty962q8el0jr6fjyqzba3 3 161655 883748 2026-07-15T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883748 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rafaelthegreat2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rafaelthegreat2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) arzz10nrq14cziyhn0vf72ki3k2cisz 3 161656 883749 2026-07-15T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883749 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maitakobi01! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maitakobi01|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) con604idyeei77khqirurje3z9tm6pl 3 161657 883750 2026-07-15T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883750 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Autquis! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Autquis|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) hyksu1rd9p8oi4oawsxxtx5fiqlf32s 3 161658 883751 2026-07-15T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883751 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CommunicationLaw! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CommunicationLaw|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) s4pkomu5mw1527p0f01kg7l2q26w39l 3 161659 883752 2026-07-15T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883752 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wikeyea! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wikeyea|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 5fs2kb87ytsxe2fvnw9l5nu9zss7u4z 3 161660 883753 2026-07-15T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883753 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Truthnymph! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Truthnymph|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) a22ufec53jl5n286job8l91j5z9etzr 3 161661 883754 2026-07-15T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883754 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pnelson (WMGH)! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pnelson (WMGH)|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) kujpzp76314158715lpbbkqm2cv4qan 3 161662 883755 2026-07-15T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883755 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Uiykea! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Uiykea|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) l86dvrntqqqcx42dcl8fcovk0tqxyxp 3 161663 883756 2026-07-15T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883756 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, UniqueMonik! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/UniqueMonik|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 5msh0300zovxp6ahu3g7mkudk2xksh2 3 161664 883757 2026-07-15T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883757 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Habu2844! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Habu2844|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) so34e4z4kdfwvxaw4iyat49xuml501k 3 161665 883758 2026-07-15T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883758 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ald-Ki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ald-Ki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7kwbrzyr2euh1mhp91e6alh9xdn9piv 3 161666 883759 2026-07-15T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883759 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Realmarious! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Realmarious|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9wtljusczxi6sbbfkb97sfckbih3ujx 3 161667 883760 2026-07-15T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883760 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Τολάρας! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Τολάρας|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) rjec1toxqv2nmnjt7lpa2p8by3h4m28 3 161668 883761 2026-07-15T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883761 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BollywoodMusic123! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BollywoodMusic123|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pcmp6w5de6vsamofrmnf6buui816j4s 3 161669 883762 2026-07-15T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883762 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Benbaahi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Benbaahi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) h3js4v4swbonnvc7hfmjf0x1m3ekwgy 3 161670 883763 2026-07-15T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883763 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Փերի Սիմոնյան! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Փերի Սիմոնյան|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 2kck8k6al69dcgkykmf5l0rjcwryemn 3 161671 883764 2026-07-15T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883764 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TheBigD Afro lingo Community Revitalizer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TheBigD Afro lingo Community Revitalizer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 1t8lgpyiwve2zmpiewdxx00wobf2uy8 3 161672 883765 2026-07-15T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883765 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Brackeb! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Brackeb|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 1pzkfw5tapb4ajmpczmxoa49k64wfng 3 161673 883766 2026-07-15T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883766 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Scuper501! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Scuper501|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 2122gs9t819luzepbie17iomwf0y5kf 3 161674 883767 2026-07-15T21:26:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883767 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hammer freak !! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hammer freak !|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 2repdlofbgw9gf3ldaagik85rodtdy6 3 161675 883768 2026-07-15T21:27:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883768 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mepyeusese! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mepyeusese|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) tq8p3j18m3shk8agnhv4w9a9qyvuq7t 3 161676 883769 2026-07-15T21:27:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883769 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lacawe83! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lacawe83|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pcq2vtkqb0sigoy079qggyma2i8a58x 3 161677 883770 2026-07-15T21:27:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883770 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muzari ahemd! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muzari ahemd|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 6t4bos2ahjrac4nks9u627hqttkba3j 3 161678 883771 2026-07-15T21:27:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883771 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aliyu hader! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aliyu hader|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) s1agn9ygab4lr80rx93ul06ykgnmr0b 3 161679 883772 2026-07-15T21:27:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883772 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RavishJagarlamudi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RavishJagarlamudi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3fm8gxdgamzgs8casgxhjvi8f6qkro8 3 161680 883774 2026-07-15T21:27:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883774 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dodore92! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dodore92|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) taq2k7tbjp055sa6ut035z8r6uxhqz9 3 161681 883775 2026-07-15T21:28:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883775 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SonOfNuhu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SonOfNuhu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bvleme23dm7qma8y0yn9jhiqm4xql9u 3 161682 883776 2026-07-15T21:28:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883776 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yayekit! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yayekit|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 4e7rj2h7sw3zt66tzf1tr4u0xkert6w 3 161683 883777 2026-07-15T21:28:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883777 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Salim Iliyasu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Salim Iliyasu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) cxj1lfw9ns4xat9vffd7ppe513j2ux0 0 161684 883782 2026-07-15T22:32:33Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364224729|Alabuga Special Economic Zone]]" 883782 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:NASA_FIRMS_2025-07-06_Alabuga.png|thumb|Hotunan tauraron ɗan adam na Alabuga SEZ]] Alabuga yanki ne na tattalin arziki na musamman na masana'antu da nau'in samarwa wanda ke nisan kilomita 20 a [[:en:Yelabuzhsky_District|Gundumar Yelabuzhsky]] ta Jamhuriyar [[:en:Tatarstan|Tatarstan]] a cikin yankin masana’antu dake kilomita 10 km daga [[:en:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]], 25 km daga [[:en:Naberezhnye_Chelny|Naberezhnye Chelny]], 40 km daga Nizhnekamsk da 210 km daga cibiyar yankin Kazan. Masu hannun jari na kamfanin gudanarwa na SEZ "Alabuga" sune [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]] ta hanyar JSC "Tattalin Arziki na Musamman" tare da hannun gwamnatin cikin gida 100 bisa 100 (Ma'aikatar ƙasa da Dukiya ta Jamhuriyar Tatarstan). Ya zuwa 2016-2017, masana’antar "Alabuga" ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi nasara yankin tattalin arziki na musamman na masana'antu da samarwa a Rasha, wanda ke da kashi 68% na jimillar kuɗaɗen shiga a (2017) da kashi 42% na tarin haraji daga dukkan SEZs na ƙasar (2016), masana’antar na ba da kashi 54% na saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu a cikin SEZ na Rasha (2016). Cece-kuce ya fara ne  kan masana’anatar saboda iƙirarin cewa an sami yaudara, bautarwa da cutarwa a masana'antun Alabuga inda ake samar da jirage marasa matuka 136 na Shahed don sojojin Rasha. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025,  Cibiyar yaƙi da laufukan da aka shirya ta fitar da wani rahoto tare da shaidar cewa an ɗauki mata sama da 300 masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 22 daga sassan duniya, galibi Afirka da Latin Amurka, a ƙarƙashin zargin yaudara da kuma ƙaryar "aiki da karatu," inda daga bisani ka aika su zuwa waɗannan masana'antun ƙera jirage marasa matuƙa a Alabuga Shirin yaudara na "Alabuga" ya ɗauki ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa daga ƙasashe 27 tare da alƙawuran albashi mai kyau, horon aiki, masauki, da samun shaidar zama ‘yan Rasha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth Exploited for Military Drone Production at the Alabuga Special Economic Zone {{!}} ISIS Reports {{!}} Institute For Science And International Security |url=https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/foreign-youth-exploited-for-military-drone-production-at-the-alabuga-specia |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=isis-online.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Alabuga_airview_2017.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ra'ayi na SEZ "Alabuga", shekara ta 2017]] === Masana’antar kera motoci ta Yelabuga === A cikin shekarun 1980s, gefen dama da kogin [[:en:Kama|Kama]] cibiyar masana'antu mai cike da alamun nasara. A kusa da [[:en:Naberezhnye_Chelny|Naberezhnye Chelny]], an kafa hanyar mota da hanyoyin sadarwa na jirgin ƙasa; [[:en:KamAZ|KamAZ]] tana nuna sabbin damar masana'antu; An ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Sufurin kayan Lantarki da Kamfanin Takardu da kuma [[:en:Nizhnekamsk_Hydroelectric_Station|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nizhnekamsk.]] A shekara ta 1984, Majalisar Ministocin tarayyar Soviet USSR ta yanke shawarar gina kamfanin ƙera motar aikin noma Tanta wato Kamsky Tractor Plant (KamTZ) a yankin Yelabuga, gami da kamfanin samar da Tantan wato tractors ta duniya, dake iya samar da injinina, da sauran kayan aiki, da [[:en:Turbocharger|Turbocharger]], da kayan aikin injin da ke samar da suran injina.{{Sfn|Yakovleva|2013}} === Yankin tattalin arziki kyauta === [[Fayil:Alabuga_Pano_1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Hoton titin SH-2 daga Gabas]] Domin jawo hankalin masu zuba jari da kuma shawo kan rashin aikin yi a Yelabuga, gwamnatin jamhuriya maida hankali kan wasu dabaru da Rasha tayi amfani da shi a shekarun 1990 na ƙirƙirar yankunan tattalin arziki kyauta waɗanda aka tsara don motsa tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar kin karbar haraji da jan hankalin manyan biranen ƙasashen waje. Dokar Jamhuriyar Tatarstan "A kan Yankin Tattalin Arziki" an fara amfani da ita ne a ranar 22 ga Afrilun shekarar 1998, bayan dokar ta sami kuri'u 33 na wakilan [[:en:State_Council_of_the_Republic_of_Tatarstan|Majalisar Jiha ta Jamhuriyar Tatarstan;]] mutum ɗaya mai mukamin mataimaki ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar ƙin amincewa da dokar. An ƙirƙiro ƙa'idojin FEZ tare da Kwamitin Kwastam na Tarayyar Rasha, [[:en:Ministry_of_Finance_(Russia)|Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Tarayyar Russia,]] da [[:en:Property_management|Kwamitin Jiha na Gudanar]] da Dukiya na Jamhuriyar Tatarstan. An dai yafewa mazaunan FEZ biyan haraji, amma banda harajin zamantakewa da [[Haraji|harajin kudin shiga]]. Duk da cewa a cikin shekarar 2001 kamfanin Amurka ya bar hadin gwiwa "ElAZ na General Motors", FEZ ya ci gaba da aikinsa. A shekara ta 2003, kamfanoni 13 sun kasance a cikin FEZ, gami da haɗin gwiwar "Skantat" tare da kamfanin [[:en:Volvo|Volvo,]] wanda ke samar da bas a kan KamAZ chassis; samar da ma'aunin [[:en:Minsk_Tractor_Works|Minski Traktarny Zavod]]; masana'antar sarrafa nama ta "Modul", samar da sinadarai na mota "D Plast-Eftek; mai ƙera kayan aiki na musamman a kan chassis na kaya da  "AutoMaster"; tare da masana'antar kayan aiki na ofis da kayan kasuwanci "ElTons"; da samar da kayan gine-gine "DSK KMK"  da haɗin gwiwar samar da kayan samar da dumi  "Delonghi — ZASS «Alabuga»""K" <ref name="2003.kommersant">{{Cite web |last=Idiattulin |first=Shamil |date=2003-03-24 |title=Век зоны не видать |trans-title=No zone for a century. |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/372667 |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=Kommersant |language=ru}}</ref>{{Sfn|Yakovleva|2013}} === Hukunce-hukunce na duniya === Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na Alabuga an sanya shi ta ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na duniya bayan rawar da ya taka wajen samar da jirgi mara matuka don [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. Ƙungiyar ta sami izini daga: Amurka ([[:en:Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control|OFAC]]; US [[:en:System_for_Award_Management|SAM sayen warewa]]), Tarayyar Turai ([[:en:European_Union_sanctions|tsarin Tarayyar Tarayyar Tsaro]], Disamba 2023), Ingila ([[:en:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office|FCDO Sanctions]]), Switzerland ([[:en:State_Secretariat_for_Economic_Affairs_(Switzerland)|SECO]], Disamba 2024), Ostiraliya ([[:en:Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)|DFAT]] Consolidated List), Faransa, Belgium, Monaco, New Zealand, Ukraine ([[:en:National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine|NSDC]] da [[:en:Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)|GUR]]), Japan ([[:en:Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)|MoF]][[:en:Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry|, METI]]), da Taiwan [[:en:Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_(Taiwan)|(MOEA]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Stock Company Special Economic Zone of Industrial Production Alabuga |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-mP7f6NnzfS8fWMvFYW8Qbg/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=OpenSanctions}}</ref> == Kamfanin dake gudanar da kuɗaɗe == === Kamfanin dake gudanarwa === Kamfanin gudanarwa da yankin tattalin arziki na musamman shine JSC "SEZ IPT", wanda masu hannun jari su ne Tarayyar Rasha ta hanyar mallakar JSC "Zones na Tattalin Arziki na Musamman" (66%) da Ma'aikatar kasa da hulɗar kayayyaki na Jamhuriyar Tatarstan (34%). <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-26 |title=Татарстан компенсирует затраты администраторов особых экономических зон. Цена вопроса&nbsp;— четверть миллиарда рублей |trans-title=Tatarstan will compensate the administrators costs at the special economic zone. The price is a quarter of billion rubles |url=https://kazanfirst.ru/article/327381 |access-date=2017-09-01 |publisher=Kazanfirst |language=ru}}{{Cite news |date=2016-08-26 |title=Татарстан компенсирует затраты администраторов особых экономических зон. Цена вопроса&nbsp;— четверть миллиарда рублей |trans-title=Tatarstan will compensate the administrators costs at the special economic zone. The price is a quarter of billion rubles |url=https://kazanfirst.ru/article/327381 |access-date=2017-09-01 |publisher=Kazanfirst |language=ru}}</ref> A cewar rahotanni na JSC "SEZ IPT Álabuga" na 2014, akwai aƙalla ma'aikata 590 da suke aiki a kamfanin gudanarwa na yankin tattalin arziki na musamman.{{Sfn|Annual report of 2014}} === Yanantin samun kuɗaɗe === Kamfanin "Alabuga" shine mafi girma kuma mafi nasara yankin tattalin arziki na musamman na masana'antu da samarwa a Rasha: yana da asusun 68% na jimillar kuɗaɗen shiga na duk SEZs a cikin ƙasar (kamar na 2017), saka hannun jari ‘yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu a "Alabuga " ya zama 54% na duk kuɗaɗen da aka saka a cikin SEZ a Rasha (kamar na 2016).<ref name="2017.ria">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=Экспертный совет ОЭЗ "Алабуга" одобрил проекты на 650 миллионов рублей |trans-title=The SEZ "Alabuga" Expert Council approved projects worth 650 million rubles |url=https://ria.ru/economy/20170515/1494324727.html |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="history.fdi">{{Cite journal |last=Kaczmarski |first=Michal |last2=Bill |first2=Helena |year=2014 |title=Building on firm foundations |url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Special-Reports/2014/SEZ-Alabuga2 |journal=FDi Intelligence |issue=October/November |pages=71–73 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017 Alabuga ya sanya hannu kan kwangila don saka hannun jari na jimlar dala biliyan 4.5 na Amurka, wanda aka yi amfani da biliya 3.1. Manyan masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje sun fito ne daga kasar [[Holand|Netherlands]] da [[Turkiyya]].<ref name="2017.ria" /> Gabaɗaya, kamfanonin sun samar da ayyuka sama da dubu 5.6 a "Alabuga".<ref name="2017.ria" /> A cikin 2016 "Alabuga" ya kai kashi 42% na haraji (ba tare da VAT ba) na duk yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki na Rasha. Daga farkonta zuwa 2016, mazaunanta sun biya rubles biliyan 9.7 na haraji (ciki har da rubles biliya 2.6, ko dala miliyan 42.42, a cikin 2015). Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov ya kiyasta kudaden shiga na haraji don rufe rubles biliyan 25.7 na saka hannun jari na jihar a cikin ababen more rayuwa na "Alabuga" nan da shekarar 2019. Dangane da shirin, nan da shekara ta 2023 yawan mazauna za su kai 120, yawan kudaden haraji na shekara-shekara - rubles biliyan 32 a shekara (Dola miliyan 476 na Amurka a matsakaicin musayar shekara-sheko na ruble zuwa dala a cikin 2016). <ref name="2017.ria">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=Экспертный совет ОЭЗ "Алабуга" одобрил проекты на 650 миллионов рублей |trans-title=The SEZ "Alabuga" Expert Council approved projects worth 650 million rubles |url=https://ria.ru/economy/20170515/1494324727.html |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Аюпов |first=Ильдар |date=2016-07-11 |title=ОЭЗ «Алабуга» окупит госвложения в инфраструктуру в 2019 году |trans-title=SEZ "Alabuga" will recoup the state investment into its infrastructure in 2019 |url=http://rt.rbc.ru/tatarstan/11/07/2016/57839c1f9a7947fa47e7cfc4 |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=RBC |language=ru}}</ref>&nbsp; == Mazauna == Hanyar samun gurin gina kamfani ko  matsayin mazauni a bayyane yake a doka: duk wani kamfani dole ne ya yi rajista da hukuma a yankin Yelabuga kuma ya gabatar da shirin kasuwanci tare da saka hannun jari da bai kai ƙasa da rubles miliyan 120. [[:en:Supervisory_board|Kwamitin kula]] da Alabuga ne ke lura da aikace-aikacen. Matsakaicin lokacin samun matsayin mazauni ya kai watanni uku.<ref name="alabuga-rbc">{{Cite web |last=Abdullina |first=Polina |last2=Smirnov |first2=Marina |last3=Belova |first3=Irina |last4=Safronov |first4=Roman A. |last5=Volkov |first5=Ivan |title=ОЭЗ от древности до наших дней |trans-title=SEZ from antiquity to our days |url=http://alabuga.rbc.ru/article/alabuga-about/ |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=RBC |language=ru}}</ref> Ya zuwa Oktoban shekarar 2017, an yi rajistar kamfanoni 57 a matsayin mazauna, aƙalla masana’antu 23 suka fara aiki, wasu ana cikin gini ko tsarawa a Alabuga.<ref name="fDi2017">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-09 |title="Алабуга" в третий раз подряд признана лучшей ОЭЗ в Европе |trans-title="Alabuga" has become the best SEZ in Europe for the third time |url=https://www.business-gazeta.ru/news/360151 |access-date=2017-10-16 |publisher=Business Online |language=ru}}</ref> === Tsarin haraji === Ana biya ko karɓar haraji  ga mazaunan Alabuga bisa ga dokokin Rasha na yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman. Kamfanonin dake Alabuga zabi hanyoyin da suka fi so da fa'idodi na biyan haraji, waɗanda dokokin tarayya da dokokin Tatarstan suka bayyana'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Налоговые льготы, действующие на территориях ОЭЗ |trans-title=Tax advantages acting on the SEZ territories |url=http://economy.gov.ru/wps/wcm/connect/3ba8d28044e5e4b3be42ffaf753c8a7e/Налоговые+льготы+-+новое.doc?MOD=AJPERES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709091220/http://economy.gov.ru/wps/wcm/connect/3ba8d28044e5e4b3be42ffaf753c8a7e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B+-+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5.doc?MOD=AJPERES |archive-date=2017-07-09 |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=SEZ "Alabuga" |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="nalog-iz">{{Cite web |title=ОЭЗ Алабуга |trans-title=SEZ "Alabuga" |url=http://nalog-iz.ru/oez-alabuga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220210/http://nalog-iz.ru/oez-alabuga |archive-date=2017-09-14 |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=Publishing House "Tax news" |language=ru}}</ref> mjxbeo8lcwhmxbo0o4xvmy4feo6wee1 883785 883782 2026-07-15T22:35:54Z Featherdiamond 46529 883785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:NASA_FIRMS_2025-07-06_Alabuga.png|thumb|Hotunan tauraron ɗan adam na Alabuga SEZ]] Alabuga yanki ne na tattalin arziki na musamman na masana'antu da nau'in samarwa wanda ke nisan kilomita 20 a [[:en:Yelabuzhsky_District|Gundumar Yelabuzhsky]] ta Jamhuriyar [[:en:Tatarstan|Tatarstan]] a cikin yankin masana’antu dake kilomita 10 km daga [[:en:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]], 25 km daga [[:en:Naberezhnye_Chelny|Naberezhnye Chelny]], 40 km daga Nizhnekamsk da 210 km daga cibiyar yankin Kazan. Masu hannun jari na kamfanin gudanarwa na SEZ "Alabuga" sune [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]] ta hanyar JSC "Tattalin Arziki na Musamman" tare da hannun gwamnatin cikin gida 100 bisa 100 (Ma'aikatar ƙasa da Dukiya ta Jamhuriyar Tatarstan). Ya zuwa 2016-2017, masana’antar "Alabuga" ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi nasara yankin tattalin arziki na musamman na masana'antu da samarwa a Rasha, wanda ke da kashi 68% na jimillar kuɗaɗen shiga a (2017) da kashi 42% na tarin haraji daga dukkan SEZs na ƙasar (2016), masana’antar na ba da kashi 54% na saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu a cikin SEZ na Rasha (2016). Cece-kuce ya fara ne  kan masana’anatar saboda iƙirarin cewa an sami yaudara, bautarwa da cutarwa a masana'antun Alabuga inda ake samar da jirage marasa matuka 136 na Shahed don sojojin Rasha. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025,  Cibiyar yaƙi da laufukan da aka shirya ta fitar da wani rahoto tare da shaidar cewa an ɗauki mata sama da 300 masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 22 daga sassan duniya, galibi Afirka da Latin Amurka, a ƙarƙashin zargin yaudara da kuma ƙaryar "aiki da karatu," inda daga bisani ka aika su zuwa waɗannan masana'antun ƙera jirage marasa matuƙa a Alabuga Shirin yaudara na "Alabuga" ya ɗauki ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa daga ƙasashe 27 tare da alƙawuran albashi mai kyau, horon aiki, masauki, da samun shaidar zama ‘yan Rasha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth Exploited for Military Drone Production at the Alabuga Special Economic Zone {{!}} ISIS Reports {{!}} Institute For Science And International Security |url=https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/foreign-youth-exploited-for-military-drone-production-at-the-alabuga-specia |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=isis-online.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Alabuga_airview_2017.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ra'ayi na SEZ "Alabuga", shekara ta 2017]] === Masana’antar kera motoci ta Yelabuga === A cikin shekarun 1980s, gefen dama da kogin [[:en:Kama|Kama]] cibiyar masana'antu mai cike da alamun nasara. A kusa da [[:en:Naberezhnye_Chelny|Naberezhnye Chelny]], an kafa hanyar mota da hanyoyin sadarwa na jirgin ƙasa; [[:en:KamAZ|KamAZ]] tana nuna sabbin damar masana'antu; An ƙaddamar da Kamfanin Sufurin kayan Lantarki da Kamfanin Takardu da kuma [[:en:Nizhnekamsk_Hydroelectric_Station|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nizhnekamsk.]] A shekara ta 1984, Majalisar Ministocin tarayyar Soviet USSR ta yanke shawarar gina kamfanin ƙera motar aikin noma Tanta wato Kamsky Tractor Plant (KamTZ) a yankin Yelabuga, gami da kamfanin samar da Tantan wato tractors ta duniya, dake iya samar da injinina, da sauran kayan aiki, da [[:en:Turbocharger|Turbocharger]], da kayan aikin injin da ke samar da suran injina.{{Sfn|Yakovleva|2013}} === Yankin tattalin arziki kyauta === [[Fayil:Alabuga_Pano_1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Hoton titin SH-2 daga Gabas]] Domin jawo hankalin masu zuba jari da kuma shawo kan rashin aikin yi a Yelabuga, gwamnatin jamhuriya maida hankali kan wasu dabaru da Rasha tayi amfani da shi a shekarun 1990 na ƙirƙirar yankunan tattalin arziki kyauta waɗanda aka tsara don motsa tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar kin karbar haraji da jan hankalin manyan biranen ƙasashen waje. Dokar Jamhuriyar Tatarstan "A kan Yankin Tattalin Arziki" an fara amfani da ita ne a ranar 22 ga Afrilun shekarar 1998, bayan dokar ta sami kuri'u 33 na wakilan [[:en:State_Council_of_the_Republic_of_Tatarstan|Majalisar Jiha ta Jamhuriyar Tatarstan;]] mutum ɗaya mai mukamin mataimaki ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar ƙin amincewa da dokar. An ƙirƙiro ƙa'idojin FEZ tare da Kwamitin Kwastam na Tarayyar Rasha, [[:en:Ministry_of_Finance_(Russia)|Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Tarayyar Russia,]] da [[:en:Property_management|Kwamitin Jiha na Gudanar]] da Dukiya na Jamhuriyar Tatarstan. An dai yafewa mazaunan FEZ biyan haraji, amma banda harajin zamantakewa da [[Haraji|harajin kudin shiga]]. Duk da cewa a cikin shekarar 2001 kamfanin Amurka ya bar hadin gwiwa "ElAZ na General Motors", FEZ ya ci gaba da aikinsa. A shekara ta 2003, kamfanoni 13 sun kasance a cikin FEZ, gami da haɗin gwiwar "Skantat" tare da kamfanin [[:en:Volvo|Volvo,]] wanda ke samar da bas a kan KamAZ chassis; samar da ma'aunin [[:en:Minsk_Tractor_Works|Minski Traktarny Zavod]]; masana'antar sarrafa nama ta "Modul", samar da sinadarai na mota "D Plast-Eftek; mai ƙera kayan aiki na musamman a kan chassis na kaya da  "AutoMaster"; tare da masana'antar kayan aiki na ofis da kayan kasuwanci "ElTons"; da samar da kayan gine-gine "DSK KMK"  da haɗin gwiwar samar da kayan samar da dumi  "Delonghi — ZASS «Alabuga»""K" <ref name="2003.kommersant">{{Cite web |last=Idiattulin |first=Shamil |date=2003-03-24 |title=Век зоны не видать |trans-title=No zone for a century. |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/372667 |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=Kommersant |language=ru}}</ref>{{Sfn|Yakovleva|2013}} === Hukunce-hukunce na duniya === Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na Alabuga an sanya shi ta ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na duniya bayan rawar da ya taka wajen samar da jirgi mara matuka don [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. Ƙungiyar ta sami izini daga: Amurka ([[:en:Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control|OFAC]]; US [[:en:System_for_Award_Management|SAM sayen warewa]]), Tarayyar Turai ([[:en:European_Union_sanctions|tsarin Tarayyar Tarayyar Tsaro]], Disamba 2023), Ingila ([[:en:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office|FCDO Sanctions]]), Switzerland ([[:en:State_Secretariat_for_Economic_Affairs_(Switzerland)|SECO]], Disamba 2024), Ostiraliya ([[:en:Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)|DFAT]] Consolidated List), Faransa, Belgium, Monaco, New Zealand, Ukraine ([[:en:National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine|NSDC]] da [[:en:Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)|GUR]]), Japan ([[:en:Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)|MoF]][[:en:Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry|, METI]]), da Taiwan [[:en:Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_(Taiwan)|(MOEA]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Stock Company Special Economic Zone of Industrial Production Alabuga |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-mP7f6NnzfS8fWMvFYW8Qbg/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=OpenSanctions}}</ref> == Kamfanin dake gudanar da kuɗaɗe == === Kamfanin dake gudanarwa === Kamfanin gudanarwa da yankin tattalin arziki na musamman shine JSC "SEZ IPT", wanda masu hannun jari su ne Tarayyar Rasha ta hanyar mallakar JSC "Zones na Tattalin Arziki na Musamman" (66%) da Ma'aikatar kasa da hulɗar kayayyaki na Jamhuriyar Tatarstan (34%). <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-26 |title=Татарстан компенсирует затраты администраторов особых экономических зон. Цена вопроса&nbsp;— четверть миллиарда рублей |trans-title=Tatarstan will compensate the administrators costs at the special economic zone. The price is a quarter of billion rubles |url=https://kazanfirst.ru/article/327381 |access-date=2017-09-01 |publisher=Kazanfirst |language=ru}}{{Cite news |date=2016-08-26 |title=Татарстан компенсирует затраты администраторов особых экономических зон. Цена вопроса&nbsp;— четверть миллиарда рублей |trans-title=Tatarstan will compensate the administrators costs at the special economic zone. The price is a quarter of billion rubles |url=https://kazanfirst.ru/article/327381 |access-date=2017-09-01 |publisher=Kazanfirst |language=ru}}</ref> A cewar rahotanni na JSC "SEZ IPT Álabuga" na 2014, akwai aƙalla ma'aikata 590 da suke aiki a kamfanin gudanarwa na yankin tattalin arziki na musamman.{{Sfn|Annual report of 2014}} === Yanantin samun kuɗaɗe === Kamfanin "Alabuga" shine mafi girma kuma mafi nasara yankin tattalin arziki na musamman na masana'antu da samarwa a Rasha: yana da asusun 68% na jimillar kuɗaɗen shiga na duk SEZs a cikin ƙasar (kamar na 2017), saka hannun jari ‘yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu a "Alabuga " ya zama 54% na duk kuɗaɗen da aka saka a cikin SEZ a Rasha (kamar na 2016).<ref name="2017.ria">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=Экспертный совет ОЭЗ "Алабуга" одобрил проекты на 650 миллионов рублей |trans-title=The SEZ "Alabuga" Expert Council approved projects worth 650 million rubles |url=https://ria.ru/economy/20170515/1494324727.html |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="history.fdi">{{Cite journal |last=Kaczmarski |first=Michal |last2=Bill |first2=Helena |year=2014 |title=Building on firm foundations |url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Special-Reports/2014/SEZ-Alabuga2 |journal=FDi Intelligence |issue=October/November |pages=71–73 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017 Alabuga ya sanya hannu kan kwangila don saka hannun jari na jimlar dala biliyan 4.5 na Amurka, wanda aka yi amfani da biliya 3.1. Manyan masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje sun fito ne daga kasar [[Holand|Netherlands]] da [[Turkiyya]].<ref name="2017.ria" /> Gabaɗaya, kamfanonin sun samar da ayyuka sama da dubu 5.6 a "Alabuga".<ref name="2017.ria" /> A cikin 2016 "Alabuga" ya kai kashi 42% na haraji (ba tare da VAT ba) na duk yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki na Rasha. Daga farkonta zuwa 2016, mazaunanta sun biya rubles biliyan 9.7 na haraji (ciki har da rubles biliya 2.6, ko dala miliyan 42.42, a cikin 2015). Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov ya kiyasta kudaden shiga na haraji don rufe rubles biliyan 25.7 na saka hannun jari na jihar a cikin ababen more rayuwa na "Alabuga" nan da shekarar 2019. Dangane da shirin, nan da shekara ta 2023 yawan mazauna za su kai 120, yawan kudaden haraji na shekara-shekara - rubles biliyan 32 a shekara (Dola miliyan 476 na Amurka a matsakaicin musayar shekara-sheko na ruble zuwa dala a cikin 2016). <ref name="2017.ria">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=Экспертный совет ОЭЗ "Алабуга" одобрил проекты на 650 миллионов рублей |trans-title=The SEZ "Alabuga" Expert Council approved projects worth 650 million rubles |url=https://ria.ru/economy/20170515/1494324727.html |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Аюпов |first=Ильдар |date=2016-07-11 |title=ОЭЗ «Алабуга» окупит госвложения в инфраструктуру в 2019 году |trans-title=SEZ "Alabuga" will recoup the state investment into its infrastructure in 2019 |url=http://rt.rbc.ru/tatarstan/11/07/2016/57839c1f9a7947fa47e7cfc4 |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=RBC |language=ru}}</ref>&nbsp; == Mazauna == Hanyar samun gurin gina kamfani ko  matsayin mazauni a bayyane yake a doka: duk wani kamfani dole ne ya yi rajista da hukuma a yankin Yelabuga kuma ya gabatar da shirin kasuwanci tare da saka hannun jari da bai kai ƙasa da rubles miliyan 120. [[:en:Supervisory_board|Kwamitin kula]] da Alabuga ne ke lura da aikace-aikacen. Matsakaicin lokacin samun matsayin mazauni ya kai watanni uku.<ref name="alabuga-rbc">{{Cite web |last=Abdullina |first=Polina |last2=Smirnov |first2=Marina |last3=Belova |first3=Irina |last4=Safronov |first4=Roman A. |last5=Volkov |first5=Ivan |title=ОЭЗ от древности до наших дней |trans-title=SEZ from antiquity to our days |url=http://alabuga.rbc.ru/article/alabuga-about/ |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=RBC |language=ru}}</ref> Ya zuwa Oktoban shekarar 2017, an yi rajistar kamfanoni 57 a matsayin mazauna, aƙalla masana’antu 23 suka fara aiki, wasu ana cikin gini ko tsarawa a Alabuga.<ref name="fDi2017">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-09 |title="Алабуга" в третий раз подряд признана лучшей ОЭЗ в Европе |trans-title="Alabuga" has become the best SEZ in Europe for the third time |url=https://www.business-gazeta.ru/news/360151 |access-date=2017-10-16 |publisher=Business Online |language=ru}}</ref> === Tsarin haraji === Ana biya ko karɓar haraji  ga mazaunan Alabuga bisa ga dokokin Rasha na yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman. Kamfanonin dake Alabuga zabi hanyoyin da suka fi so da fa'idodi na biyan haraji, waɗanda dokokin tarayya da dokokin Tatarstan suka bayyana'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Налоговые льготы, действующие на территориях ОЭЗ |trans-title=Tax advantages acting on the SEZ territories |url=http://economy.gov.ru/wps/wcm/connect/3ba8d28044e5e4b3be42ffaf753c8a7e/Налоговые+льготы+-+новое.doc?MOD=AJPERES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709091220/http://economy.gov.ru/wps/wcm/connect/3ba8d28044e5e4b3be42ffaf753c8a7e/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B+-+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5.doc?MOD=AJPERES |archive-date=2017-07-09 |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=SEZ "Alabuga" |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="nalog-iz">{{Cite web |title=ОЭЗ Алабуга |trans-title=SEZ "Alabuga" |url=http://nalog-iz.ru/oez-alabuga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220210/http://nalog-iz.ru/oez-alabuga |archive-date=2017-09-14 |access-date=2017-10-26 |publisher=Publishing House "Tax news" |language=ru}}</ref> kru9odbsiqgnmlphujrwchwuk37hkc9 0 161685 883818 2026-07-16T04:25:53Z Armadillo Jack 46856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 883818 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961. [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> 4bvth3tswo9d9p87afe29hw4az7zak1 883819 883818 2026-07-16T04:26:11Z Armadillo Jack 46856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 883819 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961. [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> 2iy0iei5qzejq1aq3f2dbx9nksddlxt 883820 883819 2026-07-16T04:26:31Z Armadillo Jack 46856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 883820 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961. [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> 45cyivt7c0x0yp73tle6b6qffiyws1z 883821 883820 2026-07-16T04:32:16Z Armadillo Jack 46856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 883821 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] Babban harabar tana cikin Richardson, Texas. Ƙananan ɓangarorin wannan harabar sun kai [[Dallas]]." class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-108","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st48_tx/place/p4861796_richardson/DC20BLK_P4861796.pdf&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Richardson city, TX&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[U.S. Census Bureau]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2023-07-01&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pages&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1, 5 (PDF pp. 2, 6/9)&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwChE\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt418\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwChI\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st48_tx/place/p4861796_richardson/DC20BLK_P4861796.pdf\" id=\"mwChM\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Richardson city, TX\"</a></nowiki> <nowiki><span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwChQ\">(PDF)</span></nowiki>. <nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-108" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas]]#cite_note-108" id="mwAyY"><span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></span> Babban harabar tana kusa da Dallas's Telecom Corridor, kilomita 18 (29 arewacin tsakiyar Dallas, a kan iyakar yankunan Dallas da Collin. UT Dallas ta mallaki ƙasa a Richardson, Texas wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kadada 465 (1.88 km2) don ci gaban harabar da kuma wani kadada 265 (1.07 km2) kusa da harabar.<ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> 8fzkd2eublghb37nlb7td2qygo6vhn9 0 161686 883822 2026-07-16T04:32:32Z Armadillo Jack 46856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 883822 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] Babban harabar tana cikin Richardson, Texas. Ƙananan ɓangarorin wannan harabar sun kai [[Dallas]]." class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-108","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st48_tx/place/p4861796_richardson/DC20BLK_P4861796.pdf&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Richardson city, TX&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[U.S. Census Bureau]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2023-07-01&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pages&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1, 5 (PDF pp. 2, 6/9)&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwChE\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt418\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwChI\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st48_tx/place/p4861796_richardson/DC20BLK_P4861796.pdf\" id=\"mwChM\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Richardson city, TX\"</a></nowiki> <nowiki><span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwChQ\">(PDF)</span></nowiki>. <nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-108" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas]]#cite_note-108" id="mwAyY"><span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></span> Babban harabar tana kusa da Dallas's Telecom Corridor, kilomita 18 (29 arewacin tsakiyar Dallas, a kan iyakar yankunan Dallas da Collin. UT Dallas ta mallaki ƙasa a Richardson, Texas wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kadada 465 (1.88 km2) don ci gaban harabar da kuma wani kadada 265 (1.07 km2) kusa da harabar.<ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> lbbk2baue7bd5bezsawq3tmy96920ar 883823 883822 2026-07-16T04:33:02Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883823 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> 3ud2w1f9vpd1b4bm32lsf8t5rsf0hqd 883824 883823 2026-07-16T04:33:53Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> 1yvya44l5ted815mfqjrv7tpql0d89y 883825 883824 2026-07-16T04:35:24Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. == Ilimi da bincike == <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> gmhfgogdb7nu6lvaxbm5hmqyzdhb2wj 883827 883825 2026-07-16T04:36:23Z Armadillo Jack 46856 Tarihi 883827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. == Tarihi == == Ilimi da bincike == <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> h8w79ugxsqwnahu27fb9bbias1pmxg4 883828 883827 2026-07-16T04:38:23Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. == Tarihi == == Ilimi da bincike == <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> == Laburaren karatu == 3wiy7flzbylvi2o9r5y4ux06xi9oa8a 883829 883828 2026-07-16T04:39:56Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. == Tarihi == == Ilimi da bincike == <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> == Laburaren karatu == == Manazarta == b6dc4mww9tnsbvaks085knbgtk0uxgf 883831 883829 2026-07-16T04:54:06Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Babban harabar ta tana da kewaye da birnin  Richardson da Dallas County kuma tana da kadada 645 na fili. == Tarihi == == Ilimi da bincike == <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> == Laburaren karatu == == Manazarta == fdbjcr8cwuzyd8y3i24pw4ioguw0iy3 883833 883831 2026-07-16T05:14:16Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Babban harabar ta tana da kewaye da birnin  Richardson da Dallas County kuma tana da kadada 645 na fili.Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a halin yanzu tana karɓar ɗalibai sama da 21,000 waɗanda ke karatun digiri  kuma suna yin rajista sama da ɗalibai 29,000. == Tarihi == == Ilimi da bincike == <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> A lokacin, kwalejin kawai ta karɓi ɗaliban digiri na biyu don masters da shirye-shiryen PhD - ba a ba da shirye-aikacen digiri na farko ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-28 |title=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president-determined-for-utd-to-reach-tier-one |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> Francis S. Johnson ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na farko kafin a zabi Bryce Jordan a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> The Princeton Review's Guide to 332 Green Colleges: 2014 Edition ya amince da UTD don kokarin su na kore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> == Laburaren karatu == == Manazarta == 91d0sopjwaaqtnf2d1wkb3zip66l1ln 883834 883833 2026-07-16T05:17:14Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Babban harabar ta tana da kewaye da birnin  Richardson da Dallas County kuma tana da kadada 645 na fili.Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a halin yanzu tana karɓar ɗalibai sama da 21,000 waɗanda ke karatun digiri  kuma suna yin rajista sama da ɗalibai 29,000.<ref>[https://www.utsystem.edu/sites/default/files/documents/publication/2025/ut-system-smartbook/smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf]</ref> == Manazarta == quqcmpprbtfp55ffwi53ns97dlycxxk 883835 883834 2026-07-16T05:17:51Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Babban harabar ta tana da kewaye da birnin  Richardson da Dallas County kuma tana da kadada 645 na fili.Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a halin yanzu tana karɓar ɗalibai sama da 21,000 waɗanda ke karatun digiri  kuma suna yin rajista sama da ɗalibai 29,000.<ref>[https://www.utsystem.edu/sites/default/files/documents/publication/2025/ut-system-smartbook/smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf]</ref> == Manazarta == khglklvf9qmzu6zkbdewhmfij75ih52 883836 883835 2026-07-16T05:20:00Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Babban harabar ta tana da kewaye da birnin  Richardson da Dallas County kuma tana da kadada 645 na fili.Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a halin yanzu tana karɓar ɗalibai sama da 21,000 waɗanda ke karatun digiri  kuma suna yin rajista sama da ɗalibai 29,000. Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> == Manazarta == krg9kit2rvduckzzuv089gfp31uk4kb 883837 883836 2026-07-16T05:20:51Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Babban harabar ta tana da kewaye da birnin  Richardson da Dallas County kuma tana da kadada 645 na fili.Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a halin yanzu tana karɓar ɗalibai sama da 21,000 waɗanda ke karatun digiri  kuma suna yin rajista sama da ɗalibai 29,000.<ref>[https://www.utsystem.edu/sites/default/files/documents/publication/2025/ut-system-smartbook/smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf]</ref> Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4ilxruzmxwrlklq9va53injzjsol8vv 883838 883837 2026-07-16T05:21:17Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Babban harabar ta tana da kewaye da birnin  Richardson da Dallas County kuma tana da kadada 645 na fili.Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a halin yanzu tana karɓar ɗalibai sama da 21,000 waɗanda ke karatun digiri  kuma suna yin rajista sama da ɗalibai 29,000.<ref>[https://www.utsystem.edu/sites/default/files/documents/publication/2025/ut-system-smartbook/smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf]</ref> Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta Ginin Kudu]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Alamar UT Dallas, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar alamar Texas Instruments]] [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> == Manazarta == dlygzdeiam56aoh37mepzw7abql86hn 883840 883838 2026-07-16T05:23:21Z Armadillo Jack 46856 /* Manazarta */ 883840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Jami'ar Texas a Dallas''' ('''UTD''' ko '''UT Dallas'''), wacce aka fi sani da UTD, jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a na Texas Instruments da ke Richardson,Texas kuma an kafa tane a shekarar 1961.UTD na daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a Texas, kuma suna cikin manyan jami'o'in Texas a manyan wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Babban harabar ta tana da kewaye da birnin  Richardson da Dallas County kuma tana da kadada 645 na fili.Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a halin yanzu tana karɓar ɗalibai sama da 21,000 waɗanda ke karatun digiri  kuma suna yin rajista sama da ɗalibai 29,000.<ref>[https://www.utsystem.edu/sites/default/files/documents/publication/2025/ut-system-smartbook/smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf smartbook-online-version-june-2025.pdf]</ref> Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> [[Fayil:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] [[Fayil:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts {{!}} The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/about-us/fast-facts/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.utdallas.edu}}</ref><ref name="University of Texas Dallas Annual Report 2010">{{Cite web |title=Degrees by School – The University of Texas at Dallas |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422000358/https://www.utdallas.edu/academics/index.html |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref><ref name="The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait">{{Cite web |title=The University of Texas at Dallas College Portrait |url=http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728185633/http://www.collegeportraits.org/TX/UTD |archive-date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2011 |publisher=College Portrait}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary degrees">{{Cite web |title=Interdisciplinary degrees |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041802/https://www.utdallas.edu/admissions/graduate/degrees/interdisciplinary/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> <ref name="Facilities Management">{{Cite web |title=Facilities Management |url=https://www.utdallas.edu/facilities/ |access-date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Green Colleges Guide is Here! |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/green-guide.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=The Princeton Review}}</ref> == Manazarta == b7fouj3r7ot9wwrmkjdc5unstxhbgb2 0 161687 883850 2026-07-16T06:13:15Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358430615|Russian sabotage operations in Europe]]" 883850 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sharar fage == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Rasha na da tarihin ayyukan ɓoye na ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashen Turai wanda ya samo asali ne tun daga [[Cold War|Yaƙin sirri na Cold war]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchet |first=Ninon de |date=2025-08-26 |title=Hybrid Threats and the Evolution of Russian Sabotage |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2025/08/26/hybrid-threats-and-the-evolution-of-russian-sabotage/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sojin Rasha sun shahara wajen lalata ababen more rayuwar abokan gaba.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cafarella |first=Jennifer |date=2020-09-25 |title=Russian Hybrid Warfare |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-hybrid-warfare-2/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2010, an sami hannun jami'an Rasha cikin abubuwan da suka faru na lalata abubuwa, kamar [[:en:2014_Vrbětice_ammunition_warehouse_explosions|fashewar rumbun makamai na Vrbětice na shekarar 2014]] a Jamhuriyar Czech, wanda ya haddasa mutuwar mutane biyu kuma daga baya aka danganta su ga jami'an leƙen asirin  [[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]] ([[:en:GRU_Unit_29155|Unit 29155]]). <ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ">{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |author2=Michael Schwirtz |date=8 October 2019 |title=Top Secret Russian Unit Seeks to Destabilize Europe, Security Officials Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/world/europe/unit-29155-russia-gru.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> A cewar masu binciken a ƙasar Czech, jami'an GRU (sun yi amfani da bayanan su irin waɗanda aka taɓa kamawa da haɗa guba na [[:en:Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal|Skripal a baya]]) Ana zargin sun haddasa fashewar rumbun makaman ne, domin hana ko kawo tsaikon kai makaman da aka shirya wa Ukraine a lokacin [[:en:War_in_Donbas|yaƙin 2014 a Donbas]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=18 April 2021 |title=Czechs Blame 2014 Blasts at Ammunition Depots on Elite Russian Spy Unit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/17/world/europe/czech-republic-skirpal-russia-gru.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Fashewar ta haifar da rikice-rikicen diflomasiyya, gami da korar jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha daga Prague da Moscow.<ref name="AP_Czechs_expel_18">{{cite news |last=Janíček |first=Karel |date=17 April 2021 |title=Czechs expel 18 Russians over huge depot explosion in 2014 |url=https://apnews.com/article/czech-republic-russia-andrej-babis-c593f724a16622eb6d0a19bae3d710be |access-date=16 July 2026 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> Bayan [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine]] a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, gwamnatocin ƙasashen Turai sun fara bayar da rahoton ƙaruwar gobara, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da sauran hare-hare, waɗanda ake gani a matsayin wani [[:en:Hybrid_warfare|yaƙin sunƙuru]] da Rasha keyi.<ref name="RFERL_huge_spike2">{{Cite news |last=Eckel |first=Mike |date=2025-08-20 |title=Huge Reported Spike In Russian Sabotage Operations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sabotage-europe-hybrid-attacks/33508179.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WashPost_DE_under_attack">{{cite news |last=Hoyer |first=Katja |date=25 October 2022 |title=Germans are under attack. Can they adapt? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/10/25/russia-sabotage-germany-railroads-hacking-drones |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Washington Post |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's hybrid war in Europe enters a dangerous new phase |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2024/11/russias-hybrid-war-in-europe-enters-a-dangerous-new-phase |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=IISS}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da farko ba a bayyana  su a matsayin haɗari ba, amma an gan su a matsayin yiwuwar ayyukan gurgunta Turai da Rasha keyi domin kuwa alamu sun fito fili. A shekarar 2023, jami'an [[NATO]] da [[:en:European_Union|EU]] sun bayyana cewa Rasha tana gudanar da kamfen ɗin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙoƙarin lalata mahimman ababen more rayuwa a Turai da kuma sauya tunanin fararen hula.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian hybrid threats: EU lists nine individuals and six entities responsible for destabilising actions in the EU and Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/07/15/russian-hybrid-threats-eu-lists-nine-individuals-and-six-entities-responsible-for-destabilising-actions-in-the-eu-and-ukraine/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Consilium |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Kasashen Duniya]] ta rubuta hare-hare da suka faru sama da 50 a Turai daga shekarar 2022 zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2025 waɗanda wataƙila suna da alaƙa da Rasha.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /> A cewar jami'an tsaron Turai, Rasha tayi wannan aiki ne ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da dabara tare da  tabbatar da ƙarancin yawan waɗanda suka mutu sannan ta taƙaita yawan lalacewar abubuwa zuwa matsakaiciyar lalacewa don rage haɗarin haifar da martani na soja kai tsaye daga NATO.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_sabotage_could_trigger">{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Russia's sabotage of western targets 'could trigger Nato defence clause' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/27/russia-sabotage-of-west-may-prompt-nato-defence-clause |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Russia's sabotage of western targets 'could trigger Nato defence clause' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/27/russia-sabotage-of-west-may-prompt-nato-defence-clause |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Fayil:2024_Warszawa_Marywilska_44_po_pożarze,_spalona_Biedronka,_1.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar kasuwaanci ta Marywilska 44 a Warsaw bayan haddasa wuta da jami'an Rasha suka yi.]] == Dabarun da Rasha sukayi amfani da == Hukumomin tsaro na Turai sun danganta hare-haren gurgunta Turai ga sashen hukumar leƙen asiri na Rasha [[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]], musamman sashen [[:en:GRU_Unit_29155|GRU Unit 29155]], wanda ya ƙware wajen yin lahani da gurgunta abubuwa da sauran hare-hare a ɓoye a Turai.<ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Bincike a Poland, Lithuania, Czechia, Jamus, da Burtaniya, tare da goyon bayan [[:en:Europol|Europol]], sun nuna wani tsari wanda masu aikata laifin yawanci ba 'yan Rasha ba ne ko ma'aikatan hukumar leƙen asirin Rasha, maimakon suyi amfani da ma’aikatan su suna hayar wasu mutane daga ƙasashe marasa galihu, suna kuma ɗaukar baƙin haure, ƙananan masu laifi, ko mutane masu ƙwarewar [[:en:Black_hat_(computer_security)|aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo]]. Suna ɗaukar ma'aikata ne ta amfani da shafukan tura saƙwanni masu tsaro, galibi waɗanda ake ɗaukar suna yin aikin ba su san cewa suna yiwa Rasha aiki bane. Ana biyan masu ɗaukar ma'aikatan ta  hanyar kuɗin yanar gizo na cryptocurrencies ko ta wasu hanyoyin da ba a iya ganewa kai tsaye, kuma an umurce su da su aiwatar da ayyuka kamar ƙyasta wuta, dasa bama-bamai, ko yankan wayoyin wutar lantarki da sadarwa. A cewar jami'an leƙen asirin Turai, jami'an Rasha da ke jagorantar wannan aikin sun kasance a yankin Rasha ko Belarus kuma suna tattaunawa da juna ta hanyoyi da dama don kare yadda za a iya gano su.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Lisa |date=2025-03-18 |title=Russia using criminal networks to drive increase in sabotage acts, says Europol |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/mar/18/russia-criminal-networks-drive-increase-sabotage-europol |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Russia's recruitment of immigrants to carry out spying and sabotage is a new threat to Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/04/09/russias-recruitment-of-immigrants-to-carry-out-spying-and-sabotage-is-a-new-threat-to-poland/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka alaƙanta ga hukumar leƙen asiri Rasha ta GRU an rarraba shi zuwa kashi-kashi. Maimakon babban aiki guda ɗaya,inda ya ƙunshi ƙananan hare-hare a ƙasashen Turai daban-daban, wanda da wuya a alaƙanta kowanne hari da wani. Shaidu da suka sanya aka tabbatar da irin waɗanna hare-hare daga Rasha ne sun haɗa da sa ido tare da gano yadda kuɗaɗe ke shige da fice, hirarraki da aka samo bayan dogon bincike, da kuma shaidar jami'an da aka kama, gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa sun zargi hukumomin Rasha da hare-hare. A cikin shekarun 2023-24, hukumomin Poland da Lithuania sun zargi GRU a bayyane da tabbacin ayyukan gurgunta wasu fannoni, Burtaniya ta haramta ƙungiyar Wagner tare da ayyana ta a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci, kuma NATO ta fitar tare da bada bayanan sirri kan abin da ta kira "yaƙin sunƙurun Rasha" a cikin ƙasashe mambobin ta.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow2">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}{{cite news |last=Agence France-Presse (AFP) in Vilnius |date=17 March 2025 |title=Russia behind arson attack on Ikea store in Lithuanian capital, says prosecutor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/17/russia-behind-arson-attack-on-ikea-store-in-lithuania-capital-says-prosecutor |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Jordan |date=2023-09-06 |title=Russia's Wagner group to be declared a terrorist organisation by UK |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/wagner-group-declared-terrorist-organisation-uk-home-office-putin-ukraine-b1105100.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin rahoton leƙen asiri ya kalli manufofin hare-haren a matsayin ƙoƙarin yaƙin don sauya halayya da siyasa: don sanya fargabar rashin tsaro tsakanin al’ummar Turai, don matsawa gwamnatoci lamba da sanya martanin gaggawa, da kuma nuna cewa Rasha na iya yin ramuwar gayya cikin sauƙi ga ƙasashen da ke taimakawa Ukraine da makamai. <ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=How to interpret the Russian sabotage campaign in Europe |url=https://global-strategy.org/russian-sabotage-campaign-europe/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Global Strategy |language=}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashe anyi sune ta hanyar gujewa yadda mutane da yawa zasu mutu ko kuma abubuwan da aka lalata zaiyi munin da ba zasu gyaru ba, anyi hakanne domin idan suka ƙamari za a iya ganin hakan a matsayin yaƙi. Akwai alamun cewa an sami ƙaruwar irin waɗannan ayyuka na makirci: a tsakiyar shekarar 2024, an ruwaito cewa rahoton bayanan sirri na ƙasashen yammaci ya bankaɗo tare da rushe shirin Rasha na aikawa da bam na wasiƙa ko saƙon abubuwan fashewa zuwa wasu yankuna a Amurka daga Turai. Da ace an aiwatar da wannan tsare-tsaren, da ya haifar da bala'o'in jirgin saman  farar hula, wannan abu ya tsoratar da jami'an ƙasashen yamma. Hukumomin Amurka cikin dabara sun gargaɗi hukumomin Rasha game da irin wannan shiri da suka shirya na hare-haren ta'addanci, wanda ya sa suka janye wannan shiri nasu.<ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa an ƙara yin irin wannan shirin a tsakiyar shekarar 2025. Bincike ya gano ƙunshe-ƙunshe da ke ɗauke da wasu abubuwa da ka iya haddasa wuta ta hanyar cibiyoyi a Tarayyar Turai da Burtaniya. Jami'ai sun yi zargin gwajin da Rasha ke jagoranta na hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An kama mutane da kuma miƙa su a ƙasashe da dama.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Incendiary device plot targeting UK may have been dry run for US and Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/nov/04/incendiary-device-plot-targeting-uk-may-have-been-dry-run-for-us-canada-russia-dhl |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Incendiary device plot targeting UK may have been dry run for US and Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/nov/04/incendiary-device-plot-targeting-uk-may-have-been-dry-run-for-us-canada-russia-dhl |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Explosive sex toys and cosmetics: the story behind the DHL parcels plot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/05/explosive-sex-toys-and-cosmetics-the-story-behind-the-dhl-parcels-plot |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Explosive sex toys and cosmetics: the story behind the DHL parcels plot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/05/explosive-sex-toys-and-cosmetics-the-story-behind-the-dhl-parcels-plot |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Jami'an NATO sun bayyana cewa daƙile yinƙurin kashe Shugaba kamfanin Rheinmetall a cikin shekarar  2024 wani ɗangare ne na yaƙin basasa.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pleitgen |first=Katie Bo Lillis, Natasha Bertrand, Frederik |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/11/politics/us-germany-foiled-russian-assassination-plot |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=NATO: There was officially a Russian plot to kill European weapons chief |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nato-official-confirms-russian-plot-kill-european-weapons-chief-armin-papperger/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Ukraine war: German shock at reported Russian assassination plot |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wej84e9l7o |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> == Takardun == Ya zuwa 2025, bincike da shari'o'in kotu da suka shafi daƙile yinƙurin gurgunta Turai da Rasha tayi suna ci gaba a duk faɗin Turai. Abubuwa da yawa sun kasance ba a warware su ba. Bayanan  dake shafukan sada zumunta da yanar gizo [[:en:Open_source|Open source]]. Game da ayyukan hare-haren Rasha ɗin sun haɗa da hukunce-hukuncen kotu a Poland da Burtaniya da rahotanni na leken asiri a ƙasashen Baltic. Yawancin bayanai sun nuna cewa hukumomin Rasha na da alhakin gurgunta abubuwa a Turai. <ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=The Associated |date=2025-07-18 |title=AP intelligence reporting exposes growing Russian sabotage efforts around Europe |url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/best-of-the-week/second-winner/2025/ap-intelligence-reporting-exposes-growing-russian-sabotage-efforts-around-europe/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Russian Sabotage Campaign in Europe (2024–2025). Risks for aviation, supply chain and critical infrastructures |url=https://www.hozint.com/2025/05/russian-sabotage-campaign-in-europe-2024-2025-risks-for-aviation-supply-chain-and-critical-instrastructures/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=HOZINT {{!}} Horizon Intelligence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 1cunisb7c7fr7iilyqdyj7w3ac02qf9 883851 883850 2026-07-16T06:14:23Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358430615|Russian sabotage operations in Europe]]" 883851 wikitext text/x-wiki Gwamnatocin ƙasashen yamma da hukumomin leƙen asiri sun yi zargin cewa [[Sojojin Rasha]] ko hukumomin leƙen asirin Rasha sun shirya ayyukan gurgunta ƙasashen Turai <ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024">h</ref><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref>wannan shiri ko aiki ya haɗa da [[:en:Arson|ƙone-ƙone]], <ref>{{cite news |last=Strzelecki |first=Marek |date=11 May 2025 |title=Poland says Russian secret service behind 2024 fire in Warsaw shopping centre |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/poland-says-russian-secret-service-behind-2024-fire-warsaw-shopping-centre-2025-05-11/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="CNN_PL_blames_RU_arson2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-11 |title=Poland blames Russian intelligence for arson attack on Warsaw shopping center last year |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/11/europe/poland-blames-russian-intelligence-fire-shopping-center-latam-intl |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NotesPoland_PL_confirms_RU_arson2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title=Poland confirms Russia behind fire that destroyed Warsaw's biggest shopping centre |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/05/12/poland-confirms-russia-behind-fire-that-destroyed-warsaws-biggest-shopping-centre |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref>shirye-shiryen [[kisan kai]],<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> lalata layukan jirgin ƙasa,<ref name="BBC_RU_spy_network_arrested2">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-15 |title=Russian spy network accused of sabotage arrested in Poland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64971691 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="WashPost_RU_recruited_online2">{{cite news |author=Greg Miller; Loveday Morris; Mary Ilyushina |date=18 August 2023 |title=Russia recruited operatives online to target weapons crossing Poland |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/18/ukraine-weapons-sabotage-gru-poland |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-18 |title=Poland rail explosion: PM says blast was 'unprecedented act of sabotage' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp85g86x0zgo |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[:en:Vandalism|lalata]] kayayyankin lantarki kamar GPS <ref name="AP_RU_jamming_EU">{{cite news |last=Burrows |first=Emma |date=2 September 2025 |title=What to know about Russia's GPS jamming operation in Europe |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-europe-jamming-spoofing-gps-satellite-b6d48d7d515f7edb48c7241f13a22851 |access-date=16 July 2026 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="BBC_SE_says_RU_surge2">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Sweden says Russia behind surge in GPS jamming over Baltic Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyx3ly54veo |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>a matsayin wani [[:en:Russian_hybrid_warfare|ɓangare na yaƙin sunƙuru]] na ɓangarori daban-daban da aka yi da niyyar durƙusar da ƙasashen da ke tallafawa ƙasar Ukraine a lokacin [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. Jami'an Turai sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan waɗanda ake zargi da abubuwan da suka faru na yinƙurin Rasha kan Turai sun ƙaru a cikin shekarun 2023-2024, a kan ababen more rayuwa ciki har da bututun gas da kayayyakin harkokin sadarwa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahlander |first1=Johan |last2=Lehto |first2=Essi |last3=Sytas |first3=Andrius |date=18 November 2024 |title=Two undersea cables in Baltic Sea cut, Germany and Finland fear sabotage |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/telecoms-cable-linking-finland-germany-likely-severed-owner-says-2024-11-18/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="RFERL_huge_spike2">{{Cite news |last=Eckel |first=Mike |date=2025-08-20 |title=Huge Reported Spike In Russian Sabotage Operations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sabotage-europe-hybrid-attacks/33508179.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Schuurman|first=Bart|title=Russia Is Stepping Up Its Covert War Beyond Ukraine|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/01/10/russia-covert-war-europe-sabotage-violence/|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=10 January 2025|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> Jami'ai sun zargi hukumar leƙen asirin Rasha ([[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]])  cewa ita ce ta haɗa wannan ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashen Turai ta hanyar aiki da wasu ɓoyayyun mutane da suke ɗauka aika ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa don aikata laifukan, hukumomin Rasha sun musanta alhakin irin waɗannan hare-hare.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow2">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>Gwamnatin Rasha ta musanta gudanar ayyukan gurgunta Turai kuma ta zargi wasu daban da cewa sune suke da alhakin abubuwan da suka faru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Western officials say Russia is behind a campaign of sabotage across Europe. This AP map shows it |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-europe-hybrid-campaign-d61887dd3ec6151adf354c5bd3e6273e |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2025, ƙungiyar ƙawance ta [[NATO]] ta bayyana matakin barazanar gurgunta Turai "babbar barazana" kuma ta bayyana cewa tana kallon ayyukan  Rasha a matsayin babban ƙalubalen tsaro ga Turai.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3" /> == Sharar fage == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Rasha na da tarihin ayyukan ɓoye na ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashen Turai wanda ya samo asali ne tun daga [[Cold War|Yaƙin sirri na Cold war]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchet |first=Ninon de |date=2025-08-26 |title=Hybrid Threats and the Evolution of Russian Sabotage |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2025/08/26/hybrid-threats-and-the-evolution-of-russian-sabotage/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sojin Rasha sun shahara wajen lalata ababen more rayuwar abokan gaba.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cafarella |first=Jennifer |date=2020-09-25 |title=Russian Hybrid Warfare |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-hybrid-warfare-2/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2010, an sami hannun jami'an Rasha cikin abubuwan da suka faru na lalata abubuwa, kamar [[:en:2014_Vrbětice_ammunition_warehouse_explosions|fashewar rumbun makamai na Vrbětice na shekarar 2014]] a Jamhuriyar Czech, wanda ya haddasa mutuwar mutane biyu kuma daga baya aka danganta su ga jami'an leƙen asirin  [[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]] ([[:en:GRU_Unit_29155|Unit 29155]]). <ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ">{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |author2=Michael Schwirtz |date=8 October 2019 |title=Top Secret Russian Unit Seeks to Destabilize Europe, Security Officials Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/world/europe/unit-29155-russia-gru.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> A cewar masu binciken a ƙasar Czech, jami'an GRU (sun yi amfani da bayanan su irin waɗanda aka taɓa kamawa da haɗa guba na [[:en:Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal|Skripal a baya]]) Ana zargin sun haddasa fashewar rumbun makaman ne, domin hana ko kawo tsaikon kai makaman da aka shirya wa Ukraine a lokacin [[:en:War_in_Donbas|yaƙin 2014 a Donbas]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=18 April 2021 |title=Czechs Blame 2014 Blasts at Ammunition Depots on Elite Russian Spy Unit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/17/world/europe/czech-republic-skirpal-russia-gru.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Fashewar ta haifar da rikice-rikicen diflomasiyya, gami da korar jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha daga Prague da Moscow.<ref name="AP_Czechs_expel_18">{{cite news |last=Janíček |first=Karel |date=17 April 2021 |title=Czechs expel 18 Russians over huge depot explosion in 2014 |url=https://apnews.com/article/czech-republic-russia-andrej-babis-c593f724a16622eb6d0a19bae3d710be |access-date=16 July 2026 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> Bayan [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine]] a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, gwamnatocin ƙasashen Turai sun fara bayar da rahoton ƙaruwar gobara, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da sauran hare-hare, waɗanda ake gani a matsayin wani [[:en:Hybrid_warfare|yaƙin sunƙuru]] da Rasha keyi.<ref name="RFERL_huge_spike2">{{Cite news |last=Eckel |first=Mike |date=2025-08-20 |title=Huge Reported Spike In Russian Sabotage Operations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sabotage-europe-hybrid-attacks/33508179.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WashPost_DE_under_attack">{{cite news |last=Hoyer |first=Katja |date=25 October 2022 |title=Germans are under attack. Can they adapt? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/10/25/russia-sabotage-germany-railroads-hacking-drones |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Washington Post |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's hybrid war in Europe enters a dangerous new phase |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2024/11/russias-hybrid-war-in-europe-enters-a-dangerous-new-phase |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=IISS}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da farko ba a bayyana  su a matsayin haɗari ba, amma an gan su a matsayin yiwuwar ayyukan gurgunta Turai da Rasha keyi domin kuwa alamu sun fito fili. A shekarar 2023, jami'an [[NATO]] da [[:en:European_Union|EU]] sun bayyana cewa Rasha tana gudanar da kamfen ɗin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙoƙarin lalata mahimman ababen more rayuwa a Turai da kuma sauya tunanin fararen hula.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian hybrid threats: EU lists nine individuals and six entities responsible for destabilising actions in the EU and Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/07/15/russian-hybrid-threats-eu-lists-nine-individuals-and-six-entities-responsible-for-destabilising-actions-in-the-eu-and-ukraine/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Consilium |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Kasashen Duniya]] ta rubuta hare-hare da suka faru sama da 50 a Turai daga shekarar 2022 zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2025 waɗanda wataƙila suna da alaƙa da Rasha.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /> A cewar jami'an tsaron Turai, Rasha tayi wannan aiki ne ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da dabara tare da  tabbatar da ƙarancin yawan waɗanda suka mutu sannan ta taƙaita yawan lalacewar abubuwa zuwa matsakaiciyar lalacewa don rage haɗarin haifar da martani na soja kai tsaye daga NATO.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_sabotage_could_trigger">{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Russia's sabotage of western targets 'could trigger Nato defence clause' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/27/russia-sabotage-of-west-may-prompt-nato-defence-clause |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Russia's sabotage of western targets 'could trigger Nato defence clause' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/27/russia-sabotage-of-west-may-prompt-nato-defence-clause |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Fayil:2024_Warszawa_Marywilska_44_po_pożarze,_spalona_Biedronka,_1.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar kasuwaanci ta Marywilska 44 a Warsaw bayan haddasa wuta da jami'an Rasha suka yi.]] == Dabarun da Rasha sukayi amfani da == Hukumomin tsaro na Turai sun danganta hare-haren gurgunta Turai ga sashen hukumar leƙen asiri na Rasha [[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]], musamman sashen [[:en:GRU_Unit_29155|GRU Unit 29155]], wanda ya ƙware wajen yin lahani da gurgunta abubuwa da sauran hare-hare a ɓoye a Turai.<ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Bincike a Poland, Lithuania, Czechia, Jamus, da Burtaniya, tare da goyon bayan [[:en:Europol|Europol]], sun nuna wani tsari wanda masu aikata laifin yawanci ba 'yan Rasha ba ne ko ma'aikatan hukumar leƙen asirin Rasha, maimakon suyi amfani da ma’aikatan su suna hayar wasu mutane daga ƙasashe marasa galihu, suna kuma ɗaukar baƙin haure, ƙananan masu laifi, ko mutane masu ƙwarewar [[:en:Black_hat_(computer_security)|aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo]]. Suna ɗaukar ma'aikata ne ta amfani da shafukan tura saƙwanni masu tsaro, galibi waɗanda ake ɗaukar suna yin aikin ba su san cewa suna yiwa Rasha aiki bane. Ana biyan masu ɗaukar ma'aikatan ta  hanyar kuɗin yanar gizo na cryptocurrencies ko ta wasu hanyoyin da ba a iya ganewa kai tsaye, kuma an umurce su da su aiwatar da ayyuka kamar ƙyasta wuta, dasa bama-bamai, ko yankan wayoyin wutar lantarki da sadarwa. A cewar jami'an leƙen asirin Turai, jami'an Rasha da ke jagorantar wannan aikin sun kasance a yankin Rasha ko Belarus kuma suna tattaunawa da juna ta hanyoyi da dama don kare yadda za a iya gano su.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Lisa |date=2025-03-18 |title=Russia using criminal networks to drive increase in sabotage acts, says Europol |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/mar/18/russia-criminal-networks-drive-increase-sabotage-europol |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Russia's recruitment of immigrants to carry out spying and sabotage is a new threat to Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/04/09/russias-recruitment-of-immigrants-to-carry-out-spying-and-sabotage-is-a-new-threat-to-poland/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka alaƙanta ga hukumar leƙen asiri Rasha ta GRU an rarraba shi zuwa kashi-kashi. Maimakon babban aiki guda ɗaya,inda ya ƙunshi ƙananan hare-hare a ƙasashen Turai daban-daban, wanda da wuya a alaƙanta kowanne hari da wani. Shaidu da suka sanya aka tabbatar da irin waɗanna hare-hare daga Rasha ne sun haɗa da sa ido tare da gano yadda kuɗaɗe ke shige da fice, hirarraki da aka samo bayan dogon bincike, da kuma shaidar jami'an da aka kama, gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa sun zargi hukumomin Rasha da hare-hare. A cikin shekarun 2023-24, hukumomin Poland da Lithuania sun zargi GRU a bayyane da tabbacin ayyukan gurgunta wasu fannoni, Burtaniya ta haramta ƙungiyar Wagner tare da ayyana ta a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci, kuma NATO ta fitar tare da bada bayanan sirri kan abin da ta kira "yaƙin sunƙurun Rasha" a cikin ƙasashe mambobin ta.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow2">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}{{cite news |last=Agence France-Presse (AFP) in Vilnius |date=17 March 2025 |title=Russia behind arson attack on Ikea store in Lithuanian capital, says prosecutor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/17/russia-behind-arson-attack-on-ikea-store-in-lithuania-capital-says-prosecutor |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Jordan |date=2023-09-06 |title=Russia's Wagner group to be declared a terrorist organisation by UK |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/wagner-group-declared-terrorist-organisation-uk-home-office-putin-ukraine-b1105100.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin rahoton leƙen asiri ya kalli manufofin hare-haren a matsayin ƙoƙarin yaƙin don sauya halayya da siyasa: don sanya fargabar rashin tsaro tsakanin al’ummar Turai, don matsawa gwamnatoci lamba da sanya martanin gaggawa, da kuma nuna cewa Rasha na iya yin ramuwar gayya cikin sauƙi ga ƙasashen da ke taimakawa Ukraine da makamai. <ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=How to interpret the Russian sabotage campaign in Europe |url=https://global-strategy.org/russian-sabotage-campaign-europe/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Global Strategy |language=}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashe anyi sune ta hanyar gujewa yadda mutane da yawa zasu mutu ko kuma abubuwan da aka lalata zaiyi munin da ba zasu gyaru ba, anyi hakanne domin idan suka ƙamari za a iya ganin hakan a matsayin yaƙi. Akwai alamun cewa an sami ƙaruwar irin waɗannan ayyuka na makirci: a tsakiyar shekarar 2024, an ruwaito cewa rahoton bayanan sirri na ƙasashen yammaci ya bankaɗo tare da rushe shirin Rasha na aikawa da bam na wasiƙa ko saƙon abubuwan fashewa zuwa wasu yankuna a Amurka daga Turai. Da ace an aiwatar da wannan tsare-tsaren, da ya haifar da bala'o'in jirgin saman  farar hula, wannan abu ya tsoratar da jami'an ƙasashen yamma. Hukumomin Amurka cikin dabara sun gargaɗi hukumomin Rasha game da irin wannan shiri da suka shirya na hare-haren ta'addanci, wanda ya sa suka janye wannan shiri nasu.<ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa an ƙara yin irin wannan shirin a tsakiyar shekarar 2025. Bincike ya gano ƙunshe-ƙunshe da ke ɗauke da wasu abubuwa da ka iya haddasa wuta ta hanyar cibiyoyi a Tarayyar Turai da Burtaniya. Jami'ai sun yi zargin gwajin da Rasha ke jagoranta na hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An kama mutane da kuma miƙa su a ƙasashe da dama.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Incendiary device plot targeting UK may have been dry run for US and Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/nov/04/incendiary-device-plot-targeting-uk-may-have-been-dry-run-for-us-canada-russia-dhl |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Incendiary device plot targeting UK may have been dry run for US and Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/nov/04/incendiary-device-plot-targeting-uk-may-have-been-dry-run-for-us-canada-russia-dhl |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Explosive sex toys and cosmetics: the story behind the DHL parcels plot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/05/explosive-sex-toys-and-cosmetics-the-story-behind-the-dhl-parcels-plot |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Explosive sex toys and cosmetics: the story behind the DHL parcels plot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/05/explosive-sex-toys-and-cosmetics-the-story-behind-the-dhl-parcels-plot |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Jami'an NATO sun bayyana cewa daƙile yinƙurin kashe Shugaba kamfanin Rheinmetall a cikin shekarar  2024 wani ɗangare ne na yaƙin basasa.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pleitgen |first=Katie Bo Lillis, Natasha Bertrand, Frederik |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/11/politics/us-germany-foiled-russian-assassination-plot |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=NATO: There was officially a Russian plot to kill European weapons chief |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nato-official-confirms-russian-plot-kill-european-weapons-chief-armin-papperger/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Ukraine war: German shock at reported Russian assassination plot |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wej84e9l7o |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> == Takardun == Ya zuwa 2025, bincike da shari'o'in kotu da suka shafi daƙile yinƙurin gurgunta Turai da Rasha tayi suna ci gaba a duk faɗin Turai. Abubuwa da yawa sun kasance ba a warware su ba. Bayanan  dake shafukan sada zumunta da yanar gizo [[:en:Open_source|Open source]]. Game da ayyukan hare-haren Rasha ɗin sun haɗa da hukunce-hukuncen kotu a Poland da Burtaniya da rahotanni na leken asiri a ƙasashen Baltic. Yawancin bayanai sun nuna cewa hukumomin Rasha na da alhakin gurgunta abubuwa a Turai. <ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=The Associated |date=2025-07-18 |title=AP intelligence reporting exposes growing Russian sabotage efforts around Europe |url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/best-of-the-week/second-winner/2025/ap-intelligence-reporting-exposes-growing-russian-sabotage-efforts-around-europe/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Russian Sabotage Campaign in Europe (2024–2025). Risks for aviation, supply chain and critical infrastructures |url=https://www.hozint.com/2025/05/russian-sabotage-campaign-in-europe-2024-2025-risks-for-aviation-supply-chain-and-critical-instrastructures/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=HOZINT {{!}} Horizon Intelligence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == l5cat0h3mfwhc5n0ejg64wxspcqkwbg 883854 883851 2026-07-16T06:19:04Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358430615|Russian sabotage operations in Europe]]" 883854 wikitext text/x-wiki Gwamnatocin ƙasashen yamma da hukumomin leƙen asiri sun yi zargin cewa [[Sojojin Rasha]] ko hukumomin leƙen asirin Rasha sun shirya ayyukan gurgunta ƙasashen Turai <ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024">{{cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Russian sabotage attacks surged across Europe in 2024 |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2025/07/22/russian-sabotage-attacks-surged-across-europe-in-2024 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref>wannan shiri ko aiki ya haɗa da [[:en:Arson|ƙone-ƙone]], <ref>{{cite news |last=Strzelecki |first=Marek |date=11 May 2025 |title=Poland says Russian secret service behind 2024 fire in Warsaw shopping centre |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/poland-says-russian-secret-service-behind-2024-fire-warsaw-shopping-centre-2025-05-11/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="CNN_PL_blames_RU_arson2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-11 |title=Poland blames Russian intelligence for arson attack on Warsaw shopping center last year |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/11/europe/poland-blames-russian-intelligence-fire-shopping-center-latam-intl |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NotesPoland_PL_confirms_RU_arson2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title=Poland confirms Russia behind fire that destroyed Warsaw's biggest shopping centre |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/05/12/poland-confirms-russia-behind-fire-that-destroyed-warsaws-biggest-shopping-centre |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref>shirye-shiryen [[kisan kai]],<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> lalata layukan jirgin ƙasa,<ref name="BBC_RU_spy_network_arrested2">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-15 |title=Russian spy network accused of sabotage arrested in Poland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64971691 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="WashPost_RU_recruited_online2">{{cite news |author=Greg Miller; Loveday Morris; Mary Ilyushina |date=18 August 2023 |title=Russia recruited operatives online to target weapons crossing Poland |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/18/ukraine-weapons-sabotage-gru-poland |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-18 |title=Poland rail explosion: PM says blast was 'unprecedented act of sabotage' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp85g86x0zgo |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[:en:Vandalism|lalata]] kayayyankin lantarki kamar GPS <ref name="AP_RU_jamming_EU">{{cite news |last=Burrows |first=Emma |date=2 September 2025 |title=What to know about Russia's GPS jamming operation in Europe |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-europe-jamming-spoofing-gps-satellite-b6d48d7d515f7edb48c7241f13a22851 |access-date=16 July 2026 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="BBC_SE_says_RU_surge2">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Sweden says Russia behind surge in GPS jamming over Baltic Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyx3ly54veo |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>a matsayin wani [[:en:Russian_hybrid_warfare|ɓangare na yaƙin sunƙuru]] na ɓangarori daban-daban da aka yi da niyyar durƙusar da ƙasashen da ke tallafawa ƙasar Ukraine a lokacin [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. Jami'an Turai sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan waɗanda ake zargi da abubuwan da suka faru na yinƙurin Rasha kan Turai sun ƙaru a cikin shekarun 2023-2024, a kan ababen more rayuwa ciki har da bututun gas da kayayyakin harkokin sadarwa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahlander |first1=Johan |last2=Lehto |first2=Essi |last3=Sytas |first3=Andrius |date=18 November 2024 |title=Two undersea cables in Baltic Sea cut, Germany and Finland fear sabotage |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/telecoms-cable-linking-finland-germany-likely-severed-owner-says-2024-11-18/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="RFERL_huge_spike2">{{Cite news |last=Eckel |first=Mike |date=2025-08-20 |title=Huge Reported Spike In Russian Sabotage Operations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sabotage-europe-hybrid-attacks/33508179.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Schuurman|first=Bart|title=Russia Is Stepping Up Its Covert War Beyond Ukraine|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/01/10/russia-covert-war-europe-sabotage-violence/|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=10 January 2025|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> Jami'ai sun zargi hukumar leƙen asirin Rasha ([[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]])  cewa ita ce ta haɗa wannan ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashen Turai ta hanyar aiki da wasu ɓoyayyun mutane da suke ɗauka aika ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa don aikata laifukan, hukumomin Rasha sun musanta alhakin irin waɗannan hare-hare.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow2">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>Gwamnatin Rasha ta musanta gudanar ayyukan gurgunta Turai kuma ta zargi wasu daban da cewa sune suke da alhakin abubuwan da suka faru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Western officials say Russia is behind a campaign of sabotage across Europe. This AP map shows it |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-europe-hybrid-campaign-d61887dd3ec6151adf354c5bd3e6273e |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2025, ƙungiyar ƙawance ta [[NATO]] ta bayyana matakin barazanar gurgunta Turai "babbar barazana" kuma ta bayyana cewa tana kallon ayyukan  Rasha a matsayin babban ƙalubalen tsaro ga Turai.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3" /> == Sharar fage == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Rasha na da tarihin ayyukan ɓoye na ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashen Turai wanda ya samo asali ne tun daga [[Cold War|Yaƙin sirri na Cold war]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchet |first=Ninon de |date=2025-08-26 |title=Hybrid Threats and the Evolution of Russian Sabotage |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2025/08/26/hybrid-threats-and-the-evolution-of-russian-sabotage/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sojin Rasha sun shahara wajen lalata ababen more rayuwar abokan gaba.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cafarella |first=Jennifer |date=2020-09-25 |title=Russian Hybrid Warfare |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-hybrid-warfare-2/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2010, an sami hannun jami'an Rasha cikin abubuwan da suka faru na lalata abubuwa, kamar [[:en:2014_Vrbětice_ammunition_warehouse_explosions|fashewar rumbun makamai na Vrbětice na shekarar 2014]] a Jamhuriyar Czech, wanda ya haddasa mutuwar mutane biyu kuma daga baya aka danganta su ga jami'an leƙen asirin  [[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]] ([[:en:GRU_Unit_29155|Unit 29155]]). <ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ">{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |author2=Michael Schwirtz |date=8 October 2019 |title=Top Secret Russian Unit Seeks to Destabilize Europe, Security Officials Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/world/europe/unit-29155-russia-gru.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> A cewar masu binciken a ƙasar Czech, jami'an GRU (sun yi amfani da bayanan su irin waɗanda aka taɓa kamawa da haɗa guba na [[:en:Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal|Skripal a baya]]) Ana zargin sun haddasa fashewar rumbun makaman ne, domin hana ko kawo tsaikon kai makaman da aka shirya wa Ukraine a lokacin [[:en:War_in_Donbas|yaƙin 2014 a Donbas]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=18 April 2021 |title=Czechs Blame 2014 Blasts at Ammunition Depots on Elite Russian Spy Unit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/17/world/europe/czech-republic-skirpal-russia-gru.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Fashewar ta haifar da rikice-rikicen diflomasiyya, gami da korar jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha daga Prague da Moscow.<ref name="AP_Czechs_expel_18">{{cite news |last=Janíček |first=Karel |date=17 April 2021 |title=Czechs expel 18 Russians over huge depot explosion in 2014 |url=https://apnews.com/article/czech-republic-russia-andrej-babis-c593f724a16622eb6d0a19bae3d710be |access-date=16 July 2026 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> Bayan [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine]] a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, gwamnatocin ƙasashen Turai sun fara bayar da rahoton ƙaruwar gobara, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da sauran hare-hare, waɗanda ake gani a matsayin wani [[:en:Hybrid_warfare|yaƙin sunƙuru]] da Rasha keyi.<ref name="RFERL_huge_spike2">{{Cite news |last=Eckel |first=Mike |date=2025-08-20 |title=Huge Reported Spike In Russian Sabotage Operations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sabotage-europe-hybrid-attacks/33508179.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WashPost_DE_under_attack">{{cite news |last=Hoyer |first=Katja |date=25 October 2022 |title=Germans are under attack. Can they adapt? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/10/25/russia-sabotage-germany-railroads-hacking-drones |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Washington Post |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's hybrid war in Europe enters a dangerous new phase |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2024/11/russias-hybrid-war-in-europe-enters-a-dangerous-new-phase |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=IISS}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da farko ba a bayyana  su a matsayin haɗari ba, amma an gan su a matsayin yiwuwar ayyukan gurgunta Turai da Rasha keyi domin kuwa alamu sun fito fili. A shekarar 2023, jami'an [[NATO]] da [[:en:European_Union|EU]] sun bayyana cewa Rasha tana gudanar da kamfen ɗin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙoƙarin lalata mahimman ababen more rayuwa a Turai da kuma sauya tunanin fararen hula.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian hybrid threats: EU lists nine individuals and six entities responsible for destabilising actions in the EU and Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/07/15/russian-hybrid-threats-eu-lists-nine-individuals-and-six-entities-responsible-for-destabilising-actions-in-the-eu-and-ukraine/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Consilium |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Kasashen Duniya]] ta rubuta hare-hare da suka faru sama da 50 a Turai daga shekarar 2022 zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2025 waɗanda wataƙila suna da alaƙa da Rasha.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /> A cewar jami'an tsaron Turai, Rasha tayi wannan aiki ne ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da dabara tare da  tabbatar da ƙarancin yawan waɗanda suka mutu sannan ta taƙaita yawan lalacewar abubuwa zuwa matsakaiciyar lalacewa don rage haɗarin haifar da martani na soja kai tsaye daga NATO.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_sabotage_could_trigger">{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Russia's sabotage of western targets 'could trigger Nato defence clause' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/27/russia-sabotage-of-west-may-prompt-nato-defence-clause |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Russia's sabotage of western targets 'could trigger Nato defence clause' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/27/russia-sabotage-of-west-may-prompt-nato-defence-clause |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Fayil:2024_Warszawa_Marywilska_44_po_pożarze,_spalona_Biedronka,_1.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar kasuwaanci ta Marywilska 44 a Warsaw bayan haddasa wuta da jami'an Rasha suka yi.]] == Dabarun da Rasha sukayi amfani da == Hukumomin tsaro na Turai sun danganta hare-haren gurgunta Turai ga sashen hukumar leƙen asiri na Rasha [[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]], musamman sashen [[:en:GRU_Unit_29155|GRU Unit 29155]], wanda ya ƙware wajen yin lahani da gurgunta abubuwa da sauran hare-hare a ɓoye a Turai.<ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Bincike a Poland, Lithuania, Czechia, Jamus, da Burtaniya, tare da goyon bayan [[:en:Europol|Europol]], sun nuna wani tsari wanda masu aikata laifin yawanci ba 'yan Rasha ba ne ko ma'aikatan hukumar leƙen asirin Rasha, maimakon suyi amfani da ma’aikatan su suna hayar wasu mutane daga ƙasashe marasa galihu, suna kuma ɗaukar baƙin haure, ƙananan masu laifi, ko mutane masu ƙwarewar [[:en:Black_hat_(computer_security)|aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo]]. Suna ɗaukar ma'aikata ne ta amfani da shafukan tura saƙwanni masu tsaro, galibi waɗanda ake ɗaukar suna yin aikin ba su san cewa suna yiwa Rasha aiki bane. Ana biyan masu ɗaukar ma'aikatan ta  hanyar kuɗin yanar gizo na cryptocurrencies ko ta wasu hanyoyin da ba a iya ganewa kai tsaye, kuma an umurce su da su aiwatar da ayyuka kamar ƙyasta wuta, dasa bama-bamai, ko yankan wayoyin wutar lantarki da sadarwa. A cewar jami'an leƙen asirin Turai, jami'an Rasha da ke jagorantar wannan aikin sun kasance a yankin Rasha ko Belarus kuma suna tattaunawa da juna ta hanyoyi da dama don kare yadda za a iya gano su.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Lisa |date=2025-03-18 |title=Russia using criminal networks to drive increase in sabotage acts, says Europol |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/mar/18/russia-criminal-networks-drive-increase-sabotage-europol |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Russia's recruitment of immigrants to carry out spying and sabotage is a new threat to Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/04/09/russias-recruitment-of-immigrants-to-carry-out-spying-and-sabotage-is-a-new-threat-to-poland/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka alaƙanta ga hukumar leƙen asiri Rasha ta GRU an rarraba shi zuwa kashi-kashi. Maimakon babban aiki guda ɗaya,inda ya ƙunshi ƙananan hare-hare a ƙasashen Turai daban-daban, wanda da wuya a alaƙanta kowanne hari da wani. Shaidu da suka sanya aka tabbatar da irin waɗanna hare-hare daga Rasha ne sun haɗa da sa ido tare da gano yadda kuɗaɗe ke shige da fice, hirarraki da aka samo bayan dogon bincike, da kuma shaidar jami'an da aka kama, gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa sun zargi hukumomin Rasha da hare-hare. A cikin shekarun 2023-24, hukumomin Poland da Lithuania sun zargi GRU a bayyane da tabbacin ayyukan gurgunta wasu fannoni, Burtaniya ta haramta ƙungiyar Wagner tare da ayyana ta a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci, kuma NATO ta fitar tare da bada bayanan sirri kan abin da ta kira "yaƙin sunƙurun Rasha" a cikin ƙasashe mambobin ta.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow2">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}{{cite news |last=Agence France-Presse (AFP) in Vilnius |date=17 March 2025 |title=Russia behind arson attack on Ikea store in Lithuanian capital, says prosecutor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/17/russia-behind-arson-attack-on-ikea-store-in-lithuania-capital-says-prosecutor |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Jordan |date=2023-09-06 |title=Russia's Wagner group to be declared a terrorist organisation by UK |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/wagner-group-declared-terrorist-organisation-uk-home-office-putin-ukraine-b1105100.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin rahoton leƙen asiri ya kalli manufofin hare-haren a matsayin ƙoƙarin yaƙin don sauya halayya da siyasa: don sanya fargabar rashin tsaro tsakanin al’ummar Turai, don matsawa gwamnatoci lamba da sanya martanin gaggawa, da kuma nuna cewa Rasha na iya yin ramuwar gayya cikin sauƙi ga ƙasashen da ke taimakawa Ukraine da makamai. <ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=How to interpret the Russian sabotage campaign in Europe |url=https://global-strategy.org/russian-sabotage-campaign-europe/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Global Strategy |language=}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashe anyi sune ta hanyar gujewa yadda mutane da yawa zasu mutu ko kuma abubuwan da aka lalata zaiyi munin da ba zasu gyaru ba, anyi hakanne domin idan suka ƙamari za a iya ganin hakan a matsayin yaƙi. Akwai alamun cewa an sami ƙaruwar irin waɗannan ayyuka na makirci: a tsakiyar shekarar 2024, an ruwaito cewa rahoton bayanan sirri na ƙasashen yammaci ya bankaɗo tare da rushe shirin Rasha na aikawa da bam na wasiƙa ko saƙon abubuwan fashewa zuwa wasu yankuna a Amurka daga Turai. Da ace an aiwatar da wannan tsare-tsaren, da ya haifar da bala'o'in jirgin saman  farar hula, wannan abu ya tsoratar da jami'an ƙasashen yamma. Hukumomin Amurka cikin dabara sun gargaɗi hukumomin Rasha game da irin wannan shiri da suka shirya na hare-haren ta'addanci, wanda ya sa suka janye wannan shiri nasu.<ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa an ƙara yin irin wannan shirin a tsakiyar shekarar 2025. Bincike ya gano ƙunshe-ƙunshe da ke ɗauke da wasu abubuwa da ka iya haddasa wuta ta hanyar cibiyoyi a Tarayyar Turai da Burtaniya. Jami'ai sun yi zargin gwajin da Rasha ke jagoranta na hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An kama mutane da kuma miƙa su a ƙasashe da dama.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Incendiary device plot targeting UK may have been dry run for US and Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/nov/04/incendiary-device-plot-targeting-uk-may-have-been-dry-run-for-us-canada-russia-dhl |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Incendiary device plot targeting UK may have been dry run for US and Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/nov/04/incendiary-device-plot-targeting-uk-may-have-been-dry-run-for-us-canada-russia-dhl |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Explosive sex toys and cosmetics: the story behind the DHL parcels plot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/05/explosive-sex-toys-and-cosmetics-the-story-behind-the-dhl-parcels-plot |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Explosive sex toys and cosmetics: the story behind the DHL parcels plot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/05/explosive-sex-toys-and-cosmetics-the-story-behind-the-dhl-parcels-plot |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Jami'an NATO sun bayyana cewa daƙile yinƙurin kashe Shugaba kamfanin Rheinmetall a cikin shekarar  2024 wani ɗangare ne na yaƙin basasa.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pleitgen |first=Katie Bo Lillis, Natasha Bertrand, Frederik |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/11/politics/us-germany-foiled-russian-assassination-plot |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=NATO: There was officially a Russian plot to kill European weapons chief |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nato-official-confirms-russian-plot-kill-european-weapons-chief-armin-papperger/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Ukraine war: German shock at reported Russian assassination plot |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wej84e9l7o |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> == Takardun == Ya zuwa 2025, bincike da shari'o'in kotu da suka shafi daƙile yinƙurin gurgunta Turai da Rasha tayi suna ci gaba a duk faɗin Turai. Abubuwa da yawa sun kasance ba a warware su ba. Bayanan  dake shafukan sada zumunta da yanar gizo [[:en:Open_source|Open source]]. Game da ayyukan hare-haren Rasha ɗin sun haɗa da hukunce-hukuncen kotu a Poland da Burtaniya da rahotanni na leken asiri a ƙasashen Baltic. Yawancin bayanai sun nuna cewa hukumomin Rasha na da alhakin gurgunta abubuwa a Turai. <ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=The Associated |date=2025-07-18 |title=AP intelligence reporting exposes growing Russian sabotage efforts around Europe |url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/best-of-the-week/second-winner/2025/ap-intelligence-reporting-exposes-growing-russian-sabotage-efforts-around-europe/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Russian Sabotage Campaign in Europe (2024–2025). Risks for aviation, supply chain and critical infrastructures |url=https://www.hozint.com/2025/05/russian-sabotage-campaign-in-europe-2024-2025-risks-for-aviation-supply-chain-and-critical-instrastructures/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=HOZINT {{!}} Horizon Intelligence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 6qs0cjt40fqbiwa494zxqmxz9bfrvge 883855 883854 2026-07-16T06:28:43Z Featherdiamond 46529 883855 wikitext text/x-wiki Gwamnatocin ƙasashen yamma da hukumomin leƙen asiri sun yi zargin cewa [[Sojojin Rasha]] ko hukumomin leƙen asirin Rasha sun shirya ayyukan gurgunta ƙasashen Turai <ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024">{{cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Russian sabotage attacks surged across Europe in 2024 |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2025/07/22/russian-sabotage-attacks-surged-across-europe-in-2024 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref>wannan shiri ko aiki ya haɗa da [[:en:Arson|ƙone-ƙone]], <ref>{{cite news |last=Strzelecki |first=Marek |date=11 May 2025 |title=Poland says Russian secret service behind 2024 fire in Warsaw shopping centre |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/poland-says-russian-secret-service-behind-2024-fire-warsaw-shopping-centre-2025-05-11/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="CNN_PL_blames_RU_arson2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-11 |title=Poland blames Russian intelligence for arson attack on Warsaw shopping center last year |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/11/europe/poland-blames-russian-intelligence-fire-shopping-center-latam-intl |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NotesPoland_PL_confirms_RU_arson2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title=Poland confirms Russia behind fire that destroyed Warsaw's biggest shopping centre |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/05/12/poland-confirms-russia-behind-fire-that-destroyed-warsaws-biggest-shopping-centre |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref>shirye-shiryen [[kisan kai]],<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> lalata layukan jirgin ƙasa,<ref name="BBC_RU_spy_network_arrested2">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-15 |title=Russian spy network accused of sabotage arrested in Poland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64971691 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="WashPost_RU_recruited_online2">{{cite news |author=Greg Miller; Loveday Morris; Mary Ilyushina |date=18 August 2023 |title=Russia recruited operatives online to target weapons crossing Poland |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/18/ukraine-weapons-sabotage-gru-poland |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-18 |title=Poland rail explosion: PM says blast was 'unprecedented act of sabotage' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp85g86x0zgo |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[:en:Vandalism|lalata]] kayayyankin lantarki kamar GPS <ref name="AP_RU_jamming_EU">{{cite news |last=Burrows |first=Emma |date=2 September 2025 |title=What to know about Russia's GPS jamming operation in Europe |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-europe-jamming-spoofing-gps-satellite-b6d48d7d515f7edb48c7241f13a22851 |access-date=16 July 2026 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="BBC_SE_says_RU_surge2">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Sweden says Russia behind surge in GPS jamming over Baltic Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyx3ly54veo |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>a matsayin wani [[:en:Russian_hybrid_warfare|ɓangare na yaƙin sunƙuru]] na ɓangarori daban-daban da aka yi da niyyar durƙusar da ƙasashen da ke tallafawa ƙasar Ukraine a lokacin [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. Jami'an Turai sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan waɗanda ake zargi da abubuwan da suka faru na yinƙurin Rasha kan Turai sun ƙaru a cikin shekarun 2023-2024, a kan ababen more rayuwa ciki har da bututun gas da kayayyakin harkokin sadarwa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahlander |first1=Johan |last2=Lehto |first2=Essi |last3=Sytas |first3=Andrius |date=18 November 2024 |title=Two undersea cables in Baltic Sea cut, Germany and Finland fear sabotage |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/telecoms-cable-linking-finland-germany-likely-severed-owner-says-2024-11-18/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="RFERL_huge_spike2">{{Cite news |last=Eckel |first=Mike |date=2025-08-20 |title=Huge Reported Spike In Russian Sabotage Operations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sabotage-europe-hybrid-attacks/33508179.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Schuurman|first=Bart|title=Russia Is Stepping Up Its Covert War Beyond Ukraine|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/01/10/russia-covert-war-europe-sabotage-violence/|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=10 January 2025|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> Jami'ai sun zargi hukumar leƙen asirin Rasha ([[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]])  cewa ita ce ta haɗa wannan ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashen Turai ta hanyar aiki da wasu ɓoyayyun mutane da suke ɗauka aika ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa don aikata laifukan, hukumomin Rasha sun musanta alhakin irin waɗannan hare-hare.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow2">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>Gwamnatin Rasha ta musanta gudanar ayyukan gurgunta Turai kuma ta zargi wasu daban da cewa sune suke da alhakin abubuwan da suka faru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Western officials say Russia is behind a campaign of sabotage across Europe. This AP map shows it |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-europe-hybrid-campaign-d61887dd3ec6151adf354c5bd3e6273e |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2025, ƙungiyar ƙawance ta [[NATO]] ta bayyana matakin barazanar gurgunta Turai "babbar barazana" kuma ta bayyana cewa tana kallon ayyukan  Rasha a matsayin babban ƙalubalen tsaro ga Turai.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3" /> == Sharar fage == Rasha na da tarihin ayyukan ɓoye na ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashen Turai wanda ya samo asali ne tun daga [[Cold War|Yaƙin sirri na Cold war]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchet |first=Ninon de |date=2025-08-26 |title=Hybrid Threats and the Evolution of Russian Sabotage |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2025/08/26/hybrid-threats-and-the-evolution-of-russian-sabotage/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sojin Rasha sun shahara wajen lalata ababen more rayuwar abokan gaba.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cafarella |first=Jennifer |date=2020-09-25 |title=Russian Hybrid Warfare |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-hybrid-warfare-2/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2010, an sami hannun jami'an Rasha cikin abubuwan da suka faru na lalata abubuwa, kamar [[:en:2014_Vrbětice_ammunition_warehouse_explosions|fashewar rumbun makamai na Vrbětice na shekarar 2014]] a Jamhuriyar Czech, wanda ya haddasa mutuwar mutane biyu kuma daga baya aka danganta su ga jami'an leƙen asirin  [[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]] ([[:en:GRU_Unit_29155|Unit 29155]]). <ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ">{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |author2=Michael Schwirtz |date=8 October 2019 |title=Top Secret Russian Unit Seeks to Destabilize Europe, Security Officials Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/world/europe/unit-29155-russia-gru.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> A cewar masu binciken a ƙasar Czech, jami'an GRU (sun yi amfani da bayanan su irin waɗanda aka taɓa kamawa da haɗa guba na [[:en:Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal|Skripal a baya]]) Ana zargin sun haddasa fashewar rumbun makaman ne, domin hana ko kawo tsaikon kai makaman da aka shirya wa Ukraine a lokacin [[:en:War_in_Donbas|yaƙin 2014 a Donbas]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=18 April 2021 |title=Czechs Blame 2014 Blasts at Ammunition Depots on Elite Russian Spy Unit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/17/world/europe/czech-republic-skirpal-russia-gru.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Fashewar ta haifar da rikice-rikicen diflomasiyya, gami da korar jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha daga Prague da Moscow.<ref name="AP_Czechs_expel_18">{{cite news |last=Janíček |first=Karel |date=17 April 2021 |title=Czechs expel 18 Russians over huge depot explosion in 2014 |url=https://apnews.com/article/czech-republic-russia-andrej-babis-c593f724a16622eb6d0a19bae3d710be |access-date=16 July 2026 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> Bayan [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine]] a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, gwamnatocin ƙasashen Turai sun fara bayar da rahoton ƙaruwar gobara, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da sauran hare-hare, waɗanda ake gani a matsayin wani [[:en:Hybrid_warfare|yaƙin sunƙuru]] da Rasha keyi.<ref name="RFERL_huge_spike2">{{Cite news |last=Eckel |first=Mike |date=2025-08-20 |title=Huge Reported Spike In Russian Sabotage Operations |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sabotage-europe-hybrid-attacks/33508179.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WashPost_DE_under_attack">{{cite news |last=Hoyer |first=Katja |date=25 October 2022 |title=Germans are under attack. Can they adapt? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/10/25/russia-sabotage-germany-railroads-hacking-drones |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Washington Post |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's hybrid war in Europe enters a dangerous new phase |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2024/11/russias-hybrid-war-in-europe-enters-a-dangerous-new-phase |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=IISS}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da farko ba a bayyana  su a matsayin haɗari ba, amma an gan su a matsayin yiwuwar ayyukan gurgunta Turai da Rasha keyi domin kuwa alamu sun fito fili. A shekarar 2023, jami'an [[NATO]] da [[:en:European_Union|EU]] sun bayyana cewa Rasha tana gudanar da kamfen ɗin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙoƙarin lalata mahimman ababen more rayuwa a Turai da kuma sauya tunanin fararen hula.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian hybrid threats: EU lists nine individuals and six entities responsible for destabilising actions in the EU and Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/07/15/russian-hybrid-threats-eu-lists-nine-individuals-and-six-entities-responsible-for-destabilising-actions-in-the-eu-and-ukraine/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Consilium |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Kasashen Duniya]] ta rubuta hare-hare da suka faru sama da 50 a Turai daga shekarar 2022 zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2025 waɗanda wataƙila suna da alaƙa da Rasha.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /> A cewar jami'an tsaron Turai, Rasha tayi wannan aiki ne ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da dabara tare da  tabbatar da ƙarancin yawan waɗanda suka mutu sannan ta taƙaita yawan lalacewar abubuwa zuwa matsakaiciyar lalacewa don rage haɗarin haifar da martani na soja kai tsaye daga NATO.<ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_RU_sabotage_could_trigger">{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Russia's sabotage of western targets 'could trigger Nato defence clause' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/27/russia-sabotage-of-west-may-prompt-nato-defence-clause |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Russia's sabotage of western targets 'could trigger Nato defence clause' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/27/russia-sabotage-of-west-may-prompt-nato-defence-clause |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Fayil:2024_Warszawa_Marywilska_44_po_pożarze,_spalona_Biedronka,_1.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar kasuwaanci ta Marywilska 44 a Warsaw bayan haddasa wuta da jami'an Rasha suka yi.]] == Dabarun da Rasha sukayi amfani da == Hukumomin tsaro na Turai sun danganta hare-haren gurgunta Turai ga sashen hukumar leƙen asiri na Rasha [[:en:GRU_(Russian_Federation)|GRU]], musamman sashen [[:en:GRU_Unit_29155|GRU Unit 29155]], wanda ya ƙware wajen yin lahani da gurgunta abubuwa da sauran hare-hare a ɓoye a Turai.<ref name="Guardian_RU_expels_20_CZ2">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Roth |author2=Dan Sabbagh |author-link2=Dan Sabbagh |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russia expels 20 Czech diplomats in tit-for-tat response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/russia-expels-20-czech-diplomats-in-tit-for-tat-response |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Bincike a Poland, Lithuania, Czechia, Jamus, da Burtaniya, tare da goyon bayan [[:en:Europol|Europol]], sun nuna wani tsari wanda masu aikata laifin yawanci ba 'yan Rasha ba ne ko ma'aikatan hukumar leƙen asirin Rasha, maimakon suyi amfani da ma’aikatan su suna hayar wasu mutane daga ƙasashe marasa galihu, suna kuma ɗaukar baƙin haure, ƙananan masu laifi, ko mutane masu ƙwarewar [[:en:Black_hat_(computer_security)|aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo]]. Suna ɗaukar ma'aikata ne ta amfani da shafukan tura saƙwanni masu tsaro, galibi waɗanda ake ɗaukar suna yin aikin ba su san cewa suna yiwa Rasha aiki bane. Ana biyan masu ɗaukar ma'aikatan ta  hanyar kuɗin yanar gizo na cryptocurrencies ko ta wasu hanyoyin da ba a iya ganewa kai tsaye, kuma an umurce su da su aiwatar da ayyuka kamar ƙyasta wuta, dasa bama-bamai, ko yankan wayoyin wutar lantarki da sadarwa. A cewar jami'an leƙen asirin Turai, jami'an Rasha da ke jagorantar wannan aikin sun kasance a yankin Rasha ko Belarus kuma suna tattaunawa da juna ta hanyoyi da dama don kare yadda za a iya gano su.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Lisa |date=2025-03-18 |title=Russia using criminal networks to drive increase in sabotage acts, says Europol |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/mar/18/russia-criminal-networks-drive-increase-sabotage-europol |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Russia's recruitment of immigrants to carry out spying and sabotage is a new threat to Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2025/04/09/russias-recruitment-of-immigrants-to-carry-out-spying-and-sabotage-is-a-new-threat-to-poland/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka alaƙanta ga hukumar leƙen asiri Rasha ta GRU an rarraba shi zuwa kashi-kashi. Maimakon babban aiki guda ɗaya,inda ya ƙunshi ƙananan hare-hare a ƙasashen Turai daban-daban, wanda da wuya a alaƙanta kowanne hari da wani. Shaidu da suka sanya aka tabbatar da irin waɗanna hare-hare daga Rasha ne sun haɗa da sa ido tare da gano yadda kuɗaɗe ke shige da fice, hirarraki da aka samo bayan dogon bincike, da kuma shaidar jami'an da aka kama, gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa sun zargi hukumomin Rasha da hare-hare. A cikin shekarun 2023-24, hukumomin Poland da Lithuania sun zargi GRU a bayyane da tabbacin ayyukan gurgunta wasu fannoni, Burtaniya ta haramta ƙungiyar Wagner tare da ayyana ta a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci, kuma NATO ta fitar tare da bada bayanan sirri kan abin da ta kira "yaƙin sunƙurun Rasha" a cikin ƙasashe mambobin ta.<ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow2">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_PL_RU_consulate_Krakow">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=12 May 2025 |title=Poland to close Russian consulate in Kraków over Warsaw fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/poland-to-close-russian-consulate-krakow-warsaw-shopping-centre-fire |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}{{cite news |last=Agence France-Presse (AFP) in Vilnius |date=17 March 2025 |title=Russia behind arson attack on Ikea store in Lithuanian capital, says prosecutor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/17/russia-behind-arson-attack-on-ikea-store-in-lithuania-capital-says-prosecutor |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Jordan |date=2023-09-06 |title=Russia's Wagner group to be declared a terrorist organisation by UK |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/wagner-group-declared-terrorist-organisation-uk-home-office-putin-ukraine-b1105100.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin rahoton leƙen asiri ya kalli manufofin hare-haren a matsayin ƙoƙarin yaƙin don sauya halayya da siyasa: don sanya fargabar rashin tsaro tsakanin al’ummar Turai, don matsawa gwamnatoci lamba da sanya martanin gaggawa, da kuma nuna cewa Rasha na iya yin ramuwar gayya cikin sauƙi ga ƙasashen da ke taimakawa Ukraine da makamai. <ref name="Economist_RU_sabotage_surge_2024" /><ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=How to interpret the Russian sabotage campaign in Europe |url=https://global-strategy.org/russian-sabotage-campaign-europe/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Global Strategy |language=}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan ƙoƙarin gurgunta ƙasashe anyi sune ta hanyar gujewa yadda mutane da yawa zasu mutu ko kuma abubuwan da aka lalata zaiyi munin da ba zasu gyaru ba, anyi hakanne domin idan suka ƙamari za a iya ganin hakan a matsayin yaƙi. Akwai alamun cewa an sami ƙaruwar irin waɗannan ayyuka na makirci: a tsakiyar shekarar 2024, an ruwaito cewa rahoton bayanan sirri na ƙasashen yammaci ya bankaɗo tare da rushe shirin Rasha na aikawa da bam na wasiƙa ko saƙon abubuwan fashewa zuwa wasu yankuna a Amurka daga Turai. Da ace an aiwatar da wannan tsare-tsaren, da ya haifar da bala'o'in jirgin saman  farar hula, wannan abu ya tsoratar da jami'an ƙasashen yamma. Hukumomin Amurka cikin dabara sun gargaɗi hukumomin Rasha game da irin wannan shiri da suka shirya na hare-haren ta'addanci, wanda ya sa suka janye wannan shiri nasu.<ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa an ƙara yin irin wannan shirin a tsakiyar shekarar 2025. Bincike ya gano ƙunshe-ƙunshe da ke ɗauke da wasu abubuwa da ka iya haddasa wuta ta hanyar cibiyoyi a Tarayyar Turai da Burtaniya. Jami'ai sun yi zargin gwajin da Rasha ke jagoranta na hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An kama mutane da kuma miƙa su a ƙasashe da dama.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Incendiary device plot targeting UK may have been dry run for US and Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/nov/04/incendiary-device-plot-targeting-uk-may-have-been-dry-run-for-us-canada-russia-dhl |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=Incendiary device plot targeting UK may have been dry run for US and Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/nov/04/incendiary-device-plot-targeting-uk-may-have-been-dry-run-for-us-canada-russia-dhl |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Explosive sex toys and cosmetics: the story behind the DHL parcels plot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/05/explosive-sex-toys-and-cosmetics-the-story-behind-the-dhl-parcels-plot |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Explosive sex toys and cosmetics: the story behind the DHL parcels plot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/05/explosive-sex-toys-and-cosmetics-the-story-behind-the-dhl-parcels-plot |access-date=6 September 2025 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Jami'an NATO sun bayyana cewa daƙile yinƙurin kashe Shugaba kamfanin Rheinmetall a cikin shekarar  2024 wani ɗangare ne na yaƙin basasa.<ref name="Reuters_Rheinmetall_sabotage3">{{cite news |last=Siebold |first=Sabine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pleitgen |first=Katie Bo Lillis, Natasha Bertrand, Frederik |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: US and Germany foiled Russian plot to assassinate CEO of arms manufacturer sending weapons to Ukraine {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/11/politics/us-germany-foiled-russian-assassination-plot |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=NATO: There was officially a Russian plot to kill European weapons chief |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nato-official-confirms-russian-plot-kill-european-weapons-chief-armin-papperger/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Ukraine war: German shock at reported Russian assassination plot |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wej84e9l7o |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Murder plot against Rheinmetall CEO was part of sabotage campaign, NATO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/threat-plot-murder-rheinmetall-ceo-was-part-sabotage-campaign-nato-says-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> == Takardun == Ya zuwa 2025, bincike da shari'o'in kotu da suka shafi daƙile yinƙurin gurgunta Turai da Rasha tayi suna ci gaba a duk faɗin Turai. Abubuwa da yawa sun kasance ba a warware su ba. Bayanan  dake shafukan sada zumunta da yanar gizo [[:en:Open_source|Open source]]. Game da ayyukan hare-haren Rasha ɗin sun haɗa da hukunce-hukuncen kotu a Poland da Burtaniya da rahotanni na leken asiri a ƙasashen Baltic. Yawancin bayanai sun nuna cewa hukumomin Rasha na da alhakin gurgunta abubuwa a Turai. <ref name="IISS_scale_RU_sabotage">{{cite web |last=Berngruber |first=Tom |date=3 August 2025 |title=The Scale of Russian Sabotage Operations Against Europe's Critical Infrastructure |url=https://www.iiss.org/research-paper/2025/08/the-scale-of-russian--sabotage-operations--against-europes-critical--infrastructure/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_disposable_online2">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=2025-05-04 |title='These people are disposable': how Russia is using online recruits for a campaign of sabotage in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/may/04/these-people-are-disposable-how-russia-is-using-online-recruits-for-a-campaign-of-sabotage-in-europe |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=The Associated |date=2025-07-18 |title=AP intelligence reporting exposes growing Russian sabotage efforts around Europe |url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/best-of-the-week/second-winner/2025/ap-intelligence-reporting-exposes-growing-russian-sabotage-efforts-around-europe/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Russian Sabotage Campaign in Europe (2024–2025). Risks for aviation, supply chain and critical infrastructures |url=https://www.hozint.com/2025/05/russian-sabotage-campaign-in-europe-2024-2025-risks-for-aviation-supply-chain-and-critical-instrastructures/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=HOZINT {{!}} Horizon Intelligence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Madogara == an4d70gy311gw370bqne88s53uquede 0 161688 883958 2026-07-16T11:49:07Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363374912|This Is Paris]]" 883958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''This Is Paris''''' is a 2020 [[documentary film]] produced by YouTube Originals about media personality Paris Hilton, including her experiences as a former victim of the [[Masana'antar matasa da ke fama da matsala|troubled teen industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szalavitz |first=Maia |date=September 19, 2020 |title=Opinion {{!}} Paris Hilton's new documentary shines a light on a shameful American industry |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/youtube-s-real-story-paris-hilton-reveals-her-rich-girl-ncna1240354 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> == Labari == ''Wannan shine Paris'' game da abubuwan da Hilton ke fuskanta na yau da kullun kuma yana nuna labaran da ba a san su ba game da rayuwarta ta sirri. A cikin fim ɗin, ta bayyana abubuwan da ta fuskanta game da rashin lafiya, da kuma cin zarafin da ta fuskanta yayin da take halartar [[Masana'antar matasa da ke fama da matsala|jerin makarantun kwana]] a lokacin ƙuruciya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasharoff |first=Hannah |title=After alleging abuse at her old school, Paris Hilton isn't backing down |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/12/10/paris-hilton-fighting-abuse-provo-canyon-school-this-is-paris/6475425002/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Hakanan yana ba da labarin yanayin sana'ar Hilton, tun daga farko har zuwa yau, tare da goyon bayan tattaunawa da 'yan uwa da abokai. == Samarwa == Alexandra Dean ce ta ba da umarni a fim ɗin, kuma Kamfanin The Intellectual Property Corporation ne ya ɗauki nauyin shirya shi, kuma YouTube Originals ne suka fitar da shi. IPC ta fara tuntuɓar Dean bayan fitar da wani shirinta na baya, ''Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story'' (2017). "Sun ga duk waɗannan kamanceceniya tsakanin ''Bombshell'' da Paris," in ji Dean a wata hira da ''CNN'', yana mai ƙara da cewa: "Na yi tunanin Paris ba a gani kuma ba a fahimce ta ba. Ina nufin, ban gan ta ko fahimce ta ba tsawon shekaru da yawa. Tabbas na yi watsi da ita. [...] Tana da daular dala biliyan. Tana gudanar da ita kuma ko kana so ko ba ka so, ko kana son ta ko ba ka so, dole ne ka girmama hakan. Ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Tana yin ta ne kawai. Na ga hakan a sarari". <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=How the director of 'This is Paris' reintroduced Paris Hilton to the world |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/15/entertainment/this-is-paris-paris-hilton/index.html}}</ref> Duk da cewa ba ta shirya bayyana wasu bayanai ba, Hilton ta amince da tsarin Dean kuma ta ga tsarin yin fim ɗin ya zama mata mafita. Ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa amma ba ta da ikon fasaha kan shirin, wanda ta yarda cewa babban haɗari ne, tunda koyaushe tana da "cikakkiyar iko" kan harkokin kasuwancinta. {{R|variety}} An yi fim ɗin tsakanin 2019 da 2020, a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Beljik|Belgium]], da sauransu. {{R|:0}} == Liyafar maraba == === Masu kallo === ''Wannan shine Paris'', wanda aka saki a [[YouTube]] a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2020, ya sami masu kallo sama da miliyan 16 a cikin watan farko da aka fitar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Dino-Ray |date=22 October 2020 |title=UTA Signs Pop Culture Fixture Paris Hilton |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/uta-signs-pop-culture-paris-hilton-1234601913/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline.com]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2023, shirin gaskiya ya tara masu kallo sama da miliyan 76 a dandalin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2020 |title=The Real Story of Paris Hilton {{!}} This is Paris Official Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOg0TY1jG3w |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === Martani mai mahimmanci === A shafin yanar gizo na tattara bita na Rotten Tomatoes, shirin yana da ƙimar amincewa ta kashi 63% bisa ga bita 8. <ref>{{Cite web |title=This is Paris (2020) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/this_is_paris |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Masu sharhi biyu sun yi la'akari da cewa an yi nasarar "sake suna" hoton wanda aka yi wa fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2020 |title=This is Paris Review – The Rebranding of a Celebrity Character |url=https://www.thecurb.com.au/this-is-paris-review-the-rebranding-of-a-celebrity-character/ |website=[[The Curb (website)|The Curb]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moustakas |first=Tiffany |date=December 2, 2020 |title=What Is the Future of the Paris Hilton Brand? |url=https://www.adweek.com/media/paris-hilton-is-rebranding-herself-during-one-of-the-most-empowering-times-of-her-life/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> A cikin sharhinta ga ''jaridar The Guardian'', Michelle Kambasha ta yaba wa ''This Is Paris'' saboda yadda ta nuna gaskiya da rashin tacewa game da Paris Hilton, inda ta kira shi shirin gaskiya wanda da gaske "ya sanya gaskiya a talabijin ." Ta yaba da yadda ya wuce sanannen hoton Hilton a matsayin mai sha'awar zamantakewa, maimakon haka ta bayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta tsira daga cin zarafin hukumomi . Kambasha ta haskaka zurfin motsin rai na fim ɗin, wanda ya zurfafa cikin tasirin da ta samu a baya kuma ya nuna ɓangaren ɗan adam na Hilton. == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finan shirin gaskiya == Manazarta == pioe7xzbqwycl24ckvg6z5yutwa6cwh 883959 883958 2026-07-16T11:49:44Z Arcdanumma047 38699 883959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''This Is Paris''''' is a 2020 [[documentary film]] produced by YouTube Originals about media personality Paris Hilton, including her experiences as a former victim of the [[Masana'antar matasa da ke fama da matsala|troubled teen industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szalavitz |first=Maia |date=September 19, 2020 |title=Opinion {{!}} Paris Hilton's new documentary shines a light on a shameful American industry |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/youtube-s-real-story-paris-hilton-reveals-her-rich-girl-ncna1240354 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> == Labari == ''Wannan shine Paris'' game da abubuwan da Hilton ke fuskanta na yau da kullun kuma yana nuna labaran da ba a san su ba game da rayuwarta ta sirri. A cikin fim ɗin, ta bayyana abubuwan da ta fuskanta game da rashin lafiya, da kuma cin zarafin da ta fuskanta yayin da take halartar [[Masana'antar matasa da ke fama da matsala|jerin makarantun kwana]] a lokacin ƙuruciya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasharoff |first=Hannah |title=After alleging abuse at her old school, Paris Hilton isn't backing down |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/12/10/paris-hilton-fighting-abuse-provo-canyon-school-this-is-paris/6475425002/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Hakanan yana ba da labarin yanayin sana'ar Hilton, tun daga farko har zuwa yau, tare da goyon bayan tattaunawa da 'yan uwa da abokai. == Samarwa == Alexandra Dean ce ta ba da umarni a fim ɗin, kuma Kamfanin The Intellectual Property Corporation ne ya ɗauki nauyin shirya shi, kuma YouTube Originals ne suka fitar da shi. IPC ta fara tuntuɓar Dean bayan fitar da wani shirinta na baya, ''Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story'' (2017). "Sun ga duk waɗannan kamanceceniya tsakanin ''Bombshell'' da Paris," in ji Dean a wata hira da ''CNN'', yana mai ƙara da cewa: "Na yi tunanin Paris ba a gani kuma ba a fahimce ta ba. Ina nufin, ban gan ta ko fahimce ta ba tsawon shekaru da yawa. Tabbas na yi watsi da ita. [...] Tana da daular dala biliyan. Tana gudanar da ita kuma ko kana so ko ba ka so, ko kana son ta ko ba ka so, dole ne ka girmama hakan. Ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Tana yin ta ne kawai. Na ga hakan a sarari". <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=How the director of 'This is Paris' reintroduced Paris Hilton to the world |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/15/entertainment/this-is-paris-paris-hilton/index.html}}</ref> Duk da cewa ba ta shirya bayyana wasu bayanai ba, Hilton ta amince da tsarin Dean kuma ta ga tsarin yin fim ɗin ya zama mata mafita. Ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa amma ba ta da ikon fasaha kan shirin, wanda ta yarda cewa babban haɗari ne, tunda koyaushe tana da "cikakkiyar iko" kan harkokin kasuwancinta. {{R|variety}} An yi fim ɗin tsakanin 2019 da 2020, a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Beljik|Belgium]], da sauransu. {{R|:0}} == Liyafar maraba == === Masu kallo === ''Wannan shine Paris'', wanda aka saki a [[YouTube]] a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2020, ya sami masu kallo sama da miliyan 16 a cikin watan farko da aka fitar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Dino-Ray |date=22 October 2020 |title=UTA Signs Pop Culture Fixture Paris Hilton |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/uta-signs-pop-culture-paris-hilton-1234601913/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline.com]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2023, shirin gaskiya ya tara masu kallo sama da miliyan 76 a dandalin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2020 |title=The Real Story of Paris Hilton {{!}} This is Paris Official Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOg0TY1jG3w |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === Martani mai mahimmanci === A shafin yanar gizo na tattara bita na Rotten Tomatoes, shirin yana da ƙimar amincewa ta kashi 63% bisa ga bita 8. <ref>{{Cite web |title=This is Paris (2020) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/this_is_paris |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Masu sharhi biyu sun yi la'akari da cewa an yi nasarar "sake suna" hoton wanda aka yi wa fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2020 |title=This is Paris Review – The Rebranding of a Celebrity Character |url=https://www.thecurb.com.au/this-is-paris-review-the-rebranding-of-a-celebrity-character/ |website=[[The Curb (website)|The Curb]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moustakas |first=Tiffany |date=December 2, 2020 |title=What Is the Future of the Paris Hilton Brand? |url=https://www.adweek.com/media/paris-hilton-is-rebranding-herself-during-one-of-the-most-empowering-times-of-her-life/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> A cikin sharhinta ga ''jaridar The Guardian'', Michelle Kambasha ta yaba wa ''This Is Paris'' saboda yadda ta nuna gaskiya da rashin tacewa game da Paris Hilton, inda ta kira shi shirin gaskiya wanda da gaske "ya sanya gaskiya a talabijin ." Ta yaba da yadda ya wuce sanannen hoton Hilton a matsayin mai sha'awar zamantakewa, maimakon haka ta bayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta tsira daga cin zarafin hukumomi . Kambasha ta haskaka zurfin motsin rai na fim ɗin, wanda ya zurfafa cikin tasirin da ta samu a baya kuma ya nuna ɓangaren ɗan adam na Hilton. == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finan shirin gaskiya == Manazarta == 4odldy4ieyw0qus4elui7qpv9oo2cbu 0 161689 883960 2026-07-16T11:52:02Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355319102|Moscow State School 57]]" 883960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Jihar Moscow 57''' ( Russian ) wata makaranta ce ta gwamnati da ke gundumar Khamovniki da ke Moscow, Rasha. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1877 kuma an fi saninta da shirinta na musamman na sakandare a fannin lissafi da tsofaffin ɗalibai. == Tarihi == === Kafawa da Makaranta 4 (1877–1968) === [[Fayil:Shkola_57.jpg|thumb|Makarantar ta fara ne a shekarar 1877.]] A shekarar 1877, {{Interlanguage link|Karl Masing|ru|Мазинг, Карл Карлович}}, wani injiniya kuma malami ɗan ƙasar Rasha, ya kafa makarantar [[Makarantar Gaskiya|realschule]] a Maly Znamensky Lane, <ref name="KarlMasing">{{Cite web |title=Karl Masing |url=http://um.mos.ru/en/personalities/35799/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124155953/http://um.mos.ru/en/personalities/35799/ |archive-date=2016-11-24 |access-date=2016-10-26 |publisher=Discover Moscow}}</ref> wanda nan da nan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin makarantun sana'o'i mafi ci gaba a Rasha. Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, makarantar sakandare ta koma makarantar kwana mai darussa kan fasahar ado sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa Makarantar 4. Ta shahara a gwamnatin Soviet, inda manyan jami'an gwamnati suka tura 'ya'yansu can. <ref name="M24">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2014 |title="Познавательный фильм": Школа №57 -- братство умников и умниц |trans-title="Educational film": School No. 57 -- the brotherhood of brainies |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_mKQvp3wyc/ |access-date=2016-10-27 |publisher=[[Moscow 24 (TV channel)|Moscow 24]] |language=ru |via=YouTube}}</ref> A shekarar 1936, an sake sauya makarantar, inda aka mayar da ita makarantar koyon sana'o'i, aka kuma sami lambar 57 a tsarin ilimin Moscow. === Darussan lissafi da sabbin cibiyoyin karatu (1968-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Moscow,_M.Znamenskiy_7_str_8_(2010s)_by_shakko_01.jpg|thumb|Makaranta ta 57 a yau]] A shekarar 1968, Nikolay Konstantinov, wani malamin lissafi na Rasha, ya kafa azuzuwan lissafi na musamman a makarantar. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa na Konstantinov a waɗannan azuzuwan har zuwa yau kuma an raba su da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerovitch |first=Slava |title=Parallel Worlds: Formal Structures and Informal Mechanisms of Postwar Soviet Mathematics |url=http://web.mit.edu/slava/homepage/articles/Gerovitch-Parallel-Worlds.pdf |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> == Yin rijista == Shiga makarantar firamare gasa ce kuma bisa ga sakamakon jarrabawar ɗaliban da suka riga suka yi rajista a shirin makarantar na dole bisa ga kuɗin makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Группы развивающего обучения |trans-title=Preparatory classes |url=http://sch57.ru/admission/prep.html#pre |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, kwamitin shiga ya yi la'akari da masu neman aiki sama da dubu don guraben aiki 130. Ta hanyar kiyaye kyakkyawan matsayi, ɗaliban za su iya tabbatar da ci gaba da karatunsu a makarantar sakandare da sakandare. Makarantar 57 tana da azuzuwan karatu na gabaɗaya tare da shirye-shiryenta na musamman kuma tana da tsarin shiga daban don azuzuwan musamman a fannin lissafi, ilimin ɗan adam <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Natalia |title=Гуманитарные классы |trans-title=Humanities classes |url=http://sch57.ru/publications/humanities.html |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> da ilimin halittu, wani aikin haɗin gwiwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Биологический класс 57-й школы г. Москвы |trans-title=Biology classes at Moscow's School 57 |url=http://www.fbb.msu.ru/doc/index.php?ID=224 |publisher=Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University |language=ru}}</ref> na makarantar da kuma {{Interlanguage link|MSU Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics|ru|Факультет биоинженерии и биоинформатики МГУ}} na Jami'ar Jihar Moscow . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics |url=http://en.fbb.msu.ru/ |publisher=Moscow State University}}</ref> Kwamitin shiga yana la'akari da ɗaruruwan masu neman guraben karatu 20-25 a kowane aji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Приём в школу |trans-title=Admission to the school |url=http://sch57.ru/admission/ |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Makarantar 57 tana ƙaddamar da azuzuwan lissafi guda biyu kowace shekara, tare da manhajoji na shekaru huɗu da uku, kowannensu yana ɗaukar ɗalibai kusan 20-25 waɗanda suka nuna mafi kyawun ƙwarewar warware matsaloli yayin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen. Makarantar tana shirya darussa na shiri kyauta waɗanda ke taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke da sha'awar haɓaka waɗannan ƙwarewar. Fayil ɗin da ya haɗa da kyaututtuka daga gasannin lissafi na iya ƙarfafa aikace-aikacen. == Malamai == Ɗaliban da ke cikin azuzuwan ƙwarewa suna samun horo mai zurfi a fannonin ƙwarewa, galibi suna ba da kayan aiki na matakin kwaleji a shekarunsu na ƙanana da na gaba. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun azuzuwan ƙwararru galibi suna ci gaba da karatun digiri na kwaleji a manyan jami'o'in Rasha, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Collier |first=Sabrina |date=25 July 2016 |title=Top 10 Universities in Russia 2016 |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-10-universities-russia-2016 |publisher=TopUniversities}}</ref> ciki har da Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta Ƙasa, Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, da Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi da Fasaha ta Moscow . === Azuzuwan kimiyyar lissafi === Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni a makarantar. Ƙwararru a fannonin STEM suna aiki tare da ɗalibai daga aji 8 zuwa 11 don shirya su don Gasar Olympics ta 'Yan Makaranta ta Rasha . Manhajar ilimi ta haɗa da lissafi (bambanci, haɗin kai, ka'idar lamba, da sauransu), injiniyoyi masu ci gaba, na'urorin gani, ka'idar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma harshen Turanci don dalilai na ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Физико-математические классы, ГБОУ Школа № 57, Москва |url=https://57.mskobr.ru/proekty/nashi-proekty/fiziko-matematicheskie-klassyi |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=57.mskobr.ru}}</ref> === Azuzuwan Lissafi === Tsarin ɗaiɗaikun mutane yana cikin ginshiƙin tsarin ilimin azuzuwan lissafi na musamman. Koyar da azuzuwan lissafi na musamman ba ya takaita ga ma'aikatan malamai kawai ba - ƙarin malamai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu tsofaffin ɗalibai ne masu aikin sa kai, suna da hannu don ba wa kowane ɗalibi kulawa da ya dace. Maimakon koyon kayan daga littafin karatu, ɗalibai suna gano shi ta hanyar warware jerin matsaloli. Dalibai suna gabatar da mafita ga malamai a tattaunawa ɗaya-ɗaya. Wannan hanyar, wadda Konstantinov ya gabatar, ta tabbatar da cewa tana da tasiri kuma wasu cibiyoyin ilimi a Rasha da ƙasashen waje sun karɓe ta, ciki har da Makarantar 179, Jami'ar Moscow mai zaman kanta da kuma Kwalejin Lissafi a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki. Malamai da dama na Makaranta 57 sun kuma rubuta littattafan karatu <ref>{{Cite book|ref=1}}</ref> waɗanda ke bin hanyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 83h0mdzabl7e9f0k1fj0p9urmb285xz 883963 883960 2026-07-16T11:53:41Z Arcdanumma047 38699 883963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Jihar Moscow 57''' ( Russian ) wata makaranta ce ta gwamnati da ke gundumar Khamovniki da ke Moscow, Rasha. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1877 kuma an fi saninta da shirinta na musamman na sakandare a fannin lissafi da tsofaffin ɗalibai. == Tarihi == === Kafawa da Makaranta 4 (1877–1968) === [[Fayil:Shkola_57.jpg|thumb|Makarantar ta fara ne a shekarar 1877.]] A shekarar 1877, {{Interlanguage link|Karl Masing|ru|Мазинг, Карл Карлович}}, wani injiniya kuma malami ɗan ƙasar Rasha, ya kafa makarantar [[Makarantar Gaskiya|realschule]] a Maly Znamensky Lane, <ref name="KarlMasing">{{Cite web |title=Karl Masing |url=http://um.mos.ru/en/personalities/35799/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124155953/http://um.mos.ru/en/personalities/35799/ |archive-date=2016-11-24 |access-date=2016-10-26 |publisher=Discover Moscow}}</ref> wanda nan da nan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin makarantun sana'o'i mafi ci gaba a Rasha. Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, makarantar sakandare ta koma makarantar kwana mai darussa kan fasahar ado sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa Makarantar 4. Ta shahara a gwamnatin Soviet, inda manyan jami'an gwamnati suka tura 'ya'yansu can. <ref name="M24">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2014 |title="Познавательный фильм": Школа №57 -- братство умников и умниц |trans-title="Educational film": School No. 57 -- the brotherhood of brainies |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_mKQvp3wyc/ |access-date=2016-10-27 |publisher=[[Moscow 24 (TV channel)|Moscow 24]] |language=ru |via=YouTube}}</ref> A shekarar 1936, an sake sauya makarantar, inda aka mayar da ita makarantar koyon sana'o'i, aka kuma sami lambar 57 a tsarin ilimin Moscow. === Darussan lissafi da sabbin cibiyoyin karatu (1968-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Moscow,_M.Znamenskiy_7_str_8_(2010s)_by_shakko_01.jpg|thumb|Makaranta ta 57 a yau]] A shekarar 1968, Nikolay Konstantinov, wani malamin lissafi na Rasha, ya kafa azuzuwan lissafi na musamman a makarantar. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa na Konstantinov a waɗannan azuzuwan har zuwa yau kuma an raba su da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerovitch |first=Slava |title=Parallel Worlds: Formal Structures and Informal Mechanisms of Postwar Soviet Mathematics |url=http://web.mit.edu/slava/homepage/articles/Gerovitch-Parallel-Worlds.pdf |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> == Yin rijista == Shiga makarantar firamare gasa ce kuma bisa ga sakamakon jarrabawar ɗaliban da suka riga suka yi rajista a shirin makarantar na dole bisa ga kuɗin makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Группы развивающего обучения |trans-title=Preparatory classes |url=http://sch57.ru/admission/prep.html#pre |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, kwamitin shiga ya yi la'akari da masu neman aiki sama da dubu don guraben aiki 130. Ta hanyar kiyaye kyakkyawan matsayi, ɗaliban za su iya tabbatar da ci gaba da karatunsu a makarantar sakandare da sakandare. Makarantar 57 tana da azuzuwan karatu na gabaɗaya tare da shirye-shiryenta na musamman kuma tana da tsarin shiga daban don azuzuwan musamman a fannin lissafi, ilimin ɗan adam <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Natalia |title=Гуманитарные классы |trans-title=Humanities classes |url=http://sch57.ru/publications/humanities.html |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> da ilimin halittu, wani aikin haɗin gwiwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Биологический класс 57-й школы г. Москвы |trans-title=Biology classes at Moscow's School 57 |url=http://www.fbb.msu.ru/doc/index.php?ID=224 |publisher=Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University |language=ru}}</ref> na makarantar da kuma {{Interlanguage link|MSU Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics|ru|Факультет биоинженерии и биоинформатики МГУ}} na Jami'ar Jihar Moscow . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics |url=http://en.fbb.msu.ru/ |publisher=Moscow State University}}</ref> Kwamitin shiga yana la'akari da ɗaruruwan masu neman guraben karatu 20-25 a kowane aji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Приём в школу |trans-title=Admission to the school |url=http://sch57.ru/admission/ |website=sch57.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Makarantar 57 tana ƙaddamar da azuzuwan lissafi guda biyu kowace shekara, tare da manhajoji na shekaru huɗu da uku, kowannensu yana ɗaukar ɗalibai kusan 20-25 waɗanda suka nuna mafi kyawun ƙwarewar warware matsaloli yayin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen. Makarantar tana shirya darussa na shiri kyauta waɗanda ke taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke da sha'awar haɓaka waɗannan ƙwarewar. Fayil ɗin da ya haɗa da kyaututtuka daga gasannin lissafi na iya ƙarfafa aikace-aikacen. == Malamai == Ɗaliban da ke cikin azuzuwan ƙwarewa suna samun horo mai zurfi a fannonin ƙwarewa, galibi suna ba da kayan aiki na matakin kwaleji a shekarunsu na ƙanana da na gaba. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun azuzuwan ƙwararru galibi suna ci gaba da karatun digiri na kwaleji a manyan jami'o'in Rasha, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Collier |first=Sabrina |date=25 July 2016 |title=Top 10 Universities in Russia 2016 |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-10-universities-russia-2016 |publisher=TopUniversities}}</ref> ciki har da Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta Ƙasa, Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, da Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi da Fasaha ta Moscow . === Azuzuwan kimiyyar lissafi === Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni a makarantar. Ƙwararru a fannonin STEM suna aiki tare da ɗalibai daga aji 8 zuwa 11 don shirya su don Gasar Olympics ta 'Yan Makaranta ta Rasha . Manhajar ilimi ta haɗa da lissafi (bambanci, haɗin kai, ka'idar lamba, da sauransu), injiniyoyi masu ci gaba, na'urorin gani, ka'idar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma harshen Turanci don dalilai na ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Физико-математические классы, ГБОУ Школа № 57, Москва |url=https://57.mskobr.ru/proekty/nashi-proekty/fiziko-matematicheskie-klassyi |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=57.mskobr.ru}}</ref> === Azuzuwan Lissafi === Tsarin ɗaiɗaikun mutane yana cikin ginshiƙin tsarin ilimin azuzuwan lissafi na musamman. Koyar da azuzuwan lissafi na musamman ba ya takaita ga ma'aikatan malamai kawai ba - ƙarin malamai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu tsofaffin ɗalibai ne masu aikin sa kai, suna da hannu don ba wa kowane ɗalibi kulawa da ya dace. Maimakon koyon kayan daga littafin karatu, ɗalibai suna gano shi ta hanyar warware jerin matsaloli. Dalibai suna gabatar da mafita ga malamai a tattaunawa ɗaya-ɗaya. Wannan hanyar, wadda Konstantinov ya gabatar, ta tabbatar da cewa tana da tasiri kuma wasu cibiyoyin ilimi a Rasha da ƙasashen waje sun karɓe ta, ciki har da Makarantar 179, Jami'ar Moscow mai zaman kanta da kuma Kwalejin Lissafi a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki. Malamai da dama na Makaranta 57 sun kuma rubuta littattafan karatu <ref>{{Cite book|ref=1}}</ref> waɗanda ke bin hanyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tqhv4xo9alv5e1m2nx3vhrj0uuprlh2 0 161690 883967 2026-07-16T11:55:30Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360690528|Ilaniya]]" 883967 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilaniya''' ( Hebrew ) wani yanki ne na moshav a arewacin [[Isra'ila]] . Wanda kuma aka sani da '''Sejera''', bayan ƙauyen Larabawa da ke makwabtaka da shi na al-Shajara, shine farkon matsugunin Yahudawa a yankin Lower Galilee kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsugunin Yahudawa na Galili tun daga farkon shekarunsa har zuwa [[Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila 1948|Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948.]] Tana ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Yankin Lower Galilee, kuma tana da yawan jama'a 528 a shekarar 2024 [ 1 ] == Tarihi == === Zamanin da suka gabata === Kusa da Ilaniya, masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun gano ragowar wani tsohon matsugunin Yahudawa. Daga baya an gina ƙauyen Larabawa na al-Shajarah a saman ragowar. Ragowar wani tsohon gini da aka rubuta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ya ƙunshi rubutu a cikin Girkanci kuma da farko an san shi a matsayin coci ko haikali. Duk da haka, yanzu ana tsammanin ginin ya kasance tsohon majami'a . Wannan ƙarshe ya dogara ne akan gutsuttsuran gine-gine da aka saba gani a majami'u, kamar waɗanda aka samu a Kafarnahum da Bar'am . <ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, an haƙa magudanar ruwa kusa da tsohuwar rijiya a shekarar 1985, inda aka gano tsabar kuɗin Sarki Herod Agrippa . <ref name=":1" /> Wani tsohon kogon binnewa kusa da Ilaniya yana nuna wani zane mai launin ja a bango ɗaya, tare da haruffa marasa bambanci a rubutun Yahudawa waɗanda ba a bincika su ba. === Matsugunan Yahudawa na zamani === [[Fayil:אילניה_-_המושבה-JNF044832.jpeg|thumb|Ilaniya 1937]] An kafa yankin noma na Sejera, wanda daga baya aka kafa Ilaniya, daga 1900 zuwa 1902 a kan ƙasar da Baron Edmond James de Rothschild ya saya, wanda aka mayar da shi ga hukumar kula da Yahudawan Mulkin Mallaka (JCA/ICA) a 1899. A wannan shekarar, JCA ta kuma sayi ƙarin fili don yankin da aka tsara. Mazauna farko mazauna Safed ne, ƙungiyar baƙi daga [[Kurdistan]], da iyalai takwas na Subbotniks ( Kiristocin Rasha waɗanda suka koma [[Yahudanci]] ), dangin Dubrovin suna ɗaya daga cikinsu. Ƙaramin matsugunin da JCA ta kafa yana da sassa biyu, yankin manoma masu raba amfanin gona ga manoma masu ƙwarewa, da kuma gonar horar da ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa. Na farko ya ƙunshi wani ɗan gajeren titi mai gidaje masu zaman kansu a ɓangarorin biyu tare da filayen lambu a gaba da kuma rumfuna a baya. Gonar horarwa tana da ɗan tsayi a saman gangaren, tare da wani fili da aka kewaye da bango da ɗakuna guda ɗaya ga ma'aikata. Babban manufar ta fito ne daga jami'in JCA Chaim Margalioth Kalvarisky. Manufar JCA ita ce taimakawa wajen daidaita ƙasar da ƙwararrun manoma Yahudawa, ana ɗaukar noma a matsayin aiki mai kyau da na tattalin arziki. Ba tare da son gudanar da aikinsu a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji kamar Baron de Rothschild ba, shugabannin JCA a Paris sun yi tsammanin gonar horarwa za ta wadatar da kanta kuma ta samar da riba. Lokacin da hakan bai faru ba, sun maye gurbin Kalvarisky a shekarar 1901 da matashin masanin noma Eliyahu Krause. Tun lokacin da gonar ta ci gaba da asarar kuɗi, JCA ta fara a shekarar 1906 wani tsari na rage gonar horarwa da ake gudanarwa da kuma mayar da filayen da aka ware wa masu hannun jari a hankali. Tsakanin 1907 da 1908, an ba wa wata ƙungiyar gurguzu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Manya Wilbushewitch da Israel Shochat kwangilar gudanar da gonar da kanta na tsawon shekara guda, ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba. Wilbushewitch ya sami goyon bayan Yehoshua Hankin, wanda ya kawo Eliahu Krause don tsara tsarin aiki. Membobin ƙungiyar goma sha takwas, samari da mata daga Sejera da sauran wurare a Falasɗinu, tare da taimakon wasu masu tausayawa, sun sami nasarar samar da riba da kuma tabbatar da aiki mai ɗorewa ga dukkan ma'aikatan Sejera (tare da sakamakon da ba a buƙatar ma'aikatan Larabawa a waje), yayin da kuma suka fara samar da daidaito ga mata. Tare da aikinsu a noma, akwai tarurrukan ilimi na yau da kullun inda suka koyi Ibrananci daga wani saurayi mai suna David Grün (wanda zai ci gaba da zama firayim minista na farko na Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin sunan David Ben-Gurion), Larabci daga wani ɗan ƙauye na Larabawa, ka'idar gurguzu daga Manya Wilbushewitch, da kuma sabbin labarai daga Isra'ila Shochat . Ba a bainar jama'a ba, ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da Sejera don horar da sabuwar ƙungiyar kare kai ta Yahudawa ta Bar-Giora, wadda daga ƙarshe ta karɓi ragamar mulki daga Circassians da Larabawa a Sejera da sauran matsugunan Yahudawa da ke kusa. Manya Wilbushewitch da Israel Shochat sun yi aure a Sejera a shekarar 1908. Ben Gurion ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gona sannan daga baya ya zama mai gadi na tsawon watanni 13 daga 1908; a lokacin Sejera tana da yawan jama'a kusan 200. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1909, an kashe Yahudawa biyu daga Sejera a rikicin da ya biyo bayan mutuwar wani ɗan ƙauye daga Kfar Kanna, wanda aka harbe shi a wani yunƙurin fashi. Duk da nasarar tattalin arziki, JCA ba ta sabunta yarjejeniyar da aka yi da ƙungiyar gurguzu ba a ƙarshen gwajin shekara guda. Ta hanyar ɗaukar abin da ke ɗaya daga cikin gonakin da ba su da riba sosai a ƙasar da kuma samar da shi riba, Manya Shochat ta nuna cewa ra'ayoyinta na haɗin gwiwa na jama'a na iya aiki. Wannan ƙungiya ta farko mai ra'ayin gurguzu da sahyoniya a Falasɗinu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin muhimmiyar mafarin ƙungiyar kibbutz kuma ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan matsugunan Yahudawa a karkara a Falasɗinu. [[Fayil:PikiWiki_Israel_19121_The_Cypress_of_Sejera_(Ilaniya).JPG|thumb|Tarihin cypress na Sejera]] A tsakanin 1912-1913, an rufe gonar horarwa, an mayar da filayenta ga masu raba gonaki ko kuma an sayar da ita ga wani kamfanin gonakin Yahudawa. Duk da haka, bayan fiye da shekaru goma na koyar da muhimman ƙwarewa ga ma'aikatan noma, da kuma ta hanyar haɗa wasu manyan majagaba na Aliyah ta Farko da ta Biyu waɗanda za su ci gaba da kafa kayayyakin more rayuwa na al'ummar Yahudawa kafin zamaninsu, za a iya cewa gonar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin harkokin kasuwancin Yahudawa. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila 1948|Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948,]] Sojojin 'Yantar da Falasɗinu, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Fawzi al-Qawuqji, sun kai hari ga ƙauyen sau da yawa. Yawancin mazaunan Yahudawa sun yi watsi da wurin na ɗan lokaci, yayin da sauran suka shiga cikin yaƙin. Zuwa shekarar 1949, matsugunin ya faɗaɗa ya kuma haɗa da yankin ƙauyen [[Falasdinawa|Larabawa na Falasɗinu]] mai makwabtaka da shi na al-Shajara, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da mutane a lokacin yaƙin. A wani lokaci Ilaniya ya zama mai son kai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2014)">yaushe?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Fitattun mazauna == * David Ben Gurion * Judith Marquet-Krause <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hess |first=Orna |title=Judith Marquet-Krause |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/marquet-krause-judith |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mmb45p12ect3wsz64jnt4sdjxa2msha 883968 883967 2026-07-16T11:56:09Z Arcdanumma047 38699 883968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilaniya''' ( Hebrew ) wani yanki ne na moshav a arewacin [[Isra'ila]] . Wanda kuma aka sani da '''Sejera''', bayan ƙauyen Larabawa da ke makwabtaka da shi na al-Shajara, shine farkon matsugunin Yahudawa a yankin Lower Galilee kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsugunin Yahudawa na Galili tun daga farkon shekarunsa har zuwa [[Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila 1948|Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948.]] Tana ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Yankin Lower Galilee, kuma tana da yawan jama'a 528 a shekarar 2024 [ 1 ] == Tarihi == === Zamanin da suka gabata === Kusa da Ilaniya, masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun gano ragowar wani tsohon matsugunin Yahudawa. Daga baya an gina ƙauyen Larabawa na al-Shajarah a saman ragowar. Ragowar wani tsohon gini da aka rubuta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ya ƙunshi rubutu a cikin Girkanci kuma da farko an san shi a matsayin coci ko haikali. Duk da haka, yanzu ana tsammanin ginin ya kasance tsohon majami'a . Wannan ƙarshe ya dogara ne akan gutsuttsuran gine-gine da aka saba gani a majami'u, kamar waɗanda aka samu a Kafarnahum da Bar'am . <ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, an haƙa magudanar ruwa kusa da tsohuwar rijiya a shekarar 1985, inda aka gano tsabar kuɗin Sarki Herod Agrippa . <ref name=":1" /> Wani tsohon kogon binnewa kusa da Ilaniya yana nuna wani zane mai launin ja a bango ɗaya, tare da haruffa marasa bambanci a rubutun Yahudawa waɗanda ba a bincika su ba. === Matsugunan Yahudawa na zamani === [[Fayil:אילניה_-_המושבה-JNF044832.jpeg|thumb|Ilaniya 1937]] An kafa yankin noma na Sejera, wanda daga baya aka kafa Ilaniya, daga 1900 zuwa 1902 a kan ƙasar da Baron Edmond James de Rothschild ya saya, wanda aka mayar da shi ga hukumar kula da Yahudawan Mulkin Mallaka (JCA/ICA) a 1899. A wannan shekarar, JCA ta kuma sayi ƙarin fili don yankin da aka tsara. Mazauna farko mazauna Safed ne, ƙungiyar baƙi daga [[Kurdistan]], da iyalai takwas na Subbotniks ( Kiristocin Rasha waɗanda suka koma [[Yahudanci]] ), dangin Dubrovin suna ɗaya daga cikinsu. Ƙaramin matsugunin da JCA ta kafa yana da sassa biyu, yankin manoma masu raba amfanin gona ga manoma masu ƙwarewa, da kuma gonar horar da ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa. Na farko ya ƙunshi wani ɗan gajeren titi mai gidaje masu zaman kansu a ɓangarorin biyu tare da filayen lambu a gaba da kuma rumfuna a baya. Gonar horarwa tana da ɗan tsayi a saman gangaren, tare da wani fili da aka kewaye da bango da ɗakuna guda ɗaya ga ma'aikata. Babban manufar ta fito ne daga jami'in JCA Chaim Margalioth Kalvarisky. Manufar JCA ita ce taimakawa wajen daidaita ƙasar da ƙwararrun manoma Yahudawa, ana ɗaukar noma a matsayin aiki mai kyau da na tattalin arziki. Ba tare da son gudanar da aikinsu a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji kamar Baron de Rothschild ba, shugabannin JCA a Paris sun yi tsammanin gonar horarwa za ta wadatar da kanta kuma ta samar da riba. Lokacin da hakan bai faru ba, sun maye gurbin Kalvarisky a shekarar 1901 da matashin masanin noma Eliyahu Krause. Tun lokacin da gonar ta ci gaba da asarar kuɗi, JCA ta fara a shekarar 1906 wani tsari na rage gonar horarwa da ake gudanarwa da kuma mayar da filayen da aka ware wa masu hannun jari a hankali. Tsakanin 1907 da 1908, an ba wa wata ƙungiyar gurguzu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Manya Wilbushewitch da Israel Shochat kwangilar gudanar da gonar da kanta na tsawon shekara guda, ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba. Wilbushewitch ya sami goyon bayan Yehoshua Hankin, wanda ya kawo Eliahu Krause don tsara tsarin aiki. Membobin ƙungiyar goma sha takwas, samari da mata daga Sejera da sauran wurare a Falasɗinu, tare da taimakon wasu masu tausayawa, sun sami nasarar samar da riba da kuma tabbatar da aiki mai ɗorewa ga dukkan ma'aikatan Sejera (tare da sakamakon da ba a buƙatar ma'aikatan Larabawa a waje), yayin da kuma suka fara samar da daidaito ga mata. Tare da aikinsu a noma, akwai tarurrukan ilimi na yau da kullun inda suka koyi Ibrananci daga wani saurayi mai suna David Grün (wanda zai ci gaba da zama firayim minista na farko na Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin sunan David Ben-Gurion), Larabci daga wani ɗan ƙauye na Larabawa, ka'idar gurguzu daga Manya Wilbushewitch, da kuma sabbin labarai daga Isra'ila Shochat . Ba a bainar jama'a ba, ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da Sejera don horar da sabuwar ƙungiyar kare kai ta Yahudawa ta Bar-Giora, wadda daga ƙarshe ta karɓi ragamar mulki daga Circassians da Larabawa a Sejera da sauran matsugunan Yahudawa da ke kusa. Manya Wilbushewitch da Israel Shochat sun yi aure a Sejera a shekarar 1908. Ben Gurion ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gona sannan daga baya ya zama mai gadi na tsawon watanni 13 daga 1908; a lokacin Sejera tana da yawan jama'a kusan 200. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1909, an kashe Yahudawa biyu daga Sejera a rikicin da ya biyo bayan mutuwar wani ɗan ƙauye daga Kfar Kanna, wanda aka harbe shi a wani yunƙurin fashi. Duk da nasarar tattalin arziki, JCA ba ta sabunta yarjejeniyar da aka yi da ƙungiyar gurguzu ba a ƙarshen gwajin shekara guda. Ta hanyar ɗaukar abin da ke ɗaya daga cikin gonakin da ba su da riba sosai a ƙasar da kuma samar da shi riba, Manya Shochat ta nuna cewa ra'ayoyinta na haɗin gwiwa na jama'a na iya aiki. Wannan ƙungiya ta farko mai ra'ayin gurguzu da sahyoniya a Falasɗinu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin muhimmiyar mafarin ƙungiyar kibbutz kuma ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan matsugunan Yahudawa a karkara a Falasɗinu. [[Fayil:PikiWiki_Israel_19121_The_Cypress_of_Sejera_(Ilaniya).JPG|thumb|Tarihin cypress na Sejera]] A tsakanin 1912-1913, an rufe gonar horarwa, an mayar da filayenta ga masu raba gonaki ko kuma an sayar da ita ga wani kamfanin gonakin Yahudawa. Duk da haka, bayan fiye da shekaru goma na koyar da muhimman ƙwarewa ga ma'aikatan noma, da kuma ta hanyar haɗa wasu manyan majagaba na Aliyah ta Farko da ta Biyu waɗanda za su ci gaba da kafa kayayyakin more rayuwa na al'ummar Yahudawa kafin zamaninsu, za a iya cewa gonar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin harkokin kasuwancin Yahudawa. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila 1948|Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948,]] Sojojin 'Yantar da Falasɗinu, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Fawzi al-Qawuqji, sun kai hari ga ƙauyen sau da yawa. Yawancin mazaunan Yahudawa sun yi watsi da wurin na ɗan lokaci, yayin da sauran suka shiga cikin yaƙin. Zuwa shekarar 1949, matsugunin ya faɗaɗa ya kuma haɗa da yankin ƙauyen [[Falasdinawa|Larabawa na Falasɗinu]] mai makwabtaka da shi na al-Shajara, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da mutane a lokacin yaƙin. A wani lokaci Ilaniya ya zama mai son kai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2014)">yaushe?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Fitattun mazauna == * David Ben Gurion * Judith Marquet-Krause <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hess |first=Orna |title=Judith Marquet-Krause |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/marquet-krause-judith |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3x7aypscu2xjlv0o2beyjlols79v9m7